U.S. patent application number 13/566663 was filed with the patent office on 2013-02-14 for viral immunogenic compositions.
The applicant listed for this patent is Henry J. Smith, James R. Smith. Invention is credited to Henry J. Smith, James R. Smith.
Application Number | 20130039973 13/566663 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 47677682 |
Filed Date | 2013-02-14 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130039973 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Smith; Henry J. ; et
al. |
February 14, 2013 |
Viral Immunogenic Compositions
Abstract
Disclosed herein are immunogenic compositions for producing
immediate and sustained immunity to infectious viral and
bacteriological pathogens. A univalent immunogenic composition is
disclosed comprising an isolated antigen and a polynucleotide
formulated into a nanoparticle or liposome. Furthermore,
multivalent immunogenic compositions are disclosed comprising
multiple univalent immunogenic compositions. Also disclosed, are
methods of inducing protective or therapeutic immune responses in
individuals comprising administering one or more univalent
immunogenic compositions.
Inventors: |
Smith; Henry J.; (Temecula,
CA) ; Smith; James R.; (Temecula, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Smith; Henry J.
Smith; James R. |
Temecula
Temecula |
CA
CA |
US
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
47677682 |
Appl. No.: |
13/566663 |
Filed: |
August 3, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61514613 |
Aug 3, 2011 |
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
424/450 ;
424/184.1; 424/209.1; 424/210.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 39/145 20130101;
A61K 2039/55561 20130101; A61K 39/12 20130101; A61K 2039/545
20130101; A61K 2039/55555 20130101; A61K 9/0073 20130101; A61K
9/1271 20130101; A61K 31/713 20130101; C12N 7/00 20130101; A61K
9/14 20130101; A61K 9/0019 20130101; C12N 2760/16134 20130101; A61K
9/127 20130101; A61K 39/00 20130101; A61P 31/16 20180101; A61K
2039/55505 20130101; C12N 2760/16171 20130101; A61K 2300/00
20130101; A61K 31/713 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/450 ;
424/184.1; 424/209.1; 424/210.1 |
International
Class: |
A61K 39/00 20060101
A61K039/00; A61P 31/16 20060101 A61P031/16; A61K 39/145 20060101
A61K039/145; A61K 9/127 20060101 A61K009/127; A61K 39/39 20060101
A61K039/39 |
Claims
1. A univalent immunogenic composition comprising an isolated
antigen and a polynucleotide formulated into a nanoparticle or
liposome.
2. The univalent immunogenic composition according to claim 2,
further comprising an adjuvant.
3. The univalent immunogenic composition according to claim 2,
wherein the adjuvant is alum.
4. The univalent immunogenic composition according to claim 1,
wherein the adjuvant is formulated into the nanoparticle or
liposome or admixed with the nanoparticle or liposome formulated
univalent immunogenic composition.
5. The univalent immunogenic composition according to claim 1,
wherein the isolated antigen is an influenza virus antigen.
6. The univalent immunogenic composition according to claim 5,
wherein the influenza virus antigen is a hemagglutinin, a
neuraminidase, or a matrix protein.
7. The univalent immunogenic composition according to claim 1,
wherein the polynucleotide is a synthetic polynucleotide comprising
double stranded DNA or double stranded RNA.
8. The univalent immunogenic composition according to claim 7,
wherein the double stranded DNA or double stranded RNA comprises
nucleotide repeats.
9. The univalent immunogenic composition according the claim 8,
wherein the polynucleotide is poly-IC or poly-ICLC.
10. The univalent immunogenic composition according to claim 1
wherein the liposome is a self-assembling liposome system.
11. The univalent immunogenic composition according to claim 1,
wherein the liposome further comprises monophosphoryl lipid A or
pullulans.
12. A method of inducing a protective or therapeutic immune
response in an individual comprising administering one or more
univalent immunogenic compositions according to claim 1, wherein a
first univalent immunogenic composition comprises a first
antigen.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein a second univalent
immunogenic composition comprises a second antigen.
14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the one or more
univalent immunogenic compositions are administered by a method
selected from the group consisting of scarification, intradermal
injection, intramuscular injection, sub-lingual administration, and
inhalation.
15. The method according to claim 12, wherein the one or more
univalent immunogenic compositions are administered by injection to
the individual at separate sites on the individual.
16. The method according to claim 12, wherein the one or more
univalent immunogenic compositions are administered at different
times.
17. The method according to claim 12, wherein the one or more
univalent immunogenic compositions are administered substantially
simultaneously.
18. The method according to claim 12, wherein the one or more
univalent immunogenic compositions are administered by injection to
the individual at the same site on the individual.
19. The method according to claim 12, wherein the one or more
univalent immunogenic compositions are combined prior to injection
into a multivalent immunogenic composition.
20. A multivalent immunogenic composition comprising two or more
univalent immunogenic compositions according to claim 1, wherein
each of the univalent immunogenic compositions comprises a
different antigen.
Description
CROSS- REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C.
.sctn.119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/514,613 filed
Aug. 3, 2011, the entire contents of which is incorporated by
reference herein.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present application is drawn to immunogenic compositions
for preventing and treating Influenza virus infection, and methods
of making and using the immunogenic compositions.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Every year many people catch "the flu" and for most it is a
self-limiting illness with recovery occurring between two to three
weeks. Influenza is however, a potentially more severe infectious
disease which is highly contagious. It is estimated that there are
between three to five million cases of severe flu worldwide
resulting in up to 500,000 deaths annually. There are two types of
influenza viruses that cause epidemic human disease: the Influenza
A virus which has many different strains, and the Influenza B virus
which consists of a single strain. Current flu vaccines are a
mixture of viral antigens prepared from selected strains of
influenza A virus and from the single strain of the influenza B
virus. The current vaccination programs are aimed at containing the
seasonal flu. Health authorities from many countries collaborate
with one another to predict the strain of influenza A virus that is
likely to cause flu in the upcoming months. For the most part,
these types of vaccination programs have worked well to contain the
seasonal flu, although they become less effective when the flu
epidemic is caused by a different influenza A strain than was
predicted. This is because vaccination against one influenza A
strain affords little if any immunity against a different influenza
A strain. Once the strain is identified it takes about six months
to manufacture large quantities of the appropriate vaccine. As
such, one of the drawbacks of these vaccination programs is the
time it takes to formulate a vaccine which may not even provide any
protection against the influenza A strain causing seasonal flu in a
particular season. For instance, if it takes six months to
formulate a vaccine which provides little or no immunity because
the predicted strain is not the one causing the infection, it will
take another six months to develop the appropriate vaccine at which
point there may be a threat for a major flu pandemic.
[0004] It would therefore be desirable to develop an effective
immunogenic composition that is tailored to any flu strain that may
arise and that can be produced in large quantities and deployed
rapidly. Further, it would be desirable if the immunogenic
composition could elicit an immediate and prolonged immunity to the
flu virus.
[0005] The desirability of developing such an immunogenic
composition becomes even more urgent when one considers that every
ten to twenty years a flu strain arises that infects a large
proportion of the world's population and has the potential to kill
tens of millions of people. For example, within the last century
there have been three major flu pandemics: the Spanish Flu in
1918-1920 which killed 40 million to 100 million people; the Asian
Flu in 1957-1958 which killed 1 million to 1.5 million people; and
the Hong Kong Flu in 1968-1969 which killed about 1 million
people.
[0006] Another major obstacle in developing an effective
vaccination program is that the influenza A virus is constantly
changing. For example, it is known that the influenza A virus may
undergo successive point mutations during replication (i.e. genetic
drift) and can gradually acquire the capacity over time to become
more virulent. Another way in which new strains of flu virus appear
is when different flu strains may co-infect a host and exchange
genetic information with each other (i.e. genetic shift) resulting
in the appearance of a new flu strain with different infective
properties and pathogenic potential from either of its parent
strains.
[0007] Different strains of the influenza A virus are known to
infect a variety of animal species, including birds and pigs, and
some of these strains may cross specie lines and infect humans. If
the infected human also happens to be co-infected with another
strain of influenza virus there is a possibility that the two viral
strains may exchange genetic information resulting in the
appearance of a new strain. For example, there is great concern
that the avian flu virus found in domestic and wild birds may
infect a human who is carrying a human flu virus strain and
exchange genetic information to form a new flu viral strain with
the capacity to propagate from human to human resulting in a
worldwide pandemic.
[0008] There are intensive efforts being made to develop antiviral
drugs and vaccines to combat the threat of a worldwide pandemic.
Much of the research on flu vaccine is based on traditional methods
of growing the virus in embryonated eggs or in tissue cultured
cells and then extracting the viral proteins to prepare a vaccine.
This has worked fairly well for seasonal flu vaccines where health
agencies are able to identify new strains of flu virus as they
arise and have sufficient time to prepare the appropriate vaccine.
However, the vaccination program still has to be repeated each year
as immunity to one strain of the flu virus will not fully protect
against any new strain that develops.
[0009] Another major obstacle with the traditional vaccination
program is that because of mass transit and the large numbers of
air travelers, any flu strain that arises in one country can
quickly spread among other countries and infect the general
population. Moreover, because of the many potential permutations of
influenza virus strains that can arise, it is difficult to prepare
a vaccine in a timely fashion using the traditional method of
growing the virus in embryonated eggs or culturing viral infected
cells. Thus, the time frame for identifying new viral strains and
preparing large amounts of the correct vaccine has grown
increasingly short which continues to be one of the major
hindrances facing the traditional vaccination program. There are
also very stringent manufacturing safety protocols that must be
employed throughout production when a pathogenic virus is used to
prepare a vaccine. Even the more recent methods of using genetic
engineering to prepare recombinant viral antigens still require
several months to prepare a suitable vaccine that may not be
deployed in time to be effective.
[0010] The current vaccination programs that were developed for the
seasonal flu are unable to produce the large quantities of vaccine
in the limited time available to protect against a flu pandemic.
Even the most current vaccine production methods using cell culture
requires about 4 months to produce the appropriate vaccine
(Novartis 2008). This time frame is clearly inadequate when the
response time required to prevent a flu pandemic is measured in
days.
[0011] The difficulty is further compounded because the current
vaccines are only designed to elicit a classical immune response
which can take several weeks to develop after vaccination.
Moreover, to develop full immunity two doses of vaccine are often
required. For example, The World Health Organization reported in
2007 that "It is unlikely that a potential pandemic could be
successfully contained through the use of vaccination alone.
Vaccination, with some exceptions, is not normally used to
"contain" outbreaks of seasonal influenza. Full immunity is likely
to require two doses of vaccine, and to take 3 weeks to develop
after the first vaccination. Moreover, the degree of antigenic
match between stockpiled vaccine and a potential H5N1 influenza
pandemic virus cannot be known. There will also be considerable
logistical challenges in vaccinating large numbers (possibly
millions) of people over a relatively short period of time."
[0012] In view of the deficiencies of the current vaccination
programs it would be desirable to develop an immunogenic
composition that could provide immediate and long-term immunity to
any flu strain that should arise. It would also be desirable to be
able to produce large quantities of the appropriate flu immunogenic
composition very quickly so that it can be deployed in time to be
effective.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0013] This application discloses a method of preparing a
multivalent immunogenic composition against the influenza A
virus.
[0014] Disclosed herein, is a univalent immunogenic composition
comprising an isolated antigen and a polynucleotide formulated into
a nanoparticle or liposome.
[0015] In one embodiment, the univalent immunogenic composition
further comprises an adjuvant. In another embodiment, the adjuvant
is alum. In another embodiment, the adjuvant is formulated into the
nanoparticle or liposome or admixed with the nanoparticle or
liposome formulated univalent immunogenic composition.
[0016] In another embodiment, the isolated antigen is an influenza
virus antigen such as a hemagglutinin, a neuraminidase, or a matrix
protein.
[0017] In one embodiment, the polynucleotide is a synthetic
polynucleotide comprising double stranded DNA or double stranded
RNA. In another embodiment, the double stranded DNA or double
stranded RNA comprises nucleotide repeats. In yet another
embodiment, the polynucleotide is poly-IC or poly-ICLC.
[0018] In another embodiment the liposome is a self-assembling
liposome system. In yet another embodiment, the liposome further
comprises monophosphoryl lipid A or pullulans.
[0019] Also disclosed herein, is a method of inducing a protective
or therapeutic immune response in an individual comprising
administering one or more univalent immunogenic compositions,
wherein a first univalent immunogenic composition comprises a first
antigen. In another embodiment, a second univalent immunogenic
composition comprises a second antigen. In another embodiment, a
third univalent immunogenic composition comprises a third
antigen.
[0020] In another embodiment, the one or more univalent immunogenic
compositions are administered by a method selected from the group
consisting of scarification, intradermal injection, intramuscular
injection, sub-lingual administration, and inhalation. In other
embodiments, the one or more univalent immunogenic compositions are
administered at different times or substantially simultaneously. In
another embodiment, the one or more univalent immunogenic
compositions are each administered by injection to the individual
at the same site on the individual or at different sites on the
individual. In another embodiment, the one or more univalent
immunogenic compositions are combined prior to injection into a
multivalent immunogenic composition.
[0021] Also disclosed herein, is a multivalent immunogenic
composition comprising two or more univalent immunogenic
compositions, wherein each of the univalent immunogenic
compositions comprises a different antigen.
[0022] In yet another embodiment, the approach of stockpiling all
the components required to prepare a complete univalent or
multivalent immunogenic composition or the univalent immunogenic
compositions themselves is disclosed. The components are viral
antigen and polynucleotide packaged into a nanoparticle or
liposome. Once an epidemic flu virus is identified, the stockpiled
immunogenic composition components, or univalent immunogenic
compositions, can be quickly assembled into the appropriate
univalent immunogenic compositions directed against the identified
viral antigens. The selected univalent immunogenic compositions are
then administered separately or they may be combined to form a
multivalent immunogenic composition before administration.
[0023] The same general principles enumerated herein can be applied
to preparing immunogenic compositions against other viral and
bacterial pathogens. It can be particularly advantageous when
applied to vaccination programs against potential pandemics and the
threat of bioterrorism.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0024] Disclosed herein is a comprehensive integrated approach to
developing an effective vaccination program that can be employed to
protect against influenza. The same general principles can also be
employed to prepare immunogenic compositions against other viral
and microbiological pathogens. As used herein, an "immunogenic
composition" refers to a composition capable of inducing a
protective or therapeutic immune response, with or without an
adjuvant, and includes, in part, an antigen against which the
protective or therapeutic immune response is elicited. An
immunogenic composition is an example of an immunogenic
composition.
[0025] First, a number of basic univalent immunogenic compositions
are prepared with each immunogenic composition directed against a
single antigen selected from the group of hemagglutinin (H),
neraminidase (N), and matrix (M) antigens of the influenza A virus.
An individual's immune response is enhanced by presenting only one
purified antigen at a time to an antigen processing and/or
immunocompetent cell. Rapid and persistent immunity is achieved by
incorporating a double-stranded polynucleotide chain with each
specific viral antigen. The combined antigen and polynucleotide
moieties are incorporated into a nanoparticle or liposomal
univalent immunogenic composition formulation. Administration of
the immunogenic composition stimulates an immediate protective
interferon response followed by the classical immune response to
the antigen. To shorten the response time to the threat of an
epidemic, the individual components of the univalent immunogenic
composition i.e. viral antigen, polynucleotide, and nanoparticle or
liposome supplies are separately stockpiled and stored. Once the
suspect flu virus strain is identified the appropriate immunogenic
composition components are then assembled into separate univalent
immunogenic compositions. Individuals may receive one or more
univalent immunogenic compositions directed against different flu
antigens to obtain broad immunity. Several different univalent
immunogenic compositions may also be combined to produce a
multivalent immunogenic composition for convenience in
administration. Vaccination may be by dermal, sub-dermal, or
intramuscular injection, or by inhalation, or sub-lingual
administration.
[0026] Further disclosed herein is a method of immunogenic
composition preparation that is appropriate for flu immunogenic
compositions. The immunogenic composition is designed to confer
immediate and long-term protection against viral infection and is
particularly useful against pandemic flu viruses. It is also
designed to be an effective immunogenic composition by using
prestocked components that can be easily formulated into a
immunogenic composition and quickly deployed where needed.
The Influenza A Virus
[0027] The influenza A virus consists of a viral RNA core
surrounded by a viral coat composed of multiple units of
hemagglutinin (H) protein and multiple units of neraminidase (N)
protein. There are 16 known varieties of H protein and 9 known
varieties of the N protein. These are designated as H1 thru H16,
and N1 thru N9 respectively. Each strain of flu virus has one H
component and one N component making up its viral coat. For
example, one avian flu virus is composed of H5N1 one mild strain of
human flu was found to be H9N and a virulent strain of human flu
was found to be H1N1.
[0028] When different strains of flu virus co-infect the same host
they may exchange genetic information resulting in a reshuffling of
the H and N components to form a new viral strain. For example, if
the flu strain H5N1 infects a human who is also infected with a flu
virus such as H1N2, it is possible that a new flu strain H5N2 or a
new flu strain H1N1 could be created. The new strain will exhibit a
different infectivity and virulence profile from its parent
strains.
[0029] Based on the number of different H antigens and N antigens
exhibited by the known influenza A viruses, the total number of
permutations that could theoretically result from genetic
reshuffling is calculated by multiplying the 16 H varieties by the
9 N varieties to give 144 possible flu strains. In addition there
are minor antigenic variations (i.e. clades) that will result in
even greater antigenic diversity.
[0030] This application discloses that it would be more
advantageous to stockpile individual components of the immunogenic
composition and to then assemble the final immunogenic composition
once the flu strain was identified rather than trying to develop a
complete immunogenic composition against a predicted flu strain.
This approach eliminates the time required to grow the predicted
virus strain and produce large quantities of the immunogenic
composition. It also provides a more efficient method of ensuring
that the immunogenic composition is specific for the virus. For
example, many companies are stockpiling vaccines prepared against
the avian flu virus H5N1 because of the possibility that the H5N1
virus strain could become pandemic. But if there was a genetic
shift and the pandemic flu virus turned out to be a H1N1 strain
instead, the H5N1 immunogenic composition would not provide
immunity against the H1N1 virus. However, if there were stockpiles
of the H1 antigen and the N1 antigen as disclosed herein, then a
multivalent immunogenic composition composed of a H1 univalent
immunogenic composition and N1 univalent immunogenic composition
would be available and expected to provide better protection as
they would be targeted against the appropriate strains causing the
virus. Further, the stockpiled immunogenic composition components
can be assembled very quickly and be deployed in an effective time
to where they are needed.
[0031] It should also be noted that there are antigenic variations
within each type of isolated influenza A strain. For example, the
H5 antigen of the H5N1 virus will show antigenic differences
between different H5N1 isolates. In developing an immunogenic
composition those H5 antigenic subtypes are selected which show the
best cross-reactivity with other H5 isolates and/or develop several
immunogenic compositions directed against selected antigenic
sub-types. This also applies for other influenza A strains that
exhibit antigen variation within the strain.
[0032] In another embodiment of this disclosure, the immunogenic
composition also includes a purified antigen prepared from the
conserved matrix (M1 and M2) regions of the flu virus coat.
[0033] In order to obtain the best immune response the viral
antigens are utilized in a purified and isolated form and each
viral antigen is presented separately to the antigen processing
and/or immunocompetent cells. In this manner each clone of
immunocompetent cells is programmed to react to only a particular
antigen.
[0034] In order to obtain optimum immunity against a particular flu
strain several of these univalent immunogenic compositions directed
against different antigens of that strain are used to vaccinate the
individual. For convenience and efficiency, the selected univalent
immunogenic compositions are optionally combined to form a
multivalent immunogenic composition prior to vaccination.
Viral Antigen
[0035] In order to prepare a viral antigen, the different H, N and
M viral antigens are purified from viral cultures. In one
embodiment, the antigens are prepared from cultured viruses. First,
a selected strain of influenza A virus is used to inoculate
embryonated eggs or cell cultures. After a period of multiplication
the virus is extracted from the culture medium and purified using
standard production techniques such as chromatography. After
inactivation, the viral antigens are separated from other viral
components using standard purification methods. The method of
culturing the virus and the preparation of purified viral protein
is known to those skilled in the art. The methods of antigen
purification such as gel-filtration, affinity chromatography and
other methods are known to those skilled in the art.
[0036] In another embodiment, the purified antigens are prepared by
genetic engineering techniques. The genetic code of the particular
viral antigen is incorporated into the genomic DNA of a transfected
host cell. And the transfected cell is induced to express the
corresponding H or N or M viral protein. Non-limiting examples of
host cells suitable for production of the viral antigens disclosed
herein include bacteria, yeast, insects, mammalian, or plant cells.
For example, if the H1 viral antigen was selected, then the genetic
code for H1 would be prepared and used to transform a host cell and
the H1 antigen is produced as a recombinant protein. The expression
level of the recombinant protein is increased by the use of
suitable promoter genes. The recombinant antigen is purified by
downstream processing and prepared for long term storage by
lyophilization, or freezing or other similar processes. The method
of genetic engineering and downstream processing are known to those
skilled in the art.
[0037] In one embodiment, the antigens are prepared using the
Baculovirus vector expression system in insect cells or larvae of
the silkworm Bombyx mori. In this system the genetic code for the
viral antigen is linked to the polyhedron promoter gene and used to
produce a transformed baculovirus. When the transformed baculovirus
is used to infect Bombix mori cells they are induced to express the
recombinant viral antigen. Similarly, silkworm larvae infected with
the transformed baculovirus are induced to produce large amounts of
viral antigen in their hemolymph. This method of baculovirus
expression of recombinant proteins and downstream processing is
known to those skilled in the art. The use of silkworms as
inexpensive "bioreactors" to produce large quantities of viral
antigen is especially suited for developing countries that do not
have access to the advanced and expensive vaccine production
capacity of industrialized nations.
[0038] The viral antigen is isolated and substantially purified
such that only the desired antigen is present in the composition,
excluding undesirable antigens, proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates
present in the starting material. For the purposes of the present
disclosure, the term antigen includes full length proteins, and
epitopes or fragments of the full length proteins which maintain
the appropriate immunogenicity or ability to stimulate an immune
response.
Polynucleotide
[0039] This application discloses the inclusion of a polynucleotide
into the immunogenic composition. Polynucleotides are molecular
chains of nucleotides usually deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or
ribonucleic acid (RNA). They can be of cellular or viral origin or
they can be synthesized. When administered to an individual the
polynucleotide has two important functions. First, it has an immune
stimulating effect, and second it stimulates the production of
interferons which are compounds known to have an inhibitory effect
upon viral infections. For maximum anti-viral effect the
polynucleotide is typically double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) or double
stranded RNA (dsRNA).
[0040] Interferons belong to the large class of glycoproteins known
as cytokines. They are natural proteins produced by the cells of
the immune system in response to challenges by foreign agents such
as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. Interferons are produced by
a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of
double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection.
Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral
replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and
macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to lymphocytes, and
inducing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. When the
antigen is presented to matching T and B cells, those cells
multiply, attack and degrade the infectious agent. As disclosed
herein presenting the polynucleotide simultaneously with the
antigen to the same antigen processing or immunocompetent cell
potentiates the immune response in addition to inducing the
production of interferons.
[0041] In one embodiment of this disclosure a natural dsRNA
polynucleotide extracted from any number of known viral or
bacterial agents is used. Such agents include influenza A virus,
influenza B virus, Sendai virus, E. coli etc. The methods of
extraction, amplification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
and purification of the natural polynucleotide are known to those
of skill in the art. A synthetic polynucleotide can also be used.
According to this disclosure exemplary synthetic polynucleotides
are double stranded nucleic acids selected from the group
consisting of: polyinosinic acid and polycytidylic acid (poly-IC),
polyadenylic acid and polyuridylic acid (poly-AU), polyinosinic
acid analogue and polycytidylic acid, polyinosinic acid and
polycytidylic acid analogue, polyinosinic acid analogue and
polycytidylic acid analogue, polyadenylic acid analogue and
polyuridylic acid, polyadenylic acid and polyuridylic acid
analogue, and polyadenylic acid analogue and polyuridylic acid
analogue.
[0042] The polynucleotide chain may be modified by substituting
other bases into the chain at specified intervals or by attaching
additional compounds such as poly-L-lysine carboxymethylcellulose
to the nucleotide chain. For example poly-IC can be stabilized by
adding poly-L-lysine to form a new polynucleotide termed poly-ICLC.
Poly-ICLC has shown anti-viral protection against a variety of
viruses including vaccinia, hepatitis, influenza, herpesvirus,
rabies, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile virus, Ebola virus, and
HIV. Of particular note is that intranasal poly-ICLC administration
can protect mice for as long as 3 weeks from an otherwise lethal
dose of influenza virus.
[0043] In preparing the univalent immunogenic compositions of the
present disclosure, the polynucleotide is mixed with the viral
antigen so that both moieties are presented simultaneously to the
same antigen processing and/or immunocompetent cell. The ratio of
antigen to polynucleotide used in the univalent immunogenic
composition may range from the order of 100:1 to 1:100. Depending
on its potency the total amount of viral antigen used per univalent
immunogenic composition is expected to be within the range of 1
.mu.g to 100 .mu.g per dose.
[0044] In aspects of this embodiment, an immunogenic composition
disclosed herein may include a dose of viral antigen that is, e.g.,
90-100 .mu.g, 80-90 .mu.g, 70-80 .mu.g, 60-70 .mu.g, 50-60 .mu.g,
40-50 .mu.g, 30-40 .mu.g, 20-30 .mu.g, 10-20, or less than 10
.mu.g, less than 20 .mu.g, less than 30 .mu.g, less than 40 .mu.g,
less than 50 .mu.g, less than 60 .mu.g, less than 70 .mu.g, less
than 80 .mu.g, less than 90 .mu.g, or less than 100 .mu.g. In other
embodiments, the ratio of antigen to polynucleotide in the
univalent immunogenic composition is, e.g., 100:1, 95:1, 90:1,
85:1, 80:1, 75:1, 70:1, 65:1, 60:1, 55:1, 50:1, 45:1, 40:1, 35:1,
30:1, 25:1, 20:1, 15:1, 10:1, 5:1, 1:1, 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20,
1:25, 1:30, 1:35, 1:40, 1:45, 1:50, 1:55, 1:60, 1:65, 1:70. 1:75,
1:80, 1:85, 1:90, 1:95, or 1:100.
Immunogenic Composition
[0045] The immunogenic composition is prepared by combining a viral
antigen and polynucleotide and assembling them into a nanoparticle
or liposome. To prepare the immunogenic composition, the viral
antigen and polynucleotide are bound to the surface of a solid
particle matrix such as colloidal gold particles, chitin
nanoparticles, or other similar nanoparticles. The immunogenic
composition components may also be incorporated into solid lipid
nanoparticles. The methods of preparing nanoparticles include
precipitation, homogenization and crystallization methods and are
known to those skilled in the art.
[0046] In another embodiment, the coated nanoparticles are
administered in conjunction with an adjuvant to enhance their
uptake by antigen processing cells. Additionally, the coated
nanoparticles may be incorporated into an oil-in-water emulsion
which has a known adjuvant effect. Suitable adjuvants are known to
persons of ordinary skill in the art.
[0047] The immunogenic composition may also be prepared in the form
of liposomes which are composed of an aqueous core and an outer
lipid bilayer membrane. Liposomes are prepared using different
lipid compositions. For example, they are prepared using a mixture
of one or more of the following compounds: phosphatidylcholine,
phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol,
phosphatidylinsitol, monosialoganglioside, sphingomyelin,
distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine, distearoylphosphatidylcholine,
dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine, dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol,
dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and the like. Cholesterol is also
often included to stabilize the bilayer lipid membrane. The mixed
lipids are dissolved in a solvent such as chloroform and dried
under vacuum to form a lipid film. The dried lipid film is hydrated
in a solution in which the viral antigen and polynucleotide are
dissolved. The hydrated lipids will form liposomes entrapping the
viral antigen and polynucleotide within the aqueous center of the
liposome. Depending on the mixture of lipids used to prepare the
liposomes and the method employed, such as freeze/thawing or
homogenization or sonication, the liposomes formed may be
multilamella or unilamella, and they may range in size from several
thousand nanometers in diameter to below one hundred nanometers in
diameter. The methods of preparing liposomes are known to those
skilled in the art.
[0048] In another embodiment of this disclosure, a lipid
formulation mixture is employed that will spontaneously form
liposomes when mixed with an aqueous solution. The methods of
manufacturing self-assembling liposomes are known to those skilled
in the art.
[0049] In yet another embodiment of this disclosure the outer layer
of liposomes may incorporate a known lipid adjuvant such as
monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). The basic liposome formulation will
consist of a phospholipid compound such as phosphatidylcholine,
cholesterol and MPL.
[0050] In another embodiment, a self-assembling liposome
formulation incorporates an immune stimulating polysaccharide
compound such as pullulans. The pullulans compound is anchored into
the liposome membrane layer and stimulates uptake by the dendritic
cells of the immune system. The dendritic cells are antigen
processing cells responsible for initiating the immune
response.
[0051] Also within the scope of the present disclosure are kits
containing one or more univalent immunogenic compositions, the
components for one or more immunogenic compositions, and
instructions for use.
[0052] In one embodiment, the kit contains two, three, four or more
isolated and purified viral antigens, polynucleotides and reagents
to prepare two, three, four or more univalent immunogenic
compositions. In some embodiments, the kits also contain an
appropriate adjuvant.
[0053] In another embodiment, the kit contains two, three, four or
more univalent immunogenic compositions. In some embodiments, the
kits also contain an appropriate adjuvant.
Vaccine Administration
[0054] The mode of administration of the immunogenic composition
may be by a route including scarification, or by injection, or by
inhalation. In one embodiment, each univalent immunogenic
composition is administered separately so that the antigen
processing cells upon arrival at each site of administration will
become programmed to develop immunity to only that particular
antigen. In another embodiment, multiple univalent immunogenic
compositions are administered in combination or simultaneously
injected at different locations.
[0055] In order to obtain broader immunity to a viral strain it may
be desirable to vaccinate with multiple viral antigens of that
strain. For example, if the viral strain was avian flu virus with
the H5N1 antigenic makeup, the vaccination program would administer
two or more immunogenic compositions given to the individual. One
immunogenic composition incorporates the recombinant H5 antigen
plus a polynucleotide, a second immunogenic composition
incorporates the recombinant N1 antigen plus the polynucleotide,
while a third immunogenic composition incorporates the recombinant
M antigen plus the polynucleotide. The individual injection sites
may be placed close to one another (e.g. using a multineedle
injector) or they may be spaced widely apart (e.g. on different
arms); or be given at different times (e.g. on different days). The
individual immunogenic compositions may also be mixed to prepare a
multivalent immunogenic composition and diluted sufficiently so
that each antigen processing cell is predominantly exposed to only
one antigen. The same rationale for preparing tailor-made
immunogenic compositions would apply to other influenza strains
whose antigenic identity is known. Similarly for inhalation or
sub-lingual administration, each immunogenic composition
preparation can be given at different times or on different
days.
Example of a Vaccine to Treat Pandemics.
[0056] For illustrative purposes the preparation of a model
immunogenic composition to treat an influenza A pandemic is
disclosed herein.
[0057] The first step is to identify the strains of influenza A
virus that pose the greatest threat of causing a pandemic. These
will be the viral strains that are known to infect humans.
Specifically, the H, N, and M subtype of the virus is
determined.
[0058] The hemagglutinin (H) antigen is responsible for the first
phase of infection which is the attachment of the virus to the
cell; while the neuraminidase (N) antigen is responsible for the
last phase of infection which is to cleave and release the viral
particle from the infected cell. Therefore an immunogenic
composition prepared against the H antigen is more effective in
preventing viral infection, while a immunogenic composition
prepared against the N antigen is more effective in limiting the
transmission of the virus from host to host.
[0059] Based on this reasoning the most important antigens for
preparing the immunogenic composition will be the hemagglutinin
antigen sub-types that show the highest virulence and capacity for
human to human transmission.
[0060] To increase host immunity to infection and to limit viral
spread, immunogenic compositions against the N antigens from viral
strains known to infect humans are also included.
[0061] Again, for illustrative purposes only, the preparation of a
model immunogenic composition against the avian flu virus using
selected embodiments is disclosed herein. For an avian flu virus
with an H5N1 antigenic makeup, two univalent immunogenic
compositions are prepared. One immunogenic composition is directed
against the H5 antigen subtype and the other immunogenic
composition against the N1 antigen. In this example, the
recombinant H5 and N1 proteins are expressed in silkworm larvae
using the Baculovirus expression system. Briefly, the gene for the
H5 protein is in-frame fused with the polyhedrin (Ph) gene under
the control of Ph promoter and used to co-transfect cultured BmN
cells with modified linearized Bombyx mori baculovirus DNA to
produce recombinant virus (rBacPh-H5). The recombinant rBacPh-H5
virus is used to infect silkworm larvae which are induced to
produce large quantities of recombinant H5 protein in the
hemolymph. Similarly, the gene for the N1 protein is in-frame fused
with the gene under the control of Ph promoter and used to
co-transfect cultured BmN cells with modified linearized Bombyx
mori baculovirus DNA to produce recombinant virus (rBacPh-N1). The
recombinant rBacPh-N1 virus is used to infect silkworm larvae which
are induced to produce large quantities of recombinant N1 protein
in the hemolymph. The recombinant H5 and N1 proteins are purified
using conventional laboratory techniques and stored lyophilized
until required.
[0062] In this embodiment example, the polynucleotide used in the
univalent immunogenic composition is the synthetic polynucleotide
poly-ICLC which is a potent immunomodulating agent. The methods of
preparing synthetic polynucleotides are known to those skilled in
the art. The polypeptide chain can be prepared in bulk and stored
in a suitable manner until required.
[0063] In this example, a self-assembling liposome incorporating
the adjuvant compound is selected to prepare the univalent
immunogenic composition. The liposome components such as
phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and adjuvant are premixed in bulk,
vacuum-dried and stored frozen until required. Upon addition of an
aqueous solution of the premixed viral antigen and polynucleotide
the hydrated lipids will spontaneously form liposomes enclosing the
antigen and polynucleotide within. The formed liposomes are
lyophilized with a cryoprotectant agent and stored in bulk until
required.
Other Applications
[0064] The concept of stockpiling immunogenic composition
components can also be applied to seasonal flu where a univalent
immunogenic composition prepared against the influenza B virus can
be combined with the univalent immunogenic compositions prepared
against the influenza A virus strains to give broad protection
against developing the flu.
[0065] Disclosed herein is an integrated approach to developing an
effective immunogenic composition for pandemic influenza and other
viruses capable of causing a pandemic. The elements consist of: 1)
producing and stockpiling recombinant viral antigens; 2) producing
and stockpiling a selected double-stranded polynucleotide; 3)
producing and stockpiling materials to make nanoparticles or
liposomes; 4) assembling the recombinant viral antigen and
polynucleotide into a univalent immunogenic composition; 5)
administering different univalent immunogenic compositions to
elicit a sustained immune response; and 6) combining different
univalent immunogenic compositions to make a multivalent
immunogenic composition to facilitate mass vaccination.
[0066] The same general principles enumerated here can be applied
to preparing immunogenic compositions against a variety of other
viral and bacterial pathogens. There are many known infectious
pathogens that are capable of causing pandemics with significant
morbidity. The WHO Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response list
includes: anthrax, avian influenza, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic
fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever, Ebola haemorrhagic fever,
hepatitis, influenza, Lassa fever, Marburg haemorrhagic fever,
meningococcal disease, plague, rift valley fever, severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS), smallpox, tularaemia, and yellow
fever.
[0067] There is also the threat of bioterrorism wherein infectious
agents can be modified to make them more infectious and virulent.
The most effective means to prepare for these threats is to develop
a vaccination program that is effective, safe and can be rapidly
deployed.
[0068] The above descriptions are given by way of example, and not
limitation. Given the above disclosures, one skilled in the art
could devise variations that are within the scope and spirit of the
invention disclosed herein. Further, the various features of the
embodiments disclosed herein can be used alone, or in varying
combinations with each other and are not intended to be limited to
the specific combination described herein. Thus, the scope of the
claims is not to be limited by the illustrated embodiments
described in this invention.
[0069] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing
quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight,
reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and
claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by
the term "about." Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary,
the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and
attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the
desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention.
At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application
of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each
numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the
number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary
rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and
parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are
approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific
examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical
value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily
resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective
testing measurements.
[0070] The terms "a," "an," "the" and similar referents used in the
context of describing the invention (especially in the context of
the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the
singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or
clearly contradicted by context. Recitation of ranges of values
herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of
referring individually to each separate value falling within the
range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is
incorporated into the specification as if it were individually
recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in
any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise
clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples,
or exemplary language (e.g., "such as") provided herein is intended
merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a
limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No
language in the specification should be construed as indicating any
non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention.
[0071] Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the
invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations.
Each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in
any combination with other members of the group or other elements
found herein. It is anticipated that one or more members of a group
may be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of
convenience and/or patentability. When any such inclusion or
deletion occurs, the specification is deemed to contain the group
as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markush
groups used in the appended claims.
[0072] Certain embodiments of this invention are described herein,
including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the
invention. Of course, variations on these described embodiments
will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon
reading the foregoing description. The inventor expects skilled
artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the
inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than
specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes
all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in
the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law.
Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all
possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless
otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by
context.
[0073] Specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited
in the claims using consisting of or consisting essentially of
language. When used in the claims, whether as filed or added per
amendment, the transition term "consisting of" excludes any
element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claims. The
transition term "consisting essentially of" limits the scope of a
claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not
materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s).
Embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly
described and enabled herein.
[0074] Furthermore, numerous references have been made to patents
and printed publications throughout this specification. Each of the
above-cited references and printed publications are individually
incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0075] In closing, it is to be understood that the embodiments of
the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles
of the present invention. Other modifications that may be employed
are within the scope of the invention. Thus, by way of example, but
not of limitation, alternative configurations of the present
invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein.
Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to that precisely
as shown and described.
* * * * *