Production Of Recombinant Selenoprotein Mutants With Enhanced Catalytic Activity

Abstract

The present invention generally relates to the production of industrially relevant quantities of selenoprotein enzymes in eukaryotic cell cultures. More specifically, the present invention generally relates to the production of such enzymes wherein one or more catalytic cysteine or serine residues are mutagenically replaced by selenocysteine.

Description

[0001] This application is a continuation of, and claims the benefit of priority of, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/922,707, filed Mar. 11, 2010, which is the U.S. national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.371 of PCT/US2006/024093, filed Jun. 21, 2006, which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/692,875, filed Jun. 21, 2005. The contents of each of these prior applications is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

[0002] In accordance with 37 C.F.R. .sctn.1.821(e), in lieu of filing a duplicate computer readable form of the Sequence Listing filed in patent application Ser. No. 11/922,707, submitted on Dec. 21, 2007, Applicants state that the computer readable form of the Sequence Listing in this continuation application is to be identical with the computer readable form of the Sequence Listing submitted in parent application Ser. No. 11/922,707, which was compliant with all of the requirements of 37 C.F.R. .sctn..sctn.1.821-1.825.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The present invention is generally directed to a method for producing industrially relevant quantities of catalytically enhanced recombinant enzymes. More particularly, the present invention is generally directed to such a process wherein the gene encoding the enzyme is a mutant that enables a catalytic cysteine or serine to be substituted with the selenium analog, i.e. selenocysteine.

[0004] Industrially relevant production of selenoproteins in non-animal or single celled systems has proven challenging because eukaryotic and bacterial selenocysteine insertion sequences (SECIS) operate differently. Bacterial SECISs are usually located immediately downstream of the UGA codon encoding selenocysteine. Thus, bacterial SECISs are translated. In contrast, typical eukaryotic SECISs are part of the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the mRNA. The upshot of this architectural difference between bacterial and eukaryotic SECISs is that in order to express a eukaryotic gene in a bacterial cell you must add condons to the gene, which results in adding amino acids to the gene product. Accordingly, expressing a eukaryotic gene in bacteria is certain to affect the structure and likely to deleteriously affect the function of the recombinant protein.

[0005] Previously, others have demonstrated that Chlamydomonas has a eukaryotic SECIS. This suggested that it is possible to produce selenocysteine proteins in Chlamydomonas. However, the prior work was silent as to the catalytic benefit conferred by artificially replacing wild-type cysteine with selenocysteine and methods for secreting recombinant selenocysteine-containing proteins from Chlamydomonas under the control of a tightly regulated gene promoter.

[0006] The present invention provides methods for replacing cysteine and/or serine with selenocysteine. More particularly, the present invention provides a method of producing recombinant selenocysteine-containing proteins using any gene source, prokaryotic or eukaryotic, wherein the protein is catalytically enhanced through replacing cysteine and/or serine with selenocysteine. Accordingly, the present invention is novel and nonobvious, and thus deserves broad patent protection.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] The present invention generally relates to a method for producing industrially relevant quantities of recombinant selenoproteins. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for producing recombinant selenoprotein enzymes in which catalytically active cysteine or serine residue(s) are replaced by selenocysteine residues thereby yielding enzymes with enhanced catalytic activities. The present invention further relates to nucleic acids and cells transformed thereby that are instrumental in the method of the present invention. The present invention also relates to a cassette that reduces expression of other periplasmic-targeted proteins to facilitate purification of the secreted selenoproteins.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0008] FIG. 1 is a diagram of the recombinant selenocysteine expression vector, pMOON3;

[0009] FIG. 2 is a coomasie blue stained gel of secreted proteins isolated from Fea1-FWT and Fea1-Sec 188 cells. Each lane has 20 .mu.g protein loaded;

[0010] FIG. 3 is a western blot of supernatant proteins isolated from wild-type, untransformed cells (lane 1), Fea1-Sec188 (lane 2) and Fea1-FWT (lane 3) transgenic cells. Each lane contains 2.5 .mu.g of total protein; and

[0011] FIG. 4 is a diagram of the pUC19 plasmid.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0012] The present invention is generally directed to a method for producing industrially relevant quantities of recombinant selenoprotein enzymes. More particularly, the present invention generally relates to a method for producing recombinant enzymes having enhanced catalytic activity due to the substitution of at least one cysteine (Cys) or serine (Ser) residue with at least one selenocysteine (Sec). The present invention further relates to nucleic acids and cells transformed thereby that are instrumental in the method of the present invention. The present invention also relates to a cassette that down-regulates expression of other periplasmic-targeted proteins to facilitate purification of the recombinant selenoproteins.

[0013] The process of the present invention generally comprises the following steps. A host is selected based upon its capacity for producing selenoprotein in cell culture. An expression vector, such as a plasmid, is provided for encoding the desired gene product. The host cell is then transformed by the expression vector through any of a variety of known methods including transfection, electroporation, the glass bead method, and the like. Next the cells are subjected to a selection process, which tends to kill non-transformed cells while permitting transformed cells to reproduce. Then the selected cells are cultured in a medium permitting expression of the gene product. Finally, the gene product is isolated by any of a variety of suitable processes.

[0014] In general, any of a variety of suitable host cells may be used for producing recombinant selenoproteins. A key feature of a suitable host includes the capacity to biosynthetically produce one or more selenoproteins using an untranslated insertion sequence. Both animal and eukaryotic algal cells are generally capable of producing selenoproteins in this way. Accordingly, an embodiment of the present invention comprises using animals or animal cell cultures to produce recombinant selenoproteins. More preferably, an embodiment of the present invention comprises using a eukaryotic algal cell culture to produce recombinant selenoproteins. Still more preferably an embodiment of the present invention comprises using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cell culture to produce recombinant selenoproteins.

[0015] Any of a variety of suitable expression cassettes can comprise an embodiment of the present invention. A suitable expression cassette typically contains a promoter sequence, a gene product encoding sequence, and an optional selection sequence; although, selection sequences may be introduced separate from the expression vector by co-transformation using an additional plasmid. Furthermore, a suitable expression cassette may optionally contain a signal sequence. Additionally, a suitable expression cassette may optionally contain a sequence coding for an RNAi that down-regulates expression of interfering genes. Expression cassettes are generally contained within expression vectors.

[0016] The function of the control sequence is to switch expression on and off. The promoter's switching function is ideally absolutely on or absolutely off; however, in practice such promoters are very unusual. Thus, a preferable promoter remains in predominantly two states; namely, substantially on, or substantially off. More preferably such a promoter is additionally characterized by the capacity to induce a high degree of transcription inasmuch as this increases downstream protein synthesis. Thus, in one embodiment the control sequence comprises the Fea1 promoter sequence (SEQ ID 1).

[0017] The expression cassette's gene product encoding sequence can encode any of a wide range of selenoprotein genes. Moreover, substantially similar expression cassettes may be used to biosynthesize any of a variety of selenoproteins by changing only the gene product encoding sequence. Thus, the process of the present invention may be used to produce a wide range of recombinant selenoproteins with relatively little effort.

[0018] As noted above, the expression cassette may optionally contain a selection sequence and/or a signal sequence. Selection sequences are discussed in more detail below; however, in general terms a selection sequence enables one to purge non-transformed cells from a cell culture thus leaving substantially only transformed cells. Signal sequences include translated portions of a gene that cause the gene product to include a proteinaceous targeting sequence so that it tends to accumulate in a particular region.

[0019] Additionally, as noted above, the expression cassette may optionally contain a sequence coding for an RNAi that down-regulates expression of an interfering gene product. For instance, when the Fea1 gene promoter is used in combination with a recombinant gene product sequence the wild-type Fea1 protein may interfere with and/or contaminate the recombinant gene product. Thus, in such instances it is desirable to down-regulate expression of the wild-type Fea1 gene product. Down-regulation can be accomplished by including a copy of at least a portion of the translated wild-type gene in reverse orientation thus forming a fold-back structure that can be processed by the dicer complex yielding small interfering RNA or RNAi fragments. These fragments bind to the translated region of the wild-type gene in an antisense orientation thereby down-regulating expression.

[0020] In practice, the expression cassette is typically incorporated into an expression vector such as a plasmid. Any of a variety of plasmids may be used in connection with the process of the present invention. Characteristics of a suitable plasmid include the ability to transform a cell. More particularly, such characteristics include the capacity to induce one or more cells to produce a gene product encoded on the plasmid. Preferably, such a plasmid has the capacity to produce a gene product by a process that can be controlled, for instance, by altering conditions such as chemical content of the growth media. Plasmids within the scope of the present invention include without limitation the pUC18 plasmid, and the pUC19 plasmid as shown in FIG. 4.

[0021] A plasmid containing an expression cassette can be introduced to a host cell in any one of a variety of suitable ways, thereby transforming the cell. For instance, in one embodiment the host cells are transfected by a virus containing the plasmid. Alternatively, the plasmid can be introduced to the host cell through electroporation. A still further embodiment comprises introducing the plasmid to the host cell through the glass bead method. One of skill in the art will recognize that other methods for accomplishing transformation are also suitable, and are thus encompassed by the present invention. Any combination of the foregoing transformation methods are also within the scope of the present invention.

[0022] Following transformation, the cells are generally subjected to a selection process. A wide variety of known selection methods are consistent with the present invention. For example, an embodiment of the present invention comprises transforming at least one cell with a gene that confers antibiotic resistance. Thus, transformed cells can be selected by subjecting the entire population to antibiotics. Alternatively, an embodiment comprises transforming a host cell with a gene that confers it with the ability to biosynthesize one or more amino acids, such as arginine, which it would otherwise be unable to produce on its own. Thus, transformed cells can be selected by growing the cells on media deficient in that amino acid. One of skill in the art appreciates that a large number of alternative selection processes are known that are consistent with, and are thus encompassed by, the present invention. Any one of the foregoing selection methods explicitly enumerated or implicitly encompassed by the present invention, or any combination thereof, can comprise an embodiment of the present invention.

[0023] After the cells have been subjected to a selection process they are cultured in or on a medium that promotes expression of the desired gene product. Any of a wide variety of known culturing methods can comprise an embodiment of the present invention. In general, suitable culture methods are characterized by inducing the promoter gene to begin producing the desired gene product. For instance, the media can contain one or more chemical species at a sufficient level to induce translation. Conversely, the media can be deficient in one or more chemical species such that translation is induced. Suitable media include without limitation liquid broths and gelatinous media. Specific growth conditions and nutrients are limited only by the requirements of the selected host cell.

[0024] If an optional signal sequence is used then the gene product may accumulate any of a variety of convenient locations. For instance, a signal sequence could cause the gene product to be secreted from the host cell. One non-limiting example of a signal sequence is that of the Fea1 gene. The Fea1 gene codes for an iron assimilating protein known as the Fea1 protein, and the Fea1 signal sequence codes for a gene product that causes the Fea1 protein to accumulate between the cell membrane and wall. Thus, host cells lacking a cell wall secrete the enzyme rather than accumulate it. It is appreciated by those skilled in the art that there are numerous alternative methods for targeting gene products. Thus, the foregoing non-limiting example is merely illustrative, and does not exclude such alternative embodiments.

[0025] Finally, the gene product is collected or isolated by any of a wide variety of suitable known methods. For instance, the gene product may be precipitated, extracted, filtered, centrifuged, or any combination thereof. More specifically, if the gene product is secreted then the cells can be separated from the media by centrifugation, and the gene product can be salted out of the media and collected by filtration. Alternatively, the cells can be lysed and then separated by centrifugation followed by salting the gene product out of the media. A still further example comprises either of the foregoing methods in combination with any of a variety of suitable forms of liquid chromatography including size exclusion chromatography, HPLC, reverse phase HPLC, and the like.

[0026] The method of the present invention encompasses a wide variety of catalytically active proteins. More specifically, the scope of the present invention encompasses any protein enzyme having a Cys or Ser in its active site because such enzymes can benefit by replacing the catalytic Cys or Ser with selenocysteine. More specifically, the sulfhydryl of Cys and the hydroxyl of Ser are much weaker nucleophiles than the selenium hydride of selenocysteine, which imparts less biologically favorable ionization and reducing potentials in comparison to selenocysteine. Thus, replacing catalytic Cys and/or Ser with selenocysteine can result in recombinant selenoproteins with higher catalytic turnover numbers and improved physiological activity profiles in comparison to the natural enzyme. Accordingly, examples of enzymes encompassed by the process of the present invention include without limitation hydrogenase, glycine reductase, selenoprotein B, proline reductase, formate dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase, selenoproteins W and P, and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, urease, fatty acid elongase, papain, Fea1 and the like.

Example 1

[0027] In one embodiment of the present invention the recombinant gene product comprises a selenocysteine analog of the Fea1 protein. As shown in FIG. 1, the expression cassette of this embodiment includes a Fea1 promoter at the 3' end (see SEQ ID 1), a gene encoding either a wild-type or seleno-analog of Fea1 (see SEQ ID 2). The Fea1 gene includes a 5' periplasmic targeting sequence. An optional immuno-tagging sequence known as the FLAG epitope is located just downstream from the signal sequence (see SEQ ID 4 and 5). Finally, an untranslated Sec insertion sequence, which is part of the SeIK1 terminator sequence, is located at the 3' end of the expression vector (see SEQ ID 3). The gene encoding Fea1 may be either wild-type (Fea1-FWT) or the selenocysteine analog (Fea1-Sec188). Each of the foregoing sequence are incorporated into multicloning site of the pUC19 plasmid expression vector (See FIG. 4 and SEQ ID 6).

[0028] In the Fea1 embodiment the expression vector's promoter sequence is also the promoter of the Fea1 protein found in non-transformed Chlamydomonas cells. Therefore, in order to demonstrate that transformation was successful an optional tag sequence was included in a translated portion of the expression vector, thereby immuno-labeling the N-terminus of the mature recombinant gene product. Accordingly, the expression vector's product can be readily distinguished from that of non-transformed cells by western blot analysis, as shown in FIG. 3.

[0029] The Western blot of FIG. 3 contains four lanes. Lane 1 contains protein isolated from wild-type, untransformed cells. Lane 2 contains protein isolated from Fea1-Sec188 transgenic cells. And lane 3 contains protein isolated from Fea1-FWT transgenic cells. The lane labeled "std" contains a molecular weight standard. More particularly, lane 3 includes a FLAG-tagged version of the wild-type Fea1 gene (Fea1-FWT), and lane 2 includes a FLAG-tagged Fea1 gene in which a stop or Sec codon (UGA) is introduced at codon 188 (Cys, UGC). In this blot, the FLAG-epitope is introduced into both the Fea1-FWT as well as Fea1-Sec188 genes to distinguish the recombinant proteins from that of the non-transformed cells. Notably, the tag sequence is not required for production purposes, and is only used here to demonstrate successful transformation and expression of recombinant proteins. Thus, the tag is optional, rather than a necessary component of the present invention.

[0030] As shown in FIG. 1, the Fea1-FWT and Fea1-Sec188 genes are cloned into the selenocysteine expression vector, pMOON3. Thus the pMOON3 expression vector comprises either the wild-type gene or the selenocysteine mutant gene. The pMOON3 vector further includes a Fea1 promoter sequence that is inducible by elevated carbon dioxide, low iron, or high cadmium levels. The pMOON3 vector also includes a multicloning site, and a Chlamydomonas selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) denoted SeIK1 located in the 3' position.

[0031] Both the wild-type and selenocysteine mutant pMOON3-Fea1 vectors are used in combination with the p389 plasmid to simultaneously transform host cells. That is, cells are subjected to either a mixture of pMOON3-Fea1-FWT and p389, or pMOON3-Fea1-Sec188 and p389; however, transformed cells do not contain both the pMOON3-Fea1-FWT and pMOON3-Fea1-Sec188 expression vectors. The function of the p389 plasmid is to encode the ARG7 gene, which imparts the host cell with the capacity to produce its own arginine. Since the host cell is an arginine auxotroph, it is not capable of producing its own arginine in the absence of p389. Thus, transformed cells can be selected by growing the population on arginine deficient media.

[0032] The Chlamydomonas host, CC-424, is transformed by the glass bead method. Transformants containing the integrated pMOON3 expression vectors and p389 selection sequence are identified by PCR using primer sets to amplify across Fea1/SeIK1 3' UTR junction. PCR-confirmed Fea1-FWT and Fea1-Sec188 transformants, as well as untransformed wild-type cells (CC-424), are inoculated into 25 mL of arginine deficient Tris-acetate-phosphate (TAP) medium. Thus, substantially only cells that are successfully transformed are able to survive. Following ten days of growth the cells are collected, washed twice with TAP iron-deficient medium containing 100 .mu.g/L sodium selenite, and inoculated into 1 liter of TAP containing sodium selenite (100 .mu.g/L) and low iron (0.5 .mu.M Fe) thus inducing Fea1 gene expression. Most of the gene product is secreted in the first six hours following induction, i.e. subjection to low iron or high carbon dioxide conditions. After four days of growth, the cultures are adjusted to 0.1 M NaCl, 1 mM .epsilon.-amino-n-caproic acid, and agitated at 150 rpm for ten minutes before the cells are removed from the growth medium by centrifugation at 4,000 g and 4.degree. C. for five minutes. The supernatants are filtered through 0.2 .mu.m membrane to remove any remaining cells. Solid ammonium sulfate is added to 80% saturation and the solution is stirred for an hour at 4.degree. C. to precipitate secreted proteins. The precipitated supernatant proteins are collected by centrifugation at 23,400 g and 4.degree. C. for 90 minutes, resuspended in 5 mL of buffer A (50 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM EDTA, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), 1 mM .epsilon.-amino-n-caproic acid), and reprecipitated by adding 100% ice cold trichloroacetic acid (10% (w/v) final concentration) and allowing the precipitate to stand for one hour at 4.degree. C. The precipitated proteins are collected by centrifugation at 20,000 g and 4.degree. C. for 30 minutes, and resuspended in buffer B (0.1 M Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, 0.1 M dithiothreitol). Equal amounts of proteins are resolved on a 12% polyacrylamide gel and visualized by staining with Coomassie blue.

[0033] As shown below in FIG. 2, a doublet band is observed migrating at approximately 43 kD in both the Fea1-FWT and Fea1-Sec188 transgenic lanes. Previous results have demonstrated that the Fea1 protein runs as single bands at 43 kD (upper arrow) and at 33 kD (lower arrow) on SDS-PAGE. Significantly, there is no truncated Fea1 protein (188 versus 327 amino acid full length) present in the supernatant fractions obtained from Fea1-Sec188 cells. This indicates that a selenocysteine was successfully introduced at the mutant stop codon thus allowing full-length expression of the Fea1-Sec188 protein. Notably, due to limited Fea1 protein production from non-transgenic or WT cells no coomassie blue-stained proteins are visualized in FIG. 2 indicating that no such protein is isolated from the supernatant of untransformed or WT cells.

[0034] Since both recombinant Fea1 genes introduced into the pMOON3 expression vector include FLAG-epitopes recombinant Fea1 proteins can be distinguished from and that of the non-transformed cells by western blot analysis using an anti-FLAG antibody. As shown in FIG. 3 below, two co-migrating protein bands are detected by anti-FLAG antibody at 43 and 33 kD in the supernatant fraction obtained from the recombinant Fea1-FWT and Fea1-Sec188 cultures. A very weak non-specific band migrating between the 43 kD and 33 kD bands is detected in the supernatant fraction from untransformed cells.

[0035] Thus, both the 43 and 33 kD proteins detected in recombinant supernatant fractions (i.e. that of Fea1-Fwt and Fea1-Sec188) are full-length FLAG-tagged Fea1 proteins. The faster migrating form (33 kD) of the Flag-immuno-detected protein is likely either a non-glycosylated or a partially degraded form of the Fea1 protein.

[0036] Notably, the process of the present invention in accordance with the foregoing example produces 2 mg of Fea1-Sec188 protein per liter of culture. Such a yield suggests that it is feasible to produce recombinant selenoprotein mutants from algal cell cultures in commercially relevant quantities. And, unlike bacterial cell cultures, this includes post-translationally modified proteins.

Example 2

[0037] Another embodiment of the present invention is similar to Example 1 except that the gene product encoding sequence codes for a mutant papain enzyme. More particularly, Cys-25 is replaced by Sec-25. Papain is a widely used industrial enzyme that is limited in its application in part due to its low specific activity relative to other proteases such as trypsin. However, replacement of the active site's Cys-25 with Sec-25 results in enhanced catalytic activity that increases papain's cost-competitiveness with trypsin.

[0038] According to the papain embodiment, a selenoprotein expression vector is provided for expressing recombinant selenoproteins in Chlamydomonas. The vector is a plasmid substantially similar to that of the Fea1 example above; however, the vector codes for papain rather than Fea1. More specifically, the plasmid comprises: 1) the highly inducible Chlamydomonas Fea1 promoter, 2) an optional Fea1 signal sequence causing secretion of the selenoprotein gene product into the media, 3) a sequence encoding the papain enzyme; and 4) a 3' SeIk1 Chlamydomonas Sec-insertion sequence (SECIS) for inserting the tRNAsec into the ribosome at engineered Sec codon(s).

Example 3

[0039] A still further example of the present invention is essentially identical to Example 2 except that the expression vector additionally includes a sequence encoding an RNAi for down-regulating wild-type Fea1 protein production.

Example 4

[0040] Still another example of the present invention is essentially identical to Example 1 except that the gene product encoding sequence codes for a fatty acid elongase, and lacks a signal sequence. Thus the gene product is not secreted from the cell, but rather accumulates therein. More specifically, a plasmid consistent with this example comprises: 1) the highly inducible Chlamydomonas Fea1 promoter, 2) a sequence encoding the fatty acid elongase; and 3) a 3' SaIk1 Chlamydomonas Sec-insertion sequence (SECIS) for inserting the tRNAsec into the ribosome at engineered Sec codon(s).

[0041] The foregoing examples are considered only illustrative of the principles of the invention rather than an exclusive list of embodiments. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, the invention is not intended to be limited to the exact construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents are within the scope of the present invention.

Sequence CWU 1

1

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cagcaggata gccttctggc ggaatgctgc gctgcttcat 240cacatgtagt gcgtggtaac cgcgggatac ggcgtccagc cccgatttgt caagtttggt 300cgtggcgttc tggcatacat tgtttgcact ctgtgaagcg ctttcggccc caaaggttca 360tcacctaagg aactgcaagt gcatggatgc cagaaggact gcgccaatgg ctttcgttta 420tgacggtcct ggctagaatg cttggcttgg acccgagcta cagaaagctg cagcttgata 480ttggactggt ggcaggtgca ggagggtaag ggcttagacc acaaggtgtg tgagtagcag 540atggagcgcg gactaatcta ggtgatttag ggcgcggtgg agggtgaggt ggttggcgct 600tcggttctcg ggtctgactt tttgcaggtg gcatattcaa tagcacttgc aggtatgaga 660gctagacggc ccgtatcagg catctgccgt gcgggttgca atgtggagat gtacatgcag 720gcagcaggca gcaagtagcg gagtcaaggc tgtgtgatac acgcagggta cgtgcaaggc 780acgggagcgt gctgccagag ggacctagca gatcaacaat tggaaccaaa ctggcaggtt 840ttggtttgat tgtgcaagag tttgcgcgct gc 872424DNAArtificialVector 4gactacaagg acgacgacga caag 2458PRTArtificialepitope 5Asp Tyr Lys Asp Asp Asp Asp Lys 1 5 62686DNAArtificialVector 6tcgcgcgttt cggtgatgac ggtgaaaacc tctgacacat gcagctcccg gagacggtca 60cagcttgtct gtaagcggat gccgggagca gacaagcccg tcagggcgcg tcagcgggtg 120ttggcgggtg tcggggctgg cttaactatg cggcatcaga gcagattgta ctgagagtgc 180accatatgcg gtgtgaaata ccgcacagat gcgtaaggag aaaataccgc atcaggcgcc 240attcgccatt caggctgcgc aactgttggg aagggcgatc ggtgcgggcc tcttcgctat 300tacgccagct ggcgaaaggg ggatgtgctg caaggcgatt aagttgggta acgccagggt 360tttcccagtc acgacgttgt aaaacgacgg ccagtgaatt cgagctcggt acccggggat 420cctctagagt cgacctgcag gcatgcaagc ttggcgtaat catggtcata gctgtttcct 480gtgtgaaatt gttatccgct cacaattcca cacaacatac gagccggaag cataaagtgt 540aaagcctggg gtgcctaatg agtgagctaa ctcacattaa ttgcgttgcg ctcactgccc 600gctttccagt cgggaaacct gtcgtgccag ctgcattaat gaatcggcca acgcgcgggg 660agaggcggtt tgcgtattgg gcgctcttcc gcttcctcgc tcactgactc gctgcgctcg 720gtcgttcggc tgcggcgagc ggtatcagct cactcaaagg cggtaatacg gttatccaca 780gaatcagggg ataacgcagg aaagaacatg tgagcaaaag gccagcaaaa ggccaggaac 840cgtaaaaagg ccgcgttgct ggcgtttttc cataggctcc gcccccctga cgagcatcac 900aaaaatcgac gctcaagtca gaggtggcga aacccgacag gactataaag ataccaggcg 960tttccccctg gaagctccct cgtgcgctct cctgttccga ccctgccgct taccggatac 1020ctgtccgcct ttctcccttc gggaagcgtg gcgctttctc atagctcacg ctgtaggtat 1080ctcagttcgg tgtaggtcgt tcgctccaag ctgggctgtg tgcacgaacc ccccgttcag 1140cccgaccgct gcgccttatc cggtaactat cgtcttgagt ccaacccggt aagacacgac 1200ttatcgccac tggcagcagc cactggtaac aggattagca gagcgaggta tgtaggcggt 1260gctacagagt tcttgaagtg gtggcctaac tacggctaca ctagaaggac agtatttggt 1320atctgcgctc tgctgaagcc agttaccttc ggaaaaagag ttggtagctc ttgatccggc 1380aaacaaacca ccgctggtag cggtggtttt tttgtttgca agcagcagat tacgcgcaga 1440aaaaaaggat ctcaagaaga tcctttgatc ttttctacgg ggtctgacgc tcagtggaac 1500gaaaactcac gttaagggat tttggtcatg agattatcaa aaaggatctt cacctagatc 1560cttttaaatt aaaaatgaag ttttaaatca atctaaagta tatatgagta aacttggtct 1620gacagttacc aatgcttaat cagtgaggca cctatctcag cgatctgtct atttcgttca 1680tccatagttg cctgactccc cgtcgtgtag ataactacga tacgggaggg cttaccatct 1740ggccccagtg ctgcaatgat accgcgagac ccacgctcac cggctccaga tttatcagca 1800ataaaccagc cagccggaag ggccgagcgc agaagtggtc ctgcaacttt atccgcctcc 1860atccagtcta ttaattgttg ccgggaagct agagtaagta gttcgccagt taatagtttg 1920cgcaacgttg ttgccattgc tacaggcatc gtggtgtcac gctcgtcgtt tggtatggct 1980tcattcagct ccggttccca acgatcaagg cgagttacat gatcccccat gttgtgcaaa 2040aaagcggtta gctccttcgg tcctccgatc gttgtcagaa gtaagttggc cgcagtgtta 2100tcactcatgg ttatggcagc actgcataat tctcttactg tcatgccatc cgtaagatgc 2160ttttctgtga ctggtgagta ctcaaccaag tcattctgag aatagtgtat gcggcgaccg 2220agttgctctt gcccggcgtc aatacgggat aataccgcgc cacatagcag aactttaaaa 2280gtgctcatca ttggaaaacg ttcttcgggg cgaaaactct caaggatctt accgctgttg 2340agatccagtt cgatgtaacc cactcgtgca cccaactgat cttcagcatc ttttactttc 2400accagcgttt ctgggtgagc aaaaacagga aggcaaaatg ccgcaaaaaa gggaataagg 2460gcgacacgga aatgttgaat actcatactc ttcctttttc aatattattg aagcatttat 2520cagggttatt gtctcatgag cggatacata tttgaatgta tttagaaaaa taaacaaata 2580ggggttccgc gcacatttcc ccgaaaagtg ccacctgacg tctaagaaac cattattatc 2640atgacattaa cctataaaaa taggcgtatc acgaggccct ttcgtc 2686

Claims

1-8. (canceled)

9. A mutant papain enzyme, comprising selenocysteine.

10. The mutant papain enzyme of claim 9, wherein cysteine-25 in the active site is replaced by selenocysteine.

11. The mutant papain enzyme of claim 10, which exhibits enhanced catalytic activity compared to that of papain containing cysteine-25 in the active site.

12. A method of making a mutant papain containing selenocysteine at amino acid position 25 located in the active site, in a eukaryotic algal host cell, comprising: a) introducing into said eukaryotic algal host cell an expression cassette comprising, operably linked for expression in said eukaryotic algal host cell in the following order: i) a tightly regulated gene promoter active in a eukaryotic alga; ii) a nucleic acid sequence encoding papain, wherein UGA replaces the codon encoding cysteine at amino acid position 25, located in the active site of said papain; and iii) a 3' untranslated eukaryotic selenocysteine insertion sequence; b) selecting transformed cells; c) culturing selected cells in a medium that promotes expression of said mutant selenocysteine-containing papain; and d) recovering said mutant selenocysteine-containing papain from said eukaryotic algal host cell or said medium when said papain is secreted.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein said tightly regulated gene promoter is the Fea1 promoter.

14. The method of claim 12, wherein said nucleic acid sequence encoding papain comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a FLAG tag.

15. The method of claim 12, wherein said expression cassette further comprises a selection sequence.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein said selection sequence is an antibiotic or auxotrophic selection sequence.

17. The method of claim 12, wherein said expression cassette further comprises a signal sequence that causes secretion of said papain from said eukaryotic alga.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein said signal sequence is a 5' perplasmic targeting sequence.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein said signal sequence is that of the Fea1 gene, which causes said papain to accumulate between the cell membrane and cell wall.

20. The method of claim 12, wherein said expression cassette further comprises an immuno-tagging sequence located downstream from said signal sequence, at the N-terminal end of said papain.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein said immuno-tagging sequence is a FLAG epitope.

22. The method of claim 12, wherein said expression cassette further comprises a sequence coding for an RNAi that down-regulates expression of a gene product that interferes with expression of said papain.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein said sequence coding for an RNAi that down-regulates expression of a gene product that interferes with expression of said papain is a copy of at least a portion of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a translated wild-type gene in reverse orientation.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein said gene product that interferes with expression of said papain is wild-type Fea1 protein.

25. The method of claim 12, wherein said 3' untranslated eukaryotic selenocysteine insertion sequence is Chlamydomonas selenocysteine insertion sequence SeIKI.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein said SeIKI sequence is part of a SeIKI terminator sequence.

27. The method of claim 12, wherein said expression cassette is contained in an expression vector.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein said expression vector is a plasmid.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein said plasmid is pUC18 or pUC19.

30. The method of claim 12, wherein said expression cassette is introduced into said eukaryotic algal host cell via a virus, electroporation, transfection, or the glass bead method.

31. The method of claim 12, further comprising introducing into said eukaryotic algal host cell a cassette that reduces expression of periplasmic-targeted proteins to facilitate purification of said selenocysteine-containing papain.

32. The method of claim 12, further comprising separately introducing into said eukaryotic algal host cell a selection sequence by co-transforming said eukaryotic algal host cell with an additional plasmid comprising said selection sequence.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein said selection sequence is an antibiotic or auxotrophic selection sequence.

34. The method of claim 12, wherein said medium contains 100 .mu.g/L sodium selenite.

35. The method of claim 12, wherein expression of expression of said mutant selenocysteine-containing papain is induced by elevated carbon dioxide, low iron, or high cadmium levels.

36. The method of claim 12, wherein said eukaryotic algal host cell is Chlamydomonas.

37. A method of making a mutant protein containing selenocysteine in a eukaryotic algal host cell, comprising: a) introducing into said eukaryotic algal host cell an expression cassette comprising, operably linked for expression in said eukaryotic algal host cell in the following order: i) a tightly regulated gene promoter active in a eukaryotic alga; ii) a nucleic acid sequence encoding said protein, wherein UGA replaces a codon encoding cysteine at a desired amino acid position in said protein; and iii) a 3' untranslated eukaryotic selenocysteine insertion sequence; b) selecting transformed cells; c) culturing selected cells in a medium that promotes expression of said mutant selenocysteine-containing protein; and d) recovering said mutant selenocysteine-containing protein from said eukaryotic algal host cell or said medium when said protein is secreted.