U.S. patent application number 13/653249 was filed with the patent office on 2013-02-14 for positioning systems and methods for implanting an energy absorbing system.
This patent application is currently assigned to MOXIMED, INC.. The applicant listed for this patent is Moximed, Inc.. Invention is credited to Anton G. Clifford, Michael E. Landry, David Lowe, Mary O'Connell, Alan C. Regala, Michael Rode, Ezra T. Schiff, Clinton N. Slone.
Application Number | 20130041464 13/653249 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 43970705 |
Filed Date | 2013-02-14 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130041464 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Regala; Alan C. ; et
al. |
February 14, 2013 |
POSITIONING SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR IMPLANTING AN ENERGY ABSORBING
SYSTEM
Abstract
Positioning instruments and related methods are described for
implanting an energy absorbing system for treating joints. The
positioning instruments and methods allow the energy absorbing
system to be positioned at a joint such that the desired motion
will occur for the particular design of a particular energy
absorbing system which is to be implanted. The positioning
instruments include a locating instrument for locating an
anatomical feature and a target location for implantation of the
energy absorbing system, a verification instrument for verification
of the target location, a placement guide for guiding placement of
a part of the energy absorbing system, and positioning device for
aligning portions of the energy absorbing system.
Inventors: |
Regala; Alan C.; (Seattle,
WA) ; O'Connell; Mary; (Menlo Park, CA) ;
Landry; Michael E.; (Austin, TX) ; Clifford; Anton
G.; (Mountain View, CA) ; Rode; Michael; (Lake
Oswego, OR) ; Schiff; Ezra T.; (Mountain View,
CA) ; Lowe; David; (Redwood City, CA) ; Slone;
Clinton N.; (San Francisco, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Moximed, Inc.; |
Hayward |
CA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
MOXIMED, INC.
Hayward
CA
|
Family ID: |
43970705 |
Appl. No.: |
13/653249 |
Filed: |
October 16, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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12915606 |
Oct 29, 2010 |
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13653249 |
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61259052 |
Nov 6, 2009 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
623/13.11 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61B 17/8897 20130101;
A61F 2002/0864 20130101; A61B 17/1764 20130101; A61B 2017/567
20130101; A61F 2/3836 20130101; A61B 17/56 20130101; A61B 17/808
20130101; A61B 2090/061 20160201; A61F 2002/30563 20130101; A61F
2002/0888 20130101; A61F 2/0811 20130101; A61B 17/8061 20130101;
A61B 17/8872 20130101; A61F 2002/0823 20130101; A61F 2/4657
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
623/13.11 |
International
Class: |
A61F 2/46 20060101
A61F002/46; A61F 2/08 20060101 A61F002/08 |
Claims
1-16. (canceled)
17. A system for placing an energy absorbing device at a joint
comprising: a base configured to be secured to a bone adjacent a
joint; a placement guide removably attachable to the base, wherein
the placement guide includes an offset member one end of which is
connected to the placement guide and an opposite end of which is
configured to contact the bone.
18. The system of claim 17, wherein the placement guide is
removable from the base after the base has been secured to the
bone.
19. The system of claim 17, wherein the offset member is configured
to slide over a reference wire fixed to the bone.
20. The system of claim 17, wherein the offset member is pivotable
with respect to the base when the placement guide is attached to
the base.
21. The system of claim 17, wherein the placement guide further
comprises an elongate member extending from the guide in a
direction towards an opposite bone of the joint and configured for
orienting the base on the bone.
22-28. (canceled)
29. A method of implanting an energy absorbing device at a joint
comprising: securing a first base member to a bone on a first side
of a joint; affixing an absorber to the first base member, the
absorber having at least one articulation; temporarily restraining
the articulation of the absorber to a limited range of motion less
the a full range of motion of the articulation with a removable
restraint; positioning and securing a second base member to a bone
on a second side of the joint while the articulation of the
absorber is temporarily restrained; and removing the restraint.
30. The method of claim 29, wherein the restraint is a positioning
collar arranged to be placed between the first base and the
absorber to limit articulation of the absorber.
31. A system for placing an energy absorbing device at a joint
comprising: a base configured to be secured to a bone adjacent a
joint and including a first placement guide mounting surface and a
first connector component; a placement guide including a second
placement guide mounting surface, a second connector component
adapted to mate with the first connector component, and an offset
member, the placement guide being attachable to the base in an
attached position such that the first and second placement guide
mounting surfaces abut when the first and second connector
components mate.
32. The system of claim 31, wherein the placement guide is
removable from the base after the base has been secured to the
bone.
33. The system of claim 31, wherein the offset member has a first
and a second end, the first end of the offset member being
configured to contact the bone when the placement guide is in the
attached position and the base is in a position at which it is to
be secured to the bone.
34. The system of claim 31, wherein the offset member comprises a
longitudinal opening and is configured such that a reference marker
fixed to the bone is adapted to extend through the longitudinal
opening.
35. The system of claim 31, wherein the placement guide is
attachable to the base in only one attached position.
36. The system of claim 31, wherein the placement guide further
comprises an elongate member extending from the guide in a
direction towards an opposite bone of the joint and configured for
orienting the base on the bone.
37. The system of claim 31, wherein the placement guide includes a
locking arm adapted to engage with the base for locking the
placement guide in the attached position.
38. The system of claim 37, comprising a removable pin adapted to
engage the locking arm to prevent unlocking of the placement guide
from the attached position.
39. A method for positioning a base for an implant at a joint,
comprising: inserting a first elongated reference marker into a
first bone of the joint so that one end of the first reference
marker is inserted into the bone and the other end of the first
reference marker is free; placing a preassembled combination of a
base and a placement guide on the bone of the joint so that the
first reference marker extends through a first guide hole in the
placement guide; inserting a second elongated reference marker
through a second guide hole in the placement guide and into the
bone of the joint while orienting the combination and the second
reference marker so that, when the second reference marker is
inserted into the bone, the second reference marker extends in a
predetermined relation to the first bone and a second bone of the
joint.
40. The method of claim 39, comprising detaching the placement
guide from the base by moving a locking arm of the placement guide
from a locking position in which the locking arm locks the
placement guide relative to the base to an unlocked position.
41. A tool for selecting one base from among a plurality of bases
having different base geometries for an implant at a joint,
comprising: a tool body having a bone contacting surface shape
generally corresponding to a bone contacting surface shape of the
plurality of bases from which the one base is to be selected; a
guide opening on the tool body through which an elongated reference
marker is adapted to extend; indicia corresponding to at least some
of the plurality of bases, wherein, when the tool body is
positioned on a bone of the joint so that the reference marker
extends through the guide opening and the tool body is in a desired
alignment with the bone, the reference marker is disposed in a
position relative to the indicia that indicates one base is to be
selected.
42. The tool of claim 41, wherein the guide opening is generally
conical, with a wide end of the cone being disposed on a side of
the tool body opposite a side of the tool body intended to face the
bone.
43. The tool of claim 42, wherein the indicia are disposed on the
tool body at the wide end of the cone of the guide opening.
44. A method for selecting a base from among a plurality of bases
having different base geometries for an implant at a joint,
comprising: inserting an elongated reference marker into a bone of
the joint so that one end of the reference marker is inserted into
the bone and the other end of the reference marker is free;
positioning a trial so that a surface of the trial is in a desired
alignment with the portion of the bone and so that the free end of
the reference marker extends through a guide opening on the trial;
and selecting one base from among the plurality bases depending
upon a position of the reference marker relative to one or more
indicia associated with the guide opening.
45. The method of claim 44, further comprising clearing periostium
in a region to which the base is to be implanted.
46. The method of claim 44, wherein the reference marker is a
K-wire and further comprising placing the trial over the
K-wire.
47. The method of claim 44, wherein the trial includes one or more
of 40.degree., 45.degree. or 50.degree. degree indicia markings to
identify an appropriate base.
48. The method of claim 44, wherein the trial includes an indicator
and further comprising inserting a K-wire into the bone and
aligning the indicator with the K-wire.
49. The tool of claim 41, wherein the indicia includes one or more
of 40.degree., 45.degree. or 50.degree. markings.
50. The tool of claim 41, wherein the guide opening is sized to
receive a K-wire.
51. The tool of claim 41, wherein the tool body is configured to be
placed on the bone relative to a K-wire, such relative positioning
cooperating in selecting a base.
Description
BACKGROUND
[0001] The present disclosure is directed towards positioning
instruments and related methods for implanting an energy absorbing
system, and more particularly to tools and surgical procedures for
implanting an energy absorbing system for treating joint
members.
[0002] Joint replacement is one of the most common and successful
operations in modern orthopaedic surgery. It consists of replacing
painful, arthritic, worn or diseased parts of a joint with
artificial surfaces shaped in such a way as to allow joint
movement. Osteoarthritis is a common diagnosis leading to joint
replacement. Such procedures are a last resort treatment as they
are highly invasive and require substantial periods of recovery and
permanently alter the joint. Total joint replacement, also known as
total joint arthroplasty, is a procedure in which all articular
surfaces at a joint are replaced. This contrasts with
hemiarthroplasty (half arthroplasty) in which only one bone's
articular surface at a joint is replaced and unincompartmental
arthroplasty in which the articular surfaces of only one of
multiple compartments at a joint (such as the surfaces of the thigh
and shin bones on just the inner side or just the outer side at the
knee) are replaced.
[0003] Arthroplasty as a general term, is an orthopaedic procedure
which surgically alters the natural joint in some way. This
includes procedures in which the arthritic or dysfunctional joint
surface is replaced with something else, and procedures which are
undertaken to reshape or realign the joint by osteotomy or some
other procedure. As with joint replacement, these other
arthroplasty procedures are also highly invasive procedures
characterized by relatively long recovery times. A previously
popular form of arthroplasty was interpositional arthroplasty in
which the joint was surgically altered by insertion of some other
tissue like skin, muscle or tendon within the articular space to
keep inflammatory surfaces apart. Another previously done
arthroplasty was excisional arthroplasty in which articular
surfaces were removed leaving scar tissue to fill in the gap. Among
other types of arthroplasty are resection(al) arthroplasty,
resurfacing arthroplasty, mold arthroplasty, cup arthroplasty,
silicone replacement arthroplasty, and osteotomy to affect joint
alignment or restore or modify joint congruity. When successful,
arthroplasty results in new joint surfaces which serve the same
function in the joint as did the surfaces that were removed. Any
chondrocytes (cells that control the creation and maintenance of
articular joint surfaces), however, are either removed as part of
the arthroplasty, or left to contend with the resulting joint
anatomy. Because of this, none of the therapies which remove the
joint surfaces are chondro-protective.
[0004] A widely-applied type of osteotomy is one in which bones are
surgically cut to improve alignment. A misalignment due to injury,
bone abnormality or disease in a joint relative to the direction of
load can result in an imbalance of forces and pain in the affected
joint. The goal of osteotomy is to surgically re-align the bones at
a joint and thereby relieve pain by shifting forces across the
joint to less damaged joint surfaces. This can also increase the
lifespan of the joint. When addressing osteoarthritis in the knee
joint, this procedure involves surgical re-alignment of the joint
by cutting and reattaching part of one of the bones at the knee to
change the joint alignment, and this procedure is often used in
younger, more active or heavier patients. Most often, high tibial
osteotomy (HTO) (the surgical re-alignment of the upper end of the
shin bone (tibia) to address knee malalignment) is the osteotomy
procedure done to address osteoarthritis and it often results in a
decrease in pain and improved function. However, HTO does not
address ligamentous instability--only mechanical alignment. HTO is
associated with good early results, but results deteriorate over
time.
[0005] It has been found that excess loading of the joint is the
primary contributing factor in the progression of osteoarthritis
disease. It has also been shown that a decrease in load, such as by
weight loss can result in decrease in disease progression and in
pain relief.
[0006] Certain approaches to treating osteoarthritis contemplate
external devices such as braces or fixators which attempt to
control the motion of the bones at a joint or apply cross-loads at
a joint to shift load from one side of the joint to the other. A
number of these approaches have had some success in alleviating
pain by reducing loads on diseased joints but have ultimately been
unsuccessful due to lack of patient compliance or the inability of
the devices to facilitate and support the natural motion and
function of the diseased joint.
[0007] Certain prior approaches to treating osteoarthritis have
also failed to account for all of the basic functions of the
various structures of a joint in combination with its unique
movement. In addition to addressing the loads and motions at a
joint, an ultimately successful approach should both acknowledge
the dampening and energy absorption functions of the anatomy, and
be implantable via a minimally invasive technique. Device
constructs which are relatively rigid do not allow substantial
energy storage. For these relatively rigid constructs, energy is
transferred rather than stored or absorbed relative to a joint. By
contrast, the natural joint is a construct comprised of elements of
different compliance characteristics such as bone, cartilage,
synovial fluid, muscles, tendons, ligaments, etc. as described
above. These dynamic elements include relatively compliant ones
(ligaments, tendons, fluid, cartilage) which allow for substantial
energy absorption and storage, and relatively stiffer ones (bone)
that allow for efficient energy transfer. The cartilage in a joint
compresses under applied force and the resultant force displacement
product represents the energy absorbed by cartilage. The fluid
content of cartilage also acts to stiffen its response to load
applied quickly and dampen its response to loads applied slowly. In
this way, cartilage acts to absorb and store, as well as to
dissipate energy.
[0008] Approaches for surgically implanting extra-articular
mechanical energy absorbing apparatus have been developed. As
precise and effective placement are important to the efficacy of an
implanted extra-articular mechanical absorbing apparatus, further
advancements in patient preparation and device-to-anatomy
juxapositional relationships have been found to be both useful and
necessary.
[0009] With the foregoing applications in mind, it has been found
to be necessary to develop effective systems and tools for mounting
an extra-articular energy absorbing apparatus to body anatomy.
[0010] For energy absorbing apparatus to function optimally, they
must not cause an adverse disturbance to joint motion. Therefore,
what is needed is a refined surgical approach to implanting a
device which addresses both joint movement and varying loads as
well as complements underlying or adjacent anatomy.
[0011] The present disclosure satisfies these and other needs.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0012] Briefly and in general terms, the present disclosure is
directed towards treating diseased or mal-aligned body joints,
typically affected by osteoarthritis, using an energy absorbing
system without limiting the range of motion of the patient's
articulating joint. The positioning instruments and related methods
are described herein for implanting such energy absorbing
system.
[0013] A method of implanting a device at a joint comprising
inserting a first reference marker into a first bone of the joint,
inserting a second reference marker into a second bone of the
joint, connecting the first and second reference markers to a
verification tool, moving the joint through a predetermined range
of motion and utilizing the verification tool to determine whether
the first and second reference markers move in a desired kinematic
pattern with respect to one another throughout the predetermined
range of motion, relocating one of the reference markers if the
desired kinematic pattern is not achieved, and implanting the
device across the joint.
[0014] A verification tool for verification of a location for
implantation of an extra-articular energy absorbing device at a
joint, the tool comprising a tool body, a first connection member
on the tool body, the first connection member configured to be
connected to a first reference marker located in a first bone, the
first connection member allowing rotation of the tool with respect
to the first bone, a second connection member on the tool body, the
second connection member configured to be connected to a second
reference marker located in a second bone, the second connection
member allowing rotation of the tool with respect to the second
bone, wherein at least one of the first and second connection
members is movable with respect to the tool body, and a gauge
configured to provide a user with information about the location of
at least one of the first and second reference markers as the joint
is articulated.
[0015] A system for placing an energy absorbing device at a joint
comprising a base configured to be secured to a bone adjacent a
joint, a placement guide removably attachable to the base, wherein
the placement guide includes an offset member one end of which is
connected to the placement guide and an opposite end of which is
configured to contact the bone.
[0016] A method for locating a center of rotation for an
implantable articulating joint device, the method comprising
locating an anatomical reference location on a bone with a tool
having radiopaque markers, and marking a target location for an
implantable articulating joint device at a predetermined distance
and direction away from the anatomical reference location by
inserting a marker through an opening in the tool.
[0017] A method of implanting an energy absorbing device at a joint
comprising securing a first base member to a bone on a first side
of a joint, affixing an absorber to the first base member, the
absorber having at least one articulation, temporarily restraining
the articulation of the absorber to a limited range of motion less
the a full range of motion of the articulation with a removable
restraint, positioning and securing a second base member to a bone
on a second side of the joint while the articulation of the
absorber is temporarily restrained, and removing the restraint.
[0018] A system for placing an energy absorbing device at a joint
comprising a base configured to be secured to a bone adjacent a
joint and including a first placement guide mounting surface and a
first connector component, a placement guide including a second
placement guide mounting surface, a second connector component
adapted to mate with the first connector component, and an offset
member, the placement guide being attachable to the base in an
attached position such that the first and second placement guide
mounting surfaces abut when the first and second connector
components mate.
[0019] A method for positioning a base for an implant at a joint,
comprising inserting a first elongated reference marker into a
first bone of the joint so that one end of the first reference
marker is inserted into the bone and the other end of the first
reference marker is free, placing a preassembled combination of a
base and a placement guide on the bone of the joint so that the
first reference marker extends through a first guide hole in the
placement guide, inserting a second elongated reference marker
through a second guide hole in the placement guide and into the
bone of the joint while orienting the combination and the second
reference marker so that, when the second reference marker is
inserted into the bone, the second reference marker extends in a
predetermined relation to the first bone and a second bone of the
joint.
[0020] A tool for selecting one base from among a plurality of
bases having different base geometries for an implant at a joint,
comprising, a tool body having a bone contacting surface shape
generally corresponding to a bone contacting surface shape of the
plurality of bases from which the one base is to be selected, a
guide opening on the tool body through which an elongated reference
marker is adapted to extend, indicia corresponding to at least some
of the plurality of bases, wherein, when the tool body is
positioned on a bone of the joint so that the reference marker
extends through the guide opening and the tool body is in a desired
alignment with the bone, the reference marker is disposed in a
position relative to the indicia that indicates one base is to be
selected.
[0021] A method for selecting a base from among a plurality of
bases having different base geometries for an implant at a joint,
comprising, inserting an elongated reference marker into a bone of
the joint so that one end of the reference marker is inserted into
the bone and the other end of the reference marker is free,
positioning a trial so that a surface of the trial is in a desired
alignment with the portion of the bone and so that the free end of
the reference marker extends through a guide opening on the trial,
and selecting one base from among the plurality bases depending
upon a position of the reference marker relative to one or more
indicia associated with the guide opening.
[0022] Other features of the energy absorbing system and device
will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken
in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by
way of example, the principles of the embodiments.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0023] FIG. 1 is a perspective view, depicting an extra-articular
implantable mechanical energy absorbing system;
[0024] FIG. 2 is a side view, depicting the absorber of the system
of FIG. 1 with the sheath removed;
[0025] FIG. 3 is a side view, of a position verification tool for
location of a correct position for the energy absorbing system of
FIG. 1;
[0026] FIG. 4 is a perspective view, of the verification tool of
FIG. 3 in use on a patient;
[0027] FIG. 5 is a perspective view, of the verification tool of
FIG. 3;
[0028] FIG. 6A is a perspective view of a bullseye tool for
inserting a reference marker into a bone at a desired location;
[0029] FIG. 6B is a top view of a portion of the bullseye tool of
FIG. 6A;
[0030] FIG. 7A is a top perspective view of a placement guide used
to facilitate correct positioning of the base;
[0031] FIG. 7B is a side perspective view of the placement guide of
FIG. 7A;
[0032] FIG. 8 is a top view of the placement guide of FIG. 7A
temporarily attached to a base;
[0033] FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the placement guide and base
as they are positioned for attachment of the base to a bone of a
patient;
[0034] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the base attached to the
bone of a patient with the placement guide removed;
[0035] FIG. 11A is a side perspective view of an absorber
positioning collar;
[0036] FIG. 11B is a bottom perspective view of the absorber
positioning collar of FIG. 11A;
[0037] FIG. 12 is a top view of the positioning collar of FIG. 11A
positioned between a base and absorber;
[0038] FIGS. 13A-13C are perspective, top. and side views of a
femoral trial according to an aspect of the present invention;
[0039] FIGS. 14A-14B are top and perspective views of a base for
forming part of a system for placing an energy absorbing device at
a joint according to an aspect of the present invention;
[0040] FIGS. 15A-15B are top and perspective views of a placement
guide for forming part of a system for placing an energy absorbing
device at a joint according to an aspect of the present
invention;
[0041] FIG. 16 is a side view of a locking pin forming part of a
system for placing an energy absorbing device at a joint according
to an aspect of the present invention; and
[0042] FIGS. 17A-17B are perspective and top views of a system for
placing an energy absorbing device at a joint according to an
aspect of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0043] Referring now to the drawings, which are provided by way of
example and not limitation, the present disclosure is directed
towards apparatus for treating body tissues. In applications
relating to the treatment of body joints, the described approach
seeks to alleviate pain associated with the function of diseased or
malaligned members forming a body joint. Whereas the present
invention is particularly suited to address issues associated with
osteoarthritis, the energy manipulation accomplished by the present
invention lends itself well to broader applications. Moreover, the
present invention is particularly suited to treating synovial
joints such as the knee, finger, wrist, ankle and shoulder.
[0044] In one particular aspect, the presently disclosed energy
absorbing systems involve varying energy absorption and transfer
during the rotation of a joint, such as a knee joint. FIG. 1
illustrates an implantable energy absorbing system for absorption
of forces normally transmitted through a joint in order to relieve
pain, such as pain associated with osteoarthritis.
[0045] U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0014016, which is
incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, describes certain
embodiments of extra-articular energy absorbing systems. These
energy absorbing systems include geometry which accomplishes
variable energy absorption designed to minimize and complement the
dampening effect and energy absorption provided by the anatomy of
the body, such as that found at a body joint. It has been
postulated that to minimize pain, in an osteoarthritic joint
absorption of 1-40% of forces, in varying degrees, may be
necessary. Variable absorption in the range of 5-20% can be a
target for certain applications. In certain specific applications,
temporary distraction (e.g., less than 3 months) is employed in the
energy manipulation approach.
[0046] Referring now to FIG. 1, one embodiment of an energy
absorbing system 50 is shown affixed to a knee joint to absorb at
least a portion of the energy normally transmitted by the knee
anatomy. The energy absorbing system 50 includes a proximal 52 base
positioned on the femur 56 and a distal 54 base positioned on the
tibia 58 of the typical knee joint. It is noted that portions of
the base 52, 54 are contoured to match potential mounting surfaces
of the femur and tibia 56, 58. Also shown is an energy absorbing
device 60 that is located between and mounted to the bases 52, 54.
In FIG. 1A, the energy absorbing system 60 is shown with a sheath
61 which covers internal components, protects the moving elements
from impingement by surrounding tissues and prevents the devices
from damaging surrounding tissue. For viewing purposes the sheath
61 is omitted from FIG. 2.
[0047] The energy absorbing system 50 as shown includes two springs
62, 64, however other numbers of springs may also be used. The
energy absorbing system 50 has the capacity to absorb energy in
addition to transferring energy from the joint. FIG. 1 shows the
knee joint at full extension. In the example of FIG. 1, maximum
load is applied to the springs 62, 64 of the energy absorbing
device 50 at full extension during the stance phase of the gait
cycle. When the knee joint is flexed to 90.degree., such as during
the swing phase of the gait cycle or when the patient is seated,
zero load is absorbed from the knee by the springs 62, 64. In this
example, when the energy absorbing device 50 is correctly
positioned on the knee, the device is actively working in
compression when the knee is at or near full extension. The energy
absorbing device 50 lengthens as the knee swings from full
extension to flexion and subsequently shortens as the knee swings
from flexion to full extension such that the springs begin to be
compressed between the ends of the device to absorb at least a
portion of the load that the knee articulating surfaces normally
would experience.
[0048] The energy absorbing device 50 and bases 52, 54 are mounted
across the joint such that once the spring has achieved a
predetermined amount of compression, and therefore load, the
articulating surfaces of the knee then carry a portion of the load
in combination with the energy absorbing device such that the
energy absorbing device does not "bottom out".
[0049] Still referring to FIG. 1, as well as FIG. 2, one embodiment
of an energy absorbing device 60 includes two machined springs 62,
64. These springs 62, 64 are each positioned about guides (not
shown) which support the springs allowing the springs to act in
compression when the knee is in extension or at low flexion angles
and support the springs in an unloaded position when the knee is at
higher flexion angles. The guides about which the springs 62, 64
are located may be in the form of telescoping members, such as a
piston and barrel which allow the opposite ends of the energy
absorbing device 60 to move in a linear path toward and away from
each other. The energy absorbing device also includes a proximal
(femoral) end 66 and a distal (tibial) end 68 which are connectable
to the bases 52, 54 by a known connection mechanism 70, such as a
taper lock.
[0050] The energy absorbing device 60, as illustrated, also
includes two ball and socket joints within the proximal and distal
ends 66, 68 which allow anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, and
axial rotation of the energy absorbing device 60 with respect to
the bases 52, 54. The range of motion of the components of the
system can be determined by the bearing/socket geometry,
base/absorber geometry and relative position of the base to
absorber at final implantation. Identical ball/sockets arrangements
can be provided on both sides of a knee joint but different
arrangements are also contemplated. The absorber springs 62, 64 act
to absorb load from the medial compartment of the knee while the
articulation of the ball/sockets and the telescoping of piston
assemblies of the absorber allow the device to accommodate full
knee range of motion.
[0051] For best performance of the energy absorbing system 50, the
femoral base 52 and the associated ball and socket articulating
surfaces at the femoral end 66 of the energy absorbing device 60
should be precisely positioned. In order to more easily locate the
accurate position for this proximal base 52 and articulation a
position verification tool and related method have been
developed.
[0052] Conventional or surgical or minimally invasive approaches
are taken to gain access to a body joint or other anatomy requiring
attention. Arthroscopic approaches are contemplated when reasonable
to both implant the energy manipulation assembly as well as to
accomplish adjusting an implanted assembly.
[0053] In one approach for treating a knee, an implantable
extra-articular energy absorber system is designed to reduce medial
compartment loads of the knee. The absorber system is comprised of
two contoured base components, a kinematic load absorber and a set
of bone screws. The implanted system is both extra articular and
extra capsular and resides in the subcutaneous tissue on the medial
aspect of the knee. The device is inserted through two small
incisions superior to the medial femoral condyle and inferior to
the tibial plateau. The contoured base components are fixed to the
medial cortices of the femur and tibia using bone screws.
[0054] An energy absorber 60 having a spring value of about twenty
pounds can provide therapeutic benefit for patients of 300 pounds
or less. Higher spring forces would provide greater reduction in
joint load and may correlate to greater symptom (i.e., pain)
relief.
[0055] It has been found that a medial compartment of a knee of an
average person with osteoarthritis can benefit from an absorber set
for compression between 1 mm and 10 mm, and preferably 3-6 mm with
a spring or absorber element that accommodates a range from 20-60
pounds. In one preferred embodiment, the absorber is set for about
4 mm of such compression and a pre-determined load of about 40
pounds. An absorber of 40 pounds load absorption can unload the
medial compartment of a patient's knee from 25-40 pounds.
[0056] The femoral and tibial base components can be contoured to
ensure optimal fit to the bony surfaces and can be plasma sprayed
coated with porous titanium and/or coated with hydroxyapatite on
bone contacting surfaces to promote bony ingrowth and enhance
osteointegration.
[0057] The position verification tool 100 shown in FIGS. 3-5 is
used during surgery to verify a position of the femoral base 52 and
the femoral articulation surface of the absorber 60 to achieve the
most functional position of the system 50. The preferred
implantation position of the system 50 is achieved when the springs
62, 64 are in a compressed orientation during the swing phase of
the gait including full extension and low flexion angles of the
knee joint. The springs are in a less compressed or in an
uncompressed position at 45 degrees of flexion of the knee, and by
90 degrees flexion of the knee the springs are preferably
uncompressed or nearly uncompressed. This configuration corresponds
to the composition of the gait cycle where the largest forces are
exerted on the knee joint near full extension and these forces are
greatly decreased when the knee is flexed during the swing phase of
the gait.
[0058] The position verification tool 100 as described herein
verifies that the desired motion will occur for the particular
design of a particular energy absorbing system which is to be
implanted. Although the position verification tool 100 has been
described for use with the energy absorbing system 50, it should be
understood that the verification tool can also be used to verify
fixation positions of other implantable systems are designed to
have a particular desired kinematic pattern as a joint moves
through a particular range of motion.
[0059] The position verification tool 100 is used in a method of
implanting the energy absorbing system 50 by inserting first and
second reference markers into first and second bones on opposite
sides of the joint and connecting the first and second reference
markers to the verification tool. The verification tool 100 then is
used to determine whether the first and second reference markers
move in a desired kinematic pattern with respect to one another.
Examples of kinematic patterns include 1) reference markers moving
away from each other as the joint moves from extension to flexion;
2) reference markers staying within a certain defined distance of
each other as the joint moves from extension to flexion; 3)
reference markers moving toward each other as the joint moves from
extension to flexion; and 4) reference markers moving away from
each other and then toward each other as the joint moves.
[0060] In addition to verification of the position for placing one
or more of the bases 52, 54, the position verification tool 100 can
also be used to select an energy absorbing member 60 when different
sizes or configurations of energy absorbing members are available,
such as those as described in U.S. Patent Publication No.
2009/0014016.
[0061] The position verification tool 100 includes a body 102
having a first end 110 for attachment to reference markers in the
patient and a second gauge end 112 which extends at an angle from
the first end for monitoring relative motion of the reference
markers and the bones. The first end 102 of the tool 100 has a
first connection point 104 with a fixed longitudinal location on
the body. The first connection point 104 may include a guide hole
and a guide ball which allows a marker to pivot within the tool
body 102 but does not allow the first connection point to
translate. The first connection point may also include an offset
105, shown in FIG. 5, which causes the tool to sit off the bone by
a distance of the offset allowing the tool to rotate more easily
without interference from the bone. The tool 100 has a second
connection point 106 with a longitudinally movable location. The
second connection point 106 may also include a guide hole through a
guide ball which allows a marker to pivot within the tool body 102.
The guide ball at the second connection point 106 may also include
an offset 105. The guide balls allow the tool 100 to rotate about
the first and second reference markers or K-wires throughout the
range of motion of the joint even when the reference markers are
not exactly parallel.
[0062] The second connection point 106 is secured to a flexible
ribbon 108 which is longitudinally movable on the tool 100. The
flexible ribbon 108 acts as a gauge to monitor the relative motion
of the reference markers while moving the joint through a
predetermined range of motion. Thus, the second connection point
106 moves longitudinally on the verification tool 100 as the joint
is moved through a range of motion. The verification tool 100 is
used to determine whether the first and second reference markers
move in a desired kinematic pattern with respect to one another
throughout the predetermined range of motion. As discussed above,
the desired kinematic pattern may be a pattern where the reference
markers move apart as the joint moves from extension to flexion. If
the desired kinematic pattern is not achieved, one of the reference
markers is relocated. The verification tool may then be used to
check the new position.
[0063] Other configurations of the verification tool 100 are also
contemplated in which the motion between the first and second
connection points 104, 106 is accommodated and verified in other
manners. For example, a telescoping verification tool 100 may be
used including bars or identifying bands on a portion of the
telescoping parts.
[0064] In one approach to a surgical method, an initial step in
treatment involves identifying a patient's Blumensaat's line, which
is a radiographic and structural feature of a femur. Using
Blumensaat's line as an anatomical radiographic landmark, an
acceptable region and target area can be identified for placement
of a center of rotation of a femoral socket just anterior and/or
proximal of the center of rotation of the femur. As shown in FIG.
4, a reference marker 104 or K-wire is positioned in the femur
under fluoroscopy or another imaging technique. The placement of
the femoral reference marker 104 can be done manually without the
assistance of a placement tool. Alternatively, a bullseye tool
guide 200 or other placement tool may be used to insert the
reference marker 104 at a desired target area.
[0065] The bullseye tool 200 shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B is employed
as a guide through which a K-wire 130 is inserted into the femur
either through the patient's skin or after making a small incision.
It is to be noted that anatomical and/or radiographic landmarks
(e.g., center of Blumensaat's line, inferior and posterior regions
of the femoral condyles) can aid in manually positioning a K-wire
in the target region or location, with or without the bullseye
instrument. The bullseye tool is used for locating a center of
rotation of the femoral socket by locating an anatomical reference
location, such as the center of Blumensaat's line, and locating the
center of rotation of the implant a predetermined distance and
direction from the anatomical reference location.
[0066] When using the bullseye tool 200, the bullseye tool is
placed with a center pin 202 of the bullseye tool on the midpoint
of Blumensaat's line. The tool is rotated until two wings 204 of
the tool (with radiopaque markers) are parallel to Blumensaat's
line. Vertically spaced apart radiopaque rings 206 are arranged in
the center portion of the bullseye tool 200 and when these rings
are aligned (concentric) in a the bullseye tool is perpendicular to
the fluoroscopic view and properly aligned to insert a reference
marker 130 perpendicular to the lateral view. In this position, the
K-wire or reference marker 130 is placed through a hole 208 in the
tool 200 to locate the center of rotation of the femoral socket of
the energy absorbing device 60. The hole 208, a shown, has a
trajectory which is parallel to the direction of imaging when the
concentric rings are aligned. However, other trajectories of the
reference marker 130 may be achieved by varying the trajectory of
the hole in the bullseye tool 200.
[0067] The location of the hole 208 in the bullseye tool 200 is
designed to be just anterior and proximal of the midpoint of
Blumensaat's line when the tool is positioned as described above.
Since it has been shown that the midpoint of Blumensaat's line is a
good radiographic approximation of a center of rotation of the
femur, the location of the reference marker 130 anterior and
proximal of this midpoint of Blumensaat's line has been shown to be
a starting point for finding a location of the center of rotation
of the femoral articulation and achieving a desired kinematic
pattern where the reference markers move apart as the joint moves
from extension to flexion.
[0068] As shown in FIG. 4, the verification tool 100 is inserted
through a tissue tunnel between first and second incisions in the
leg on opposite sides of the knee joint. The tool is placed onto
the first reference marker 130 positioned in the femur and a second
substantially parallel reference marker 132 is placed through the
connection point 106 of the tool into the tibia. The distance
between the first connection point 104 and the second connection
point 106 on the verification tool 100 is selected to provide the
desired spacing for mounting bases to the bones to accommodate the
energy absorbing member 60. Although the verification tool 100 has
been described as operating partly beneath the patient's skin
within a tissue tunnel, it should be understood that in some cases
the verification tool may be entirely underneath or entirely
outside of the patient's skin.
[0069] The verification tool 100 includes one or more bars, bands,
grids or other markings, such as the 45.degree. and 90.degree. bars
120 shown in FIG. 3 as well as a pointer 122. The 45.degree. bar
shows the range of acceptable locations of the pointer 122 when the
joint is at 45.degree. of flexion, while the 90.degree. bar shows
the range of acceptable locations of the pointer when the joint is
at 90.degree. of flexion. The bars are merely shown by way of
example as one or more other bars may also be used. The bars are
merely a simplified way of determining if there is not enough or
too much space between the reference markers as the joint is
articulated. If there is not enough or too much spacing between the
reference markers, this in an indication that one or both of the
reference markers should be moved to achieve the best function of
the energy absorbing device 50.
[0070] In one embodiment of the invention, the location of the
femoral reference marker is verified by placing the verification
tool on the femoral reference marker 130 as shown in FIG. 4 and
inserting the tibial reference marker 132 through the connection
point 106. When placing the tibial reference marker 132, the
pointer 122 should be pointing at the zero mark 126. To simulate
stance or loaded extension, the knee should be located in extension
and any medial laxity in the joint should be removed by pulling the
tibia medially to close the medial joint space during placement of
the tibial reference marker 132. In the event that the knee joint
was not in full extension or the medial joint space was partially
open during placement of the tibial reference marker, the
verification tool 100 can be readjusted to the zero mark 126 after
correcting the knee position. To verify the femoral reference
marker location, the knee is flexed through a range of motion while
the location of the pointer 122 with reference to the bars 120 on
the verification tool 100 is observed. For example, when the knee
is moved from extension through 45.degree. of flexion with the
medial joint space closed the pointer position should be within the
45.degree. bar. In addition, when the knee is moved from extension
through 90.degree. of flexion with varus, valgus, internal and
external rotations, the pointer position should be within the
90.degree. bar. If this verification is successful, the
verification tool 100 can be removed and the femoral reference
marker 104 is confirmed to be at the desired location for the
center of rotation of the femoral articulation 66. If the pointer
moved outside of the bars during the prescribed motion, the femoral
reference marker location should be adjusted as described below.
This verification is performed under direct visualization.
[0071] The following guidelines can be used to move the femoral
reference marker 130 if the criterion of the verification tool 100
are not met. If the pointer never enters either the 45.degree. or
90.degree. bar during the verification steps or if the pointer
travels outside the bounds of either of the 45.degree. or
90.degree. bars during the specified flexion angles, a new
reference marker should be inserted at a location displaced a short
distance from the original reference marker 130. In the case of the
pointer never entering either the 45.degree. or 90.degree. bar
during the verification steps, the new reference marker should be
inserted in a region which is distal and/or anterior to the
original marker a distance of about 1-2 mm. If the pointer travels
outside the bounds of either of the 45.degree. or 90.degree. bars
(moves completely past the bars) during the verification steps, a
new reference marker should be inserted in a region which is
posterior to the original marker. The original femoral reference
marker 130 is then removed and the verification step is repeated
with the new relocated reference marker. The tibial reference
marker 106 does not need to be moved as the verification tool 100
can be readjusted to the zero position after the new femoral
reference marker 104 is inserted.
[0072] In the event that multiple energy absorbing devices 50 are
available, i.e. different sizes, the verification tool may include
additional markings or may come in different sizes.
[0073] Although the verification tool 100 has been illustrated as
using the visual analog reference of the pointer 122 and the bars
120, it should be understood that other methods may alternatively
or additionally be used for verification feedback. For example, the
verification tool 100 can include visual, auditory, tactile, and/or
digital feedback.
[0074] Once an acceptable position of the reference marker 130 is
verified the energy absorbing device 50 is implanted across the
joint by locating the bases 52, 54 on the bones employing the
instruments and methods which will be described below.
Particularly, the femoral base 52 is located at a preferred
location with respect to the location of the reference marker 130
to locate the center of rotation of the femoral articulation 66 at
the location of the reference marker.
[0075] To assist in location of the femoral base 152, a femoral
placement guide 300 shown in FIGS. 7A, 7B and 8 is temporarily
attached to the femoral base 152. To ensure that the femoral base
152 stays at a correct location during attachment to the bone, the
femoral placement guide 300 is configured to temporarily attach to
the base and later be removed after attachment is complete. The
placement guide 300 is attached to a selected femoral base 152 by a
guide knob 312 (FIG. 8) which fits into the large distal hole 314
of the guide 300 and threads into a bone screw hole 330 of the
base. The placement guide 300 includes a proximal guide hole 310
into which a K-wire or other elongated member can be inserted for
positioning. The placement guide also includes a hole 316 with an
offset 318 for receiving the reference 130 which was placed in the
previous steps. The configuration of the hole 316 and offset 318 is
designed to locate the femoral base 152 at a position where when
the absorber 60 is attached to the femoral base, the absorber
femoral articulation 66 will be located to achieve the desired
kinematics. Specifically, the location of the hole 316 with respect
to the base 152 corresponds to the location of the femoral
articulation 66 with respect to the base when the absorber 60 is
attached to the base. Additionally, the offset 318 corresponds to a
desired offset of the absorber femoral articulation 66 from the
bone. A height of the offset 318 is preferably at least 2 mm to
provide sufficient clearance between the ball and socket
articulation of the absorber and the bone when the absorber is
connected to the base.
[0076] As shown in FIG. 9, the femoral base 52 with the attached
placement guide 300 are placed onto the femur by sliding the
placement guide hole 316 over the previously placed reference
marker 130. A proper position of the femoral base 52 can be
determined by placing a guide wire into the guide wire hole 310 of
the placement guide 300. The guide wire should extend generally
perpendicular to the tibial plateau and generally parallel to the
medial femoral condyle. The femoral base 52 is held in place by
inserting one or more, and preferably two or more, K-wires 322
through the available K-wire holes 320 in the femoral base. These
K-wires 322 will hold the femoral base 52 in place during placement
of the bone screws 332 through the bone screw holes 330. The bone
screws may include combinations of unicortical cancellous
compression screws, locking screws, and bicortical compression
screws. The screws may be placed before or after removal of the
placement guide 300 from the base 52. Preferably, the placement
guide is removable from the base 52 by removing the guide knob 312
after the base is secured to the bone by bone screws. FIG. 10
illustrates the placement of the femoral base 52 after the
placement guide 300 has been removed. Once the femoral base 52 is
secured to the bone, the base is ready for attachment of the
absorber 60 and securing of the tibial base 54.
[0077] The femoral base 52 can be provided in different shapes
and/or sizes as well as versions for left and right knees. The
femoral placement guide 300 can be provided in versions which
coordinate with the different bases. In addition, in the event that
different absorber configurations are available, the placement
guide 300 can be provided in different versions to accommodate the
absorbers.
[0078] In addition to or as an alternative to the femoral placement
guide 300, trial bases can be used to located a desired orientation
and position of the femoral base 52. For example, a trial base in
the form of a one piece member having a shape of the combination of
the base and placement guide shown in FIG. 8 can be used to
determine and mark a position for the placement of the base. In the
case of a trial base, the trial can include the offset to determine
correct spacing of the articulation from the bone and can include
the guide wire hole to aid in determining angular position with
respect to the joint surfaces.
[0079] In one embodiment, once the femoral base 52 has been secured
to the bone the absorber 60 with the attached tibial base 54 is
inserted through a tissue tunnel between the skin and bone of the
patient and the socket 66 of the absorber is connected to the
femoral base 52. Methods and instruments for connecting the
absorber sockets 66, 68 to the bases 52, 54 are shown and described
in further detail in US Patent Publication No. 2009/0014016. Such
connection of the sockets to the bases may be by taper locks,
locking pins, locking screws and the like. Once the absorber 60 has
been connected to the femoral base 52, the system is ready for
attachment of the tibial base 54 to the tibia of the patient.
[0080] To assist in proper alignment and positioning of the
absorber 60 and positioning of the tibial base 54, an absorber
positioning collar 400 is shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B. Setting the
trajectory of the femoral bearing 66 is important to achieve
desired motion of the absorber relative to the motions of the knee
and the implantable system. If the bearing resides in an
inappropriate plane then one of the ball/sockets can have
insufficient motion in at least one direction. The absorber
positioning collar 400 includes a handle 410, a femoral base
receiving recess 412, and a femoral socket receiving recess 414.
The positioning collar 400 also includes an optional K-wire hole
420 for temporarily securing the positioning collar in place. The
absorber positioning collar 400 is designed to be temporarily
located between the femoral base 54 and the femoral socket 66 to
aid in positioning. The collar 400 sets the absorber position
relative to the implanted base 52. Since anatomies vary, the collar
400 may be configured to fix the absorber position or to allow some
limited range of angles of the absorber with respect to the base.
For example, where a total range of motion of the articulation is
greater than 100 degrees, the motion may be limited by the collar
400 for purposes of initial positioning to less than 45 degrees,
and preferably about 20 degrees or less.
[0081] In addition to setting the absorber angular position, the
collar 400 can include one or more features for setting a desired
range of offset distances between the absorber and the underlying
bone.
[0082] As shown in FIG. 12, the absorber positioning collar 400 is
placed onto the femoral socket 66 of the absorber 60 with the
recesses 412, 414 receiving the distal end of the femoral base and
the femoral socket, respectively. The positioning collar 400
temporarily limits motion of the femoral socket to a reduced range
of motion which corresponds to acceptable positions of the absorber
at full extension. When the knee is placed in full extension and
the medio-lateral laxity of the joint is removed by applying varus
stress on the knee, the absorber is in a proper position. The
tibial base 54 can then be fixed to the anteriomedial surface of
the tibia by initially stabilizing with K-wires followed by screw
fixation in a manner similar to that used to secure the femoral
base 52. In one embodiment, an additional temporary tibial collar
may also be used to limit the available range of motion of the
tibial articulation during implantation.
[0083] The terms "spring" and "absorber" are used throughout the
description but these terms are contemplated to include other
energy absorbing and compliant structures to accomplish the
functions of the invention as described in more detail herein.
[0084] While screws are used to fix the femoral and tibial bases
52, 54 to the bone, those skilled in the art will appreciate that
any fastening members known or developed in the art may be used to
accomplish desired affixation. Although the bases 52, 54 depicted
include four to five openings and screws, it is contemplated that
other embodiments of the bases may have any number of openings for
screws.
[0085] FIGS. 13A-13C show a femoral trial 500 according to an
aspect of the present invention. The femoral trial 500 functions as
a tool for selecting one base from among a plurality of bases
having different base geometries for an implant at a joint, such as
when the femoral base is provided in two or more versions to
accommodate different patient anatomies, such as the 40.degree.,
45.degree., and 50.degree. base shapes disclosed in U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 12/755,335, which is incorporated by reference
in its entirety. The trial 500 comprises a tool body 501 having a
bone contacting surface 503 with a shape generally corresponding to
the shape of bone contacting surfaces of the plurality of bases
from which the one base is to be selected. It will be appreciated
that the principles associated with the femoral trial are
applicable to other joints and joint components, as well.
[0086] A bottom surface 503 of the body 501 conforms generally to
the shape of the bone to which it is desired to attach a base. A
top surface 505 of the body 501 that faces away from the bone may
be generally flat or of any other convenient shape for grasping and
manipulating the tool.
[0087] A guide opening 507 is provided on the tool body 501 and
extends through the tool body. The opening 507 is sized to be
received over a reference marker, such as a K-wire which has been
placed into the bone. The guide opening 507 has indicia 509
adjacent to the opening and corresponding to at least some of the
plurality of bases. The guide opening 507 is generally conical,
with a wide end 511 of the cone being disposed on a side of the
tool body 501 opposite the bottom surface 503 of the tool body
intended to face the bone. The indicia 509 are disposed on the tool
body 501 at the wide end 511 of the cone of the guide opening 507.
The guide opening 507 extends through the tool body 501. In the
embodiment of FIGS. 13A-13C, the indecia 509 are located on
projecting portions 513 that include two shafts 513a and 513b
between which the generally conical opening extends.
[0088] During a procedure of placing an energy absorbing device,
the tool body 501 is positioned on a bone of the joint in a desired
alignment with the bone. In the case of the femoral trial 500, an
elongated wire reference marker 130 (FIG. 9) is installed in the
bone so as to extend generally perpendicular to the tibial plateau
and generally parallel to the medial femoral condyle extends
through the guide opening. The tool body 501 is positioned so that
a long axis 515 (FIG. 13B) of the tool body is aligned parallel to
an extended tibial axis and so that the trial base fits on the
femur geometry in a fashion so that it is stable on the femur, and
the reference marker extends through the guide opening 507.
[0089] The reference marker 130 extending through the guide opening
507 will then be disposed in a position relative to the indicia 509
that indicates which base is to be selected from among the
plurality of bases. For example, the embodiment of FIGS. 13A-13C is
intended to facilitate selection of one of the 40.degree.,
45.degree., and 50.degree. base shapes disclosed in U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 12/755,335. In the example of FIG. 13B, the
indicia 509 is in the form of markings that read "40.degree." and
"50.degree.". If the reference marker 130 is centered in the cone
of the guide opening 507 and not touching either side, then a
45.degree. base is indicated. If the reference marker 130 touches
the side of the cone marked with the "40.degree." indicia 509, then
a 40.degree. base is indicated. If the reference marker 130 touches
the side of the cone marked with the "50.degree." indicia 509, then
a 50.degree. base is indicated
[0090] FIGS. 14A-14B show a base 600, FIGS. 15A-15B show a
placement guide 700, FIG. 16 shows a locking pin 800 of a system
900, shown in FIGS. 17A-17B, for placing an energy absorbing device
at a joint, such as a knee joint. The system 900 is designed for
use in placing a femoral base of an energy absorbing device on a
patient's femur, however, it will be appreciated that the
principles associated with the system are applicable to other
joints and joint components, as well. The system 900 is
particularly suited for use in connection with placement of a
femoral base of the type that is designed to be placed with an end
of the base offset from the bone surface in order to accommodate an
articulating portion of the implant in manner disclosed in U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 12/755,335, which is incorporated by
reference.
[0091] The base 600, shown by itself in FIGS. 14A-14B, is
configured to be secured to the bone adjacent the joint and has a
body 601 including an inner surface 603 facing the bone and
conforming generally the shape of the bone, and an outer surface
605 facing away from the bone. The body 601 further includes a
first placement guide mounting surface 607 and a first connector
component 609.
[0092] The placement guide 700, shown by itself in FIGS. 15A-15B,
can be formed of, e.g., molded plastic, and includes a second
placement guide mounting surface 701, a second connector component
703 adapted to mate with the first connector component 609, and an
offset member 705. The placement guide 700 is attachable to the
base 600 in an attached position, seen in FIGS. 17A-17B, such that
the first and second placement guide mounting surfaces 607 and 701
abut when the first and second connector components 609 and 703
mate. The placement guide 700 is designed to be removable from the
base 600 after the base has been secured to the bone so that socket
components (not shown in FIGS. 14A-17B) can be attached to the
base. After the sockets are attached to the base, an absorber (not
shown in FIGS. 14A-17B) having balls for being received in the
sockets to form ball and socket joints can be attached to the base
on the first placement guide mounting surface 607.
[0093] The offset member 705 has a first and a second end 707 and
709. The first end of the offset member 705 is configured to
contact the bone when the placement guide 700 is in the attached
position and the base 600 is in a position at which it is to be
secured to the bone. The offset member 705 further comprises a
longitudinal opening 711 and is configured such that a reference
marker 130 (FIG. 9) fixed to the bone is adapted to extend through
the longitudinal opening when the placement guide 700 is in the
attached position and the base 600 is in a position at which it is
to be secured to the bone. The reference marker 130 is typically in
the form of a wire installed in the bone so as to extend generally
perpendicular to the tibial plateau and generally parallel to the
medial femoral condyle.
[0094] The placement guide 700 may be designed to be attachable to
the base 600 in only one attached position. For example, the
placement guide 700 may be shaped so that it fits between arms 611
extending from the first placement guide mounting surface 607 that
prevent rotation of the placement guide relative to the base
600.
[0095] The placement guide 700 further comprises an elongate member
713 having a proximal guide hole (not shown) similar to the
proximal guide hole 310 discussed in connection with the embodiment
shown in FIGS. 7A-9. The elongate member 713 extends from the guide
700 in a direction towards an opposite bone of the joint and is
thus configured for facilitating orientation of the base on the
bone when the placement guide 700 is in the attached position and
the base 600 is in a position at which it is to be secured to the
bone.
[0096] The placement guide 700 further includes a locking arm 715
adapted to engage with the base 600 for locking the placement guide
in the attached position. The locking arm 715 extends from the main
body 717 of the placement guide 700 in an opposite direction
relative to the second placement guide mounting surface 701 from
the direction of the location of the offset member 705. The locking
arm 715 extends around an engagement portion 613 of the base 600
and, while in this locking position, prevents removal of the
placement guide 700 from the base. The locking arms 715 is flexible
or breakable so that it can be moved from locking position and
removal of the placement guide 700 from the base 600 is possible. A
removable pin 800 (shown by itself in FIG. 16) engages the locking
arm 715 to prevent unlocking of the placement guide 700 from the
attached position and extends through openings 719 and 721 in the
locking arm and the second connector component 703 and through an
opening 615 in the engagement portion 613 of the base.
[0097] The system 900 is used to position the base 600 for an
implant at a joint by inserting a first reference marker 130 into a
first bone of the joint so that one end of the first reference
marker is inserted into the bone and the other end of the first
reference marker is free. The system 900 in the form of a
preassembled combination of a base 600 and a placement guide 700 is
positioned on the bone of the joint so that the first reference
marker 130 extends through the longitudinal opening 711 in the
offset 705, which functions as a first guide hole. A second
elongated reference marker such as a wire (not shown) is extended
through the proximal guide hole in the elongate member 713 and into
the bone of the joint while orienting the system 900 comprising the
base 600 and placement guide 700 combination, together with the
second reference marker, so that, when the second reference marker
is inserted into the bone, the second reference marker extends in a
predetermined relation to the first bone and a second bone of the
joint. As described in connection with the attachment of the base
52 in FIG. 9, the second reference marker may be a guide wire that
extends generally perpendicular to the tibial plateau and generally
parallel to the medial femoral condyle. After securing the base 600
to the bone via bone screws through bone screw holes 617, the
placement guide 700 is detached from the base 600 by removing the
pin 800 and moving the locking arm 715 from the locking position to
an unlocked position.
[0098] The various embodiments described above are provided by way
of illustration only and should not be construed to limit the
claimed invention. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize
various modifications and changes that may be made to the claimed
invention without following the example embodiments and
applications illustrated and described herein, and without
departing from the true spirit and scope of the claimed invention,
which is set forth in the following claims. In that regard, various
features from certain of the disclosed embodiments can be
incorporated into other of the disclosed embodiments to provide
desired structure.
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