U.S. patent application number 13/696887 was filed with the patent office on 2013-03-07 for topically administered, skin-penetrating glycosaminoglycan formulations suitable for use in cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.
The applicant listed for this patent is Eva Turley. Invention is credited to Eva Turley.
Application Number | 20130059769 13/696887 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 44912981 |
Filed Date | 2013-03-07 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130059769 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Turley; Eva |
March 7, 2013 |
TOPICALLY ADMINISTERED, SKIN-PENETRATING GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN
FORMULATIONS SUITABLE FOR USE IN COSMETIC AND PHARMACEUTICAL
APPLICATIONS
Abstract
The present invention relates to topical glycosaminoglycan
compositions, particularly hyaluronan compositions, that facilitate
the penetration of modified glycosaminoglycans through the skin
barrier into the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin, thereby
allowing for the dermal administration of a glycosaminoglycan, such
as hyaluronan, without requiring an injection. Through their
ability to deliver hyaluronan to the epidermal and dermal layers,
the present formulations are therefore suitable for use in dermal
rejuvenation, enhancement, hyaluronan replenishment and protection
therapy. The glycosaminoglycan compositions are also useful as
delivery devices to facilitate the dermal and transdermal delivery
of cosmetically and pharmaceutically active substances, including
pharmaceuticals, polypeptides, proteins and similarly sized
biomacromolecules, through the skin barrier.
Inventors: |
Turley; Eva; (London,
CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Turley; Eva |
London |
|
CA |
|
|
Family ID: |
44912981 |
Appl. No.: |
13/696887 |
Filed: |
May 4, 2011 |
PCT Filed: |
May 4, 2011 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/CA2011/000512 |
371 Date: |
November 8, 2012 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
514/1.1 ;
514/44R; 514/54; 514/777; 536/53 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 17/16 20180101;
A61K 47/36 20130101; A61P 17/18 20180101; A61P 35/00 20180101; A61K
38/45 20130101; A61K 8/735 20130101; A61K 9/06 20130101; A61K 38/39
20130101; C08B 37/0072 20130101; C12Y 204/01212 20130101; A61K 8/64
20130101; A61P 9/00 20180101; A61K 47/544 20170801; A61K 8/65
20130101; A61P 29/00 20180101; A61K 9/0014 20130101; A61P 17/06
20180101; A61P 17/02 20180101; A61K 38/17 20130101; A61Q 19/007
20130101; A61K 38/4893 20130101; C12Y 304/24069 20130101; A61Q
19/08 20130101; A61P 19/02 20180101; A61K 8/66 20130101; A61P 17/00
20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
514/1.1 ; 536/53;
514/54; 514/777; 514/44.R |
International
Class: |
A61K 31/728 20060101
A61K031/728; A61K 8/73 20060101 A61K008/73; A61K 8/92 20060101
A61K008/92; A61P 29/00 20060101 A61P029/00; A61Q 19/00 20060101
A61Q019/00; A61K 47/36 20060101 A61K047/36; A61K 38/02 20060101
A61K038/02; A61K 38/16 20060101 A61K038/16; A61K 31/7088 20060101
A61K031/7088; C08B 37/08 20060101 C08B037/08; A61P 35/00 20060101
A61P035/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
May 10, 2010 |
CA |
2,703,532 |
Claims
1. A glycosaminoglycan composition comprising a glycosaminoglycan
modified through the covalent linkage of a lipid moiety to about
1--15% of the repeating disaccharide monomer units of the
giycosaminoglycan wherein: the glycosaminogiycan to be modified is
hyaluronan, a hyaluronan derivative, a polysaccharide comprised of
repeating disaccharide units of an uronic acid or hexose linked to
a hexosamine, or derivatives thereof; the glycosaminoglycan to be
modified has a molecular weight in the range of about 2 kDa to
about 2,500 kDa; the lipid moiety comprises one or more
naturally-occurring or synthetically-derived fatty acids,
glycerolipids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, sterol lipids, pernol
lipids, or derivatives thereof, provided that the lipid moiety
contains a functional group on its polar head-group to allow for
covalent linkage of the lipid to the glycosaminoglycan; and the
modified glycosaminoglycan is able to penetrate the skin harries or
a mucous membrane when applied thereto, whereby the modified
glycosaminoglycan is formed by the reaction of the
glycosaminoglycan with the lipid moiety.
2. The glycosaminoglycan composition of claim 1 wherein
glycosaminoglycan is modified through the covalent linkage of a
lipid moiety to about 1-12% of the repeating disaccharide monomer
units of the glycosaminoglycan.
3. The glycosaminoglycan composition of claim 1 wherein
glycosaminoglycan is modified through the covalent linkage of a
lipid moiety to about 1-10% of the repeating disaccharide monomer
units of the glycosaminoglycan.
4. The glycosaminoglycan, composition of claim 1 wherein
giycosaminogiycan is modified through the covalent linkage of a
lipid moiety to about 1-7.5% of the repeating disaccharide monomer
units of the glycosaminoglycan.
5. The glycosaminoglycan composition of claim 1 wherein
glycosaminoglycan is modified through the covalent linkage of a
lipid moiety to about 2-6% of the repeating disaccharide monomer
units of the glycosaminoglycan.
6. The glycosaminoglycan compositions of any of claims 1 to 5
wherein the glycosaminoglycan to be modified has a molecular weight
in the range of about 50 kDa to about 2,500 kDa.
7. The glycosaminoglycan composition of any of claims 1 to 5
wherein the glycosaminoglycan has a molecule weight in the range of
about 100 kDa to about 2,000 kDa.
8. The glycosaminoglycan composition of any of claims 1 to 5
wherein the glycosaminoglycan has a molecule weight in the range of
about 350 kDa to about 1,500 kDa.
9. The glycosaminoglycan composition of any of claims 1 to 5
wherein the glycosaminoglycan has a molecule weight in the range of
about 500 kDa to about 1,500 kDa.
10. The glycosaminoglycan composition of any of claim 1 or 9
wherein the glycosaminoglycan to be modified is hyaluronan or a
hyaluronan derivative.
11. The glycosaminoglycan composition of claim 10 wherein the
glycosaminoglycan to modified in hyaluronan.
12. The glycosaminoglycan composition of any of claims 1 to 11
wherein the lipid moiety contains en amino group on its polar
head-group and is covalently bound to the glycosaminoglycan via an
amide linkage to a carboxylic acid group on the
glycosaminoglycan.
13. The glycosaminoglycan composition of any of claims 1 to 12
whereinthe lipid moiety comprises one or more
phosphatidylethanolamines or phosphatidlyserines.
14. The glycosaminoglycan composition of any of claims 1 to 13
wherein the lipid moiety comprises one or more
phosphatidylethanolamines.
15. The glycosaminoglycan composition of any of claims 1 to 14
wherein the modified glycosaminoglycan is able to penetrate the
skit barrier.
16. The glycosaminoglycan composition of any of claims 1 to 15
wherein the modified glycosaminoglycan has a longer residence time
within the skin than the unmodified glycosaminoglycan, when
dermally delivered.
17. The glycosaminoglycan composition of claim 16 wherein the
glycosaminoglycan to be modified is hyaluronan.
18. A preparation suitable for application to the skin or a mucous
membrane comprising a glycosaminoglycan composition in admixture
with one or more cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable
excipients or carriers, wherein the glycosaminoglycan composition
comprises: a glycosaminoglycan modified through the covalent
linkage of lipid moieties to 1-15% of the repeating disaccharide
units monomer units of the glycosaminoglycan; the glycosaminoglycan
comprises hyaluronan, a hyaluronan derivative, a polysaccharide
comprised of repeating disaccharide units of an uronic acid or
hexose linked to a hexosamine, or derivatives thereof; the
glycosaminoglycan to be modified has a molecular weight in the
range of about 2 kDa to about 2,500 kDa; the lipid moiety comprises
one or more, naturally-occurring or synthetically derived fatty
acids, glycerolipids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, sterol lipids,
prenol lipids, or derivatives thereof, provided that the lipid
moiety contains a functional group on its polar head group to allow
for covalent linkage of the lipid to the glycosaminoglycan; and the
modified glycosaminoglycan is able to penetrate the skin barrier or
mucous membrane when applied thereto, whereby the modified
glycosaminoglycan formed by the reaction of the glycosaminoglycan
with the lipid moiety.
19. The preparation of claim 18 wherein the glycosaminoglycan is
modified through the covalent linkage of a lipid moiety to about
1-12% of the repeating disaccharide monomer units of the
glycosaminoglycan.
20. The preparation of claim 18 wherein the glycosaminoglycan is
modified through the covalent linkage of a lipid moiety to about
1-10% of the repeating disaccharide monomer units of the
glycosaminycan.
21. The preparation of claim 18 wherein the glycosaminoglycan is
modified through the covalent linkage of a lipid moiety to about
1-7.5% of the repeating disaccharide monomer units of the
glycosaminoglycan.
22. The preparation of claim 18 wherein the glycosaminoglycan is
modified through the covalent linkage of a lipid moiety to about
2-6% of the repeating disaccharide monomer units of the
glycosaminoglycan.
23. The preparation of any of claims 18 to 22 wherein the
glycosaminoglycan be modified has a molecular weight in the range
of about 50 kDa to about 2,500 kDa.
24. The preparation of any of claims 18 to 22 wherein the
glycosaminoglycan to be modified has a molecular weight in the
range of about 100 kDa to about 2,000 kDa.
25. The preparation of any of claims 18 to 22 wherein the
glycosaminoglycan to be modified has a molecular weight in the
range of about 350 kDa to about 1,500 kDa.
26. The preparation of any of claims 18 to 22 wherein the
glycosaminoglycan to be r modified has a molecular weight in the
range of about 500 kDa to about 1,500 kDa.
27. The preparation of any of claims 18 to 26 herein the
glyocsaminoglycan is hyaluronan or a hyaluronan derivative.
28. The preparation of claim 27 wherein the glycosaminoglycan is
hyaluronan.
29. The preparation of any of claims 18 to 28 wherein the lipid
moiety contains an amino group on its polar head-group and is
covalently bound to the glycosaminoglycan via an amide linkage to a
carboxylic acid group on the glycosaminoglycan.
30. The preparation of any of claims 18 to 29 wherein the lipid
moiety comprises one or more phosphatidylethanolamines or
phosphatidylserines.
31. The preparation of any of claims 18 to 30 wherein the lipid
moiety comprises phosphatidylethanolamines.
32. The preparation of any of claims 18 to 31 wherein the
preparation is suitable for the delivery of the modified
glycosaminoglycan through the skin barrier.
33. The preparation of any of claims 18 to 32 herein the modified
glycosaminoglycan has a longer residence time within the skin than
the unmodified glycosaminoglycan, when dermally delivered.
34. The preparation of any of claims 18 to 33 additionally
comprising one or more ingredients that are transported across the
skin barrier or mucous membrane by the glycosaminoglycan
composition.
35. The preparation of claim 34 wherein the additional one or more
ingredients are transported across the skin barrier.
36. The preparation of m 35 wherein the additional one or more
ingredients comprises anti-oxidants, vitamins, essential oils,
UV-blocking agents, or other nutrients whose application is known
to provide a beneficial effect to the health or appearance of
skin.
37. The preparation of any of claims 34 or 35 wherein the
additional one or more ingredients is a pharmaceutical.
38. The preparation of claim 37 wherein the additional one or more
ingredients comprises therapeutic agents suitable for the treatment
inflammation, skin cancer or skin conditions that are delivered
through the skin barrier.
39. The preparation of claim 38 wherein the additional one or more
ingredients is suitable for the treatment of skin cancer.
40. The preparation of claim 38 wherein the additional one or more
ingredients is suitable for the treatment of skin conditions.
41. The preparation of claim 37 wherein the additional one
ingredients comprises an anti-inflammatory agent.
42. The preparation of claim 37 wherein the additional one or
ingredients comprise a prostaglandin.
43. The preparation of any of claim 34 or 35 wherein the additional
one or more ingredients comprises a protein, peptide, peptide
mimetic, pepducin, polynucleotide, or other biomolecule.
44. The preparation of claim 43 wherein the additional one or more
ingredients has a molecular weight of between about 700 Da and
about 500 kDa.
45. The preparation of any of claim 43 or 44 wherein the additional
one or more ingredients comprises collagen that is delivered across
the skin barrier.
46. The preparation of any of claim 43 or 44 wherein the additional
one or more ingredients comprises elastin that is delivered across
the skin barrier.
47. The preparation of claim 44 wherein the additional one or more
ingredients comprises a protein.
48. The preparation of claim 47 wherein the protein is a botulinum
toxin that is delivered across the skin harrier.
49. The preparation of claim 48 wherein the protein is botulinum
toxin type A.
50. The preparation of claim 47 wherein hyaluronan synthase is
delivered across the skin barrier.
51. The preparation of claim 44 wherein the additional one or more
ingredients comprises pepducin.
52. The preparation of claim 34 wherein the additional one or more
ingredients comprises a hyaluronidase inhibitor that is delivered
across the skin barrier.
53. The preparation of claim 34 wherein the additional or more
ingredients comprises a RHAMM inhibitor that is delivered across
the skin barrier.
54-88. (canceled)
89. A method for the manufacture of a glycosaminoglycan composition
as described in any of claims 1 to 17 comprising the steps of:
treating the glycosaminoglycan to be modified with an activating
agent to facilitate covalent bonding of the glycosaminoglycan to
the lipid moiety; mixing the activated glycosaminoglycan and lipid
moiety; and allowing the lipid moiety to react with the activated
glycosaminoglycan to covalently link the lipid moiety to the
glycosaminoglycan, wherein the activating agent is the limiting
reagent in the reaction and is added in an amount sufficient to
facilitate covalent linkage of the lipid moiety to about 1 to about
15% of the disaccharide monomer units of the glycosaminoglycan.
90. The method according to claim 89 wherein the activating agent
is added in an amount sufficient to facilitate covalent linkage of
the lipid moiety to about 1 to about 12% of the disaccharide
monomer units of the glycosaminoglycan.
91. The method according to claim 89 wherein the activating agent
is added in an amount sufficient to facilitate covalent linkage of
the lipid moiety to about 1 to about 10% of the disaccharide
monomer units of the glycosaminoglycan.
92. The method according to claim 89 wherein the activating agent
is added in an amount sufficient to facilitate covalent linkage of
the lipid moiety to about 1 to about 7.5% of the disaccharide
monomer units of the glycosaminoglycan.
93. The method according to claim 89 wherein the activating agent
is added in an amount sufficient to facilitate covalent linkage of
the lipid moiety to about 2 to about 6% of the disaccharide monomer
units of the glycosaminoglycan.
94. The method according to any of claims 89 to 93 wherein the
covalent linkage to be formed is an amide linkage between a
carboxylic group of the glycosaminoglycan and a lipid moiety
containing an amine functional group on the polar head group.
95. The method according to any of claims 89 end 94 wherein the
activating agent is a carbodiimide.
96. The method according to claim 95 wherein the carbodiimide is
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide.
97. The method according to any of claims 89 to 96 wherein the
glycosaminoglycan to be modified is hyaluronan.
98. The method according to any of claims 89 to 97 wherein the
lipid moiety comprises one or more phosphatidylethanolamines and
phosphatidylserines.
99. The method according to any of claims 89 to 97 wherein the
lipid moiety comprises one or more phosphatidylethanolamines.
100. The glycosaminoglycan composition of claim 1 wherein the
modified glycosaminoglycan is a non-particulate
hyaluronan-phospholipid.
101. The glycosaminoglycan composition of claim 100 wherein the
non-particulate hyaluronan-phospholipid has an increased residence
time within the skin as an intact hyaluronan-phospholipid.
102-104. (canceled)
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to topical glycosaminoglycan
formulations that facilitate the penetration of glycosaminoglycans
modified through the covalent linkage of lipid moieties to 1 to 10%
of the disaccharide monomer units through the skin barrier into the
epidermal and dermal layers of the skin, thereby allowing for the
dermal administration of the glycosaminoglycan without requiring an
injection. In particular, through their ability to deliver
hyaluronan to the epidermal and dermal layers, which is retained in
the skin for greater periods of time than topically delivered
hyaluronan, the present formulations are therefore suitable for use
in dermal rejuvenation, enhancement, hyaluronan replenishment, and
protection therapy. The compositions may also be used as delivery
devices for therapeutic compounds, including polypeptides, proteins
and other similarly sized biomacromolecules, facilitating their
passage through the skin barrier. Also provided is a method of
manufacture for the compositions wherein the degree of covalent
linkage of the lipid moiety to the glycosaminoglycan is controlled
by the use of an activating agent as the limiting reagent.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The process of facial aging occurs in a series of
predictable events manifesting in the loss of both skin volume and
elastic tone. Volume loss in skin, which results from many factors,
including collagen breakdown, leads to the atrophy of subcutaneous
fat, underlying muscle and fasciae layers of the skin, contributes
to nasolabial folds, the loss of definition of the jaw line and the
coarsening of skin. Loss of elastic tone in the skin results in
flaccid, sagging facial tissue. To counter these effects,
rejuvenation procedures attempt to correct both volume loss and
tissue tone to result in the natural appearance of treated skin.
These procedures may involve the use of tissue fillers, e.g.,
collagen injections, or the tightening provided by "lift" surgery,
among other options, used individually or in combination.
[0003] A number of temporary tissue fillers, such as collagen,
hyaluronan and hydroxyapatite are currently available, however,
these fillers are administered through a series of injections, and
provide only a temporary effect, often failing to extend beyond 12
months in the case of collagen and hyaluronan. Longer term
solutions, such as hydroxyapatites (which can last 2-5 years), also
include fat autografting (lasting 1 to 3 years), which uses
subcutaneous adipocytes, to correct both facial volume loss and
sagging to restore a more youthful appearance to facial
skin..sup.1,2,3 The after effects of injection treatments, which
can last up to one week, can include swelling, redness, pain,
bruising, and tenderness. Additionally, the treatments require
skilled application through multiple injections, and carry a risk
of infection at injection sites.
[0004] Keratinocytes are perhaps the most important cell type in
providing a youthful appearance for skin. Thus, they are necessary
for maintaining skin hydration and are particularly susceptible to
the aging effects of environmental factors such as UV radiation
since they are more constantly exposed to these factors than other
skin cell types. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that
genetically determined keratinocyte factors may also contribute to
the intrinsic aging process. Since keratinocytes produce paracrine
factors that affect the health/functioning of fibroblasts and other
dermal cells, factors that are detrimental to keratinocyte
functions are therefore also detrimental to dermal cell
functions..sup.6
[0005] Hyaluronan (also known as hyaluronate and hyaluronic acid)
is a large, negatively charged glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide
that is ubiquitous in the body and is present in particularly large
amounts in the skin..sup.4 Both the dermal and epidermal skin
layers are rich in hyaluronan, which is present as part of the
encased extracellular matrix (which also contains collagen and
other proteins), where it surrounds the cells (e.g., epidermal
keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts)..sup.5 Although young skin is
rich in pericellular hyaluronan in both keratinocyte and dermal
layers, the amounts are reduced in both layers of aging skin, with
the loss of hyaluronan from the keratinocyte layer being much more
marked than in the dermal layer..sup.6
[0006] In youthful skin, hyaluronan efficiently encases
keratinocytes in the epidermis and fibroblasts in the dermis in a
jelly like capsule (the cell coat), which provides cells with
adequate growth and nutrient factors that promote the collagen and
elastin production typical of youthful appearing skin. In addition
to hyaluronan, the primary component of the cell capsules or coats,
are also found extracellular proteins and other matter, such as
collagens, proteoglycans (PG) such as TSG-6, and other
glycosaminoglycans. The 3-dimensional structure of hyaluronan is of
a shallow helix (with high molecular weight forms being detectable
as long linear chains) that can tangle on itself, thereby providing
an ideal template for assembling matrices around cells. These
capsules or encasements are generally retained around cells through
the binding of hyaluronan to cellular receptors, e.g., CD44, RHAMM,
LYVE 1, and others. As skin ages, the ability of dermal fibroblasts
and keratinocytes to maintain their hyaluronan capsules diminishes,
resulting in the dehydrated and sagging appearance of aging
skin..sup.5,7 Additionally, when skin is traumatized, e.g., through
exposure to excessive UV radiation (sunburned), hyaluronan
production by cells in the dermis is decreased, leading to an
increase in hyaluronan degradation and the increased presence of
hyaluronan degradation products in the skin.
[0007] Capsules of hyaluronan contain both structural matrix
proteins that hydrate and protect cells, as well as nutrients,
cytokines, hormones, and growth factors that are necessary for
sustaining the optimal metabolic and differentiation status of
cells. The ability to provide building matrices is a major factor
underlying the use of hyaluronan to promote youthful skin. A second
factor is the visco-elastic properties of hyaluronan, which affects
the diffusion of nutrients from the vascular supply and the
elasticity of skin; collectively these effects provide the texture
and smoothness typical of youthful skin. A third factor is the
ability of pericellular hyaluronan to provide a target for reactive
oxygen species (ROS), which may be produced after exposure to UVA/B
radiation, that can attack and fragment hyaluronan, in turn
protecting other cellular factors from ROS-induced damage. A final
factor is related to the direct biological effects of hyaluronan on
keratinocyte and fibroblasts. Hyaluronan promotes both the
proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. For example,
factors such as retinoic acid, which enhance keratinocyte
differentiation, also increases the pericellular hyaluronan coat.
Furthermore, hyaluronan added to keratinocytes in vitro or in vivo
promotes the thickness of the keratinocyte layer and enhances
keratinocyte differentiation as detected by CD44 and keratin
expression..sup.5 Hyaluronan also affects fibroblast
differentiation by blocking trans-differentiation into
myofibroblasts, which are dermal cells that produce high levels of
collagen I and have intrinsic contractile properties, both of which
promote wrinkle formation.
[0008] Over time, cellular hyaluronan coats are degraded
(fragmented) and are increasingly taken up by cells as part of the
aging process. This degradation is due in part to the build up of
oxygen free radicals that occurs over time, and to changing
genetically regulated developmental program (e.g., aging) that
promote the release of hyaluronidases, which break down or fragment
the hyaluronan coat. The resulting fragments stimulate the uptake
machinery of the cell leading to disassembly and destruction of the
hyaluronan coat by cellular lysozymes. In addition to being
increasingly depleted from aging skin, particularly from around
keratinocytes, it has also been found that hyaluronan is depleted
from areas of wrinkled skin in youth resulting from exposure to
UVA/UVB radiation, steroid use or inflammation..sup.5,6,7,8,9
[0009] Hyaluronan receptor CD44 is constitutively expressed on
keratinocytes and other cells in the skin, and is believed to be
essential for the retention of hyaluronan around cells in layers
known as "cell coats", and for appropriate hyaluronan metabolism in
the skin..sup.5,10,11,12 The CD44 receptor is lost from skin during
the aging process and following exposure to aging factors such as
UV radiation or diseases/factors that cause skin atrophy..sup.5,9
In contrast, RHAMM, a further hyaluronan receptor, that is normally
not highly expressed in normal skin, has its expression is
increased with exposure to UVA/B and other injuring factors. RHAMM
is thought to promote the ability of CD44 to internalize/metabolize
hyaluronan. Non-integral, extracellular hyaluronan binding proteins
such as TSG-6, are also important in the production and retention
of hyaluronan cell coats surrounding dermal cells..sup.13
[0010] Although hyaluronan is known to have ideal properties for
use as a tissue filler in re-capturing the properties of youthful
skin, the only currently available products producing their effect
beneath the skin barrier rather than upon the surface of the skin,
are cross-linked forms of hyaluronan that are injected to smooth
facial wrinkles and to increase the volume of facial areas, such as
the lips. While cross-linking of hyaluronan does enhance its
retention at the injection site, these injections are not permanent
and must be repeated on a regular (6-12 months) basis if the
rejuvenating effect is to be preserved. However, the cross-linking
of hyaluronan with itself is believed to reduce its ability to bind
to cell-surface receptor proteins, a key property necessary for the
encasement of cells by coats of hyaluronan. A further difficulty
encountered include the difficultly to localize or "smooth"
injected hyaluronan evenly under the skin. Thus, while the use of
injectable hyaluronan may act as an effective temporary filler, it
is not able to act in the same manner as natural hyaluronan to
provide a cell-coating effect. While degradation of cross-linked
injectable hyaluronan fillers could conceivably serve as a source
of hyaluronan, retention of the hyaluronan is not expected owing to
the known depletion of hyaluronan receptors on dermal cell surfaces
and the high rate of hyaluronan degradation within the skin.
[0011] Since injectable fillers containing cross-linked hyaluronan
are only administered at the site of the wrinkle or nasolabial
fold, these treatments do not serve to "rejuvenate" the skin by
replenishing the depleted hyaluronan levels in adjacent areas;
rather, injectable treatments provide an appearance of rejuvenation
by filling the depressed area. As a result, treatment with
injectable dermal fillers do not aid in preventing or delaying the
appearance of new wrinkles in adjacent, untreated areas, nor do
they address the underlying issues of hyaluronan deficiency, and
the consequent decreases in skin hydration.
[0012] Owing to its natural presence in skin, and its depletion
during aging, exposure to UV radiation (sunburns and photoaging),
and other skin trauma, hyaluronan is also included in many skin
products in addition to its use as an injectable filler. Topically
applied hyaluronan must gain entry through the hydrophobic layer of
ceramide/keratin covering the outer layers of keratinocytes.
However, since hyaluronan is a polyanion, it is not expected
efficiently to cross the skin's keratinocyte layer. Therefore,
topical hyaluronan either remains a surface treatment (e.g.,
traditional hyaluronan-containing skin creams) or must be injected
if significant penetration into the skin is desired (e.g., in the
treatment of wrinkles where cross-linked hyaluronan is
injected).
[0013] It has been reported in the art that certain molecular
weights of hyaluronan are able to pass through the skin barrier to
some degree. Brown et al..sup.14 indicate that hyaluronan with
molecular weights of 250 and 400 kDa, formulated with the known
penetration enhancers polyethylene glycol and benzyl alcohol,
passes through the skin barrier. While some other reports have
indicated that undefined fractions reported to contain 40-400 kDa
hyaluronan can pass through mouse and human skin,.sup.5 it has also
been indicated that >400 kDa native hyaluronan does not cross
the skin when applied topically..sup.5,15 Furthermore, while Brown
et al. were able to demonstrate that hyaluronan was able to pass
through the skin barrier, it was also clear that the proportion of
hyaluronan penetrating the skin was low and that the hyaluronan
rapidly passed into the bloodstream and also exhibited rapid
degradation. Kaya et al.,.sup.5 have also demonstrated that
topically applied hyaluronan was poorly retained in the epidermal
layer, retention was transient in the dermal layer and applied
hyaluronan was taken up by dermal cells and keratinocytes.
Therefore, merely enabling the passage of hyaluronan through the
skin barrier will not necessarily provide a useful effect; for many
uses it may also be necessary for the hyaluronan to have a
prolonged residence time in order to observe an effect. This is
highlighted by the use of transdermal carriers to deliver
hyaluronan through topical administration by Schultz et al. (U.S.
Pat. No. 4,808,576). Although such applications are successful in
facilitating the passage of hyaluronan through the skin barrier,
the hyaluronan is not retained within the skin but instead
continues to pass to the underlying joints and tendons. In
addition, the requirement for a transdermal carrier, the most
effective of which is DMSO, is generally not compatible with
prolonged use.
[0014] Schwach-Abdellaoui and Malle (WO 2008/000260) describe
compositions possessing moisturizing and anti-wrinkle properties
comprising hyaluronan of two molecular weight fractions. A first,
low molecular weight fraction (50 kDa), is stated to be able to
pass through the skin barrier, whereas the second, higher molecular
weight fraction (300 kDa) is stated to provide its more pronounced
effect in diminishing skin roughness by accumulating preferentially
at the surface of the skin. This use of hyaluronan, which is
typical in cosmetic preparations, relies upon the use of hyaluronan
as a short-lived external filler that, owing to the water soluble
nature of hyaluronan is removed when the face is washed. As noted
with regard to Brown et al., the proportion of hyaluronan able to
pass through the skin barrier is low, and that which is able to
pass through the skin barrier has a low retention rate within the
skin itself. As a result, rather than relying upon topically
applied hyaluronan, current biorejuvenation procedures, such as
mesotherapy,.sup.16 utilize injected, non-crosslinked, hyaluronan,
either alone or with other active ingredients.
[0015] Thus, there remains a need in the art to develop methods of
delivering higher molecular weight fractions of hyaluronan through
the skin barrier without requiring injections. Higher molecular
weight hyaluronan fractions (e.g., >100 kDa) are expected to be
more bioresilient and to be better able to mimic the higher
molecular weight hyaluronan naturally found in the skin.
[0016] Hyaluronan fragments have recently been shown to have
therapeutic effects on wound repair and physiology of normal skin.
Although these fragments penetrate skin better than higher
molecular weight hyaluronan, they are not retained in the
extracellular compartments of skin..sup.5
[0017] To date, there have been a number of examples of hyaluronan,
and other glycosaminoglycans, being modified through the linking of
lipids for a variety of purposes. Sakurai et al. (U.S. Pat. No.
5,464,942) describes the preparation of lipidated
glycosaminoglycans (including hyaluronan) where a single lipid side
chain is added to either a terminal position or a single random
internal position of a glycosaminoglycan. These compositions are
stated to be able to inhibit the adhesion of cancer cells to blood
vessel endothelial cells and their extra-cellular matrices.
[0018] Yerushalmi et al. (WO 2006/050246) describes the preparation
of particulate lipidated glycosaminoglycan (including hyaluronan)
carriers for use in the targeted drug delivery of poorly water
soluble drugs. Following lipidation, the modified
glycosaminoglycans are stated to self-assemble, forming spheres,
wherein the hydrophilic portion of the glycosaminoglycan is on the
outside surface and the hydrophobic lipid portion lies within the
sheltered inner surface. Similar self-assembled nanospheres and
microspheres have also been described by Margarlit and Peer (WO
03/015755), where it is taught that, depending on the amount of
phospholipid bound to the hyaluronic acid, nanoparticles
(.about.20% of linking sites occupied) or microparticles
(.about.33% of linking sites occupied) could be formed.
[0019] Scott (EP 0295 092 B1), who highlights the difficulties of
enabling the passage of hyaluronan through the skin, describes
preparations of hyaluronic acid fragments comprising 7 to 50
monosaccharide units for topical application. Penetration through
the skin barrier is aided through the addition of activity
enhancers to the formulation, the use of liposomes formed from
phosphatidylcholine as a delivery vehicle, or the use of a
battery-operated iontophoresis patch. However, as noted by the
selected range of hyaluronan preferred 7 to 25 monosaccharide units
(approximately 1,300-4,700 Da) owing to the difficulty in
delivering hyaluronan through the skin barrier, these formulations
are unsuitable to enable the passage of higher molecular weight
hyaluronan through the skin barrier.
[0020] Della Valle and Romeo (U.S. Pat. No. 4,851,521) describe the
preparation of esters of hyaluronic acid for use in a variety of
applications, including cosmetics and as tissue fillers, as well as
for the preparation of films and threads. Although indicated for a
variety of applications, there is no teaching provided that the
modified hyaluronan compositions are able to transport hyaluronan
through the skin barrier; rather, subcutaneous, and intradermal
administrations are indicated.
[0021] Generally, the diffusion of substances through an epithelial
barrier decreases sharply when the molecular weight exceeds 700 Da.
Although Pinsky (WO 2009/086504) describes skin care compositions
utilizing liposomes to deliver low molecular weight collagen
fragments (8.5 kDa), and optionally hyaluronan, into the skin,
there remains a need for methods to permit the dermal deliver of
larger molecular weight collagens and elastins, as well as
therapeutically useful peptides and proteins, particularly if these
do not require the use and preparation of liposomes. Epithelial
delivery techniques, including transdermal delivery, for peptides
and proteins was recently reviewed by Antosava et al.,.sup.17 who
noted that although transdermal delivery is an attractive approach
for development owing to its high bioavailability, long duration of
action and painless application, it is hindered by the
effectiveness of the skin barrier in preventing penetration and
local irritation which preclude long-term application.
[0022] Although there are reports describing the use of
phospholipid-based liposomes to transfer hyaluronan across the skin
barrier, a number of problems are associated with their use, most
notably, a lack of stability on storage. In addition,
phospholipid-based liposomes are expensive to prepare and purify on
the scale required for use in cosmetic preparations.
[0023] Despite the numerous reports in the patent literature of
topically-applied cosmetic compositions containing hyaluronan that
are stated to facilitate the passage of hyaluronan through the skin
barrier into the epidermal and dermal layers, it remains that there
are no commercially available cosmetic products fulfilling these
promises. In particular, there are currently no viable methods with
which effectively to deliver sufficient quantities of higher
molecular weight hyaluronan (e.g., >250,000 Da) to the epidermal
and dermal layers of the skin using topical cosmetic formulations
that allow for retention of the hyaluronan within the skin. Rather,
for cosmetic purposes, demand for the development of new filler
products remains directed towards injectable hyaluronan fillers,
such as Hyal-System.TM., or the use of hyaluronan as a surface
filler that resides temporarily on the skin surface.
[0024] Therefore, one object of the present invention is to provide
compositions that allow for the passage of a modified hyaluronan
through the skin barrier to the epidermal and dermal layers of the
skin, without requiring the use of injections, liposomes or other
penetration enhancers.
[0025] A further object of the present invention is to provide
modified hyaluronan compositions suitable for use in dermal
enhancement, hyaluronan replenishment and/or protection therapy
against the signs of aging of the skin and various forms of skin
atrophy.
[0026] A further object of the invention is to provide modified
hyaluronan compositions suitable for use in the reduction of
scarring.
[0027] A further object of the invention is to provide modified
hyaluronan that can increase the degree of hyaluronan retention in
the extracellular coats of dermal cells despite the depletion or
absence of hyaluronan receptors, such as CD44 and RHAMM, which are
believed to be essential to hyaluronan retention, and are known to
be depleted in aged and damaged skin.
[0028] A further object of the invention is to provide modified
hyaluronan compositions that may be used as a topically
administered carrier to deliver cosmetically and pharmaceutically
active therapeutic substances through the skin barrier.
[0029] A further object of the invention is to provide modified
hyaluronan compositions that may be used to topically deliver
proteins, polypeptides and other large biomacromolecules (molecular
weights of 700 Da to about 400-500 kDa) through the skin
barrier.
[0030] A further objection of the invention is to provide modified
glycosaminoglycan compositions that are able to penetrate the skin
barrier for use in replenishing the levels of glycosaminoglycans
within the skin, acting as hyaluronan mimetics, delivering
cosmetically and therapeutically active substances, and delivering
polypeptides, proteins and other large biomolecules.
[0031] A further object of the invention is to provide methods of
manufacturing the above described modified glycosaminoglycan
compositions wherein an activating agent is used as the limiting
reagent to control the amount of lipid that is covalently bound to
the glyocsaminoglycan.
[0032] Further and other objects of the invention will be realized
from the following Summary of the Invention, the Discussion of the
Invention and the embodiments and Examples thereof.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0033] Within the present invention, compositions are provided
enabling the topical delivery of modified hyaluronan through the
skin barrier, thereby providing an alternative mode of delivery to
injectable hyaluronan-based fillers. By facilitating dermal
delivery, the compositions of the present invention allow for the
replenishment of hyaluronan throughout the depleted areas of the
skin to which the compositions are applied, thereby providing a
rejuvenating effect to the skin, one consequence of which is a
reduction in the appearance of wrinkles, without requiring
injections.
[0034] Further, the present invention provides a method for making,
reviving, or supplementing the microenvironment around cells (cell
coats) associated with youthful cells, thereby enhancing a youthful
appearance in aged or repairing the damage done to traumatized
skin.
[0035] The present invention also provides compositions which
comprise hyaluronan and other glycosaminoglycans modified through
the formation of covalent linkages with amphipathic lipids
moieties, including phospholipids, glycerophospholipids,
glycolipids, steroids, sphingolipids, glycosphingolipids, and fatty
acids to about 1 to about 15% of the disaccharide monomer units,
thus providing compositions allowing for dermal penetration of the
modified glycosaminoglycan, together with methods for such
modifications.
[0036] The present invention also provides for passage of the
modified hyaluronan through the skin barrier is enabled through
compositions comprising phospholipids covalently linked to
hyaluronan.
[0037] The present invention also provides a non-toxic modified
hyaluronan capable of crossing the skin barrier is provided that is
suitable for use in dermal enhancement, hyaluronan replenishment
and/or protection (e.g. moisture layer for aging or atrophic skin)
therapy
[0038] The present invention also provides compositions of a
modified hyaluronan useful for the dermal and transdermal delivery
of therapeutic substances, e.g., prostaglandins, which suppress
inflammation, improve the smoothness and softness of skin and speed
wound repair; delivery of pepducins (therapeutic substances
containing amino acids with lipid tails), which can regulate cell
growth among their other functions; hyaluronidase inhibitors, which
will assist in reducing the breakdown of hyaluronan in the skin;
RHAMM inhibitors, which have been demonstrated to have an
anti-wrinkle effect; and other peptides, peptide mimetics and
proteins, such as a botulinum toxin, e.g., type A (BOTOX.TM.),
collagens, elastin, or hyaluronan synthases.
[0039] The present invention also provides a method for enhancing
the level of hyaluronan within the skin, thereby making a more
"youthful" microenvironment around epidermal and dermal cells, and
resulting in control of cellular functions (e.g., collagen and
elastin production by dermal cells; blocking transdifferentiation
of dermal fibroblasts into myofibroblasts that produce scar type
collagen I, contract the dermis and are thought to contribute to
the formation of wrinkles; and activation of keratinocytes to
produce cytokines and growth factors that promote dermal cell
function), multilayering/proliferation of keratinocytes, protection
against oxygen free radicals, and the retention of water that
collectively enhances the youthful appearance of skin.
[0040] The present invention also provides non-toxic compositions
comprising modified hyaluronan suitable for topical application to
the skin to reduce the appearance of scarring, stretchmarks, burn
contractions, fibrotic lesions, rosacea, dermatitis and skin
atrophy due to exposure to UVA/B radiation, aging, chemotherapy,
radiation therapy or steroid use.
[0041] The present invention also provides non-toxic compositions
comprising modified hyaluronan fragments suitable for topical
application to the skin that stimulate the innate immune system to
protect against bacterial and viral infections of the skin and for
promoting rapid recovering of large wounds (e.g. burns) by
keratinocytes.
[0042] The present invention also provides a non-toxic modified
hyaluronan composition that is able to cross the epidermal barrier,
and is thus suitable for enhancing a regenerative type of wound
repair, and for enhancing appearance of non-injured but compromised
skin (e.g. smoker's skin) by promoting angiogenesis.
[0043] The present invention also provides compositions enabling
for the passage of other modified glycosaminoglycans, such as
dermatan sulfate, keratin sulfate and chondroitin sulfate in their
polysaccharide or proteoglycan form as described above for
hyaluronan. As would be understood, the choice of glycosaminoglycan
to be used will depend on the treatment to be effected.
[0044] The present invention also provides compositions comprising
modified hyaluronan or other glycosaminoglycans allowing for the
dermal passage of polypeptides, such as collagen and elastin, for
use in cosmetic application in the reduction in the appearance of
wrinkles. In a first aspect of the present invention is provided a
glycosaminoglycan composition comprising a glycosaminoglycan
modified through the covalent linkage of a lipid moiety to about
1-15% of the repeating disaccharide monomer units of the
glycosaminoglycan wherein: [0045] the glycosaminoglycan to be
modified is hyaluronan, a hyaluronan derivative, a polysaccharide
comprised of repeating disaccharide units of an uronic acid or
hexose linked to a hexosamine, or derivatives thereof; [0046] the
glycosaminoglycan to be modified has a molecular weight in the
range of about 2 kDa to about 2,500 kDa; [0047] the lipid moiety
comprises one or more naturally-occurring or synthetically-derived
fatty acids, glycerolipids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, sterol
lipids, prenol lipids, or derivatives thereof, provided that the
lipid moiety contains a functional group on its polar head-group to
allow for covalent linkage of the lipid to the glycosaminoglycan;
and the modified glycosaminoglycan is able to penetrate the skin
barrier or a mucous membrane when applied thereto, whereby the
modified glycosaminoglycan is formed by the reaction of the
glycosaminoglycan with the lipid moiety.
[0048] In this aspect, preferably, the glycosaminoglycan is
modified through the covalent linkage of a lipid moiety to about
1-12% of the repeating disaccharide monomer units of the
glycosaminoglycan; more preferably to about 1-10% of the repeating
disaccharide monomer units; even more preferably to about 1-7.5% of
the repeating disaccharide monomer units; and most preferably to
2-6% of the repeating disaccharide monomer units. Exemplified
compositions of the present invention include those wherein about
5.5% or about 6% of the repeating disaccharide monomer units have
been modified. Preferably, the glycosaminoglycan to be modified has
a molecular weight in the range of about 50 kDa to about 2,500 kDa;
more preferably from about 100 kDa to about 2,000 kDa; even more
preferably from about 350 kDa to about 1,500 kDa; and most
preferably from about 500 kDa to about 1,500 kDa. Preferably, the
glycosaminoglycan to be modified is hyaluronan or a hyaluronan
derivative; more preferably, the glycosaminoglycan is hyaluronan.
Preferably, the lipid moiety contains an amino group on its polar
head-group and is covalently bound to the glycosaminoglycan via an
amide linkage to a carboxylic acid group on the glycosaminoglycan;
more preferably the lipid moiety comprises one or more
phosphatidylethanolamines or phosphatidylserines; most preferably
the lipid moiety comprises one or more phosphatidylethanolamines.
Preferably, the modified glycosaminoglycan is able to penetrate the
skin barrier. More preferably, the modified glycosaminoglycan has a
longer residence time within the skin than the unmodified
glycosaminoglycan, when dermally delivered; most preferably this
glycosaminoglycan is hyaluronan.
[0049] In a second aspect of the present invention is provided a
preparation suitable for application to the skin or a mucous
membrane comprising a glycosaminoglycan composition in admixture
with one or more cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable
excipients or carriers, wherein the glycosaminoglycan composition
comprises: [0050] a glycosaminoglycan modified through the covalent
linkage of lipid moieties to 1-15% of the repeating disaccharide
units monomer units of the glycosaminoglycan; [0051] the
glycosaminoglycan comprises hyaluronan, a hyaluronan derivative, a
polysaccharide comprised of repeating disaccharide units of an
uronic acid or hexose linked to a hexosamine, or derivatives
thereof; [0052] the glycosaminoglycan to be modified has a
molecular weight in the range of about 2 kDa to about 2,500 kDa;
[0053] the lipid moiety comprises one or more naturally-occurring
or synthetically derived fatty acids, glycerolipids, phospholipids,
sphingolipids, sterol lipids, prenol lipids, or derivatives
thereof, provided that the lipid moiety contains a functional group
on its polar head group to allow for covalent linkage of the lipid
to the glycosaminoglycan; and [0054] the modified glycosaminoglycan
is able to penetrate the skin barrier or mucous membrane when
applied thereto, [0055] whereby the modified glycosaminoglycan is
formed by the reaction of the glycosaminoglycan with the lipid
moiety.
[0056] In this aspect, preferably, the glycosaminoglycan is
modified through the covalent linkage of a lipid moiety to about
1-12% of the repeating disaccharide monomer units of the
glycosaminoglycan; more preferably to about 1-10% of the repeating
disaccharide monomer units; even more preferably to about 1-7.5% of
the repeating disaccharide monomer units; and even more preferably
to about 2-6% of the repeating disaccharide monomer units.
Exemplified modifications of the present invention include those
wherein about 5.5% or about 6% of the repeating disaccharide
monomer units of the glycosaminoglycan have been modified.
Preferably, the glycosaminoglycan to be modified has a molecular
weight in the range of about 50 kDa to about 2,500 kDa; more
preferably from about 100 kDa to about 2,000 kDa; even more
preferably from about 350 kDa to about 1,500 kDa; and most
preferably from about 500 kDa to about 1,500 kDa. Preferably, the
glycosaminoglycan to be modified is hyaluronan or a hyaluronan
derivative; more preferably, the glycosaminoglycan is hyaluronan.
Preferably, the lipid moiety contains an amino group on its polar
head-group and is covalently bound to the glycosaminoglycan via an
amide linkage to a carboxylic acid group on the glycosaminoglycan;
more preferably the lipid moiety comprises one or more
phosphatidylethanolamines or phosphatidylserines; most preferably
the lipid moiety comprises one or more phosphatidylethanolamines.
Preferably, the modified glycosaminoglycan is able to penetrate the
skin barrier. More preferably, the modified glycosaminoglycan has a
longer residence time within the skin than the unmodified
glycosaminoglycan, when dermally delivered.
[0057] Preparations of this aspect of the invention may
additionally comprise one or more ingredients that are transported
across the skin barrier or mucous membrane by the glycosaminoglycan
composition; preferably across the skin barrier. Included among the
additional the additional one or more ingredients that may be
considered within this aspect of the invention are anti-oxidants,
vitamins, essential oils, UV-blocking agents, or other nutrients
whose application is known to provide a beneficial effect to the
health or appearance of skin.
[0058] Also included among the additional the additional one or
more ingredients that may be considered within this aspect of the
invention are pharmaceuticals; preferably therapeutic agents
suitable for the treatment inflammation, such as a prostaglandin,
skin cancer or skin conditions that are delivered through the skin
barrier.
[0059] Also included among the additional the additional one or
more ingredients that may be considered within this aspect of the
invention are proteins, peptides, peptide mimetics, pepducins,
polynucleotides, or other biomolecules; preferably, these one or
more ingredients have a molecular weight of between 700 Da and 500
kDa. Additional ingredients delivered across the skin barrier may
include collagen or elastin. Additionally, the one or more
additional ingredients may be a protein; preferably a botulinum
toxin that is delivered across the skin barrier; more preferably
botulinum toxin type A. A further preferred protein to be delivered
across the skin barrier is hyaluronan synthase. The additional one
or more ingredients may also include a pepducin.
[0060] Also included among the additional the additional one or
more ingredients that may be considered within this aspect of the
invention are hyaluronidase inhibitors delivered across the skin
barrier or RHAMM inhibitors delivered across the skin barrier.
[0061] In a third aspect of the present invention is provided the
use of a glycosaminoglycan composition of the above first aspect in
supplementing the levels of a glycosaminoglycan naturally present
in the skin; preferably this glycosaminoglycan is hyaluronan. This
aspect includes the use of the compositions in the reduction in
appearance of wrinkles, providing an increased level of skin
hydration, reducing the signs of aging of the skin, the reversal in
appearance or prevention of skin atrophy, the reversal in
appearance or prevention of scarring on the skin, reducing the
inflammation associated with actinic keratinoses, promoting
angiogenesis (e.g., in regenerative wound repair or in enhancing
the appearance of non-injured but compromised skin), and in
reducing the effects of skin trauma. Among the effects of skin
trauma that may be considered are reductions in the appearance of
scarring, stretchmarks, burn contractions, fibrotic lesions,
rosacea, dermatitis or skin atrophy. Among the causes of these
trauma are the effects are UV radiation, burns, the topical
administration of pharmaceuticals, and the use of steroids.
[0062] In a fourth aspect of the present invention is provided the
use of a glycosaminoglycan composition of the above first aspect as
a dermal or transdermal delivery vehicle for cosmetically and
therapeutically active ingredients. Among the cosmetically and
therapeutically active ingredients that may be delivered according
to this aspect of the invention are hyaluronidase inhibitors, RHAMM
inhibitors, collagen, or elastin. Also among the cosmetically and
therapeutically active ingredients that may be delivered according
to this aspect of the invention are proteins, peptides, peptide
mimetics, pepducins, polynucleotides, or other biomolecules;
preferably for the delivery of proteins. Preferred among the types
of proteins that may be delivered are a botulinum toxin (preferably
botulinum toxin type A) and hyaluronan synthase. Also among the
cosmetically and therapeutically active ingredients that may be
delivered according to this aspect of the invention are
pharmaceuticals, such as anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., a
prostaglandin). Preferred is the dermal delivery of
pharmaceuticals. Among the preferred use for dermal delivery are
included the delivery of pharmaceuticals useful in the treatment of
skin inflammation, skin cancer, skin allergy, or other skin
conditions; most preferably in the treatment of skin cancer.
[0063] In a fifth aspect of the present invention is provided a
method for the glycosaminoglycan compositions of the above first
aspect of the invention comprising the steps of: [0064] treating
the glycosaminoglycan to be modified with an activating agent to
facilitate covalent bonding of the glycosaminoglycan to the lipid
moiety; [0065] mixing the activated glycosaminoglycan and lipid
moiety; and [0066] allowing the lipid moiety to react with the
activated glycosaminoglycan to covalently link the lipid moiety to
the glycosaminoglycan, wherein the activating agent is the limiting
reagent in the reaction and is added in an amount sufficient to
facilitate covalent linkage of the lipid moiety to about 1 to about
15% of the disaccharide monomer units of the glycosaminoglycan.
[0067] In this aspect, preferably, the activating agent is added in
an amount sufficient to facilitate covalent linkage of the lipid
moiety to about 1-12% of the disaccharide monomer units of the
glycosaminoglycan; more preferably to about 1-10% of the
disaccharide monomer units; even more preferably to about 1-7.5% of
the disaccharide monomer units; and most preferably to 2-6% of the
disaccharide monomer units. Exemplified methods of the present
invention include those wherein about 5.5% or about 6% of the
repeating disaccharide monomer units have been modified.
[0068] According to this aspect of the invention, it is preferred
that the covalent linkage to be formed is an amide linkage between
a carboxylic group of the glycosaminoglycan and a lipid moiety
containing an amine functional group on the polar head group.
Preferably, the linking agent is a carbodiimide; more preferably,
the carbodiimide is
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide.
[0069] According to this aspect of the invention, the preferred
glycosaminoglycan to be modified is hyaluronan.
[0070] According to this aspect of the invention it is preferred
that the lipid moiety comprises one or more
phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylserines; more preferred
is that the lipid moiety comprises one or more
phosphatidylethanolamines.
[0071] Thus, included in this application is, in one aspect, an
invention that promotes penetration of large hyaluronan into skin
together with large (>10 kDa) proteins.
[0072] Without being bound by any theory of action, the inventor
believes the hyaluronan-phospholipid formulation described herein
promotes the formation of hyaluronan coats around skin in a
receptor independent manner and prevents liposome/nanoparticle
formation. As a result of both its direct integration into the cell
membrane and its non-particulate nature (e.g. not a liposome or
nanoparticle) it escapes detection/promotion of endocytic or
pinocytic uptake by cells and therefore its rapid destruction. This
escape results in increased residence time within the skin as
intact hyaluronan-phospholipid.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0073] The following figures illustrate various aspects and
preferred and alternative embodiments of the invention.
[0074] FIG. 1. Micrograph images of human dermal fibroblasts
illustrating the increase in hyaluronan cell coat following
application of a hyaluronan-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate
(HA-PE-1) of the present invention as compared to unmodified
hyaluronan and PBS control. Representative hyaluronan cell coats
are indicated by an arrow in each image.
[0075] FIG. 2. Graph illustrating the effect of a modified
hyaluronan composition of the invention (HA-PE-1) on the percent of
human fibroblasts with cell coats as compared to fibroblasts
treated with hyaluronan alone untreated cells.
[0076] FIG. 3. Graph illustrating the effect of a modified
hyaluronan composition of the invention (HA-PE-1) on the size of
the hyaluronan cell coat as compared to cells treated with
unmodified hyaluronan.
[0077] FIG. 4. Graph illustrating the difference in the number of
mouse embryonic fibroblasts engineered to be without hyaluronan
receptors (RHAMM-/-, CD44-/-, or RHAMM-/-:CD44-/-) that have
hyaluronan coats following treatment with a
hyaluronan-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (HA-PE-1) of the
present invention, unmodified hyaluronan and saline solution
(control). Representative micrograph images from treated
fibroblasts are presented in FIG. 5.
[0078] FIG. 5. Representative micrograph images of mouse embryonic
fibroblasts engineered to be without hyaluronan receptors
(RHAMM-/-, CD44-/-, or RHAMM-/-:CD44-/-) that have hyaluronan coats
following treatment with a hyaluronan-phosphatidylethanolamine
conjugate (HA-PE-1) of the present invention, unmodified hyaluronan
and saline solution (control).
[0079] FIG. 6. Micrographs of human fibroblasts treated with SKL
catalase, a hyaluronan-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (HA-PE-1)
and a combination of SKL catalase and HA-PE-1, demonstrating that
the modified hyaluronan compositions of the invention enhance the
effects SKL catalase when used in combination.
[0080] FIG. 7. Micrograph images of skin obtained from mice treated
with a hyaluronan-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (HA-PE-1) of
the present invention for four days illustrating the ability of the
compositions of the present invention to penetrate the skin barrier
following topical application. Images 71 (HA-PE-1) and 73 (control)
illustrate the skin layer at 20.times. magnification with the
keratinocyte layer denoted with "[". Images 72 (treatment) and 74
(control) illustrate the skin layer at 40.times. magnification with
representative keratinocytes highlighted with an arrow.
[0081] FIG. 8. Graph quantifying the ability of a cream containing
a hyaluronan-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (HA-PE-1) of the
present invention to penetrate the skin barrier of mice and be
retained in the keratinocyte layer following 4 days of treatment.
This graph quantifies the micrograph images presented in FIG.
7.
[0082] FIG. 9. Micrograph images comparing the skin of mice
following a four-day treatment regimen with a
hyaluronan-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (HA-PE-1) of the
present invention, hyaluronan mixed with lecithin (HA+PE), or
hyaluronan alone. The keratinocyte layer in each image is indicated
with an arrow. Also presented are micrographs of skin samples
obtained Day 7 following cessation of treatment on Day 4.
[0083] FIG. 10. Graph quantifying the amount of a
hyaluronan-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (HA-PE-1) of the
present invention that was able to penetrate mouse skin as compared
to mice treated with a mixture of hyaluronan with lecithin (HA+PE)
and hyaluronan alone. This graph quantifies the micrograph images
presented in FIG. 9.
[0084] FIG. 11. Micrograph images demonstrating that application of
the modified hyaluronan compositions of the present invention
remains localized within the epidermis at the site of application.
Application of hyaluronan alone does not lead to any accumulation
of hyaluronan in the epidermis. The application edge is marked with
an arrow, and application area with a broken-line arrow.
[0085] FIG. 12. Graph quantifying the levels of hyaluronan present
in treated and untreated areas in mouse skin from FIG. 11.
[0086] FIG. 13. Micrograph images and quantifying graph indicating
that the hyaluronan compositions of the invention (HA-PE-2) are
able to penetrate the skin barrier and associate within the
epidermis in mice bred without RHAMM hyaluronan receptors (RHAMM-/-
mice). The keratinocyte layer in each image is denoted with an
arrow.
[0087] FIG. 14. Micrograph images and quantifying graph indicating
that the hyaluronan compositions of the invention (HA-PE-2) are
able to penetrate the skin barrier and associate within the
epidermis in mice bred without RHAMM or CD44 hyaluronan receptors
(RHAMM-/-:CD44-/- mice). The keratinocyte layer in each image is
denoted with an arrow.
[0088] FIG. 15. Micrograph images of a
hyaluronan-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (HA-PE-2) of the
present invention and particulate lipidated glycosaminoglycans
prepared using prior art methods.
[0089] FIG. 16. Micrograph images demonstrating the ability of a
hyaluronan-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (HA-PE-2) of the
present invention to deliver an 84 kDa protein (GST-labelled RHAMM)
and a 26 kDa protein (GST) through the skin barrier following
topical application in mice. The keratinocyte layer is denoted by
"{circumflex over (0)}" and the underlying muscle layer by an
arrow.
[0090] FIG. 17. Graph quantifying the micrograph images of FIG. 16
for the delivery of GST-RHAMM, an 84 kDa protein, through the skin
barrier following topical application of a
hyaluronan-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (HA-PE-2) of the
present invention to mice.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0091] The present invention provides compositions that enable the
passage of modified glycosaminoglycans through the skin barrier
following topical administration, thus making them suitable for use
in cosmetic formulations and as vehicles for the dermal and
transdermal delivery of cosmetically and pharmaceutically active
therapeutic agents. These glycosaminoglycan compositions are formed
through the covalent linkage of a lipid moiety to the
glycosaminoglycan by limiting the degree of linkage to about 1 to
about 15% of the disaccharide monomer units in order to provide
sufficient lipophilicity to the glycosaminoglycan to facilitate its
passage through the skin barrier, while at the same time allowing
for the maintenance of its glycosaminoglycan character,
particularly its cellular interactions. Preferably, the degree of
linkage is from about 1-12%, more preferably from about 1-10%, even
more preferably from about 1-7.5%, and even more preferably from
about 2-6% for example about 5.5% and about 6% of the disaccharide
monomer units. One effective way to introduce the lipid moiety is
through bonding at carboxylic acid groups situated throughout the
glycosaminoglycan on its saccharide residues. When linking the
lipid moiety to the glycosaminoglycan in the preparation of the
present compositions, it is important to consider the percentage of
available linking sites that are used. As taught by Margarlit and
Peer (WO 03/015755), covalent linking of phosphatidylethanolamine
at 20-33% of the available carboxylic acid sites provides
compositions that self assemble to form particulate nanospheres or
microspheres that can act as carriers for insoluble or poorly
soluble compounds. Thus, in order to avoid the formation of these
undesired particulate structures, it has been found to be necessary
to use a lower degree of linking when preparing compositions of the
present invention.
[0092] When preparing the modified glycosaminoglycan compositions
of the present invention, the lipid moiety may be covalently linked
to the glycosaminoglycan using any known manner, and may include,
for example, linkages to the existing functional groups (e.g.,
carboxylic acid and hydroxy) or to unmasked functional groups
(e.g., through the partial hydrolysis of N-acetyl groups to provide
primary amines). While any form of covalent linkage may be used
between the glycosaminoglycan and lipid moiety, it is generally
preferred that the linkage is hydrolyzable within the body, e.g.,
amide and ester linkages, so that the modified glycosaminoglycan
may be reverted to its natural form, thus facilitating its ultimate
bioresorption, and reducing the potential for toxic and/or
allergenic reactions, when glycosaminoglycans and lipids that are
naturally present in the skin are used.
[0093] The glycosaminoglycan compositions of the present invention
are preferably prepared using hyaluronan, although other
glycosaminoglycans, particularly hyaluronan derivatives, including
partially N-deacetylated hyaluronan, may also be used. Although,
with the exception of hyaluronan, naturally occurring
glycosaminoglycans are attached to proteins, use of the term
glycosaminoglycan in the context of the present invention refers to
the polysaccharide portion of glycosaminoglycans only.
Glycosaminoglycans suitable for use in the compositions of the
present invention include any long, unbranched polysaccharides
comprised primarily of a repeating disaccharide unit comprised of
an uronic acid or hexose linked to a hexosamine, provided the size
requirements described below are met.
[0094] Hyaluronan is present in high levels in the skin and, when
the compositions of the present invention are used as delivery
devices for cosmetic and pharmaceutical therapeutic agents,
including proteins and similarly sized biomacromolecules, a dual
effect comprising delivery of the therapeutic agent and enhancement
of hyaluronan cell coats in the treated area may be obtained. This
dual effect can be of particular advantage when the topical
delivery of a therapeutic agent has previously been associated with
damage to the skin at the application site as may be observed, for
example, with the topical treatment of glucocorticoids, which is
known to reduce the levels of dermal hyaluronan..sup.18 A further
reason for the preference for the use of hyaluronan over other
naturally-occurring glycosaminoglycans in the skin (e.g., heparin
sulfate, dermatin sulfate, keratin sulfate, or chondroitin sulfate)
is its ease of access in high (>100 kDa) molecular weights
through biosynthetic means using bacteria, thus making its supply
independent of animal sources and, as a result, less prone to
allergenic issues associated with animal-derived materials.
[0095] The glycosaminoglycan used in the present invention will
typically possess a molecular weight of between about 50 kDa and
about 2,500 kDa, and is preferably in the range of about 100 kDa to
about 2,000 kDa. More preferably, the glycosaminoglycan has a
molecular weight of about 350-1,500 kDa, and most preferably of
about 500-1,500 kDa. However, for specific medical uses in wounds,
such as the promotion of innate immunity, angiogenesis and
resurfacing of wounds, the optimal hyaluronan size is smaller,
since fragmented hyaluronan is more bioreactive than native
hyaluronan and can be in the range of about 2 to about 100 kDa.
[0096] The lipid moiety of the present compositions may be
comprised of one or more lipids, preferably those selected from the
classes of fatty acids, glycerolipids, phospholipids,
sphingolipids, sterol lipids and prenol lipids. Although it is a
requirement of the present invention that the lipid moiety is
covalently bound to the glycosaminoglycan, compositions of the
present invention may include the lipidated glycosaminoglycan as
well additional lipids that are not covalently bound.
[0097] The only requirement for the use of a given lipid in
modifying the glycosaminoglycan is that it has the ability to be
covalently bound to the glycosaminoglycan through its polar head
group. While the use of lipids naturally present in the human or
animal to be treated is preferred, derivatized forms of naturally
occurring lipids may also be used provided that their
lipid-character is maintained. Such derivatization may be required
when the available functional groups on the polar head group of the
lipid will not allow for linking of the lipid to the
glycosaminoglycan. Examples of derivatized lipids include those
that are modified to facilitate the bonding of the lipid to the
glycosaminoglycan, e.g., through the addition of a primary amine to
the polar head group of the lipid. Further examples include
modifications to the hydrophobic tail of the lipid, provided that
the lipophilic character of this region is preserved. Additionally,
stereoisomers of naturally occurring lipids may also be used, with
further derivatization if necessary to facilitate bonding to the
glycosaminoglycan. The methods of performing any required
modifications to the lipids are well known to persons skilled in
the art.
[0098] In general, any fatty acid, either alone or as part of a
group of fatty acids or other lipids, may be used in the
compositions of the present invention, with those possessing
greater than 12 carbon atoms being preferred, and include
saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Although there is a preference for the use of fatty acids that are
naturally occurring in humans, this preference is in terms of
bioresorption of the compositions, and in their lower potential for
toxic and/or allergenic side effects, rather than their ability to
pass through the skin barrier. Preferably the fatty acid used,
either alone or as a component of a larger lipid, contains 12-24
carbon atoms. The following are non-limiting examples of fatty
acids that may be used in the compositions of the present
invention, either alone or as part of a larger lipid: myristic
(12:0, tetradecanoic), palmitic (16:0, hexadecanoic), stearic
(18:0, octadecanoic), arachidic (20:0, eicosanoic), and behenic
(22:0, docosanoic) saturated fatty acids; palmitoleic (16:1(n-7),
cis-9-hexadecenoic), petroselinic (18:1(n-12), cis-6-octadecenoic),
oleic (18:1(n-9), cis-octadecenoic, cis-vaccenic (18:1(n-7),
cis-11-octadecenoic), erucic (22:1(n-9), cis-13-docosenoic
monounsaturated fatty acids; and linoleic (18:2(n-6),
9,12-octadecadienoic), .gamma.-linolenic (18:3(n-6),
6,9,12-octadecatrienoic), .alpha.-linolenic (18:3(n-3),
9,12,15-octatrienoic), arachidonic (20:4(n-6),
5,8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic), EPA (20:5(n-3),
5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic), and DHA (22:6(n-3),
4,7,10,13,16,19-docasahexaenoic)polyunsaturated acids. In addition
to being used in their natural form, the above fatty acids may be
modified to better facilitate covalent or noncovalent binding to
the glycosaminoglycan by, for example, converting the acid head
group to an alcohol or amine, an alcohol further derivatized as a
leaving group, or a leaving group. As well, the fatty acid may be
derivatized by adding a short spacer, e.g., formation of esters
with 2-aminoethanol, ethylene glycol or other ethanol derivatives
possessing a desired functional group. All chemistry required to
prepare such modified fatty acids are believed to be routine and
known by chemists skilled in organic synthesis. As should be
apparent, the use of essential fatty acids, i.e., those fatty acids
that are not produced in human tissues and must be acquired through
the diet, such as arachidonic, linoleic and linolenic acids and
their metabolites such as EPA and DHA, among others, may, in
addition to their function in the present invention, provide an
additional source of these nutrients separate from the diet
following their use in the delivery of hyaluronan through the skin
barrier as the compositions of the present invention are
biodegraded. The use of essential fatty acids may be on their own,
as part of a larger lipid, or as an auxiliary lipid that is not
covalently bound to the lipidated glycosaminoglycan but is instead
dermally or transdermally delivered by the lipidated
glycosaminoglycan. Fatty acid derivatives with substituents or
branching along the carbon chain may also be used in the present
invention provided that the lipid character of the derivatized
fatty acid is maintained.
[0099] Further fatty acids useful in the compositions of the
present invention include branched chain fatty acids possessing
from 10 to 30 carbon atoms. Branches may include one or more methyl
groups substituted at any position along the saturated or
unsaturated fatty acid chain, or involve larger alkyl groups. Other
useful fatty acids include those with one or more alicyclic rings
along the fatty acid backbone or at a terminal position. Further
useful fatty acids also include hydroxy fatty acids, wherein the
hydroxy group is within two carbons of the carboxylic acid
(.alpha.- and .beta.-hydroxy fatty acids). The .alpha.- or
.beta.-hydroxy group of the hydroxy fatty acids may also be further
derivatized through the formation of ethers or ester to add a
second fatty acid chain to the lipid, thereby increasing its
lipophilic character.
[0100] The preceding discussion of fatty acids also applies to
their use in the following types of lipids where the lipids contain
fatty acid components.
[0101] In addition to the use of fatty acids, suitable lipids for
use in the present invention also include fatty amides, the amide
analogues of fatty acids. Preferred fatty amides are those in which
a fatty acid is converted to an amide by, for example, treatment
with 2-aminoethanol, thus providing an alcohol that may be further
modified, if desired. Similarly, fatty amides can be formed using
diamines, such as 1,2-diaminoethane, thus providing a primary amine
for facilitating linkage to the glycosaminoglycan. Suitable fatty
amides may also be formed using fatty acids and amino acids, which
may then be further derivatized, if desired. Preferred fatty amides
include anandamide, which is known to exhibit anti-inflammatory and
anti-cancer properties, N-arachidonoylglycine, and
N-palmitoylethanolamide, which may also have use in treating
inflammation. The use of such fatty amides, among others with
therapeutic effects, enable to the provision of dual effects, e.g.,
facilitating the transport of the glycosaminoglycan through the
skin barrier and providing their known therapeutic effects
following hydrolysis from the lipidated glycosaminoglycan within
the body.
[0102] Glycerolipids that may be used in the present invention
include mono- and diacylglycerolipids. Preferred glycerolipids are
mono- and diacylglycerols and glycosylglycerols. More preferred are
those glycerolipids possessing a fatty acids selected from the
preferred groups mentioned above. Also preferred are glycerolipids
that may act as intermediates in the biosynthesis of
triacylglycerols and other lipids; however this preference is based
upon their ability to provide further effect upon hydrolysis from
the lipidated glycosaminoglycans of the present invention rather
than their ability to facilitate penetration of the skin barrier.
Depending upon the type of bond formation with the
glycosaminoglycan that is desired, the glycerolipid may also be
further derivatized, for example, through the use of a spacer, or
direct derivatization, to provide a primary amino group, allowing
for amide formation with the carboxylic acid groups of the
glycosaminoglycan.
[0103] Phospholipids suitable for use in the compositions of the
present invention include phosphatidylethanolamines(cephalins),
phosphatidylserines, phosphatidyl-L-threonines,
phosphatidylglycerols, phosphatidylinositols, phosphatidic acids,
bisphosphatidyl glycerols (cardiolipins), and phosphoglycolipids.
Preferred among the types of phospholipids are
phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylinositols and
phosphatidylserines. More preferred are phosphatidylethanolamines
and phosphatidylserines. Most preferred are
phosphatidylethanolamines. While naturally occurring phospholipids
are preferred owing to considerations of bioresorption rather than
facilitating skin penetration, non-naturally occurring
phospholipids may also be used. Non-naturally occurring
phospholipids includes phospholipids that are derivatized versions
of phospholipids that are not suitable for linking to the
glycosaminoglycan, such as phosphatidylcholines, wherein the
derivatization provides a functional group to enable covalent
linkage of the lipid to the glycosaminoglycan. In addition to being
in their traditional diacyl forms, suitable phospholipids may also
include ether phospholipids, e.g., alkylacyl phospholipids and
alkenylacyl phospholipids. Also suitable for use in the present
invention are the lysophospholipids of any of the above
phospholipids in which one of the fatty acid chains has be
hydrolyzed to give a monoacyl, monoalkyl or monoalkenyl
phospholipid. Suitable phospholipids may also be modified at their
head group provided that this either enhances or does not preclude
the covalent linking of the phospholipid to the
glycosaminoglycan.
[0104] Sphingolipids suitable for use in the compositions of the
present invention include sphingosine and other sphingoid bases,
ceramides, ceramide phospholipids, and glycosphingolipids. For
purposes of the present invention, ceramide phospholipids refers to
those sphingolipids other than sphingomyelin in which a ceramide is
bound to a phosphate group, and includes sphingolipids such as
ceramide phosphorylethanolamines, ceramide phosphorylglycerols,
ceramide inositols, and similar classes. Suitable sphingoid bases,
for use either alone as a sphingolipid or as a component of a
ceramide, ceramide phospholipid, sphingomyelin, glycosphingolipid,
or other sphingolipid, may also include analogues of sphingoid
bases with differing carbon chains (length, unsaturation,
hydroxylation), but preferably those with 14-24 carbon atoms.
Preferred sphingoid bases, for use either alone as a sphingolipid
or as a component of a ceramide, ceramide phospholipid,
glycosphingolipid or other sphingolipid, include sphingosine
(d18:1, d18:1.sup..DELTA.4t, 4E-d18:1, or its cis isomer:
d18:1.sup..DELTA.4c, 4Z-d18:1) dihydrosphingosine (d18:0,
sphinganine), phytosphingosine (t18:0), and dehydrophytosphingosine
(t18:1, t18:1.sup..DELTA.8t, 8E-t18:1, or is cis isomer:
t18:1.sup..DELTA.8c, 8Z-t18:1), and eicosasphingosine (d20:1,
4E-d20:1, d20:1.sup..DELTA.4t). As for the classes of lipids
described above, preferred among the sphingolipids are those that
are naturally occurring. Preferred types of sphingolipids include
ceramide phosphorylethanolamines, ceramide phosphorylinositols, and
monoglycosphingolipids. Suitable sphingolipids may also include
ones in which an ethanolamine, serine or other suitable group is
bound directly to the ceramide. Other preferred sphingolipids
include glycososphingolipids, which are modified on the sugar group
to also include phosphorylethanolamine, phosphorylserine,
phosphonoethanolamine, serine or ethanolamine. Since sphingolipids
are known in nature to have different fatty acids than
glycerol-based lipids, such as those described above, the fatty
acids preferred in sphingolipids may differ from the general
description of fatty acids provided above. Thus, for sphingolipids,
preferred fatty acids may have up to 28 carbons, and have an even
or odd number of carbons. Of these fatty acids, which may be
saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated, those with 16-24
carbons being saturated or monounsaturated are preferred.
[0105] In addition to phosphatidic acid-based phospholipids and
sphingolipids described above, the compositions of the present
invention may also utilize the analogous phosphonolipids, such as
phosphonylethanolamines and phosphonyl-1-hydroxy-2-aminoethanes;
preferred phosphonolipids are phosphonylethanolamines.
[0106] Since ceramides are natural components of skin, and their
depletion with age or disease results in skin dehydration,
wrinkles/sagging, and susceptibility to disease, the use of
ceramides and ceramide-based lipids that can be hydrolyzed into
ceramides in the skin provides a dual benefit. The use of
ceramide-based lipids that can be hydrolyzed into ceramides within
the skin in the compositions of the invention both assists in the
delivery of hyaluronan through the skin barrier, as well as
provides a source to aid in the replenishment of ceramide levels
upon degradation of the compositions.
[0107] Sterol lipids suitable for use in the compositions of the
invention include sterols and oxysterols in which the A or B ring
of the cholesterol is oxidized rather than the alkyl chain, such as
7.beta.-hydroxycholesterol or 4.beta.-hydroxycholesterol.
Oxysterols in which the alkyl side chain has been hydroxylated, and
optionally converted to an amine, are also suitable for use
provided that the A and B rings of the cholesterol skeleton are in
a reduced form, i.e., dehydroxylated. Oxysterols possessing a
primary hydroxy group that is oxidized to a carboxylic acid may
also be used, particularly when esterified with 2-aminoethanol, to
provide a terminal amino group to facilitate binding to the
glycosaminoglycan. In addition to the sterols commonly found in
mammals, sterols from other origins, such as plant-based sterols
(phytosterols), may also be used in the compositions of the present
invention. Useful phytosterols include, but are not limited to,
campesterol, sitosterol, brassicasterol, stigmasterol, avenasterol.
Sterols may also be derivatized by adding, for example,
2-aminoethanol, inositol, serine, glycoside,
phosphorylethanolamine, phosphonylethanolamine, phosphorylserine,
phosphorylinositol, phosphorylglycosides, or glycosides derivatized
with 2-aminoethanol, serine, phosphorylethanolamine, or
phosphonylethanolamine, to the 3-hydroxy substituent of the A-ring
or a hydroxy substituent of the alkyl side chain of any of the
above sterols or oxysterols. Additionally, esters may be formed
with amino acids to provide an amino group to facilitate binding to
the glycosaminoglycan.
[0108] The use of 7-dehydrocholesterol can provide the additional
benefit of being converted to vitamin D.sub.3 (cholecalciferol)
upon UV exposure following its penetration into the epidermal layer
of the skin. Alternatively, cholecalciferol, or its precursor
provitamin D.sub.3, may be used directly as a lipid. Similar
benefits would also be obtained through the use of the ergosterol,
viosterol or ergocalciferol (vitamin D.sub.2), or sitocalciferol
(vitamin D.sub.5), which is made from 7-dehydrositosterol upon UV
irradiation. As a result, the lipid moieties used in modifying
glycosaminoglycans for the present invention may also serve as
delivery vehicles for the biologically important lipids as the
modified glycosaminoglycans degrade within the body (provided a
hydrolyzable linkage is used that will allow for release of the
lipid in physiological conditions). When any of the above are used
as lipids in the compositions of the present invention, the amounts
used with respect to other lipids may be varied according to the
amounts of vitamin D supplementation that is desired following its
hydrolysis from the glycosam inoglycan.
[0109] In addition to sterol-derived Vitamin D, compositions of the
present invention may also utilize other fat-soluble vitamins, such
as vitamins A and E, and other prenol lipids, including other
tocopherols, tocotrienols, retinoic acid, dolichols and polyprenols
possessing functional groups to facilitate linkage to the
glycosaminoglycan. Such lipids may also be further derivatized by,
for example, adding 2-aminoethanol, inositol, serine, glycoside,
phosporylethanolamine, phosphonylethanolamine, phosphorylserine,
phosphorylinositol, phosphorylglycosides, or glycosides derivatized
with 2-aminoethanol, serine, phosphorylethanolamine, or
phosphonylethanolamine, to an available hydroxy substituent.
Additionally, esters may be formed with amino acids to provide an
amino group to facilitate binding to the glycosaminoglycan. As is
the case for the use of any lipid capable of providing a biological
response following its cleavage from the glycosaminoglycan, the
amount used in any preparation will be determined by the amount of
the lipid that is desired to be provided. Also useful are
diphosphate derivatives of prenols, such as farnesyl pyrophosphate
and presqualene diphosphate, which are used in the biosynthesis of
sterols. Preferred prenol lipids include tocopherols (which
includes vitamin E) and tocotrienals that are additionally able to
act as antioxidants following the passage through the skin barrier,
as well as vitamin A, or more preferably its oxidized form,
retinoic acid, which is known to stimulate collagen production in
skin, as well as farnesol lipids that are known to contribute to
the lipid outer layer of the epidermis. The presence of
antioxidants in the skin can further assist in preventing the
breakdown of hyaluronan, whether naturally occurring or provided
through the compositions of the present invention.
[0110] As mentioned above, most preferred among the lipids are
those which are naturally occurring in humans, however, this
preference is based upon their ability to be easily bioresorbed,
and their lower potential for toxic and/or allergenic side effects,
rather than their ability to facilitate penetration of the
glycosaminoglycan through the skin barrier. The compositions of the
present invention are intended for cosmetic and therapeutic use,
and it is therefore desirable that the compositions do not exhibit
significant toxicity as the lipids are gradually hydrolyzed within
the body. As a result, prior to the use of a particular lipid,
testing may be undertaken to determine whether a particular lipid
is associated with a toxic effect, allergenic-type response, or
irritation when released within the skin. Since many of the lipids
useful in the compositions of the present invention are known to
have biological effects in humans, the amount of any particular
lipid used may be modified to either utilize or avoid such effects
depending upon any benchmarks set for the use of the
compositions.
[0111] More preferred among the lipid classes are phospholipids or
sphingolipids selected from the group consisting of
phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylserines,
phosphatidylinositols, sphingosines, ceramides, and ceramide-based
lipids. Most preferred is the use of phosphatidylethanolamines.
[0112] In addition to glycosaminoglycans that are modified through
the addition of one type of lipid, the glycosaminoglycan
compositions of the present invention also include those in which
two or more different types of lipids are added. This could
include, for example, the addition of phosphatidylethanolamines
possessing different fatty acids in the lipophilic tail portion, or
the addition of phosphatidylethanolamines and ceramide-based
lipids, i.e., different classes of lipids bound to the same
glycosaminoglycan.
[0113] Preferably, the lipid to be covalently linked to the
glycosaminoglycan possesses a primary amino group to facilitate
amide formation with carboxylic acid groups present on
monosaccharide units of the glycosaminoglycan. Alternatively, other
preferred classes of lipids may possess a hydroxy group that is
able to form an ester linkage with the carboxy group of the
glycosaminoglycan, or a carboxylic acid group to form either an
ester linkage with the hydroxy groups of the glycosaminoglycan, or
an amide linkage with the an amino group on the glycosaminoglycan
(present as part of a partially deacetylated or unacetylated
glycosaminoglycan). In addition to the preferred forms of linking
the lipid to the glycosaminoglycan discussed above, bonding may
also be accomplished by other known methods known to skilled
persons; however, these forms are less preferred.
[0114] A preferred linkage is formed between the carboxylic acid
group of the glycosaminoglycan and an amino group of the lipid
through an amide bond. Such bonds may be readily formed using the
carbodiimide approach as taught in the art for similar
covalently-bound lipid/glycosaminoglycan systems (e.g., Sakurai et
al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,942, Yerushalmi et al. in WO
2006/050246, or Margarlit and Peer in WO 03/015755). The main
difference between the application of this carbodiimide approach in
the preparation of the present compositions with those previously
used in the art lies in the simplified procedure, using a lesser
amount of the linking agent and not requiring the use of organic
solvents, although they may be used, if desired. It is believed
that conducting the coupling reactions in aqueous solutions, in the
absence, or reduced amounts, of organic solvents, and using lesser
amounts of the linking reagent both limits the degree to which the
lipid portion is bound to the glycosaminoglycan, thereby preventing
the formation of undesired particulate nano- and microspheres at
higher (>20% substitution rates), as well as reducing the amount
of potentially allergenic components (e.g., decomposed linker and
by-products from the linking reaction) that may reside in the final
product.
[0115] The simplified general procedure used in preparing lipidated
glycosaminoglycans through the formation of amide bonds, as further
exemplified for hyaluronan in Example 2 and Example 3, comprises:
[0116] (i) Mixing an aqueous solution containing the
glyocsaminoglycan with the lipid or lipid-containing mixture
(dissolved in water or a water-miscible semi-miscible solvent),
optionally with heating; [0117] (ii) Adding the linking agent,
e.g., a carbodiimide, in an amount such that it is the limiting
reagent to control the amount of lipid linkage; and [0118] (iii)
Allowing the coupling to take place with mixing over a period of 30
minutes to 3 hours.
[0119] In the method used in the following examples, the linking
agent, a carbodiimide to facilitate amide formation, is the
limiting reagent, being added in an amount based upon the desired
percentage of lipid molecules to be attached to each chain. The
lipid is generally added in molar excess, preferably a large
excess, of the amount of linker used so that the degree of lipid
attachment is controlled by the amount of the linking agent used.
Thus, the amount of linking agent used represents the theoretical
maximum of the amount of lipid that will be covalently bound to the
glycosaminoglycan. As a result, it is be desirable to use recently
purchased, freshly purified and/or recently assayed linking
reagents when preparing compositions of the present invention to
more accurately control the amount maximum amount of lipid that can
be bonded to the glycosaminoglycan in a given preparation.
[0120] In addition, the use of the linking reagent, e.g.,
carbodiimide for use in amide formation, as the limiting reagent in
the reagent, as well as minimizing or eliminating the use of
organic solvents, can be useful in reducing the potential for
allergenic responses when the compositions are applied to the skin.
Following the linkage of the lipid moiety to the glycosaminoglycan,
the composition prepared may optionally be purified, if desired,
using any convenient method, to removed residual linking agent,
decomposition products, and/or by-products from the linking
reaction. Purification of the linked compositions is expected to
further reduce the expected low potential of allergenic responses
to the topical application of the compositions of the present
invention. If desired, the purified compositions may be further
reacted with one or more lipids in further lipid-linking steps to
provide modified glycosaminoglycans possessing multiple lipids
and/or lipids bound to the glycosaminoglycan by different methods.
It may also be desired to prepare compositions additionally
including non-covalently bound lipids to assist in the transport of
the compositions through the skin barrier.
[0121] An alternative method of linking the carboxylic acid groups
present in the saccharide units of the glycosaminoglycan with the
lipid can involve the formation of ester bonds using any
traditional method of ester formation, including the an approach
similar to that taught by della Valle in U.S. Pat. No. 4,851,521.
Applications of this approach would be suitable for the use of
derivatized lipids containing a leaving group on the hydrophilic
portion of the lipid, e.g., iodo that may be displaced by an oxygen
of the carboxylate group of the glycosaminoglycan to form an ester.
As for the use of the carbodiimide amide linkages discussed
previously, the main modification to the procedures of della Valle
involve the ratios of glycosaminoglycan to lipid used.
[0122] In addition to the above methods, any other suitable method
may be used to covalently link the lipid moieties to the
glycosaminoglycan. Suitable methods are determined based upon the
available functional groups of the glycosaminoglycan, the available
function groups of the lipid, and the type of covalent linkage that
is desired to be formed.
[0123] Compositions of the present invention may be prepared using
(1) a single type of lipid that is covalently linked to a
glycosaminoglycan; (2) multiple types of lipids bound to the
glycosaminoglycan, i.e., the compositions is prepared using
multiple lipids in one or more reactions such that the
glycosaminoglycan has multiple types of lipids attached to it; (3)
a mixture of lipidated glycosaminoglycans, i.e., a mixture
containing a glycosaminoglycan linked to a lipid A, the
glycosaminoglycan linked to a lipid B, etc.; or (4) the use of more
than one type of glycosaminoglycan.
[0124] Although a preferred aspect of the present invention relates
to the use of hyaluronan, as exemplified below, analogous
formulations may also be carried out using other glycosaminoglycans
in a similar manner.
[0125] The compositions of the present invention may be used in a
number of different applications, including the following when
hyaluronan is used as the glycosaminoglycan: [0126] (a) As a
cosmetic, to rejuvenate epidermal and dermal skin cells by
providing hyaluronan for the replenishment of the hyaluronan cell
coating. Consequent to the presence of increased levels of
hyaluronan in these layers is a rehydrating effect on the skin
layers at a cellular level, and a "reverse aging" effect on the
cells, which produces the appearance of younger looking skin.
Through this rehydrating effect, the compositions may be used as a
treatment to reduce the appearance of wrinkles, as well as to
replenish the luminosity and dewiness characteristic of young skin.
[0127] (b) As a skin penetrant/retention system in which the
modified hyaluronan is able penetrate the skin barrier when applied
topically and which has a longer half-life within the skin than the
resident hyaluronan, i.e., the compositions of the invention are
degraded within the skin layers at a slower rather than naturally
occurring hyaluronan. [0128] (c) In the reduction of scarring, by
promoting skin re-growth for patients with skin atrophy, e.g.,
atrophy due to immune problems or steroid use, as can be observed
in cancer patients, the reduction of scarring following surgery, as
well as general scar removal, e.g., general scarring,
cellulite-associated scarring, stretchmarks, etc. [0129] (d) In the
treatment of actinic keratosis to reduce inflammation associated
with actinic keratoses and to protect the damaged skin from further
UVA/B damage. Modified hyaluronan compositions may also be
formulated to deliver bioactive agents that reduce the
proliferation of the keratinocyte layer that is affected by actinic
keratoses. [0130] (e) As a delivery system wherein a protein,
polypeptide, or other similar-sized, biomacromolecule can be
topically delivered through the skin barrier. [0131] (f) As a drug
delivery system wherein a pharmaceutically active ingredient is
admixed with the lipidated hyaluronan compositions of the present
invention to facilitate its dermal delivery. Such systems will
provide a dual effect, delivering both the pharmaceutical
ingredient and hyaluronan dermally; following dermal delivery of
the drug, the hyaluronan portion of the system will then act as a
rejuvenating agent for the dermal and epidermal cells, as described
above. [0132] Particular therapeutic uses for the drug delivery
systems of the present invention include: [0133] 1. Targeting
stromal cell deficiencies, for use in the treatment of inflammatory
disease, cancer, skin regeneration/wound repair, chemical burns and
thermal burns; [0134] 2. The treatment of skin cancer; [0135] 3.
The treatment of skin conditions, such as acne, contact dermatitis,
psoriasis and eczema; [0136] 4. The treatment of disfiguring skin
ailments through the reduction of scarring and the promotion of
tissue regeneration; and [0137] 5. The treatment of arthritis in
joints, particularly the digits, for which injection is
difficult.
[0138] The compositions of the invention may therefore be used in
cosmetics, medicines (e.g., the treatment of burns and other
conditions where hyaluronan is known to be beneficial), lubricants
for mucous membranes, and as topical microenvironment drug delivery
systems for pharmaceuticals. Cosmetic applications include reducing
the appearance of wrinkles, enhancing the youthful appearance of
skin, increasing collagen production within the skin, re-hydrating
aged or dry skin, increasing the nourishment of skin, and treating
the blotchiness associated with actinic keratoses. Applications for
drug delivery include the topical administration of drugs, such as
NSAIDs for the systemic or localized treatment of arthritis,
chemotherapeutics for the systemic or localized treatment of skin
cancers, and in applications as a substitute for patches or as a
part of a patch (e.g., the composition of the present invention is
embedded in a patch and applied to the skin, thereby allowing for a
gradual absorption over time) for the administration of estrogen,
nicotine, or other substances. Preferred non-cosmetic applications
are those directed towards localized as opposed to systemic
treatments, thereby minimizing systemic exposure of the drugs and
consequently reducing the magnitude of side effects attributed to
systemic exposure.
[0139] The compositions of the present invention may also be used
in applications relating to tissue engineering by promoting tissue
recovery by attracting stem cells (hyaluronan is known to attract
stem cells), protecting resident stem cells from apoptosis
(hyaluronan is known to protect stem cells) and reducing scarring
(high hyaluronan levels in the skin reduces fibrotic repair). Use
of the compositions of the invention in the reduction of scarring
is also expected to aid in the recovery from paralysis since nerve
cells cannot re-grow along their original tracks after, for
example, a stroke or head injury because of fibrosis which
essentially serves as a road block on the neural pathway. The
reduction of fibrotic scarring will therefore lead to a decrease in
the amount of nerve cells that are forced to wander around fibrotic
tissue and are unable to regain their original path, thereby
reducing or rendering temporary, these forms of paralysis.
[0140] Compositions using glycosaminoglycans other than hyaluronan,
most particularly chondroitin sulfate, which is closely related to
hyaluronan, may also be used in a number of different applications,
including: [0141] (a) As a cosmetic, to rejuvenate epidermal and
dermal skin cells by providing a glycosaminoglycan capable of
enhancing the ability of skin to retain water and/or bind to cell
surfaces in place of hyaluronan. [0142] (b) As a skin
penetrant/retention system in which the glycosaminoglycan is able
penetrate the skin barrier when applied topically. [0143] (c) As a
delivery system wherein a protein, polypeptide, or other
similar-sized, large biomacromolecule can be topically delivered
through the skin barrier. [0144] (d) As a drug delivery system
wherein a pharmaceutically active ingredient is admixed with the
lipidated glycosaminoglycan compositions of the present invention
to facilitate its dermal delivery. [0145] Particular therapeutic
uses for the drug delivery systems of the present invention
include: [0146] 1. Targeting stromal cell deficiencies, for use in
the treatment of inflammatory disease, cancer, skin
regeneration/wound repair, chemical burns and thermal burns. [0147]
2. Skin cancer [0148] 3. Skin conditions, such as contact
dermatitis, psoriasis and eczema [0149] 4. Disfiguring skin
ailments through the reduction of scarring and the promotion of
tissue regeneration [0150] 5. Arthritis in joints, particularly the
digits, for which injection is difficult
[0151] Uses of the glycosaminoglycan compositions involving the
delivery of optionally added therapeutically-active substances are
primarily directed towards the treatment of skin-related
conditions. However, when the optionally added
therapeutically-active substance is able to migrate through the
epidermal and dermal layers to enter the systemic circulation
following its delivery through the skin barrier, the compositions
can be used more generally as a system to provide transdermal
delivery.
[0152] Although the primary use of the compositions of the present
invention are in topically applied formulations, applications of
the present invention also include facilitating the oral uptake of
glycosaminoglycans and drugs (wherein the modified hyaluronan acts
as a drug delivery system), as well as facilitating the depositions
of hyaluronan and hyaluronan drug-delivery systems following
subcutaneous, intradermal, or other forms of injection. Further to
their ability to penetrate the skin barrier, the compositions
described herein may also be used to facilitate the penetration of
mucous membranes and are may therefore be used to facilitate the
delivery of the glycosaminoglycan compositions, as well as any
optionally added therapeutic substances, by these additional
pathways. Thus, the compositions of the present invention may also
be used in formulations suitable for application to the buccal,
esophageal, gastric, intestinal, nasal, olfactory, oral, bronchial,
uterine, or penile mucosa. Additionally, the compositions of the
present invention may be formulated to deliver the lipidated
glycosaminoglycan and/or additional therapeutic agents to the inner
eye, without requiring an injection, through topical application of
an ointment, eyedrop or other suitable formulation.
[0153] The compositions of the present invention may be used in the
preparation of formulations suitable for the desired method of
application according to any method known to person skilled in the
preparation of cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical products. Such
methods are described, for example, in Remington: The Science and
Practice of Pharmacy or Cosmetic and Toiletry Formulations, among
numerous other texts. Preferred formulations include those that may
be topically applied to the skin, such as creams, ointments, gels,
lotions, or pastes. Additionally, the compositions of the present
invention may also be used in patches typically used for the
transdermal delivery of drugs, either on their own or as a delivery
vehicle for a therapeutic substance, such as a drug or protein.
[0154] In addition to the preparation of formulations using
standard methods and excipients, the compositions of the present
invention may also be mixed with a standard, commercially
available, cosmetic cream, and do not require the addition of any
further or specialized penetration enhancers. The ability of the
present compositions to penetrate the skin when administered with
standard types of cosmetic creams also does not require the use of
additional moisture barriers, such as wraps, impermeable plastic
films or other types of barriers, to facilitate skin barrier
penetration by preventing or reducing the ability of the skin to
lose surface water.
[0155] Formulations containing the glycosaminoglycan compositions
of the present invention may also include additional components
such as anti-oxidants to assist in preventing the breakdown of
hyaluronan and other glycosaminoglycans, whether naturally present
or delivered as part of the compositions of the present invention.
Formulations may also include vitamins, essential oils and other
nutrients whose application is known to provide a beneficial effect
to the health and/or appearance of skin. Additionally, formulations
may also incorporate ingredients to reduce or prevent the damaging
effects of UV radiation on the skin, such as those typically found
in tanning lotions and sunscreens.
[0156] In order to aid in the understanding and preparation of the
within invention, the following illustrative, non-limiting,
examples are provided. In the examples described below, CD44-/-
mice were obtained from Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor, Maine),
RHAMM-/- mice were developed in-house according to the method
described by Tolg et al. .sup.19 using C57-BL6 wildtype mice
obtained from Charles River Laboratories, and CD44-/-:RHAMM-/- mice
were developed in-house according to the method described by Tolg
et al..sup.20 Cells were also obtained using the methods described
in Tolg et al.
EXAMPLE 1
Preparation of a Non-Covalently Linked
Hyaluronan-Phosphatidylethanolamine Conjugate (HA+PE)
[0157] An associated (non-covalently linked)
hyaluronan-phosphatidylethanolamine complex (HA+PE) was prepared by
mixing an aqueous hyaluronan solution (78.5 mL, 12 mg/mL;
Baxyl.RTM., Cogent Solutions Group, Lexington, Ky., USA) with
soybean lecithin (78.5 mL; Soya Lecithin GT Non-GM IP containing
13% phosphatidylethanolamine; Imperial-Oel-Import) in isopropanol
(10 mL) (to promote mixing) at room temperature for 30 minutes in a
blender. The mixture was then incubated at 4.degree. C. for 48 hr
before being used in the preparation of a topical cream as
described for the linked compositions of the invention in Example
4.
[0158] The lecithin used, in this example and the other examples
described herein, contained 15% phosphatidylcholine, 13%
phosphatidylethanolamine, 10% phosphatidylinositol, 19% other
lipids, 5% carbohydrates, and 38% soybean oil. These phospholipids
contain primarily C.sub.14-C.sub.22 fatty acids as the hydrophobic
component, primarily stearic acid and palmitic acid, with smaller
amounts of oleic acid, palmitoleic acid and myristic acid.
[0159] This non-covalently bonded material, which is outside of the
scope of the present invention, was used in some of the following
Examples for comparative purposes to demonstrate the effect of
covalent bonding on the ability of the compositions of the
invention to penetrate the skin barrier.
[0160] Experiments were also conducted using an analogous
non-covalently linked conjugate prepared with .about.350 kDa
hyaluronan, however, no difference in the results were obtained
when compared with the .about.500 kDa conjugate described
above.
EXAMPLE 2
Preparation of a Linked Hyaluronan-Phosphatidylethanolamine
Conjugate (HA-PE-1)
[0161] A covalently linked hyaluronan-phosphatidylethanolamine
conjugate (HA-PE-1) was prepared by pre-mixing a hyaluronan
solution (5 mL, 10 mg/mL de-ionized water, 50 mg; .about.350 kDa
(Life Core, Minn., USA), .about.1.3.times.10.sup.-4 mol --CO.sub.2H
groups) with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (250 mg;
Sigma-Aldrich.RTM., cat no. 60648; 500 mg assayed at .about.50%)
with rapid stirring via hand blender. Prior to addition of the
phosphatidylethanolamine to the hyaluronan, it was first dissolved
in chloroform (0.5 mL), which was then evaporated off, replaced
with isopropanol (0.5 mL), and brought into suspension with a hand
vibrating probe. 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
(EDC) (1.2 mg, 7.7.times.10.sup.-6 mol; 10 .mu.L of a freshly
prepared stock solution containing 120 mg EDC dissolved in
de-ionized water (1 mL)) was added and thoroughly mixed for 30
minutes, then left at room temperature for 2 hours.
[0162] HA-PE-1 was used in the cellular assays (Example 5, Example
6, Example 7, and Example 8).
[0163] Based upon the amount of EDC used as the linking reagent,
and the expectation that a freshly prepared solution of EDC (as
used above) will allow for a near quantitative linking, the
expected degree of linking for Example 2 is that .about.6% (upper
maximum) of the disaccharide units of the hyaluronan will have been
modified with covalently-linked phosphatidylethanolamine groups. It
is expected that linking efficiency would be decreased in the event
that the EDC were previously exposed to water.
EXAMPLE 3
Preparation of a Linked Hyaluronan-Phosphatidylethanolamine
Conjugate (HA-PE-2)
[0164] In addition to the use of pure phosphatidylethanolamine,
such as in Example 2, mixtures of lipids containing phosphatidyl
ethanolamine may also be used. For example, liquid soy lecithin
(Soya Lecithin GT Non-GM IP, Imperial-Oel-Import) contains
approximately 15% phosphatidylcholines, 13%
phosphatidylethanolamines, 10% phosphatidylinositols, 19% other
phospholipids and lipids, 5% carbohydrates, and 38% soybean oil.
This is approximately 330 mg phosphatidylethanolamines (the only
lipid expected to react in large amounts using EDC as a linking
agent) per tablespoon (14.79 mL).
[0165] Unrefined liquid soy lecithin (78.5 mL; Soya Lecithin GT
Non-GM IP, Imperial-Oel-Import) was mixed with hyaluronan (78.5 mL,
12 mg/mL, 942 mg, .about.2.5.times.10.sup.-3 mol --CO.sub.2H
groups; 500-2,500 kDa, polydisperse Baxyl HA, Cogent Solutions
Group, Lexington, Key.) and isopropanol (10 mL) with rapid stirring
via hand blender for 10-15 minutes at room temperature.
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) (22 mg,
1.4.times.10.sup.-4 mol; 100 .mu.L of a freshly prepared stock
solution of 220 mg EDC in 1 mL ice cold de-ionized water) was
added, mixed for an additional 10-15 minutes, and then allowed to
stand at room temperature for 2 hours. Alternatively, when the
scale of the reactions permits accurate weighing of the EDC,
compositions may also be prepared where the EDC is added directly,
i.e., without the preparation of a stock solution. The obtained
HA-PE-2 was stored at 4.degree. C. and used without further
purification in the preparation of cosmetic formulations (see
Example 4) for use in the mouse (see Example 9, Example 10, Example
11, and Example 13) and human (see Example 14, Example 15, Example
16, Example 17, Example 18, and Example 19) studies.
[0166] Based upon the amount of EDC used as the linking reagent,
and the expectation that a freshly prepared solution of EDC (as
used above) will allow for a near quantitative linking, the
expected degree of linking for Example 3 is that .about.5.5% (upper
maximum) of the disaccharide units of the hyaluronan will have been
modified with covalently-linked phosphatidylethanolamine groups. It
is expected that linking efficiency would be decreased in the event
that the EDC were previously exposed to water.
EXAMPLE 4
Preparation of Topical Creams
[0167] Topical creams of the modified hyaluronan prepared in
Example 2 or Example 3 may be prepared by suitable procedures
commonly used in the art for the preparation of cosmetic and
medicinal creams for topical application. The preparation described
below should be viewed as a non-limiting example.
[0168] The gel, HA-PE-2, obtained in Example 3 was mixed at a 1:1
(v/v) ratio with a commercially available base cream (NIVEA Creme;
ingredients: water, mineral oil, microcrystalline wax, glycerin,
lanolin alcohol, paraffin, panthenol, decyl oleate, octyldodecanol,
aluminum stearate, citric acid, magnesium sulfate, magnesium
stearate, methylchloroisothiazolinone, fragrance) in a blender and
stored at 4.degree. C. until use. This storage temperature was used
as a precautionary measure owing to the lack of additional
additives to the creams, e.g., antimicrobials to prevent to
potential degradation of hyaluronan, and should not be seen as a
limitation on the formulations themselves.
[0169] Use of alternate base creams, e.g., OIL OF OLAY.RTM.
(OLAY.RTM. Classic Moisturizing Creme; ingredients: water,
glycerin, cetyl alcohol, petrolatum, cyclopenasiloxane, stearyl
alcohol, isopropyl palmitate, dimethicone, carbomer, PEG-100
stearate, stearic acid, sodium hydroxide, DMDM hydantoin,
iodopropynl butylcarbamate, EDTA, fragrance, titanium dioxide, Red
4) or L'OREAL.RTM. (Dermo-expertise wrinkle defense anti-aging
cream; ingredients: water, cyclopentasiloxane, hydrogenated
polyisobutene, cetyl alcohol, glycerin, glycerylstearate, PEG-40
stearate, myristylmyristate, ethylhexylpalmitate, butyro-spermum
parkii butter, sorbitan tristearate, glycine soya protein,
methylparaben, dizolidinylurea, tocopherylacetate, acrylates
copolymer, propylparaben, limonene, disodium EDTA,
hydroxycitronellal, linalool, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate,
butylphenylmethylpropional, guanosine, alpha-isomethylionone,
citral, eugenol, chlorphenesin, sodium dehydroacetate, fragrance,
FIL K29371/2), in the following examples did not lead to any
differences in the bioactivity or effect of the modified
hyaluronan.
[0170] In addition to the use of the above, or other, commercially
available creams, suitable formulations for topical use may also be
prepared using commonly known methods. In addition to the modified
glycosaminoglycan, other components, whether for fragrance or any
other cosmetic, dermatologic or medical property, may be also be
added to the preparation.
EXAMPLE 5
Modified Hyaluronan (HA-PE-1) Forms Increased Cell Coats on Human
Dermal Fibroblasts
[0171] The suitability of the present compositions was assessed by
determining its ability to encase/surround cultured dermal
fibroblasts grown from a punch biopsy of human skin. Punch biopsies
were placed in a sterile tissue culture dish (35.times.10 mm,
tissue culture dish) and cut with small (e.g., 19G) sterile needles
into small fragments. The fragments were allowed to dry briefly
(e.g., no more than 10 minutes) to the bottom of the tissue culture
dish to promote adherence of the tissue fragments. Dulbecco's
modified Eagles Medium (DMEM), supplements with 10% fetal calf
serum (FCS) was then gently added and the culture is then placed in
a humidified 37.degree. C. incubator supplemented with 5% CO.sub.2
for approximately one week. The fibroblasts that have grown out of
the explants are then removed from the tissue culture plate in
sterile 0.025% trypsin/EDTA mixture and gently spun at 1.1.times.g
for 3 minutes, following which the trypsin is removed and the cells
are plated at 1:5 dilution in fresh, sterile tissue culture plates
at a density of .about.50,000/well (24 well plates) onto sterilized
glass coverslips in 1 mL DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal calf
serum in a humidified 5% CO.sub.2 atmosphere. After 18 hours, cells
were exposed to either a hyaluronan solution (500 .mu.g/mL, 350
kDa) or modified hyaluronan (HA-PE-1) (25 .mu.g/mL) for 1 hour.
30-40 nm fluorescent yellow polystyrene nanospheres (Corpuscular
Inc., Cold Spring, N.Y.) were added to the wells and allowed to
settle onto the adherent cells at 37.degree. C. for 30 minutes.
Cultures were then fixed in freshly prepared paraformaldehyde and
mounted on a glass slide that contained a hollow well. The cells
were photographed (see FIG. 1) on a Nikon Eclipse TE300 inverted
microscope equipped with Hoffman Optics and epi-fluorescence. In
another method for detecting Hyaluronan coats, used below for in
Example 7, paraformaldehyde-fixed sheep mature erythrocytes were
added to the wells and allowed to settle as above. Cell coats
revealed by this methods were photographed with the above Nikon
inverted microscope using Hoffman optics (see FIG. 5).
[0172] In the images shown in FIG. 1, the hyaluronan cell coat is
observed as a dark space since small fluorescent beads are excluded
by the coat as denoted by the arrow within the image. Cells without
coats cannot be detected by this assay as they are entirely covered
by the fluorescent beads. As seen in FIG. 1, the addition of
hyaluronan alone (image 12) to the culture medium had little
additional effect on the size of the hyaluronan coats as compared
to the PBS control (image 11). The addition of HA-PE-1, to the
culture medium (image 13) resulted in a clearly observable increase
in the hyaluronan coat as detected by the exclusion of fluorescent
beads around the cells, creating a halo effect.
EXAMPLE 6
Effect of Modified Hyaluronan (HA-PE-1) on the Percent of Cells
with Hyaluronan Coats and Hyaluronan Coat Size
[0173] Modified hyaluronan (HA-PE-1), prepared according to Example
2, or hyaluronan alone (350 kDA; 10 mg/mL stock solution in saline)
was added to senescent human fibroblasts in increasing
concentrations (0-100 .mu.g/mL). The percentage of cells that
exhibited hyaluronan coats (see FIG. 2) increased with the
concentration of HA-PE-1 in contrast to the addition of hyaluronan
alone. The use of unmodified hyaluronan alone resulted in fewer
cells with hyaluronan coats and the percentage of cells with coats
reached a plateau at a concentration of 10 .mu.g/mL. In contrast,
the addition of modified hyaluronan (HA-PE-1) resulted in a dose
dependent increase in the percentage of cells with hyaluronan coats
so that the percentage of cells with coats was significantly
greater in the presence of 100 .mu.g/mL HA-PE-1 than with 50
.mu.g/mL HA-PE-1 (Student's "t" test, p<0.01). At all
concentrations, the addition of HA-PE-1 resulted in significantly
more cells with hyaluronan coats than the addition of unmodified
hyaluronan alone (Student's "t" test, p<0.0001).
[0174] The effect of the addition of modified hyaluronan (HA-PE-1;
50 .mu.g/mL) vs. hyaluronan alone (50 .mu.g/mL) on the cell coat
area of the cells was quantified using image analysis (Elements
3.1, Nikon). At these concentrations the application of the
modified hyaluronan (HA-PE-1) significantly increased the average
hyaluronan coat size/cell when compared to HA alone (Student's "t"
test, p<0.05) (see FIG. 3). Values are means and S.E.M. for 10
samples.
EXAMPLE 7
Ability of Modified Hyaluronan (HA-PE-1) to Coat Mouse Embryo
Fibroblasts without Hyaluronan Receptors
[0175] Hyaluronan normally binds to cells via interactions with
hyaluronan receptors such as CD44, RHAMM, LYVE-1 and Toll-like
receptors 2,4. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts selectively express CD44
and RHAMM, the two receptors responsible for the ability of these
cells to bind to hyaluronan and produce a hyaluronan coat.
[0176] Mouse embryonic fibroblasts were isolated from CD44-/-,
RHAMM-/- and CD44-/-:RHAMM-/- embryos (Day 14), i.e., embryos
without CD44, RHAMM, and CD44 and RHAMM hyaluronan receptors,
respectively, and immortalized clones were obtained by limiting
dilution. Modified hyaluronan prepared according to Example 2
(HA-PE-1) or hyaluronan alone was added to the culture medium as
described in Example 5. Unlike Example 5, which visualized cell
coats using fluorescent nanospheres, hyaluronan cell coats were
visualized using fixed sheep erythrocytes, which acts as particles
and which are excluded from the bottom of the dish wherever cells
form a hyaluronan coat, that are observed using Hoffman optics
rather than epifluorescence. Cells that do not form coats are
buried under the erythrocytes and are not visible under the
detection conditions. Areas that lack erythrocytes represent cells
containing mouse embryonic fibroblasts containing hyaluronan coats.
Values obtained for the graph in FIG. 4 are the mean and S.E.M for
10 samples of each treatment and genotype.
[0177] As observed in FIG. 5, the addition of modified hyaluronan
(HA-PE-1) (images 51 (RHAMM-/- cells), 52 (CD44-/-cells), 53
(RHAMM-/-:CD44-/- cells)) increased both the size of the hyaluronan
coats and numbers of cells containing hyaluronan coats when
compared with cells treated with hyaluronan alone (images 54
(RHAMM-/- cells), 55 (CD44-/- cells), 56 (RHAMM-/-:CD44-/- cells)).
The ability of the modified hyaluronan (HA-PE-1) of the present
invention does not appear to be dependent upon the expression of
hyaluronan receptors common to fibroblasts since loss of either one
or both of the CD44 or RHAMM receptors, the two most prevalent
hyaluronan receptors, does not significantly influence the number
of cells that have hyaluronan coats (see images 51 (RHAMM-/-
cells), 52 (CD44-/-cells), 53 (RHAMM-/-:CD44-/- cells), and FIG.
4). Furthermore, the application of the modified hyaluronan
(HA-PE-1) significantly increased (Student's "t" test, p<0.001)
the percentage of cells with hyaluronan coats in all genotypes
versus the addition of saline (images not shown, results included
in FIG. 4) or hyaluronan (500 .mu.g/mL; 350 kDa).
[0178] The above in vitro testing (Example 5, Example 6 and Example
7) indicates that covalently-linked hyaluronan phospholipid
derivatives (e.g., HA-PE-1) are better able to provide cell coats
than unmodified hyaluronan. The ability of HA-PE-1 to bind to mouse
embryonic fibroblasts that do not express hyaluronan receptors
suggests that the modified hyaluronan of the present invention do
not require an interaction with a hyaluronan receptor to associate
with the cell membrane, and likely directly inserts its lipid tail
into the phospholipid layers of the cell membrane. This does not
preclude an association of the modified hyaluronan with hyaluronan
receptors if they are expressed by the cells. The large cell coats
observed in cells that lack CD44 and RHAMM expression further
suggest that the modified hyaluronan-cell interaction is
stable.
EXAMPLE 8
Enhancement of SKL-Catalase Function with Modified Hyaluronan
Compositions
[0179] SKL-catalase is a genetically modified enzyme that is more
effective in reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside cells
than the unmodified endogenous catalase. Catalases are necessary to
reduce the toxicity resulting from ROS that contribute to aging.
One function of SKL-catalase is to reduce the fragmentation of
hyaluronan resulting from ROS. Through the use of the compositions
of the present invention, it has been found that the
phosphatidylethanolamine-hyaluronan conjugates described herein
were able to enhance the function of SKL-catalase.
[0180] Catalase recombinant protein (human erythrocyte, 10
.mu.g/mL, Sigma) was derivatized with SKL to permit entry into
cells..sup.21 The resulting SKL-catalase was mixed with HA-PE-1 and
added to a culture of senescent human fibroblasts. The resulting
images (see FIG. 6) indicate that for cells treated with the
hyaluronan-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate of Example 2
(HA-PE-1) and SKL-catalase (image 63), cell coats where larger than
those formed when either SKL-catalase (image 61) or HA-PE-1 (image
62) were added alone. These results indicate that the hyaluronan
compositions of the present invention enhance the effects of
SKL-catalase on ROS production, based upon the observation of
increased cell coat size. These results suggest that the hyaluronan
derivatives of the present invention are able to capture a variety
of proteins and retain them at the cell surface, which is
consistent with the compositions of the present invention acting
via a molecular net-type mechanism.
[0181] The following examples (Example 9, Example 10, Example 11,
and Example 12) demonstrate that the compositions of the present
invention are able to cross the skin barrier in mice following
topical administration. It is believed that this model is
sufficient to reasonably predict the ability of the compositions of
the invention to similarly pass through the skin barrier of
humans.
EXAMPLE 9
Topical Application of HA-PE-2 to Mice
[0182] HA-PE-2 (prepared as described in Example 3) was formulated
(1:1 v/v) with NIVEA Creme base cream as described in Example 4.
The cream was then applied (0.18 g HA-PE-2/application) to the
shaved backs of 9-month old female mice (BL6 strain, 40.times.30 mm
area of shaved skin) once daily for 4 days. The application of base
cream mixed with soya lecithin (1:1) served as a control. On the
fifth day, mice were euthanized and the treated skin was harvested
with an 8 mm biopsy punch and fixed in freshly prepared 4%
paraformaldehyde/phosphate buffered saline. Fixed tissues were
processed in paraffin, sectioned and stained for hyaluronan using
an Echelon.RTM. kit (Hyaluronan ELISA test kit, Echelon).
Keratinocytes in skin to which HA-PE-2 was applied stained more
darkly for hyaluronan than those in skin to which cream only was
applied (p<0.00001, Student's "t" test) and had a thicker
epidermal layer than in control mice. The density of Hyaluronan
staining was quantified using image analysis (Elements 3.1, Nikon).
FIG. 7 provides images of the skin sections for treated (images 71
and 72) and control (images 73 and 74). The increase in hyaluronan
presence in the keratinocytes is demonstrated by calculating the
pixel density of the images, as shown in the accompanying graph in
FIG. 8. The underlying dermal layer of mice contained high levels
hyaluronan in both HA-PE treated and control animals (see FIG. 8).
These results indicate that the modified hyaluronan of the present
invention penetrates the skin barrier and binds within at least the
dermal keratinocyte layer. Values are the means and S.E.M. of four
mice for each treatment.
EXAMPLE 10
Comparison of the Ability of HA-PE-2 and Hyaluronan to Penetrate
the Skin Barrier of Mice
[0183] HA-PE-2, prepared as described in Example 3, hyaluronan
mixed with, but not covalently linked to, lipids in the lecithins
present in Example 3 (see Example 1), and hyaluronan alone (no
additional phospholipid), were each formulated with a NIVEA Creme
cosmetic base cream (1:1, v/v) as described in Example 4. The
creams were then applied to the shaved backs (0.18 g
HA-PE-2/application, 40.times.30 mm shaved area) of 9-month old
female BL6 wild-type mice once daily for 4 days. After this time,
one group of animals was euthanized and processed according to the
procedure described in Example 9. A second group of animals were
left without further treatment for an additional 2 days and
euthanized/processed as described in Example 9 on day 7. The images
in FIG. 9 and accompanying graph (FIG. 10), which quantifies the
amounts of hyaluronan that was able to penetrate the skin barrier,
indicate significantly stronger staining for hyaluronan for mice
treated with HA-PE-2 (image 91) than with a mixture of hyaluronan
and phosphatidylethanolamine (image 92), or hyaluronan alone (image
93), both of which showed negligible amounts of hyaluronan
penetrating the skin barrier (Student's "t" test, p<0.000001) in
comparison to HA-PE-2. Following cessation of treatment, the amount
of hyaluronan present in the keratinocytes gradually decreases, as
illustrated by the reduction of hyaluronan staining in the mice
treated with HA-PE-2 (see image 94 and FIG. 10). As expected, the
amounts of hyaluronan staining in the other mice (see images 95 and
96, and FIG. 10) remained negligible.
[0184] These results demonstrate the enhanced ability of the
modified hyaluronan compositions of the present invention to
penetrate the skin barrier as compared to the use of a mixture of
hyaluronan and lipids present in soya lecithin (including
phosphatidyl ethanolamine), or with hyaluronan alone, in a cosmetic
base cream. More importantly, the modified hyaluronan that is able
to penetrate the skin barrier is retained within the keratinocyte
layer, in accordance with the increased ability of the modified
hyaluronan compositions of present invention to associate with
cells as demonstrated in Example 5. As mentioned above, Brown et
al..sup.14 has previously reported the passage of similarly sized
hyaluronan fragments through the skin barrier, however, this
hyaluronan readily enters the systemic circulation and is
eliminated from the body. Similar findings have been reported by
Kaya et al.,.sup.5 who similarly showed that 50-400 kDa hyaluronan
can cross the epidermis and also increase keratinocyte layer
thickness, but that the applied hyaluronan (using tagged
hyaluronan) is not retained within the epidermis, is rapidly lost
from the dermis, and requires CD44 expression in the cells for
functional effects. The present results further confirm that if
skin penetration by unmodified hyaluronan does occur, it is not
retained within the skin to an appreciable extent, and is therefore
unable to act in a manner that would replenish hyaluronan levels
within the skin.
[0185] Since the amount of endogenous hyaluronan in skin can vary
with location, internal controls were designed to evaluate
hyaluronan staining of treated and control skin were developed to
confirm the difference between the treated vs. untreated skin area.
HA-PE-2 and control creams (hyaluronan only) were applied to the
shaved backs of mice as previously described. Areas of treatment
were marked (hair in the adjacent untreated margins was removed
with Nair.TM. and the punch aligned to include the treated and
untreated region; tissue punches were orientated in small tissue
baskets to keep the tissue in the correct orientation throughout
processing and marked with a histology marker pen) and tissue was
harvested/processed as previously described (Example 9). The
resulting samples indicate (see FIG. 11; the application edge is
indicated with an arrow and the application area with a broken
line) that when hyaluronan alone was applied, a distinct margin of
staining was not observed (image 111), which confirmed that very
little if any penetration/retention of the applied hyaluronan
occurred in the application area. In contrast, a distinct boundary
of staining, which was significantly higher in the treated vs.
untreated area of skin (Student's "t" test, p<0.000001), was
observed at the edge of the HA-PE-2 application (image 112). As
quantified by the accompanying graph in FIG. 12, these results
confirm that the modified hyaluronan compositions of the present
invention penetrates and accumulates within the epidermis at the
site of application and suggests that this remains localized to the
original area of application.
EXAMPLE 11
Replacement of Hyaluronan Cell Coats Using HA-PE-2 in Mice Without
Hyaluronan Receptors
[0186] A cream containing HA-PE-2 (0.18 g HA-PE-2, prepared as
previously described) was applied daily (40.times.30 mm shaved
patch) to the shaved backs of 9 month old female RHAMM-/- mice
(mice that express the CD44 hyaluronan receptor but not the RHAMM
hyaluronan receptor) for 4 days. Animals were euthanized on day 5
after treatment and treated skin was harvested as described in
Example 9. Mouse skin to which base cream alone was applied served
as a control. As shown in FIG. 13, images 131 and 132, and the
accompanying graph, HA-PE-2 treated epidermis (image 131) retained
hyaluronan to a significantly greater extent than control skin
(image 132), which showed negligible hyaluronan levels (Student's
"t" test, p<0.000001). Values represent the mean and SEM for 4
mice.
[0187] HA-PE-2 was also applied to the shaved backs of 9 month old
female CD44-/-:RHAMM-/- mice (neither the CD44 nor the RHAMM
hyaluronan receptors are expressed; developed as described by Tolg
et al..sup.22) as described above and using a similar control. As
seen in FIG. 14, images 141 and 142, and the accompanying graph,
treated skin (image 141) accumulated significantly more hyaluronan
in the epidermal layer than control skin (image 142). Values
represent the Mean and S.E.M. for 4 mice. This indicates that the
modified hyaluronan compositions of the present invention do not
require hyaluronan receptors (CD44 and RHAMM, which are the primary
are receptors in skin) in order to associate with keratinocytes.
These results, together with the known ability of
phosphatidylethanolamine to insert into cell membranes indicate
that the modified hyaluronan directly intercalates into the cell
membrane without the aid of hyaluronan receptors. A comparison of
the staining for endogenous hyaluronan and HA-PE-2 in the epidermal
layer of RHAMM-/- (CD44+) mice (FIG. 13) with that of hyaluronan
receptor negative (CD44-/-:RHAMM-/-) mice (FIG. 14) shows that
staining for both endogenous hyaluronan (images 132 and 142) and
following HA-PE-2 (images 131 and 141) treated epidermis is greater
when CD44 is expressed than when both hyaluronan receptors are
absent. These results suggest that both endogenous and
hyaluronan-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (HA-PE-2) coats are
stabilized by the presence of CD44 receptors, consistent with the
known involvement of CD44 receptors in promoting endogenous
hyaluronan coats in cultured cells.
EXAMPLE 12
Comparison of Compositions of the Invention with Particulate
Phosphatidylethanolamine-Hyaluronan Materials Described in WO
2003/015755
[0188] Particulate (nano- and microsphere)
phosphatidylethanolamine-hyaluronan conjugates were prepared using
the methodology described by Margalit in WO 2003/015755.
[0189] A beaker was coated with 2 mL soya lecithin. Hyaluronan (2
mL, 12 mg/mL, 6.3.times.10.sup.-5 mol --CO.sub.2H groups; 500-2,500
kDa polydisperse, Baxyl.TM., Cogent Solutions Group) was activated
by lowering the pH to 4.5 and then adding EDC (2.5 mg,
1.6.times.10.sup.-5 mol; from a freshly prepared stock solution),
following which the activated hyaluronan was added to the
lecithin-coated beaked followed by the addition of de-ionized water
(1 mL) and adjustment of the pH to 8.6 with NaOH. The resulting
mixture was incubated at 37.degree. C. and shaken end over end
overnight, after which the pH was adjusted to 7.2 and the mixture
was sonicated for 10 minutes and centrifuged 2 times at a g force
of 1.2.times.10.sup.5 at 40.degree. C. for 40 minutes to isolate
the particulate material. Based upon the amount of freshly prepared
EDC stock solution used, the expected theoretical maximum amount of
linkage between the phosphatidylethanolamine and hyaluronan is
estimated to be .about.25%. The obtained material was added
directly to glass slides and mixed with a cream base in the same
manner as described for the present invention, following which it
was applied to a glass slide.
[0190] The particulate samples, prepared using methodology
previously described in the patent literature by Margalit, were
compared with the compositions of the present invention.
Hyaluronan-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugates, as described in
Example 3 (HA-PE-2) were applied directly to a glass slide as
prepared, and as a 1:1 mixture with a base cream as described in
Example 4 (NIVEA Creme base cream) that was also applied to a glass
slide.
[0191] All samples were covered with a coverslip and examined on a
Nikon TE300 inverted microscope with Hoffman optics at 40.times.,
with the images obtained being reproduced in FIG. 15. The vesicular
or particulate nature of the particulate compositions prepared
according to the methodology described by Margalit in WO
2003/015755 is clearly observed in images 153 (direct application)
and 154 (cream preparation). However, the compositions of the
present invention, as shown in images 151 and 152, fail to indicate
the presence of similarly self-assembled materials.
[0192] A primary application of the present invention is as a
vehicle for the delivery of hyaluronan to the epidermal and dermal
layers of the skin, where it can serve to replenish areas of the
skin that are deficient in the amount of hyaluronan present.
[0193] Following the preparation of the modified hyaluronan of the
present invention, e.g., as described in Example 2 or Example 3,
formulations may be prepared following processes and procedures
known in the art, or through the use of commercial or other stock
cosmetic creams as described in Example 4. In addition to the
inclusion of the modified hyaluronan compositions of the present
invention, formulations may also include other cosmetically active
ingredients, such as those commonly found within commercial skin
creams, including those known to provide assistance in rejuvenating
the appearance of skin, e.g., vitamins, amino acids, coenzymes,
.beta.-glucans, polynucleotides, radical scavengers, growth
factors, estrogens, and adipogenic factors, among others.
Formulations may also include the addition of hyaluronidase
inhibitors,.sup.23 to reduce the rate of hyaluronan decompositions
in the skin, or the addition of RHAMM inhibitors, which have been
demonstrated to induce the generation of subcutaneous fat cells
lost through aging processes..sup.22 Additionally, formulations may
include pharmaceutically active ingredients, particularly active
ingredients used to treat skin conditions, such as skin cancer,
contact dermatitis, psoriasis, and eczema. As a result, the present
invention provides a method to allow for a localized, topical,
treatment for the delivery of pharmaceuticals rather than through
systemic administration via oral or intravenous dosage forms or the
requirement of injections to provide subcutaneous or intradermal
administration.
[0194] In a further aspect of the invention, the derivatized
glycosaminoglycan may also be used to transport proteins across the
skin barrier. This transport ability is unexpected and believed to
be sufficient to allow for the targeted delivery of small (700 Da)
to large (400-500 kDa) proteins to at least the dermal and
epidermal layers of the skin, as well as the underlying muscle.
Thus, the compositions of the present invention may be useful in
additionally providing a cosmetically important large proteins,
such as Botox.TM., through a topical application, thereby
eliminating the need for a series of injections. The ability of the
present invention to dermally deliver proteins, also allows for the
topical administration of therapeutic proteins, such as
hyaluronidase and RHAMM inhibitors; interferons or
anti-inflammatory proteins/cytokines; anti-skin cancer therapies,
such as antibodies, recombinant proteins, protein fragments, and
peptides; and vaccinations using peptides/proteins, thereby
providing treatment to a localized area rather than through
systemic or injected routes of administration, which is expected to
reduce or eliminate the occurrence of side effects generally
associated with systemic treatments. As well, the compositions of
the invention could be used to deliver enzymes, such as hyaluronan
synthase, to aid in the production hyaluronan within the skin.
Additionally, other large molecules, such as DNA, RNA or cDNA,
could be administered topically by this method.
[0195] Although the use of lipidated glycosaminoglycans have
previously been described for use as delivery vehicles for proteins
(e.g., Margarlit and Peer in WO 03/015755), these examples involve
the entrapment of the protein within a self-assembled particulate
structure. Based upon the action of the compositions of the present
invention, and the results of the experimentation that have been
conducted to date, as described in the preceding examples, it is
believed that, unlike the prior descriptions of protein delivery
known in the art, the compositions described herein do not rely
upon an encapsulation mechanism since the present compositions do
not appear to self-assemble in an organized fashion. Rather, it is
believed that the compositions of the present invention are able to
facilitate the delivery of proteins through the skin barrier via an
unorganized tangling mechanism of the lipidated glycosaminoglycan
around and within the protein. The ability of the present invention
to provide dermal protein delivery is described in the following
example.
EXAMPLE 13
Transport of RHAMM Proteins Through the Skin Barrier Using Modified
Glycosaminoglycans (HA-PE-2)
[0196] Murine GST-RHAMM (35 .mu.g from a 1 mg/mL stock solution),
an 84 kDa tagged protein, or murine GST (26 kDa) alone (35 .mu.g
from a 3 mg/mL stock solution) was mixed with HA-PE-2 (0.18 g) in a
NIVEA Creme base cream in the same manner as described in Example
4. A preparation of hyaluronan in a NIVEA Creme base cream with the
proteins was used as a control. 0.18 g of treatment (containing 35
.mu.g protein) and control cream was applied to a 40.times.30 mm
area of shaved skin on the backs of 9-month old female BL6 wildtype
mice every day for 5 days, with mice being euthanized on day 6.
Skin patches were harvested using an 8 mm biopsy punch and the
tissue was fixed in freshly prepared 4% paraformaldehyde then
paraffin processed. 8 .mu.m sections were cut perpendicular to the
biopsied tissue and sections were stained for GST using anti-GST
antibodies prepared in goat. Bound antibody was visualized using
biotinylated goat anti-rabbit antibody, streptavidin-horse radish
peroxidase and Dab, which produces a brown stain when anti-GST
antibody is bound to the slide. GST rather than RHAMM antibodies
were also used to detect GST-RHAMM since skin does not normally
express GST. Visualization of the samples (see FIG. 16) indicates
that GST-RHAMM was carried through the skin barrier of mice and to
the underlying muscle layer when delivered with the composition of
the present invention (image 161), while GST-RHAMM was barely
detected in the keratinocyte layer in the control sample containing
unmodified hyaluronan (image 163). The relative amounts of
GST-RHAMM reaching both the keratinocyte layer and underlying
muscle are quantified in the accompanying graph in FIG. 17 which
represents mean values for 5 mice. Similar results were observed
for the smaller GST protein (26 kDa) (see FIG. 16, images 162,
delivered with HA-PE-2, and 164, delivered with unmodified
hyaluronan).
[0197] Previously, transdermal delivery of proteins was considered
to be limited to less than 10,000 Da with the use of penetration
enhancers. The long list of methods that have been devised to
attempt to promote topical and transdermal delivery of proteins and
peptides, such as liposomes, enhancers such as alcohols, DMSO,
monoterpenes and fatty acid esters, physical modification of
pro-drugs and use of physical methods for increasing the permeation
of skin (e.g., ethanol-water hydration, stripping of outer
keratinocyte layer) and chemical delivery means (e.g., electrical
and thermal treatments of skin) attests both to the difficulties of
transdermal delivery and the need for an efficient and effect
delivery method. Such methods are described by, for example, Sugino
et al.,.sup.24 Skountzou and Kang,.sup.25 and Antosova, at
al.,.sup.17 among others. Therefore, the method of protein delivery
using compositions of the present invention represents a
significant improvement in the ability to deliver proteins through
the skin barrier. While any glycosaminoglycan may be modified
according to the present invention in order to act as a carrier for
proteins and/or other pharmaceutically or cosmetically desirable
materials through the skin barrier, the use of hyaluronan as the
glycosaminoglycan is generally preferred owing to its natural
presence in the skin, and ready availability in high molecular
weights.
[0198] In addition to their use in the delivery of proteins across
the skin barrier, the glycosaminoglycan compositions of the present
invention may also be used to deliver other biomacromolecules
across the skin barrier. Other biomacromolecules would include, for
example polypeptides (including enzymes), proteoglycans,
carbohydrates/polysaccharides, nucleic acid chains, protein and
peptide therapeutics, antisense therapeutics, bioactive artificial
polymers and bioactive lipid polymers.
[0199] Although the protein transported across the skin barrier in
Example 13 was 84 kDA, this is not believed to be a limiting size
(RHAMM is known to dimerize and trimerize, while GST, which also
self-associates, promotes the aggregation of RHAMM with itself;
thus the actual size of the protein transported may be up to 255
kDa (a GST-RHAMM trimer)), and was chosen owing to its availability
and similarity in size to Botox.TM. (150 kDa), a protein of
interest in the cosmetic applications of the present invention.
Rather than size, a main limiting factor in the selection of
suitable biomacromolecules is expected to be their ability to
become entangled within the molecular nets that are believed to be
formed by the glycosaminoglycan compositions of the invention.
Thus, with increasing size, substantially linear biomacromolecules,
e.g., collagen fragments, are expected to be less prone to
transport to a greater extent that similarly sized non-linear
biomacromolecules, e.g., proteins.
[0200] The following examples, which are not intended to be
limiting upon the scope of the invention, demonstrate the
effectiveness of the modified hyaluronan described above (HA-PE-2)
when used in the topical treatment of human subjects encountering a
variety of skin-related conditions.
EXAMPLE 14
Treatment of Wrinkles
[0201] Skin on the hands typically ages more quickly than any other
skin location, due in part to the paucity of the subcutaneous fat
layer that is important in providing cytokines and growth factors
to dermal fibroblasts. Hand skin is also thinner than, for example,
skin on the face.
[0202] The hands of a 59-year female were treated with 2.5 mL of
HA-PE-2 mixed with a NIVEA Creme base cream, prepared according to
Example 4, 203 times daily for 10 days. Prior to beginning the
treatment period, the hand skin had small fibrotic scars or
wrinkles and a dry/scaly appearance; following treatment, the hand
skin was more luminescent, had lost the dry, scaly appearance, and
the fibrotic scarring had dramatically reduced. Within 2 weeks of
the cessation of treatment, the treated areas had reverted to a
drier appearance but the small scars did not reappear.
EXAMPLE 15
Treatment of Inflammation Associated with Actinic Keratosis
[0203] A subject previously treated for actinic keratosis lesions
with liquid nitrogen was treated with a HA-PE-2 containing cream
mixed with a NIVEA Creme base cream according to Example 4.
Treatment consisted of the application of .about.2.5 mL of the
cream to one side of his scalp once daily for 7-10 days following
treatment with nitrogen to remove the lesions. During the course of
treatment inflammation was strongly reduced and the healing rate of
the lesions was increased in the treated as compared to a skin
cream provided by the dermatologist who had removed the lesions.
This finding is consistent with evidence that native or high
molecular weight hyaluronan has anti-inflammatory properties, which
is one of the functions of naturally occurring hyaluronan within
the skin..sup.6
EXAMPLE 16
Treatment of Dry Facial Skin
[0204] A 25 year old female prone to acne was placed on a systemic
tretinoin A regimen. The treatment, together with daily swimming in
chlorinated pools resulted in extremely dry and painful facial
skin, in particular with cracked and flaky skin around the mouth.
The subject was treated with HA-PE-2 mixed in an Oil of Olay.TM.
base cream, prepared according to Example 4, for one week. At the
end of the treatment period, the dry appearance and associated pain
in the facial skin had disappeared. The treatment did not affect,
positively or negatively, the underlying acne.
EXAMPLE 17
Treatment of Scarred Skin
[0205] A professional musician with fibrotic scarring on his
shoulder owing to years of playing the viola applied a cream
containing HA-PE-2, prepared according to Example 4, by rubbing
.about.2.5 mL of the cream into the scarred skin once daily for 30
days. At the end of the treatment period the scarring, which had
been present for years, had disappeared.
EXAMPLE 18
Treatment of Cracked Skin on Fingers
[0206] Cracked skin on the fingers of a number of musicians
(playing cello, violin, viola and piano) were treated with
compositions containing HA-PE-2 prepared according to Example 4. In
stringed instrument musicians, thumb skin in particular cracks
during winter weather due to pressure against the frog of the bow
while playing the instrument in dry, cold weather. In pianists,
especially in older musicians, cracks often appear in the skin of
fingers tips, likely owing in part to pressure exerted on the
finger tips during practice.
[0207] Three stringed instrument musicians and two pianists applied
a cream (.about.1 mL) prepared with HA-PE-2 and a NIVEA Creme base
cream (prepared according to Example 4) to their cracked finger
tips, resulting in the disappearance of cracked skin within 3-4
days. The use of other creams in the past, including the NIVEA
Creme base cream used in Example 4, had no effect on the healing of
the cracked skin.
EXAMPLE 19
Treatment of Cracked Skin on Heals
[0208] With age, it is common for the skin on heels to become thick
and prone to cracking, particularly during cold, dry winter months.
Three individuals, aged 55-65 years, with severely cracked heels,
causing pain while walking, applied .about.2.5 mL of a cream
containing HA-PE-2 prepared according to Example 4 with a NIVEA
Creme base cream to their heels each evening for 5-7 days. Each
individual noticed an improvement in their condition, including the
ability to walk without pain, within 2-3 days. Following cessation
of treatment, benefits of the treatment disappeared within 5-7
days. Re-application of the cream for 2-3 days again reduced the
severity of the cracking and pain for each individual. Use of the
base cream alone did not provide relief to any of the
individuals.
EXAMPLE 20
Treatment of Facial Skin
[0209] Three individuals applied a cream containing HA-PE-2
prepared according to Example 4 with a NIVEA Creme base cream to
facial skin 1-2 times per day. Within 1 week of commencing
treatment, an increase in skin luminosity and smoothness was
observed. During this time the skin exhibited increased hydration
(application was during winter months where colder temperature
leads to drier skin) and small wrinkles around the eyes had
disappeared. After 1 month of continued treatment, the initially
observed effects were enhanced and skin had a thicker appearance,
particularly around the eyes, and the appearance of wrinkles around
the lips was reduced. Following termination of the treatment
period, the treated areas reverted to their former state of
dryness, with wrinkles around the eyes and lips gradually
reappearing.
[0210] As many changes can be made to the embodiments described
above without departing from the scope of the invention, it is
intended that all material contained herein be interpreted as
illustrative of the invention and not in a limiting sense.
[0211] The documents referenced within the preceding description
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