U.S. patent application number 13/632944 was filed with the patent office on 2013-01-31 for ozone generator.
This patent application is currently assigned to Housh Khoshbin. The applicant listed for this patent is Housh Khoshbin. Invention is credited to Harley J. Pattee.
Application Number | 20130028793 13/632944 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 37452683 |
Filed Date | 2013-01-31 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130028793 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Pattee; Harley J. |
January 31, 2013 |
OZONE GENERATOR
Abstract
An ozone generator includes a housing with a plurality of
openings and containing an ultraviolet lamp and a blower. A control
is remotely connected to the housing for turning the generator on
and off. The ultraviolet lamp emits ultraviolet radiation. The
blower moves air into contact with radiation from the ultraviolet
lamp. A modular arrangement of the invention includes components
for assembling an ozone generator. The arrangement includes a first
generator component and a second generator component connected by a
hose. Another embodiment of a modular arrangement includes a
generator and a blower connected by a hose. A method for operating
an ozone generator includes placing an ozone generator in an
unoccupied, enclosed space; placing. a controller that is connected
to the generator outside of the enclosed space; and turning on the
controller.
Inventors: |
Pattee; Harley J.; (Ocala,
FL) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Khoshbin; Housh |
Lisle |
IL |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Khoshbin; Housh
Lisle
IL
|
Family ID: |
37452683 |
Appl. No.: |
13/632944 |
Filed: |
October 1, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
11437968 |
May 19, 2006 |
8277740 |
|
|
13632944 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
422/109 ;
422/110; 422/111 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C01B 13/10 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
422/109 ;
422/110; 422/111 |
International
Class: |
B01J 19/12 20060101
B01J019/12 |
Claims
1. An ozone generator comprising: a portable housing with an air
inlet and an ozone outlet, wherein the air inlet has a first
diameter and the ozone outlet has a second diameter; wherein the
first diameter is greater than the second diameter; a UV lamp
housing having an air inlet, an ozone outlet, an inner surface and
an outer surface, and a set of UV lamps for emitting UV radiation,
wherein the set of UV lamps includes a plurality of individual UV
lamps arranged within the UV lamp housing for applying UV radiation
from the set of UV lamps to the air as the air moves through the UV
lamp housing; a blower contained within the portable housing,
wherein the blower moves air into contact with the radiation from
the set of UV lamps; a set of ballasts contained within the
portable housing and in electrical connection with the set of UV
lamps; a controller having a control application for execution
within the controller, for controlling the operation of the ozone
generator; an input sensor connected to the controller, for sensing
the concentration of the ozone exiting the ozone outlet of the
portable housing and for transmitting an ozone concentration signal
representative of the concentration of the ozone exiting the ozone
outlet to the controller, wherein the controller and the
application therein are configured to receive the ozone
concentration signal and determine an output signal based on the
ozone concentration signal; and, an output device for affecting at
least one of an inlet size of the air inlet, an outlet size of the
ozone outlet, a blower speed of the blower, and/or a lamp intensity
of at least one of the UV lamps within the UV lamp housing, wherein
the controller transmits the an output signal to the output device
to control the output device according to the output signal.
2. The ozone generator of claim 1 further comprising: a temperature
input sensor for sensing the temperature proximate the set of UV
lamps within the UV lamp housing for communicating a temperature
signal to the controller that is representative of the temperature
proximate the set of UV lamps within the UV lamp housing, wherein
the controller is configured to receive the temperature signal and
determine an appropriate output signal to transmit to the output
device to modify the operation of the output device based on the
temperature signal received from the temperature input sensor.
3. The ozone generator of claim 1 further comprising: a air speed
input sensor for sensing the air speed proximate the air inlet
and/or ozone outlet for communicating an air speed signal to the
controller that is representative of the air speed proximate the
air inlet and/or the ozone outlet, wherein the controller is
configured to receive the air speed signal and determine an
appropriate output signal to transmit to the output device to
modify the operation of the output device based on the air speed
signal received from the air speed input sensor.
4. The ozone generator of claim 1 further comprising: a air volume
input sensor for sensing the air volume passing through the air
inlet and/or ozone outlet over time, for communicating an air
volume signal to the controller that is representative of the air
volume that is passing through the air inlet and/or the ozone
outlet over time, wherein the controller is configured to receive
the air volume signal and determine an appropriate output signal to
transmit to the output device to modify the operation of the output
device based on the air volume signal received from the air volume
input sensor.
5. The ozone generator of claim 1 further comprising: a humidity
input sensor for sensing the humidity within the portable housing
for communicating a humidity signal to the controller that is
representative of the humidity within the portable housing, wherein
the controller is configured to receive the humidity signal and
determine an appropriate output signal to transmit to the output
device to modify the operation of the output device based on the
humidity signal received from the humidity input sensor.
6. An ozone generator comprising: a portable housing with an air
inlet and an ozone outlet, wherein the air inlet has a first
diameter and the ozone outlet has a second diameter; a UV lamp
housing having an air inlet, an ozone outlet, an inner surface and
an outer surface, and a set of UV lamps for emitting UV radiation,
wherein the set of UV lamps includes a plurality of individual UV
lamps arranged within the UV lamp housing for applying UV radiation
from the set of UV lamps to the air as the air moves through the UV
lamp housing; a blower contained within the portable housing,
wherein the blower moves air into contact with the radiation from
the set of UV lamps; a set of ballasts contained within the
portable housing and in electrical connection with the set of UV
lamps wherein each ballast comprises a thermal switch that enables
the ballast to be powered off if the temperature within the UV lamp
housing exceeds a predetermined threshold; a controller having a
control application for execution within the controller, for
controlling the operation of the ozone generator; an input sensor
connected to the controller, for sensing the concentration of the
ozone exiting the ozone outlet of the portable housing and for
transmitting an ozone concentration signal representative of the
concentration of the ozone exiting the ozone outlet to the
controller, wherein the controller and the application therein are
configured to receive the ozone concentration signal and determine
an output signal based on the ozone concentration signal; and, an
output device for affecting at least one of an inlet size of the
air inlet, an outlet size of the ozone outlet, a blower speed of
the blower, and/or a lamp intensity of at least one of the UV lamps
within the UV lamp housing, wherein the controller transmits the
output signal to the output device to control the output device
according to the output signal.
7. The ozone generator of claim 6 further comprising: a temperature
input sensor for sensing the temperature proximate the set of UV
lamps within the UV lamp housing for communicating a temperature
signal to the controller that is representative of the temperature
proximate the set of UV lamps within the UV lamp housing, wherein
the controller is configured to receive the temperature signal and
determine an appropriate output signal to transmit to the output
device to modify the operation of the output device based on the
temperature signal received from the temperature input sensor.
8. The ozone generator of claim 6 further comprising: a air speed
input sensor for sensing the air speed proximate the air inlet
and/or ozone outlet for communicating an air speed signal to the
controller that is representative of the air speed proximate the
air inlet and/or the ozone outlet, wherein the controller is
configured to receive the air speed signal and determine an
appropriate output signal to transmit to the output device to
modify the operation of the output device based on the air speed
signal received from the air speed input sensor.
9. The ozone generator of claim 6 further comprising: a air volume
input sensor for sensing the air volume passing through the air
inlet and/or ozone outlet over time, for communicating an air
volume signal to the controller that is representative of the air
volume that is passing through the air inlet and/or the ozone
outlet over time, wherein the controller is configured to receive
the air volume signal and determine an appropriate output signal to
transmit to the output device to modify the operation of the output
device based on the air volume signal received from the air volume
input sensor.
10. The ozone generator of claim 6 further comprising: a humidity
input sensor for sensing the humidity within the portable housing
for communicating a humidity signal to the controller that is
representative of the humidity within the portable housing, wherein
the controller is configured to receive the humidity signal and
determine an appropriate output signal to transmit to the output
device to modify the operation of the output device based on the
humidity signal received from the humidity input sensor.
11. The ozone generator of claim 6 wherein the predetermined
temperature threshold is 40.degree. C.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application is a continuation application of
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/437,968, filed May 19, 2006,
the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its
entirety
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to apparatuses and methods for
generating and using ozone for cleaning indoor air, purifying
water, and killing mold, spores and other organisms on surface
areas, and more specifically, to an apparatus, device and methods
for generating high concentrations of ozone to clean indoor air,
purify water, and kill mold and spores and organisms on surface
areas in unoccupied spaces.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Ozone, chemically recognized as having three oxygen atoms
per molecule, exists in the atmosphere as an unstable blue gas with
a very characteristic odor that is easy to recognize. At levels
below about 0.005 parts per million (ppm), ozone makes the air
smell fresh and in concentrations of about 10 to about 20 ppm at
higher altitudes, its color makes the sky blue. At altitudes from
about 4 to about 6 miles above the earth, ozone is created from
oxygen irradiated by a portion of the sun's ultraviolet spectrum
and functions as a powerful absorber of harmful ultraviolet
rays.
[0004] At ground level, ozone exists in a greatly diluted state and
is always present in minute quantities of approximately 0.001 ppm
to approximately 0.003 ppm, which we breathe in. It does not become
an irritant until levels above about 0.1 ppm are exceeded for over
about eight hours. Below those levels, there have not been any
reports of permanent detrimental effects from inhaling it.
[0005] Ozone is created naturally, at ground level, by crashing
surf, whitewater rapids, waterfalls and lightning storms. Ozone was
discovered in 1840; the first ozone generators were developed by
Werner von Siemens in 1857. For about 150 years, man has been able
to generate ozone and has been relentless in finding ways to use
ozone beneficially.
[0006] The first medical use of ozone was in 1870 to purify blood
in test tubes. Other medical uses followed but not without
controversy. Ozone has long been recognized as a very powerful
oxidant and is used in over thirty different industries as an
industrial oxidizer and sterilizer. Examples of some existing
applications include, but are not limited to, manufacture of
synthetic fibers, chemicals, jet lubricants, air scrubbing for
clean rooms, treatment of industrial wastes, potable water
treatment, bottling plants, sewage treatment, aquaculture, aquarium
sanitation, food preservation, sterilization of containers,
deodorization, pulpwood bleaching, and metal extraction.
[0007] While ozone is very powerful, it has a very short life span
of approximately 20 minutes at ambient conditions. After completing
its job, it reverts back to oxygen, as explained below. This means
that ozone is usually produced on site. When in an area with
contaminants such as odors, bacteria, or viruses, the extra atom of
oxygen destroys them completely by oxidation. Ozone's most well
known use is in water treatment as a primary stage disinfectant
because of its bactericidal and virucidal efficacy. Different uses
of ozone require different concentrations to obtain desired
results.
[0008] Ozone generators have been widely used in the past decade
for production of ozone as an indoor air cleansing agent. Machines
that purposefully produce ozone are currently on the market for
residential use. Above certain concentrations, ozone is a potent
lung irritant that can cause respiratory distress, and levels of
ozone that clean air effectively are `unsafe to human health. Thus,
in State of Alaska Epidemiology Bulletin No. 36, dated Sep. 8,
1997, "Ozone Generators--Warning--Not for Occupied Spaces," the
Alaska Division of Public Health warns Alaskans not to use ozone
generating devices in occupied spaces such as vehicles or
residential homes.
[0009] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration prohibits devices that
result in more than 0.050 ppm of ozone in the air of occupied
enclosed spaces such as homes, offices, or vehicles, or that result
in any releases of ozone in places occupied by the ill or infirm.
The elderly, families with children, and people with respiratory
diseases such as asthma are the most susceptible to the toxic
effects of ozone, and are ironically among those most likely to be
benefit from having cleaner indoor air.
[0010] Thus, there is a very delicate balancing act for providing
ozone generators for indoor air cleansing at levels not considered
harmful to desirable indoor life--plants, animals, and people. U.S.
Pat. No. 5,681,533 to Hiromi describes an environment
decontaminating system with an air cleaning and deodorizing
function that controls the ozone concentration such that it remains
lower than 0.06 ppm. U.S. Pat. No. 6,363,951 to Wood discloses an
ozonation system that diffuses ozone into water used to wash foods,
plates, utensils and the like, while a venting system or carbon
filter is used to eliminate or destroy any ozone that escapes the
water bath. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 6,872,366 describes a
specially constructed chamber for ozone generation for disinfection
of hands and forearms of health care providers. The exhaust outlet
holes are covered by a fabric, such as wool, to neutralize ozone
before it can escape to the environment surrounding the
generator.
[0011] U.S. Pat. No. 6,589,486 to Spanton discloses an air
purifying apparatus and method that is located in a forced air
heating, ventilating, and air conditioning system that uses
ultraviolet (UV) radiation to kill bacteria and viruses and ozone
at a "safe and balanced" concentration of 0.2 to 0.3 ppm to destroy
organisms not killed by the UV radiation.
[0012] There is also a contrary view of the use of ozone to clean
indoor air in U.S. Pat. No. 6,494,934 to Fukushima describing a
quick air cleaning and air sterilization system that avoids use of
ozone because ozone is considered harmful and uncomfortable for
persons.
[0013] There is a continuing need for effective ozone
generators.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0014] An ozone generator that provides extremely high
concentrations of ozone is provided, and includes a housing with a
plurality of openings and containing an ultraviolet lamp and a
blower. A control is remotely connected to the housing for turning
the generator on and off. The ultraviolet lamp emits ultraviolet
radiation. The blower moves air into contact with radiation from
the ultraviolet lamp. A modular arrangement of the invention
includes components for assembling an ozone generator which
provides even greater concentrations of ozone. The arrangement
includes a first ozone generator component and at least one or more
additional ozone generator components connected by a hose or
plurality of hoses. Another embodiment of a modular arrangement
includes an ozone generator and a blower connected by a hose. A
method for operating an ozone generator includes placing an ozone
generator in an unoccupied, enclosed space; placing a controller
that is connected to the ozone generator outside of the enclosed
space; and turning on the controller.
[0015] Further advantages of this invention will be apparent from
the following detailed description of the exemplary embodiments
which are illustrated schematically in the accompanying
drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0016] FIG. 1 is a rear right perspective view of one embodiment of
a portable ozone generator with an open lid.
[0017] FIG. 2 is a rear right perspective view of the generator of
FIG. 1 with a closed lid.
[0018] FIG. 3 is a front right perspective view of the generator of
FIG. 2.
[0019] FIG. 4 is a right side elevation view of the generator of
FIG. 2 without hose connections.
[0020] FIG. 5 is a left side elevation view of the generator of
FIG. 2 without hose connections.
[0021] FIG. 6 is a top view of one embodiment of an ultraviolet
lamp housing.
[0022] FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional side elevation view of the
housing of FIG. 6 having three UV bulbs, showing airflow through
the housing.
[0023] FIG. 8 is a right side elevation illustration showing the
portability of the generator of FIGS. 4 and 5.
[0024] FIG. 9 is front elevation view of the generator of FIGS. 4
and 5.
[0025] FIG. 10 is a rear elevation view of the generator of FIGS. 4
and 5.
[0026] FIG. 11 is a top view of the generator of FIGS. 4 and 5.
[0027] FIG. 12 is a bottom view of the generator of FIGS. 4 and
5.
[0028] FIG. 13 is a top view of the generator of FIG. 3 with the
lid off, showing interior details.
[0029] FIG. 14 is a front right perspective view of the generator
of FIG. 3 with ghosted housing.
[0030] FIG. 15 is an enlarged perspective drawing of one embodiment
of a timer/controller unit.
[0031] FIG. 16 is a rear right perspective view of a second
embodiment of a portable ozone generator.
[0032] FIG. 17 is a top view of the generator of FIG. 16 with the
lid and protective shelf removed to show the interior details.
[0033] FIG. 18 is a top view of the generator of FIG. 16 with one
embodiment of a protective shelf, the generator being connected for
operation.
[0034] FIG. 19 is a left side elevation view of the generator of
FIG. 16.
[0035] FIG. 20 is a right side elevation view of the generator of
FIG. 16.
[0036] FIG. 21 is rear elevation view of the generator of FIG.
16.
[0037] FIG. 22 is front elevation view of the generator of FIG.
16.
[0038] FIG. 23 is a top view of the generator of FIG. 16.
[0039] FIG. 24 is a bottom view of the generator of FIG. 16.
[0040] FIG. 25 is a rear right perspective view of the generator of
FIG. 16 with ghosted housing.
[0041] FIG. 26 is a rear right perspective view of the generator of
FIG. 16 with one embodiment of a protective shelf and ghosted
housing.
[0042] FIG. 27 is a rear right perspective view of one embodiment
of a blower unit connected to one embodiment of a blower
distribution plenum assembly.
[0043] FIG. 28 is a rear right perspective view the embodiment of
FIG. 27 showing the blower unit detached from the blower
distribution plenum assembly.
[0044] FIG. 29 is a rear left perspective view of the embodiment of
FIG. 27.
[0045] FIG. 30 is a rear left perspective view of the embodiment of
FIG. 27 with the housing ghosted.
[0046] FIG. 31 is a rear right perspective view of the embodiment
of FIG. 27 with the housing ghosted.
[0047] FIG. 32 is a left side elevation view of the embodiment of
FIG. 27.
[0048] FIG. 33 is a right side elevation view of the embodiment of
FIG. 27.
[0049] FIG. 34 is a rear elevation view of the embodiment of FIG.
27.
[0050] FIG. 35 is a front elevation view of the embodiment of FIG.
27.
[0051] FIG. 36 is a top view of the embodiment of FIG. 27.
[0052] FIG. 37 is a bottom view of the embodiment of FIG. 27.
[0053] FIG. 38 is a rear left perspective view of a blower
distribution plenum assembly of FIG.
[0054] FIG. 39 is a top view of the embodiment of FIG. 27 without a
lid, showing airflow.
[0055] FIG. 40 is a top view of the embodiment of FIG. 27 connected
to three other ozone generators, showing control (wiring) and
airflow (hose) interconnections.
[0056] FIG. 41 is a top view of the embodiment of FIG. 13 connected
to one other ozone generator, showing control (wiring) and airflow
(hose) interconnections.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0057] Before explaining the disclosed embodiments of the present
invention in detail it is to be understood that the invention is
not limited in its applications to the details of the particular
arrangements shown since the invention is capable of other
embodiments. Also, the terminology used herein is for the purpose
of description and not of limitation.
[0058] A portable ozone generator, system, device and method are
provided to effectively eliminate high concentrations of airborne
contaminants, such as bacteria, viruses, mold, mildew and odors.
Significantly, embodiments of the ozone generator of the present
invention generate ozone at levels greater than about 70 parts per
million through an ultraviolet process. It is contemplated that the
present invention is ideally used in unoccupied enclosed
spaces.
[0059] An ozone generation system of the present invention can
consist of modular units, such as blowers, auxiliary ultraviolet
lamp assemblies, or stand-alone ozone generators connected to
appropriate modular units to increase the concentration of ozone or
to expand the simultaneous delivery of ozone to several locations.
The modular units make it easy for one person to transport,
assemble and operate the ozone generator on site. With reference to
the drawings, FIGS. 1-15 show an embodiment of the present
invention as a stand alone, efficient, portable ozone generator
housed in one unit and preferably weighing less than approximately
twenty pounds.
[0060] FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a portable ozone generator of
the present invention. In an exemplary embodiment, generator 1 is a
portable ozone generator unit having a rectangular shaped housing 4
with wheels 4a and 4b and hinged lid 8. While wheels 4a and 4b are
illustrated, it is also contemplated that other known
mobility-enhancing devices, such as casters, can also be used. In
an exemplary embodiment, housing 4 is made of a rugged, durable
plastic copolymer, such as polypropylene, which will not wear out
or deteriorate during exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. A latch
8a securely closes the hinged lid 8 and an extendable handle 9 on
the front end of the rectangular shaped compartment can be pulled
forward to facilitate lifting and transporting generator 1 and
other attachments as easily as one would transport luggage on
wheels. Alternatively, a fixed handle could be used. Housing 4 for
generator 1 can be a tool box such as the MASTER MATE.TM.
distributed by The Black & Decker Corporation or the present
invention could be contained in a similar durable tool box from
another supplier.
[0061] FIG. 1 also shows a power cord 3 extending from the rear of
housing 4 and a cable connection 20 for connecting a control or
timer/controller unit 2. Power cord 3 and cable connection 20 are
attached to the ozone generator through respective openings in
housing 4. Housing 4 also has a plurality of other openings,
including inlets and outlets for fluids such as air and ozone. In
one embodiment, control 2 has toggle switches 2a, 2b and 2c.
Although toggle switches are used to exemplify the invention, the
skilled artisan is well aware that other types of switches known in
the art could be substituted without altering the invention. While
cable connection 20 is shown, it is contemplated that a wireless
remote control can also be used. In one embodiment, control 2 is
remotely connected to housing 4, meaning that control 2 is
positioned outside of the enclosed space being treated. Shutoff
valve 5 for outbound ozone can be fitted with a hose 6 having a
hose fitting 7 that fits snugly onto valve 5.
[0062] FIG. 2 has all of the elements of FIG. 1 and shows generator
1 with hinged lid 8 in a closed position. FIG. 3 shows connections
on the latch side of housing 4 wherein the shutoff valve 5 is
connected to hose 6 with the secure hose fitting 7. On the front
side of housing 4 is an air intake opening 19 centrally located
below the extendable handle 9.
[0063] FIG. 4 provides a view of the right side of generator 1 with
shutoff valve 5 for outbound ozone positioned in a lower, rear
section of housing 4. The extendable function of handle 9 is also
illustrated in FIG. 4.
[0064] FIG. 5 provides a view of the left side of generator 1 with
no openings or valves, thus providing a very simple housing
structure. In one embodiment, housing 4 is approximately 24 inches
long, approximately 16 inches high and approximately 14 inches
wide. However, a person skilled in the art would easily recognize
other sizes and configurations for the unit housing and the present
invention is not limited to any specific dimensions.
[0065] FIG. 6 is a top view of one embodiment of an ultra violet
(UV) lamp housing 11. When viewed from the top, lamp housing 11
consists of a one-piece plastic cover with lamp ballast 12 that
provides the power for the UV lamps contained within housing 11. On
a side opposite the lamp ballast 12 are two openings: lamp housing
air intake opening 13 toward the rear end of the housing 11 and a
lamp housing ozone exhaust opening 14 toward the front of: the lamp
housing 11.
[0066] FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional side elevation view of housing
11 of FIG. 6 taken along the indicated line. In an exemplary
embodiment, a series of three ultraviolet lamps 10, each of which
emits ultraviolet radiation, is positioned within the walls of the
housing 11. The arrangement and spacing of UV lamps is such that
there is approximately one inch between housing 11 and lamp 10 at
the top and approximately one inch between housing 11 and lamp 10
at the bottom; the space between each lamp 10 is approximately two
inches. The two inch spacing accommodates air intake opening 13 at
the rear end of lamp housing 11 and ozone exhaust opening 14 at the
front of housing 11. Also shown in FIG. 7 are lamp connectors 16
attached to each UV lamp 10 and connected to lamp ballast 12 shown
in FIG. 6. At the front end of each lamp 10 is a lamp preload
spring 15 that acts as a shock absorber, thereby inhibiting lamp 10
from being damaged or forming a loose connection in housing 11.
[0067] A pattern of airflow is shown by arrows B. The resultant
emanation of ozone is shown by the patterned lines 53. When
generator 1 is in operation, air enters through air intake opening
13 and moves as shown by arrows B from the rear end of lamp housing
11 towards the front of lamp housing 11. The air is thus exposed to
radiation from ultraviolet lamps 10; the oxygen in the air is
thereby converted to ozone during the exposure to UV lamps 10, and
the ozone gas exits ozone exhaust opening 14.
[0068] FIG. 8 shows a person 17 holding the extendable handle 9 to
move generator 1 in housing 4 along a floor 18 or similar
surface.
[0069] FIG. 9 is a front elevation view of generator 1 showing
housing 4 with air intake opening 19. In an exemplary embodiment,
opening 19 is a circular orifice that is approximately 41/2 inches
in diameter. Air from the enclosed space to be treated enters the
intake opening 19 in housing 4; enters lamp housing 11; is
converted to ozone gas by the series of UV lamps 10; and exits lamp
housing 11 where the release of ozone to the exterior of housing 4
is controlled by shutoff valve 5 for outbound ozone.
[0070] FIG. 10 is a rear elevation view of generator 1 showing
housing 4 and shutoff valve 5 for outbound ozone.
[0071] FIG. 11 is a top view of generator 1 with a view of the top
and handle of shutoff valve 5. FIG. 12 shows the bottom side of
generator 1 with shutoff valve 5 extending outward from an area
near the bottom rear section of housing 4.
[0072] FIG. 13 shows the interior detail of components of generator
1 with lid 8 removed. Fan or blower unit 22 pulls air into
generator 1 through air intake opening 19. An exemplary blower is
one that is quiet and capable of moving 100 cubic feet of air per
minute (100 cfm); an example of a blower suitable for use in the
present invention is manufactured by ITT Jabsco, Model No. 34744.
Positioned behind blower unit 22 is wiring box 23, containing a
connector 21 to an auxiliary lamp housing assembly, a connection
for timer/controller cable 20 and a power cord 3. The latch side of
generator housing 14 contains ultraviolet lamp housing 11 with lamp
ballast 12 and shutoff valve 5 towards the rear of generator 1. A
plurality of lamp housing mounting bumpers 24 are used to secure
lamp housing 11 and protect it from unnecessary movement or jarring
forces that could shorten the life of UV lamps 10 in the
assembly.
[0073] FIG. 14 is a front right perspective view of generator 1
with housing 4 ghosted. At the front, air intake opening 19
connects to blower unit 22. Air flowing into generator 1 is
represented by arrow C. When generator 1 is operating, air flows
through UV lamp housing 11, where ozone is produced. When shutoff
valve 5 is opened, air having an increased ozone content is
released. Connector 21 for an auxiliary lamp housing assembly is
available to increase ozone generation in a modular attachment.
[0074] Control 2 can be used to control operation of generator 1 by
directly switching on or off blower 22, ultraviolet lamps 10, or
other components, as desired. For example, FIG. 15 shows
timer/controller unit 2 which is configured with clock 25 that can
be set for starting and stopping the operation of generator 1 from
a remote location. Each of three toggle switches 2a, 2b, 2c
corresponds to an electrical connection in the wiring box and is
positioned next to a light which indicates when the switch is
turned on or off. In one example, first toggle switch 2a turns on
blower 22, second toggle switch 2b controls UV lamps 10, and third
toggle switch 2c controls a timer in unit 2. Timer/controller cable
and connector 20 is used to connect timer/controller unit 2 to
generator 1. A single timer/controller unit 2 can be used with
generator 1 and can also be attached to additional modular
generator 1 units as the source of power and control.
[0075] FIGS. 16-26 describe a second embodiment of a portable ozone
generator. Auxiliary ultraviolet (UV) lamp box assembly module 26
can be used as a separate modular unit together with other modular
units containing a blower or a plurality of blower units, to
provide a portable ozone generator. Multiple modules 26 can be used
to increase ozone concentration in a single enclosed area or to
increase ozone production for distribution to more than one
location or enclosed area. The use of modules 26 also facilitates
the portability and versatility of the present invention. For
example, each module can be configured to weigh less than about 25
pounds and can be contained in housing 4 with wheels for ease of
transport from point to point. In one embodiment, housing 4 for
each module is rectangular and can be easily stacked and stored.
The use of one or more auxiliary lamp box assembly modules 26
together with one or more standalone portable ozone generators 1
allows for the provision of higher concentrations of ozone (shown
in FIG. 41).
[0076] In one application embodiment, modular lamp housing
assemblies 26 or standalone ozone generator 1 can be mounted on a
wall. Appropriate hoses can extend to various rooms and locations
within a structure such as a night club or restaurant. Such places
typically have a frequent need for cleaning of the indoor air
because of smoke, odors and other airborne contaminants.
[0077] FIG. 16 is a right rear perspective view of auxiliary lamp
box assembly 26 with two lamp housings 11 per box 26 and a series
of three ultraviolet lamps 10 positioned within each housing 11.
External housing 4 of lamp box assembly 26 has side openings to
accommodate air intake fittings 27 and two shutoff valves 5 for
outbound ozone; each shutoff valve has exhaust fitting 28.
[0078] FIG. 17 is a top view of an auxiliary lamp box assembly 26
with housing lid 8 and a protective shelf removed to expose the
interior configuration within housing 4. Housing 4 contains two
lamp housings 11 arranged in parallel alignment with lamp ballasts
12 facing each other in a central area of housing 4. Lamp housing
mounting bumpers 24 are positioned between the lamp housings 11 and
the outer walls of housing 4 to stabilize the position of the UV
lamps (not shown). Connections between lamp housings 11 and
external openings in housing 4 include openings for shut-off valves
5 with exhaust fittings 28 toward the rear section of housing 4.
Toward the front section of housing 4 there are external openings
for air intakes 27. Auxiliary lamp housing assembly 26 can be
constructed as a separate module which is connected to a blower
assembly for moving air into lamp housings 11; with two lamp
assemblies, a greater amount of ozone can be produced for release
into the air when the shut-off valves 5 are opened.
[0079] FIG. 18 is a top view of auxiliary lamp box assembly 26 of
FIG. 17 with protective shelf 29 in place and auxiliary lamp box
assembly 26 in an operable position. Wiring box 23 includes power
cord 3 and controller cable 30. Hose couplings 7 connect air
distribution hoses 31 to air intake C; hose couplings 7 also
connect air distribution hoses 6 for outbound ozone D.
[0080] FIG. 19 is an external elevation view of the left side of
auxiliary lamp box assembly 26 and FIG. 20 is an external elevation
view of the right side of the same assembly 26. Both sides have
openings for a shut-off valve 5 with an exhaust fitting 28 in a
lower rear section of housing 4 and openings in the forward end of
the housing 4 for air intake 27.
[0081] FIG. 21 is an external elevation view of the rear of
auxiliary lamp box assembly 26 with housing 4, shut-off valves 5,
exhaust fittings 28, and a rear view of one air intake fitting 27.
FIG. 22 is an external elevation view of the front side of
auxiliary lamp box assembly 26 with housing 4, shut-off valves 5,
exhaust fittings 28, and a front view of both air intake fittings
27.
[0082] FIG. 23 is an external view of the top side of auxiliary
lamp box assembly 26 and FIG. 24 is an external view of the bottom
side of auxiliary lamp box assembly 26. These views illustrate the
simplicity of the design of auxiliary lamp box assembly 26 of the
present invention.
[0083] In FIGS. 25 and 26, housing 4 is ghosted so that compact
placement of the inner elements can be seen. In FIG. 25, the
parallel alignment of the lamp housings 11, each with a series of
three UV lamps, is shown. Also shown are external connections 27
for air intake, connections 28 for ozone exhaust, and shut-off
valves 5 to control the flow of outbound ozone. FIG. 26 shows the
parallel alignment of lamp housings 11, as well external connection
27 for air intake, connections 28 for ozone exhaust, and shut-off
valves 5 to control the flow of outbound ozone. In addition,
protective lamp box cover 29 is in place. Protective cover 29 is
used to keep cords and other paraphernalia away from wires which
lead to lamps 10 (not shown), thereby providing protection for
lamps 10 and ballast 12. Centrally located on top of the protective
cover 29 is wiring box 23 with wiring connections for the timer
control, power cord and controller cable to the blower or other
modular units of the present invention.
[0084] Suitable ultraviolet (UV) lamps 10 for the present invention
can be obtained from well-known lamp manufacturers such as The
General Electric Company and Westinghouse Company. These lamps are
within the category of germicidal lamps. In one embodiment of the
present invention, each lamp 10 produces 16 watts, is approximately
17 inches in length, and is rated for an effective life of 10,000
hours. An advantage of ozone generation using UV lamps is that no
static, charge, or residue is produced.
[0085] FIGS. 27-39 show details of blower unit 32 that can be
assembled as a separate module to move air from an enclosed space
through a plurality of lamp housings 11. In one example, the
plurality of lamp housings 11 are contained in one or more
auxiliary housing modules 26. In another embodiment, lamp housings
11 are contained in stand-alone ozone generator 1.
[0086] FIG. 27 is a right rear perspective view of a blower unit 32
with attached blower distribution plenum assembly 33. Housing 4 for
blower unit 32 has an opening for blower unit tube fitting 38 that
is further connected to a plenum air supply tube 37, which feeds a
plurality of outbound hose fittings 36 controlled by outbound
shut-off valves 35. FIG. 28 is similar to FIG. 27, but shows plenum
air supply tube 37 disconnected from blower unit 32. FIG. 29 is a
left rear perspective view of blower unit 32 with a blower
distribution plenum assembly 33 attached.
[0087] FIG. 30 is a right rear perspective view of blower unit 32
with plenum 33 attached and housing 4 ghosted. Inside housing 4,
there are two blowers 39, 40 positioned so that air intake opening
43 of first blower 39 is perpendicular to the air intake of a
second blower 40. Primary plenum 41 is connected to secondary
plenum 42. Secondary plenum 42 fits snugly in the rear of housing 4
and is connected by tube fitting 38 to plenum air supply tube 37 of
blower unit distribution plenum assembly 33. Wiring box 23 is
generally centrally located over primary plenum 41. Pluralities of
outbound shut-off valves 35 are part of the assembly of outbound
hose fittings 36 of air distribution plenium 33.
[0088] A right rear perspective view of blower assembly 32 is shown
in FIG. 31. The right side of housing 4 shows a plurality of plenum
mount bumpers 44 that are used to hold the blower assembly in a
secure manner within housing 4. The other features shown in FIG. 30
are the same for FIG. 31, including first blower 39, second blower
40, primary plenum 41, secondary plenum 42, wiring box 23, and tube
fitting 38 connected to air supply tube 37. In the illustrated
embodiment, air distribution plenum assembly 33 has six outbound
shut-off valves 35 attached to six outbound hose fittings 36.
[0089] FIG. 32 is a left side elevation view of blower unit 32 with
attached air distribution plenum assembly 33. FIG. 33 is a right
side elevation view of blower unit 32 with attached air
distribution plenum assembly 33. In one embodiment, the overall
dimensions of the attached units consisting of blower unit 32 and
air distribution plenum assembly 33 are approximately 45 inches in
length, approximately 16 inches in height and approximately 24
inches in width when measured across the widest part of the plenum
assembly.
[0090] FIG. 34 is a rear elevation view of blower unit 32 showing
air distribution plenum assembly 33. FIG. 35 is a front elevation
view of blower unit 32 showing the circular opening cut directly in
housing 4 for blower unit air intake 43.
[0091] FIG. 36 is a view of the top side of blower unit 32, with
closed lid 8, connected to air distribution assembly 33 by plenum
air supply tube 37; FIG. 37 is a view of the bottom side of blower
unit 32 connected to air distribution assembly 33 by plenum air
supply tube 37.
[0092] FIG. 38 is a left rear perspective view of air distribution
plenum assembly 33. In the illustrated example, air distribution
plenum assembly 33 has six outbound shut-off valves 35 that are
attached to six outbound hose fittings 36. When hoses are attached
to hose fittings 36, the air can be distributed to multiple areas
reachable by the hoses, allowing a many-fold increase in areas and
locations within a structure that can be treated simultaneously. In
one embodiment, shut-off valves 35 and hose fitting 36 components
are combined in a unit made of a durable plastic material and are
connected to blower unit 32 (not shown) with plenum air supply tube
37.
[0093] FIG. 39 shows the path of air flow F through blower unit 32
and out of air distribution plenum assembly 33. Air enters intake
opening 43 and is moved by first blower 39 into primary plenum 41.
The air then flows into second blower 40 and then to secondary
plenum 42, which is connected to tube fitting 38, which is further
connected to plenum air supply tube 37. Tube 37 is securely fitted
to air distribution assembly 33, which has a plurality of shut-off
valves 35 with companion hose connections 36 for distributing
airflow F to auxiliary lamp housing assemblies (not shown)
containing UV lamps to convert oxygen in the air to ozone. In this
configuration, one blower unit 32 can distribute air to up to six
separate auxiliary lamp housing assemblies.
[0094] While a preferred blower in the present invention has the
capacity to move 100 cfm, the selection of a blower is not a
limitation herein. A person skilled in the art could easily choose
a blower with the appropriate capacity based on design
specifications to meet specific ozone generation requirements. The
concentration of ozone is controlled by the volume of air pushed
through the lamp housing assemblies containing UV lamps. As the
volume of air increases, the amount of ozone increases; as the
volume of air decreases, the amount of ozone decreases. In an
embodiment, ambient air flow of approximately 35 cfm produces ozone
at a concentration of about 79 ppm. The configuration of modules of
blower units and lamp housing assemblies with UV lamps in the
present invention has produced ozone in concentrations of from
approximately 70 ppm to approximately 200 ppm at 35 cfm.
[0095] Referring now to FIG. 40, this is an illustration of one
possible modular arrangement of components for assembly an ozone
generator of the present invention. One blower unit 32 provides the
force to move ambient air into three auxiliary lamp housing
assemblies 26, each fitted with ozone exhaust hoses 47. One
timer/controller unit 2 is attached to each modular combination to
allow for remote operation and control of ozone generation.
[0096] Each auxiliary lamp housing assembly 26 in FIG. 40 is
designed, arranged and assembled with parts as described in detail
for FIG. 18. The blower unit 32 in FIG. 40 is designed, arranged
and assembled with parts as described in detail for FIGS. 30 and
31. This example of a modular combination of blower unit 32 and
lamp housing assemblies 26 provides ozone generation from three
separate units 26 containing UV lamps; this arrangement can focus
ozone treatment of indoor air in separate rooms or partitioned
spaces. The arrangement of blower unit 32 and air supply plenum
assembly 33 wherein each unit 26 can be separated from the other
provides flexibility in connections and allows the ozone generator
assembly of the present invention to be transported and assembled
easily by one person.
[0097] Another example of a modular combination includes one
stand-alone ozone generator 1 connected to one auxiliary lamp
housing assembly 26 as shown in FIG. 41. The modular combination in
FIG. 41 provides a high concentration of ozone for distribution
into an enclosed and unoccupied space. Ambient air enters generator
1, and ozone exits through shut-off valve 5. The air then travels
through ozone distribution hose 6 to auxiliary lamp housing 26,
which contains two UV lamp housings 11 in an arrangement as
described above in FIGS. 25 and 26. The ozone from unit 1 feeds
into auxiliary lamp housing intake 48, goes through a first UV lamp
assembly, and becomes more concentrated; the first concentration of
ozone exits from ozone shut-off valve and exhaust 49, and travels
through a second ozone distribution hose 52 into a second auxiliary
lamp housing intake 50. Thereafter, the first concentrated ozone
goes through a second UV lamp assembly and becomes even more
concentrated before exiting through shut-off valve and exhaust 49
as a double concentration of ozone for distribution through ozone
distribution hose 51. In one example, the final ozone concentration
exceeds 160 ppm. One benefit of concentrating ozone to this level
is to overtake the volume of air and the total surface area of the
building more quickly. The higher the concentration of ozone, the
faster the air and surface areas are cleaned.
[0098] In another embodiment, generator 1 includes an air filter.
In one such example, generator 1 operates with a fan and pump
assembly. The fan circulates the air through the air filter. The
pump moves air that has circulated through the air filter so that
the air contacts radiation from the UV lamps. In one embodiment,
generator 1 having a pump produces air with increased ozone content
at higher than ambient pressure. In one example, generator 1
produces ozone-concentrated air with pressure of approximately 22
pounds per square inch (psi). Ozone under pressure can be directed
to specific target areas for treating indoor air and killing mold,
mildew, and fungi, for example.
[0099] In this example, a fan pulls ambient air into the air
filter. An adjustment knob is provided in one embodiment to change
air filter or pump settings. In one embodiment, the air filter
element is similar in design to how an automobile air filter fits
over a carburetor. The accordion type filter functions to remove
particulates from ambient air.
Disinfectant Validation Process Analysis
[0100] A study was performed during the period Sep. 29, 2004 to
Oct. 4, 2004 to determine the effectiveness of ozone treatment on
eliminating seven specific airborne contaminants that are known to
affect millions of people each year. The contaminants tested for
elimination under strict laboratory conditions are the following:
Klebsiella pneumonia, a cause of pneumonia; Aspergillus niger, a
toxic mold; Salmonella typhimurium, a food borne bacterium;
Staphylococcus epidermis, a common cause of skin infection;
Streptococcus pyrogenes; a cause of strep ear, nose and throat
infection; Listeria monocytogenes; a cause of infection acquired
from household pets; and Escherichia coli; a bacterium found in
animal and human waste.
[0101] Each of the above pathogenic contaminants was inoculated to
at least a count of 10.sup.7 and then streaked out onto a nutrient
agar to promote growth of each of the contaminants. After plating,
each inoculated plate was incubated at a suitable temperature for
an appropriate amount of time to achieve a representative count of
the pathogenic organisms.
[0102] One milliliter (ml) of each pathogenic contaminant was
streaked as a lawn plate and sealed. Each plate was labeled with
the specific contaminant inside. All containers were placed
undisturbed under laminar flow without outside air contaminates
interfering with the testing process. In the interim, a quality
control plate for each bacterial contaminant was introduced at the
beginning and closed at the end of each analysis. The quality
control plates were used to test the sterility of the plates used
for analysis.
[0103] All positive contaminant plates that were streaked as lawn
plates and sealed were then unsealed and placed inside a container
for introduction of the ozone product from the present invention.
All positive control plates were allowed 15 minutes of ozone and
then removed, sealed and placed into a cooler for transportation to
the laboratory for analysis. Approximately 200 milligrams of ozone
per cubic meter of air were introduced for the test. 200 milligrams
of ozone per cubic meter of air is equivalent to approximately 93
ppm.
[0104] Results of the testing for one sample of each positive
contaminant are given in Table I below. The bacterial count after
incubation is reported as the recovered count. CNT stands for
control plate not treated with ozone. CT stands for control plate
treated with ozone; after ozone treatment is a column for reduction
in bacterial count.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE I Bacteria Recovered Count CNT CT Reduction
Escherichia 5 .times. 10.sup.7 5 .times. 10 20 7 log coli
Klebsiella 3 .times. 10.sup.7 3 .times. 10.sup.7 36 7 log
pneumoniae Aspergillus 6 .times. 10.sup.7 6 .times. 10.sup.7 15 7
log niger Salmonella 7 .times. 10.sup.7 typhimurium Staphylococus 6
.times. 10.sup.7 6 .times. 10.sup.7 41 7 log epidermis
Streptococcus 6 .times. 10.sup.7 7 .times. 10.sup.7 29 7 log
pyrogenes Listeria 5 .times. 10.sup.7 5 .times. 10.sup.7 16 7 log
monocytogenes
[0105] The concentration of contaminants utilized for the above
study is far greater than the number of bacteria or organisms
typically isolated or detected from a single sample site. This
offered an excellent challenge to the ozone disinfectant method
provided by the present invention. Thus, the concentration of
bacteria recovered from all inoculated and ozone treated samples
show a 7 log reduction, resulting in at least approximately 98 to
approximately 99 percent reduction in each of the airborne
contaminants identified above.
[0106] Ambient air does not typically contain high concentrations
of micro-organisms. Usually, such organisms are on suspended on
solid materials or in moisture droplets. For example,
micro-organisms such as the contaminants studied above can get into
the air on dust or lint; on droplets of moisture from coughing,
sneezing or talking; and from growth of sporulation of molds on
walls, ceilings or floors.
[0107] The number of contaminants in the air depends largely on the
locale and the activity in the environment. Free, unattached
organisms are slightly heavier than air and will settle out very
slowly in a quiet atmosphere. A gentle current, however, can keep
them in suspension almost indefinitely. Bacteria-laden dust
particles generally settle out rapidly.
[0108] The contaminants utilized in the above study are indicative
of bacteria and microorganisms normally found in contaminated air
that can benefit from cleaning by the ozone generating device of
the present invention.
Example 1
Large Health Center
[0109] A building of approximately 45,000 square feet of floor
space that served as a health care facility for outpatient care was
treated with the ozone generator device of the present invention.
The facility is unoccupied at night and during the weekend. After
removing all living plants, a stand-alone, portable generator of
the present invention was placed in a central location within the
facility. The timer/control unit was extended to an outside
location that would not attract curious attention from man or
animals. The timer was set for 24 hours. Total bacterial/mold
contaminate count was determined before and after ozone
treatment.
TABLE-US-00002 Total Bacterial/Mold Total Bacterial/Mold
Contaminate Count Contaminate Count For Site Average Per Room
Before Ozone Treatment: 11,910 2,382 After Ozone Treatment 1,378
429
[0110] The above ozone treatment resulted in an 82% reduction of
normal flora bacterial/mold contaminants and a 100% reduction of
toxic and harmful bacterial/mold contaminants at the health center
site.
Example 2
Residential Site #1
[0111] A private residence with approximately 1,800 square feet of
floor space was treated with an ozone generator of the present
invention. The occupants removed all living plants and pets and
left the residence unoccupied over night. A stand-alone, portable,
ozone generator was placed in the center of the floor space. The
timer/control unit was extended to an outside location and hidden
under a door mat. The timer was set for 12 hours of operation. As
in Example 1, total bacterial/mold contaminate count was determined
before and after ozone treatment.
TABLE-US-00003 Total Bacterial/Mold Total Bacterial/Mold
Contaminate Count Contaminate Count For Site Average Per Room
Before Ozone Treatment: 6,712 1,342 After Ozone Treatment 1,025
342
[0112] The ozone treatment of Residence #1 resulted in an 85%
reduction of normal flora bacteria/mold contaminants and a 100%
reduction of toxic and harmful bacterial/mold contaminants in the
residence.
Example 3
Residential Site #2
[0113] A private residence with approximately 5,000 square feet of
floor space was treated with the ozone generator device of the
present invention. The occupants removed all living plants and pets
and left the residence unoccupied over night. A stand-alone,
portable, ozone generator was placed in the center of a centrally
located room. The timer/control unit was extended to an outside
location and hidden under a planter near the door. The timer was
set for 12 hours of operation. As in Example 1, total
bacterial/mold contaminate count was determined before and after
ozone treatment.
TABLE-US-00004 Total Bacterial/Mold Total Bacterial/Mold
Contaminate Count Contaminate Count For Site Average Per Room
Before Ozone Treatment: 4,014 803 After Ozone Treatment 459 153
[0114] The ozone treatment of Residence #2 resulted in an 84%
reduction of normal flora bacterial/mold contaminants and a 100%
reduction of toxic and harmful bacterial/mold contaminants in the
residence.
Example 4
One Story Office Building
[0115] A one-story office building with approximately 2600 square
feet of floor space was treated with an ozone generator of the
present invention. The building is located in Cocoa, Fla. and had
suffered water damage from hurricanes in 2004. The occupants
complained of musty odors, itchy eyes, stuffy noses and hives. The
building is unoccupied at night and on weekends. On a Friday
evening, a stand-alone, portable, ozone generator was placed inside
the building near the front door. The timer/control unit was
extended to an outside location and placed out of public view. The
timer was set for twelve hours of operation. The rotatable shut-off
valve control was turned 45.degree. to allow the ozone to build up.
The rotatable valve has a fully open position when rotated
approximately 90 degrees. The building was treated with ozone at a
concentration of about 79 ppm. The next day, the occupants of the
office building had no complaints and were very surprised at the
cleanliness of the air no more musty odors and no feelings of
irritation of the skin, eyes and nose. Approximately one month
later, the occupants of the building still had no complaints about
the air inside.
[0116] The present invention can also be used for the ozone
treatment of water to purify the water by introducing the ozone
into water (for example, by bubbling ozone-concentrated air through
the water), thereby killing bacteria, viruses, and other
microorganisms. The frequency of ozone treatments of indoor air or
water is largely determined by the condition and quality of the air
or water. Since there are no harmful residues, the treatment can be
daily or at periodic intervals. For treating indoor air, all
people, plants and pets (including birds and fish) should be
removed from the premises to be treated.
[0117] The portable ozone generators of the present invention are
easy to assemble and transport to a site that needs treatment for
airborne contaminants or for water sterilization. The ozone
produced through an ultraviolet process has been determined to be
effective in killing toxic and harmful bacteria and can be utilized
at effective concentrations when an indoor area is unoccupied.
Because of the unstable nature of ozone, no residue is left
behind--only a fresher, cleaner smell to the air or water that is
enriched with oxygen when ozone has completed the disinfectant or
purification function.
[0118] While the invention has been described, disclosed,
illustrated and shown in various terms of certain embodiments or
modifications, the scope of the invention is not intended to be,
nor should it be deemed to be, limited thereby and such other
modifications or embodiments as may be suggested by the teachings
herein are particularly reserved especially as they fall within the
breadth and scope of the claims here appended.
* * * * *