U.S. patent application number 13/605567 was filed with the patent office on 2013-02-07 for crystal structure of staphylococcus aureus clumping factor a in complex with fibrinogen derived peptide and uses thereof.
This patent application is currently assigned to THE TEXAS A & M UNIVERSITY SYSTEM. The applicant listed for this patent is Vannakambadi K. Ganesh, Magnus Hook, Ya-Ping Ko, Emanuel Smeds. Invention is credited to Vannakambadi K. Ganesh, Magnus Hook, Ya-Ping Ko, Emanuel Smeds.
Application Number | 20130035476 13/605567 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 41507625 |
Filed Date | 2013-02-07 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130035476 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hook; Magnus ; et
al. |
February 7, 2013 |
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS CLUMPING FACTOR A IN
COMPLEX WITH FIBRINOGEN DERIVED PEPTIDE AND USES THEREOF
Abstract
The present invention discloses crystal structure of
Staphylococcus aureus Clumping factor A (ClfA) in complex with
fibrinogen (Fg) derived peptide. Also, the present invention also
discloses the use of this structure in the design of ClfA targeted
vaccines and therapeutic agents (including monoclonal antibodies).
In addition, the present invention discloses isolated and purified
engineered Staphylococcus clumping factor A protein (ClfA) with a
stabilized, closed conformation and immunogenic compositions
thereof including methods of treating a Staphylococcus infection in
an individual.
Inventors: |
Hook; Magnus; (Houston,
TX) ; Ko; Ya-Ping; (Houston, TX) ; Smeds;
Emanuel; (Houston, TX) ; Ganesh; Vannakambadi K.;
(Pearland, TX) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Hook; Magnus
Ko; Ya-Ping
Smeds; Emanuel
Ganesh; Vannakambadi K. |
Houston
Houston
Houston
Pearland |
TX
TX
TX
TX |
US
US
US
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
THE TEXAS A & M UNIVERSITY
SYSTEM
College Station
TX
|
Family ID: |
41507625 |
Appl. No.: |
13/605567 |
Filed: |
September 6, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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12459327 |
Jun 30, 2009 |
8280643 |
|
|
13605567 |
|
|
|
|
61133537 |
Jun 30, 2008 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
530/387.3 ;
530/388.4; 530/389.5 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01N 33/68 20130101;
A61K 38/363 20130101; C07K 16/1271 20130101; G01N 2333/75 20130101;
C07K 16/36 20130101; G01N 2333/31 20130101; C07K 14/75 20130101;
C07K 14/31 20130101; C07K 16/18 20130101; A61K 38/00 20130101; A61P
31/04 20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
530/387.3 ;
530/389.5; 530/388.4 |
International
Class: |
C07K 16/12 20060101
C07K016/12 |
Goverment Interests
STATEMENT OF FEDERALLY FUNDED RESEARCH
[0002] This invention was produced using funds obtained through a
National Institutes of Health grant (AI20624). Consequently, the
Federal government has certain rights in this invention.
Claims
1. An anti-MSCRAMM:fibrinogen antibody effective to inhibit
MSCRAMM:fibrinogen interaction but does not affect binding of other
proteins to fibrinogen.
2. The anti-MSCRAMM:fibrinogen antibody of claim 1, wherein said
antibody is generated using peptides comprising MSCRAMM binding
region on Fibrinogen, said peptide differing from the native
Fibrinogen in at least one amino acid residue.
3. The anti-MSCRAMM:fibrinogen antibody of claim 2, wherein said
peptide is P16 peptide (Asp16.fwdarw.Ala), a P12 peptide
(Lys12.fwdarw.Ala) or combination thereof.
4. The anti-MSCRAMM:fibrinogen antibody of claim 1, wherein said
antibody is generated using peptides derived from fibrinogen
binding region of MSCRAMM, said peptide differing from the native
MSCRAMM in at least one amino acid residue.
5. The anti-MSCRAMM:fibrinogen antibody of claim 1, wherein said
antibody is a monoclonal antibody, a polyclonal antibody or a
chimeric antibody.
6. The anti-MSCRAMM:fibrinogen antibody of claim 1, wherein the
MSCRAMM is present on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus
lugdunensis, or Staphylococcus epidermis.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This is a divisional under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.120 of pending
non-provisional application U.S. Ser. No. 12/459,327, filed Jun.
30, 2009, which claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.119(e) of
provisional application U.S. Ser. No. 61/133,537, filed Jun. 30,
2008, now abandoned, the contents of which are incorporated herein
by reference.
REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING
[0003] The present application includes a Sequence Listing filed
separately as required by 37 CFR 1.821-1.825.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] 1. Field of the Invention
[0005] The present invention relates generally to the fields of
protein chemistry, immunology, therapeutic pharmaceuticals, and
vaccine development. More specifically, the present invention
discloses crystal structure of Staphylococcus aureus clumping
factor A (ClfA) in complex with fibrinogen (Fg) derived peptide and
its use in the design of ClfA targeted vaccines and therapeutic
agents (including monoclonal antibodies).
[0006] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0007] Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive commensal organism
that permanently colonizes 20% of healthy adults and transiently
colonizes up to 50% of the population (1). For many years, S.
aureus has been a major nosocomial pathogen causing a range of
diseases from superficial skin infections to life-threatening
conditions, including septicemia, endocarditis and pneumonia (1-2).
Within the last decade an increasing number of invasive infections
caused by community-acquired S. aureus have been recorded in
otherwise healthy children and young adults (3-4). The continued
emergence of antibiotic resistance among clinical strains has made
the treatment of staphylococcal infections challenging,
underscoring the need for new prevention and treatment strategies
(1).
[0008] A detailed characterization of the molecular pathogenesis of
S. aureus infections may expose new targets for the development of
novel vaccines and therapeutics. Several staphylococcal virulence
factors have been identified including capsule, surface adhesins,
proteases, and toxins (5-8). One of these virulence factors is the
MSCRAMM clumping factor A (ClfA). ClfA is the major staphylococcal
fibrinogen (Fg) binding protein and is responsible for S. aureus
clumping in blood plasma (9-10). Essentially all S. aureus clinical
strains carry the ClfA gene (11); ClfA is a virulence factor in a
mouse model of septic arthritis (12) and in rabbit and rat models
of infective endocarditis (13-15).
[0009] ClfA generates strong immune responses and has shown
potential as a vaccine component in active and passive immunization
studies. In one study, mice vaccinated with a recombinant ClfA
segment containing the Fg-binding domain and subsequently infected
with S. aureus showed significantly lower levels of arthritis (12).
In another study, mice passively immunized with polyclonal or
monoclonal antibodies against the ClfA Fg-binding domain were
protected in a model of septic death (16). The humanized monoclonal
antibody, Aurexis.RTM. has a high affinity for ClfA and inhibits
ClfA binding to Fg (17). Aurexis is currently in clinical trials in
combination with antibiotic therapy for the treatment of S. aureus
bacteremia (18).
[0010] ClfA belongs to a class of cell wall-localized proteins that
are covalently anchored to the peptidoglycan (6, 19-20). Starting
from the N-terminus, ClfA contains a signal sequence followed by
the ligand-binding A region composed of three domains (N1, N2, and
N3), the serine-aspartate repeat domain (R region), and C-terminal
features required for cell wall anchoring such as the LPXTG motif,
a transmembrane segment and a short cytoplasmic domain (21-23). A
crystal structure of a Fg-binding ClfA segment (residues 221-559)
which includes two of the domains (N2N3) demonstrates that each
domain adopts an IgG-like fold (24). This domain architecture was
also determined from the crystal structure of the ligand binding
segment of the Staphylococcus epidermidis SdrG, an MSCRAMM that
binds to the N-terminal region of the Fg .beta.-chain (25).
[0011] Molecular modeling and sequence analysis indicated that the
staphylococcal Fg binding MSCRAMMs ClfB and FnbpA could also have a
structural organization similar to that of SdrG and ClfA, setting
the stage for a common mechanism of ligand binding. For SdrG, a
dynamic mechanism of Fg binding termed "Dock, Lock and Latch" (DLL)
has been proposed based on a comparison of the crystal structures
of SdrG N2N3 as an apo-protein and in complex with a synthetic
peptide mimicking the targeted site in Fg (25). In the SdrG DLL
model, the apo-form of the protein adopts an open conformation that
allows the Fg ligand access to a binding trench between the N2 and
N3 domains. As the ligand peptide docks into the trench, a flexible
C-terminal extension of the N3 domain is redirected to cover the
ligand peptide and "lock" it in place. Subsequently the C-terminal
part of this extension interacts with the N2 domain and forms a
.beta.-strand complementing a .beta.-sheet in the N2 domain. This
inserted .beta.-strand serves as a latch to form a stable MSCRAMM
ligand complex.
[0012] ClfA binds to the C-terminus of the Fg .gamma.-chain (9, 23)
and a synthetic 17 amino acid peptide corresponding to this region
was shown to bind to ClfA. Interestingly, the A-region of another
staphylocccal MSCRAMM FnbpA protein and human platelet
.alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3 integrin also binds to the same region
in Fg (23, 26-28). A recombinant form of ClfA has been shown to
inhibit platelet aggregation and the binding of platelets to
immobilized Fg (9). Although the individual N2 and N3 sub-domains
in SdrG and ClfA are structurally similar, the overall orientation
of one with respect to the other is different.
[0013] Thus, prior art is deficient in structural characterization
of how ClfA binds Fg and its use in the design of vaccines and
therapeutic compounds for the prevention and treatment of
staphylococcal infections. The current invention fulfills this long
standing need in the art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0014] The present invention discloses crystal structure of
Staphylococcus aureus clumping factor A (ClfA) in complex with
fibrinogen (Fg) derived peptide. Further, the present invention
also discloses the use of this structure and any structural
information in the design of ClfA targeted vaccines and therapeutic
agents (including monoclonal antibodies).
[0015] The present invention is directed to a therapeutic agent
that binds Microbial Surface Components Recognizing Adhesive Matrix
Molecules (MSCRAMM) with higher binding affinity than native
fibrinogen (Fg). A representative agent comprises an amino acid
sequence that differs from amino acid sequence of a native
fibrinogen in at least one amino acid residue.
[0016] The present invention also is directed to an
anti-MSCRAMM:fibrinogen antibody effective to inhibit
MSCRAMM:fibrinogen interaction but does not affect binding of other
proteins to fibrinogen.
[0017] The present invention is directed further to a method for
determining model structure of MSCRAMM in complex with fibrinogen.
Such a method comprises determining amino acid residue in the
MSCRAMM binding region of native fibrinogen that is critical for
the MSCRAMM:fibrinogen interaction; determining amino acid residue
of the MSCRAMM that binds to said MSCRAMM binding region of native
fibrinogen; and performing computational modeling of the MSCRAMM
sequence that binds to the MSCRAMM binding region of native
fibrinogen, thereby determining the structure of the MSCRAMM in
complex with the fibrinogen.
[0018] The present invention is directed further still to a crystal
structure of a Staphylococcus clumping factor A (ClfA)
protein:fibrinogen derived peptide complex that diffracts x-rays
for determining atomic coordinates of the complex with a resolution
of about 1.95 angstroms.
[0019] The present invention is directed further still to an
engineered stabilized (closed form) of ClfA that binds fibrinogen
with higher affinity as an efficient vaccine candidate. The present
invention is directed to a related immunogenic composition
comprising the ClfA protein described herein and an immunologically
acceptable adjuvant or diluent. The present invention also is
directed to a related a method of vaccinating an individual against
a Staphylococcus infection comprising administering an
immunologically effective amount of the immunogenic composition to
the individual.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0020] The appended drawings have been included herein so that the
above-recited features, advantages and objects of the invention
will become clear and can be understood in detail. These drawings
form a part of the specification. It is to be noted, however, that
the appended drawings illustrate preferred embodiments of the
invention and should not be considered to limit the scope of the
invention.
[0021] FIGS. 1A-1D demonstrate that ClfA.sub.229-545 binds to Fg g
chain peptides.
[0022] FIG. 1A shows a panel of Fg .gamma.-chain peptides. The
wild-type peptide corresponds to the 17 C-terminal residues of the
Fg g-chain (395-411); the mutated peptides have individual amino
acids replaced with Ala (or Ser). FIG. 1B shows that Fg .gamma.
peptides inhibit ClfA binding to immobilized GST-Fg .gamma. in
solid phase assays. Wells were coated with 1 mg GST-Fg .gamma.
peptide. ClfA.sub.229-545 (100 nM) was pre-incubated with wild-type
Fg .gamma. peptide (WT g.sup.1-17) or the P1 (G1A) to P17 (V17A)
mutant peptide (50 mM) for 1 hr. FIG. 1C shows the binding of ClfA
to immobilized GST-Fg .gamma. and GST-Fg .gamma. P16 using a
solid-phase assay. Increasing concentrations of rClfA.sub.229-545
were incubated in microtiter wells containing 1 mg GST (circles),
GST-Fg .gamma. (triangles) or GST-Fg g P16 (squares). Bound ClfA
was detected with anti-His monoclonal antibodies as described. FIG.
1D shows the binding of ClfA.sub.229-545 to Fg .gamma. and Fg
.gamma. P16 peptides in solution using ITC.
[0023] FIGS. 2A-2D illustrate Fg and Fg .gamma. P16 peptide
truncations binding to different forms of ClfA. FIG. 2A shows a
panel of Fg .gamma. P16 peptides with N- and C-terminal
truncations. FIG. 2B shows N-terminal deletions of Fg .gamma. P16
peptide bind ClfA.sub.229-545 with decreasing affinities. N- and
C-terminal truncated Fg .gamma. P16 peptides were tested for their
ability to bind ClfA.sub.229-545 in solution using ITC. FIG. 2C
shows a stable closed conformation ClfA.sub.229-545 was engineered
by introducing a disulfide bridge. The left panel shows a ligand
blot of rClfA.sub.D327C/K5 41C. Recombinant proteins were run in an
SDS-PAGE in the presence or absence of 5 mM DTT and stained with
Coomassie Blue (left panel) or transferred to a PDVF membrane
(middle panel). Transferred proteins were probed with Fg (10 mg/ml)
and detected with anti-Fg and AP-conjugated secondary antibodies.
(Right panel) The purified closed form of ClfA.sub.327C/541C used
for crystallization and ClfA.sub.229-545 were run in an SDS-PAGE
and stained with Coomassie Blue (right panel). FIG. 2D shows the
closed conformation of ClfA.sub.D327C/K541C binds immobilized Fg
and GST-Fg .gamma. P16. ClfA.sub.229-545 or ClfA.sub.D327C/K541C
was incubated with wells coated with either Fg or GST-Fg .gamma.
P16 and detected with anti-His monoclonal antibodies as described
below.
[0024] FIGS. 3A-3D are a representation of ClfA.sub.D327C/K541C
(N2-N3)-peptide complex. FIG. 3A is the ribbon representation of
ClfA-peptide (Fg .gamma.-chain analog) complex. The peptide is
shown as ball and stick model. 2Fo-Fc map around the peptide
contoured at 1.sigma. is shown in the close-up view. FIG. 3B is a
stereo view of the superposition of the two complexes (A:C and B:D)
in the asymmetric unit. FIG. 3C is a schematic representation of
ClfA-Fg .gamma.-peptide main-chain parallel .beta.-complementation
interaction. The anti-parallel .beta.-complementation observed in
SdrG.sub.273-597-Fg .beta.-peptide complex is also shown for
comparison. The residue numbers of both the Fg .gamma.-chain
sequence and the peptide numbering (1-17), in parenthesis, are
shown. FIG. 3D is a stereo-view showing the side-chain interactions
of the ClfA-Fg .gamma.-peptide complex. Carbon atoms of the peptide
are shown in grey; oxygen, red; nitrogen, blue. Side chain atoms of
ClfA are shown as pink stick objects. Hydrogen bonds are shown as
dotted lines.
[0025] FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate the superposition of apo-ClfA,
ClfA-peptide and SdrG-peptide structures. FIG. 4A shows the
superposition of apo-ClfA.sub.221-559, ClfA.sub.D327C/K541C-peptide
complex. The N3 domains of the two structures are superposed
showing significant deviation in the inter-domain orientations.
Apo-ClfA is shown as a cyan ribbon object and ClfA-peptide complex
is shown in green. In FIG. 4B only N3 domain of apo-ClfA (cyan) is
shown for clarity. The folded-back residues of the C-terminal
residues of the apo-ClfA are shown in red. The Fg .gamma.-chain
peptide is shown as blue ribbon. FIG. 4C shows the superposition of
ClfA-peptide and SdrG-peptide complexes. The peptide molecules
corresponding to ClfA and SdrG complexes are shown as red and blue
ribbon objects respectively. ClfA is colored by secondary structure
and SdrG is shown as thin yellow uniform coil.
[0026] FIGS. 5A-5C illustrate species specificity of ClfA-Fg
binding. FIG. 5A shows that the closed conformation
rClfA.sub.327C/541C binds immobilized Fg from different animal
species with different apparent affinities in a solid-phase assay.
FIG. 5B shows that the ClfA.sub.D327C/K541C binds human Fg .gamma.
P16 peptide with a higher affinity than bovine Fg .gamma. peptide
using ITC. FIG. 5C shows that the sequence comparison of human and
bovine Fg .gamma.-chain C-terminal residues (top). CPK
representation of the binding pocket formed between the N2 and N3
domains bound to human versus bovine Fg .gamma. peptide. ClfA is
shown as grey CPK object and peptide atoms are shown in black
(bottom).
[0027] FIG. 6 illustrates that the .gamma..sup.1-17.sub.D16A and
.gamma..sup.1-17.sub.K12A peptides bind weakly to platelet integrin
.alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3. Inhibition of Fg .gamma. peptides
(.gamma..sup.1-17 .sub.D16A and .gamma..sup.1-17.sub.K12A and
.gamma..sup.1-17; WT) on binding of full length Fg immobilized onto
.alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3. Wild-type Fg-.gamma..sup.1-17 peptide
(square) inhibits Fg binding to .alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3 whereas
.gamma..sup.1-17.sub.D165A (triangle) and .gamma..sup.1-17.sub.K12A
(inverted triangle) peptides have very little inhibitory
effect.
[0028] FIGS. 7A-7B illustrate FnbpA binding to GST-Fg .gamma. chain
peptides. FIG. 7A shows that Fg .gamma. peptides inhibit
FnbpA.sub.194-511 binding to immobilized GST-Fg .gamma.. Wells were
coated with 1 mg GST-Fg .gamma. peptide. FnbpA.sub.194-511 (400 nM)
was pre-incubated with wild-type Fg .gamma. peptide (WT
.gamma..sup.1-17) or the P1 (G1A) to P17 (V17A) mutant peptide (50
mM) for 1 hr. FIG. 7B is the ribbon representation of
FnbpA.sub.194-511: Fg-.gamma.-chain peptide binding model. N2 and
N3 domains in FnbpA are shown as ribbons and peptide is shown as
stick object.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
I. Definitions
[0029] The use of the word "a" or "an" when used in conjunction
with the term "comprising" in the claims and/or the specification
may mean "one," but it is also consistent with the meaning of "one
or more," "at least one," and "one or more than one." Some
embodiments of the invention may consist of or consist essentially
of one or more elements, method steps, and/or methods of the
invention. It is contemplated that any method or composition
described herein can be implemented with respect to any other
method or composition described herein.
[0030] The use of the term "or" in the claims is used to mean
"and/or" unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only
or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure
supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and
"and/or."
[0031] As used herein, the term "immunologically effective amount"
refers to an amount that results in an improvement or remediation
of the symptoms of the disease or condition due to induction of an
immune response. Those of skill in the art understand that the
effective amount may improve the patient's or subject's condition,
but may not be a complete cure of the disease and/or condition.
[0032] As used herein, "active immunization" is defined as the
administration of a vaccine to stimulate the host immune system to
develop immunity against a specific pathogen or toxin.
[0033] As used herein, "passive immunization" is defined as the
administration of antibodies to a host to provide immunity against
a specific pathogen or toxin.
[0034] As used herein, "CpG oligonucleotides" are defined by the
presence of an unmethylated CG dinucleotide in a CpG motif.
[0035] As used herein, "adjuvant" is defined as a substance which
when included in a vaccine formulation non-specifically enhances
the immune response to an antigen.
II. Present Invention
[0036] In one embodiment of the present invention there is provided
a therapeutic agent that binds Microbial Surface Components
Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules (MSCRAMM) with higher binding
affinity than native fibrinogen (Fg), the agent comprising amino
acid sequence that differs from amino acid sequence of a native
Fibrinogen in at least one amino acid residue. Examples of such an
agent may include but is not limited to a peptide, a fusion
protein, a small molecule inhibitor or a small molecule drug.
Examples of the peptide may include but is not limited to a P16
peptide (Asp16.fwdarw.Ala), a P12 peptide (Lys12.fwdarw.Ala) or
combination thereof. Further, examples of MSCRAMM may include but
is not limited to a clumping factor A (ClfA), FnbpA, FnbpB or FM
and the MSCRAMM may include but is not limited to those present on
the surface of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis,
or Staphylococcus epidermis.
[0037] In another embodiment of the present invention there is
provided a method for inhibiting Microbial Surface Components
Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecule (MSCRAMM):Fibrinogen (Fg)
interaction, comprising: contacting an MSCRAMM with the
above-described therapeutic agent, thereby inhibiting the
MSCRAMM:Fibrinogen interaction. The therapeutic agent may not
affect .alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3 intergrin interaction.
[0038] In yet another embodiment of the present invention there is
provided a pharmaceutical composition, comprising: the
above-described therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier.
[0039] In yet another embodiment of the present invention there is
provided a method of treating and/or preventing bacterial infection
caused or due at least in part to a MSCRAMM: fibrinogen interaction
in an individual, comprising: administering pharmacologically
effective amounts of the pharmaceutical composition described supra
such that administration of the composition inhibits binding of
MSCRAMM to native fibrinogen and does not affect
.alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3 intergrin interaction. Examples of the
bacteria may include but is not limited to Staphylococcus aureus,
Staphylococcus lugdunensis, or Staphylococcus epidermis. Further,
the routes of administration of the pharmaceutical composition may
include but is not limited to subcutaneous, intravenous,
intramuscular, intra nasal, vaginal, or oral routes. One of
ordinary skill in the art is readily able to determine a suitable
dosage. Additionally, the individual who may benefit from such a
method may include but is not limited to one who is a healthy
individual, an individual diagnosed with the bacterial infection,
at risk of developing bacterial infection or suspected of suffering
from the bacterial infection.
[0040] In yet another embodiment of the present invention there is
provided an anti-MSCRAMM:fibrinogen antibody effective to inhibit
an MSCRAMM:fibrinogen interaction but not affecting binding of
other proteins to fibrinogen. Such an antibody may be generated
using peptides comprising MSCRAMM binding region on fibrinogen, the
peptide differing from the native Fibrinogen in at least one amino
acid residue. Examples of the peptide may include but is not
limited to a P16 peptide (Asp16.fwdarw.Ala), a P12 peptide
(Lys12.fwdarw.Ala) or combination thereof. Alternatively, the
antibody may be generated using peptides derived from fibrinogen
binding region of MSCRAMM, the peptide differing from the native
MSCRAMM in at least one amino acid residue. Further, the antibody
may be a monoclonal antibody, a polyclonal antibody or a chimeric
antibody. Furthermore, the MSCRAMM may be present on Staphylococcus
aureus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, or Staphylococcus
epidermis.
[0041] In yet another embodiment of the present invention there is
provided a method of treating a bacterial infection in an
individual, comprising: administering immunologically effective
amounts of the above-described anti-MSCRAMM:fibrinogen antibody to
the individual, thereby treating the bacterial infection in the
individual. Such an antibody may inhibits interaction between
MSCRAMM and Fibrinogen may not affect the
.alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3 intergrin interaction. Examples of the
individual who may benefit from this method may include but is not
limited to one who is diagnosed with the infection, is at risk of
developing the infection or is suspected of suffering from the
infection. One of ordinary skill in the art is readily able to
determine a suitable dosage. Further, examples of the routes of
administration of the antibody may include subcutaneous,
intramuscular, intravenous, intranasal, vaginal, oral, or other
mucosal routes.
[0042] In yet another embodiment of the present invention there is
provided a method for determining structure of MSCRAMM in complex
with fibrinogen, comprising: determining amino acid residue in the
MSCRAMM binding region of native fibrinogen that is critical for
the MSCRAMM:fibrinogen interaction; determining amino acid residue
of the MSCRAMM that binds to the MSCRAMM binding region of native
fibrinogen; and performing computational modeling of the MSCRAMM
sequence that binds to the MSCRAMM binding region of native
fibrinogen, thereby determining the structure of the MSCRAMM in
complex with the fibrinogen. This method may further comprise
identifying potential agents that inhibit MSCRAMM:fibrinogen
interaction without affecting binding of other proteins to
fibrinogen. Such a potential agent may include one that comprises
amino acid sequence of MSCRAMM binding region on fibrinogen, the
amino acid sequence differing from the fibrinogen in at least one
amino acid residue or an amino acid sequence of fibrinogen binding
region of MSCRAMM, the amino acid sequence differing from the
MSCRAMM in at least one amino acid residue.
[0043] Additionally, the amino acid residue in the MSCRAMM binding
region of native fibrinogen may be determined by: synthesizing
control peptides that comprise the native fibrinogen sequence that
binds MSCRAMM; synthesizing substituted peptides that differ from
the control peptide in one or more amino acid residues; and
comparing binding of MSCRAMM to native fibrinogen in presence of
control peptide or in presence of substituted peptide, where less
potent inhibition of MSCRAMM binding to native fibrinogen in
presence of substituted peptide compared to control peptide
indicates that the amino acid residue(s) that were substituted are
less important for the MSCRAMM:fibrinogen interaction, where
extensive inhibition of MSCRAMM binding to native fibrinogen in
presence of substituted peptide compared to control peptide
indicates that the amino acid residue(s) that were substituted are
critical for the MSCRAMM:fibrinogen interaction.
[0044] Further, the amino acid residue in the MSCRAMM may be
determined by comparing the stability of a native
MSCRAMM:fibrinogen complex with the stability of a mutated
MSCRAMM:fibrinogen complex, where said fibrinogen in the complex
comprises peptide derived from MSCRAMM binding region of native
fibrinogen. Examples of the MSCRAMM may include but is not limited
to a clumping factor A (ClfA), FnbpA, FnbpB or Fbl. Further, the
MSCRAMM may include but is not limited to one that is present on
the surface of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis,
or Staphylococcus epidermis.
[0045] In yet another embodiment of the present invention there is
provided a crystal structure of a Staphylococcus clumping factor A
protein (ClfA):fibrinogen derived peptide complex that diffracts
x-rays for determining atomic coordinates of the complex with a
resolution of about 1.95 angstroms. The Staphylococcus may be those
species described supra. In the crystal structure the fibrinogen
derived peptide may be a P16 peptide (Asp16.fwdarw.Ala) or a P12
peptide (Lys12.fwdarw.Ala) having an N-terminal truncation -2Nt,
-4Nt or -6Nt. Particularly, the crystal structure may be a
ClfA/P16-4Nt complex.
[0046] In yet another embodiment of the present invention there is
provided an isolated and purified engineered Staphylococcus
clumping factor A protein (ClfA) with a stabilized, closed
conformation. For example, the ClfA protein may be
ClfA.sub.D327C/K541C protein.
[0047] In a related embodiment there is provided an immunogenic
composition comprising the ClfA protein described supra and an
immunologically acceptable adjuvant or diluent. The immunogenic
composition may comprise a vaccine.
[0048] In another related embodiment there is provided a method of
vaccinating an individual against a Staphylococcus infection
comprising administering an immunologically effective amount of the
immunogenic composition described supra to the individual.
[0049] The general purpose of the present invention is to provide a
detailed structural characterization of how ClfA binds Fg and
subsequently use this structural information in the design of
vaccines and therapeutic compounds for the prevention and treatment
of staphyloccocal infections. Several of the peptides have been
shown to have enhanced binding to Fg but show decreased binding to
host proteins that target the same region of Fg. The two
extensively studied linear peptide binding MSCRAMMs SdrG and ClfA
use very similar pockets between the N2 and N3 domains for ligand
binding but show significant differences in mechanism of binding.
Based on the results presented here, it is postulated that the
mechanism of interaction between ClfA and Fg is a variation of the
"Dock, Lock and Latch (DLL)" model of SdrG binding to Fg. In the
DLL model of binding, the apo-form of the SdrG is in an open
conformation to allow the ligand access to the binding cleft. A
closed conformation of SdrG is unable to bind Fg. In the ClfA
model, it is believed that the peptide may thread into the cavity
formed in a stabilized closed configuration and therefore the
ClfA-Fg binding mechanism could be called "Latch and Dock".
[0050] In the case of CNA, a collagen binding MSCRAMM from S.
aureus, the collagen molecule binds to CNA through a "collagen hug"
model (29) which represents yet another variant of the DLL binding
mechanism. All three MSCRAMM-ligand structures determined so far,
SdrG, CNA and the ClfA have different ligand binding
characteristics and mechanisms, although the overall structures of
the ligand binding regions of these MSCRAMMs are very similar.
These observations suggest that an ancestral MSCRAMM has evolved to
accommodate different ligands without greatly altering the overall
organization of the proteins.
[0051] Although there are many antibiotics available in the market
to treat S. aureus infections, the strategy discussed herein is a
novel approach targeting ClfA on S. aureus. The primary
disadvantage of using a small segment (peptide) of the interacting
protein molecule is non-specificity and undesirable binding and
adverse effects. The process of modified peptide by variations in
amino acid will be effective and easier to achieve the much desired
specificity. These peptides can be significantly efficient over any
small molecule or any other antibiotic treatment. Based on the
structure disclosed herein, two peptides, P16 (Asp16.fwdarw.Ala)
peptide and P12 (Lys12.fwdarw.Ala) peptide are synthesized and can
be used as inhibitors of ClfA. To further enhance the specificity
towards ClfA and decrease undesirable activation of platelets, a
combination of two variants such as double mutant analog (P12+P16)
will be synthesized and tested. The present invention contemplates
attempting further variations in the sequence to achieve additional
affinity towards ClfA. These peptides are assessed in a mouse model
of S. aureus induced septic death.
[0052] Alternate formulations may include the design of small
molecule inhibitors that specifically bind to ClfA and/or
tailoring/modify existing small molecule drugs. Several small
molecule drugs are available that mimic the same region of Fg that
bind to integrin. The features/amino acid differences that
contribute to the specificity of the peptide can be incorporated in
the existing anti-platelet drug molecules to achieve the
specificity for ClfA.
[0053] Overall, the present invention provides the Fg/ClfA complex
structure that can be (1) used to develop therapeutics that
specifically will inhibit ClfA:Fg interaction but will not affect
.alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3 integrin interactions; (2) to design
ClfA constructs that will be optimal vaccine candidates and can be
used for the generation and screening of therapeutic monoclonal
antibodies; and (3) to model other MSCRAMM Fg interactions with
similar substrate specificities such as FnbpA, FnbpB and FbI.
[0054] Treatment methods involve treating and/preventing an
infection in an individual with a pharmacologically effective or an
immunologically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition
containing therapeutic agents described herein. Such therapeutic
agent may comprise a peptide, fusion peptide, small molecule
inhibitor, small molecule drug or an antibody. A pharmacologically
effective amount is described, generally, as that amount sufficient
to detectably and repeatedly inhibit MSCRAMM:fibrinogen interaction
so as to prevent, ameliorate, reduce, minimize or limit the extent
of a disease or its symptoms. An immunologically effective amount
is described, generally, as that amount sufficient to detectably
and repeatedly induce an immune response so as to prevent,
ameliorate, reduce, minimize or limit the extent of a disease or
its symptoms. More specifically, it is envisioned that the
treatment with the pharmaceutical composition or an immunogenic
composition enhances antibody response, reduces the level of
inflammatory cytokines and the levels of endotoxins and decreases
the bacterial load in the individual to prevent the infection
caused by the bacteria.
[0055] The pharmacologically or immunologically effective amount of
the composition or antibody, respectively to be used are those
amounts effective to produce beneficial results, particularly with
respect to preventing the infection caused by the bacteria, in the
recipient animal or patient. Such amounts may be initially
determined by reviewing the published literature, by conducting in
vitro tests or by conducting metabolic studies in healthy
experimental animals. Before use in a clinical setting, it may be
beneficial to conduct confirmatory studies in an animal model,
preferably a widely accepted animal model of the particular disease
to be treated. Preferred animal models for use in certain
embodiments are rodent models, which are preferred because they are
economical to use and, particularly, because the results gained are
widely accepted as predictive of clinical value.
[0056] The pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein and the
antibody generated thereof may be administered either alone or in
combination with another drug, a compound, or an antibiotic. Such a
drug, compound or antibiotic may be administered concurrently or
sequentially with the immunogenic composition or antibody disclosed
herein. The effect of co-administration with the pharmaceutical
composition or antibody is to lower the dosage of the drug, the
compound or the antibiotic normally required that is known to have
at least a minimal pharmacological or therapeutic effect against
the disease that is being treated. Concomitantly, toxicity of the
drug, the compound or the antibiotic to normal cells, tissues and
organs is reduced without reducing, ameliorating, eliminating or
otherwise interfering with any cytotoxic, cytostatic, apoptotic or
other killing or inhibitory therapeutic effect of the drug,
compound or antibiotic.
[0057] The composition described herein and the drug, compound, or
antibiotic may be administered independently, either systemically
or locally, by any method standard in the art, for example,
subcutaneously, intravenously, parenterally, intraperitoneally,
intradermally, intramuscularly, topically, enterally, rectally,
nasally, buccally, vaginally or by inhalation spray, by drug pump
or contained within transdermal patch or an implant. Dosage
formulations of the composition described herein may comprise
conventional non-toxic, physiologically or pharmaceutically
acceptable carriers or vehicles suitable for the method of
administration.
[0058] The pharmaceutical composition or antibody described herein
and the drug, compound or antibiotic may be administered
independently one or more times to achieve, maintain or improve
upon a therapeutic effect. It is well within the skill of an
artisan to determine dosage or whether a suitable dosage of either
or both of the immunogenic composition or antibody and the drug,
compound or antibiotic comprises a single administered dose or
multiple administered doses.
[0059] As is well known in the art, a specific dose level of such a
pharmaceutical composition or antibody for any particular patient
depends upon a variety of factors including the activity of the
specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health,
sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, rate of
excretion, drug combination, and the severity of the particular
disease undergoing therapy. The person responsible for
administration will determine the appropriate dose for the
individual subject. Moreover, for human administration,
preparations should meet sterility, pyrogenicity, general safety
and purity standards as required by FDA Office of Biologics
standards.
[0060] One of skill in the art realizes that the pharmacologically
effective amount of the immunogenic composition or the antibody can
be the amount that is required to achieve the desired result:
enhance antibody response, reduce the level of inflammatory
cytokines and levels of endotoxins, decrease the bacterial load,
etc.
[0061] Administration of the pharmaceutical composition of the
present invention and the antibody to a patient or subject will
follow general protocols for the administration of therapies used
in treatment of bacterial infections taking into account the
toxicity, if any, of the components in the immunogenic composition,
the antibody and/or, in embodiments of combination therapy, the
toxicity of the antibiotic. It is expected that the treatment
cycles would be repeated as necessary. It also is contemplated that
various standard therapies, as well as surgical intervention, may
be applied in combination with the described therapy.
[0062] As is known to one of skill in the art the pharmaceutical
composition described herein may be administered along with any of
the known pharmacologically acceptable carriers. Additionally the
pharmaceutical composition can be administered via any of the known
routes of administration such as subcutaneous, intranasal or
mucosal. Furthermore, the dosage of the composition to be
administered can be determined by performing experiments as is
known to one of skill in the art.
[0063] The following examples are given for the purpose of
illustrating various embodiments of the invention and are not meant
to limit the present invention in any fashion. One skilled in the
art will appreciate readily that the present invention is well
adapted to carry out the objects and obtain the ends and advantages
mentioned, as well as those objects, ends and advantages inherent
herein. Changes therein and other uses which are encompassed within
the spirit of the invention as defined by the scope of the claims
will occur to those skilled in the art.
EXAMPLE 1
Bacterial Strains, Plasmids and Culture Conditions
[0064] Escherichia coli XL-1 Blue (Stratagene) was used as the host
for plasmid cloning and protein expression. Chromosomal DNA from S.
aureus strain Newman was used to amplify the ClfA DNA sequence. All
E. coli strains containing plasmids were grown on LB media with
ampicillin (100 .mu.g/ml).
EXAMPLE 2
Manipulation of DNA
[0065] DNA restriction enzymes were used according to the
manufacturer's protocols (New England Biolabs) and DNA
manipulations were performed using standard procedures (30)
(Sambrook and Gething, 1989). Plasmid DNA used for cloning and
sequencing was purified using the Qiagen Miniprep kit (Qiagen). DNA
was sequenced by the dideoxy chain termination method with an ABI
373A DNA Sequencer (Perkin Elmer, Applied Biosystems Division). DNA
containing the N-terminal ClfA sequences were amplified by PCR
(Applied Biosystems) using Newman strain chromosomal DNA as
previously described (31). The synthetic oligonucleotides (IDT)
used for amplifying ClfA gene products and for cysteine mutations
are listed in Table I.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 ClfA229 5'-CCCGGATCCGGCACAGATATTACGAAT-3'
(SEQ ID NO: 1) ClfA545 5'-CCCGGTACCTCAAGGAACAACTGGTTTATC-3' (SEQ ID
NO: 2) For disulfide mutant: rClfA327
5'-TGCTTTTACATCACATTTAGTATTTAC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 3) fClfA327
5'-GTAAATACTAAATGTGATGTAAAAGCA-3' (SEQ ID NO: 4) ClfA541
5'-CCCGGTACCTCAAGGAACAACTGGACAATCGATACCGTC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 5)
Peptides: Wild-type Fg .gamma. 395-411 GEGQQHHLGGAKQAGDV (SEQ ID
NO: 6) Fg .gamma. 395-411 D410A: GEGQQHHLGGAKQAGAV (SEQ ID NO: 28)
P16 -2Nt 397-411 GQQHHLGGAKQAGAV (SEQ ID NO: 7) P16 -4Nt 399-411
QHHLGGAKQAGAV (SEQ ID NO: 8) P16 -6Nt 401-411 HLGGAKQAGAV (SEQ ID
NO: 9) P16 -8Nt 403-411 GGAKQAGAV (SEQ ID NO: 10) P16 -2Ct 395-409
GEGQQHHLGGAKQAG (SEQ ID NO: 11) P16 -4Ct 395-407 GEGQQHHLGGAKQ (SEQ
ID NO: 12)
EXAMPLE 3
Construction of Disulphide Mutants (Stable Form of ClfA)
[0066] Cysteine mutations were predicted by comparing
ClfA.sub.221-559 to SdrG.sub.(273-597) disulfide mutant with stable
closed conformations (32) and by computer modeling. A model of ClfA
in closed conformation was built based on the closed conformation
of the SdrG-peptide complex (25). The C.beta.-C.beta. distances
were calculated for a few residues at the C-terminal end of the
latch and strand E in the N2 domain. Residue pairs with
C.beta.-C.beta. distance less than 3 .ANG. were changed to
cysteines to identify residues that could form optimum disulfide
bond geometry. The D327C/K541C mutant was found to form a disulfide
bond at the end of the latch. The cysteine mutations in
ClfA.sub.D327C/K541C were generated by overlap PCR (33-34). The
forward primer for PCR extension contained a BamHI restriction site
and the reverse primer contained a KpnI restriction site. The
mutagenesis primers contained complementary overlapping sequences.
The final PCR product was digested with BamHI and KpnI and was
ligated into same site in the expression vector pQE30 (Qiagen). All
mutations were confirmed by sequencing. The primers used are listed
in Table I.
EXAMPLE 4
Expression and Purification of Recombinant Proteins
[0067] E. coli lysates containing recombinant ClfA and GST-Fg
.gamma.-chain fusion proteins were purified as previously described
(35). PCR products were subcloned into expression vector pQE-30
(Qiagen) to generate recombinant proteins containing an N-terminal
histidine (His) tag as previously described (9). The recombinant
ClfA His-tag fusion proteins were purified by metal chelation
chromatography and anion exchange chromatography as previously
described (23). To generate recombinant ClfA.sub.229-545 and
ClfA.sub.221-559 proteins, PCR-amplified fragments were digested
with BamHI and KpnI and cloned into BamHI/KpnI digested PQE-30. The
primers used to generate the recombinant constructs are listed in
Table I. The reactions contained 50 ng of strain Newman DNA, 100
pmol of each forward and reverse primers, 250 nM of each dNTP, 2
units of Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene) and 5 ml Pfu buffer in a
total volume of 50 ml. The DNA was amplified at 94.degree. C. for 1
min, 48.degree. C. for 45 sec; 72.degree. C. for 2 min for 30
cycles, followed by 72.degree. C. for 10 min. The PCR products were
analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis using standard methods (30)
and purified as described above.
EXAMPLE 5
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
[0068] The ability of the wild-type ClfA.sub.229-545 and disulfide
ClfA mutants to bind Fg was analyzed by ELISA-type binding assays
Immulon 4HBX Microtiter plates (Thermo) were coated with human Fg
(1 .mu.g/well) in HBS (10 mM HEPES, 100 mM NaCl, 3 mM EDTA, pH 7.4)
over-night at 4.degree. C. The wells were washed with HBS
containing 0.05% (w/v) Tween-20 (HBST) and blocked with 5% (w/v)
BSA in HBS for 1 h at 25.degree. C. The wells were washed 3 times
with HBST and recombinant ClfA proteins in HBS were added and the
plates were incubated at 25.degree. C. for 1 h. After incubation,
the plates were washed 3 times with HBST. Anti-His antibodies (GE
Healthcare) were added (1:3000 in HBS) and the plates were
incubated at 25.degree. C. for 1 h. The wells were subsequently
washed 3 times with HBST and incubated with Goat anti-mouse-AP
secondary antibodies (diluted 1:3000 in HBS; Bio-Rad) at 25.degree.
C. for 1 h. The wells were washed 3 times with HBST and
AP-conjugated polyclonal antibodies were detected by addition of
p-nitrophenyl phosphate (Sigma) in 1 M diethanolamine (0.5 mM
MgCl.sub.2, pH 9.8) and incubated at 25.degree. C. for 30-60 min.
The plates were read at 405 nm in an ELISA plate reader (Themomax,
Molecular Devices). For the inhibition assays, recombinant
ClfA.sub.229-545 was pre-incubated with Fg .gamma. peptides in HBS
for 1 h at 37.degree. C. The recombinant protein-peptide solutions
were then added to plates coated with 1 mg/well GST fusion protein
containing the native human Fg .gamma. 395-411 sequence (called
GST-Fg .gamma..sup.1-17) and bound protein was detected as
described above. If the peptide binds ClfA it would inhibit binding
of the GST-Fg .gamma..sup.1-17 to the MSCRAMM.
EXAMPLE 6
Synthesis of Gamma Chain Peptides
[0069] The wild-type and mutated peptides corresponding to the 17
C-terminal residues of the fibrinogen .gamma.-chain (residues
395-411) and truncated versions of this peptide (listed in Table I)
were synthesized as previously described and purified using HPLC
(9).
EXAMPLE 7
Isothermal Titration calorimetry
[0070] The interaction between ClfA proteins and soluble Fg
peptides was analyzed by Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC)
using a VP-ITC microcalorimeter (MicroCal). The cell contained 30
mM ClfA and the syringe contained 500-600 mM peptide in HBS buffer
(10 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4). All samples were degassed for 5
mM. The titration was performed at 30.degree. C. using a
preliminary injection of 5 ml followed by 30 injections of 10 ml
with an injection speed of 0.5 ml/sec. The stirring speed was 300
rpm. Data were fitted to a single binding site model and analyzed
using Origin version 5 (MicroCal) software.
EXAMPLE 8
Crystallization
[0071] The ClfA.sub.D327C/K541C protein was purified as described
and concentrated to 30 mg/ml. The synthetic .gamma.-chain peptide
analogs, P16 and N-terminal truncations of P16 (P16-2Nt, P16-4Nt
and P16-6Nt) were mixed with the protein at 1:20 molar ratio and
left for 30 min at 5.degree. C. This mixture was screened for
crystallization conditions. Small needles of the ClfA/P16-2Nt, -4Nt
and -6Nt were obtained during initial search of the crystallization
condition, but we could only successfully optimize ClfA/P16-4Nt and
ClfA/P16-6Nt. Diffraction quality crystals were obtained by mixing
2 .mu.l of protein solution with 2 .mu.l of reservoir solution
containing 16-20% PEG 8K, 110 mM succinic acid pH 6.0.
EXAMPLE 9
X-Ray Data Collection, Structure Solution and Refinement
[0072] Crystals of ClfA/P16-4Nt were flash frozen with a
stabilizing solution containing 20% glycerol. Diffraction data were
measured on Rigaku R-Axis IV.sup.++ detector. A total of 180 frames
were collected at a detector distance of 120 mm with 1.degree.
oscillation. Data were indexed, integrated and scaled using d*terk
(47) (Pflugrath, 1999). The crystals diffracted to 1.95 .ANG. and
the data statistics were listed in Table 2. Calculation of the
Matthews coefficient suggested the presence of 2 copies of the
molecule in the unit cell of the triclinic cell. The structure was
solved by molecular replacement (MR) with the program PHASER (36)
using individual N2 and N3 domains of ClfA as search model.
Solutions for the N3 domain were obtained for the two copies
followed by the solutions of N2 domains. Data covering 2.5-15 .ANG.
were used for the molecular replacement solution. Electron density
maps calculated during the initial rounds of refinement showed
interpretable density for 11 out of 13 peptide residues in both the
copies of the complex. Modeling building of the peptide and
rebuilding of a few loop regions were performed using the program
COOT (37). A few cycles of ARP/WARP (38) were performed to improve
the map and for the building of water model. After a few cycles of
refinement using Refmac5.0 (39), electron density was clear for
only the backbone atoms for two remaining N-terminal residues of
the peptide molecule D and one residue for peptide C. The final
model of ClfA included residues 230-299, 303-452, 456-476 and
479-545 in molecule A and 230-438, 440-476 and 479-542 in molecule
B. The structure was refined to a final R-factor of 20.9% and
R-free of 27.8%. Stereochemical quality of the model was validated
using PROCHECK (40).
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Crystallographic data measurement and
refinement data Cell dimensions a, b, c (.ANG.) 35.43, 61.84, 81.78
.alpha., .beta., .gamma. (.degree.) 85.44, 81.84, 82.45 Space group
P1 Resolution (.ANG.) 1.95-15.0 Reflections total/unique
86051/46090 Completeness (%) 93.9 R.sub.merge* 0.074 Number of
molecules in the asymmetric unit 2 Rfactor/R.sub.free.sup.+
0.211/0.279 Bond rms deviation (.ANG.) 0.015 Angle rms deviation
(.degree.) 1.64 Average B value (.ANG.) 29.9 No of non-hydrogen
atoms 5226 Protein 4558 Peptide 141 Water 527 Rms deviations from
ideal values Bond lengths (.ANG.) 0.22 Bond Angles (.degree.) 1.95
PDB ID 2vr3 *R.sub.merge = .SIGMA.|I.sub.j -
<I>|/.SIGMA.I.sub.i; where I.sub.j is the measured and
<I> is the mean intensity of reflection hkl; .sup.+R.sub.free
is calculated over 2% of randomly selected reflections not included
in the refinement.
EXAMPLE 10
Integrin (.alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3) Inhibition Assay
[0073] For .alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3 inhibition assay.
.alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3 Immulon 4HBX Microtiter 96-well plates
(Thermo) were coated with .alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3 (0.25
mg/well) in TBS (25 mM Tris, 3 mM KCl, 140 mM NaCl, pH 7.4) over
night at 4.degree. C. The wells were washed with TBS containing
0.05% (w/v) Tween-20 (TBST). After blocking with 3% (w/v) BSA
dissolved in TBS for 1 h at RT, 10 nM of full length Fg was applied
in the presence of either WT .gamma..sup.1-17,
.gamma..sup.1-17.sub.D16A or .gamma..sup.1-17 .sub.K12A peptides
and plates were incubated at RT for another hour. The bound full
length Fg was then detected by goat anti human Fg (1:1000 dilution,
Sigma) antibody followed by horseradish peroxidase-conjugated
rabbit anti-goat IgG antibody (1:1000 dilution, Cappel). After
incubation with 0.4 mg/ml of substrate, o-phenylenediamine
dihydrochloride (OPD, Sigma) dissolved in phosphate-citrate buffer,
pH 5.0, bound antibodies were determined in an ELISA reader at 450
nm. The proteins, antibodies and peptides were diluted in TBST
containing 1% (w/v) BSA, 2mM MgCl.sub.2, 1 mM of CaCl.sub.2 and
MnCl.sub.2.
EXAMPLE 11
Molecular Modeling
[0074] All molecular modeling studies were performed using
InsightII software (Accrelys Inc). Modeling of FnbpA-peptide
complex was performed using "Homology" module available in
InsightII using ClfA.sub.229-545 peptide complex as a template.
Prior to model building, the amino acid sequence of
ClfA.sub.229-545 was aligned with FnbpA (GENBANK.RTM. ID: CA077272)
using Lalign (41). The aligned sequences were manually checked for
any gaps in the core .beta.-sheet forming regions of ClfA. The
final model was subjected to molecular dynamics simulation followed
by conjugate gradient energy minimization. Figures were made using
RIBBONS (42). The atomic coordinates and structure factors of the
complex structure have been deposited in Protein Data Bank with
accession number 2vr3.
EXAMPLE 12
Identification of Critical Residues in Fg Required for Binding to
ClfA
[0075] In previous studies, a segment of ClfA composed of residues
221-559 was shown to bind to the C-terminal end of the human Fg
.gamma.-chain (9). Based on structural similarities with SdrG, a
smaller ClfA construct (229-545) predicted to be composed only of
the N2 N3 domains was designed and it was shown that
ClfA.sub.229-545 retained the Fg-binding activity. To identify
specific residues in Fg that are important for binding to
ClfA.sub.229-545, a panel of peptides (FIG. 1A; SEQ ID NOS: 13-29)
based on the Fg .gamma.-chain sequence 395-411 (referred to as
g.sup.1-17) were synthesized in which each position was
sequentially substituted with an alanine residue (alanines 11 and
14 changed to serines). These peptides were tested as inhibitors in
solid-phase binding assays. Peptides g.sup.1-17.sub.H6A,
g.sup.1-17.sub.H7A, g.sup.1-17.sub.G10A, g.sup.1-17.sub.A14S and
g.sup.1-17.sub.G15A were significantly less potent inhibitors than
the native sequence suggesting that the Fg residues H6, H7, G10,
Q13, A14 and G15 interact with ClfA (FIG. 1B). Remarkably, peptides
g.sup.1-17.sub.A11S, g.sup.1-17.sub.D16A and g.sup.1-17.sub.V17A
showed an enhanced inhibition of ClfA binding to a recombinant form
of residues 395-411 of the Fg g chain fused to a GST protein
(GST-Fg g.sub.1-17) compared to a peptide with the wild-type
sequence, indicating a higher affinity of the peptide variants for
ClfA.
[0076] The ability of ClfA.sub.229-545 to bind to the peptide
containing the g.sup.1-17.sub.D16A mutation was further
characterized. In solid-phase assays, ClfA binds to immobilized
GST-Fg g.sup.1-17 fusion protein with a lower affinity (K.sub.d=657
nM) compared to the mutated GST-Fg g.sup.1-17.sub.D16A (Kd=35 nM)
(FIG. 1C). In solution, using isothermal titration calorimetry
(ITC) assays, (FIG. 1D), ClfA also binds with a lower affinity to
the native g.sup.1-17 peptide (K.sub.d of 5.8 mM) compared to the
mutant Fg g.sup.1-17.sub.D16A (K.sub.d of 3 mM). Thus, although the
apparent dissociation constants differ according to the assays used
to estimate them, similar trends in affinity between the wild-type
and the D16A mutation were observed. It is currently unknown why
the difference between the K.sub.ds was much greater in the solid
phase binding assays compared to the ITC analysis.
[0077] The present invention demonstrates that alanine substitution
at the C-terminal region of the peptide affected MSCRAMM binding
suggesting that the ClfA binding site is located at the very
C-terminus of the Fg .gamma.-chain (FIGS. 1A-1D). Results also show
that certain amino acid changes in the g.sup.1-17 sequence enhance
ClfA binding compared to the wild-type Fg sequence indicating that
the human Fg .gamma. C-terminal 17 residues may not be the optimum
ligand for ClfA.
[0078] Analysis of the previously solved SdrG-Fg peptide complex
crystal structure showed that only 11 out of the 18 peptide
residues interacted with the MSCRAMM. Similarly, only a part of the
17-residue sequence may be required for binding to ClfA. In order
to establish the minimum Fg peptide required for binding to
ClfA.sub.229-545, a series of N-and C-terminal truncations of the
g.sup.1-17.sub.D16A peptide were synthesized (FIG. 2A; SEQ ID NOS:
7-12 & 28). Truncations of 2, 4, 6 or 8 amino acids at the
N-terminus of the Fg g-peptide resulted in a reduced but detectable
binding affinity when tested using ITC. There was a direct
relationship between the length of the peptide and its affinity for
ClfA. The smaller the peptide, the lower was the observed affinity
for the MSCRAMM (FIG. 2B). Thus, the N-terminal residues of the Fg
peptide (residues 1-8) may either contribute to or stabilize the
binding of the peptide to ClfA, but are not critical for the
interaction. On the other hand, deletions of 2 or 4 residues from
the C-terminal end of the g.sup.1-17.sub.D16A peptide abolished
binding (data not shown). These results indicate that the
C-terminal amino acids of Fg are critical for binding to ClfA;
these data correlate with a previous report that showed that Fg
lacking the C-terminal residues AGDV in the g chain (corresponding
to residues 14-17 in the peptide) or a variant that replaces the
last four g-chain residues with 20 amino acids lacks the ability to
bind recombinant ClfA.sub.221-550 and or to induce S. aureus
clumping (9).
EXAMPLE 13
A Stabilized Closed Confirmation of ClfA.sub.229-545 Binds Fg with
a Higher Affinity than the Open Form
[0079] The Fg binding mechanism of SdrG.sub.276-596 involves a
transition from an open conformation, where the peptide binding
trench between the N2 and N3 domains is exposed for ligand docking,
to a closed conformation of the SdrG.sub.276-596 in complex with
the ligand. The insertion of the N3 extension into the latching
trench on N2 stabilizes the closed conformation (32). The closed
conformation of apo SdrG N2N3, stabilized by introducing a
disulfide bond between the end of the N3 latch and the "bottom" of
N2, no longer binds Fg (32) demonstrating that the dynamics of the
latch is critical for the SdrG ligand interaction. To explore if
the binding of ClfA to Fg is also dependent on a movement of the
latch, a ClfA construct containing two cysteine substitutions was
constructed. The locations of the cysteine mutations were
determined using computer modeling and by sequence alignment to
corresponding mutations in SdrG (32). The mutant
ClfA.sub.D327D/K541C generated a stable, closed conformation form.
This recombinant His-tag fusion protein was purified by Ni.sup.+
chelating chromatography; ion-exchange and gel permeation
chromatography. The ClfA.sub.D327C/K541C open and closed
conformation forms were examined by SDS-PAGE analysis (FIG.
2C).
[0080] Under non reducing conditions, the disulfide bonded closed
form of ClfA.sub.D327C/K541C migrated faster on SDS-PAGE than its
non-disulfide bonded open form. Presumably, under non-reducing
conditions, closed conformation mutants are more compact and
migrate faster on SDS-PAGE than open conformation constructs. Under
reducing conditions, the disulfide mutant and the wild-type protein
migrate at the same rate. Surprisingly, the disulfide mutant
ClfA.sub.D327C/K541C was able to bind Fg both in the open and
closed conformations (FIG. 2C). Elisa-type binding assays where Fg
or GST .sub.Fg.gamma..sup.1-17 peptide were coated in microtiter
wells and incubated with ClfA showed that the closed conformation
ClfA.sub.D327C/K541C bound the ligand with a much lower apparent
K.sub.d (34 nM Fg; 20 nM GST-Fg .gamma..sup.1-17) compared to the
wild-type ClfA.sub.229-545 (apparent K.sub.d 305 nM Fg; 222 nM
GST-Fg .gamma..sup.1-17) (FIG. 2C). These results demonstrate that
an open conformation may not be required for Fg binding to ClfA and
that Fg binding by ClfA involves a mechanism that is different from
the DLL mechanism employed by SdrG.
EXAMPLE 14
Crystal Structure of ClfA.sub.(229-545)/D327C/K541C) in Complex
with a .beta.-Residue Fg-Derived Peptide
[0081] Crystallization screens were carried out with
ClfA.sub.D327C/K541C in complex with several N-terminal truncations
of the g.sup.1-17.sub.D16A peptide that were shown to bind the
MSCRAMM. Crystals of the stable closed conformation of
ClfA.sub.229-545 in complex with several peptides were obtained,
but structure determination was attempted for only the
ClfA.sub.(229-545)D327C/K541C-g.sup.5-17.sub.D16A peptide. The
crystals of the ClfA-peptide complex diffracted to a 1.95 .ANG.
resolution. Two copies of ClfA-peptide complex were found in the
asymmetric part of the unit cell and are referred to as A:C and
B:D. Although the 13 residues of the Fg g.sup.5-17 chain synthetic
peptide were used for crystallization, only 11 residues were
completely observed in both copies. The two molecules of
ClfA.sub.D327C/K541C (A and B) are nearly identical with rms
deviation of 0.3 .ANG. for 312 C.alpha. atoms and 0.55 .ANG. for
backbone atoms. As observed in the apo-ClfA .sub.221-559 structure,
the ClfA.sub.(229-545)D327C/K541C N2 and N3 domains adopt a
DE-variant IgG fold (24). The overall structure of the
ClfA.sub.D327C/K541C peptide complex (A:C) and the two copie s of
the complexes A:C and B:D superimposed are shown in FIGS. 3A and
3B, respectively. The C-terminal extension of the N3 domain makes a
.beta.-sheet complementation with strand E of the N2 domain. This
conformation is locked by the engineered disulfide bond as
predicted by SDS-PAGE analysis (FIG. 2C) and confirmed by the
crystal structure. The two copies of the Fg .gamma.-peptide
molecules are nearly identical with rms deviation of 0.5 .ANG. for
11 C.alpha. atoms and 0.89 .ANG. for backbone atoms. The
interaction between the ClfA.sub.D327C/K541C and the peptide buries
a total surface area of 1849 .ANG..sup.2 and 1826 .ANG..sup.2 in
the A:C and B:D complex, respectively. The interaction of the
peptide with the N2 domain is predominantly hydrophobic in nature,
in addition to a few main-chain hydrogen bonds (FIG. 3C).
Interactions between the Fg peptide and the N3 domain are both
hydrophobic and electrostatic with the electrostatic contribution
coming almost entirely from the main chain-main chain hydrogen
bonds due to the parallel .beta.-sheet formation of the peptide
with strand G of the N3 domain (FIG. 3C). The side-chain
interactions between the peptide and ClfA are predominantly
hydrophobic. The 11 C-terminal residues of the Fg g-chain peptide
sequence that interact with ClfA are composed of only two polar
residues, Lys12 and Gln13. Side chain atoms of Lys12 point away and
do not interact with the ClfA protein whereas Gln13 makes two
hydrogen bonds with the main chain atoms of Ile 384 in ClfA (FIG.
3D). A water-mediated interaction is also observed between Gln13 of
the peptide and Asn525 of ClfA. Tyr338 in the N2 domain and Trp523
in the N3 domain play an important role in anchoring the peptide
molecule. Tyr338 and Trp523 are stacked with residues Glyl5 and
Gly10, respectively. In addition, Met521 and Phe529 make
hydrophobic interactions with Ala7 and Va117, respectively. The
C-terminal residues of the peptide Ala14, Gly15, Ala16, and Val17
are buried between the N2-N3 domain interface with the terminal Val
residue, presumably threaded through a preformed ligand binding
tunnel after ClfA.sub.D327C/K541C adopted its closed conformation.
A hydrogen bond is observed between Lys389 of ClfA and the
C-terminal carboxyl group of the peptide (FIG. 6B).
EXAMPLE 15
Structural Differences Between the Closed Confirmation
ClfA.sub.(D327C/541C)-Peptide Complex and the Apo-ClFA.sub.221-559
Protein
[0082] The individual N2 and N3 domains in the apo-ClFA.sub.221-559
and the closed form of ClfA.sub.D327C/K541C are almost identical
with rms deviations of 0.33 and 0. .ANG. for molecule A and 0.35
and 0.42 .ANG. for molecule B, but the relative orientation of the
N2 and N3 domains are significantly different (FIG. 4A). This
difference affects the association of the N2 and N3 domains. In the
apo conformation, the buried surface area between the N2 and N3
domains is 87 .ANG..sup.2 compared to 367 .ANG..sup.2 in the closed
form of the ClfA.sub.(221-559)D327C/K541C-peptide complex. In the
apo-ClfA.sub.221-559, the C-terminal residues (Ala528-Glu559) of
the N3 domain fold back and do not interact with the N2 domain.
[0083] To understand if the altered N2-N3 orientation of the
apo-form of ClfA (FIG. 4A) is due to the folded-back conformation,
a model of the apo-ClfA.sub.221-559 was constructed with the
folded-back N3 domain and the N2 domain adopting an N2-N3
orientation similar to that observed in the closed form of the
ClfA-peptide complex. This model shows that Tyr338 in the N2 domain
makes severe clashes with residues Ser535 and Gly534 of the folded
back segment. An alternate conformation for these residues is
unlikely due to spatial constraints. Thus, it is unlikely that the
two domains in the folded-back conformation could adopt an
orientation similar to their orientation in the ClfA-peptide
complex. Moreover the folded-back segment completely occupies the
binding site (FIG. 4B). Therefore, in the folded-back conformation,
the ligand binding site appear not to be accessible to the
peptide.
[0084] It is presently unclear what the spatial rearrangements of
the N2N3 domains are in intact ClfA expressed on the surface of a
staphylococcal cell. The two structures of these domains solved so
far where one is active and the other inactive provide a structural
basis for the possible regulation of ClfA's Fg binding activity by
external factors. One such factor may be Ca.sup.2+ which has been
shown to inhibit ClfA-Fg binding (O'Connell et al., 1998).
Alternatively, it is possible that the folded-back conformation
(which is a larger protein construct) is only one of the many
possible conformations adopted by the unbound protein. Most likely,
MSCRAMMs proceed from the unbound to the bound forms in a very
dynamic mechanism where different intermediate forms could be
achieved.
EXAMPLE 16
Structural Similarities/Differences Between the Closed Form of the
ClfA-Peptide and SdrG-Peptide Complexes
[0085] The major difference between Fg-binding to ClfA and SdrG is
that the directionality of the bound ligand peptide is reversed
(FIG. 4C). The C-terminal residues of the ligand is docked between
the N2 and N3 in ClfA and makes a parallel .beta.-sheet
complementation with strand G of the N3 domain, whereas in SdrG,
the N-terminal residues of the ligand are docked between the N2 and
N3 domains and form an anti-parallel .beta.-sheet with the G
strand. In both cases there are 11 ligand residues that make
extensive contact with the MSCRAMM but with one residue shift
towards the N3 domain in ClfA. Of these 11 residues, 7 and 11
residues participate in the .beta.-strand complementation of SdrG
and ClfA, respectively. Although the peptide binding model of ClfA
is different to that of SdrG, the inter-domain orientations of the
two MSCRAMMS are very similar (25). Superposition of 302
corresponding atoms in the N2 and N3 domains of ClfA and SdrG
showed a small rms deviation of 0.65 .ANG. indicating the high
structural similarity between the two MSCRAMMS. Another striking
difference is that ClfA does not require an open-conformation for
ligand binding, whereas Fg cannot bind to a stabilized closed
conformation of SdrG. ClfA binds the C-terminal end of Fg and the
last few residues of the .gamma.-chain can be threaded in to the
binding pocket. In the SdrG-Fg interaction, the binding segment in
Fg does not involve the seven N-terminal residues of the ligand and
therefore an open conformation is required for ligand binding.
EXAMPLE 17
A Structural Model for Fg Binding to FnbpA
[0086] FnbpA, like ClfA, has been shown to bind the Fg
.gamma.-chain at the C-terminus. The panel of peptides with alanine
substitutions (FIG. 1A) was tested as inhibitors of FnpA binding to
Fg in a solid phase assay. The pattern of inhibition was similar to
that measured for ClfA (FIG. 7A). In addition, earlier mutational
studies on FnbpA showed that two residues, N304 and F306, were
required for full Fg binding (43). The corresponding residues in
ClfA are P336 and Y338. Tyr 338 plays a key role in anchoring Glyl5
of the .gamma.-chain peptide. Together, these results indicate that
the FnbpA Fg binding mechanism could be similar to that of ClfA.
The availability of the now determined ClfA-peptide complex
prompted us to model an FnbpA-Fg complex (FIG. 7B). The homology
model of the FnbpA-peptide complex showed that FnbpA can adopt a
structure similar to that of the ClfA-ligand complex. Although
there is only 25% sequence identity between ClfA and FnbpA, this
model shows that almost 50% of the residues that interact with the
.gamma.-chain peptide are conserved between FnbpA and ClfA and many
others are similar. Together, the binding data and the modeling
studies suggest that ClfA and FnbpA bind Fg by a similar
mechanism.
EXAMPLE 18
Species Variations in Fg-Binding to ClfA
[0087] There is a significant variation in the C-terminal sequences
of the Fg g-chain among different animal species. The binding of
ClfA.sub.327C/541C to Fg isolated from different animal species was
explored using a solid-phase binding assay. ClfA.sub.327C/541 binds
bovine Fg with significantly lower apparent affinity than human Fg;
binding of the MSCRAMM to sheep Fg could not be detected (FIG. 5A).
The bovine Fg .gamma. sequence is available and the binding data
obtained in the ELISA type assay was corroborated by measuring the
affinity of ClfA.sub.327C/541C for the Fg g.sup.1-17.sub.D16A
peptide and a peptide representing the bovine Fg .gamma. chain
sequence using ITC (FIG. 5B). A closer examination of the
ClfA-peptide interaction and the sequence variations between the
human and the bovine Fg .gamma.-chain C-terminal segment suggests
that two of the four amino acid variations, at positions 14 and 16,
could potentially explain the difference in the affinity (FIG. 5C
Upper panel). In the ClfA-peptide crystal structure, Ala14 and
Ala16 are completely buried between the N2 and N3 domains (binding
trench). Replacement of Ala with Val at either position would
impose steric conflicts between ClfA and Fg. However, Asp, and not
Ala, is the natural sequence at position 16 of the peptide in human
Fg. Modeling shows that Asp could adopt a conformation that could
allow the side chain to point towards the solvent with minimal
steric conflict with the ClfA. The less bulky Ala would fit better
in the binding site than Asp, which explains the higher affinity of
ClfA for the .gamma..sup.1-17.sub.D16A peptide compared to the WT
peptide. Valine is branched at the C.beta. atom and this residue
would make steric clashes with the residues lining the binding
trench in ClfA independent of the side-chain conformation of the
Val residue. The other two non-contributing variations in the
bovine compared to the human Fg sequence are His6.fwdarw.Gln and
Va117.fwdarw.Glu. The electron density for the side chain of His6
in the peptide is not interpretable indicating that the side-chain
of the His6 and its corresponding residue, Gln, in bovine Fg do not
participate significantly in the interaction. Molecular modeling
shows that even a bulkier Glu residue instead of Val at this
position 17 is unlikely to sterically clash with ClfA. Therefore
H.fwdarw.Q and V.fwdarw.Q variations at positions 6 and 17 may not
contribute to the difference in affinity. A specific linear
sequence often appears to be recognized by a staphylococcal
MSCRAMM, which raises the possibility that the MSCRAMMs can
differentiate between the ligand analogs from different species.
This hypothesis is illustrated herein where it can also explain in
structural terms the preferential binding of ClfA to human over
bovine fibrinogen. The observed species specificity of MSCRAMM
ligand interaction potentially could contribute to the observed
species tropism of many staphylococcal strains.
EXAMPLE 19
Comparison of Fg Binding to ClfA and the Platelet Integrin
.alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3
[0088] The C-terminus of Fg .gamma.-chain, which is targeted by
ClfA, is also important for platelet aggregation mediated by the
.alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3 integrin, a vital step in thrombosis
(9, 44). The Fg .gamma.-chain complex with
.alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3 structure is not available but
structures of related complexes provide clues on how
.alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3 likely interact with Fg (45). In
addition, the crystal structure of the .alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3
integrin in complex with an RGD ligand provided a structural model
of a similar ligand-integrin interaction (46). In this structure,
the Asp (D) residue of the RGD sequence coordinates with the metal
ion in the Metal Ion Dependent Adhesion Site (MIDAS) of the
integrin and thus plays a key role in the interaction. The platelet
specific integrin .alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3 recognizes ligands
with an RGD sequence or the sequence Lys-Gln-Ala-Gly-Asp-Val (SEQ
ID NO: 30) found in Fg (45). Structural studies with drug molecules
that antagonize the integrin-RGD or -Fg interaction showed that
each of the drug molecules contains a carboxyl group moiety that
mimics the aspartic acid and a basic group that mimics the Arg (or
Lys in the case of Fg) in the ligand (45). These results suggest
that the Lys and Asp residues in the C-terminal .gamma.-chain
sequence are critical for the interaction with integrin.
Interestingly, the present invention shows that these Lys and Asp
residues in Fg are not critical for ClfA binding (FIG. 1B). In
fact, substitution of Asp with Ala (.gamma..sup.1-17.sub.D16A)
results in a higher binding affinity. Absence of a strong
interaction with Lys12 in the ClfA-peptide complex structure also
correlates with the biochemical data, suggesting that Arg is not a
key player in the ClfA-Fg interaction. In general, the present
invention shows that K406 and D410, which are essential for
platelet integrin .alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3-Fg interaction, are
dispensable for the ClfA-Fg interaction. Thus, although ClfA and
.alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3 target the same stretch of amino acids
in Fg, there are significant differences in the binding
interactions.
EXAMPLE 20
The g.sup.1-17.sub.D16A and g.sup.1-17.sub.K12A Peptides are
Selective Antagonists of Fg-ClfA Interaction
[0089] Although ClfA and .alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3 target the
same stretch of amino acids in Fg, there are significant
differences in the binding interactions. Two of the series of
peptides, g.sup.1-17.sub.D16A and g.sup.1-17.sub.K12A, synthesized
earlier for the characterization of WT g.sup.1-17peptide, lack Asp
and Lys residues respectively at positions 416 and 410. These
residues are quintessential for Fg binding to plate integrin
.alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3. The, g.sup.1-17.sub.D16A and
g.sup.1-17.sub.K12A peptides either shows similar or enhanced
binding to ClfA (FIGS. 1B, 1D) but are expected to bind weakly to
platelet integrin. Therefore, g.sup.1-17.sub.D16 and
g.sup.1-17.sub.K12A peptides could serve as selective antagonist of
Fg-ClfA interaction.
[0090] To examine this possibility, the ability of the synthesized
Fg WT g.sup.1-17 and mutated peptides (g.sup.1-17.sub.D16A and
g.sup.117.sub.K12A) to inhibit full length Fg binding to
.alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3 was analyzed by inhibitory ELISA type
assay (FIG. 6). The WT, g.sup.1-17 peptide completely inhibited the
binding of full-length fibrinogen to .alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3
whereas g.sup.1-17.sub.K12A weakly inhibited Fg binding
.alpha..sub.IIb.beta..sub.3. These results clearly demonstrated
that the g.sup.1-17.sub.D16A and g.sup.1-17.sub.K12A peptides bind
weakly to platelet integrin and therefore could serve as an
antagonist of Fg-ClfA interaction.
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Sequence CWU 1
1
30127DNAartificial sequencesynthetic oligonucleotide 1cccggatccg
gcacagatat tacgaat 27230DNAartificial sequencesynthetic
oligonucleotide 2cccggtacct caaggaacaa ctggtttatc
30327DNAartificial sequencesynthetic oligonucleotide 3tgcttttaca
tcacatttag tatttac 27427DNAartificial sequencesynthetic
oligonucleotide 4gtaaatacta aatgtgatgt aaaagca 27539DNAartificial
sequencesynthetic oligonucleotide 5cccggtacct caaggaacaa ctggacaatc
gataccgtc 39617PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide 6Gly Glu Gly
Gln Gln His His Leu Gly Gly Ala Lys Gln Ala Gly Asp 1 5 10 15 Val
715PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide 7Gly Gln Gln His His Leu
Gly Gly Ala Lys Gln Ala Gly Ala Val 1 5 10 15 813PRTartificial
sequencesynthetic peptide 8Gln His His Leu Gly Gly Ala Lys Gln Ala
Gly Ala Val 1 5 10 911PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide 9His
Leu Gly Gly Ala Lys Gln Ala Gly Ala Val 1 5 10 109PRTartificial
sequencesynthetic peptide 10Gly Gly Ala Lys Gln Ala Gly Ala Val 1 5
1115PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide 11Gly Glu Gly Gln Gln
His His Leu Gly Gly Ala Lys Gln Ala Gly 1 5 10 15 1213PRTartificial
sequencesynthetic peptide 12Gly Glu Gly Gln Gln His His Leu Gly Gly
Ala Lys Gln 1 5 10 1317PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide
13Ala Glu Gly Gln Gln His His Leu Gly Gly Ala Lys Gln Ala Gly Asp 1
5 10 15 Val 1417PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide 14Gly Ala
Gly Gln Gln His His Leu Gly Gly Ala Lys Gln Ala Gly Asp 1 5 10 15
Val 1517PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide 15Gly Glu Ala Gln
Gln His His Leu Gly Gly Ala Lys Gln Ala Gly Asp 1 5 10 15 Val
1617PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide 16Gly Glu Gly Ala Gln
His His Leu Gly Gly Ala Lys Gln Ala Gly Asp 1 5 10 15 Val
1717PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide 17Gly Glu Gly Gln Ala
His His Leu Gly Gly Ala Lys Gln Ala Gly Asp 1 5 10 15 Val
1817PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide 18Gly Glu Gly Gln Gln
Ala His Leu Gly Gly Ala Lys Gln Ala Gly Asp 1 5 10 15 Val
1917PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide 19Gly Glu Gly Gln Gln
His Ala Leu Gly Gly Ala Lys Gln Ala Gly Asp 1 5 10 15 Val
2017PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide 20Gly Glu Gly Gln Gln
His His Ala Gly Gly Ala Lys Gln Ala Gly Asp 1 5 10 15 Val
2117PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide 21Gly Glu Gly Gln Gln
His His Leu Ala Gly Ala Lys Gln Ala Gly Asp 1 5 10 15 Val
2217PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide 22Gly Glu Gly Gln Gln
His His Leu Gly Ala Ala Lys Gln Ala Gly Asp 1 5 10 15 Val
2317PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide 23Gly Glu Gly Gln Gln
His His Leu Gly Gly Ser Lys Gln Ala Gly Asp 1 5 10 15 Val
2417PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide 24Gly Glu Gly Gln Gln
His His Leu Gly Gly Ala Ala Gln Ala Gly Asp 1 5 10 15 Val
2517PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide 25Gly Glu Gly Gln Gln
His His Leu Gly Gly Ala Lys Ala Ala Gly Asp 1 5 10 15 Val
2617PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide 26Gly Glu Gly Gln Gln
His His Leu Gly Gly Ala Lys Gln Ser Gly Asp 1 5 10 15 Val
2717PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide 27Gly Glu Gly Gln Gln
His His Leu Gly Gly Ala Lys Gln Ala Ala Asp 1 5 10 15 Val
2817PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide 28Gly Glu Gly Gln Gln
His His Leu Gly Gly Ala Lys Gln Ala Gly Ala 1 5 10 15 Val
2917PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide 29Gly Glu Gly Gln Gln
His His Leu Gly Gly Ala Lys Gln Ala Gly Asp 1 5 10 15 Ala
306PRTartificial sequencesynthetic peptide 30Lys Gln Ala Gly Asp
Val 1 5
* * * * *