U.S. patent application number 13/456606 was filed with the patent office on 2013-02-21 for shape memory polymer devices.
This patent application is currently assigned to Composite Technology Development, Inc.. The applicant listed for this patent is Larry G. Adams, Philip N. Keller, Doug Richardson, Robert Taylor, Mike Tupper, Dana Turse. Invention is credited to Larry G. Adams, Philip N. Keller, Doug Richardson, Robert Taylor, Mike Tupper, Dana Turse.
Application Number | 20130042461 13/456606 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 47711564 |
Filed Date | 2013-02-21 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130042461 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Tupper; Mike ; et
al. |
February 21, 2013 |
SHAPE MEMORY POLYMER DEVICES
Abstract
Various shape memory polymer (SMP) devices are disclosed. Many
of these SMP devices can be used as attachment and/or release
mechanisms for any number of different applications. These SMP
devices can use various characteristics of the SMP material to
allow for various shape changes. These shape changes, in some
embodiments, can be used to provide for release and/or attachment
devices, for example, SMP bolts, SMP screws, SMP collars, SMP
pillars, SMP panels, and/or SMP rivets, to name a few. An SMP
device can include a first geometric state and a second geometric
shape. The first geometric shape can restrict motion of two
distinct objects relative to one another and the second geometrical
shape can allow motion of two distinct objects relative to one
another.
Inventors: |
Tupper; Mike; (Lafayette,
CO) ; Taylor; Robert; (Superior, CO) ; Turse;
Dana; (Broomfield, CO) ; Richardson; Doug;
(Westminster, CO) ; Adams; Larry G.; (Thornton,
CO) ; Keller; Philip N.; (Longmont, CO) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Tupper; Mike
Taylor; Robert
Turse; Dana
Richardson; Doug
Adams; Larry G.
Keller; Philip N. |
Lafayette
Superior
Broomfield
Westminster
Thornton
Longmont |
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO |
US
US
US
US
US
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Composite Technology Development,
Inc.
Lafayette
CO
|
Family ID: |
47711564 |
Appl. No.: |
13/456606 |
Filed: |
April 26, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61586225 |
Jan 13, 2012 |
|
|
|
61524612 |
Aug 17, 2011 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
29/525.01 ;
403/29; 411/82.5 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B29C 66/73715 20130101;
Y10T 403/21 20150115; Y10T 29/49947 20150115; B29C 65/606 20130101;
E05B 47/0009 20130101; Y10T 29/49865 20150115; Y10T 29/49844
20150115; B29C 66/126 20130101; Y10T 403/213 20150115; F16B 1/0014
20130101; B29C 66/474 20130101; B29C 65/66 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
29/525.01 ;
403/29; 411/82.5 |
International
Class: |
F16B 1/00 20060101
F16B001/00; F16B 35/00 20060101 F16B035/00; B23P 11/00 20060101
B23P011/00 |
Claims
1. A shape memory polymer device comprising: a body comprising a
shape memory material having a first state and a second state,
wherein in the first state the body is coupled with two objects and
restricts the motion of the two objects relative to one another,
wherein in the second state the body allows motion of the two
distinct objects relative to one another, and wherein the body in
the first state has a shape distinct from the shape of the body in
the second state.
2. The shape memory polymer device according to claim 1, wherein in
the first state the body is coupled with two or more objects and
wherein in the second state the body allows motion of at least two
distinct objects relative to one another.
3. The shape memory polymer device according to claim 1, wherein
the shape memory polymer device transitions from the first state to
the second state when either the shape memory device is heated to a
temperature near or above the glass transition temperature of the
shape memory material and a force is applied on the shape memory
device.
4. The shape memory polymer device according to claim 3, wherein
the force is an external force.
5. The shape memory polymer device according to claim 3, wherein
the force is an external force that is applied using a tool.
6. The shape memory polymer device according to claim 1, further
comprising a resistive heat element coupled with the body.
7. The shape memory polymer device according to claim 1, further
comprising a mechanism coupled with the body that applies a force
on the body that forces the body to transition from the first state
to the second state, and wherein the force is not sufficient to
transition the body from the first state to the second state unless
the body is heated to a temperature near or above the glass
transition temperature of the shape memory material.
8. The shape memory polymer device according to claim 7, wherein
the mechanism comprises a spring.
9. The shape memory polymer device according to claim 8, wherein
the spring comprises a resistive heating element.
10. The shape memory polymer device according to claim 7, wherein
the mechanism is coupled directly with the body.
11. The shape memory polymer device according to claim 1, wherein
the shape memory polymer transitions to the second state through
release of stored strain energy in the shape memory polymer
material.
12. The shape memory polymer device according to claim 1, wherein
in the first state the body carries a load between the two
objects.
13. The shape memory polymer device according to claim 12, wherein
in the second state a portion of the body collapses under the load
when heated to a temperature above the glass transition
temperature.
14. The shape memory polymer device according to claim 1, wherein
the relative motion between the two objects is inhibited by
mechanical interference of a body.
15. The shape memory polymer device according to claim 14, wherein
the mechanical interference comprises at least one of a tab, a
thread, or a factory head.
16. The shape memory polymer device according to claim 1, wherein
the body transitions from the first state to the second state by
releasing stored energy in the shape memory material when heated to
a temperature at or near a glass transition temperature of the
shape memory material.
17. A method comprising: providing a shape memory device in a
system with two distinct objects, wherein the shape memory device
is in a first state and the shape memory device comprises a shape
memory material; and coupling the two distinct objects by
transforming the shape memory device from the first state into a
second state.
18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the transforming
includes either or both of heating the shape memory device to a
temperature near or above the glass transition temperature of the
shape memory material and applying a force on the shape memory
device.
19. A method comprising: coupling two distinct objects using a
shape memory device that is in a first state, wherein the shape
memory device comprises a shape memory material; and transforming
the shape memory device from the first state into a second state,
wherein in the second state the two distinct objects are
decoupled.
20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the transforming
comprises either or both of heating the shape memory device to a
temperature near or above the glass transition temperature of the
shape memory material and applying a force on the shape memory
device.
21. A method for using a shape memory polymer attachment mechanism,
the method comprising: fabricating a shape memory polymer
attachment mechanism in an original shape, wherein the shape memory
polymer attachment mechanism includes shape memory polymer
material; heating the shape memory polymer attachment mechanism to
a temperature near or above the glass transition temperature of the
shape memory polymer materials; transitioning the shape memory
polymer attachment mechanism into a second shape while heated to a
temperature near or above the glass transition temperature of the
shape memory polymer material; and placing the shape memory polymer
attachment mechanism in position for an application.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This is a non-provisional application that claims the
benefit of commonly assigned U.S. Provisional Application No.
61/586,225, filed Jan. 13, 2012, entitled "Shape Memory Polymer
Devices," and commonly assigned U.S. Provisional Application No.
61/524,612, filed Aug. 17, 2011, entitled "EMC Devices," the
entirety of which are herein incorporated by reference for all
purposes.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Shape memory polymer materials are not well known or used.
And these materials have only received passing attention in
industry. The unique characteristics of these materials have yet to
be exploited in meaningful ways.
BRIEF SUMMARY
[0003] The terms "invention," "the invention," "this invention" and
"the present invention" used in this patent are intended to refer
broadly to all of the subject matter of this patent and the patent
claims below. Statements containing these terms should not be
understood to limit the subject matter described herein or to limit
the meaning or scope of the patent claims below. Embodiments of the
invention covered by this patent are defined by the claims below,
not this summary. This summary is a high-level overview of various
aspects of the invention and introduces some of the concepts that
are further described in the Detailed Description section below.
This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features
of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used in
isolation to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter. The
subject matter should be understood by reference to the entire
specification of this patent, all drawings and each claim.
[0004] Generally, embodiments of the invention include SMP devices
that include two different physical states. One state restricts
motion between two distinct objects, and the second state allows
relative motion between the two distinct objects. The SMP device
can be or be part of one of the two distinct objects. The SMP
device changes from one state to another state when heated to
temperatures near or above the glass transition temperature
(T.sub.g) of the SMP device and/or by application of an external
force.
[0005] Embodiments of the invention include shape memory polymer
(SMP) devices in various configurations. These configurations can
include retention devices, bolts, beams, support structures,
rivets, screws, collars, retainers, etc. In one embodiment of the
invention, an SMP device can be formed in a first shape, heated to
temperatures near or above the glass transition temperature of the
SMP material, and formed into a second shape. In this shape the SMP
device can be used to secure two objects together. This can be done
in a number of different ways. Later the SMP device can be heated
again to temperatures near or above the glass transition
temperature. After being heated the SMP device can return to the
first shape either with or without an external force.
[0006] In another embodiment of the invention, an SMP structure (or
device) can be used in its original shape to offset an external
force. The SMP structure, for example, can be a beam, retention
device, collar, or pillar, etc. The SMP structure can be heated to
temperatures near or above the glass transition temperature. When
heated, the SMP structure can change in response to the external
force. For example, the SMP device may collapse, open, release,
etc.
[0007] Various other embodiments of the invention are also
disclosed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] Illustrative embodiments of the present invention are
described in detail below with reference to the following drawing
figures:
[0009] FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, and 1E show an SMP bolt as fabricated,
transformed under temperature, in use, and removed after use
according to some embodiments of the invention.
[0010] FIGS. 2A and 2B are flowcharts of methods for transforming
and using the SMP bolt shown in FIG. 1 according to some
embodiments of the invention.
[0011] FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, 3E, and 3F show an SMP bolt with tabs
as fabricated, transformed under temperature, in use, and removed
after use according to some embodiments of the invention.
[0012] FIGS. 4A and 4B are flowcharts of methods for transforming
and using the SMP bolt with tabs shown in FIG. 3 according to some
embodiments of the invention.
[0013] FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C and 5D show an SMP bolt as fabricated,
transformed under temperature, in use, and removed after use
according to some embodiments of the invention.
[0014] FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a method for using the SMP bolt
shown in FIG. 5 according to some embodiments of the invention.
[0015] FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C and 7D show an SMP collar as fabricated,
transformed under temperature, and in use with a shaft according to
some embodiments of the invention.
[0016] FIGS. 8A and 8B are flowcharts of methods for transforming
and using the SMP collar shown in FIG. 7 according to some
embodiments of the invention.
[0017] FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C show an SMP collar as fabricated,
transformed under temperature, and in use with a shaft according to
some embodiments of the invention.
[0018] FIGS. 10A and 10B are flowcharts of methods for transforming
and using the SMP collar shown in FIG. 9 according to some
embodiments of the invention.
[0019] FIGS. 11A, 11B, 11C, and 11D show an SMP retainer as
fabricated, transformed under temperature, and in use with a shaft
according to some embodiments of the invention.
[0020] FIGS. 12A, 12B, 12C, and 12D show another SMP retainer as
fabricated, transformed under temperature, and in use with a shaft
according to some embodiments of the invention.
[0021] FIGS. 13A and 13B are flowcharts of methods for transforming
and using the SMP retention devices shown in FIGS. 11 and 12
according to some embodiments of the invention.
[0022] FIGS. 14A, 14B, 15A, and 15B show an SMP column as
fabricated and in use according to some embodiments of the
invention.
[0023] FIGS. 16A, 16B, 17A, and 17B show another SMP column as
fabricated and in use according to some embodiments of the
invention.
[0024] FIGS. 18A, 18B, 19A, and 19B show another SMP column as
fabricated and in use according to some embodiments of the
invention.
[0025] FIGS. 20A, 20B, and 21 are flowcharts of methods for
transforming and using the SMP columns as shown in FIGS. 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, and 19 according to some embodiments of the
invention.
[0026] FIGS. 22A and 22B show an SMP wire according to some
embodiments of the invention.
[0027] FIGS. 23A, 23B, 24A, and 24B are flowcharts of methods for
transforming and using the SMP wire as shown in FIG. 23 according
to some embodiments of the invention.
[0028] FIG. 25 shows a graph of the spring constant vs. temperature
for SMP material.
[0029] FIGS. 26A, 26B, and 26C show a collapsible SMP sandwich
panel according to some embodiments of the invention.
[0030] FIGS. 27A and 27B are flowcharts of methods for transforming
the SMP panel shown in FIG. 25 into another shape according to some
embodiments of the invention.
[0031] FIGS. 28A and 28B show an SMP panel in a shaped and morphed
configuration according to some embodiments of the invention.
[0032] FIGS. 29A and 29B are flowcharts for transforming the SMP
panel shown in FIG. 28 into another shape according to some
embodiments of the invention.
[0033] FIGS. 30A, 30B, 30C and 30D show an SMP rivet as fabricated,
transformed under temperature, placed in use, and in use according
to some embodiments of the invention.
[0034] FIGS. 31A and 31B are flowcharts of methods for transforming
and using the SMP bolt shown in FIG. 30 according to some
embodiments of the invention.
[0035] FIGS. 32A, 32B, and 32C show an SMP rivet as fabricated,
placed in use, and in use according to some embodiments of the
invention.
[0036] FIGS. 33A and 33B are flowcharts of methods for transforming
and using the SMP bolt shown in FIG. 32 according to some
embodiments of the invention.
[0037] FIGS. 34A, 34B and 34C show an SMP pin with a detent in an
original shape and two twisted configurations according to some
embodiments of the invention.
[0038] FIGS. 35A and 35B are flowcharts of methods for creating and
using the SMP pin shown in FIG. 34 according to some embodiments of
the invention.
[0039] FIGS. 36A, 36B, and 36C show a socket that can be used with
the SMP pin shown in FIG. 34 according to some embodiments of the
invention.
[0040] FIGS. 37A, 37B, 37C, and 37D show the SMP pin in FIG. 34
interacting with the socket shown in FIG. 36 according to some
embodiments of the invention.
[0041] FIGS. 38A, 38B and 38C show an SMP pin with a wedge detent
in the original shape and two twisted configurations according to
some embodiments of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0042] Illustrative embodiments of the present invention are
described in detail below with reference to the following drawing
figures.
[0043] Embodiments of the invention include shape memory polymer
(SMP) devices that can be used in a number of configurations.
Generally, embodiments of the invention include SMP devices that
include two different physical states. One state restricts motion
between two distinct objects, and the second state allows relative
motion between the two distinct objects. The SMP device can be or
be part of one of the two distinct objects. The SMP device changes
from one state to another state when heated to temperatures near or
above the glass transition temperature (T.sub.g) of the SMP device
and/or by application of an external force.
[0044] As another example, an SMP device can be fabricated in an
original shape. The SMP device can be heated to temperatures near
or above the glass transition temperature of the SMP material and
then changed into a second shape; for example, with an external
force. This external force can be any type of force; for example, a
torsion force, a tensile force, a compression force, etc. The SMP
device can then be placed in use in the second shape. For example,
in the second shape the SMP device can be used to secure two
devices together, to support a load, to prevent relative motion, to
allow relative motion, to twist a device, to be used as an
attachment mechanism, etc. The SMP device can then be heated to
temperatures near or above the glass transition temperature and the
SMP device can begin to change its shape back in the original
shape. In some cases, an external force can be used to assist the
SMP device in changing its shape back to the original shape. Once
in the original shape or close thereto, in some cases, an action
can occur; for example, two devices may no longer be secured
together or a load may no longer be supported. Various embodiments
of the invention incorporate this example.
[0045] As another example, an SMP device can be fabricated in an
original shape. While in the original shape, the SMP device can be
used to resist a load, provide support, attach two devices, etc.
For example, in the second shape the SMP device can be used to
resist a force or to support a load. The SMP device can then be
heated to temperatures near or above the glass transition
temperature of the SMP material. At this point the SMP device is
still in its original shape so it will not change back into the
original shape. But when heated to temperatures near or above the
glass transition temperature and when either resisting a force or
supporting a load, the SMP device will change shape; for example,
the SMP device will buckle, morph, open, etc. Various embodiments
of the invention incorporate this example.
[0046] Embodiments of the invention exploit the unique properties
of SMP materials. One such property allows SMP materials to elicit
shape memory properties. For instance, SMP materials can be formed
in an original state. When they are heated to temperatures near or
above the glass transition temperature of the SMP material, the
phase can change to a rubber phase (or become pliable or shapeable)
and the shape can be changed into a second shape by applying an
external force. Upon cooling to a temperature below the glass
transition temperature, the shape of the SMP material will remain
in the second shape. If the SMP material is heated again to
temperatures near or above the glass transition temperature, the
SMP material will naturally change back to the original shape
unless acted upon by an external load or force that restricts such
changes. Typically, an SMP material can return to a shape that is
substantially similar to the original shape. As used herein, a
shape that is substantially similar to another shape has roughly
the same general shape although not perfectly similar.
[0047] But in some cases, an SMP material may not return completely
to its original shape. That is, in some cases, a shape memory
material may not return completely to its original shape after
being heated to temperatures near or above the glass transition
temperature. This effect may be exacerbated by age, the number of
times the SMP material is heated to temperatures near or above the
glass transition temperature, mechanical distress, extreme
environments, etc. Therefore, a shape is substantially similar to
another shape if the variation in shape varies less than 15%
between the two.
[0048] SMP materials can include various thermoset, thermoplastic,
or epoxy polymers. SMP materials may also include either a closed
or open cell foam material. SMP materials may include a polymer
foam with a glass transition temperature lower than the survival
temperature of the material. For example, SMP materials may
comprise TEMBO.RTM. shape memory polymers, TEMBO.RTM. foams or
Elastic Memory Composites, which consist of a composite between
reinforcing materials and TEMBO.RTM. shape memory polymers, or
combinations of the above.
[0049] The glass transition temperature of a given SMP material can
be modified by modifying the mixture of materials in the SMP
material. In this way, SMP devices with specific glass transition
temperatures can be created for specific applications.
[0050] One example of an SMP material that can be used in the
various embodiments of the invention is TEMBO.RTM. available from
Composite Technology Development in Lafayette, Colo.
[0051] Generally speaking, the glass transition temperature,
T.sub.g, is the reversible transition in materials from a hard (or
non-pliable) state into a rubber-like state. The glass transition
temperature is unique to specific materials and can be unique to
different types or species for SMP materials. Different operational
definitions for the glass transition temperature are in use in the
art. Several of these are endorsed as accepted scientific
standards. Many definitions are arbitrary and yield different
numeric results. At best, the various values of glass transition
temperature for a given substance typically agree within a few
Kelvins. Embodiments of the invention are applicable regardless of
the definition of the glass transition temperature used.
[0052] There are a number of ways to heat a SMP material or device
to a temperature near or above the glass transition temperature.
For example, SMP materials can be heated with convective heating
using, for example, hot air guns, an oven, etc. As another example,
SMP materials can be heated with radiation from a light source that
applies, for example, IR or UV light. As another example, SMP
materials can be heated with resistive heating elements that are
embedded or coupled with the SMP material. Resistive heaters can
include, for example, resistive wire heaters. As another example,
SMP materials can be heated with Inductive or RF heat sources. Any
other type of heat source can also be used.
[0053] A number of examples of SMP devices are described below.
[0054] SMP Bolts
[0055] FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, and 1E show SMP bolt 105 as
fabricated, transformed under temperature, in use, and removed
after use according to some embodiments of the invention. FIG. 1A
shows SMP Bolt 105 in the original shape. SMP bolt 105 can be made
partially or completely from SMP material(s). This shape does not
include threads or tabs. SMP bolt 105 can be heated to temperatures
near or above the glass transition temperature of the SMP material
and transformed into a second shape with an external force; for
example, a compressive force that compresses SMP Bolt into the
second shape. FIG. 1B shows SMP bolt 105 having this second shape
after cooling below the glass transition temperature. This shape
can include a plurality of threads 112.
[0056] In use, SMP bolt 105 can be threaded into threaded socket
120 within structure 115 as shown in FIG. 1C. Structure 115, for
example, can be a nut. As another example, structure 115 can
include two or more structures that require SMP bolt 105 to secure
or fasten the structures together. FIG. 1D shows SMP bolt 105
secured within threaded socket 120. SMP bolt 105 can be threaded
into threaded socket 120 using standard techniques. SMP bolt 105
can then be used in this state for any period of time.
[0057] FIG. 1E shows SMP bolt 105 after SMP bolt 105 has been
heated to temperatures near or above the glass transition
temperature of the SMP material. SMP bolt 105 can also be subject
to external force 125, which acts to pull SMP bolt 105 from
threaded socket 120. In some embodiments, external force 125 can be
applied at the same time as SMP bolt 105 is subject to temperatures
near or above the glass transition temperature. The combination of
heating SMP bolt 105 to temperatures near or above the glass
transition temperature of the SMP materials, applying external
force 125, and SMP bolt 105's mechanical contact with threads in
socket 120 can force SMP bolt 105 back to the original shape or to
a shape substantially close to the original shape shown in FIG.
1A.
[0058] External force 125 can include a tool that is not integral
with SMP bolt 105. This tool can apply a compression force or
tensile force to SMP bolt 105. For example, external force 125 can
be applied by a hand tool, by hand, with a vibration table, etc. In
some cases external force 125 can be applied by a separate elastic
element within the system. A separate elastic element may or may
not be directly coupled to the SMP device. It can be permanent
within the overall system. For example, an elastic element could be
an extensional spring located next to an SMP device. A hybrid
structure can include an SMP structure and an elastic element (like
a spring) that are combined in the same device.
[0059] In other embodiments, external force 125 can be applied
after SMP bolt 105 is subject to temperatures near or above the
glass transition temperature. In such embodiments, SMP bolt 105 can
transition to the original shape or a shape substantially close to
the original shape (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1A) under temperatures
near or above the glass transition temperature without aide of
external force 125. Once SMP bolt 105 has transitioned to the
original shape, external force 125 can be applied to extract SMP
bolt 105 from threaded socket 120.
[0060] FIGS. 2A and 2B are flowcharts of processes 200 and 250 for
transforming and using the SMP bolt shown in FIG. 1 according to
some embodiments of the invention. Process 200 starts at block 205.
At block 210 an SMP bolt (e.g., SMP bolt 105 shown in FIG. 1A) is
formed in its original state without threads. At block 215 the SMP
bolt is heated to temperatures near or above the glass transition
temperature of the SMP material. At block 220 threads are
transformed into the SMP bolt using any technique known in the art,
such as, extrusion, transforming, etc. At block 225 the SMP bolt is
cooled to a temperature below the glass transition temperature of
the SMP material. At block 230 process 200 ends. After the SMP bolt
is fabricated as described in process 200, the SMP bolt can be used
for any fastening application.
[0061] Process 250 begins at block 255. At block 260 an SMP bolt
can be threaded into any threaded socket and used in application at
block 265. At some point it may be desirable to remove the SMP
bolt. At block 270 the SMP bolt can be heated to temperatures near
or above the glass transition temperature of the SMP material for a
period of time. This period of time, for example, may need to be
long enough to allow the SMP bolt to return to the original shape
or a shape substantially near to the original shape. At block 275
the SMP bolt can be removed under an external force. Blocks 270 and
275 can occur at the same time or at different times. Process 250
ends at block 280.
[0062] A SMP bolt can be used, for example, in various applications
where bolt removal is required after use. A plurality of SMP bolts
can be used as fasteners in an apparatus, for example, to join two
materials together. At some point it may be desirable to remove the
two devices from being joined together. The apparatus can simply be
heated to temperatures near or above the glass transition
temperature of the SMP material and then SMP bolts 105 can be
removed. This can be done, for example, by placing the apparatus in
an oven for a period of time sufficient for SMP bolts 105 to return
to the original shape. After or at the same time as the heating,
for example, the apparatus can be vibrated to remove SMP bolts
105.
[0063] In one application, SMP bolts can be used to secure various
components within an automobile, such as securing door panels,
dashboards, fabrics, etc. to the metallic frame. SMP bolts 105
would be ideal for such applications because of their low weight.
At some point when the automobile is being recycled, for example,
the automobile can be placed in a large oven, heated to
temperatures near or above the glass transition temperature, and
vibrated to release the various components secured to the metallic
frame.
[0064] FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, 3E, and 3F show SMP bolt 305 with tabs
310 as fabricated, transformed under temperature, in use, and
removed after use according to some embodiments of the invention.
SMP bolt 305 can be fabricated with tabs 310 as shown in FIG. 3A.
SMP bolt 305 can be fabricated from SMP material(s). SMP bolt 305
can then be heated to temperatures near or above the glass
transition temperature of the SMP material and formed into a second
shape without tabs 310 as shown in FIG. 3B. This change from the
original shape to the second shape can occur under an external
force and various processes can be used to transform
[0065] SMP bolt 305 into another shape. SMP bolt 305 can then be
placed within tabbed socket 315 of apparatus 312 as shown in FIG.
3C. Once placed within apparatus 312, SMP bolt 305 can be heated to
temperatures near or above the glass transition temperature of the
SMP material and SMP bolt 305 can return to its original shape with
a tab or tabs 310 as shown in FIG. 3D.
[0066] In some embodiments, SMP bolt 305 can return to its original
shape without an external force. In other embodiments, SMP bolt 305
can return to its original shape with an external force. For
example, as shown in FIG. 3E SMP bolt 305 can include internal
spring 320. Internal spring 320 can provide a force that can aid in
changing SMP bolt 305 from the second shape to the original shape.
In order to change SMP bolt 305 from the original shape to the
second shape (that is going from the shape shown in FIG. 3A to the
shape shown in FIG. 3B) a force greater than the force applied by
internal spring 320 must be applied. Internal spring 320 can
provide a large enough force to transform SMP bolt 305 into another
state when within the rubber phase but not large enough to
transform SMP bolt 305 when in the solid phase. Spring 320 can
apply either a compression or a tensile force to SMP bolt 305.
[0067] FIG. 3F shows SMP bolt 305 with internal channel 325.
Internal channel 325 can be used by a tool or other mechanical
device to aid in forcing SMP bolt 305 to transition from the second
shape to the original shape. For example, the tool may have a
mandrel that can extend through internal channel 325 and engage
bottom end 330 of SMP bolt 305. When SMP bolt 305 is heated to
temperatures near or above the glass transition temperature of the
SMP material, the mandrel extends through internal channel 325 and
engages with bottom 330 of SMP bolt 305. Once engaged the tool can
apply a force (e.g., compression or tensile force) on SMP bolt 305
to aid in transitions between the original shape and the second
shape. Various other tools and/or tooling devices can be used. And
various other modifications on SMP bolt 305 can be used to
accommodate and/or assist with a tool that works with SMP bolt
305.
[0068] FIGS. 4A and 4B are flowcharts of processes 400 and 450 for
transforming and using SMP bolt 305 with tabs shown in FIG. 3
according to some embodiments of the invention.
[0069] Process 400 starts at block 405. At block 410 an SMP bolt is
formed in its original state with tab 310. At block 415 the SMP
bolt is heated to temperatures near or above the glass transition
temperature of the SMP material. At block 420 tabs 310 are removed
from the SMP bolt. Tab or tabs can be removed using any technique,
such as extrusion, transforming, stretching, etc. At block 425 the
SMP bolt is cooled to a temperature below the glass transition
temperature of the SMP material. At block 430 process 400 ends.
[0070] After the SMP bolt is fabricated as described in process
400, the SMP bolt can be used for any fastening application.
Process 450 begins at block 455. At block 460 SMP bolt can be
inserted into a tabbed socket. After insertion, the SMP bolt can be
heated to temperatures near or above the glass transition
temperature of the SMP material at block 465 and the SMP bolt can
revert back to its original shape with tabs 310. As noted above,
various tools or springs can be used to assist in restoring the SMP
bolt to the original shape. At this point the tabs can secure the
SMP bolt within the tabbed socket by inner tabs. The SMP bolt can
then be cooled to a temperature below the glass transition
temperature of the SMP material at block 470 and the bolt can be
used as needed at block 475. Process 450 can then end at block
480.
[0071] FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C and 5D show SMP bolt 505 as fabricated,
transformed under temperature, in use, and removed after use
according to some embodiments of the invention. SMP bolt 505 can be
transformed into another shape without tabs or threads as shown in
FIG. 5A and can be fabricated from SMP material. SMP bolt 505 can
be fabricated with a diameter greater than the diameter of SMP bolt
510. As shown in FIG. 5B, threads can be added to SMP bolt 505
and/or the diameter of the bolt can be narrowed. This can be done
when the SMP bolt 505 is heated to temperatures near or above the
glass transition temperature of the SMP material. For example,
threads 510 can be transformed into SMP bolt 505 by extrusion, a
mold, etc. In FIG. 5C, SMP bolt 505 can be threaded into a
corresponding nut, socket, or hole with the corresponding threads
in apparatus 515. SMP bolt 505 can then be reheated to temperatures
near or above the glass transition temperature of the SMP material.
SMP bolt 505 can then try to return to its original shape. By
returning to its original shape, SMP bolt 505 can be held more
securely within apparatus 515 as shown in FIG. 5D.
[0072] FIG. 6 is a flowchart of process 600 for using an SMP bolt
like, for example, the SMP bolt shown in FIG. 5 according to some
embodiments of the invention. Process 600 begins at block 605. At
block 610 an SMP bolt is inserted into a threaded nut or bolt. At
block 615 the SMP bolt is heated to temperatures near or above the
glass transition temperature of the SMP material. As noted above,
when heated to temperatures near or above the glass transition
temperature of the SMP material the SMP bolt will morph into its
original shape or to a shape substantially similar to the original
shape. At block 620 the SMP bolt can become tightly secured within
the threaded socket and/or nut. At block 625 process 600 can
end.
[0073] Various other SMP bolts with or without threads and/or with
or without tabs can be designed similar to the SMP bolts described
above regardless of dimensionality, composition, etc.
[0074] SMP Collars
[0075] FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C and 7D show SMP collar 705 as fabricated,
transformed under temperature, and in use with a shaft according to
some embodiments of the invention. FIG. 7A shows SMP collar 705
fabricated in a circular shape. This circular shape can be the
original shape of SMP collar 705. SMP collar 705 may or may not
include gap 710, which can vary in size. SMP collar 705 can be made
with any width, thickness and/or radius.
[0076] SMP collar 705 can be heated to temperatures near or above
the glass transition temperature of the SMP material and opened
such that gap 710 is much larger as shown in FIG. 7B. Gap 710 can
be opened wide enough or wider in order to allow shaft 715 to slide
within SMP collar 705 as shown in FIG. 7C. SMP collar 705 can then
be heated to temperatures near or above the glass transition
temperature of the SMP material and reformed into the original
shape around shaft 715 as shown in FIG. 7D. SMP collar 705 can be
manually reformed into the original shape using various types of
tools or equipment. SMP collar 705 can also be reformed into the
original shape solely by the shape memory characteristics of the
SMP material.
[0077] While SMP collar 705 is shown with a circular or c-shape,
SMP collars can have any shape. For example, SMP collars can be
oval, square, rectangular, etc.
[0078] FIGS. 8A and 8B are flowcharts of process 800 and 850 for
transforming and using an SMP collar such as the one shown in FIG.
7 according to some embodiments of the invention. Process 800
starts at block 805. At block 810 the SMP collar is formed in an
original shape, for example, that is circular or C-shape. The SMP
collar can then be heated to temperatures near or above the glass
transition temperature of the SMP material at block 815. The SMP
collar can then be opened at block 820. This opening can be done
manually using any number of standard or custom tools. At block 825
the SMP collar is cooled back to a temperature below the glass
transition temperature (e.g., room temperature). The SMP collar is
then fixed in this open configuration. Process 800 can then end at
block 830.
[0079] FIG. 8B shows process 850 that starts at block 855. At block
860 the SMP collar is slid into position around a shaft (e.g.,
shaft 715) at block 860. At block 865 the SMP collar is heated to
temperatures near or above the glass transition temperature of the
SMP material at block 865. The SMP collar can then return to its
original shape at block 870. The SMP collar can naturally return to
the original shape or the SMP collar may be forced to return to its
original shape. At block 865, the SMP collar is cooled to a
temperature below the glass transition temperature of the SMP
material and SMP collar can return to its original shape. Process
850 can end at block 880 with SMP collar secured around the
shaft.
[0080] SMP collar 705 can be used in various assemblies. The shape
memory performance of SMP collar 705 can securely fit around shaft
715 because SMP collar 705 shrinks after being subject to
temperatures near or above the glass transition temperature. In
some embodiments, the inner radius of SMP collar 705 in the
original shape can be smaller than the radius of shaft 715. In this
way, when raised to temperatures near or above the glass transition
temperature of the SMP material, SMP collar 705 is snugly coupled
around with shaft 715.
[0081] FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C show SMP collar as fabricated,
transformed under temperature, and in use with a shaft according to
some embodiments of the invention. FIG. 9A shows SMP collar 905
fabricated in a straight or nearly straight configuration. SMP
collar 905 can be heated to temperatures near or above the glass
transition temperature of the SMP material and molded around shaft
910 as shown in FIG. 9B. The temperature of SMP collar 905 can then
be lowered to a temperature below the glass transition temperature
and SMP collar 905 can perform its function on shaft 910.
[0082] At some later point it may be desirable to remove SMP collar
905 from shaft 910. SMP collar 905 can be heated to temperatures
near or above the glass transition temperature, causing SMP collar
to return to its original shape (i.e., the shape shown in FIG. 9A).
This can be helpful for, among other things, releasing shaft 910
from SMP collar 905. In some embodiments, a force can be applied on
shaft 910. When SMP collar 905 is heated, the combination of the
heat and the force can cause SMP collar 905 to open. Various other
benefits can be realized.
[0083] FIGS. 10A and 10B are flowcharts of processes 1000 and 1050
for transforming and using the SMP collar shown in FIG. 9 according
to some embodiments of the invention. Process 1000 shown in FIG.
10A starts at block 1005. At block 1010 an SMP collar (e.g., SMP
collar 905) can be formed in the open configuration. For example,
the SMP collar can be formed straight or nearly straight (e.g., see
FIG. 9A). At block 1015 the SMP collar is heated to temperatures
near or above the glass transition temperature of the SMP material
and the SMP collar is formed around a shaft at block 1020 (e.g.,
see FIG. 9B). At block 1025 the SMP collar is cooled to a
temperature below the glass transition temperature of the SMP
material while the SMP collar is secured around the shaft. Process
1000 can then end at block 1030.
[0084] Process 1050, shown in FIG. 10B, starts at block 1055. At
block 1060 an SMP collar is in use while secured around a shaft
(e.g., see FIG. 9B). The SMP collar can be in use for any period of
time. At some point removal of the SMP collar may be desired. At
block 1065 the SMP collar can be heated to temperatures near or
above the glass transition temperature of the SMP material. At some
point during this heating process the SMP collar may open because
of its shape memory properties and/or the SMP collar is forced open
by an outside force. Regardless, the shaft is removed from the SMP
collar. At block 1030 process 1050 can end.
[0085] SMP Retention Devices
[0086] FIGS. 11A, 11B, 11C, and 11D show SMP retention device 1105
as fabricated, transformed under temperature, and in use with a
shaft according to some embodiments of the invention. FIG. 11A
shows SMP retention device 1105 as fabricated in its original
shape. SMP retention device can include pocket 1108. In FIG. 11B
shaft 1110 is placed within pocket 1108. While shaft 1110 is shown
with ball 1112, any type of shaft with an enlarged head may be
used. Any shape may be used; for example, a shaft with a cube,
cylinder, pyramid, cone, etc.
[0087] SMP retention device 1105 can then be heated to temperatures
near or above the glass transition temperature of the SMP material,
after which, as shown in FIG. 11C, SMP retention device 1105 can be
formed in a closed configuration. In the closed configuration, ball
1112 is secured within SMP retention device 1105 by closing pocket
1108 around ball 1112. In this way retention device 1105 can retain
ball 1112 and shaft 1110 in place. SMP retention device 1105 can
then be cooled to a temperature below the glass transition
temperature of the SMP material of the SMP retention device 1105.
FIG. 11D shows SMP retention device 1105 after being heated to
temperatures near or above the glass transition temperature of the
SMP material. When heated SMP retention device 1105 may return to
the original shape and shaft 1110 may be released. SMP retention
device 1105 may return to its original shape with or without the
aide of an outside force. In some embodiments, a force applied to
shaft 1110 when SMP retention device 1105 is to temperatures near
or above the glass transition temperature can aide in opening
pocket 1108 and allowing ball 1112 to release.
[0088] FIGS. 12A, 12B, 12C, and 12D show a two-sided SMP retention
device 1205 as fabricated, transformed under temperature, and in
use with a shaft according to some embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 12A shows single SMP retention device 1205 as fabricated in
the release state. FIG. 12B shows single SMP retention device 1205
in the retention state. The storage state can be created by heating
SMP retention device 1205 and transforming it from the release
state to the retention state. FIG. 12C shows two single SMP
retention devices 1205 securing shaft 1110 between the two SMP
retention devices 1205. FIG. 12D shows the two SMP retention
devices 1205 after being heated to temperatures near or above the
glass transition temperature of the SMP material. Both retention
devices can return to the release state or close thereto. Force
1215 on shaft 1110 can aid in opening the two SMP retention devices
and partially forcing them into the release state.
[0089] FIGS. 13A and 13B are flowcharts of processes 1300 and 1350
for transforming and using the retention devices shown in FIGS. 11
and 12 according to some embodiments of the invention. Process 1300
as shown in FIG. 13A begins at block 1305. At block 1310 a
retention device is formed in the open configuration from SMP
materials. Some type of joint can be created within the SMP
material in block 1315. This joint can be formed by joining two
separate SMP materials or within a single SMP material. At block
1320 the retention device is heated to temperatures near or above
the glass transition temperature of the SMP material. At block 1325
the retention device is forced into the storage state. The
retention device can secure a ball shaft when in the storage
state.
[0090] At block 1330 the SMP device is cooled to a temperature
below the glass transition temperature of the SMP material. In some
embodiments, the SMP device can be coupled with an external force
at block 1335. In block 1340 process 1300 ends.
[0091] Process 1350 shown in FIG. 13B begins at block 1355. At
block 1360 the retention device is heated to temperatures near or
above the glass transition temperature of the SMP material of the
retention device. At block 1365 the joint is allowed to pull from
the retention device under any influence from an external force. At
block 1370 process 1350 ends.
[0092] SMP Columns
[0093] FIGS. 14A, 14B, 15A, and 15B show SMP column 1405 as
fabricated and in use according to some embodiments of the
invention. FIG. 14A shows SMP column 1405 fabricated in a buckled
(or crooked, or bent) shape. FIG. 14B shows SMP column 1405 in a
straight shape. SMP column 1405 can be fabricated in the buckled
shape shown in FIG. 14A, heated to temperatures near or above the
glass transition temperature of the SMP material, and formed into a
straight shape as shown in FIG. 14B.
[0094] FIG. 15A shows SMP column 1405 in use according to some
embodiments of the invention. SMP column 1405 provides a resistive
static force in opposition to the force provided by spring 1515.
That is, spring 1515 provides a force that pulls surface 1500
toward surface 1505. SMP column 1405 provides an opposite,
structural, and/or static force that can keep surface 1500 at a
height h.sub.1 relative to surface 1505. While spring 1515 is shown
as providing a force in opposition to SMP column 1405, any other
type of force can be applied and/or any other type of mechanism can
apply a force. Spring 1515 can apply a compressive force on SMP
column 1405. SMP column 1405 resists any type of a force. FIG. 15B
shows SMP column 1405 buckled after being heated to temperatures
near or above the glass transition temperature of the SMP material.
When heated, SMP column 1405 returns to its original shape (e.g.,
the shape shown in FIG. 14A), which is a buckled or crooked shape.
Because of the buckling of SMP column 1405, surface 1505 and 1500
are now separated by a height h.sub.2 that is less than
h.sub.1.
[0095] While SMP column 1405 is shown being fabricated in a buckled
shape like that shown in FIG. 14A, SMP column 1405 can be
fabricated in a straight configuration like that shown in FIG. 14B.
SMP column 1405 can still be used as a column as shown in FIG. 15A.
When heated to temperatures near or above the glass transition
temperature of the SMP material, SMP column 1405 can buckle from
the force of spring 1515 without using the restorative action of
the SMP material that comprises the column.
[0096] FIGS. 16A, 16B, 17A, and 17B show SMP column 1605 as
fabricated and in use according to some embodiments of the
invention. SMP column 1605 as shown in FIG. 16A includes an
elongated flat member comprised of SMP material. SMP column 1605
can be much longer than it is wide or thick. SMP column 1605 can be
heated to temperatures near or above the glass transition
temperature of the SMP material and curved along the elongated
length of SMP column 1605 as shown in FIG. 16B. SMP column 1605 can
then be cooled to a temperature below the glass transition
temperature of the SMP material. The curve along the elongated
length can provide an increased moment of inertia to SMP column
1605. This increased moment of inertia may allow SMP column 1605 to
support larger loads. SMP column 1605 can be coupled with
structures 1705 and 1710 in any number of ways. In some cases, SMP
column 1605 can be coupled with structures 1705 and/or 1710 with a
rigid, a flexible, and/or a rotating attachment mechanism.
[0097] FIG. 17A shows SMP column 1605 supporting a load according
to some embodiments of the invention. The curve along the elongated
length of SMP column 1605 allows SMP column 1605 to support larger
loads than it would without SMP column 1605.
[0098] SMP column 1605 can be heated to temperatures near or above
the glass transition temperature of the SMP material. At these
temperatures the SMP material will return to the original shape
shown in FIG. 16A. Portions or all of SMP column 1605 will then
flatten out lowering the moment of inertia of SMP column 1605 and
causing SMP column 1605 to buckle under the applied load from
spring 1705.
[0099] FIGS. 18A, 18B, 19A, and 19B show SMP column 1805 as
fabricated and in use according to some embodiments of the
invention. SMP column 1805 can include a plurality of
micro-buckling elements 1810 as shown in FIG. 18A. In some
embodiments, SMP column 1805 can be a hollow cylinder.
Micro-buckling elements 1810 can be accordion shaped. SMP column
1805 can be heated to a temperature near or above the glass
transition temperature of the SMP material and elongated as shown
in FIG. 1810. When elongated, micro-buckling elements 1810 can
stretch out extending the length of SMP column 1805. Once SMP
column 1805 has been stretched to the appropriate length, SMP
column 1805 can be cooled to a temperature below the glass
transition temperature of the SMP material.
[0100] The cooled SMP column 1805 can then be used to support a
load as shown in FIG. 19A. Force 1910 is applied between surface
1901 and 1902. These surfaces are likewise supported by SMP column
1805, which resists force 1910. Surfaces 1901 and 1902 can be kept
a distance h.sub.1 from each other because of SMP column 1805. An
alignment mechanism can be used to keep surfaces 1901 and 1902 from
shifting latterly. An alignment mechanism can include complementary
shafts that allow thinner shaft 1915 to slide within shaft
1920.
[0101] When SMP column 1850 is again heated to a temperature near
or above the glass transition temperature of the SMP material,
force 1910 can cause the micro-buckling elements to collapse or
buckle, reducing the distance the two surfaces 1901 and 1902 are
from each other. Thus SMP column 1805 can be used to provide a
single direction actuator.
[0102] FIGS. 20A, 20B, and 21 are flowcharts process 2000, 2050 and
2100 for transforming and using the SMP columns as shown in FIGS.
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 according to some embodiments of the
invention.
[0103] Process 2000 can begin at block 2005 in FIG. 20A. At block
2010 an SMP column (e.g., SMP column 1405, 1605, and 1805) can be
formed in the collapsed configuration. The types and shapes of
collapsed configurations can vary as shown above. At block 2015,
the SMP column can be heated to a temperature near or above the
glass transition temperature of the SMP material. At block 2020,
the SMP column can be forced into an elongated configuration.
Various tools, jigs, and/or apparatus can be used to force the SMP
column into the elongated configuration.
[0104] At block 2025 the SMP column can be cooled to a temperature
below the glass transition temperature of the SMP material. At
block 2030 the SMP column can be put to use. That is, for example,
the SMP column device can be coupled to an apparatus to restrict a
force. At block 2035, process 2000 can end.
[0105] Process 2055 can begin at block 2055 in FIG. 20B. At block
2060 the SMP column is used to support a load. At block 2065 the
SMP column is heated to a temperature near or above the glass
transition temperature of the SMP material. Once heated, the SMP
column can collapse under force from the external load at block
2070. Process 2050 can end at block 2075.
[0106] Process 2100 can begin at block 2105. At block 2110 an SMP
pillar can be used to support a load or an external force. At block
2115 the SMP device can be heated to a temperature near or above
the glass transition temperature of the SMP material. Once heated
to these temperatures, the SMP column can then deform and/or
collapse in response to the applied external force at block 2120.
This deformation or collapse can occur from the applied external
force and not from the internal shape memory characteristic of SMP
materials.
[0107] SMP Wire
[0108] FIGS. 22A and 22B show SMP wire 2205 according to some
embodiments of the invention. In FIG. 22A SMP wire 2205 is formed
in a spring, coiled, or wound shape. In FIG. 22B SMP wire 2205 is
in a straightened shape. SMP wire 2205 can be heated to a
temperature near or above the glass transition temperature of the
SMP material in order to change the shape from the spring
configuration to the straightened configuration.
[0109] FIGS. 23A, 23B, 24A, and 24B are flowcharts of process 2300,
2350, 2400, and 2450 for transforming and using the SMP wire as
shown in FIG. 23 according to some embodiments of the
invention.
[0110] Process 2300 starts at block 2305 in FIG. 23A. An SMP wire
is formed in a coiled, spring, or wound shape at block 2310. At
block 2315, the SMP wire is heated to a temperature near or above
the glass transition temperature of the SMP material. At block
2320, the SMP wire is elongated and/or stretched while heated to a
temperature near or above the glass transition temperature of the
SMP material, after which at block 2325 the SMP wire can be cooled
to a temperature below the glass transition temperature of the SMP
material. Process 2300 can end at block 2330.
[0111] Process 2350 starts at block 2355 in FIG. 23B. The elongated
SMP wire is provided at block 2360. At block 2365 the SMP wire is
heated to a temperature near or above the glass transition
temperature of the SMP material. When heated to such a temperature,
SMP wire returns to its original coiled, spring, or wound shape. At
block 2370 the SMP coil can be cooled to a temperature below the
glass transition temperature of the SMP material. Process 2350 can
end at block 2375.
[0112] In FIG. 24A process 2400 starts at block 2405. At block 2410
an elongated SMP wire is formed from SMP material (e.g., like SMP
wire 2205 in 22B). At block 2415 the SMP wire is heated to a
temperature near or above the glass transition temperature of the
SMP material. At block 2420 the SMP wire is formed into a coiled
configuration (e.g., like SMP wire 2205 in 22A). At block 2425 the
SMP wire can be cooled to a temperature below the glass transition
temperature of the SMP material. And process 2400 can end at block
2430. At some point, the SMP spring may need to elongated or change
back to the original shape. This can be done by heating the SMP
back to a temperature above the glass transition temperature.
[0113] Process 2450 is shown in FIG. 24B and starts at block 2455.
At block 2460 the coiled SMP spring can be used in a mechanical
application. This SMP spring can be an SMP spring formed using
process 2400 or an SMP spring fabricated in a coiled configuration.
At block 2465 the SMP spring is heated to adjust the spring
constant of the material. FIG. 25 is a graph that shows how spring
constant changes with heat. Heat can be applied using various
electrical heaters coupled with the SMP spring. Returning to FIG.
24B, at block 2470 the SMP spring can be used with the different
spring constant. Process 2450 can end at block 2475. In such
embodiments the SMP spring can act as a variable spring constant
spring.
[0114] FIG. 25 shows a spring constant curve temperature. As noted
in the figure, the spring constant of SMP materials varies
inversely with temperature over a range of temperatures. Thus, as
the temperature of the SMP device varies, the spring constant will
likewise vary. Typically, the spring constant of the SMP device
will decrease as the temperature increases. Thus, embodiments of
the invention provide for springs that have spring constants that
vary with temperature.
[0115] SMP Panels
[0116] FIGS. 26A, 26B, and 26C show collapsible SMP sandwich panel
2600 in the original, compressed, and original shapes,
respectively, according to some embodiments of the invention.
[0117] As shown in FIG. 26A, SMP sandwich panel 2600 includes face
sheets 2601 and 2602, and SMP layer 2605. Face sheets 2601 and 2602
can include any type of material and can be rigid or flexible. In
some embodiments, face sheets 2601 and 2602 can be constructed from
thin metallic materials, fiber reinforced materials, composite
materials, etc. Core 2605 can include SMP materials. FIG. 26A shows
SMP sandwich panel 2600 in the original configuration.
[0118] FIG. 26B shows SMP sandwich panel 2600 in a compressed
configuration. Once heated to a temperature near or above the glass
transition temperature of the SMP material, SMP sandwich panel 2600
can be forced into the compressed configuration by forcing face
sheets 2601 and 2602 together. In the compressed configuration,
core 2605 of SMP sandwich panel 2600 is compressed by this external
force. SMP sandwich panel 2600 can then be cooled to a temperature
below the glass transition temperature of the SMP material and held
in the compressed configuration.
[0119] SMP sandwich panel 2600 can be reheated to a temperature
near or above the glass transition temperature of the SMP material.
SMP sandwich panel 2600 can then return to the original shape. An
external force may contribute to SMP sandwich panel 2600 transition
from the compressed to the original shape. SMP sandwich panel 2600
can be used in various configurations or embodiments where the
thickness of a material varies over time.
[0120] FIGS. 27A and 27B are flowcharts of processes 2700 and 2750
for transforming the SMP panel shown in FIG. 25 to another shape
according to some embodiments of the invention. Process 2700 begins
at block 2705. At block 2710 the SMP sandwich panel (e.g., SMP
sandwich panel 2600) can be formed in the original state (see e.g.,
FIG. 26A). At block 2715 the SMP sandwich panel can be heated to a
temperature near or above the glass transition temperature of the
SMP material. At block 2720 the SMP sandwich panel can be
compressed (see e.g., FIG. 26B). At block 2725, the SMP sandwich
panel can be cooled to a temperature below glass transition
temperature. At block 2730, process 2700 can end.
[0121] Process 2750 in FIG. 27B begins at block 2755. At block 2760
the SMP sandwich panel can be used in any of various applications.
At block 2765 the SMP material (e.g., SMP core 2605) can be heated
to a temperature near or above the glass transition temperature of
the SMP material. At block 2770 the SMP panel can be allowed to
return to the original shape. The fundamental nature of SMP
materials allows the SMP sandwich panel to change back to the
original shape. In some embodiments, the SMP sandwich panel can
return to the original shape with the restorative behavior of the
SMP core. In other embodiments, the SMP sandwich panel can return
to under an external force. At block 2775, process 2750 can
end.
[0122] FIGS. 28A and 28B show SMP panel 2800 in a shaped and
morphed configuration according to some embodiments of the
invention. In FIG. 28A, SMP panel 2800 includes face skin 2805 and
SMP material 2810. The SMP material can be similar to the SMP
materials described elsewhere in this disclosure. Likewise the face
skin can be similar to the face skin described elsewhere in this
disclosure. In some embodiments, face skin 2805 and SMP material
2810 may have different coefficients of thermal expansion. Because
of this difference, as the two materials are heated to a
temperature near or above the glass transition temperature of the
SMP material, the two materials will expand at different rates.
This expansion will cause SMP panel 2800 to bow or curve as shown
in FIG. 28B. If the temperature of the SMP material 2810 is lowered
below the glass transition temperature, SMP material 2810 will
maintain the curved shape.
[0123] FIGS. 29A and 29B are flowcharts of processes 2900 and 2950
for transforming an SMP panel (e.g., like the one shown in FIG. 28)
into another shape according to some embodiments of the invention.
The SMP panel can include a face sheet and an SMP layer. Process
2900 in FIG. 29A starts at block 2905. At block 2910 a two-layer
sandwich panel is formed in the original shape (e.g., the shape
shown in FIG. 28A). At block 2915 the SMP layer and/or the face
sheet can be heated to a temperature near or above the glass
transition temperature of the SMP material. The panel can then
naturally and/or under an external force deform into a curved or
bowed shape at block 2920. At block 2925 the SMP material and/or
face sheet can be cooled to a temperature below the glass
transition temperature of the SMP material. At this point the SMP
panel may retain its curved or bowed shape. Process 2900 can then
end at block 2930.
[0124] Process 2950, in FIG. 29B, begins at block 2955. At block
2960 an SMP panel is used in its curved configuration (e.g., see
FIG. 28B). The SMP panel can be heated to a temperature near or
above the glass transition temperature of the SMP material within
the SMP panel at block 2965. After heating, the SMP panel can
return to its original, non-curved shape at block 2970. At block
2975, process 2950 can end.
[0125] FIGS. 28 and 29 show SMP panels formed in a straight shape
and deformed into a curved shape. SMP panels can also be formed in
a curved shape, heated to a temperature near or above the glass
transition temperature of the SMP material, formed into a straight
shape, cooled to a temperature below the glass transition
temperature of the SMP material, and used in the straight shape.
Later, the SMP panel can be heated to a temperature near or above
the glass transition temperature of the SMP material and SMP panel
can return to the original shape naturally or by application of an
external force.
[0126] SMP Rivets
[0127] FIGS. 30A, 30B, 30C and 30D show SMP rivets 3005 as
fabricated, transformed under temperature, placed in use, and in
use according to some embodiments of the invention. FIG. 30A shows
SMP rivet 3005 in its original shape. SMP rivet 3005, in its
original shape, includes factory head 3015 and shop head 3020. SMP
rivet 3005 can be constructed from any type of SMP material. FIG.
30B shows SMP rivet 3005 in its deformed shape. In the deformed
shape, SMP rivet 3005 includes only factory head 3015. Shop head
3020 is completely removed. SMP rivet 3005 can be transformed into
the deformed shape after being heated to a temperature near or
above the glass transition temperature of the SMP material. Upon
cooling, SMP rivet 3005 can remain in the deformed state.
[0128] In use, SMP rivet 3005, in its deformed state, can be used
to secure or attach to materials together. For example, SMP rivet
3005 can be used to secure sheets 3010 and 3011 together as shown
in FIG. 30C. While only two sheets are shown, any number of
materials can be used. While two sheets are shown, SMP rivet 3005
can be used to secure any types of materials together. SMP rivet
3005 can be inserted into aligned holes within 3010 and 3011. The
width of the two materials combined can have about the same
dimension as SMP rivet 3005 between factory head 3015 and shop head
3020. Once placed within the threaded socket, SMP rivet 3005 can be
heated to a temperature near or above the glass transition
temperature of the SMP material. SMP rivet 3005 can then transition
to its original shape with or without application of an external
force. This force, for example, can be a tensile or compressive
force. In the original shape, the SMP rivet includes factory head
3015. The two sheets 3010 and 3011 can be secured together between
shop head 3020 and factory head 3015. SMP rivet 3005 can support
tension loads (loads parallel to the axis of SMP rivet 3005) and
shear loads (loads perpendicular to the axis of SMP rivet
3005).
[0129] FIGS. 31A and 31B are flowcharts of process 3100 and 3150
for transforming and using an SMP rivet according to some
embodiments of the invention. Process 3100, shown in FIG. 31A,
begins at block 3105. At block 3110, an SMP rivet is formed in its
original shape with a shop head and a factory head (e.g., see FIG.
31A). At block 3115 the SMP rivet is heated to a temperature near
or above the glass transition temperature of the SMP material. At
block 3120 the SMP rivet is deformed (or transformed) into an
elongated shape without the shop head. At block 3125 the SMP rivet
is cooled to a temperature below the glass transition temperature
of the SMP material. Process 3100 can end at block 3130.
[0130] Process 3150, shown in FIG. 31B, begins at block 3155. At
block 3160, an elongated SMP rivet, without a shop head, is
inserted into a threaded socket. This threaded socket, for example,
can be a hole within two or more materials that are to be riveted
together. At block 3165, the SMP rivet can be heated to a
temperature near or above the glass transition temperature of the
SMP material. At block 3170 SMP rivet can return to the original
shape with the shop head. This can be done by the natural
restorative nature of the SMP material and/or aided by an outside
force. Regardless of the mechanism, a shop head is formed, and the
SMP rivet is snugly affixed within the hole. Process 3150 can end
at block 3175.
[0131] FIGS. 32A, 32B, and 32C show SMP rivet 3200 as fabricated,
placed in use, and in use according to some embodiments of the
invention. FIG. 32A shows SMP rivet 3200 in its original as
fabricated shape. SMP rivet 3200 can be constructed from any type
of SMP material. SMP rivet can include shaft 3205 and factory head
3210.
[0132] FIG. 32B shows SMP rivet 3200 inserted into a hole formed
within two sheets 3215 and 3216. While only two sheets are shown,
any number of sheets can be used. And while sheets are shown, SMP
rivet 3200 can be used to secure any types of materials together.
After SMP rivet 3200 has been inserted into the hole, SMP rivet
3200 can be heated to a temperature near or above the glass
transition temperature of the SMP material and deformed as shown in
FIG. 32C. In some embodiments, this deformation may produce shop
head 3220 on SMP rivet 3200. This deformation requires an external
force to reshape SMP rivet 3200. Specialty tools may be used and/or
a blunt instrument can strike the shop head end of SMP rivet 3200
deforming SMP rivet 3200 as shown. In some embodiments, this
deformation may cause the diameter of shaft 3205 to expand, filling
in any unused space within the hole. SMP rivet 3200 after
deformation can secure sheets 3215 and 3216 together.
[0133] FIGS. 33A and 33B are flowcharts of process 3300 and 3350
for transforming and using the SMP rivet shown in FIG. 32 according
to some embodiments of the invention. Process 3300 begins at block
3305 in FIG. 33A. At block 3310, an SMP rivet (e.g., SMP rivet
3200) is formed in its original shape without a shop head and with
a factory head (e.g., see FIG. 32A). At block 3315 the SMP rivet is
placed within a hole. This hole can include holes from multiple
sheets, materials, panels, and/or apparatuses. At block 3320 the
SMP rivet is deformed to include a shop head. Process 3300 can end
at block 3325.
[0134] FIG. 33B shows process 3350, which begins at block 3355. At
block 3360 SMP rivet (e.g., SMP rivet 3200) is heated to a
temperature near or above the glass transition temperature of the
SMP material. The SMP rivet could have been previously inserted
into a hole and deformed to include a shop head (e.g., as shown in
FIG. 32C). The SMP rivet is then allowed to return to its original
shape at block 3365. In some embodiments, an outside force can be
used to help the SMP rivet return to its original shape. For
example, the SMP rivet and/or the material within which it is
attached can be mechanically or acoustically vibrated while at a
temperature above the glass transition temperature of the SMP
material. Other external forces may be used. The heat, possibly in
combination with an external force, can allow the SMP rivet to be
removed as shown in block 3370. At block 3375 process 3350 can
end.
[0135] SMP rivet 3200 and/or process 3300 and 3350 can be used in
various manufacturing processes such as automobile manufacturing.
In some embodiments, SMP rivet 3200 can be used to secure a fixture
to the frame of an automobile. For example, SMP rivet 3200 can be
used to secure a door panel (e.g., sheet 3216 in FIGS. 32A, 32B,
and 32C) to a doorframe (e.g., sheet 3215 in FIGS. 32A, 32B and
32C). Process 3300 can be used to secure SMP rivet 3200. Process
3350 can be used to remove SMP rivet 3200 and, for example,
ultimately remove the door panel from the doorframe. The removal
process can occur at a junkyard and/or at an automobile recycling
center.
[0136] SMP Pins
[0137] FIG. 34A show SMP pin 3400 with detent 3405 in an original
shape according to some embodiments of the invention. SMP pin 3400
is a cylindrical member made at least partially from SMP materials.
FIGS. 34B and 34C show SMP pin 3400 twisted along the longitudinal
length of SMP pin 3400. When twisted, the bottom portion of SMP pin
3400 and detent 3405 are twisted relative to the upper portion of
SMP pin 3400. SMP pin 3400 can be twisted from the original shape
shown in FIG. 34 to a second shape (e.g., either of the shapes
shown in FIG. 34B or 34C), when heated to a temperature near or
above the glass transition temperature of the SMP material. An
external force can be applied to transform the pin from the
original shape to the second shape. This force, for example, can be
a torsion force applied by an external tool or tools. After
twisting, SMP pin 3400 can be cooled to a temperature below the
glass transition temperature of the SMP material. SMP pin 3400 will
then maintain the second shape.
[0138] SMP pin 3400 will return to the original shape or a shape
close thereto, when reheated to a temperature near or above the
glass transition temperature. In some situations, SMP pin 3400 may
be maintained at a temperature near or above the glass transition
temperature for a period of time sufficient to allow the SMP to
recover and allow the pin to return to or close to the pin's
original shape. While SMP pin 3400 is shown twisted about 90
degrees, SMP pin 3400 can be twisted any degree. For example, SMP
pin 3400 can be twisted 45, 90, 135, 180, 235, 270, 315, or 360 or
more degrees. The length of the SMP pin and/or the type of SMP
material used may limit the degree of twisting.
[0139] SMP pin 3400 may be completely or partially comprised of SMP
material. For example, the ends of SMP pin 3400 may be comprised of
a material other than SMP material. A central pin may also be used
that is or is not comprised of SMP material that limits twisting to
twisting along the longitudinal length of SMP pin 3400. Moreover,
detent 3405 can be comprised of any type of material.
[0140] FIG. 35A shows flow chart of process 3500 for creating an
SMP pin. Process 3500 starts at block 3505. At block 3510 the SMP
pin can be formed with a detent. The SMP pin can be formed from any
manufacturing process that can produce a pin with a detent. SMP pin
can be formed at least partially from SMP material and/or can be
formed in a substantially cylindrical shape. In some
configurations, the ends of the pin can be manufactured from
non-SMP material.
[0141] At block 3515, the SMP pin can be heated to a temperature
near or above the glass transition temperature of the SMP material.
Once heated, the pin can be twisted such that the detent is twisted
relative to other portions of the pin at block 3520. The pin can
then be cooled below the glass transition temperature at block 3525
while being held within the twisted configuration. At block 3530,
process 3500 can end.
[0142] Process 3550, shown in FIG. 35B, shows a flowchart for using
the SMP pin according to some embodiments of the invention. Process
3550 begins at block 3555. At block 3560 SMP pin 3400 can be
inserted into socket 3610 (shown in FIGS. 36A, 36B and 36C) that
allows for passage of the pin and the detent. FIG. 36A shows a top
view, FIG. 36B shows a side view, and FIG. 36C shows an end view of
socket 3610 and the channels. In some configurations, socket 3610
can have a diameter larger than the diameter of the pin without the
detent, longitudinal channel 3620 that can allow passage of the
detent, and transverse channel 3630.
[0143] FIGS. 37A and 37B show a side view and an end view of SMP
pin 3400 being inserted into socket 3610. Longitudinal channel 3620
provides an additional channel for detent 3405 to pass through
socket 3610. At block 3575 SMP pin is cooled to a temperature below
the glass transition temperature.
[0144] Returning to FIG. 35B, at block 3565 SMP pin 3410 can be
heated to a temperature near or above the glass transition
temperature. At block 3570, SMP pin 3410 can be allowed to twist
back to the original shape causing the detent to interfere with
transverse channel 3630. An example of this is shown schematically
in FIGS. 37C and 37D. FIGS. 37C and 37D show side and top views of
detent 3405 twisted within socket 3610 such that detent 3405
mechanically interferes with the top of transverse channel 3630
restricting pin 3410 from being extracted from socket 3610. In this
example detent 3405 rotates approximately 90 degrees. However, any
rotation may be sufficient so long as the rotation rotates the pin
from a position that is free to a position that locks the pin.
[0145] Referring back to FIG. 35B, process 3550 may end at block
3580.
[0146] In other embodiments of the invention, SMP pin 3800 can have
detent 3805 that is angled toward the bottom of the SMP pin in a
wedge shape as shown in FIGS. 38A, 38B and 38C. Both SMP pin 3800
and/or detent 3805 can be similar to SMP pin 3400 and/or detent
3405. SMP pin 3800 can be inserted into socket 3600 in a twisted
configuration. In this embodiment, detent 3805 does not slide into
socket 3610 through channel 3620. Instead, detent 3805 is jammed
into the socket until the top surface of detent 3805 engages with
transverse channel 3630. In this embodiment, SMP pin 3800 can be
removed by heating SMP pin 3800 above the glass transition
temperature. Above this temperature, SMP pin 3800 will twist and
detent 3805 can line up with channel 3620 allowing SMP pin 3800 to
be removed under an external force.
[0147] In some embodiments, SMP pin 3400 and/or SMP pin 3800 can be
tapered along the longitudinal length of the pin. The end nearest
the detent, for example, can have a smaller diameter than the other
end.
[0148] Embodiments of the invention often use external forces to
modify the shape of an SMP device. An external force can be applied
by hand or by a hand tool that is not integral with the SMP device
and/or system. An external force can also be provided by an elastic
member or force within the system. And an external force can be
applied with an embedded elastic element such as the one shown in
FIG. 3E.
[0149] Embodiments of the invention also require heating of an SMP
device. Heat can be applied using convective heating (in an oven,
hot air gun, etc.), radiation (i.e. UV lamps), inductive heating,
RF heating, IR heating, resistive heating (embedded or surface
mounted resistive wire heater), etc. This could also involve
modifying the SMP with conductive fillers, fibers, etc. so that a
voltage can be applied to the device itself for resistive heating.
In the case of a device that contains a metallic component (like a
spring), the spring may also be used as a resistive heating
element.
[0150] Different arrangements of the components depicted in the
drawings or described above, as well as components and steps not
shown or described are possible. Similarly, some features and
subcombinations are useful and may be employed without reference to
other features and subcombinations. Features, components, benefits,
methods, or processes described in conjunction with one embodiment
can be applied to any other embodiment. Embodiments of the
invention have been described for illustrative and not restrictive
purposes, and alternative embodiments will become apparent to
readers of this patent. Accordingly, the present invention is not
limited to the embodiments described above or depicted in the
drawings, and various embodiments and modifications can be made
without departing from the scope of the claims below.
* * * * *