U.S. patent application number 13/590124 was filed with the patent office on 2013-02-21 for coal seam gas fracking systems and methods.
The applicant listed for this patent is Paul Hatten. Invention is credited to Paul Hatten.
Application Number | 20130043164 13/590124 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 47711871 |
Filed Date | 2013-02-21 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130043164 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hatten; Paul |
February 21, 2013 |
COAL SEAM GAS FRACKING SYSTEMS AND METHODS
Abstract
A method, an apparatus, and a computer program product for
treating fracking fluids are provided in which a dispersion system
receives a portion of a body of fracking fluid collected in a well.
The dispersion system may comprise a hydrodynamic mixing chamber
and a nozzle. An additive comprising one or more of ozone and
oxygen may be mixed with a portion of collected fluid passing
through the mixing chamber. The nozzle may disperse a mixture of
the collected fluid and additive received from the mixing chamber.
The system may comprise a controller having at least one processor
configured to monitor the level of the additive or a contaminant in
the well. The processor may be configured to cause a portion of the
fluid to be pumped from the well through an outflow main when the
level of fluid in the well exceeds a threshold level.
Inventors: |
Hatten; Paul; (Carlsbad,
CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Hatten; Paul |
Carlsbad |
CA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
47711871 |
Appl. No.: |
13/590124 |
Filed: |
August 20, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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61525679 |
Aug 19, 2011 |
|
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|
61613382 |
Mar 20, 2012 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
208/178 ;
196/14.52 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C02F 2209/008 20130101;
C02F 2209/26 20130101; C10G 27/04 20130101; B05B 3/063 20130101;
E21B 37/00 20130101; B05B 15/50 20180201; C02F 2209/006 20130101;
C10G 2300/80 20130101; B01F 3/04737 20130101; C02F 1/008 20130101;
C02F 1/78 20130101; B01F 5/0268 20130101; C10G 1/002 20130101; B08B
9/0813 20130101; B05B 13/0636 20130101; C10G 21/30 20130101; C10G
1/04 20130101; B05B 1/34 20130101; C02F 2209/23 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
208/178 ;
196/14.52 |
International
Class: |
C10G 21/30 20060101
C10G021/30; C10C 1/18 20060101 C10C001/18 |
Claims
1. A treatment system comprising: a collection station having a
well for collecting fluid extracted from a subterranean seam during
a seam fracturing ("fracking") operation; a dispersion system that
receives a portion of collected fluid from the well, the dispersion
system comprising a hydrodynamic mixing chamber and a nozzle,
wherein an additive comprising one or more of ozone and oxygen is
mixed with a portion of collected fluid passing through the mixing
chamber, and wherein the nozzle disperses a mixture of the
collected fluid and additive received from the mixing chamber; and
a controller comprising one or more processors configured to:
monitor the level of the additive in the well, cause a portion of
the fluid to be pumped from the well through an outflow main when
the level of fluid in the well exceeds a threshold level, and
control a rate of flow of the additive to the mixing chamber.
2. The treatment system of claim 1, wherein the dispersion system
comprises a manifold that communicates the portion of fluid and the
additive to the mixing chamber.
3. The treatment system of claim 1, wherein the additive comprises
liquid ozone.
4. The treatment system of claim 3, wherein the controller controls
rate of flow of the liquid ozone based on measurements provided by
sensors deployed in the well.
5. The treatment system of claim 4, wherein the measurements
include a measurement of residual ozone level in the fluid
collected in the well.
6. The treatment system of claim 4, wherein the measurements
include a measurement of sulfide in the fluid collected in the
well.
7. The treatment system of claim 4, wherein the measurements
include a measurement of hydrogen sulfide in the well.
8. The treatment system of claim 1, wherein the controller is
configured to control one or more of an inflow treatment system and
an outflow treatment system, wherein the outflow treatment system
mixes ozone with fluid pumped from the well, and wherein the
outflow treatment system mixes ozone with fluid in a pipe providing
the fluid to be collected by the well.
9. The treatment system of claim 8, wherein at least a portion of
the fluid pumped from the well is introduced to the subterranean
seam.
10. The treatment system of claim 9, wherein the additive comprises
a proppant.
11. A method for treating a fluid extracted from a subterranean
seam, comprising the steps of: collecting a fluid extracted from
the subterranean seam; mixing an additive comprising one or more of
oxygen and ozone with the fluid collected from the subterranean
seam in a hydrodynamic mixing chamber of a dispersion system,
wherein the hydrodynamic mixing chamber provides a mixture of the
fluid through a nozzle of the dispersion system to the fluid
collected from the subterranean seam; and controlling the rate of
flow of an additive to the mixing chamber based on a measured
concentration of the additive or a contaminant in the fluid
collected from the subterranean seam and a rate of flow of the
fluid collected from the subterranean seam.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the additive comprises liquid
ozone.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the fluid from the subterranean
seam is collected in a containment vessel, and further comprising
the steps of: measuring a concentration of at least one contaminant
in an outflow from the containment vessel; and causing a downstream
treatment station to mix the additive with fluid in the outflow
when the measured concentration of the at least one contaminant
exceeds a predetermined threshold concentration.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the outflow is conducted away
from the containment vessel in a force main, and further comprising
the steps of: detecting whether fluid is flowing in the force main;
and causing a downstream treatment station to introduce ozone into
the force main when fluid is flowing in the force main.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the fluid from the subterranean
seam is collected in a containment vessel, and further comprising
the steps of: measuring a concentration of at least one contaminant
in the containment vessel; and causing an upstream treatment
station to pre-treat the fluid in an inflow to the containment
vessel when the concentration of the at least one contaminant in
the well exceeds a threshold concentration.
16. The method of claim 12, wherein the fluid from the subterranean
seam is collected in a containment vessel, and further comprising
the steps of: measuring a concentration of at least one contaminant
in the containment vessel; increasing the rate of flow of the
additive when the concentration of at least one contaminant
measured in the containment vessel exceeds a first predetermined
threshold concentration; and causing an upstream treatment station
to introduce the additive to an inflow of the containment vessel
when the at least one contaminant measured in the containment
vessel exceeds a second predetermined threshold concentration.
17. A computer program product, comprising: a computer-readable
medium comprising code for: collecting a fluid extracted from a
subterranean seam; mixing an additive comprising one or more of
oxygen and ozone with the fluid collected from the subterranean
seam in a hydrodynamic mixing chamber of a dispersion system,
wherein the hydrodynamic mixing chamber provides a mixture of the
fluid through a nozzle of the dispersion system to the fluid
collected from the subterranean seam; and controlling the rate of
flow of an additive to the mixing chamber based on a measured
concentration of the additive or a contaminant in the fluid
collected from the subterranean seam and a rate of flow of the
fluid collected from the subterranean seam.
18. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein the additive
comprises liquid ozone, wherein the fluid from the subterranean
seam is collected in a containment vessel, and wherein the
computer-readable medium comprises code for: measuring a
concentration of at least one contaminant in one or more of the
containment vessel, an inflow of the containment vessel, and an
outflow from the containment vessel; and directing at least one of
an upstream treatment station and a downstream treatment station to
introduce the additive in the inflow or the outflow when the
measured concentration of the at least one contaminant exceeds a
predetermined threshold concentration.
19. An apparatus for treating fluid extracted from a subterranean
seam, comprising: a processing system configured to: collect a
fluid extracted from the subterranean seam; mix an additive
comprising one or more of oxygen and ozone with the fluid in a
hydrodynamic mixing chamber of a dispersion system, wherein the
hydrodynamic mixing chamber provides a mixture of the additive and
fluid through a nozzle of the dispersion system to the fluid
collected from the subterranean seam; and control the rate of flow
of an additive to the mixing chamber based on a measured
concentration of the additive or a contaminant in the fluid
collected from the subterranean seam and a rate of flow of the
fluid collected from the subterranean seam.
20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the additive comprises
liquid ozone, wherein the fluid from the subterranean seam is
collected in a containment vessel, and wherein the processing
system is configured to: measure a concentration of at least one
contaminant in one or more of the containment vessel, an inflow of
the containment vessel, and an outflow from the containment vessel;
and direct at least one of an upstream treatment station and a
downstream treatment station to introduce the additive in the
inflow or the outflow when the measured concentration of the at
least one contaminant exceeds a predetermined threshold
concentration.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)
[0001] Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. .sctn.119(e), this application claims
the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/525,679
filed on Aug. 19, 2011, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No.
61/613,382 filed on Mar. 20, 2012, the contents of which are hereby
incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
BACKGROUND
[0002] 1. Field
[0003] The present invention relates generally to systems and
methods for treating fluids in used fracturing subterranean seams
carrying hydrocarbons or coal.
[0004] 2. Background
[0005] Fracking is a method of hydraulically fracturing
subterranean coal seams to improve the rate and total recovery of
gas therefrom. A coal seam is fractured with acid and a
proppant-laden fracturing fluid ("fracking fluid") in alternating
injection stages. The initial injection stage of the fracturing
fluid generally contains from about 0 to about 4 pounds of a
spherical proppant having a particle size distribution
substantially between 60 and 140 mesh. The subsequent fracking
fluid injection stages are alternated with injection stages of a
smaller volume of acid. The proppant loading in the fracking fluid
is increased with each injection stage until the loading is from
about 8 to about 12 pounds of proppant per gallon of fluid.
SUMMARY
[0006] In an aspect of the disclosure, a fracking fluid treatment
system comprises a dispersion system that receives a portion of
fracking fluid collected in a well. The dispersion system may
comprise a hydrodynamic mixing chamber and a nozzle. An additive
comprising one or more of ozone and oxygen may be mixed with a
portion of collected fluid passing through the mixing chamber. The
nozzle may disperse a mixture of the collected fluid and additive
received from the mixing chamber.
[0007] In some embodiments, the system comprises a controller
having at least one processor. The processor may be configured to
monitor the level of the additive in the well. The processor may be
configured to cause a portion of the fluid to be pumped from the
well through an outflow main when the level of fluid in the well
exceeds a threshold level. The processor may be configured to
control a rate of flow of the additive to the mixing chamber. In
some embodiments, the dispersion system comprises a manifold that
communicates the portion of fluid and the additive to the mixing
chamber.
[0008] In some embodiments, the additive comprises liquid ozone.
The controller may control rate of flow of the liquid ozone based
on measurements provided by sensors deployed in the well. The
measurements may include a measurement of residual ozone level in
the fluid collected in the well. The measurements may include a
measurement of sulfide in the fluid collected in the well. The
measurements may include a measurement of hydrogen sulfide in the
well.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] FIG. 1 is an elevation depicting an example of the presently
claimed apparatus deployed within a well.
[0010] FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of a mixer according to
certain aspects of the invention.
[0011] FIG. 3 shows variously angled views of a deflector vane
according to certain aspects of the invention.
[0012] FIG. 4 is a detailed view of a mixer.
[0013] FIG. 5 is a detailed view of a mixer.
[0014] FIG. 6 shows a spray assembly according to certain aspects
of the invention.
[0015] FIG. 7 shows a well having deployed therein, a spray
assembly according to certain aspects of the invention.
[0016] FIG. 8 depicts mounting brackets used for mounting a spray
assembly according to certain aspects of the invention.
[0017] FIG. 9 is a table of specifications associated with certain
embodiments of the invention.
[0018] FIG. 10 shows a spray head according to certain aspects of
the invention.
[0019] FIG. 11 shows a simplified example of a computing system
employed in certain embodiments of the invention.
[0020] FIG. 12 shows a simplified processing system.
[0021] FIG. 13 is a flow chart illustrating a simplified process
according to certain aspects of the invention.
[0022] FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating an example of an
infuser used in fluid treatment system
[0023] FIG. 15 is a schematic illustrating an example of an infuser
used in fluid treatment system
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] The detailed description set forth below in connection with
the appended drawings is intended as a description of various
configurations and is not intended to represent the only
configurations in which the concepts described herein may be
practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for
the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various
concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art
that these concepts may be practiced without these specific
details. In some instances, well known structures and components
are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such
concepts.
[0025] Several aspects of water treatment systems will now be
presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These
apparatus and methods will be described in the following detailed
description and illustrated in the accompanying drawing by various
blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes,
algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as "elements"). These
elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer
software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are
implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular
application and design constraints imposed on the overall
system.
[0026] By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element,
or any combination of elements may be implemented with a
"processing system" that includes one or more processors. Examples
of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital
signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs),
programmable logic devices (PLDs), state machines, gated logic,
discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured
to perform the various functionality described throughout this
disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may
execute software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean
instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code,
programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software
applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects,
executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc.,
whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode,
hardware description language, or otherwise. The software may
reside on a computer-readable medium. A computer-readable medium
may include, by way of example, a magnetic storage device (e.g.,
hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic strip), an optical disk (e.g.,
compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD)), a smart card, a
flash memory device (e.g., card, stick, key drive), random access
memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM),
erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), a
register, a removable disk, a carrier wave, a transmission line,
and any other suitable medium for storing or transmitting software.
The computer-readable medium may be resident in the processing
system, external to the processing system, or distributed across
multiple entities including the processing system.
Computer-readable medium may be embodied in a computer-program
product. By way of example, a computer-program product may include
a computer-readable medium in packaging materials. Those skilled in
the art will recognize how best to implement the described
functionality presented throughout this disclosure depending on the
particular application and the overall design constraints imposed
on the overall system.
[0027] Embodiments of the present invention will now be described
in detail with reference to the drawings, which are provided as
illustrative examples so as to enable those skilled in the art to
practice the invention. Notably, the figures and examples below are
not meant to limit the scope of the present invention to a single
embodiment, but other embodiments are possible by way of
interchange of some or all of the described or illustrated
elements. Wherever convenient, the same reference numbers will be
used throughout the drawings to refer to same or like parts. Where
certain elements of these embodiments can be partially or fully
implemented using known components, only those portions of such
known components that are necessary for an understanding of the
present invention will be described, and detailed descriptions of
other portions of such known components will be omitted so as not
to obscure the invention. In the present specification, an
embodiment showing a singular component should not be considered
limiting; rather, the invention is intended to encompass other
embodiments including a plurality of the same component, and
vice-versa, unless explicitly stated otherwise herein. Moreover,
applicants do not intend for any term in the specification or
claims to be ascribed an uncommon or special meaning unless
explicitly set forth as such. Further, the present invention
encompasses present and future known equivalents to the components
referred to herein by way of illustration.
[0028] Certain embodiments of the invention provide systems and
methods for treating fluids introduced into wells and/or extracted
from wells. In some embodiments, the fluid to be treated is
encountered or used for fracturing subterranean seams ("fracking"),
and may comprise water, proppants, chemicals and other substances,
which may be additives and/or contaminants. In some embodiments,
treatment includes introducing pressurized oxygen and/or ozone into
the fluid to be treated.
[0029] In one example, a pressurized stream of ozone and/or oxygen
may be introduced into fracking fluid, which is injected into
subterranean coal seams. The fracking fluid may comprise a
saturated stream of fluid, such as pressurized water and/or steam.
The fracking fluid is typically laden with one or more proppants.
The fracking fluid may be used to create hydraulic fractures or to
expand natural fractures in the seam. A proppant is typically
introduced to maintain the fracture opening. Examples of proppants
include grains of sand, ceramics, and other particulate
materials.
[0030] The quantity and point of introduction of ozone may be
selected to accomplish one or more purpose, including those
illustrated in Table 1, below. Ozone may be introduced as a biocide
and for well maintenance and stabilization. Ozone may be introduced
to facilitate flow and entry of proppant, and/or to improve
hydrodynamic performance within the well.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Classes of Additives Purpose Examples
Biocides Kill bacteria Ozone instead of glutaraldehyde, 2,2 and
reduce Dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide risk of fouling Breaker
Facilitate Ozone instead of peroxodisulfates proppant entry Clay
stabilizer Clay Ozone instead of salts, i.e. stabilization
tetramethylammonium chloride Corrosion Well Ozone instead of
methanol inhibitor maintenance Crosslinker Facilitate Ozone instead
of potassium proppant entry hydroxide Friction Improve surface
Ozone instead of sodium acrylate, reducers pressure polyacrylamide
Iron control Well Ozone instead of citric acid, maintenance
thioglycolic acid Scale inhibitor Prevention of Ozone instead of
ammonium precipitation chloride, ethylene glycol, polyaccrylate
Surfactant Reduction in Ozone instead of methanol, fluid tension
isopropanol
[0031] As shown in Table 1, oxygen and/or ozone serves as a
replacement for various conventional classes of additives used for
purposes, and can reduce the level of contaminants associated with
treatment of the fracking fluid in conventional systems. For
example, ozone may replace chemical additives used in conventional
systems to tailor the injected material to the specific geological
situation, protect the well, and improve its operation. A typical
injected fracking fluid comprises approximately 99 percent water
and 1 percent proppant, although these proportions may vary based
on the type of well. The composition of injected fluid and
additives may be changed during the operation of a well, and
different additives and/or proportions of additives may be
introduced at different times. For example, acid may be used
initially to increase permeability, before proppants are
introduced. As time progresses, the size of proppant particulates
may be gradual increased, and finally, the well may be flushed with
pressurized water.
[0032] Typically, at least a portion of the injected fluid is
recovered and stored in tanks, pits and/or containers. The
recovered fluid can be toxic due to the presence of chemical
additives used in current or prior processes, and materials and
chemicals washed out from the subterranean seam and the ground
between the surface and the seam. Recovered fracking fluid may be
processed to enable reuse in further fracking operations. In some
embodiments, the fracking fluid can be treated. Using systems and
methods described herein, to the extent that portions of the
recovered fracking fluids may be released into the environment
after treatment. In some embodiments, at least a residual portion
of the treated fluids may be placed in long-term or permanent
deep-well storage.
[0033] The use of ozone and oxygen in place of conventionally used
chemicals can reduce the quantity of toxins, known carcinogens and
heavy metals which may otherwise pollute ground water near well
sites. In the United States, Congress exempted fracturing fluid
from regulations of the Safe Drinking Water Act in 2005. A number
of chemicals, specifically biocides and certain petroleum products
that are present in fracking fluid are hazardous chemicals that may
cause health risks that range from rashes to cancer. Some chemicals
are identified as carcinogens. Some chemicals found injected into
the earth identify as endocrine disruptors, which interrupt
hormones and glands in the body that control development, growth,
reproduction and behavior in animals and humans. At least some of
the chemicals in Table 1 can be replaced or eliminated if
pressurized oxygen or ozone is used according to certain aspects of
the invention.
[0034] Certain embodiments comprise systems and apparatus that
resolve environmental problems associated with fracking and other
extraction and drilling applications. Ozone and/or oxygen may be
effective in removing H.sub.2S & Volatile organic compound
("VOC") odor, iron bacteria, fat, oil and grease ("FOG")
accumulation, and so on. For example, certain embodiments can be
used to oxidize undesirable chemicals such as sulfides, ammonia and
organic solvents, and can kill bio-film growth. Certain embodiments
of the invention provide methods for controlling the operation of
fracking apparatus. In particular, computing systems may be
deployed to monitor the environment within wells, forced mains,
tanks, pits and other infrastructure used in fracking systems. The
fluids may include solid matter and/or particulates. There follows
a description of certain fracking fluid treatment systems that
serve as an example of systems in which the presently disclosed
control system can be deployed.
[0035] Certain embodiments of the present invention can be deployed
to control fracking apparatus in order to improve the efficiency
and effectiveness of such equipment. Certain embodiments of the
present invention can be retrofitted to conventional fracking
apparatus and it will be appreciated that certain components of
fracking equipment may be redesigned, adapted and/or reconfigured
to maximize the advantages accrued from the present invention.
[0036] Various aspects of this disclosure apply to the preparation
and treatment of fluids used for fracking and effluent or other
fluids extracted from a subterranean seam during or after fracking.
Thus, a fluid to be pressurized and introduced into the seam may be
stored in a well or container, where it may be pretreated using an
additive. Pretreatment may include removal of contaminants before
introduction to the seam. Fluid to be introduced to the seam may be
pressurized and may be treated by addition of an additive in an
outflow conduit such as a pipe or pressure main using, for example,
the infuser described in relation to FIG. 14. Fluid extracted from
the seam may be treated in an inflow conduit such as a pipe or
pressure main using, for example, the infuser described in relation
to FIG. 14. The fluid extracted from the seam may be collected in a
one or more of a series of wells or other containers and may be
treated while in the well. Accordingly, aspects of the present
invention may be used for fluid preparation and fluid cleanup or
restoration.
[0037] As depicted in FIG. 1, a fracking apparatus according to
certain aspects of the invention may include a well or storage tank
10. Ozone and/or oxygen may be introduced into well 10 using a
spray mechanism 15, which can be mounted on, or suspended from a
frame or bracket 11 such that it extends into and is configurable
to clean interior of well 10 and to treat a body of liquid 100
contained within well 10. The well-cleaning apparatus may be
attached by fasteners 12 at the top of a well 10. It is
contemplated that certain embodiments may provide a well-cleaning
apparatus within a tank, a drum, a vault or other vessel, conduit
or container. For the purpose of description, the terms well, tank,
drum, vault, sump or other container will be used henceforth
interchangeably as "well 10." In the example of FIG. 1, a fluid is
transmitted through pipe or hose 17 to a conduit 14 and, from
there, to spray assembly 15 which directs jets of fluid using
deflectors 16 of spray assembly 15. In certain embodiments, spray
assembly 15 is rotatably mounted to conduit 14 such that spray
assembly 15 may rotate around axis of rotation 13 in order to
obtain rotating water jets. Rotation is typically driven by force
of water pressure. In operation, jets may provide a spray to the
walls of the well 10, the surface of liquids 100 in the well 10 or
tank and other equipment located within the well 10. The hose or
pipe 17 is typically coupled to the conduit at coupling 18 and the
fluid provided for cleaning can be obtained from an external source
of water or derived from an effluent or residual fracking fluid
extracted from a seam and pumped from the well by a submersible or
other pump 19. It will be appreciated that, in conventional
systems, pump 19, conduit 14, coupling 18 and jets may be subject
to clogging, even where the system and its components are designed
to pass anticipated solids such as, for example, particulates and
solids up to 50 mm in diameter and 90 mm long.
[0038] Certain embodiments of the present invention provide a spray
assembly 15 for use in an automatic well washer that can reduce
and/or eliminate the occurrence of blockage from accumulation of
solid matter in a fluid stream used to wash the well, vault or
tank. Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, a spray assembly according to
certain aspects of the invention typically comprises a mixer 20 and
one or more deflectors 30 that cooperate to direct a flow of fluid
to spray to the walls of the well 10, the surface of liquid 19 in
the well 10 and other equipment located within the well 10. Mixer
20 is configured to optimize, control and generate flows and
currents that prevent buildup of solid materials in an interior
chamber 22 of mixer 20 and on the deflectors 30. Deflectors 30 are
typically used to direct the flow of fluid to a target area for
cleaning and may be angled or tilted in a manner that causes the
spray head to rotate. The deflectors may have preset tension
mechanisms fitted that allow the deflectors to automatically
maintain the required revolutions per minute ("RPM") at any given
pressure and or flow, from the mixing chamber outlets, needed for
the successful rotation speed of the hydrodynamic mixing chamber so
it does not interfere with any fitted level sensors that are
existing within the wet well area. These sensors could include
ultra sonic, electric float, pressure switch type mechanisms.
[0039] In conventional systems, eddy currents may create areas of
low pressure within a spray head and variations in pressure may be
observed during a pumping cycle, or when a flow fluid or liquid
through the system and/or when a pump ceases operation. In response
to such variations, conventional equipment may become progressively
clogged as solids settle at junctions or distributors (e.g. in a
tee piece), in small diameter pipe lines, fittings, bends, elbows,
valves and areas of low pressure. Clogging can lead to partial or
complete obstruction of the system. However, a mixing chamber
constructed according to certain aspects of the invention avoids
the potential for obstruction.
[0040] Certain embodiments provide a spray assembly 15 that
includes mixer 20 having specifically engineered curves calculated
to provide clog free operation of washer head using un-filtered
stream of fracking fluid and effluent. The example of FIG. 2 shows
one embodiment where dimensions are typical for use in many
described applications. Radii of curvature, cross-sectional
diameters and other dimensions are selected based on parameters
attributable to the application, including range of viscosity of
the fluid, maximum and minimum size of solids, pressure developed
by pump 19 and operating temperatures. Fluid flowing into chamber
22 from inlet 24 is directed to outlets 26 and 28. An impact
surface 220 defined generally opposite the inlet is constructed to
minimize undesired reflections and resultant waves, eddies and
vortices in the fluid. Thus, the fluid flows through chamber 22
relatively smoothly. In some embodiments, the fluid can be caused
to swirl, rotate or be otherwise agitated as desired.
[0041] In particular, the structure, location and dimensions of
certain curved sections are calculated to enable free flow of
un-filtered liquids. Fluid entering a first orifice 24, which
serves as an inlet, passes to interior chamber 22 where the flow
splits and exits the interior chamber 22 through other orifices 26
and 28 that serve as outlets to vent the liquid. The shape and
dimensions of interior chamber 22 are selected to cause deposits of
particulates, solids and bio-solids to be rolled and circulated
into the liquid passing through the interior chamber 22.
Particulates, solids and bio-solids are then pushed by the liquid
flow liquid out of outlets 26 and 28.
[0042] In certain embodiments, mixer 20 can cause liquid to flow
around solids and otherwise apply pressure to solids which have
previously settled within interior chamber 22, including
settlements occurring due to end of a pump cycle or during periods
of low fluid flow. The structure of interior chamber 22 can create
an agitation that causes accumulated particulates, solids and/or
bio-solids to be lifted and circulated and eventually carried
through outlets 26 and 28.
[0043] FIG. 3 depicts various views of a deflector 30 that can be
used in conjunction with spray assembly 15. One or more deflectors
30 can be attached to mixer 20. In certain embodiments, deflector
30 is designed to respond to hydrodynamic forces created by the
liquid as it is expelled through outlets 46 and 48. As the fluid
passes over surfaces of the deflector 30, it may exert direct
pressure on the surfaces of deflector 30 and/or generate
aerodynamic or hydrodynamic pressure differences that cause the
desired rotation. Thus, the volume and pressure of the liquid
forced out of the mixer 20 can be used to cause and control
rotation of the spray assembly. Rotation typically occurs when
deflector 30 is suitably angled with respect to the outflow from
outlets 26 and 28 and with respect to an axis of rotation 13 of the
spray assembly. Thus, deflector 30 may have a "park" angle at which
deflector 30 causes no rotational motion.
[0044] In certain embodiments, speed of rotation can be controlled
by configuration and position of deflectors 30. A desired speed of
rotation can be selected in this manner. Typically the angle of
deflector 30 relative to an axis of rotation 13 of the spray
assembly is selected to control speed of rotation. Speed of
rotation may be automatically controlled to limit rotation to the
desired speed of rotation by varying the angle and position of
deflectors based on current speed of rotation. In particular, angle
and/or position of deflectors 30 may be automatically adjusted in
response to changes in pressure and volume of liquid passing
through the outlets 26 and 28 of mixer 20. Consequently, the
disclosed system may accommodate a broad range of pumps 19 and
modes of operation of those pumps 19. For example, the system may
accommodate a pump 19 driven at different rates selected to obtain
different throughputs.
[0045] In certain embodiments, a pre-tensioned spring system can be
used to control angle and or position of deflectors 30 based on
actual speed of rotation. Such control can reduce liquid dispersal
to a "ribbon action" and can prevent aerosol action and/or misting
that can cause release of undesired gas components. In some
embodiments, speed of rotation may be automatically controlled
using aerodynamic or hydrodynamic elements attached to the
deflector and/or mixer 20, whereby the additional elements generate
a force resistant to rotation proportional to the speed of rotation
of spray assembly 15.
[0046] In certain embodiments, spray assembly 15 may be free to
translate along the axis of rotation under the force of the outflow
from outlets 26 and 28. Additional mechanisms may adjust the angle
and direction of the deflector 30 after translation a predetermined
distance, causing a reversal in direction and resulting in an
oscillation of the spray assembly 15 that increases the area
treated by the system. In certain embodiments the form, size and
angle of the deflectors 30 can be used to control surface area of
spray coverage.
[0047] The spray assembly 15 may be operated in applications where
full-size solids are required to pass through freely without
obstruction and clogging at various volumes and pressures.
Full-size solids include solids that can pass through an inlet
orifice having a predetermined diameter.
[0048] In certain embodiments, liquids containing particulates,
solids and/or bio-solids passing through mixer 20 are typically
agitated, oxygenated and homogenized. Moreover, a surface of a
liquid contained by the well may be agitated, oxygenated and
homogenized by the action of spray assembly 15. In addition to
agitation, oxygenation and homogenization substances such as fat,
oil, grease and bio-film present on the surface of the liquid in
the well may be solubilized. In certain embodiments, mixer 20 can
be sized to accommodate other outflows without fixing a new mixing
chamber by simply attaching flow reducers to outlet orifices. FIGS.
4 and 5 are engineering drawings showing detailed design
information associated with one example of a spray assembly 15
according to certain aspects of the invention.
[0049] FIG. 7 shows an example of a pumping station 70 that may
supply a fracking fluid for introduction into a fracking system. A
spray assembly 73 used to pretreat the fluid is fitted using
bracket 74. Bracket 74 is used in this example to mount the spray
head assembly to a pipe. FIG. 8 shows two examples of brackets that
can be used: bracket 80 is typically used to mount spray assembly
to a wall and bracket 82 has loop fasteners 83 and 84 for
attachment to a pipe, as shown in FIG. 7. Spray head 73 can deliver
a spray, typically a ribbon spray, which breaks up and prevents
build-up of organic and bio-organic matter that can include fat,
oil, grease and biofilm on surface of well fluid 72. Fluid is
pumped from the well using pumps 71 and 72 and a portion of the
pumped fluid is typically extracted from a tap in a pipe 76 or 77
pressurized by the pump; this portion is directed to the spray head
assembly 73 for mixing and spraying. As described above, spray head
assembly 73 typically includes a hydrodynamic mass transfer mixing
chamber that oxygenates fluids, thereby increasing oxygen levels in
the well. In one example, fluid mixed in spray assembly 73 has
increased dissolved oxygen content that has been measured at 800%
or more of the dissolved oxygen observed in conventional systems.
Because a portion of the fluid in the well is recycled,
particulates and other solids can be homogenized by agitation
through the nozzle and by spraying.
[0050] In certain embodiments, the use of the described spray
assembly 73 (and see FIG. 6) automates cleaning of the pumping
station and reduces maintenance overhead by reducing or eliminating
fat, oil, grease and biofilm accumulation, in addition to
pretreating the fracking fluid. The spray head 73 may be rotated
under the force of fracking fluid flowing or may remain static.
Accordingly, the cleaning mechanism can be powered by the pump
already available within the pumping station.
[0051] In certain embodiments, the rotary head assembly 73 may be
selected from a plurality of different assembly types. The number
of nozzles used on the head assembly 73 may vary. In some
embodiments, the number of nozzles may be selected to provide
maximum coverage when a spray head assembly is fixed and does not
rotate, but produces a fixed spray pattern (see FIG. 10). For
example, a stationary spray head assembly may be deployed in small
diameter wells. However, some variants of the spray head assembly
73 maybe differentiated by a diameter of the intake pipe which may
be selected based on the intended application. In one example, a
large diameter head assembly may be selected to handle wastewater
having relatively large particulates. Larger diameter head
assemblies may be used to handle larger fluid flows. Smaller
diameter head assemblies may be used where solid content in fluids
provided to the head assembly is minimized in size using, for
example, a grinding pump. An example of operational characteristics
and specifications for various head assemblies provided according
to certain aspects of the invention is shown in FIG. 9.
[0052] Certain embodiments of the invention may be used in a
variety of water applications, in effluent cleaning stations,
and/or fracking fluid supply tanks. The rotary head assembly can be
fitted with inserts that modify the flow rate. For example, a 1/4''
or 1'' insert can lower flow requirements while providing superior
oxygenation, surface agitation, and wash down action. Spray
assembly may be mounted on the side of a well or hung from a top
edge of the well and can be fed using piping or hoses from a pipe
that is driven by the pump. In certain embodiments, the spray
assembly can be mounted to one or more pipes including, for
example, a pipe that carries fluid driven by a pump, from which
pipe the spray assembly 62 (FIG. 6) is fed. It will be appreciated
that the pump typically operates when accumulation of waste or
other well content increases above a "high-water" threshold and
ceases operation when the content falls below a "low-water"
threshold. Accordingly, the system can operate intermittently or
continuously according to the rate of flow into the well.
[0053] An alternative nozzle can be used in a spray assembly that
is configured to handle smaller particulates. A nozzle, such as
hydro spear nozzle shown in FIG. 10, can comprise a mixing chamber
and delivery system that delivers a ribboned stream of recycled
wastewater. Mixing chamber may comprise a reduced size chamber that
can promote agitation in order to oxygenate recycled wastewater and
to introduce additional turbulence that mitigates obstruction. The
resultant spray agitates the surface of the well wastewater,
thereby breaking up accumulated fat, oil, grease and biofilm.
Increased oxygenation and further homogenization are promoted that
breaks down solids further and mixes homogenized matter with air,
bacteria and creates an even dispersal of the matter.
[0054] The spray nozzle assembly 73 in a smaller well may be
mounted on the side of a well or hung from a lid or top edge of the
well but is typically mounted on a discharge pipe used to feed the
spray assembly. The spray assembly is typically fed by tap on a
pipe 76 and 77 that communicates fluids driven by a grinder pump
(e.g. pump 71 or 72). The spray assembly 73 can operate
automatically to clean the well based on the cyclic activity of the
grinder pump 71 or 72. The pump typically turns on when
accumulation of waste or other well content increases above a
"high-water" threshold and turns off when the content falls below a
"low-water" threshold. Accordingly, the system can operate
intermittently or continuously according to the rate of flow into
the well.
[0055] In certain embodiments, a spray assembly may be configured
or adapted to deliver chemicals and other additives to the interior
of the well, including, for example, one or more of a detergent, an
oxidizer (such as O.sub.2 or O.sub.3), bleach, calcium nitrate,
ferric chloride, magnesium hydroxide, peroxide, milk of magnesia
and/or other chemical selected to target and breakdown a material
or group of materials. These additives may be introduced to the
well to oxidize compounds that can cause odor and corrosion within
fracking fluid treatment systems. It will be appreciated that
hydrogen sulfide may react with lime in concrete walls of wells and
such reaction can cause structural damage. Hydrogen sulfide may
also produce sulfuric acid that can attach and corrode metal and
other infrastructure of a well. The oxidation process enabled
according to certain aspects of the invention can oxidize sulfides
in a wet well, including as it enters a force main, thereby
eliminating conditions favorable for anaerobic bacteria to produce
H.sub.2S. The oxidation process enabled according to certain
aspects of the invention can provide an oxygen/ozone mix that is a
powerful oxidant that inhibits incoming anaerobic bacteria present
in the wet well/force main by reducing sulfide levels while
increasing dissolved oxygen ("DO"). Introduction of ozone and
oxygen into the force main can augment these effects.
[0056] With reference also to FIG. 6, certain embodiments of the
invention provide one or more input ports for feeding one or more
chemicals 610, 611 into the mixing chamber of head assemblies.
Input ports may direct one or more chemical feeds 610 and 611 to
manifold 66 that, in the example of FIG. 6, mixes the one or more
chemicals 610 and 611 with the fluid 61 (from well 70 or pump 71,
72) at, or close to, the point of entry to spray head 60. Input
ports can be provided at tap points of pipe 76 or 77 and/or as part
of manifold 66 that receives flow 61 from a pump 71 or 72. Spray
head assemblies 73 that are used in the described examples of
treatment systems typically comprise a hydrodynamic mass transfer
mixing chamber that receives fluid 61 from the pump and that mixes
the fluid 61 with additives such as chemical feeds 610 and 611 from
manifold 66. In the absence of chemical feeds 610 and 611, the
mixing chamber improves oxygenation of the fluid 61 by achieving
mass transfer as it passes through the spray head 73. The chemical
feeds 610 and 611 may include a feed that improves and/or augments
oxygenation. In one example, the one or more chemical feeds may
include generated oxygen and or ozone by a higher pressure
feed.
[0057] Spray head assembly 73 may be mounted to enable rotation of
at least a portion of assembly 73, such that nozzles are
continuously or continually repositioned in a plane or within
generally cylindrical volume. Rotation is typically powered by the
force of pressure of fluid 61, by a pressurized feed 610 or 611
and/or by impact of fluids or solids on vanes provided in the
interior of, or on the exterior of the head assembly 73. The mixing
chamber is typically constructed to generate turbulence in the
fluid, cause mixing and aeration of fluid 61 that is to be applied
to the surface of water in a well and/or to the walls of the
well.
[0058] In certain embodiments, a selection of materials 610, 611
can be added to and mixed with fracking fluid 61 through an input
port or a plurality of input ports. The additives can be released
intermittently according to a fixed schedule, by manual
intervention of maintenance staff and/or in response to a control
system configured to measure chemical and biomaterial content
and/or buildup. In one example, a flow of ozone can be provided to
fluid 61 received from a pump 71, 72 at a rate that is determined
by one or more factors, including, rate of flow of the fluid 61,
quantity of fluid 71 in well 70, measurements of odiferous, or
other undesirable compounds (e.g. hydrogen sulfide) in the well 70.
For example, hydrogen sulfide, whether in a gaseous or an aqueous
state, is an example of undesirable compounds commonly associated
with waste water. A variety of chemicals, organic compounds and/or
other products may be mixed with the wastewater and the
combination, quantity and/or timing of introduction of such
compounds may be controlled based on well conditions and a
treatment plan. Treatment plans, schedules and rules may be
provided to avoid undesired interactions of the additives.
Additives such as ozone and oxygen may used to enhance breakdown of
fat, oil, grease and bio-film. Additives may comprise a detergent,
an oxidizer or other chemical selected to target and breakdown a
material or group of materials. Additives may also comprise an
organism added to effect biological breakdown of materials. As will
be appreciated, certain additives may react with or interfere with
other additives; hence, different additives may be added at
different times, typically to achieve different purposes.
[0059] In one example, certain embodiments of the invention
pretreat contaminated water that contains various levels of sulfide
(H.sub.2S) in aqueous and gaseous state, sulfite, sulfates and
carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD). Elemental sulfur may
be produced and is typically, flushed from the system. Sulfite and
sulfate contaminants are typically oxidized to effect change of the
aqueous sulfide ion and subsequent sulfur forms. Certain
embodiments of the invention enable improved mixing and mass
transfer of additives with contaminated water and the increased
contact, including time of contact, can improve oxidation of
sulfides and sulfates in contaminated water to produce insoluble
free sulfur, thereby eliminating or significantly reducing
odors.
[0060] In one example, hydrogen sulfide and aqueous sulfide is
easily oxidized by ozone to form sulfite. Initial oxidation is to
form elemental sulfur. Further oxidation dissolves the elemental
sulfur to sulfite and continued ozone oxidation ultimately forms
sulfate. More ozone is required to produce sulfate from hydrogen
sulfide than is required for sulfur. To achieve this, certain
embodiments of the invention employ a process of direct injection
of concentrated ozone and/or oxygen gas into a flowing stream of
contaminated water through a mixing and dispersion system
maintained in a well, container, pump station and/or tank, etc.,
used for treating a body of contaminated water. The mixing and
dispersion systems described above can direct a flow of oxidant
onto the surface of the body of contaminated water through the
delivery system in order to complete the oxidation of aqueous
sulfur and to accomplish marginal ancillary disinfection as the
introduction of ozone and oxygen as per this method will typically
increase the pH within the liquid flow, achieving a pH range of
between 6 and 9. The mixing head and nozzle can be provided in a
compact form (see FIG. 10) that can be introduced into small or
large wells, lift stations, pumping stations and grinder
stations.
[0061] Certain embodiments of the invention comprise a processing
system that can automatically detect levels of ozone in the body of
water. In some embodiments, the processing system may detect
presence or absence of other chemicals, treatment byproducts and
chemical and biological contaminants. Processing systems, as
described in more detail below, may include one or more computer
processors, storage, and communication elements and may be coupled
to sensors for detecting ozone, oxygen, gases such as odiferous
agents, and/or other chemicals. Dosage of oxygen and/or ozone may
be calculated using processors to monitor rate of consumption of
ozone, presence of excess ozone and other indicators that are
related to sulfide and other contaminant levels. These processors
may be programmed with specific algorithms specific to the required
application. For example, a particular sulfide level can be
neutralized by application of a specific dose of ozone and the rate
of consumption can be used to indicate the sulfide level and rate
of treatment required to maintain a desired residual ozone level
required for continuous or further treatment of the body of
contaminated water in which the ozone is dispersed. Residual ozone
can be measured by a dissolved ozone monitor with a single loop
feedback to the ozone generator supply of oxygen, which may
increase or decrease concentration to suit required residual
need.
[0062] In certain embodiments, high concentrate ozone gas is pumped
into a stainless steel (or other ozone resistant material) piped
manifold system that can be instantly mixed with contaminated water
and further mixed within a stainless steel (or other ozone
resistant material) hydraulic hydrodynamic mixing chamber causing
further oxidation. This treated contaminated water can in turn be
dispersed in the head space over a set body of contained
contaminated water ready for further dispersion, thereby allowing
further oxidation by increased agitation causing an increase of
dissolved oxygen. Existing aqueous sulfide in the wet well is
oxidized as it is dispersed into the headspace of the wet well with
newly formed hydroxyl ions having an air scrubbing effect within
the head space.
[0063] It will be appreciated that the mixing chambers, nozzles and
associated hardware may be constructed from inert materials and/or
treated/coated with polymers, metals, glass, ceramics, etc. that
are resist reactions and corrosion by chemicals in the contaminated
water or additives.
[0064] With reference to FIG. 11, a liquid phase ozone control
system employing in-situ injection to a fracking seam may include a
well 111, and mains 113, 115, and can promote oxidization and
prevent bio-aerosols, aerosols and/or misting that can release
H.sub.2S into the headspace of well 111 and any other undesired gas
components that can cause further release of H.sub.2SS0.sub.3 or
H.sub.2S0.sub.4. Systems and methods according to certain aspects
of the invention can deliver chemicals such as oxidants, an
organism and/or bioactive materials, alone or in proportions that
can be adjusted to safely clean, decontaminate and purify
wastewater. Chemical additives may be delivered to the interior of
the well, including, for example, one or more of a detergent, an
oxidizer (such as O.sub.2 or O.sub.3), bleach, calcium nitrate,
ferric chloride, magnesium hydroxide, peroxide, milk of magnesia
and/or other chemical selected to target and breakdown a material
or group of materials. In certain embodiments, an ozone generator
119 may be operated and controlled together with a well monitoring
system 116a-116d such that the addition of ozone may be optimized
according to application needs and capabilities of the ozone
generator 119. A computer-based controller 110 can monitor output
of ozone generator 119 and can increase or decrease rate of
generation of ozone as necessitated by the consumption of ozone in
treating wells 111 and forced or gravity mains 113 and 115. In
certain embodiments, the controller 110 may adjust flow of
wastewater through mains 113 and 115 based on the sufficiency of
available ozone needed to treat the flow of contaminated water. For
the purposes of this discussion, mains 113 and 115 can include any
combination force mains or gravity mains. In certain embodiments,
waste water flows through main 115 may originate at an upstream
pumping station (not shown) and, for ease of description, it will
be assumed that operation of main 115 may be similar to the
operation of main 113.
[0065] In one example, the levels of fluid in upstream wells can be
allowed to increase as needed to allow downstream wells to
accumulate sufficient ozone and/or to increase ozone generation to
meet increases in demand. Furthermore, the controller may provide
ozone to in-line treatment systems 112, 114 for forced mains and
gravity mains 113 and 115, based on calculated rates of flow and
pumping cycles. For example, when flow of contaminated fluids are
increased, a pumping station 111 may not have sufficient time to
remove contaminants from the contaminated water and controller 110
may cause increased quantities of ozone or other additives to be
introduced to a downstream forced main treatment point 112 in order
to effect oxidation of the sulfides in the main 113. Controller 110
typically calculates the rate of introduction of ozone based on
measured ozone and contaminants in the main, in addition to
measured contaminated water flow rates using the programmed
algorithms. Similarly, in response to increases in contaminants
associated with inflows from main 115, controller 110 may cause
treatment station 114 to increase rate of injection of ozone or
other additives to main 115.
[0066] A single ozone generator 119 may supply oxygen and ozone to
a well 111 and to one or more main 113 that feed or conduct fluid
to and/or away from the well 111. The controller 110 may control
plural ozone generators 119. For example, if a forced main
treatment point 112 or 114 is located at a sufficiently great
distance upstream or downstream of a well 111 supplied by the ozone
generator 119, it may impractical to feed the remote treatment
point from primary generator 119 and a secondary generator (not
shown) maybe deployed close to the remote treatment point 12 or
114. Control over the remote generator may be effected using wired
or wireless communication network of commands from the controller
110, which may receive remote measurements using the same
communication network.
[0067] Forced main treatment site 112, 114 may comprise an
injection system that directly injects ozone, oxygen and/or other
additives into the main 113, 115. In one example, forced main
treatment point 112 or 114 comprises a mixing chamber that receives
a portion of the contaminated fluid and adds and/or mixes a
treatment chemical or additive before reintroducing the mixed fluid
and additive/chemical to the main 113. Controller 110 may directly
control operation of treatment station 112, 114 and/or may
cooperate with a local controller collocated with, or embodied in
treatment station 112, 114, typically control mixing of
chemicals/additives based on measured content of contaminant and/or
additive or other chemical in the main 113, 115. For example, the
rate of addition of ozone may be increased when levels of residual
ozone in the main 113 or 115 drop. In some embodiments, rate of
addition of chemicals and additives may be controlled based on the
rate of flow of fluid through main 113 or 115, the pressure
measured in the main 113, 115 and/or the state of operation of a
pump 118 in the pumping station 111. For example, downstream
station 112 may be operated in a first mode when a pump 118 is
actively pumping waste water into force main 113 and may operate in
a second mode when the pump 118 is inactive. The modes may be
distinguished by the rate of introduction of additive such as
ozone, an interval in time between sequential injections of the
additive, weighting of measurements from sensors 116a-116b used in
a control algorithm, and so on. Activity of the pump may be
determined using one or more signals, where the signal may include
a signals provided by a sub-component of the controller 110, a pump
118, a valve controlling access to the main 113, a sensor 116b
which can be a pressure detector, a flow detector, etc. Force and
gravity mains may use different means for determining pump
activity: for example, pressure changes may not sufficiently
identify pump activity feeding gravity mains.
[0068] In certain embodiments, fluids are treated using a spray
assembly placed within a well. The fluids may include treatment of
water, including waste water, well water, sewage, storm water,
contaminated water, grey water, oil well brines, and so on. The
fluid may include solid matter. The spray assembly may be fixed to
a well wall, a cover of the well, a top edge of the well, the floor
of the well of the well or mounted on one or more pipes or other
fixtures located within the well.
[0069] A process for treating the fluid comprises providing a
portion of the fluid to the spray assembly. Typically, the portion
of the fluid is provided using a pump used to evacuate fluid when
the fluid content of the well exceeds a threshold level. The
portion of fluid can be diverted through a tap on a pipe
pressurized by the pump. The pump may be a grinding pump used to
grind the solid matter, thereby reducing the size of solids in the
fluid. The process also includes a step of introducing the fluid to
a mixing chamber that introduces turbulence to the fluid. The
turbulence typically aerates and/or oxygenates the fluid. Materials
can be added to the fluid prior to its entry into the mixing
chamber. The materials are added through one or more input
ports.
[0070] In certain embodiments, the mixing chamber has a curved
inner surface which receives the forces of the fluids entering the
mixing chamber. The form of the curved surface is selected to
minimize clogging and/or adherence of solid matter. Solid matter
striking the curved surface is subjected to a force that tends to
break apart the solids. The mixing chamber typically provides an
output of homogenized, oxygenated fluid to one or more nozzle.
[0071] In certain embodiments, the process includes driving the
homogenized, oxygenated fluid through the one or more nozzle to
obtain a spray. The spray may be a ribbon spray. The process may
also include selectively directing the spray to the surface of
fluid remaining in the well. The process may also include
selectively directing the spray to a wall of the well. The process
may also include selectively directing the spray to fittings within
the well, where the fittings can include piping, pumps, ladders,
and so on. The spray may deliver one or more of the added materials
to the fluid of the well, the wall of the well and to other
elements of the well.
[0072] In some embodiments, the added materials can be released
according to a fixed schedule. In some embodiments, the added
materials can be released by manual intervention of a person. In
some embodiments, the added materials can be released in response
to a control system configured to measure chemical and biomaterial
content and/or buildup. The added materials may comprise one or
more of a chemical, an organic compound and bio-augmentation
products. The added materials enhance breakdown of one or more
materials that can include fat, oil, grease and bio-film. The added
materials may comprise a detergent, an oxidizer or other chemical
selected to target and breakdown a material or group of materials
and may further comprise an organism added to effect biological
breakdown of materials.
[0073] In certain embodiments, the process includes causing the
spray to cyclically treat portions of the well. In some
embodiments, cyclically treating includes causing a portion of the
spray assembly to rotate. Causing a portion of the spray assembly
to rotate may include providing a portion of the spray to one or
more vanes that, through hydrodynamic action cause a portion of the
spray assembly to rotate around a rotatable joint. In some
embodiments, cyclically treating includes cycling the pump such
that washing occurs at intervals of time. The intervals of time may
coincide with cycles of pumping fluids from the well through a
force main. The intervals may be calculated by a control
system.
[0074] In certain embodiments, a computer-based control system 110
is employed to control treatment operations. As depicted in FIG.
11, a computer system 110 receives inputs from a variety of sensors
116a-116d located inside and around the well as well as in
association with mains 113 upstream and downstream of the well. An
example of a computer system is described in more detail below.
Sensors 116a-116d may be used to monitor a plurality of operating
parameters and may, for example, be used to detect pressures in
forced mains, fluid levels in wells, presence of certain chemicals
in the well, in feed pipes and in forced mains. Sensors 116a-116d
may additionally be provided in components of the system, including
in one or more pumps 118, within a body of fluid in well 111 or
mains 113, in main treatment stations 112, in ozone generator 119
and/or ozone storage tanks (not shown, but typically a component of
generators 119) and/or external to the system (see sensor 116d) and
deployed to obtain measurements of environmental conditions and
contamination. The computing system 110 may provide control signals
to pumps 118, valves, ozone generators associated with the well.
For example, one of pumps 118 may be operated to evacuate a portion
of a body of waste water contained in a well, while another of
pumps 118 may be used to drive a portion of the waste water to a
fracking system that comprises a nozzle and mixing chamber. It is
contemplated that the fracking system may operate using a pump 118
that evacuates a portion of the well to an outflow main and that
cleaning and evacuation maybe concurrent and/or may be
asynchronously provided using a system of valves controlled by the
controller 110. The computer system may also be used to directly
control, interact with, and/or monitor systems deployed to directly
control the operation of other treatment systems, including, for
example, forced main treatment systems.
[0075] In one example, a forced main treatment system may receive
ozone from an ozone generator and may pump the ozone into the
forced main to control odors. Accordingly, sensors may be deployed
to detect the presence of compounds and ions that include sulfur,
hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and other gases or compounds that may
give rise to odors or harmful chemical effects. As appropriate, the
computing system may initiate ozone pumping in a forced main or
other pipe to control the level of gas and odor. Sensors and ozone
pumping devices typically form a closed loop control system that is
configured to control the rate of release of ozone and total volume
of release to counteract the level of sulfide or hydrogen sulfide
detected. These sensors may also detect oxygen deficiency and or
concentrations that infringe upon recognized lower explosive limit
(LEL), upper explosive limit (UEL) and/or OSHA permissible exposure
limits (PELs) required for safety regulation. Other chemicals and
organic materials may be monitored to identify direct cause of
undesirable effects and to help identify causal agents such as
bacteria and/or other organic materials that can be treated by
release of chemicals, organic compounds and/or bio-augmentation
products may be mixed with the wastewater. Additives may used to
enhance breakdown of fat, oil, grease and bio-film. Additives may
comprise a detergent, an oxidizer (such as O.sub.2 or O.sub.3),
bleach, calcium nitrate, ferric chloride, magnesium hydroxide,
peroxide, milk of magnesia and/or other chemical selected to target
and breakdown a material or group of materials.
[0076] The computing system may monitor flow of fluids in the
fracking system and in forced mains to determine the rate of
introduction of additives. The rate may be capped to prevent an
excess of additive that would be wasted if released into the
system. Typically, the system can control the rate of pumping of
waste fluids and can calculate the amount of additive to be
introduced into the well and/or forced main and therefore can
accurately calculate the rate of release of materials for a known
time during which pumping occurs. Typically, release of additives
is suppressed when well pumps are inactive; however, it is possible
to pump ozone and other additives to address buildup of undesirable
chemicals and organic products. In a forced main, a portion of the
fluid in the main can be diverted for mixing with the additive and
pumped back into the main. In a well, the well pump or an auxiliary
pump may be used to provide a carrier fluid for introducing the
additive.
[0077] The computing system may communicate with sensors, pumps,
additive dispensers, ozone generators/pumps using wired or wireless
communication methods, such communication methods being well known
to those in the data communication and computing arts. In the
example of forced main treatment systems, considerable distance may
exist between well and forced main treatment system and
communication may often include a wireless network. In the latter
example, benefit can be accrued by controlling both systems using a
common controller. In one example, the forced main treatment system
may have limited capacity and, the controller may selectively
increase levels of additive in the well such that when the fluid is
pumped into the forced main, residual levels of the additive
continue to neutralize undesirable agents, chemicals and organic
matter. In another example, a single ozone generator may provide
ozone to both the well systems and the forced main system and a
degree of balancing may be required where the ozone generator has
limited capability.
[0078] Turning now to FIG. 12, certain embodiments of the invention
employ a processing system that includes at least one computing
system 1200 deployed to perform certain of the steps described
above. Computing systems may be a commercially available system
that executes commercially available operating systems such as
Microsoft Windows.RTM., UNIX or a variant thereof, Linux, a real
time operating system and or a proprietary operating system. The
architecture of the computing system may be adapted, configured
and/or designed for integration in the processing system, for
embedding in one or more of an image capture system, a
manufacturing/machining system, and/or a graphics processing
workstation. In one example, computing system 1200 comprises a bus
1202 and/or other mechanisms for communicating between processors,
whether those processors are integral to the computing system 120
(e.g. 1204, 1205) or located in different, perhaps physically
separated computing systems 1200. Device drivers 1203 may provide
output signals used to control internal and external components
[0079] Computing system 1200 also typically comprises memory 1206
that may include one or more of random access memory ("RAM"),
static memory, cache, flash memory and any other suitable type of
storage device that can be coupled to bus 1202. Memory 1206 can be
used for storing instructions and data that can cause one or more
of processors 1204 and 1205 to perform a desired process. Main
memory 1206 may be used for storing transient and/or temporary data
such as variables and intermediate information generated and/or
used during execution of the instructions by processor 1204 or
1205. Computing system 1200 also typically comprises non-volatile
storage such as read only memory ("ROM") 1208, flash memory, memory
cards or the like; non-volatile storage may be connected to the bus
1202, but may equally be connected using a high-speed universal
serial bus (USB), Firewire or other such bus that is coupled to bus
1202. Non-volatile storage can be used for storing configuration,
and other information, including instructions executed by
processors 1204 and/or 1205. Non-volatile storage may also include
mass storage device 1210, such as a magnetic disk, optical disk,
flash disk that may be directly or indirectly coupled to bus 1202
and used for storing instructions to be executed by processors 1204
and/or 1205, as well as other information.
[0080] Computing system 1200 may provide an output for a display
system 1212, such as an LCD flat panel display, including touch
panel displays, electroluminescent display, plasma display, cathode
ray tube or other display device that can be configured and adapted
to receive and display information to a user of computing system
1200. Typically, device drivers 1203 can include a display driver,
graphics adapter and/or other modules that maintain a digital
representation of a display and convert the digital representation
to a signal for driving a display system 1212. Display system 1212
may also include logic and software to generate a display from a
signal provided by system 1200. In that regard, display 1212 may be
provided as a remote terminal or in a session on a different
computing system 1200. An input device 1214 is generally provided
locally or through a remote system and typically provides for
alphanumeric input as well as cursor control 1216 input, such as a
mouse, a trackball, etc. It will be appreciated that input and
output can be provided to a wireless device such as a PDA, a tablet
computer or other system suitable equipped to display the images
and provide user input.
[0081] Processor 1204 executes one or more sequences of
instructions. For example, such instructions may be stored in main
memory 1206, having been received from a computer-readable medium
such as storage device 1210. Execution of the sequences of
instructions contained in main memory 1206 causes processor 1204 to
perform process steps according to certain aspects of the
invention. In certain embodiments, functionality may be provided by
embedded computing systems that perform specific functions wherein
the embedded systems employ a customized combination of hardware
and software to perform a set of predefined tasks. Thus,
embodiments of the invention are not limited to any specific
combination of hardware circuitry and software.
[0082] The term "computer-readable medium" is used to define any
medium that can store and provide instructions and other data to
processor 1204 and/or 1205, particularly where the instructions are
to be executed by processor 1204 and/or 1205 and/or other
peripheral of the processing system. Such medium can include
non-volatile storage, volatile storage and transmission media.
Non-volatile storage may be embodied on media such as optical or
magnetic disks, including DVD, CD-ROM and BluRay. Storage may be
provided locally and in physical proximity to processors 1204 and
1205 or remotely, typically by use of network connection.
Non-volatile storage may be removable from computing system 1204,
as in the example of BluRay, DVD or CD storage or memory cards or
sticks that can be easily connected or disconnected from a computer
using a standard interface, including USB, etc. Thus,
computer-readable media can include floppy disks, flexible disks,
hard disks, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, CD-ROMs,
DVDs, BluRay, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape,
any other physical medium with patterns of holes, RAM, PROM, EPROM,
FLASH/EEPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, or any other
medium from which a computer can read.
[0083] Transmission media can be used to connect elements of the
processing system and/or components of computing system 1200. Such
media can include twisted pair wiring, coaxial cables, copper wire
and fiber optics. Transmission media can also include wireless
media such as radio, acoustic and light waves. In particular radio
frequency (RF), fiber optic and infrared (IR) data communications
may be used.
[0084] Various forms of computer readable media may provide
instructions and data for execution by processor 1204 and/or 1205.
For example, the instructions may initially be retrieved from a
magnetic disk of a remote computer and transmitted over a network
or modem to computing system 1200. The instructions may optionally
be stored in a different storage or a different part of storage
prior to or during execution.
[0085] Computing system 1200 may include a communication interface
1218 that provides two-way data communication over a network 1220
that can include a local network 1222, a wide area network or some
combination of the two. For example, an integrated services digital
network (ISDN) may used in combination with a local area network
(LAN). In another example, a LAN may include a wireless link.
Network link 1220 typically provides data communication through one
or more networks to other data devices. For example, network link
1220 may provide a connection through local network 1222 to a host
computer 1224 or to a wide area network such as the Internet 1228.
Local network 1222 and Internet 1228 may both use electrical,
electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data
streams.
[0086] Computing system 1200 can use one or more networks to send
messages and data, including program code and other information. In
the Internet example, a server 1230 might transmit a requested code
for an application program through Internet 1228 and may receive in
response a downloaded application that provides for the anatomical
delineation described in the examples above. The received code may
be executed by processor 1204 and/or 1205.
[0087] FIG. 13 is a flow chart illustrating a process for
controlling operation of the simplified example shown in FIG. 11.
At step 130, an inflow of contaminated fracking fluid to pump
station 111 is detected. Sensors in station 111 are monitored to
determine levels of contaminants and levels of fluid in the station
111. As necessary, the body of fluid may be treated at step 132
with a flow of fluid obtained from the station 111 that has been
mixed with additives that comprise ozone received from ozone
generator 119. If the level of fluid in the station 111 is detected
at step 134 to exceed a threshold level, then a portion of the
fluid may be pumped through forced main 113 at step 136. It is
contemplated that, in some embodiments, the portion of fluid may be
provided to a gravity feed main. At step 138, ozone may be
selectively provided to main 113 based on measurements of
conditions in the main 113. Ozone is typically added to main 113
using treatment station 112.
[0088] In certain embodiments, computing system 110 can monitor
upstream, downstream and in-station conditions and can adjust flow
of additives according to detected conditions. Additives may
include ozone from ozone generator 119 and/or oxygen and other
chemicals. The computing system 110 may comprise an industrial
controller collocated with the station 111, a forced main treatment
location 112 and/or an ozone generator 119. The computing system
110 may be at least partially embodied in a remote device such as a
network server. In operation, computing system monitors the
presence of one or more contaminants and may control one or more of
the quantity and the rate of introduction of oxidant or additive
accordingly. For example, the interval between treatments may be
increased or decreased based on rate of inflow and/or rate of
increase of contaminants measured in the station 111. The quantity
of oxidant may be increased or decreased according to conditions in
the well. For example, a sudden inflow of waste water may result in
a step increase of contaminants that may be best treated with
short-term increase in the amount of additive provided to the
station 111.
[0089] In certain embodiments, computing system 110 may pre-treat
inflows by causing a treatment station (not shown) on an inflow
force main 115 to inject oxidants into the force main 115.
Pre-treatment may be performed periodically and/or in response to
changes in measured contaminant levels measured in the inflow force
main 115 or in inflows received at a pumping station 111. In
certain embodiments, computing system 110 may cause a treatment
station 112 on an outflow force main 113 to inject oxidants into
the force main 113. Treatment of the outflow main 113 may be
performed according to a schedule and/or may be performed based on
measured levels of contaminants and/or additives in the force main
113. Treatment of force main 113 may also be initiated by computing
system 110 based on contaminant levels measured in the pumping
station 111 as the waste water is pumped into force main 113.
Computing system 110 can typically be configured to adjust
treatment plans, schedules and levels based on whether an inflow or
outflow main is a force main or gravity main and/or based on
whether a main treatment system 112 is available on the inflow or
outflow main.
[0090] In certain embodiments, a control algorithm is executed by
the computing system 110 to control treatment of the waste water
system. Control algorithm is typically configured to manage a
closed-loop system that includes additive injection elements and
instruments that measure controlled chemicals and/or additives in
the system. The wastewater treatment system may comprise multiple
pump and/or grinder stations 111 interconnected by force and/or
gravity mains, whereby the outflow main of one station serves as
the inflow main of another station. Control algorithm can typically
be configured to model pumping/grinding station characteristics,
including capacity and rates of flows of wastewater. Control
algorithm can typically be configured to model force and gravity
mains in the system and may model throughputs, lengths of mains.
Control algorithm may be adaptive such that variations from
expected performance or capacity of an element can be incorporated
into a model of the element. Certain embodiments automatically
adjust to environmental conditions, including ambient temperature
and humidity, and these systems may adjust treatment schedules and
schemes based on prior histories of measurements under similar
conditions.
[0091] Certain embodiments comprise systems and methods for gas
infusion to an unfiltered liquid particle saturation device. A gas
infusion device may be operated pneumatically or by force of
vacuum. In certain embodiments, the device operates as an
alternating multistage side stream gas infusion device. A closed
loop system may infuse gas into a liquid in multiple stages. The
gas, gasses, and/or other fluids may be infused into a side stream
of liquid diverted or extracted from a greater body of liquid flow,
where the side stream may comprise a relatively small fraction of
the total volume of liquid to be treated. The side stream may be
drawn from a main, feed pipe, pressure vessel, etc. in alternating
succession over a timed cycle so to achieve regular constant
saturation of gas into the side stream liquid. The side stream
liquid may then be reintroduced into a greater body of liquid flow,
and the treated side stream may be pressurized to a greater
pressure than the pressure of the main body of liquid. Accordingly,
the returned side stream fluid is mixed with the main body fluid
and extends treatment to the main body.
[0092] As depicted in the example of FIGS. 14 and 15, an infusion
device 1404 may be mounted in proximity to a pipe 1402 carrying a
fluid to be treated. In one example, pipe 1402 may be a force main
carrying wastewater. The infusion device 1404 may be coupled to the
pipe by one or more mechanically taps 1406, 1408. The taps 1406,
1408 may be sized as appropriate for the application. The infusion
device 1404 can be fitted back to back in modular way so to
increase the infusion treatment process within a shorter time
period.
[0093] The diffusion device 1404 is depicted in block schematic
form generally at 1404'. In certain embodiments, a first stage
comprises a chamber A 1424, which is closed to atmosphere by an
actuated valve B 1420 and actuated valve C 1430. Chamber A 1424 is
filled with a gas mixture at a desired pressure. After chamber A
1424 is filled, Valve B 1420 is opened to allow the flow of liquid
1410 from a fluid filled pipe 1402 to pass through the mechanically
tapped point inlet port 1406 into hydrodynamic mixing chamber E
1422. The flow of liquid may be derived from a pressurized system
and may therefore have a pressure that is greater than atmospheric
pressure. The flow of liquid may then be introduced into chamber A
1424, where it is mixed with the gas mixture present in chamber A
1424. When pressure equalization occurs, such that chamber A 1424
is filled to the point where the inflow cannot overcome the
pressure of the fluid in chamber A 1424, Valve B 1420 is closed to
seal chamber A 1424.
[0094] Next, compressed gas F 1428 may be provided, where Gas F
1428 may comprise oxygen and/or air, for example. Gas F 1428 is
forced into Chamber A 1424 at a greater pressure than the inflow
pressure (i.e. the pressure achieved when valve B 1420 was closed).
The introduction of compressed gas F 1428 increases pressure in
Chamber A 1424 until a predefined pressure is achieved, or pressure
equalization occurs. Flow of compressed gas F 1428 may be stopped,
by flow control apparatus or through pressure equalization, and
valve C 1430 is opened to enable evacuation of the treated fluid
from Chamber A 1424, which may comprise a saturated liquid. The
saturated liquid may be forced into hydrodynamic mixing chamber G
1432, and from there through shearing nozzle H 1434, through non
return valve I 1436, and through mechanically tapped outlet port
1408 into the fluid filled pipe 1402.
[0095] In certain embodiments, a second stage includes closing
valve C 1430 when chamber A 1424 is evacuated, thereby creating a
sealed chamber and vacuum pump J 1440 may then be activated to
evacuate excess residual pressurized atmosphere into chamber Aa
1442. Treatment gas 1428 may be simultaneously fed under low
pressure into a venturi of vacuum pump J 1440, creating a draw of
gas by vacuum along with excess pressurized atmosphere of chamber A
1424 into chamber Aa 1442 until a specified volume of treatment gas
and/or specified volume and pressure of compressed gas has been
delivered into chamber Aa 1442. When treatment gas volume and
pressure reach a predefined threshold, then vacuum pump J 1440 may
be closed.
[0096] In certain embodiments, a third stage includes actuating
Valve Bb in order to close chamber Aa to atmosphere while valve Cc
is closed. Chamber Aa may then be filled with a treatment gas
mixture at a desired pressure. When chamber Aa is filled and/or
pressurized, valve Bb 1444 may be opened to allow a flow of liquid
from fluid filled pipe 1402, which is typically pressurized to an
operating pressure, to pass through the mechanically tapped point
inlet port 1406 of the device into a hydrodynamic mixing chamber
1446. From chamber 1446, the flow may be provided into chamber Aa
1442, where it is mixed with the gas present in chamber Aa 1442.
When chamber Aa 1442 is filled, such that pressure equalization
occurs with regard to the operating pressure of the fluid flow,
valve Bb 1444 may be closed to seal chamber Aa 1442. When valve Bb
1444 is closed, compressed gas 1428 flow, comprising oxygen and/or
air, for example, may be forced into chamber Aa 1442 at a greater
pressure than the equalized pressure in chamber Aa 1442 until a
desired higher pressure is achieved. When the desired higher
pressure is achieved, typically using a compressed gas 1428 flow,
compressed gas 1428 flow stops actuated valve 1448 is opened.
Chamber Aa 1442 is evacuated and purged of saturated liquid. Said
saturated liquid under pressure is forced into hydrodynamic mixing
chamber G 1432 then through shearing nozzle 1434, through non
return valve I 1436 and then through mechanically tapped outlet
port 1408 into the fluid filled pipe 1402.
[0097] In certain embodiments a fourth stage comprises closing a
valve Cc 1448 when chamber Aa 1442 is evacuated, thereby creating a
sealed chamber. A vacuum pump K (not shown) may be activated to
evacuate excess residual pressurized atmosphere into chamber A 1424
during which time treatment gas is fed under low pressure into
vacuum pump K venture, thereby creating a draw of gas by means of
the vacuum along with excess pressurized atmosphere of chamber Aa
1442 into chamber A 1424, until a desired or predetermined volume
of treatment gas and/or a desired or predetermined volume and
pressure of compressed gas have been delivered into chamber A 1424.
When treatment gas volume and pressure have achieved appropriate
levels, then vacuum pump K is closed.
[0098] This four stage cycle maybe repeated for the full duration
of treatment process over prescribed time frame. In some
embodiments, valves, vacuum pumps and other pneumatic components
may be controlled using a processor, programmable logic controller
(PLC), or the like. In certain embodiments, the treatment process
may be affected with the addition of a dedicated liquid pump. The
system may be employed with wastewater, grey water and other fluids
containing particles that have a size of up to at least 50 mm.
[0099] Certain embodiments provide systems and methods for treating
water in a force main. Some embodiments comprise conducting a
portion of untreated fluid from a main into a first chamber. Some
embodiments comprise sealing the first chamber. Some embodiments
comprise infusing a treatment gas into the fluid in the first
chamber under force of pressure of the treatment gas. Some
embodiments comprise returning the fluid from the first chamber to
the main.
[0100] In some embodiments, returning the fluid includes
pressurizing the fluid in the first chamber. In some embodiments,
the fluid is pressurized using compressed nitrogen. In some
embodiments, the fluid is pressurized using compressed air. Some
embodiments comprise mixing the fluid with the treatment gas in a
second chamber. In some embodiments, the second chamber comprises a
hydrodynamic mixing chamber. In some embodiments, the treatment gas
comprises oxygen. In some embodiments, the treatment gas comprises
ozone. In some embodiments, the treatment gas comprises air.
Additional Descriptions of Certain Aspects of the Invention
[0101] The foregoing descriptions of the invention are intended to
be illustrative and not limiting. For example, those skilled in the
art will appreciate that the invention can be practiced with
various combinations of the functionalities and capabilities
described above, and can include fewer or additional components
than described above. Certain additional aspects and features of
the invention are further set forth below, and can be obtained
using the functionalities and components described in more detail
above, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art after
being taught by the present disclosure.
[0102] Certain embodiments of the invention provide fluid treatment
systems and methods. In some embodiments, the system comprises a
collection station having a well for collecting fluid extracted
from a subterranean seam during a seam fracturing operation.
[0103] In some embodiments, the system comprises a dispersion
system that receives a portion of collected fluid from the well.
The dispersion system may comprise a hydrodynamic mixing chamber
and a nozzle. An additive comprising one or more of ozone and
oxygen may be mixed with a portion of collected fluid passing
through the mixing chamber. The nozzle may disperse a mixture of
the collected fluid and additive received from the mixing
chamber.
[0104] In some embodiments, the system comprises a controller
having at least one processor. The processor may be configured to
monitor the level of the additive in the well. The processor may be
configured to cause a portion of the fluid to be pumped from the
well through an outflow main when the level of fluid in the well
exceeds a threshold level, when the concentration of contaminant
exceeds a threshold and/or the concentration of additive reaches a
desired level. The processor may be configured to control a rate of
flow of the additive to the mixing chamber. In some embodiments,
the dispersion system comprises a manifold that communicates the
portion of fluid and the additive to the mixing chamber.
[0105] In some embodiments, the additive comprises liquid ozone.
The controller may control rate of flow of the liquid ozone based
on measurements provided by sensors deployed in the well. The
measurements may include a measurement of residual ozone level in
the fluid collected in the well. The measurements may include a
measurement of sulfide in the fluid collected in the well. The
measurements may include a measurement of hydrogen sulfide in the
well.
[0106] In some embodiments, the controller is configured to control
one or more of an inflow treatment system and an outflow treatment
system. The outflow treatment system may mix ozone with fluid
pumped from the well. The outflow treatment system may mix ozone
with fluid in a pipe providing the fluid to be collected by the
well. At least a portion of the fluid pumped from the well may be
introduced or reintroduced to the subterranean seam. The additive
may comprise a proppant.
[0107] In some embodiments, a method for treating a fluid extracted
from a subterranean seam comprises collecting a fluid extracted
from the subterranean seam, mixing an additive comprising one or
more of oxygen and ozone with the fluid collected from the
subterranean seam in a hydrodynamic mixing chamber of a dispersion
system, and controlling the rate of flow of an additive to the
mixing chamber based on a measured concentration of the additive or
a contaminant in the fluid collected from the subterranean seam and
a rate of flow of the fluid collected from the subterranean seam.
The hydrodynamic mixing chamber may provide a mixture of the fluid
through a nozzle of the dispersion system to the fluid collected
from the subterranean seam. The additive may comprise liquid
ozone.
[0108] In some embodiments, the fluid from the subterranean seam
may be collected in a containment vessel. The method may comprise
measuring a concentration of at least one contaminant in an outflow
from the containment vessel. The method may comprise causing a
downstream treatment station to mix the additive with fluid in the
outflow when the measured concentration of the at least one
contaminant exceeds a predetermined threshold concentration.
[0109] In some embodiments, the outflow is conducted away from the
containment vessel in a force main. The method may comprise
detecting whether fluid is flowing in the force main, and causing a
downstream treatment station to introduce ozone into the force main
when fluid is flowing in the force main.
[0110] In some embodiments, the fluid from the subterranean seam
may be collected in a containment vessel. The method may comprise
measuring a concentration of at least one contaminant in the
containment vessel. The method may comprise causing an upstream
treatment station to pre-treat the fluid in an inflow to the
containment vessel when the concentration of the at least one
contaminant in the well exceeds a threshold concentration.
[0111] In some embodiments, the fluid from the subterranean seam is
collected in a containment vessel. The method may comprise
measuring a concentration of at least one contaminant in the
containment vessel, and increasing the rate of flow of the additive
when the concentration of at least one contaminant measured in the
containment vessel exceeds a first predetermined threshold
concentration. The method may comprise causing an upstream
treatment station to introduce the additive to an inflow of the
containment vessel when the at least one contaminant measured in
the containment vessel exceeds a second predetermined threshold
concentration.
[0112] Certain embodiments comprise a computer program product,
including a computer-readable medium comprising code for:
collecting a fluid extracted from a subterranean seam, mixing an
additive comprising one or more of oxygen and ozone with the fluid
collected from the subterranean seam in a hydrodynamic mixing
chamber of a dispersion system, controlling the rate of flow of an
additive to the mixing chamber based on a measured concentration of
the additive or a contaminant in the fluid collected from the
subterranean seam and a rate of flow of the fluid collected from
the subterranean seam. The hydrodynamic mixing chamber may provide
a mixture of the fluid through a nozzle of the dispersion system to
the fluid collected from the subterranean seam. The additive may
comprise liquid ozone and the fluid from the subterranean seam may
be collected in a containment vessel. The computer-readable medium
may comprise code for measuring a concentration of at least one
contaminant in one or more of the containment vessel, an inflow of
the containment vessel, and an outflow from the containment vessel.
The computer-readable medium may comprise code for directing at
least one of an upstream treatment station and a downstream
treatment station to introduce the additive in the inflow or the
outflow when the measured concentration of the at least one
contaminant exceeds a predetermined threshold concentration.
[0113] Certain embodiments provide an apparatus for treating fluid
extracted from a subterranean seam. A processing system of the
apparatus may be configured to collect a fluid extracted from the
subterranean seam and mix an additive comprising one or more of
oxygen and ozone with the fluid in a hydrodynamic mixing chamber of
a dispersion system. The hydrodynamic mixing chamber may provide a
mixture of the additive and fluid through a nozzle of the
dispersion system to the fluid collected from the subterranean
seam. The processing system of the apparatus may be configured to
control the rate of flow of an additive to the mixing chamber based
on a measured concentration of the additive or a contaminant in the
fluid collected from the subterranean seam and a rate of flow of
the fluid collected from the subterranean seam. The additive may
comprise liquid ozone. The fluid from the subterranean seam may be
collected in a containment vessel, and the processing system may be
configured to measure a concentration of at least one contaminant
in one or more of the containment vessel, an inflow of the
containment vessel, and an outflow from the containment vessel. The
processing system may be configured to direct at least one of an
upstream treatment station and a downstream treatment station to
introduce the additive in the inflow or the outflow when the
measured concentration of the at least one contaminant exceeds a
predetermined threshold concentration.
[0114] The claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects
shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with
the language claims, wherein reference to an element in the
singular is not intended to mean "one and only one" unless
specifically so stated, but rather "one or more." Unless
specifically stated otherwise, the term "some" refers to one or
more. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of
the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are
known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the
art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended
to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein
is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether
such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim
element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C.
.sctn.112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited
using the phrase "means for" or, in the case of a method claim, the
element is recited using the phrase "step for."
* * * * *