U.S. patent application number 13/576179 was filed with the patent office on 2013-03-07 for energy handling system comprising an energy storage device with a phase change material.
The applicant listed for this patent is Lanny Kirkpatrick, Andy Paliszewski, Henrik Stiesdal. Invention is credited to Lanny Kirkpatrick, Andy Paliszewski, Henrik Stiesdal.
Application Number | 20130056169 13/576179 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 42711779 |
Filed Date | 2013-03-07 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130056169 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Stiesdal; Henrik ; et
al. |
March 7, 2013 |
Energy handling system comprising an energy storage device with a
phase change material
Abstract
Disclosed is an energy handling system including an energy
storage device, which includes a Phase Change Material for
absorbing and temporarily storing thermal energy, which has been
provided by an energy source, and a heat extraction element for
extracting thermal energy from the Phase Change Material. The
energy handling system further includes an energy conversion
device, which is operatively connected to the heat extraction
element and which is capable of converting thermal energy into
electric energy.
Inventors: |
Stiesdal; Henrik; (Odense C,
DK) ; Kirkpatrick; Lanny; (Orlando, FL) ;
Paliszewski; Andy; (Boulder, CO) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Stiesdal; Henrik
Kirkpatrick; Lanny
Paliszewski; Andy |
Odense C
Orlando
Boulder |
FL
CO |
DK
US
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
42711779 |
Appl. No.: |
13/576179 |
Filed: |
June 15, 2010 |
PCT Filed: |
June 15, 2010 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/EP2010/058330 |
371 Date: |
October 17, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61327279 |
Apr 23, 2010 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
165/10 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y02E 60/145 20130101;
F28D 20/021 20130101; F28D 2020/0047 20130101; Y02E 60/14 20130101;
F28F 2270/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
165/10 |
International
Class: |
F28D 17/00 20060101
F28D017/00; F28D 20/02 20060101 F28D020/02 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Mar 11, 2010 |
EP |
10156250.2 |
Claims
1-15. (canceled)
16. An energy handling system, comprising an energy storage device
comprising: a Phase Change Material that absorbs and temporarily
stores thermal energy, which has been provided by an energy source,
a heat extraction element extracts thermal energy from the Phase
Change Material, and an energy conversion device operatively
connected to the heat extraction element and converts the thermal
energy into electric energy.
17. The energy handling system as set forth in claim 16, wherein
the energy conversion device comprises: a heat engine operatively
connected to the heat extraction element and configured for
converting thermal energy into mechanical energy, and an electrical
generator operatively connected to the heat engine and configured
for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and for
supplying the electrical energy to a utility grid.
18. The energy handling system as set forth in claim 17, further
comprising: a thermal energy transfer line, which connects the heat
engine with the heat extraction element and with at least one
thermal power generation plant.
19. The energy handling system as set forth in claim 18, wherein
the heat engine is a heat engine of a thermal power generation
plant.
20. The energy handling system as set forth in claim 19, wherein
the energy storage device is a component being assigned to a
thermal power generation plant.
21. The energy handling system as set forth in claim 19, wherein
the thermal power generation plant is a coal-fired power plant, a
gas-fired power plant, a solar thermal power plant and/or a nuclear
power plant.
22. The energy handling system as set forth in claim 17, wherein
the heat extraction element is a steam-liquid loop of the heat
engine.
23. The energy handling system as set forth in claim 22, wherein
the heat extracting element and/or the heat engine comprises a
control mechanism, which is adapted for controlling a fluid-flow
within the steam-liquid loop.
24. The energy handling system as set forth in claim 17, wherein
the heat engine comprises a steam turbine.
25. The energy handling system as set forth in claim 16, wherein
the energy source is an electrical energy source.
26. The energy handling system as set forth in claim 25, wherein
the electric energy source is a wind turbine, a hydroelectric power
plant, a tidal power plant and/or a solar electric power plant.
27. The energy handling system as set forth claim 25, further
comprising at least one heat generation element; and a utility
grid, which electrically connects the electrical energy source with
the heat generation element, wherein the heat generation element
charges the Phase Change Material of the energy storage device with
thermal energy.
28. The energy handling system as set forth in claim 27, wherein
the heat generation element comprises an inductor, which provides
thermal energy to the Phase Change Material by an eddy current.
29. The energy handling system as set forth in claim 27, wherein
the heat generation element is at least partially in direct
physical contact with the Phase Change Material.
30. The energy handling system as set forth in claim 28, wherein
the heat generation element is at least partially in direct
physical contact with the Phase Change Material.
31. The energy handling system as set forth in claim 16, wherein
the energy storage device comprises at least two thermal modules,
and wherein each of the thermal modules comprises a container being
filled at least partially with Phase Change Material.
Description
FIELD OF INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to an energy handling system,
which is capable of absorbing and temporarily storing thermal
energy with an energy storage device and which is further capable
of extracting thermal energy from the energy storage device.
ART BACKGROUND
[0002] The production of electric power from various types of
alternative energy sources such as wind turbines, solar power
plants and wave energy plants is not continuous. The production may
be dependent on environmental parameters such as for instance wind
speed (for wind turbines), insulation (for solar power plant) and
wave height and direction (for wave energy plants). There is very
often little or no correlation between energy production and energy
demand.
[0003] One known approach to solve the problem of uncorrelated
electric power production and electric power demand is to
temporally store energy, which has been produced but which has not
been demanded, and to release the stored energy at times at which
there is a high demand. In the past there have been suggested many
different methods to temporarily store energy. Suggested methods
are for instance (a) mechanical energy storage methods e.g. pumped
hydro storage, compressed air storage and flywheels, (b) chemical
energy storage methods e.g. electrochemical batteries and organic
molecular storage, (c) magnetic energy storage, and (d) thermal
energy storage.
[0004] With respect to thermal energy storage it is noted that
water has a high heat capacity which in principle could allow for
efficient thermal storage using water as the heat storage material
or heat storage medium. However, unless sophisticated pressure
vessels are used the maximum temperature of heat capacity storage
in water is limited to 100.degree. C. (100 degrees Celsius). Since
for large capacity storage the cost of pressure vessels would be
prohibitive, the use of water as a heat storage material is limited
to a maximum temperature of 100.degree. C. However, a maximum
temperature of 100.degree. C. is much too low in order to provide
any useful thermodynamic efficiency of a heat engine, e.g. a steam
turbo generator, which is to be operated on demand for release of
the stored thermal energy. Consequently, the benefits of the high
heat capacity of water cannot be exploited in practice for
high-volume energy storage.
[0005] Alternative heat storage media include solids and molten
salts. Solids may be heated to high temperatures that could lead to
good thermodynamic efficiencies of related heat engines. However,
solids generally have low heat capacity, and this leads to high
volume requirements and to a low energy density. Molten salts
generally have higher heat capacity than solids and they have the
additional benefit that, when being in the liquid phase, they can
be pumped, thereby facilitating arrangements of low-loss storage
tanks with high-power heat exchangers. However, molten salts have
the drawback that they are generally not stable at temperatures
much above 400.degree. C., thereby limiting the thermodynamic
efficiencies of related heat engines. They also have the drawback
that initial melting and re-melting on unintended solidification is
very difficult due to the low conductivity of crystalline
salts.
[0006] One solution to the problem of low energy density of solids
is to use a material that incurs a phase change at the relevant
operating temperature. The amount of heat respectively heat energy
Q stored in a material which does not undergo a phase change within
the temperature range of a heat storage cycle, i.e. during an
energy storage process comprising the increase of the storage
material temperature from Ti (corresponding to the minimum starting
or initial temperature) to Tf (corresponding to the maximum end or
final temperature) can be calculated by the following equation
(1):
Q = .intg. Ti Tf m Cp ( T ) T ( 1 ) ##EQU00001##
[0007] Thereby, m is the mass of the heat storage material and
Cp(T) is the specific heat capacity of the heat storage material,
which according to the basics of thermodynamic is a function of the
temperature T.
[0008] Provided that the specific heat capacity of the heat storage
material does not have a pronounced dependency on temperature, this
leads to a linear relation between the increase in temperature and
the amount of stored heat. For a material or medium which does
undergo a phase change during the heat storage cycle an additional
energy is absorbed or released when the material melts or
solidifies respectively. The melting and solidification process
happens at a substantially constant temperature as indicated in
FIG. 9. Such a material is denominated a Phase Change Material
(PCM).
[0009] FIG. 9 illustrates how heat is absorbed or released by a PCM
when the PCM undergoes a phase change from solid to liquid and back
or from liquid to solid. Specifically, when starting at the solid
phase at a temperature Ti, the temperature of the PCM first
approximately linearly increases with the amount of heat input h.
When the temperature has reached the melting temperature Tm, the
temperature stays constant for a while until the fusion heat or
melting heat .DELTA.hm has been absorbed and all the PCM has become
liquid. After this, the temperature of the liquid PCM again
linearly increases with the further amount of heat input h. It is
mentioned that the gradient dT/dh is different for liquid phase as
compared to the solid phase. Thereby, the gradient dT/dh
corresponds to the specific heat capacity of the solid respectively
the liquid PCM.
[0010] For heat storage purposes preferably a PCM material is
employed, which comprises a high melting heat. Thereby, additional
energy storage capacity is provided by the phase change, i.e. when
the PCM changes from solid to liquid and back. For a temperature
increase of a PCM from Ti to Tf, wherein the melting temperature Tm
of the PCM in between Ti and Tf, the amount of heat Q which is
stored in the PCM can be calculated by the following equation
(2):
Q = .intg. Ti Tm m Cps ( T ) T + m .DELTA. hm + .intg. Tm Tf m Cpl
( T ) T ( 2 ) ##EQU00002##
[0011] Thereby, m is again the mass of the PCM, Cps(T) and Cpl(T)
are the specific heat capacity of the solid PCM respectively the
liquid PCM and .DELTA.h is the latent heat respectively the melting
heat of the PCM.
[0012] One problem related to the known heat storage systems is
that for large scale energy storage, such as for storing energy
produced from wind farms for longer time periods (hours), the
capacity of known heat storage systems is not sufficient. If one
would scale up a known heat storage system to a system having
sufficient capacity for such purposes, the prize of such a scaled
up system would be relatively high, which makes a scaled up system
unattractive because of economical reasons. Even further, for a
scaled-up heat storage system it is difficult and not
cost-effective to recover the stored energy.
[0013] There may be a need for providing an energy handling system
which allows for an improved thermal energy storage capability and
for an easy an effective thermal energy extraction.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0014] This need may be met by the subject matter according to the
independent claims. Advantageous embodiments of the present
invention are described by the dependent claims.
[0015] According to a first aspect of the invention there is
provided an energy handling system comprising (a) an energy storage
device, which comprises (a1) a Phase Change Material for absorbing
and temporarily storing thermal energy, which has been provided by
an energy source, and (a2) a heat extraction element for extracting
thermal energy from the Phase Change Material, and (b) an energy
conversion device, which is operatively connected to the heat
extraction element and which is capable of converting thermal
energy into electric energy.
[0016] The described energy handling system is based on the idea
that energy provided from an external source can be temporarily
stored in the form of thermal energy within a Phase Change Material
(PCM). If at a later time there is a demand for electric energy, at
least some of the stored thermal energy can be released to the
described energy conversion device for converting the released
thermal energy into electric energy.
[0017] The described energy handling system may ensure that a
surplus of energy, in particular electric energy, which may have
been produced for instance by one or more wind turbines and/or by
one or more solar plants at times with low demands for electricity,
can be used to charge the PCM with thermal energy and thereby the
surplus electricity can be stored as thermal energy respectively
heat. Even further it is ensured by the described energy handling
system that the stored energy can be released and transferred to an
external heat system for use for electricity production. A suitable
external heat system may be for instance a steam turbine. The step
of providing thermal energy from the PCM to an external heat system
may be regarded as providing thermal energy by and/or releasing
thermal energy from the PCM.
[0018] The thermal energy can be stored in a single-phase energy
storage process by temperature changes only. This means that the
range of the temperature changes does not include the melting point
temperature of the PCM. Alternatively, the thermal energy can be
stored in a two-phase energy storage process, wherein in addition
to one or two of the above described single-phase energy storage
processes the energy is further stored in a latent energy storage
process. This means that the range of a corresponding temperature
change includes the melting point temperature of the PCM. Which
energy storage process is preferably to be used depends on the
specific application and in particular on the amount of energy put
into the described energy system for storage.
[0019] It is mentioned that in principle also a three-phase energy
storage process is possible. This means that the range of the
temperature changes includes both the melting point temperature of
the PCM and the boiling point temperature of the PCM.
[0020] It is further mentioned that it is also possible that
charging the PCM with thermal energy does not result in a
temperature increase of the PCM. This is the case if at the
beginning of the energy absorption the PCM has a temperature, at
which already a phase change occurs. In this case the charged
thermal energy is used only for a phase change of at least a
portion of the PCM.
[0021] It is further mentioned that in order to realize an
effective heat extraction from the PCM two or even more heat
extraction elements may be used.
[0022] Preferably, the at least one heat extraction element is at
least partially in direct physical contact with the PCM. This may
provide the advantage that a good and reliable thermal energy
transfer between the PCM and the heat extraction element can be
guaranteed.
[0023] In other words, a direct physical contact between the PCM
and the heat extraction element may provide the advantage that
substantially no losses occur in the process of transferring
released thermal energy from the PCM to some means which can
further distribute the released energy to the thermal energy
conversion device for use and utilization.
[0024] The PCM may comprise a metal, in particular aluminum. This
may provide the advantage that the PCM has a comparatively high
melting point temperature. Specifically, aluminum has a melting
point temperature around 660.degree. C. and a latent heat
co-efficient which is relatively high. Therefore, aluminum is a
suitable material for the described energy storage device of the
energy handling system. Further, the level of the melting point
temperature makes it feasible to provide appropriate containers and
isolation material as well as heat generation element(s) and/or
heat extraction element(s) which can operate optimal within a
temperature range around the melting point of and exploit the
excessive potential for latent energy storage. Thereby, a heat
generation element may be used for inserting thermal energy into
the PCM and a heat extraction element may be used for withdrawing
thermal energy from the PCM.
[0025] It is mentioned that there are of course also other
materials, which are suitable for being used as the PCM of the
described energy storage device. Specifically, PCMs which have a
melting point between 200.degree. C. and 800.degree. C. are good
candidates for the PCM of the described energy system.
[0026] It is further mentioned that the described energy storage
unit, which is adapted for absorbing, for temporarily storing and
for releasing thermal energy, may also be denominated an energy
transfer system.
[0027] According to an embodiment of the invention the energy
conversion device comprises (a) a heat engine, which is operatively
connected to the heat extraction element and which is configured
for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy, and (b) an
electrical generator, which is operatively connected to the heat
engine and which is configured for converting mechanical energy
into electrical energy and for supplying the electrical energy to a
utility grid. Hereby it is ensured that the energy handling system
can supply electrical energy to the utility grid. Further, it can
be ensured that the described energy handling system can provide
energy directly to the utility grid without any further conversion
between energy states.
[0028] According to a further embodiment of the invention the
energy handling system further comprises a thermal energy transfer
line, which connects the heat engine both with the heat extraction
element and with at least one thermal power generation plant. This
may provide the advantage that the heat engine may be used not for
converting the thermal energy which has been released from the PCM
but also for thermal energy which has been generated by the only by
one or more thermal power generation plants.
[0029] The thermal energy transfer line may be for instance a fluid
line or a fluid loop, which is capable of transferring thermal
energy both form the heat extraction element and the at least one
thermal power generation plant to the heat energy. Thereby, the
fluid may be in particular a steam and the heat engine may be a
steam turbine.
[0030] According to a further embodiment of the invention the heat
engine is a heat engine of a thermal power generation plant.
[0031] This may mean that the described energy conversion device
can be a heat engine of e.g. a separate thermal power generation
plant such as for instance a fossil fuel plant or a nuclear power
plant. Hereby it is ensured that the thermal energy storage device
can be connected and operatively coupled to one or more heat
engines of one or more separate thermal power generation plants.
Consequently, the thermal power generation plant can exploit stored
thermal energy from the described thermal energy storage device so
as to effectively produce electricity while saving fossil and/or
nuclear fuel.
[0032] It is further ensured that the thermal energy storage device
may be regarded as a separate device which can flexibly be located
in close vicinity to or remote from the power generation plant as
long as the heat extraction element of the thermal energy storage
unit is operatively connected to the energy conversion device.
[0033] According to a further embodiment of the invention the
energy storage device is a component being assigned to a thermal
power generation plant. This may provide the advantage that the
energy storage device can share the energy conversion device of a
thermal power generation plant.
[0034] Descriptive speaking the described energy storage device may
be an add-on component of an existing thermal power generation
plant and in particular an add-on component to an existing energy
conversion device of a thermal power generation plant.
[0035] Hereby, the energy storage device may be positioned directly
at the power generation plant thereby minimizing the extent of the
common operatively connected energy conversion device.
[0036] A close physical connection respectively a small spatial
separation between the power generation plant and the described
energy storage device may provide the advantage that the thermal
energy storage device can release respectively supply stored
thermal energy very fast to the energy conversion device. Thereby,
the described energy handling system can quickly react on fast
demands of electric energy from the utility net.
[0037] The possibilities of sharing the thermal energy conversion
device of an existing thermal power generation plant with the heat
extraction element of the thermal storage device makes it feasible
to add-on the thermal storage device to an existing system i.e. it
may be regarded as if the described energy storage device can be
"piggy-backed" on e.g. a steam turbine system of an existing
thermal power generation plant.
[0038] According to a further embodiment of the invention the
thermal power generation plant is a coal-fired power plant, a
gas-fired power plant, a solar thermal power plant and/or a nuclear
power plant.
[0039] It is pointed out that this list is not exclusive. The
thermal power generation plant may also be any other plant which is
capable of providing thermal energy.
[0040] According to a further embodiment of the invention the heat
extraction element is a steam-liquid loop of the heat engine.
[0041] Thereby, the heat extraction element may be a part of a
thermal power production plant.
[0042] By realizing the heat extraction element as a steam-liquid
loop it may be ensured that the described energy handling system
can be a part of a power production system whereby the utilization
of released thermal energy is optimized with a high utilization
ratio. Furthermore it may be ensured that the released thermal
energy can be utilized by known energy conversion techniques.
[0043] Preferably the energy conversion device comprises a steam
turbine and the operating medium of the steam turbine is water. In
this case the steam-liquid loop may be called a steam-water
loop.
[0044] According to a further embodiment of the invention the heat
extracting element and/or the heat engine comprises a control
mechanism, which is adapted for controlling a fluid-flow within the
steam-liquid loop.
[0045] The control mechanism may ensure that the amount of thermal
energy can be controlled, which amount is released from the PCM and
which amount is transferred via a fluid travelling within in the
steam-liquid. The fluid can be used for driving a power production
system and/or for cooling components of the power production
system, which components are at an extreme high temperature.
[0046] The fluid may be in particular a steam and/or a liquid, in
particular water, which is flowing through the liquid/water
loop.
[0047] According to a further embodiment of the invention the heat
engine comprises a steam turbine. By using a steam turbine a
suitable heat engine component is used which is particular suitable
for thermal conversion of energy.
[0048] According to a further embodiment of the invention the
energy source is an electrical energy source. This may provide the
advantage that the described energy handling system is capable of
directly receiving electric energy from the energy source. This
makes it very easy to use a surplus of electricity, which has been
produced for instance by wind turbine(s) or solar plant(s) at times
with low demands, to charge the PCM with thermal energy such that
the surplus of electricity can be stored as thermal energy.
[0049] The energy handling system may further comprise a frequency
controller, which is adapted for controlling a frequency of a
voltage and/or current being associated with the electrical energy
provided by the electrical energy source. By controlling the
frequency of the electrical energy applied to a heat generation
element being thermally coupled with the PCM it may be ensured that
an optimal heating respectively thermal energy charging of the PCM
can be obtained.
[0050] According to a further embodiment of the invention the
electric energy source is a wind turbine, a hydroelectric power
plant, a tidal power plant and/or a solar electric power plant. As
has already been indicated above this may provide the advantage
that regenerative energy, which often is not available when
required but available when the demand for electric energy is
smaller than the electric energy production capacity, can be
temporarily stored in an effective manner.
[0051] According to a further embodiment of the invention the
energy handling system further comprises (a) at least one heat
generation element and (b) a utility grid, which electrically
connects the electrical energy source with the heat generation
element. Thereby, the heat generation element is capable of
charging the Phase Change Material of the energy storage device
with thermal energy. This may provide the advantage that the
thermal energy storage device can act as a storage or accumulator
for any surplus energy capacity of the utility grid. This in turn
ensures that the thermal energy storage device can store energy
from energy sources producing and supplying power to the utility
grid on times with low energy demands, and save the energy to times
with higher demands.
[0052] It is mentioned that in order to realize an effective heat
insertion of thermal energy into the PCM two or even more heat
generation elements may be used.
[0053] According to a further embodiment of the invention the heat
generation element comprises an inductor, which is capable of
providing thermal energy to the Phase Change Material by an eddy
current. This may provide the advantage that it is not necessary
that the heat generation element is in direct physical contact with
the PCM.
[0054] Thereby, the heat generation element may be realized for
instance by means of a coil or at least a part of a coil.
[0055] In detail, induction heating is a process of heating an
electrically conducting material by electromagnetic induction.
Thereby, eddy currents are generated within a conductive or
metallic material and the ohmic resistance of the material leads to
a heating of the material. Induction heating being used for putting
or introducing thermal energy into the PCM may provide the
advantage that this is a highly efficient process with a high
degree of utility. Typically, the inductor of the heat generation
element is powered by electric energy.
[0056] If the heat generation element comprises the above described
inductor, i.e. the heat generation element is an induction heat
generation element. Thereby, the frequency of the applied
electricity may be controlled by a frequency controller, the depth
and the effect of the heat can be adapted accordingly in order to
realize an optimized introduction of thermal energy into the
PCM.
[0057] According to a further embodiment of the invention the heat
generation element is at least partially in direct physical contact
with the Phase Change Material. This may provide the advantage that
no extra intermediate heat distribution media has to be warmed up
before the thermal energy is introduced into the PCM. Thereby,
energy losses into an extra intermediate heat distribution media
can be effectively avoided and all of the heat generated by the
heat generation element will be transferred to the PCM.
[0058] Preferably, not only a portion but the whole heat generation
element is in physical contact with the PCM. The physical contact
between the heat generation element and the PCM allows that known
and reliable techniques can be used for the introduction of thermal
energy into the PCM. The thermal energy introduction can be
realized for instance by means of a heating resistor respectively
an electrical resistive heater.
[0059] According to a further embodiment of the invention the
energy storage device comprises at least two thermal modules,
wherein each of the thermal modules comprises a container being
filled at least partially with Phase Change Material. This may
provide the advantage that depending in the requested thermal
energy storage capability an appropriate amount of PCM can be
provided in a simple end effective manner. Thereby, the container
may be formed in a standardized way, wherein a plurality of those
containers may be combined in order to provide the requested amount
of PCM.
[0060] Put in other words, the use of thermal modules each
comprising a standardized container may allow that flexible energy
storage can be provided, which comprises a sufficient number of
operatively interconnected thermal modules. By operatively
interconnecting two or more of the thermal modules it can be
ensured that a major energy storage device can be tailored to
specific tasks and requirements in terms of e.g. capacity. For
instance if a specific major energy storage device with a capacity
exceeding one of the above described thermal modules is required,
then two or more of these modules can be concatenated in order to
increase the total capacity of the concatenated major thermal
energy storage device.
[0061] The described modular constructed energy storage device may
allow for a grid-scale storage system to be build to the desired
capacity using perfectly standardized transportable modules
basically adding up to whatever capacity is desired.
[0062] Furthermore the described modularization allows for high
volume serial production using known technologies.
[0063] Even further the thermal modules respectively their
containers could be hooked up to e.g. an existing steam-generating
fossil power station to form the described energy handling system.
This in turn is flexible, eliminates the need for a power island
and is further reducing cost.
[0064] In the following some further optional concepts of the
described energy handing system are presented:
[0065] The energy handling system may be built of a thermal energy
storage device comprising a number of identical heat storage
modules plus an energy conversion device.
[0066] An energy storing element of each heat storage module may
comprise a steel vessel containing a mass of e.g. aluminum. The
steel vessel may be envisaged to be prismatic in shape with a
rectangular footprint and sides sloping slightly outwards.
[0067] The mass of aluminum may originally be composed of ingots.
Thermal energy is stored in the aluminum by melting the mass of
aluminum. After the first melt the mass will form a partly melted,
partly solidified mass almost filling the steel vessel.
[0068] The steel vessel may be surrounded by a heat generation
element and a heat extraction element.
[0069] The heat generation element may comprise one or more
electrical conductors wound around the steel vessel and capable of
heating the aluminum by eddy current.
[0070] The heat extraction element may comprise a set of steam
pipes placed adjacent to the outer surface of the steel vessel and
kept in close thermal contact with the vessel.
[0071] The energy storing element, the heat generation element and
the heat extraction element (at least partly) may all be placed in
a container having an extension of about 40 feet (corresponding to
approximately 12.2 meter) container. To minimize heat loss the
container may be heavily insulated.
[0072] The energy conversion device may comprise a heat exchanger
respectively a steam generator, a steam turbine, a generator and
necessary auxiliaries such as a condenser, feed pumps, electrical
switch-gear etc.
[0073] Initially heat or thermal energy is stored to heat the
aluminum to partial melting. After initial heating the normal
operating cycle may take place exclusively with the PCM present in
both molten and solid phase.
[0074] Heat loss may be minimized by insulating the container
comprising PCM. The thermal insulation material may comprise a
composite ceramic material. This may provide the advantage that it
can be ensured that thermal energy stored in the PCM is not
released to the surroundings and it is also ensured that the
insulation material has material properties suitable for the
material to be used in the temperature range of suitable PCMs of
the energy storage device of the described energy handling
system.
[0075] The composite ceramic material may be for instance an
air-bubbled ceramic material, which may be arranged between two
layers of a ceramic material. Thereby, the ceramic material of the
air-bubbled portion may be the same or may be different from the
ceramic material of the layers.
[0076] It has to be noted that unless other notified any
combination of features belonging to different embodiments and/or
aspects of the present invention is considered as to be disclosed
with this document.
[0077] The aspects defined above and further aspects of the present
invention are apparent from the examples of embodiment to be
described hereinafter and are explained with reference to the
examples of embodiment. The invention will be described in more
detail hereinafter with reference to examples of embodiment but to
which the invention is not limited.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
[0078] FIG. 1 shows main components of an energy storage device in
accordance with a first embodiment of the invention.
[0079] FIG. 2 shows main components of an energy storage device in
accordance with a second embodiment of the invention.
[0080] FIG. 3 shows main components of an energy storage device in
accordance with a third embodiment of the invention.
[0081] FIG. 4 shows an induction coil integrated in the thermal
isolation material of the energy storage device shown in FIG.
3.
[0082] FIG. 5 shows an energy handling system for extracting
thermal energy from an energy storage device and for converting the
extracted energy into electric energy.
[0083] FIG. 6 illustrates schematically an energy handling system
where a common energy conversion device is shared between an energy
storage device and other power plants.
[0084] FIG. 7 illustrates schematically another energy handling
system where a heat extraction element of an energy storage device
is a part of a steam-liquid loop of a thermal energy conversion
device of a separate thermal power generation plant.
[0085] FIG. 8 illustrates schematically a further energy handling
system where the energy storage device is operatively connected to
a thermal energy conversion device of a thermal power generation
plant directly within a power generation plant.
[0086] FIG. 9 illustrates how thermal energy is absorbed or
released by a PCM when the PCM undergoes a phase change from solid
to liquid or from liquid to solid.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0087] The illustration in the drawing is schematically. It is
noted that in different figures, similar or identical elements are
provided with the same reference signs or with reference signs,
which differ from each other only within the first digit. For the
sake of conciseness identical elements which have already been
explained with reference to a previous Figure will not be explained
again when being comprised in a later Figure.
[0088] FIG. 1 shows main components of an energy storage device 100
in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention. A first
container 110 comprising a PCM 115 is enclosed by a second
container 120. The two containers 110, 120 are at least partly
being thermally isolated from each other by a thermal isolation
material 125.
[0089] At least one heat generation element 130 is receiving energy
from an external energy source 170. The energy being received by
the heat generation element 130 is used for heating the PCM 115.
According to the embodiment described here the provided energy is
electric energy, which is converted into thermal energy by the heat
generation element 130. Further, at least one heat extraction
element 140 is providing thermal energy to an external heat engine
180. The external heat engine 180 is used for converting the
received thermal energy into mechanical energy. According to the
embodiment described here the mechanical energy provided by the
heat engine 180 is converted by means of a non depicted generator
into electric energy.
[0090] From the illustrated embodiment shown in FIG. 1 it can be
seen that the heat generation element 130 is in direct physical
connection with the PCM 115. This allows for an effective heat
transfer from the heat generation element 130 to the PCM 115 for
instance if the heat generation element 130 is a conductive heater
e.g. in the form of resistive heating elements and if the PCM 115
comprises or is a material with suitable thermal conductive
properties.
[0091] It is mentioned that for the resistive heating elements,
energy may be supplied to the elements as an AC- or a DC-voltage
(and of course a corresponding AC- or DC-current).
[0092] FIG. 2 shows main components of an energy storage device 200
in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention. From FIG.
2 it can be seen, that the heat generation element 130 is not in
physical connection with the PCM 115. If the element 130 comprises
at least one inductive heating element, this will allow for an
effective energy respectively heat transfer to the PCM 115. In this
case energy is preferably supplied to the heat generation element
130 as an AC-voltage. Thereby, the frequency of the AC may be the
frequency of a utility grid. In order to adapt the applied
frequency a frequency controller 235 is provided. With this
frequency controller 235 the frequency of the AC voltage can be
scaled to another frequency than the frequency of the utility grid.
The frequency may also for various embodiments be alternated during
operation.
[0093] For an even further embodiment of the invention, the heat
generation element 130 may be directly connected to the utility
grid. Thereby, a surplus of energy on the utility grid can be
provided to the energy storage device 200.
[0094] It is mentioned that the heat generation element 130 may be
separated in a plurality of sub-elements. Further, the heat
generation element 130 and/or the corresponding sub-elements may be
one or more induction coils made of for instance copper.
[0095] Furthermore, the heat generation element 130 may be actively
cooled e.g. by ventilating air or a applying a cooled fluid such as
cooled water.
[0096] FIG. 3 shows main components of an energy storage device 300
in accordance with a third embodiment of the invention. As can be
seen from FIG. 3, at least one heat extraction element 140, which
is used for extracting thermal energy from the PCM 115, can be
located such that it is not in direct physically contact with the
PCM 115.
[0097] FIG. 4 shows an induction coil 432, which may be integrated
for instance in the thermal isolation material 125 of the energy
storage device 300 shown in FIG. 3. The windings of the induction
coil 432 are not in direct physical contact with the PCM 115 to be
heated, but are separated by some refractory material 412.
[0098] FIG. 5 shows an energy handling system 502 for extracting
thermal energy from an energy storage device 500 and for converting
the extracted energy into electric energy.
[0099] The energy handling system 502 comprises the already
mentioned energy storage device 500 and an energy conversion
device, which comprises a steam turbine 580 and an electric
generator 582, which is mechanically connected to a rotor of the
steam turbine 580. The output of the electric generator 582 is
connected to a utility grid 590.
[0100] As can be seen from FIG. 5, the heat extraction element 140
is realized with a steam-liquid loop, which extends between a
condenser 585 and the steam turbine 580 and which runs through the
energy storage device 500 in a distributed manner such a good heat
transfer between the PCM 115 and the steam respectively the liquid
flowing through the steam-liquid loop can be achieved.
[0101] In the language used in this document the steam turbine 580
and the electric generator 582 form an energy conversion device,
which converts thermal energy extracted from the PCM 115 into
electric energy fed into the utility grid 590.
[0102] According to the embodiment described here water is used as
the heat transfer medium circulating through the steam-liquid loop.
The water is fed into the steam-liquid loop respectively the heat
extraction element 140 and is heated by the PCM 115. As the
temperature of the PCM 115 may be higher than the boiling point of
water, steam is generated and fed to the steam turbine 580. The
steam enters the steam turbine 580 where it expands and pushes
against blades to turn a generator shaft of an electric generator
582 to create electric current. After the steam has passed through
the steam turbine 580, a condenser 585 converts it back to water,
which in turn is returned by non depicted pumps to the heat
extraction element 140 as cold water in order to repeat the
described thermodynamic cycle.
[0103] As has already been mentioned above the generated electric
current respectively the generated electric power is fed directly
or indirectly to the utility grid 590.
[0104] FIG. 6 illustrates schematically an energy handling system
600 according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. A common
energy conversion device, which comprises a steam turbine 580 and
an electric generator 582, is shared between an energy storage
device 500 and other power plants. The output of the electric
generator 582 is connected to a utility grid 590 in order to feed
electric energy thereto. According to the embodiment described here
the other power plants are (a) a thermal power generation plant 660
and (b) a nuclear power generation plant 665.
[0105] As can be seen from FIG. 6, an output of the thermal power
generation plant 660, an output of the nuclear power generation
plant 665 and an output (i.e. a non depicted heat extraction
element) of the energy storage device 500 are connected by means of
a thermal energy transfer line 650. An input (i.e. a non depicted
heat generation element) of the energy storage device 500 is
electrically connected with another portion of the utility grid 590
by means of an electric energy transfer line 672. The other portion
of the utility grid 590 is fed with electric energy inter alia from
an external energy source 670. According to the embodiment
described here the external energy source is a wind turbine
670.
[0106] FIG. 7 illustrates schematically another energy handling
system 700 where a heat extraction element of an energy storage
device 500 is a part of a steam-liquid loop 750 of a thermal energy
conversion device 580, 582 of a separate thermal power generation
plant 660.
[0107] This embodiment illustrates that the thermal energy storage
device 500 can act as energy storage and that the energy can be
released using a shared thermal energy conversion device which is
physically located at or within the power plant 660. Again, the
thermal energy conversion device comprises a steam turbine 580 and
an electric generator 582.
[0108] As can be seen from FIG. 7, the steam-liquid loop 750
connects the three components (a) energy storage device 500, (b)
steam turbine 580 and (c) a heat source 761 of the thermal power
generation plant 660 with each other. Further, a utility grid 590
connects (a) the output of the electric generator 582, (b) the
input of the energy storage device 500, (c) an output of a wind
turbine 670 and (d) an output of a nuclear power generation plant
665 with each other. This means that the electric energy can be
transferred from the utility grid 590 to the energy storage device
500, wherein it can be stored as thermal energy. This means further
that electric energy can be fed from the electric generator 582,
from the wind turbine 670 and/or from the nuclear power generation
plant 665 into the utility grid 590.
[0109] FIG. 8 illustrates schematically a further energy handling
system 800 where the energy storage device 500 is operatively
connected to a thermal energy conversion device 580, 582 of a
thermal power generation plant 660 directly at the location of or
within a power generation plant 660. This may mean that the energy
storage device 500 is an integrated part of the power generation
plant 660 itself.
[0110] In order to recapitulate the above described embodiments of
the present invention one can state: The system and the methods
disclosed within this document relate to the storage of energy from
an external source in a Phase Change Material (PCM) and to the
release of at least a fraction of the stored energy to an external
heat engine representing a part of an energy conversion device for
generation of electricity. The energy can be stored in a sensible
energy storage process by temperature changes only i.e. where the
ranges of the temperature changes in the PCM do not comprise the
melting point temperature of the PCM. Alternatively and/or
additionally, the energy can be stored in a latent energy storage
process i.e. where the range of the temperature changes of the PCM
comprises the melting point temperature of the PCM. Which
particular energy storage process is used depends on the amount of
energy which is supposed to be put into the system for storage.
Once having supplied energy to the PCM for storage, a thermal
isolation material, which at least partly encloses the PCM, ensures
that only a limited energy is released to the surroundings during
storage. A PCM is a substance with a high heat of fusion and is
therefore capable of storing and releasing amounts of energy by
exploiting that heat which is absorbed or released when a PCM
experiences a phase change. In general, the energy storage can be
achieved through either of solid-solid, solid-liquid, solid-gas,
and liquid-gas phase changes. However, in practice changes from
solid to liquid and back are currently preferred. Through an energy
storage process, the PCM initially behaves as a sensible heat
storage material i.e. the temperature of the PCM rises as it
absorbs heat. When the temperature reaches the melting temperature
of the PCM, the material absorbs large amounts of heat at a
substantially constant temperature until the material entirely has
become liquid. The release of energy is achieved by a reverse
process where the material solidifies. Which material is preferred
to be used for the PCM is dependent on the specific task and the
properties of the material e.g. (a) melting temperature in the
desired operating range, (b) high latent heat of fusion, (c) high
conductivity, (d) rate of volume change on phase transformation,
(e) chemical stability and/or (f) price. The PCMs can be organic or
inorganic. For various embodiments of the invention, the PCM is
Silicon (Si) or preferably Aluminum (Al).
[0111] It should be noted that in this document the term
"comprising" does not exclude other elements or steps and the use
of the articles "a" or "an" does not exclude a plurality. Also
elements described in association with different embodiments may be
combined. It should also be noted that reference signs in the
claims should not be construed as limiting the scope of the
claims.
LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS
[0112] 100 energy storage device
[0113] 110 first container
[0114] 115 Phase Change Material (PCM)
[0115] 120 second container
[0116] 125 thermal isolation material
[0117] 130 heat generation element
[0118] 140 heat extraction element
[0119] 170 external energy source
[0120] 180 external heat engine
[0121] 200 energy storage device
[0122] 235 frequency controller
[0123] 300 energy storage device
[0124] 412 refractory material
[0125] 432 induction coil
[0126] 500 energy storage device
[0127] 502 energy handling system
[0128] 580 steam turbine
[0129] 582 electric generator
[0130] 585 condenser
[0131] 590 utility grid
[0132] 600 energy handling system
[0133] 650 thermal energy transfer line
[0134] 660 thermal power generation plant
[0135] 665 nuclear power generation plant
[0136] 670 external energy source/wind turbine
[0137] 672 electric energy transfer line
[0138] 700 energy handling system
[0139] 750 steam liquid loop
[0140] 761 heat source
[0141] 800 energy handling system
* * * * *