U.S. patent application number 13/608626 was filed with the patent office on 2013-01-03 for spectral chemistry.
This patent application is currently assigned to GR Intellectual Reserve, LLC. Invention is credited to Bentley J. Blum, Juliana H.J. Brooks.
Application Number | 20130001066 13/608626 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 32228655 |
Filed Date | 2013-01-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130001066 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Brooks; Juliana H.J. ; et
al. |
January 3, 2013 |
Spectral Chemistry
Abstract
The invention relates to controlling the formation of water in a
reaction system comprising hydrogen, oxygen and atomic hydrogen by
irradiating the reaction system with electromagnetic emissions from
a platinum lamp such that the atomic hydrogen is direct resonance
targeted. Physical platinum may also be present in the reaction
system.
Inventors: |
Brooks; Juliana H.J.;
(Columbus, OH) ; Blum; Bentley J.; (New York,
NY) |
Assignee: |
GR Intellectual Reserve,
LLC
|
Family ID: |
32228655 |
Appl. No.: |
13/608626 |
Filed: |
September 10, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10203797 |
Nov 27, 2002 |
8262868 |
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PCT/US01/28392 |
Sep 11, 2001 |
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13608626 |
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09919679 |
Aug 1, 2001 |
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10203797 |
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09460028 |
Dec 13, 1999 |
6747680 |
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09919679 |
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09098883 |
Jun 17, 1998 |
6033531 |
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09460028 |
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60231620 |
Sep 11, 2000 |
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60049910 |
Jun 18, 1997 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
204/157.5 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C12N 13/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
204/157.5 |
International
Class: |
B01J 19/12 20060101
B01J019/12 |
Claims
1. (canceled)
2. (canceled)
3. (canceled)
4. (canceled)
5. (canceled)
6. (canceled)
7. (canceled)
8. (canceled)
9. A method for controlling a reaction system comprising: forming a
reaction system comprising at least one member selected from the
group consisting of reactants, transients and reaction product; and
applying at least one spectral energy pattern to said reaction
system, said at least one applied spectral energy pattern
corresponding to a known physical poison for said reaction system,
thereby slowing at least one reaction in said reaction system.
10. (canceled)
11. (canceled)
12. (canceled)
13. (canceled)
14. (canceled)
15. (canceled)
16. (canceled)
17. (canceled)
18. (canceled)
19. (canceled)
20. (canceled)
21. (canceled)
22. (canceled)
23. (canceled)
24. (canceled)
25. (canceled)
26. (canceled)
27. A method for decreasing the rate of a water formation reaction
comprising: irradiating a reaction system comprising hydrogen,
oxygen and atomic hydrogen with a spectral energy catalyst, said
spectral energy catalyst consisting of gold electromagnetic
emissions.
28. The method of claim 27, wherein said reaction system further
comprises physical platinum.
29. The method of claim 28, wherein said physical platinum
comprises platinum powder.
30. The method of claim 28, wherein said reaction system further
comprises hydroxyl radical.
31. The method of claim 30, wherein said hydroxyl radical is direct
resonance targeted with said platinum electromagnetic
emissions.
32. A method for decreasing the rate of a water formation reaction
comprising: direct resonance targeting atomic hydrogen in a
reaction system comprising hydrogen, oxygen and atomic hydrogen
said direct resonance targeting of said atomic hydrogen occurring
by irradiating said reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst
consisting of gold electromagnetic emissions.
33. The method of claim 32, wherein said reaction system further
comprises hydroxyl radical.
34. The method of claim 33, wherein said hydroxyl radical is direct
resonance targeted with said spectral energy catalyst.
35. The method of claim 32, wherein said reaction system further
comprises physical platinum.
36. The method of claim 35, wherein said physical platinum
comprises platinum powder.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS AND PATENT
[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 10/203,797, filed on Nov. 27, 2002; which was a national
phase entry of International Application No. PCT/US01/28392, filed
on Sep. 11, 2001. The instant application claims the benefit of
U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/231,620, entitled, A
Frequency Based Theory of Catalysts, which was filed Sep. 11, 2000.
This application is also a Continuation-In-Part of copending U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 09/919,679, entitled, Spectral
Catalysts, filed Aug. 1, 2001 and now abandoned, which is a
Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/460,028,
entitled Spectral Catalysts, filed Dec. 13, 1999, now abandoned,
which is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
09/098,883, originally filed on Jun. 17, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No.
6,033,531, which issued on Mar. 7, 2000, which claims the benefit
of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/049,910, entitled,
Spectral Catalysts, filed Jun. 18, 1997. This application also
claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No.
60/049,910. The subject matter of all of the above-identified
Patent applications and Patent are hereby expressly incorporated by
reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] This invention relates to a novel method to affect, control
and/or direct a reaction pathway (e.g., organic, inorganic,
biologic or other reaction) by, for example, exposing one or more
participants in a reaction system to at least one spectral energy
pattern (e.g., at least one spectral pattern comprising at least
one frequency of electromagnetic radiation) which can be made to
correspond to at least a portion of a spectral catalyst or a
spectral energy catalyst. The invention also relates to mimicking
various mechanisms of action of various catalysts in reaction
systems under various environmental reaction conditions. The
invention further discloses methods for simulating, at least
partially, one or more environmental reaction conditions by the
application of one or more spectral environmental reaction
conditions. The invention specifically discloses different means
for achieving the matching of energy frequencies between, for
example, applied energy and matter (e.g., solids, liquids, gases,
plasmas and/or combinations or portions thereof), to achieve energy
transfer to, for example, at least one participant in a reaction
system by taking into account various energy considerations in the
reaction system. The invention also discloses an approach for
designing or determining appropriate physical catalyst(s) to be
used in a reaction system.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Chemical reactions are driven by energy. The energy comes in
many different forms including chemical, thermal, mechanical,
acoustic, and electromagnetic. Various features of each type of
energy are thought to contribute in different ways to the driving
of chemical reactions. Irrespective of the type of energy involved,
chemical reactions are undeniably and inextricably intertwined with
the transfer and combination of energy. An understanding of energy
is, therefore, vital to an understanding of chemical reactions.
[0004] A chemical reaction can be controlled and/or directed either
by the addition of energy to the reaction medium in the form of
thermal, mechanical, acoustic and/or electromagnetic energy or by
means of transferring energy through a physical catalyst. These
methods are traditionally not that energy efficient and can
produce, for example, either unwanted by-products, decomposition of
required transients, and/or intermediates and/or activated
complexes and/or insufficient quantities of preferred products of a
reaction.
[0005] It has been generally believed that chemical reactions occur
as a result of collisions between reacting molecules. In terms of
the collision theory of chemical kinetics, it has been expected
that the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the number
of the molecular collisions per second:
rate .alpha. number of collisions/sec
[0006] This simple relationship explains the dependence of reaction
rates on concentration. Additionally, with few exceptions, reaction
rates have been believed to increase with increasing temperature
because of increased collisions.
[0007] The dependence of the rate constant k of a reaction can be
expressed by the following equation, known as the Arrhenius
equation:
k=Ae.sup.-Ea/RT
where E.sub.a is the activation energy of the reaction which is the
minimum amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction,
R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature and e is the
base of the natural logarithm scale. The quantity A represents the
collision rate and shows that the rate constant is directly
proportional to A and, therefore, to the collision rate.
Furthermore, because of the minus sign associated with the exponent
E.sub.a/RT, the rate constant decreases with increasing activation
energy and increases with increasing temperature.
[0008] Normally, only a small fraction of the colliding molecules,
typically the fastest-moving ones, have enough kinetic energy to
exceed the activation energy, therefore, the increase in the rate
constant k can now be explained with the temperature increase.
Since more high-energy molecules are present at a higher
temperature, the rate of product formation is also greater at the
higher temperature. But, with increased temperatures there are a
number of problems which are introduced into the reaction system.
With thermal excitation other competing processes, such as bond
rupture, may occur before the desired energy state can be reached.
Also, there are a number of decomposition products which often
produce fragments that are extremely reactive, but they can be so
short-lived because of their thermodynamic instability, that a
preferred reaction may be dampened.
[0009] Radiant or light energy is another form of energy that may
be added to the reaction medium that also may have negative side
effects but which may be different from (or the same as) those side
effects from thermal energy. Addition of radiant energy to a system
produces electronically excited molecules that are capable of
undergoing chemical reactions.
[0010] A molecule in which all the electrons are in stable orbitals
is said to be in the ground electronic state. These orbitals may be
either bonding or non-bonding. If a photon of the proper energy
collides with the molecule the photon may be absorbed and one of
the electrons may be promoted to an unoccupied orbital of higher
energy. Electronic excitation results in spatial redistribution of
the valence electrons with concomitant changes in internuclear
configurations. Since chemical reactions are controlled to a great
extent by these factors, an electronically excited molecule
undergoes a chemical reaction that may be distinctly different from
those of its ground-state counterpart.
[0011] The energy of a photon is defined in terms of its frequency
or wavelength,
E=hv=hc/.lamda.
where E is energy; h is Plank's constant, 6.6.times.10.sup.-34
Jsec; v is the frequency of the radiation, sec.sup.-1; c is the
speed of light; and .lamda. is the wavelength of the radiation.
When a photon is absorbed, all of its energy is imparted to the
absorbing species. The primary act following absorption depends on
the wavelength of the incident light. Photochemistry studies
photons whose energies lie in the ultraviolet region (100-4000
.ANG.) and in the visible region (4000-7000 .ANG.) of the
electromagnetic spectrum. Such photons are primarily a cause of
electronically excited molecules.
[0012] Since the molecules are imbued with electronic energy upon
absorption of light, reactions occur from different
potential-energy surfaces from those encountered in thermally
excited systems. However, there are several drawbacks of using the
known techniques of photochemistry, that being, utilizing a broad
band of frequencies thereby causing unwanted side reactions, undue
experimentation, and poor quantum yield. Some good examples of
photochemistry are shown in the following patents.
[0013] In particular, U.S. Pat. No. 5,174,877 issued to Cooper, et
al. al., (1992) discloses an apparatus for the photocatalytic
treatment of liquids. In particular, it is disclosed that
ultraviolet light irradiates the surface of a prepared slurry to
activate the photocatalytic properties of the particles contained
in the slurry. The transparency of the slurry affects, for example,
absorption of radiation. Moreover, discussions of different
frequencies suitable for achieving desirable photocatalytic
activity are disclosed.
[0014] Further, U.S. Pat. No. 4,755,269 issued to Brumer, et al.
al., (1998) discloses a photodisassociation process for
disassociating various molecules in a known energy level. In
particular, it is disclosed that different disassociation pathways
are possible and the different pathways can be followed due to
selecting different frequencies of certain electromagnetic
radiation. It is further disclosed that the amplitude of
electromagnetic radiation applied corresponds to amounts of product
produced.
[0015] Selective excitation of different species is shown in the
following three (3) patents. Specifically, U.S. Pat. No. 4,012,301
to Rich, et al. al., (1977) discloses vapor phase chemical
reactions that are selectively excited by using vibrational modes
corresponding to the continuously flowing reactant species.
Particularly, a continuous wave laser emits radiation that is
absorbed by the vibrational mode of the reactant species.
[0016] U.S. Pat. No. 5,215,634 issued to Wan, et al., (1993)
discloses a process of selectively converting methane to a desired
oxygenate. In particular, methane is irradiated in the presence of
a catalyst with pulsed microwave radiation to convert reactants to
desirable products. The physical catalyst disclosed comprises
nickel and the microwave radiation is applied in the range of about
1.5 to 3.0 GHz.
[0017] U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,349 issued to Suib, et al. al., (1991)
discloses a method for cracking a hydrocarbon to create cracked
reaction products. It is disclosed that a stream of hydrocarbon is
exposed to a microwave energy which creates a low power density
microwave discharge plasma, wherein the microwave energy is
adjusted to achieve desired results. A particular frequency desired
of microwave energy is disclosed as being 2.45 GHz.
[0018] Physical catalysts are well known in the art. Specifically,
a physical catalyst is a substance which alters the reaction rate
of a chemical reaction without appearing in the end product. It is
known that some reactions can be speeded up or controlled by the
presence of substances which themselves appear to remain unchanged
after the reaction has ended. By increasing the velocity of a
desired reaction relative to unwanted reactions, the formation of a
desired product can be maximized compared with unwanted
by-products. Often only a trace of physical catalyst is necessary
to accelerate the reaction. Also, it has been observed that some
substances, which if added in trace amounts, can slow down the rate
of a reaction. This looks like the reverse of catalysis, and, in
fact, substances which slow down a reaction rate have been called
negative catalysts or poisons. Known physical catalysts go through
a cycle in which they are used and regenerated so that they can be
used again and again. A physical catalyst operates by providing
another path for the reaction which can have a higher reaction rate
or slower rate than available in the absence of the physical
catalyst. At the end of the reaction, because the physical catalyst
can be recovered, it appears the physical catalyst is not involved
in the reaction. But, the physical catalyst must somehow take part
in the reaction, or else the rate of the reaction would not change.
The catalytic act has historically been represented by five
essential steps originally postulated by Ostwald around the late
1800's:
[0019] 1. Diffusion to the catalytic site (reactant);
[0020] 2. Bond formation at the catalytic site (reactant);
[0021] 3. Reaction of the catalyst-reactant complex;
[0022] 4. Bond rupture at the catalytic site (product); and
[0023] 5. Diffusion away from the catalytic site (product).
The exact mechanisms of catalytic actions are unknown in the art
but it is known that physical catalysts can speed up a reaction
that otherwise would take place too slowly to be practical.
[0024] There are a number of problems involved with known
industrial catalysts: firstly, physical catalysts can not only lose
their efficiency but also their selectivity, which can occur due
to, for example, overheating or contamination of the catalyst;
secondly, many physical catalysts include costly metals such as
platinum or silver and have only a limited life span, some are
difficult to rejuvenate, and the precious metals not easily
reclaimed. There are numerous physical limitations associated with
physical catalysts which render them less than ideal participants
in many reactions.
[0025] Accordingly, what is needed is an understanding of the
catalytic process so that biological processing, chemical
processing, industrial processing, etc., can be engineered by more
precisely controlling the multitude of reaction processes that
currently exist, as well as developing completely new reaction
pathways and/or reaction products. Examples of such understandings
include methods to catalyze reactions without the drawbacks of: (1)
known physical catalysts; and (2) utilizing energy with much
greater specificity than the prior art teachings which utilize less
than ideal thermal and electromagnetic radiation methods and which
result in numerous inefficiencies.
DEFINITIONS
[0026] For purposes of this invention, the terms and expressions
below, appearing in the Specification and Claims, are intended to
have the following meanings:
[0027] "Activated complex", as used herein, means the assembly of
atom(s) (charged or neutral) which corresponds to the maximum in
the reaction profile describing the transformation of reactant(s)
into reaction product(s). Either the reactant or reaction product
in this definition could be an intermediate in an overall
transformation involving more than one step.
[0028] "Applied spectral energy pattern", as used herein, means the
totality of: (a) all spectral energy patterns that are externally
applied; and/or (b) spectral environmental reaction conditions
input into a reaction system.
[0029] "Catalytic spectral energy pattern", as used herein, means
at least a portion of a spectral energy pattern of a physical
catalyst which when applied to a reaction system in the form of a
beam or field can catalyze the reaction system.
[0030] "Catalytic spectral pattern", as used herein, means at least
a portion of a spectral pattern of a physical catalyst which when
applied to a reaction system can catalyze the reaction system by
the following:
[0031] completely replacing a physical chemical catalyst;
[0032] acting in unison with a physical chemical catalyst to
increase the rate of reaction;
[0033] reducing the rate of reaction by acting as a negative
catalyst; or
[0034] altering the reaction pathway for formation of a specific
reaction product.
[0035] "Direct resonance targeting", as used herein, means the
application of energy to a reaction system by at least one of the
following spectral energy providers: spectral energy catalyst;
spectral catalyst; spectral energy pattern; spectral pattern;
catalytic spectral energy pattern; catalytic spectral pattern;
applied spectral energy pattern and spectral environmental reaction
conditions, to achieve direct resonance with at least one of the
following forms of matter: reactants; transients; intermediates;
activated complexes; physical catalysts; reaction products;
promoters; poisons; solvents; physical catalyst support materials;
reaction vessels; and/or mixtures or components thereof, said
spectral energy providers providing energy to at least one of said
forms of matter by interacting with at least one frequency thereof,
excluding electronic and vibrational frequencies in said reactants,
to produce at least one desired reaction product and/or at least
one desired reaction product at a desired reaction rate.
[0036] "Environmental reaction condition", as used herein, means
and includes traditional reaction variables such as temperature,
pressure, surface area of catalysts, physical catalyst size and
shape, solvents, physical catalyst support materials, poisons,
promoters, concentrations, electromagnetic radiation, electric
fields, magnetic fields, mechanical forces, acoustic fields,
reaction vessel size, shape and composition and combinations
thereof, etc., which may be present and are capable of influencing,
positively or negatively, reaction pathways in a reaction
system.
[0037] "Frequency", as used herein, means the number of times which
a physical event (e.g., wave, field and/or motion) varies from the
equilibrium value through a complete cycle in a unit of time (e.g.,
one second; and one cycle/sec=1 Hz). The variation from equilibrium
can be positive and/or negative, and can be, for example,
symmetrical, asymmetrical and/or proportional with regard to the
equilibrium value.
[0038] "Harmonic targeting", as used herein, means the application
of energy to a reaction system by at least one of the following
spectral energy providers: spectral energy catalyst; spectral
catalyst; spectral energy pattern; spectral pattern; catalytic
spectral energy pattern; catalytic spectral pattern; applied
spectral energy pattern and spectral environmental reaction
conditions, to achieve harmonic resonance with at least one of the
following forms of matter: reactants; transients; intermediates;
activated complexes; physical catalysts; reaction products;
promoters, poisons; solvents; physical catalyst support materials;
reaction vessels; and/or mixtures or components thereof, said
spectral energy providers providing energy to at least one of said
forms of matter by interacting with at least one frequency thereof,
excluding electronic and vibrational frequencies in said reactants,
to produce at least one desired reaction product and/or at least
one desired reaction product at a desired reaction rate.
[0039] "Intermediate", as used herein, means a molecule, ion and/or
atom which is present between a reactant and a reaction product in
a reaction pathway or reaction profile. It corresponds to a minimum
in the reaction profile of the reaction between reactant and
reaction product. A reaction which involves an intermediate is
typically a stepwise reaction.
[0040] "Non-harmonic heterodyne targeting", as used herein, means
the application of energy to a reaction system by at least one of
the following spectral energy providers: spectral energy catalyst;
spectral catalyst; spectral energy pattern; spectral pattern;
catalytic spectral energy pattern; catalytic spectral pattern;
applied spectral energy pattern and spectral environmental reaction
condition to achieve non-harmonic heterodyne resonance with at
least one of the following forms of matter: reactants; transients;
intermediates; activated complexes; physical catalysts; reaction
products; promoters; poisons; solvents; physical catalyst support
materials; reaction vessels; and/or mixtures or components thereof,
said spectral energy provider providing energy to at least one of
said forms of matter by interacting with at least one frequency
thereof, to produce at least one desired reaction product and/or at
least one desired reaction product at a desired reaction rate.
[0041] "Participant", as used herein, means reactant, transient,
intermediate, activated complex, physical catalyst, promoter,
poison and/or reaction product comprised of molecules, ions and/or
atoms (or components thereof).
[0042] "Reactant", as used herein, means a starting material or
starting component in a reaction system. A reactant can be any
inorganic, organic and/or biologic atom, molecule, ion, compound,
substance, and/or the like.
[0043] "Reaction coordinate", as used herein, means an intra- or
inter-molecular/atom configurational variable whose change
corresponds to the conversion of reactant into reaction
product.
[0044] "Reaction pathway", as used herein, means those steps which
lead to the formation of reaction product(s). A reaction pathway
may include intermediates and/or transients and/or activated
complexes. A reaction pathway may include some or all of a reaction
profile.
[0045] "Reaction product", as used herein, means any product of a
reaction involving a reactant. A reaction product may have a
different chemical composition from a reactant or a substantially
similar (or exactly the same) chemical composition but exhibit a
different physical or crystalline structure and/or phase.
[0046] "Reaction profile", as used herein means a plot of energy
(e.g., molecular potential energy, molar enthalpy, or free energy)
against reaction coordinate for the conversion of reactant(s) into
reaction product(s).
[0047] "Reaction system", as used herein, means the combination of
reactants, intermediates, transients, activated complexes, physical
catalysts, poisons, promoters, spectral catalysts, spectral energy
catalysts, reaction products, environmental reaction conditions,
spectral environmental reaction conditions, applied spectral energy
pattern, etc., that are involved in any reaction pathway.
[0048] "Resultant energy pattern", as used herein, means the
totality of energy interactions between the applied spectral energy
pattern with all participants and/or components in the reaction
systems.
[0049] "Spectral catalyst", as used herein, means electromagnetic
energy which acts as a catalyst in a reaction system, for example,
electromagnetic energy having a spectral pattern which affects,
controls, or directs a reaction pathway.
[0050] "Spectral energy catalyst", as used herein, means energy
which acts as a catalyst in a reaction system having a spectral
energy pattern which affects, controls and/or directs a reaction
pathway.
[0051] "Spectral energy pattern", as used herein, means a pattern
formed by one or more energies and/or components emitted or
absorbed by a molecule, ion, atom and/or component(s) thereof
and/or which is present by and/or within a molecule, ion, atom
and/or component(s) thereof.
[0052] "Spectral environmental reaction condition", as used herein,
means at least one frequency and/or field which simulates at least
a portion of at least one environmental reaction condition in a
reaction system.
[0053] "Spectral pattern", as used herein, means a pattern formed
by one or more electromagnetic frequencies emitted or absorbed
after excitation of an atom or molecule. A spectral pattern may be
formed by any known spectroscopic technique.
[0054] "Targeting", as used herein, means the application of energy
to a reaction system by at least one of the following spectral
energy providers: spectral energy catalyst; spectral catalyst;
spectral energy pattern; spectral pattern; catalytic spectral
energy pattern; catalytic spectral pattern; applied spectral energy
pattern; and spectral environmental reaction conditions, to achieve
direct resonance and/or harmonic resonance and/or non-harmonic
heterodyne-resonance with at least one of the following forms of
matter: reactants; transients; intermediates; activated complexes;
physical catalysts; reaction products; promoters; poisons;
solvents; physical catalyst support materials; reaction vessels;
and/or mixtures or components thereof, said spectral energy
provider providing energy to at least one of said forms of matter
by interacting with at least one frequency thereof, to produce at
least one desired reaction product and/or at least one desired
reaction product at a desired reaction rate.
[0055] "Transient", as used herein, means any chemical and/or
physical state that exists between reactant(s) and reaction
product(s) in a reaction pathway or reaction profile.
[0056] This invention overcomes many of the deficiencies associated
with the use of various known physical catalysts in a variety of
different environments. More importantly, this invention, for the
first time ever, discloses a variety of novel spectral energy
techniques, referred to sometimes herein as spectral chemistry,
that can be utilized in a number of reactions, including very basic
reactions, which may be desirable to achieve or to permit to occur
in a virtually unlimited number of areas.
[0057] These spectral energy techniques can be used in, for
example, any types of biological reactions (i.e., plant and
animal), physical reactions, chemical reactions (i.e., organic or
inorganic) industrial (i.e., any industrial reactions of large
scale or small scale), and/or energy reactions of any type,
etc.
[0058] These novel spectral energy techniques (now referred to as
spectral chemistry) are possible to achieve due to the fundamental
discoveries contained herein that disclose various means for
achieving the transfer of energy between, for example, two
entities. The invention teaches that the key for transferring
energy between two entities (e.g., one entity sharing energy with
another entity) is that when frequencies match, energy transfers.
For example, matching of frequencies of spectral energy patterns of
two different forms of matter; or matching of frequencies of a
spectral energy pattern of matter with energy in the form of a
spectral energy catalyst. The entities may both be comprised of
matter (solids, liquids, gases and/or plasmas and/or mixtures
and/or components thereof), both comprised of various form(s) of
energy, or one comprised of various form(s) of energy and the other
comprised of matter (solids, liquids, gases and/or plasmas and/or
mixtures and/or components thereof).
[0059] More specifically, all matter can be represented by spectral
energy patterns, which can be quite simple to very complex in
appearance, depending on, for example, the complexity of the
matter. One example of a spectral energy pattern is a spectral
pattern which likewise can be quite simple to quite complex in
appearance, depending on, for example, the complexity of the
matter. In the case of matter represented by spectral patterns,
matter can exchange energy with other matter if, for example, the
spectral patterns of the two forms of matter match, at least
partially, or can be made to match or overlap, at least partially
(e.g., spectral curves or spectral patterns comprising one or more
electromagnetic frequencies may overlap with each other). In
general, but not in all cases, the greater the overlap in spectral
patterns (and thus, the greater the overlap of frequencies
comprising the spectral patterns), the greater the amount of energy
transferred. Likewise, for example, if the spectral pattern of at
least one form of energy can be caused to match or overlap, at
least partially, with the spectral pattern of matter, energy will
also transfer to the matter. Thus, energy can be transferred to
matter by causing frequencies to match.
[0060] As discussed elsewhere herein, energy (E), frequency (v) and
wavelength (.lamda.) and the speed of light (c) in a vacuum are
interrelated through, for example, the following equation:
E=hv=hc/.lamda.
When a frequency or set of frequencies corresponding to at least a
first form of matter can be caused to match with a frequency or set
of frequencies corresponding to at least a second form of matter,
energy can transfer between the different forms of matter and
permit at least some interaction and/or reaction to occur involving
at least one of the two different forms of matter. For example,
solid, liquid, gas and/or plasma (and/or mixtures and/or portions
thereof) forms of matter can interact and/or react and form a
desirable reaction product or result. Any combination(s) of the
above forms of matter (e.g., solid/solid, solid/liquid, solid/gas,
solid/plasma, solid/gas/plasma, solid/liquid/gas, etc., and/or
mixtures and/or portions thereof) are possible to achieve for
desirable interactions and/or reactions to occur.
[0061] Further, matter (e.g., solids, liquids, gases and/or plasmas
and/or mixtures and/or portions thereof) can be caused, or
influenced, to interact and/or react with other matter and/or
portions thereof in, for example, a reaction system along a desired
reaction pathway by applying energy, in the form of, for example, a
catalytic spectral energy pattern, a catalytic spectral pattern, a
spectral energy pattern, a spectral energy catalyst, a spectral
pattern, a spectral catalyst, a spectral environmental reaction
condition and/or combinations thereof, which can collectively
result in an applied spectral energy pattern.
[0062] In these cases, interactions and/or reactions may be caused
to occur when the applied spectral energy pattern results in, for
example, some type of modification to the spectral energy pattern
of one or more of the forms of matter in the reaction system. The
various forms of matter include reactants; transients;
intermediates; activated complexes; physical catalysts; reaction
products; promoters; poisons; solvents; physical catalyst support
materials; reaction vessels; and/or mixtures of components thereof.
For example, the applied spectral energy provider (i.e., at least
one of spectral energy catalyst; spectral catalyst; spectral energy
pattern; spectral pattern; catalytic spectral energy pattern;
catalytic spectral pattern; applied spectral energy pattern and
spectral environmental reaction conditions) when targeted
appropriately to, for example, a participant and/or component in
the reaction system, can result in the generation of, and/or
desirable interaction with, one or more participants. Specifically,
the applied spectral energy provider can be targeted to achieve
very specific desirable results and/or reaction product and/or
reaction product at a desired rate. The targeting can occur by a
direct resonance approach, (i.e., direct resonance targeting), a
harmonic resonance approach (i.e., harmonic targeting) and/or a
non-harmonic heterodyne resonance approach (i.e., non-harmonic
heterodyne targeting). The spectral energy provider can be targeted
to, for example, interact with at least one frequency of an atom or
molecule, including, but not limited to, electronic frequencies,
vibrational frequencies, rotational frequencies,
rotational-vibrational frequencies, fine splitting frequencies,
hyperfine splitting frequencies, magnetic field induced
frequencies, electric field induced frequencies, natural
oscillating frequencies, and all components and/or portions thereof
(discussed in greater detail later herein). These approaches may
result in, for example, the mimicking of at least one mechanism of
action of a physical catalyst in a reaction system. For example, in
some cases, desirable results may be achieved by utilizing a single
applied spectral energy pattern targeted to a single participant;
while in other cases, more than one applied spectral energy pattern
may be targeted to a single participant or multiple participants,
by, for example, multiple approaches. Specifically, combinations of
direct resonance targeting, harmonic targeting and non-harmonic
heterodyne targeting, which can be made to interact with one or
more frequencies occurring in atoms and/or molecules, could be used
sequentially or substantially continuously. Further, in certain
cases, the spectral energy provider targeting may result in various
interactions at predominantly the upper energy levels of one or
more of the various forms of matter present in a reaction
system.
[0063] The invention further recognizes and explains that various
environmental reaction conditions are capable of influencing
reaction pathways in a reaction system when using a spectral energy
catalyst such as a spectral catalyst. The invention teaches
specific methods for controlling various environmental reaction
conditions in order to achieve desirable results in a reaction
(e.g., desirable reaction product(s) in one or more desirable
reaction pathway(s)) and/or interaction. The invention further
discloses an applied spectral energy approach which permits the
simulation, at least partially, of desirable environmental reaction
conditions by the application of at least one, for example,
spectral environmental reaction conditions. Thus, environmental
reaction conditions can be controlled and used in combination with
at least one spectral energy pattern to achieve a desired reaction
pathway. Alternatively, traditionally utilized environmental
reaction conditions can be modified in a desirable manner (e.g.,
application of a reduced temperature and/or reduced pressure) by
supplementing and/or replacing the traditional environmental
reaction condition(s) with at least one spectral environmental
reaction condition.
[0064] The invention also provides a method for determining
desirable physical catalysts (i.e., comprising previously known
materials or materials not previously known to function as a
physical catalyst) which can be utilized in a reaction system to
achieve a desired reaction pathway and/or desired reaction rate. In
this regard, the invention may be able to provide a recipe for a
physical and/or spectral catalyst for a particular reaction system
where no physical catalyst previously existed. In this embodiment
of the invention, spectral energy patterns are determined or
calculated by the techniques of the invention and corresponding
physical catalysts can be supplied or manufactured and thereafter
included in the reaction system to generate the calculated required
spectral energy patterns. In certain cases, one or more existing
physical species could be used or combined in a suitable manner, if
a single physical species was deemed to be insufficient, to obtain
the appropriate calculated spectral energy pattern to achieve a
desired reaction pathway and/or desired reaction rate. Such
catalysts can be used alone, in combination with other physical
catalysts, spectral energy catalysts, controlled environmental
reaction conditions and/or spectral environmental reaction
conditions to achieve a desired resultant energy pattern and
consequent reaction pathway and/or desired reaction rate.
[0065] The invention discloses many different permutations of the
basic theme stated throughout namely, that when frequencies match,
energy transfers. It should be understood that these many different
permutations can be used alone to achieve desirable results (e.g.,
desired reaction pathways and/or a desired reaction rates) or can
be used in a limitless combination of permutations, to achieve
desired results (e.g., desired reaction pathways and/or desired
reaction rates). However, common to all of these seemingly
complicated permutations and combinations is the basic
understanding first provided by this invention that in order to
control or enable any reaction, so long as frequencies of two
entities match (e.g., spectral patterns overlap), energy can be
transferred. If energy is transferred, desirable interactions
and/or reactions can result.
[0066] Moreover, this concept can also be used in the reverse.
Specifically, if a reaction is occurring because frequencies match,
the reaction can be slowed or stopped by causing the frequencies to
no longer match or at least match to a lesser degree. In this
regard, one or more reaction system components (e.g., environmental
reaction condition, spectral environmental reaction condition
and/or an applied spectral energy pattern) can be modified and/or
applied so as to minimize, reduce or eliminate frequencies from
matching. This also permits reactions to be started and stopped
with ease providing for novel control in a myriad of reactions.
[0067] To simplify the disclosure and understanding of the
invention, specific categories or sections have been created in the
"Summary of the Invention" and in the "Detailed Description of the
Preferred Embodiments". However, it should be understood that these
categories are not mutually exclusive and that some overlap exists.
Accordingly, these artificially created sections should not be used
in an effort to limit the scope of the invention defined in the
appended claims.
I. Wave Energies
[0068] In general, thermal energy has traditionally been used to
drive chemical reactions by applying heat and increasing the
temperature of a reaction system. The addition of heat increases
the kinetic (motion) energy of the chemical reactants. It has been
believed that a reactant with more kinetic energy moves faster and
farther, and is more likely to take part in a chemical reaction.
Mechanical energy likewise, by stirring and moving the chemicals,
increases their kinetic energy and thus their reactivity. The
addition of mechanical energy often increases temperature, by
increasing kinetic energy.
[0069] Acoustic energy is applied to chemical reactions as orderly
mechanical waves. Because of its mechanical nature, acoustic energy
can increase the kinetic energy of chemical reactants, and can also
elevate their temperature(s). Electromagnetic (EM) energy consists
of waves of electric and magnetic fields. EM energy may also
increase the kinetic energy and heat in reaction systems. It also
may energize electronic orbitals or vibrational motion in some
reactions.
[0070] Both acoustic and electromagnetic energy consist of waves.
Energy waves and frequency have some interesting properties, and
may be combined in some interesting ways. The manner in which wave
energy transfers and combines, depends largely on the frequency.
For example, when two waves of energy, each having the same
amplitude, but one at a frequency of 400 Hz and the other at 100 Hz
are caused to interact, the waves will combine and their
frequencies will add, to produce a new frequency of 500 Hz (i.e.,
the "sum" frequency). The frequency of the waves will also subtract
when they combine to produce a frequency of 300 Hz (i.e., the
"difference" frequency). All wave energies typically add and
subtract in this manner, and such adding and subtracting is
referred to as heterodyning. Common results of heterodyning are
familiar to most as harmonics in music. The importance of
heterodyning will be discussed in greater detail later herein.
[0071] Another concept important to the invention is wave
interactions or interference. In particular, wave energies are
known to interact constructively and destructively. This phenomena
is important in determining the applied spectral energy pattern.
FIGS. 1a-1c show two different incident sine waves 1 (FIG. 1a) and
2 (FIG. 1b) which correspond to two different spectral energy
patterns having two different wavelengths .lamda..sub.1 and
.lamda..sub.2 (and thus different frequencies) which could be
applied to a reaction system. Assume arguendo that the energy
pattern of FIG. 1a corresponds to an electromagnetic spectral
pattern and that FIG. 1b corresponds to one spectral environmental
reaction condition. Each of the sine waves 1 and 2 has a different
differential equation which describes its individual motion.
However, when the sine waves are combined into the resultant
additive wave 1+2 (FIG. 1c), the resulting complex differential
equation, which describes the totality of the combined energies
(i.e., the applied spectral energy pattern) actually results in
certain of the input energies being high (i.e., constructive
interference shown by a higher amplitude) at certain points in
time, as well as being low (i.e., destructive interference shown by
a lower amplitude) at certain points in time.
[0072] Specifically, the portions "X" represent areas where the
electromagnetic spectral pattern of wave 1 has constructively
interfered with the spectral environmental reaction condition wave
2, whereas the portions "Y" represent areas where the two waves 1
and 2 have destructively interfered. Depending upon whether the
portions "X" corresponds to desirable or undesirable wavelengths,
frequencies or energies (e.g., causing the applied spectral energy
pattern to have positive or negative interactions with, for
example, one or more participants and/or components in the reaction
system), then the portions "X" could enhance a positive effect in
the reaction system or could enhance a negative effect in the
reaction system. Similarly, depending on whether the portions "Y"
correspond to desirable or undesirable wavelengths, frequencies, or
energies, then the portions "Y" may correspond to the effective
loss of either a positive or negative effect.
[0073] It should be clear from this particular analysis that
constructive interferences (i.e., the points "X") could, for
example, maximize both positive and negative effects in a reaction
system. Accordingly, this simplified example shows that by
combining, for example, certain frequencies from a spectral pattern
with one or more other frequencies from, for example, at least one
spectral environmental reaction condition, that the applied
spectral energy pattern that is actually applied to the reaction
system can be a combination of constructive and destructive
interference(s). Accordingly, these factors should also be taken
into account when choosing appropriate spectral energy patterns
that are to be applied to a reaction system. In this regard, it is
noted that in practice many desirable incident wavelengths can be
applied to a reaction system. Moreover, it should also be clear
that wave interaction effects include, but are not limited to,
heterodyning, direct resonance, indirect resonance, additive waves,
subtractive waves, constructive or destructive interference, etc.
Further, as discussed in detail later herein, additional effects
such as electric effects and/or magnetic field effects can also
influence spectral energy patterns (e.g., spectral patterns).
II. Spectral Catalysts and Spectroscopy
[0074] A wide variety of reactions can be advantageously affected
and directed with the assistance of a spectral energy catalyst
having a specific spectral energy pattern (e.g., spectral pattern
or electromagnetic pattern) which transfers a predetermined quanta
of targeted energy to initiate, control and/or promote desirable
reaction pathways and/or desirable reaction rates within a reaction
system. This section discusses spectral catalysts in more detail
and explains various techniques for using spectral catalysts in
reaction systems. For example, a spectral catalyst can be used in a
reaction system to replace and provide the additional energy
normally supplied by a physical catalyst. The spectral catalyst can
actually mimic or copy the mechanisms of action of a physical
catalyst. The spectral catalyst can act as both a positive catalyst
to increase the rate of a reaction or as a negative catalyst or
poison to decrease the rate of reaction. Furthermore, the spectral
catalyst can augment a physical catalyst by utilizing both a
physical catalyst and a spectral catalyst in a reaction system. The
spectral catalyst can improve the activity of a physical chemical
catalyst. Also, the spectral catalyst can partially replace a
specific quantity or amount of the physical catalyst, thereby
reducing the high cost of physical catalysts in many industrial
reactions.
[0075] In the present invention, the spectral energy catalyst
provides targeted energy (e.g., electromagnetic radiation
comprising a specific frequency or combination of frequencies), in
a sufficient amount for a sufficient duration to initiate and/or
promote and/or direct a chemical reaction (e.g., follow a
particular reaction pathway). The total combination of targeted
energy applied at any point in time to the reaction system is
referred to as the applied spectral energy pattern. The applied
spectral energy pattern may be comprised of a single spectral
catalyst, multiple spectral catalysts and/or other spectral energy
catalysts as well. With the absorption of targeted energy into a
reaction system (e.g., electromagnetic energy from a spectral
catalyst), a reactant may be caused to proceed through one or
several reaction pathways including: energy transfer which can, for
example, excite electrons to higher energy states for initiation of
chemical reaction, by causing frequencies to match; ionize or
dissociate reactants which may participate in a chemical reaction;
stabilize reaction products; energize and/or stabilize
intermediates and/or transients and/or activated complexes that
participate in a reaction pathway; and/or cause one or more
components in a reaction system to have spectral patterns which at
least partially overlap.
[0076] For example, in a simple reaction system, if a chemical
reaction provides for at least one reactant "A" to be converted
into at least one reaction product "B", a physical catalyst "C" may
be utilized. In contrast, a portion of the catalytic spectral
energy pattern (e.g., in this section the catalytic spectral
pattern) of the physical catalyst "C" may be applied in the form
of, for example, an electromagnetic beam to catalyze the
reaction.
##STR00001##
Substances A and B=unknown frequencies, and C=30 Hz;
Therefore, Substance A+30 HZ.fwdarw.Substance B.
[0077] In the present invention, for example, the spectral pattern
(e.g., electromagnetic spectral pattern) of the physical catalyst
"C" can be determined by known methods of spectroscopy. Utilizing
spectroscopic instrumentation, the spectral pattern of the physical
catalyst is preferably determined under conditions approximating
those occurring in the reaction system using the physical catalyst
(e.g., spectral energy patterns as well as spectral patterns can be
influenced by environmental reaction conditions, as discussed later
herein). Spectroscopy is a process in which the energy differences
between allowed states of any system are measured by determining
the frequencies of the corresponding electromagnetic energy which
is either being absorbed or emitted. Spectroscopy in general deals
with the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. When
photons interact with, for example, atoms or molecules, changes in
the properties of atoms and molecules are observed.
[0078] Atoms and molecules are associated with several different
types of motion. The entire molecule rotates, the bonds vibrate,
and even the electrons move, albeit so rapidly that electron
density distributions have historically been the primary focus of
the prior art. Each of these kinds of motion is quantified. That
is, the atom, molecule or ion can exist only in distinct states
that correspond to discrete energy amounts. The energy difference
between the different quantum states depends on the type of motion
involved. Thus, the frequency of energy required to bring about a
transition is different for the different types of motion. That is,
each type of motion corresponds to the absorption of energy in
different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and different
spectroscopic instrumentation may be required for each spectral
region. The total motion energy of an atom or molecule may be
considered to be at least the sum of its electronic, vibrational
and rotational energies.
[0079] In both emission and absorption spectra, the relation
between the energy change in the atom or molecule and the frequency
of the electromagnetic energy emitted or absorbed is given by the
so-called Bohr frequency condition:
.DELTA.E=hv
where h is Planck's constant; v is the frequency; and .DELTA.E, is
the difference of energies in the final and initial states.
[0080] Electronic spectra are the result of electrons moving from
one electronic energy level to another in an atom, molecule or ion.
A molecular physical catalyst's spectral pattern includes not only
electronic energy transitions but also may involve transitions
between rotational and vibrational energy levels. As a result, the
spectra of molecules are much more complicated than those of atoms.
The main changes observed in the atoms or molecules after
interaction with photons include excitation, ionization and/or
rupture of chemical bonds, all of which may be measured and
quantified by spectroscopic methods including emission or
absorption spectroscopy which give the same information about
energy level separation.
[0081] In emission spectroscopy, when an atom or molecule is
subjected to a flame or an electric discharge, such atoms or
molecules may absorb energy and become "excited." On their return
to their "normal" state they may emit radiation. Such an emission
is the result of a transition of the atom or molecule from a high
energy or "excited" state to one of lower state. The energy lost in
the transition is emitted in the form of electromagnetic energy.
"Excited" atoms usually produce line spectra while "excited"
molecules tend to produce band spectra.
[0082] In absorption spectroscopy, the absorption of nearly
monochromatic incident radiation is monitored as it is swept over a
range of frequencies. During the absorption process the atoms or
molecules pass from a state of low energy to one of high energy.
Energy changes produced by electromagnetic energy absorption occur
only in integral multiples of a unit amount of energy called a
quantum, which is characteristic of each absorbing species.
Absorption spectra may be classified into four types: rotational;
rotation-vibration; vibrational; and electronic.
[0083] The rotational spectrum of a molecule is associated with
changes which occur in the rotational states of the molecule. The
energies of the rotational states differ only by a relatively small
amount, and hence, the frequency which is necessary to effect a
change in the rotational levels is very low and the wavelength of
electromagnetic energy is very large. The energy spacing of
molecular rotational states depends on bond distances and angles.
Pure rotational spectra are observed in the far infrared and
microwave and radio regions (See Table 1).
[0084] Rotation-vibrational spectra are associated with transitions
in which the vibrational states of the molecule are altered and may
be accompanied by changes in rotational states. Absorption occurs
at higher frequencies or shorter wavelength and usually occurs in
the middle of the infrared region (See Table 1).
[0085] Vibrational spectra from different vibrational energy levels
occur because of motion of bonds. A stretching vibration involves a
change in the interatomic distance along the axis of the bond
between two atoms. Bending vibrations are characterized by a change
in the angle between two bonds. The vibrational spectra of a
molecule are typically in the near-infrared range.
[0086] Electronic spectra are from transitions between electronic
states for atoms and molecules and are accompanied by simultaneous
changes in the rotational and vibrational states in molecules.
Relatively large energy differences are involved, and hence
absorption occurs at rather large frequencies or relatively short
wavelengths. Different electronic states of atoms or molecules
correspond to energies in the infrared, ultraviolet-visible or
x-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum (see Table 1).
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Approximate Boundaries Region Name Energy, J
Wavelength Frequency, Hz X-ray 2 .times. 10.sup.-14-2 .times.
10.sup.-17 10-2-10 nm 3 .times. 10.sup.19-3 .times. 10.sup.16
Vacuum Ultraviolet 2 .times. 10.sup.-17-9.9 .times. 10.sup.-19
10-200 nm 3 .times. 10.sup.16-1.5 .times. 10.sup.15 Near
ultraviolet 9.9 .times. 10.sup.-19-5 .times. 10.sup.-19 200-400 nm
1.5 .times. 10.sup.15-7.5 .times. 10.sup.14 Visible 5 .times.
10.sup.-19-2.5 .times. 10.sup.-19 400-800 nm 7.5 .times.
10.sup.14-3.8 .times. 10.sup.14 Near Infrared 2.5 .times.
10.sup.-19-6.6 .times. 10.sup.-20 0.8-2.5 um 3.8 .times.
10.sup.14-1 .times. 10.sup.14 Fundamental 6.6 .times. 10.sup.-20-4
.times. 10.sup.-21 2.5-50 um 1 .times. 10.sup.14-6 .times.
10.sup.12 Infrared Far infrared 4 .times. 10.sup.-21-6.6 .times.
10.sup.-22 50-300 um 6 .times. 10.sup.12-1 .times. 10.sup.12
Microwave 6.6 .times. 10.sup.-22-4 .times. 10.sup.-25 0.3 mm-0.5 m
1 .times. 10.sup.12-6 .times. 10.sup.8 Radiowave 4 .times.
10.sup.-25-6.6 .times. 10.sup.-34 0.5-300 .times. 10.sup.6 m 6
.times. 10.sup.8-1
[0087] Electromagnetic radiation as a form of energy can be
absorbed or emitted, and therefore many different types of
spectroscopy may be used in the present invention to determine a
desired spectral pattern of a spectral catalyst (e.g., a spectral
pattern of a physical catalyst) including, but not limited to,
x-ray, ultraviolet, infrared, microwave, atomic absorption, flame
emissions, atomic emissions, inductively coupled plasma, DC argon
plasma, arc-source emission, spark-source emission, high-resolution
laser, radio, Raman and the like.
[0088] In order to study the electronic transitions, the material
to be studied may need to be heated to a high temperature, such as
in a flame, where the molecules are atomized and excited. Another
very effective way of atomizing gases is the use of gaseous
discharges. When a gas is placed between charged electrodes,
causing an electrical field, electrons are liberated from the
electrodes and from the gas atoms themselves and may form a plasma
or plasma-like conditions. These electrons will collide with the
gas atoms which will be atomized, excited or ionized. By using high
frequency fields, it is possible to induce gaseous discharges
without using electrodes. By varying the field strength, the
excitation energy can be varied. In the case of a solid material,
excitation by electrical spark or arc can be used. In the spark or
arc, the material to be analyzed is evaporated and the atoms are
excited.
[0089] The basic scheme of an emission spectrophotometer includes a
purified silica cell containing the sample which is to be excited.
The radiation of the sample passes through a slit and is separated
into a spectrum by means of a dispersion element. The spectral
pattern can be detected on a screen, photographic film or by a
detector.
[0090] An atom will most strongly absorb electromagnetic energy at
the same frequencies it emits. Measurements of absorption are often
made so that electromagnetic radiation that is emitted from a
source passes through a wavelength-limiting device, and impinges
upon the physical catalyst sample that is held in a cell. When a
beam of white light passes through a material, selected frequencies
from the beam are absorbed. The electromagnetic radiation that is
not absorbed by the physical catalyst passes through the cell and
strikes a detector. When the remaining beam is spread out in a
spectrum, the frequencies that were absorbed show up as dark lines
in the otherwise continuous spectrum. The position of these dark
lines correspond exactly to the positions of lines in an emission
spectrum of the same molecule or atom. Both emission and absorption
spectrophotometers are available through regular commercial
channels.
[0091] In 1885, Balmer discovered that hydrogen vibrates and
produces energy at frequencies in the visible light region of the
electromagnetic spectrum which can be expressed by a simple
formula:
1/.lamda.=R(1/2.sup.2-1/m.sup.2)
when .lamda. is the wavelength of the light, R is Rydberg's
constant and m is an integer greater than or equal to 3 (e.g., 3,
4, or 5, etc.). Subsequently, Rydberg discovered that this equation
could be adapted to result in all the wavelengths in the hydrogen
spectrum by changing the 1/2.sup.2 to 1/n.sup.2, as in,
1/.lamda.=R(1/n.sup.2-1/m.sup.2)
where n is an integer .gtoreq.1, and m is an integer .gtoreq.n+1.
Thus, for every different number n, the result is a series of
numbers for wavelength, and the names of various scientists were
assigned to each such series which resulted. For instance, when n=2
and m.gtoreq.3, the energy is in the visible light spectrum and the
series is referred to as the Balmer series. The Lyman series is in
the ultraviolet spectrum with n=1, and the Paschen series is in the
infrared spectrum with n=3.
[0092] In the prior art, energy level diagrams were the primary
means used to describe energy levels in the hydrogen atom (see
FIGS. 7a and 7b).
[0093] After determining the electromagnetic spectral pattern of a
desired catalyst (e.g., a physical catalyst), the catalytic
spectral pattern may be duplicated, at least partially, and applied
to the reaction system. Any generator of one or more frequencies
within an acceptable approximate range of, for example, frequencies
of electromagnetic radiation may be used in the present invention.
When duplicating one or more frequencies of, for example, a
spectral pattern, it is not necessary to duplicate the frequency
exactly. For instance, the effect achieved by a frequency of 1,000
THz, can also be achieved by a frequency very close to it, such as
1,001 or 999 THz. Thus, there will be a range above and below each
exact frequency which will also catalyze a reaction. Specifically,
FIG. 12 shows a typical bell-curve "B" distribution of frequencies
around the desired frequency f.sub.o, wherein desirable frequencies
can be applied which do not correspond exactly to f.sub.o, but are
close enough to the frequency f.sub.o to achieve a desired effect,
such as those frequencies between and including the frequencies
within the range of f.sub.1 and f.sub.2. Note that f.sub.1 and
f.sub.2 correspond to about one half the maximum amplitude,
a.sub.max, of the curve "B". Thus, whenever the term "exact" or
specific reference to "frequency" or the like is used, it should be
understood to have this meaning. In addition, harmonics of spectral
catalyst frequencies, both above and below the exact spectral
catalyst frequency, will cause sympathetic resonance with the exact
frequency and will catalyze the reaction. Finally, it is possible
to catalyze reactions by duplicating one or more of the mechanisms
of action of the exact frequency, rather than using the exact
frequency itself. For example, platinum catalyzes the formation of
water from hydrogen and oxygen, in part, by energizing the hydroxyl
radical at its frequency of roughly 1,060 THz. The reaction can
also be catalyzed by energizing the hydroxy radical with its
microwave frequency, thereby duplicating platinum's mechanism of
action.
[0094] An electromagnetic radiation emitting source should have the
following characteristics: high intensity of the desired
wavelengths; long life; stability; and the ability to emit the
electromagnetic energy in a pulsed and/or continuous mode.
[0095] Irradiating sources can include, but are not limited to, arc
lamps, such as xenon-arc, hydrogen and deuterium, krypton-arc,
high-pressure mercury, platinum, silver; plasma arcs, discharge
lamps, such as As, Bi, Cd, Cs, Ge, Hg, K, P, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sn,
Ti, Tl and Zn; hollow-cathode lamps, either single or multiple
elements such as Cu, Pt, and Ag; and sunlight and coherent
electromagnetic energy emissions, such as masers and lasers.
[0096] Masers are devices which amplify or generate electromagnetic
energy waves with great stability and accuracy. Masers operate on
the same principal as lasers, but produce electro-magnetic energy
in the radio and microwave, rather than visible range of the
spectrum. In masers, the electromagnetic energy is produced by the
transition of molecules between rotational energy levels.
[0097] Lasers are powerful coherent photon sources that produce a
beam of photons having the same frequency, phase and direction,
that is, a beam of photons that travel exactly alike. Accordingly,
for example, the predetermined spectral pattern of a desired
catalyst can be generated by a series or grouping of lasers
producing one or more required frequencies.
[0098] Any laser capable of emitting the necessary electromagnetic
radiation with a frequency or frequencies of the spectral catalyst
may be used in the present invention. Lasers are available for use
throughout much of the spectral range. They can be operated in
either a continuous or a pulsed mode. Lasers that emit lines and
lasers that emit a continuum may be used in the present invention.
Line sources may include argon ion laser, ruby laser, the nitrogen
laser, the Nd:YAG laser, the carbon dioxide laser, the carbon
monoxide laser and the nitrous oxide-carbon dioxide laser. In
addition to the spectral lines that are emitted by lasers, several
other lines are available, by addition or subtraction in a crystal
of the frequency emitted by one laser to or from that emitted by
another laser. Devices that combine frequencies and may be used in
the present invention include difference frequency generators and
sum frequency mixers. Other lasers that may be used in this
invention include, but are not limited to: crystal, such as
Al.sub.2O.sub.3 doped with Cr.sup.3+, Y.sub.3Al.sub.5O.sub.12 doped
with Nd.sup.3+; gas, such as He--Ne, Kr-ion; glass, chemical, such
as vibrationally excited HCL and HF; dye, such as Rhodamine 6G in
methanol; and semiconductor lasers, such as Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.xAs.
Many models can be tuned to various frequency ranges, thereby
providing several different frequencies from one instrument and
applying them to the reaction system (See Examples in Table 2).
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 SEVERAL POPULAR LASERS Medium Type Emitted
wavelength, nm Ar Gas 334,351.1, 363.8, 454.5, 457.9, 465.8, 472.7,
476.5, 488.0, 496.5, 501.7, 514.5, 528.7 Kr Gas 350.7, 356.4,
406.7, 413.1, 415.4, 468.0, 476.2, 482.5, 520.8, 530.9, 568.2,
647.1, 676.4, 752.5, 799.3 He--Ne Gas 632.8 He--Cd Gas 325.0, 441.6
N.sub.2 Gas 337.1 XeF Gas 351 KrF Gas 248 ArF Gas 193 Ruby Solid
693.4 Nd:YAG Solid 266, 355, 532 Pb.sub.1-xCd.sub.xS Solid 2.9
.times. 10.sup.3-2.6 .times. 10.sup.4 Pb.sub.1-xSe.sub.x Solid 2.9
.times. 10.sup.3-2.6 .times. 10.sup.4 Pb.sub.1-xSn.sub.xSe Solid
2.9 .times. 10.sup.3-2.6 .times. 10.sup.4 Pb.sub.1-xSn.sub.xTe
Solid 2.9 .times. 10.sup.3-2.6 .times. 10.sup.4 Dyes Liquid
217-1000
[0099] The coherent light from a single laser or a series of lasers
is simply brought to focus or introduced to the region where a
desired reaction is to take place. The light source should be close
enough to avoid a "dead space" in which the light does not reach
the reaction system, but far enough apart to assure complete
incident-light absorption. Since ultraviolet sources generate heat,
such sources may need to be cooled to maintain efficient operation.
Irradiation time, causing excitation of the reaction system, may be
individually tailored for each reaction: some short-term for a
continuous reaction with large surface exposure to the light
source; or long light-contact time for other systems.
[0100] An object of this invention is to provide a spectral energy
pattern (e.g., a spectral pattern of electromagnetic energy) to the
reaction system by applying at least a portion of (or substantially
all of) a required spectral energy catalyst (e.g., a spectral
catalyst) determined and calculated by, for example, waveform
analysis of the spectral patterns of, for example, the reactant(s)
and the reaction product(s). Accordingly, in the case of a spectral
catalyst, a calculated electromagnetic pattern will be a spectral
pattern or will act as a spectral catalyst to generate a preferred
reaction pathway and/or preferred reaction rate. In basic terms,
spectroscopic data for identified substances can be used to perform
a simple waveform calculation to arrive at, for example, the
correct electromagnetic energy frequency, or combination of
frequencies, needed to catalyze a reaction. In simple terms,
A.fwdarw.B
Substance A=50 Hz, and Substance B=80 Hz
[0101] 80 Hz-50 Hz=30 Hz:
Therefore, Substance A+30 Hz.fwdarw.Substance B.
[0102] The spectral energy pattern (e.g., spectral patterns) of
both the reactant(s) and reaction product(s) can be determined. In
the case of a spectral catalyst, this can be accomplished by the
spectroscopic means mentioned earlier. Once the spectral patterns
are determined (e.g., having a specific frequency or combination of
frequencies) within an appropriate set of environmental reaction
conditions, the spectral energy pattern(s) (e.g., electromagnetic
spectral pattern(s)) of the spectral energy catalyst (e.g.,
spectral catalyst) can be determined. Using the spectral energy
pattern (s) (e.g., spectral patterns) of the reactant(s) and
reaction product(s), a waveform analysis calculation can determine
the energy difference between the reactant(s) and reaction
product(s) and at least a portion of the calculated spectral energy
pattern (e.g., electromagnetic spectral pattern) in the form of a
spectral energy pattern (e.g., a spectral pattern) of a spectral
energy catalyst (e.g., a spectral catalyst) can be applied to the
reaction system to cause the reaction system to follow along the
desired reaction pathway. The specific frequency or frequencies of
the calculated spectral energy pattern (e.g., spectral pattern)
corresponding to the spectral energy catalyst (e.g., spectral
catalyst) will provide the necessary energy input into the reaction
system to affect and initiate a desired reaction pathway.
[0103] Performing the waveform analysis calculation to arrive at,
for example, the correct electromagnetic energy frequency or
frequencies can be accomplished by using complex algebra, Fourier
transformation or Wavelet Transforms, which is available through
commercial channels under the trademark Mathematica.RTM. and
supplied by Wolfram, Co. It should be noted that only a portion of
a calculated spectral energy catalyst (e.g., spectral catalyst) may
be sufficient to catalyze a reaction or a substantially complete
spectral energy catalyst (e.g., spectral catalyst) may be applied
depending on the particular circumstances.
[0104] In addition, at least a portion of the spectral energy
pattern (e.g., electromagnetic pattern of the required spectral
catalyst) may be generated and applied to the reaction system by,
for example, the electromagnetic radiation emitting sources defined
and explained earlier.
[0105] The use of a spectral catalyst may be applicable in many
different areas of technology ranging from biochemical processes to
industrial reactions.
[0106] The specific physical catalysts that may be replaced or
augmented in the present invention may include any solid, liquid,
gas or plasma catalyst, having either homogeneous or heterogeneous
catalytic activity. A homogeneous physical catalyst is defined as a
catalyst whose molecules are dispersed in the same phase as the
reacting chemicals. A heterogeneous physical catalyst is defined as
one whose molecules are not in the same phase as the reacting
chemicals. In addition, enzymes which are considered biological
catalysts are to be included in the present invention. Some
examples of physical catalysts that may be replaced or augmented
comprise both elemental and molecular catalysts, including, not
limited to, metals, such as silver, platinum, nickel, palladium,
rhodium, ruthenium and iron; semiconducting metal oxides and
sulfides, such as NiO.sub.2, Zn), MgO, Bi.sub.2O.sub.3/MoO.sub.3,
TiO.sub.2, SrTiO.sub.3, CdS, CdSe, SiC, GaP, Wo.sub.2 and
MgO.sub.3; copper sulfate; insulating oxides such as
Al.sub.2O.sub.3, SiO.sub.2 and MgO; and Ziegler-Natta catalysts,
such as titanium tetrachloride, and trialkyaluminum.
III. Targeting
[0107] The frequency and wave nature of energy has been discussed
herein. Additionally, Section I entitled "Wave Energies" disclosed
the concepts of various potential interactions between different
waves. The general concepts of "targeting", "direct resonance
targeting", "harmonic targeting" and "non-harmonic heterodyne
targeting" (all defined terms herein) build on these and other
understandings.
[0108] Targeting has been defined generally as the application of a
spectral energy provider (e.g., spectral energy catalyst, spectral
catalyst, spectral energy pattern, spectral pattern, catalytic
spectral energy pattern, catalytic spectral pattern, spectral
environmental reaction conditions and applied spectral energy
pattern) to a reaction system. The application of these types of
energies to a reaction system can result in interaction(s) between
the applied spectral energy provider(s) and matter (including all
components thereof) in the reaction system. This targeting can
result in at least one of direct resonance, harmonic resonance,
and/or non-harmonic heterodyne resonance with at least a portion,
for example, at least one form of matter in a reaction system. In
this invention, targeting should be generally understood as meaning
applying a particular spectral energy provider (e.g., a spectral
energy pattern) to another entity comprising matter (or any
component thereof) to achieve a particular desired result (e.g.,
desired reaction product and/or desired reaction product at a
desired reaction rate). Further, the invention provides techniques
for achieving such desirable results without the production of, for
example, undesirable transients, intermediates, activated complexes
and/or reaction products. In this regard, some limited prior art
techniques exist which have applied certain forms of energies (as
previously discussed) to reaction systems. These certain forms of
energies have been limited to direct resonance and harmonic
resonance with some electronic frequencies and/or vibrational
frequencies of some reactants. These limited forms of energies used
by the prior art were due to the fact that the prior art lacked an
adequate understanding of the spectral energy mechanisms and
techniques disclosed herein. Moreover, it has often been the case
in the prior art that at least some undesirable intermediate,
transient, activated complex and/or reaction product was formed,
and/or a less than optimum reaction rate for a desired reaction
pathway occurred. The present invention overcomes the limitations
of the prior art by specifically targeting, for example, various
forms of matter in a reaction system (and/or components thereof),
with, for example, an applied spectral energy pattern. Heretofore,
such selective targeting of the invention was never disclosed or
suggested. Specifically, at best, the prior art has been reduced to
using random, trial and error or feedback-type analyses which,
although may result in the identification of a single spectral
catalyst frequency, such approach may be very costly and very
time-consuming, not to mention potentially unreproducible under a
slightly different set of reaction conditions. Such trial and error
techniques for determining appropriate catalysts also have the
added drawback, that having once identified a particular catalyst
that works, one is left with no idea of what it means. If one
wishes to modify the reaction, including simple reactions using
size and shape, another trial and error analysis becomes necessary
rather than a simple, quick calculation offered by the techniques
of the present invention.
[0109] Accordingly, whenever use of the word "targeting" is made
herein, it should be understood that targeting does not correspond
to undisciplined energy bands being applied to a reaction system;
but rather to well defined, targeted, applied spectral energy
patterns, each of which has a particular desirable purpose in, for
example, a reaction pathway to achieve a desired result and/or a
desired result at a desired reaction rate.
IV. Environmental Reaction Conditions
[0110] Environmental reaction conditions are important to
understand because they can influence, positively or negatively,
reaction pathways in a reaction system. Traditional environmental
reaction conditions include temperature, pressure, surface area of
catalysts, catalyst size and shape, solvents, support materials,
poisons, promoters, concentrations, electromagnetic radiation,
electric fields, magnetic fields, mechanical forces, acoustic
fields, reaction vessel size, shape and composition and
combinations thereof, etc.
[0111] The following reaction can be used to discuss the effects of
environmental reaction conditions which may need to be taken into
account in order to cause the reaction to proceed along the simple
reaction pathway shown below.
##STR00002##
[0112] Specifically, in some instances, reactant A will not form
into reaction product B in the presence of any catalyst C unless
the environmental reaction conditions in the reaction system
include certain maximum or minimum conditions of environmental
reaction conditions such as pressure and/or temperature. In this
regard, many reactions will not occur in the presence of a physical
catalyst unless the environmental reactions conditions include, for
example, an elevated temperature and/or an elevated pressure. In
the present invention, such environmental reaction conditions
should be taken into consideration when applying a particular
spectral energy catalyst (e.g., a spectral catalyst). Many
specifics of the various environmental reaction conditions are
discussed in greater detail in the Section herein entitled
"Description of the Preferred Embodiments".
V. Spectral Environmental Reaction Conditions
[0113] If it is known that certain reaction pathways will not occur
within a reaction system (or not occur at a desirable rate) even
when a catalyst is present unless, for example, certain minimum or
maximum environmental reaction conditions are present (e.g., the
temperature and/or pressure is/are elevated), then an additional
frequency or combination of frequencies (i.e., an applied spectral
energy pattern) can be applied to the reaction system. In this
regard, spectral environmental reaction condition(s) can be applied
instead of, or to supplement, those environmental reaction
conditions that are naturally present, or need to be present, in
order for a desired reaction pathway and/or desired reaction rate
to be followed. The environmental reaction conditions that can be
supplemented or replaced with spectral environmental reaction
conditions include, for example, temperature, pressure, surface
area of catalysts, catalyst size and shape, solvents, support
materials, poisons, promoters, concentrations, electric fields,
magnetic fields, etc.
[0114] Still further, a particular frequency or combination of
frequencies and/or fields that can produce one or more spectral
environmental reaction conditions can be combined with one or more
spectral energy catalysts and/or spectral catalysts to generate an
applied spectral energy pattern. Accordingly, various
considerations can be taken into account for what particular
frequency or combination of frequencies and/or fields may be
desirable to combine with (or replace) various environmental
reaction conditions, for example.
[0115] As an example, in a simple reaction, assume that a first
reactant "A" has a frequency or simple spectral pattern of 3 THz
and a second reactant "B" has a frequency or simple spectral
pattern of 7 THz. At room temperature, no reaction occurs. However,
when reactants A and B are exposed to high temperatures, their
frequencies, or simple spectral patterns, both shift to 5 THz.
Since their frequencies match, they transfer energy and a reaction
occurs. By applying a frequency of 2 THz, at room temperature, the
applied 2 THz frequency will heterodyne with the 3 THz pattern to
result in, both 1 Thz and 5 THz heterodyned frequencies; while the
applied frequency of 2 THz will heterodyne with the spectral
pattern of 7 THz of reactant "B" and result in heterodyned
frequencies of 5 THz and 9 THz in reactant "B". Thus, the
heterodyned frequencies of 5 THz are generated at room temperature
in each of the reactants "A" and "B". Accordingly, frequencies in
each of the reactants match and thus energy can transfer between
the reactants "A" and "B". When the energy can transfer between
such reactants, all desirable reactions along a reaction pathway
may be capable of being achieved. However, in certain reactions,
only some desirable reactions along a reaction pathway are capable
of being achieved by the application of a singular frequency. In
these instances, additional frequencies and/or fields may need to
be applied to result in all desirable steps along a reaction
pathway being met, including but not limited to, the formation of
all required reaction intermediates and/or transients.
[0116] Thus, by applying a frequency, or combination of frequencies
and/or fields (i.e., creating an applied spectral energy pattern)
which corresponds to at least one spectral environmental reaction
condition, the spectral energy patterns (e.g., spectral patterns
of, for example, reactant(s), intermediates, transients, catalysts,
etc.) can be effectively modified which may result in broader
spectral energy patterns (e.g., broader spectral patterns), in some
cases, or narrower spectral energy patterns (e.g., spectral
patterns) in other cases. Such broader or narrower spectral energy
patterns (e.g., spectral patterns) may correspond to a broadening
or narrowing of line widths in a spectral energy pattern (e.g., a
spectral pattern). As stated throughout herein, when frequencies
match, energy transfers. In this particular embodiment, frequencies
can be caused to match by, for example, broadening the spectral
pattern of one or more participants in a reaction system. For
example, as discussed in much greater detail later herein, the
application of temperature to a reaction system typically causes
the broadening of one or more spectral patterns (e.g., line width
broadening) of, for example, one or more reactants in the reaction
system. It is this broadening of spectral patterns that can cause
spectral patterns of one or more reactants to, for example,
overlap. The overlapping of the spectral patterns can cause
frequencies to match, and thus energy to transfer. When energy is
transferred, reactions can occur. The scope of reactions which
occur, include all of those reactions along any particular reaction
pathway. Thus, the broadening of spectral pattern(s) can result in,
for example, formation of reaction product, formation of and/or
stimulation and/or stabilization of reaction intermediates and/or
transients, catalyst frequencies, poisons, promoters, etc. All of
the environmental reaction conditions that are discussed in detail
in the section entitled "Detailed Description of the Preferred
Embodiments" can be at least partially stimulated in a reaction
system by the application of a spectral environmental reaction
condition.
[0117] Similarly, spectral patterns can be caused to become
non-overlapping by changing, for example, at least one spectral
environmental reaction condition, and thus changing the applied
spectral energy pattern. In this instance, energy will not transfer
(or the rate at which energy transfers can be reduced) and
reactions will not occur (or the rates of reactions can be
slowed).
[0118] Spectral environmental reaction conditions can be utilized
to start and/or stop reactions in a reaction pathway. Thus, certain
reactions can be started, stopped, slowed and/or speeded up by, for
example, applying different spectral environmental reaction
conditions at different times during a reaction and/or at different
intensities. Thus, spectral environmental reaction conditions are
capable of influencing, positively or negatively, reaction pathways
and/or reaction rates in a reaction system.
VI. Designing Physical and Spectral Catalysts
[0119] Moreover, by utilizing the above techniques to design (e.g.,
calculate or determine) a desirable spectral energy pattern, such
as a desirable spectral pattern for a spectral energy catalyst
(e.g., spectral catalyst) rather than applying the spectral energy
catalyst (e.g., spectral catalyst) per se, for example, the
designed spectral pattern can be used to design and/or determine an
optimum physical and/or spectral catalyst that could be used in the
reaction system. Further, the invention may be able to provide a
recipe for a physical and/or spectral catalyst for a particular
reaction system where no catalyst previously existed. For example
in a reaction where:
A.fwdarw.I.fwdarw.B
where A=reactant, B=product and I=known intermediate, and there is
no known catalyst, either a physical or spectral catalyst could be
designed which, for example, resonates with the intermediate "I",
thereby catalyzing the reaction.
[0120] As a first step, the designed spectral pattern could be
compared to known spectral patterns for existing materials to
determine if similarities exist between the designed spectral
pattern and spectral patterns of known materials. If the designed
spectral pattern at least partially matches against a spectral
pattern of a known material, then it is possible to utilize the
known material as a physical catalyst in a reaction system. In this
regard, it may be desirable to utilize the known material alone or
in combination with a spectral energy catalyst and/or a spectral
catalyst. Still further, it may be possible to utilize
environmental reaction conditions and/or spectral environmental
reaction conditions to cause the known material to behave in a
manner which is even closer to the designed energy pattern or
spectral pattern. Further, the application of different spectral
energy patterns may cause the designed catalyst to behave in
different manners, such as, for example, encouraging a first
reaction pathway with the application of a first spectral energy
pattern and encouraging a second reaction pathway with the
application of a second spectral energy pattern. Likewise, the
changing of one or more environmental reaction conditions could
have a similar effect.
[0121] Further, this designed catalyst has applications in all
types of reactions including, but not limited to, chemical (organic
and inorganic), biological, physical, energy, etc.
[0122] Still further, in certain cases, one or more physical
species could be used or combined in a suitable manner, for
example, physical mixing or by a chemical reaction, to obtain a
physical catalyst material exhibiting the appropriate designed
spectral energy pattern (e.g., spectral pattern) to achieve a
desired reaction pathway. Accordingly, a combination of designed
catalyst(s) (e.g., a physical catalyst which is known or
manufactured expressly to function as a physical catalyst),
spectral energy catalyst(s) and/or spectral catalyst(s) can result
in a resultant energy pattern (e.g., which in this case can be a
combination of physical catalyst(s) and/or spectral catalyst(s))
which is conducive to forming desired reaction product(s) and/or
following a desired reaction pathway at a desired reaction rate. In
this regard, various line width broadening and/or narrowing of
spectral energy pattern(s) and/or spectral pattern(s) may occur
when the designed catalyst is combined with various spectral energy
patterns and/or spectral patterns.
[0123] It is important to consider the energy interactions between
all components of the reaction system when calculating or
determining an appropriate designed catalyst. There will be a
particular combination of specific energy pattern(s) (e.g.,
electromagnetic energy) that will interact with the designed
catalyst to form an applied spectral energy pattern. The particular
frequencies, for example, of electromagnetic radiation that should
be caused to be applied to a reaction system should be as many of
those frequencies as possible, when interacting with the
frequencies of the designed catalyst, that can result in desirable
effects to one or more participants in the reaction system, while
eliminating as many of those frequencies as possible which result
in undesirable effects within the reaction system.
VII. Spectral Pharmaceuticals
[0124] Many pharmaceutical agents act as catalysts in biochemical
reactions. While there are several types of exceptions, the effects
of the preponderance of drugs result from their interaction with
functional macromolecular components of the host organism. Such
interaction alters the function of the pertinent cellular
components and thereby initiates the series of biochemical and
physiological changes that are characteristic of the response to
the drug.
[0125] A drug is usually described by its prominent effect or by
the action thought to be the basis of that effect. However, such
descriptions should not obscure the fact that no drug produces only
a single effect. Morphine is correctly described as an analgesic,
but it also suppresses the cough reflex, causes sedation,
respiratory depression, constipation, bronchiolar constriction,
release of histamine, antiduresis, and a variety of other side
effects. A drug is adequately characterized only in terms of its
full spectrum of effects and few drugs are sufficiently selective
to be described as specific.
[0126] One of the objects of this invention is to provide a more
targeted mode for achieving a desired response from a biological
system by introducing a spectral energy catalyst (e.g., a spectral
catalyst) in place of, or to augment, pharmaceutical agents which
may mimic the effect or mechanism of action of a given enzyme, and
thereby, limit the occurrence of unwanted side effects commonly
associated with pharmaceutical agents. Moreover, certain reactions
can be achieved with spectral catalysts that are not achievable
with any specific physical catalyst pharmaceutical.
[0127] A first embodiment of this aspect of the invention involves
DHEA and melatonin which are both pharmaceuticals thought to be
involved in slowing and/or reversing the aging process. The
electromagnetic spectral pattern for DHEA and melatonin could be
emitted from light bulbs present in the home or the workplace. The
resultant EM radiation can be absorbed directly into the central
nervous system via the optic nerves and tracts, producing
anti-aging effects at the site of the genesis of the aging
phenomenon, namely, the central nervous system and the
pineal-hypothalamus-pituitary system.
[0128] A second embodiment of this aspect of the invention involves
a lowering of LDL cholesterol levels with pharmaceutical spectral
patterns emitted by, for example, coils in the mattress of a bed or
in a mattress pad that negatively catalyzes HMG CoA reductase.
Thus, desirable effects can be achieved by targeting appropriate
biologics with unique spectral patterns designed to produce a
desired reaction product.
[0129] A third embodiment of this aspect of the invention involves
the treatment of bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral illnesses
using spectral pharmaceuticals. Specifically, by generating the
catalytic spectral pattern of known drug catalysts, similar effects
to physical drug catalysts can be achieved.
[0130] Another embodiment of this aspect of the invention provides
a treatment for asthma which involves the autonomic nervous system
playing a key role in the control of bronchometer tone both in
normal airways and in those of individuals with bronchospastic
disease. The effects of the autonomic nervous system are thought to
be mediated through their action on the stores of cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (AMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) in
bronchial smooth muscle cells. Further, acetylchlorine, or
stimulation by the vagus nerve, is thought to provide an increase
in the amounts of cyclic GMP relative to cyclic AMP, leading to
smooth muscle contraction and asthma attacks. Conversely, an
increase within bronchial smooth muscle cells in the levels of
cyclic AMP relative to cyclic GMP leads to relaxation of the
bronchial muscles and thus provides a treatment for asthma. The
enzyme, adenylate cyclase, catalyses the formation of cyclic AMP.
Accordingly, by applying (e.g. a pendant worn around the neck) the
catalytic spectral pattern for adenylate cyclase, relief from
asthma could be achieved.
[0131] Some of the most amazing physical catalysts are enzymes
which catalyze the multitudinous reactions in living organisms. Of
all the intricate processes that have evolved in living systems,
none are more striking or more essential than enzyme catalysis. The
amazing fact about enzymes is that not only can they increase the
rate of biochemical reactions by factors ranging from 10.sup.6 to
10.sup.12, but they are also highly specific. An enzyme acts only
on certain molecules while leaving the rest of the system
unaffected. Some enzymes have been found to have a high degree of
specificity while others can catalyze a number of reactions. If a
biological reaction can be catalyzed by only one enzyme, then the
loss of activity or reduced activity of that enzyme could greatly
inhibit the specific reaction and could be detrimental to a living
organism. If this situation occurs, a catalytic spectral energy
pattern could be determined for the exact enzyme or mechanism, then
genetic deficiencies could be augmented by providing the spectral
energy catalyst to replace the enzyme.
VIII. Objects of the Invention
[0132] All of the above information disclosing the invention should
provide a comprehensive understanding of the main aspects of the
invention. However, in order to understand the invention further,
the invention shall now be discussed in terms of some of the
representative objects or goals to be achieved.
[0133] 1. One object of this invention is to control or direct a
reaction pathway in a reaction system by applying a spectral energy
pattern in the form of a spectral catalyst having at least one
electromagnetic energy frequency which may initiate, activate,
and/or affect at least one of the participants involved in the
reaction system.
[0134] 2. Another object of the invention is to provide an
efficient, selective and economical process for replacing a known
physical catalyst in a reaction system comprising the steps of:
[0135] duplicating at least a portion of a spectral pattern of a
physical catalyst (e.g., at least one frequency of a spectral
pattern of a physical catalyst) to form a catalytic spectral
pattern; and
[0136] applying to the reaction system at least a portion of the
catalytic spectral pattern.
[0137] 3. Another object of the invention is to provide a method to
augment a physical catalyst in a reaction system with its own
catalytic spectral pattern comprising the steps of:
[0138] determining an electromagnetic spectral pattern of the
physical catalyst; and
[0139] duplicating at least one frequency of the spectral pattern
of the physical catalyst with at least one electromagnetic energy
emitter source to form a catalytic spectral pattern; and
[0140] applying to the reaction system at least one frequency of
the catalytic spectral pattern at a sufficient intensity and for a
sufficient duration to catalyze the formation of reaction
product(s) in the reaction system.
[0141] 4. Another object of the invention is to provide an
efficient, selective and economical process for replacing a known
physical catalyst in a reaction system comprising the steps of:
[0142] duplicating at least a portion of a spectral pattern of a
physical catalyst (e.g., at least one frequency of a spectral
pattern of a physical catalyst) to form a catalytic spectral
pattern; and
[0143] applying to the reaction system at least a portion of the
catalytic spectral pattern; and,
[0144] applying at least one additional spectral energy pattern
which forms an applied spectral energy pattern when combined with
said catalytic spectral pattern.
[0145] 5. Another object of the invention is to provide a method to
replace a physical catalyst in a reaction system comprising the
steps of:
[0146] determining an electromagnetic spectral pattern of the
physical catalyst;
[0147] duplicating at least one frequency of the electromagnetic
spectral pattern of the physical catalyst with at least one
electromagnetic energy emitter source to form a catalytic spectral
pattern;
[0148] applying to the reaction system at least one frequency of
the catalytic spectral pattern; and
[0149] applying at least one additional spectral energy pattern to
form an applied spectral energy pattern, said applied spectral
energy pattern being applied at a sufficient intensity and for a
sufficient duration to catalyze the formation of at least one
reaction product in the reaction system.
[0150] 6. Another object of this invention is to provide a method
to affect and/or direct a reaction system with a spectral catalyst
by augmenting a physical catalyst comprising the steps of:
[0151] duplicating at least a portion of a spectral pattern of a
physical catalyst (e.g., at least one frequency of a spectral
pattern of the physical catalyst) with at least one electromagnetic
energy emitter source to form a catalytic spectral pattern;
[0152] applying to the reaction system, (e.g., irradiating) at
least a portion of the catalytic spectral pattern (e.g., an
electromagnetic spectral pattern having a frequency range of from
about radio frequency to about ultraviolet frequency) at a
sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze the
reaction system; and
[0153] introducing the physical catalyst into the reaction
system.
[0154] The above method may be practiced by introducing the
physical catalyst into the reaction system before, and/or during,
and/or after applying said catalytic spectral pattern to the
reaction system.
[0155] 7. Another object of this invention is to provide a method
to affect and/or direct a reaction system with a spectral energy
catalyst by augmenting a physical catalyst comprising the steps
of:
[0156] applying at least one spectral energy catalyst at a
sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze the
reaction system;
[0157] introducing the physical catalyst into the reaction
system.
[0158] The above method may be practiced by introducing the
physical catalyst into the reaction system before, and/or during,
and/or after applying the spectral energy catalyst to the reaction
system.
[0159] 8. Another object of this invention is to provide a method
to affect and/or direct a reaction system with a spectral catalyst
and a spectral energy catalyst by augmenting a physical catalyst
comprising the steps of:
[0160] applying at least one spectral catalyst at a sufficient
intensity and for a sufficient duration to at least partially
catalyze the reaction system;
[0161] applying at least one spectral energy catalyst at a
sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to at least
partially catalyze the reaction system; and
[0162] introducing the physical catalyst into the reaction
system.
[0163] The above method may be practiced by introducing the
physical catalyst into the reaction system before, and/or during,
and/or after applying the spectral catalyst and/or the spectral
energy catalyst to the reaction system. Moreover, the spectral
catalyst and spectral energy catalyst may be applied simultaneously
to form an applied spectral energy pattern or they may be applied
sequentially either at the same time or at different times from
when the physical catalyst is introduced into the reaction
system.
[0164] 9. Another object of this invention is to provide a method
to affect and/or direct a reaction system with a spectral catalyst
and a spectral energy catalyst and a spectral environmental
reaction condition, with or without a physical catalyst, comprising
the steps of:
[0165] applying at least one spectral catalyst at a sufficient
intensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze a reaction
pathway;
[0166] applying at least one spectral energy catalyst at a
sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze a
reaction pathway;
[0167] applying at last one spectral environmental reaction
condition at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration
to catalyze a reaction pathway, whereby when any of said at least
one spectral catalyst, said at least one spectral energy catalyst
and/or at least one spectral environmental reaction condition are
applied at the same time, they form an applied spectral energy
pattern; and
[0168] introducing the physical catalyst into the reaction
system.
[0169] The above method may be practiced by introducing the
physical catalyst into the reaction system before, and/or during,
and/or after applying any one of, or any combination of, the
spectral catalyst and/or the spectral energy catalyst and/or the
spectral environmental reaction condition to the reaction system.
Likewise, the spectral catalyst and/or the spectral energy catalyst
and/or the spectral environmental reaction condition can be
provided sequentially or continuously.
[0170] 10. Another object of this invention is to provide a method
to affect and direct a reaction system with an applied spectral
energy pattern and a spectral energy catalyst comprising the steps
of:
[0171] applying at least one applied spectral energy pattern at a
sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze the
reaction system, whereby said at least one applied spectral energy
pattern comprises at least two members selected from the group
consisting of catalytic spectral energy pattern, catalytic spectral
pattern, spectral catalyst, spectral energy catalyst, spectral
energy pattern, spectral environmental reaction condition and
spectral pattern; and
[0172] applying at least one spectral energy catalyst to the
reaction system.
[0173] The above method may be practiced by introducing the applied
spectral energy pattern into the reaction system before, and/or
during, and/or after applying the spectral energy catalyst to the
reaction system. Moreover, the spectral energy catalyst and the
applied spectral energy pattern can be provided sequentially or
continuously. If applied continuously, a new applied spectral
energy pattern is formed.
[0174] 11. Another object of this invention is to provide a method
to affect and direct a reaction system with a spectral energy
catalyst comprising the steps of:
[0175] determining at least a portion of a spectral energy pattern
for starting reactant(s) in said reaction system;
[0176] determining at least a portion of a spectral energy pattern
for reaction product(s) in said reaction system;
[0177] calculating an additive spectral energy pattern (e.g., at
least one electromagnetic frequency) from said reactant(s) and
reaction product(s) spectral energy patterns to determine a
required spectral energy catalyst (e.g., a spectral catalyst);
[0178] generating at least a portion of the required spectral
energy catalyst (e.g., at least one electromagnetic frequency of
the required spectral catalyst); and
[0179] applying to the reaction system (e.g., irradiating with
electromagnetic energy) said at least a portion of the required
spectral energy catalyst (e.g., spectral catalyst) to form desired
reaction product(s).
[0180] 12. Another object of the invention is to provide a method
to affect and direct a reaction system with a spectral energy
catalyst comprising the steps of:
[0181] targeting at least one participant in said reaction system
with at least one spectral energy catalyst to cause the formation
and/or stimulation and/or stabilization of at least one transient
and/or at least one intermediate to result in desired reaction
product(s).
[0182] 13. Another object of the invention is to provide a method
for catalyzing a reaction system with a spectral energy pattern to
result in at least one reaction product comprising:
[0183] applying at least one spectral energy pattern for a
sufficient time and at a sufficient intensity to cause the
formation and/or stimulation and/or stabilization of at least one
transient and/or at least one intermediate to result in desired
reaction product(s) at a desired reaction rate.
[0184] 14. Another object of the invention is to provide a method
to affect and direct a reaction system with a spectral energy
catalyst and at least one of the spectral environmental reaction
condition comprising the steps of:
[0185] applying at least one applied spectral energy catalyst to at
least one participant in said reaction system; and
[0186] applying at least one spectral environmental reaction
condition to said reaction system to cause the formation and/or
stimulation and/or stabilization of at least one transient and/or
at least one intermediate to permit desired reaction product(s) to
form.
[0187] 15. Another object of the invention is to provide a method
for catalyzing a reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst to
result in at least one reaction product comprising:
[0188] applying at least one frequency (e.g., electromagnetic)
which heterodynes with at least one reactant frequency to cause the
formation of and/or stimulation and/or stabilization of at least
one transient and/or at least one intermediate to result in desired
reaction product(s).
[0189] 16. Another object of the invention is to provide a method
for catalyzing a reaction system with at least one spectral energy
pattern resulting in at least one reaction product comprising:
[0190] applying a sufficient number of frequencies (e.g.,
electromagnetic) and/or fields (e.g., electric and/or magnetic) to
result in an applied spectral energy pattern which stimulates all
transients and/or intermediates required in a reaction pathway to
result in desired reaction product(s).
[0191] 17. Another object of the invention is to provide a method
for catalyzing a reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst
resulting in at least one reaction product comprising:
[0192] targeting at least one participant in said reaction system
with at least one frequency and/or field to form, indirectly, at
least one transient and/or at least one intermediate, whereby
formation of said at least one transient and/or at least one
intermediate results in the formation of an additional at least one
transient and/or at least one additional intermediate.
[0193] 18. It is another object of the invention to provide a
method for catalyzing a reaction system with a spectral energy
catalyst resulting in at least one reaction product comprising:
[0194] targeting at least one spectral energy catalyst to at least
one participant in said reaction system to form indirectly at least
one transient and/or at least one intermediate, whereby formation
of said at least one transient and/or at least one intermediate
results in the formation of an additional at least one transient
and/or at least one additional intermediate.
[0195] 19. It is a further object of the invention to provide a
method for directing a reaction system along a desired reaction
pathway comprising:
[0196] applying at least one targeting approach selected from the
group of approaches consisting of direct resonance targeting,
harmonic targeting and non-harmonic heterodyne targeting.
[0197] In this regard, these targeting approaches can cause the
formation and/or stimulation and/or stabilization of at least one
transient and/or at least one intermediate to result in desired
reaction product(s).
[0198] 20. It is another object of the invention to provide a
method for catalyzing a reaction system comprising:
[0199] applying at least one frequency to at least one participant
and/or at least one component in said reaction system to cause the
formation and/or stimulation and/or stabilization of at least one
transient and/or at least one intermediate to result in desired
reaction product(s), whereby said at least one frequency comprises
at least one frequency selected from the group consisting of direct
resonance frequencies, harmonic resonance frequencies, non-harmonic
heterodyne resonance frequencies, electronic frequencies,
vibrational frequencies, rotational frequencies,
rotational-vibrational frequencies, fine splitting frequencies,
hyperfine splitting frequencies, electric field splitting
frequencies, magnetic field splitting frequencies, cyclotron
resonance frequencies, orbital frequencies and nuclear
frequencies.
[0200] In this regard, the applied frequencies can include any
desirable frequency or combination of frequencies which resonates
directly, harmonically or by a non-harmonic heterodyne technique,
with at least one participant and/or at least one component in said
reaction system.
[0201] 21. It is another object of the invention to provide a
method for directing a reaction system along with a desired
reaction pathway with a spectral energy pattern comprising:
[0202] applying at least one frequency and/or field to cause the
spectral energy pattern (e.g., spectral pattern) of at least one
participant and/or at least one component in said reaction system
to at least partially overlap with the spectral energy pattern
(e.g., spectral pattern) of at least one other participant and/or
at least one other component in said reaction system to permit the
transfer of energy between said at least two participants and/or
components.
[0203] 22. It is another object of the invention to provide a
method for catalyzing a reaction system with a spectral energy
pattern resulting in at least one reaction product comprising:
[0204] applying at least one spectral energy pattern to cause the
spectral energy pattern of at least one participant and/or
component in said reaction system to at least partially overlap
with a spectral energy pattern of at least one other participant
and/or component in said reaction system to permit the transfer of
energy between the at least two participants and/or components,
thereby causing the formation of said at least one reaction
product.
[0205] 23. It is a further object of the invention to provide a
method for catalyzing a reaction system with a spectral energy
catalyst resulting in at least one reaction product comprising:
[0206] applying at least one frequency and/or field to cause
spectral energy pattern (e.g., spectral pattern) broadening of at
least one participant (e.g., at least one reactant) and/or
component in said reaction system to cause a transfer of energy to
occur resulting in transformation (e.g., chemically, physically,
phase or otherwise) of at least one participant and/or at least one
component in said reaction system.
[0207] In this regard, the transformation may result in a reaction
product which is of a different chemical composition and/or
different physical or crystalline composition and/or phases than
any of the chemical and/or physical or crystalline compositions
and/or phases of any starting reactant. Thus, only transients may
be involved in the conversion of a reactant into a reaction
product.
[0208] 24. It is a further object of the invention to provide a
method for catalyzing a reaction system with a spectral energy
catalyst resulting in at least one reaction product comprising:
[0209] applying an applied spectral energy pattern to cause
spectral energy pattern (e.g., spectral pattern) broadening of at
least one participant (e.g., at least one reactant) and/or
component in said reaction system to cause a transfer of energy to
occur resulting in transformation (e.g., chemically, physically,
phase or otherwise) of at least one participant and/or at least one
component in said reaction system.
[0210] In this regard, the transformation may result in a reaction
product which is of a different chemical composition and/or
different physical or crystalline composition and/or phase than any
of the chemical and/or physical or crystalline compositions and/or
phases of any starting reactant. Thus, only transients may be
involved in the conversion of a reactant into a reaction
product.
[0211] 25. Another object of the invention is to provide a method
for controlling a reaction and/or directing a reaction pathway by
utilizing at least one spectral environmental reaction condition,
comprising:
[0212] forming a reaction system; and
[0213] applying at least one spectral environmental reaction
condition to direct said reaction system along a desired reaction
pathway.
[0214] In this regard, the applied spectral environmental reaction
condition can be used alone or in combination with other
environmental reaction conditions to achieve desired results.
Further, additional spectral energy patterns may also be applied,
simultaneously and/or continuously with said spectral environmental
reaction condition.
[0215] 26. Another object of the invention is to provide a method
for designing a catalyst where no catalyst previously existed
(e.g., a physical catalyst and/or spectral energy catalyst), to be
used in a reaction system, comprising:
[0216] determining a required spectral pattern to obtain a desired
reaction and/or desired reaction pathway and/or desired reaction
rate; and
[0217] designing a catalyst (e.g., material or combination of
materials, and/or spectral energy catalysts) that exhibit(s) a
spectral pattern that approximates the required spectral
pattern.
[0218] In this regard, the designed catalyst material may comprise
be a physical admixing of one or more materials and/or more
materials that have been combined by an appropriate reaction, such
as a chemical reaction. The designed material may be enhanced in
function by one or more spectral energy patterns that may also be
applied to the reaction system. Moreover, the application of
different spectral energy patterns may cause the designed material
to behave in different manners, such as, for example, encouraging a
first reaction pathway with the application of a first spectral
energy pattern and encouraging a second reaction pathway with the
application of a second spectral energy pattern. Likewise, the
changing of one or more environmental reaction conditions could
have a similar effect.
[0219] Further, this designed material has applications in all
types of reactions including, but not limited to, chemical (organic
and inorganic), biological, physical, etc.
[0220] While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory or
explanation of operation, it is believed that when frequencies
match, energy transfers. The transfer of energy can be a sharing of
energy between two entities and, for example, a transfer of energy
from one entity into another entity. The entities may both be, for
example, matter, or one entity may be matter and the other energy
(e.g. energy may be a spectral energy pattern such as
electromagnetic frequencies, and/or an electric field and/or a
magnetic field).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0221] FIGS. 1a and 1b show a graphic representation of an acoustic
or electromagnetic wave.
[0222] FIG. 1c shows the combination wave which results from the
combining of the waves in FIG. 1a and FIG. 1b.
[0223] FIGS. 2a and 2b show waves of different amplitudes but the
same frequency. FIG. 2a shows a low amplitude wave and FIG. 2b
shows a high amplitude wave.
[0224] FIGS. 3a and 3b show frequency diagrams. FIG. 3a shows a
time vs. amplitude plot and FIG. 3b shows a frequency vs. amplitude
plot.
[0225] FIG. 4 shows a specific example of a heterodyne
progression.
[0226] FIG. 5 shows a graphical example of the heterodyned series
from FIG. 4.
[0227] FIG. 6 shows fractal diagrams.
[0228] FIGS. 7a and 7b show hydrogen energy level diagrams.
[0229] FIGS. 8a-8c show three different simple reaction
profiles.
[0230] FIGS. 9a and 9b show fine frequency diagram curves for
hydrogen.
[0231] FIG. 10 shows various frequencies and intensities for
hydrogen.
[0232] FIGS. 11a and 11b show two light amplification diagrams with
stimulated emission/population inversions.
[0233] FIG. 12 shows a resonance curve where the resonance
frequency is f.sub.o, an upper frequency=f.sub.2 and a lower
frequency=f.sub.1, wherein f.sub.1 and f.sub.2 are at about 50% of
the amplitude of f.sub.o.
[0234] FIGS. 13a and 13b show two different resonance curves having
different quality factors. FIG. 13a shows a narrow resonance curve
with a high Q and FIG. 13b shows a broad resonance curve with a low
Q.
[0235] FIG. 14 shows two different energy transfer curves at
fundamental resonance frequencies (curve A) and a harmonic
frequency (curve B).
[0236] FIGS. 15a-c show how a spectral pattern varies at three
different temperatures. FIG. 15a is at a low temperature, FIG. 15b
is at a moderate temperature and FIG. 15c is at a high
temperature.
[0237] FIG. 16 is spectral curve showing a line width which
corresponds to f.sub.2-f.sub.1.
[0238] FIGS. 17a and 17b show two amplitude vs. frequency curves.
FIG. 17a shows distinct spectral curves at low temperature; and
FIG. 17b shows overlapping of spectral curves at a higher
temperature.
[0239] FIG. 18a shows the influence of temperature on the
resolution of infrared absorption spectra; FIG. 18b shows blackbody
radiation; and FIG. 18c shows curves A and C at low temperature,
and broadened curves A and C* at higher temperature, with C* also
shifted.
[0240] FIG. 19 shows spectral patterns which exhibit the effect of
pressure broadening on the compound NH.sub.3.
[0241] FIG. 20 shows the theoretical shape of pressure-broadened
lines at three different pressures for a single compound.
[0242] FIGS. 21a and 21b are two graphs which show experimental
confirmation of changes in spectral patterns at increased
pressures. FIG. 21a corresponds to a spectral pattern representing
the absorption of water vapor in air and FIG. 21b is a spectral
pattern which corresponds to the absorption of NH.sub.3 at one
atmosphere pressure.
[0243] FIG. 22a shows a representation of radiation from a single
atom and FIG. 22b shows a representation of radiation from a group
of atoms.
[0244] FIGS. 23a-d show four different spectral curves, three of
which exhibit self-absorption patterns. FIG. 23a is a standard
spectral curve not showing any self-absorption; FIG. 23b shows the
shifting of resonant frequency due to self absorption; FIG. 23c
shows a self-reversal spectral pattern due to self-absorption; and
FIG. 23d shows an attenuation example of a self-reversal spectral
pattern.
[0245] FIG. 24a shows an absorption spectra of alcohol and phthalic
acid in hexane; FIG. 24b shows an absorption spectra for the
absorption of iodine in alcohol and carbon tetrachloride; and FIG.
24c shows the effect of mixtures of alcohol and benzene on the
solute phenylazophenol.
[0246] FIG. 25a shows a tetrahedral unit representation of aluminum
oxide and FIG. 25b shows a representation of a tetrahedral unit for
silicon dioxide.
[0247] FIG. 26a shows a truncated octahedron crystal structure for
aluminum or silicon combined with oxygen and FIG. 26b shows a
plurality of truncated octahedrons joined together to represent
zeolite. FIG. 26c shows truncated octahedrons for zeolites "X" and
"Y" which are joined together by oxygen bridges.
[0248] FIG. 27 is a graph which shows the influence of copper and
bismuth on zinc/cadmium line ratios.
[0249] FIG. 28 is a graph which shows the influence of magnesium on
copper/aluminum intensity ratio.
[0250] FIG. 29 shows the concentration effects on the atomic
spectra frequencies of N-methyl urethane in carbon tetrachloride
solutions at the following concentrations: a) 0.01M; b) 0.03M; c)
0.06M; d) 0.10M; 3) 0.15M.
[0251] FIG. 30 shows plots corresponding to the emission spectrum
of hydrogen. Specifically, FIG. 30a corresponds to Balmer Series 2
for hydrogen; and FIG. 30b corresponds to emission spectrum for the
456 THz frequency of hydrogen.
[0252] FIG. 31 corresponds to a high resolution laser saturation
spectrum for the 456 THz frequency of hydrogen.
[0253] FIG. 32 shows fine splitting frequencies which exist under a
typical spectral curve.
[0254] FIG. 33 corresponds to a diagram of atomic electron levels
(n) in fine structure frequencies (.alpha.).
[0255] FIG. 34 shows fine structures of the n=1 and n=2 levels of a
hydrogen atom.
[0256] FIG. 35 shows multiplet splittings for the lowest energy
levels of carbon, oxygen and fluorine: 43.5 cm=1.3 THz; 16.4
cm.sup.-1=490 GHz; 226.5 cm.sup.-1=6.77 THz; 158.5 cm.sup.-1=4.74
THz; 404 cm.sup.-1=12.1 THz.
[0257] FIG. 36 shows a vibration band of SF.sub.6 at a wavelength
of 10 .mu.m.sup.2.
[0258] FIG. 37a shows a spectral pattern similar to that shown in
FIG. 36, with a particular frequency magnified. FIG. 37b shows fine
structure frequencies in greater detail for the compound
SF.sub.6.
[0259] FIG. 38 shows an energy level diagram which corresponds to
different energy levels for a molecule where rotational corresponds
to "J", vibrational corresponds to "v" and electronic levels
correspond to "n".
[0260] FIGS. 39a and 39b correspond to pure rotational absorption
spectrum of gaseous hydrogen chloride as recorded with an
interferometer; FIG. 39b shows the same spectrum of FIG. 39a at a
lower resolution (i.e., not showing any fine frequencies).
[0261] FIG. 40 corresponds to the rotational spectrum for hydrogen
cyanide. "J" corresponds to the rotational level.
[0262] FIG. 41 shows a spectrum corresponding to the additive
heterodyne of v.sub.1 and v.sub.5 in the spectral band showing the
frequency band at A (v.sub.1-v.sub.5), B=v.sub.1-2v.sub.5.
[0263] FIG. 42 shows a graphical representation of fine structure
spectrum showing the first four rotational frequencies for CO in
the ground state. The difference (heterodyne) between the molecular
fine structure rotational frequencies is 2.times. the rotational
constant B (i.e., f.sub.2-f.sub.1=2B). In this case, B=57.6 GHz
(57,635.970 MHz).
[0264] FIG. 43a shows rotational and vibrational frequencies (MHz)
for LiF. FIG. 43b shows differences between rotational and
vibrational frequencies for LiF.
[0265] FIG. 44 shows the rotational transition J=1.fwdarw.2 for the
triatomic molecule OCS. The vibrational state is given by
vibrational quantum numbers in brackets (v.sub.1, v.sub.2,
v.sub.3), v.sub.2 have a superscript [l]. In this case, l=1. A
subscript 1 is applied to the lower-frequency component of the
l-type doublet, and 2 to the higher-frequency components. The two
lines at (01.sup.10) and (01.sup.10) are an l-type doublet,
separated by q.sub.1.
[0266] FIG. 45 shows the rotation-vibration band and fine structure
frequencies for SF.sub.6.
[0267] FIG. 46 shows a fine structure spectrum for SF.sub.6 from
zero to 300 being magnified.
[0268] FIGS. 47a and 47b show the magnification of two curves from
fine structure of SF.sub.6 showing hyperfine structure frequencies.
Note the regular spacing of the hyperfine structure curves. FIG.
47a shows magnification of the curve marked with a single asterisk
(*) in FIG. 46 and FIG. 47b shows the magnification of the curved
marked with a double asterisk (**) in FIG. 46.
[0269] FIG. 48 shows an energy level diagram corresponding to the
hyperfine splitting for the hyperfine structure in the n=2 to n=3
transition for hydrogen.
[0270] FIG. 49 shows the hyperfine structure in the J=1.fwdarw.2 to
rotational transition of CH.sub.3I.
[0271] FIG. 50 shows the hyperfine structure of the J=1.fwdarw.2
transition for ClCN in the ground vibrational state.
[0272] FIG. 51 shows energy level diagrams and hyperfine
frequencies for the NO molecule.
[0273] FIG. 52 shows a spectrum corresponding to the hyperfine
frequencies for NH.sub.3.
[0274] FIG. 53 shows hyperfine structure and doubling of the
NH.sub.3 spectrum for rotational level J=3. The upper curves in
FIG. 53 show experimental data, while the lower curves are derived
from theoretical calculations. Frequency increases from left to
right in 60 KHz intervals.
[0275] FIG. 54 shows a hyperfine structure and doubling of NH.sub.3
spectrum for rotational level J=4. The upper curves in each of FIG.
54 show experimental data, while the lower curves are derived from
theoretical calculations. Frequency increases from left to right in
60 KHz intervals.
[0276] FIG. 55 shows a Stark effect for potassium. In particular,
the schematic dependence of the 4.sub.s and 5.sub.p energy levels
on the electric field.
[0277] FIG. 56 shows a graph plotting the deviation from zero-field
positions of the 5p.sup.2P.sub.1/2.fwdarw.4s.sup.2S.sub.1/2,3/2
transition wavenumbers against the square of the electric
field.
[0278] FIG. 57 shows the frequency components of the J=0.fwdarw.1
rotational transition for CH.sub.3Cl, as a function of field
strength. Frequency is given in megacycles (MHz) and electric field
strength (esu cm) is given as the square of the field E.sup.2, in
esu.sup.2/cm.sup.2.
[0279] FIG. 58 shows the theoretical and experimental measurements
of Stark effect in the J=1.fwdarw.2 transition of the molecule OCS.
The unaltered absolute rotational frequency is plotted at zero, and
the frequency splitting and shifting is denoted as MHz higher or
lower than the original frequency.
[0280] FIG. 59 shows patterns of Stark components for transitions
in the rotation of an asymmetric top molecule. Specifically, FIG.
59a shows the J=4.fwdarw.5 transitions; and FIG. 59b shows the
J=4.fwdarw.4 transitions. The electric field is large enough for
complete spectral resolution.
[0281] FIG. 60 shows the Stark effect for the OCS molecule on the
J=1.fwdarw.2 transition with applied electric fields at various
frequencies. The "a" curve represents the Stark effect with a
static DC electric field; the "b" curve represents broadening and
blurring of the Stark frequencies with a 1 KHz electric field; and
the "c" curve represents normal Stark type effect with electric
field of 1,200 KHz.
[0282] FIG. 61a shows a construction of a Stark waveguide and FIG.
61b shows a distribution of fields in the Starck waveguide.
[0283] FIG. 62a shows the Zeeman effect for sodium "D" lines; and
FIG. 62b shows the energy level diagram for transitions in the
Zeeman effect for sodium "D" lines.
[0284] FIG. 63 is a graph which shows the splitting of the ground
term of the oxygen atom as a function of magnetic field.
[0285] FIG. 64 is a graphic which shows the dependence of the
Zeeman effect on magnetic field strength for the "3P" state of
silicon.
[0286] FIG. 65a is a pictorial which shows a normal Zeeman effect
and FIG. 65b is a pictorial which shows an anomolous Zeeman
effect.
[0287] FIG. 66 shows anomalous Zeeman effect for zinc
.sup.3P.fwdarw..sup.3S.
[0288] FIG. 67a shows a graphic representation of four Zeeman
splitting frequencies and FIG. 67b shows a graphic representation
of four new heterodyned differences.
[0289] FIGS. 68a and 68b show graphs of typical Zeeman splitting
patterns for two different transitions in a paramagnetic
molecule.
[0290] FIG. 69 shows the frequencies of hydrogen listed
horizontally across the Table; and the frequencies of platinum
listed vertically on the Table.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0291] In general, thermal energy is used to drive chemical
reactions by applying heat and increasing the temperature. The
addition of heat increases the kinetic (motion) energy of the
chemical reactants. A reactant with more kinetic energy moves
faster and farther, and is more likely to take part in a chemical
reaction. Mechanical energy likewise, by stirring and moving the
chemicals, increases their kinetic energy and thus their
reactivity. The addition of mechanical energy often increases
temperature, by increasing kinetic energy.
[0292] Acoustic energy is applied to chemical reactions as orderly
mechanical waves. Because of its mechanical nature, acoustic energy
can increase the kinetic energy of chemical reactants, and can also
elevate their temperature(s). Electromagnetic (EM) energy consists
of waves of electric and magnetic fields. EM energy may also
increase the kinetic energy and heat in reaction systems. It may
energize electronic orbitals or vibrational motion in some
reactions.
[0293] Both acoustic and electromagnetic energy may consist of
waves. The number of waves in a period of time can be counted.
Waves are often drawn, as in FIG. 1a. Usually, time is placed on
the horizontal X-axis. The vertical Y-axis shows the strength or
intensity of the wave. This is also called the amplitude. A weak
wave will be of weak intensity and will have low amplitude (see
FIG. 2a). A strong wave will have high amplitude (see FIG. 2b).
Traditionally, the number of waves per second is counted, to obtain
the frequency.
Frequency=Number of waves/time=Waves/second=Hz.
[0294] Another name for "waves per second", is "hertz" (abbreviated
"Hz"). Frequency is drawn on wave diagrams by showing a different
number of waves in a period of time (see FIG. 3a which shows waves
having a frequency of 2 Hz and 3 Hz). It is also drawn by placing
frequency itself, rather than time, on the X-axis (see FIG. 3b
which shows the same 2 Hz and 3 Hz waves plotted differently).
[0295] Energy waves and frequency have some interesting properties,
and may interact in some interesting ways. The manner in which wave
energies interact, depends largely on the frequency. For example,
when two waves of energy interact, each having the same amplitude,
but one at a frequency of 400 Hz and the other at 100 Hz, the waves
will add their frequencies, to produce a new frequency of 500 Hz
(i.e., the "sum" frequency). The frequency of the waves will also
subtract to produce a frequency of 300 HZ (i.e., the "difference"
frequency). All wave energies typically add and subtract in this
manner, and such adding and subtracting is referred to as
heterodyning. Common results of heterodyning are familiar to most
as harmonics in music.
[0296] There is a mathematical, as well as musical basis, to the
harmonics produced by heterodyning. Consider, for example, a
continuous progression of heterodyned frequencies. As discussed
above, beginning with 400 Hz and 100 Hz, the sum frequency is 500
Hz and the difference frequency is 300 Hz. If these frequencies are
further heterodyned (added and subtracted) then new frequencies of
800 (i.e., 500+300) and 200 (i.e., 500-300) are obtained. The
further heterodyning of 800 and 200 results in 1,000 and 600 Hz as
shown in FIG. 4.
[0297] A mathematical pattern begins to emerge. Both the sum and
the difference columns contain alternating series of numbers that
double with each set of heterodynes. In the sum column, 400 Hz, 800
Hz, and 1,600 Hz, alternates with 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, and 2000 Hz. The
same sort of doubling phenomenon occurs in the difference
column.
[0298] Heterodyning of frequencies is the natural process that
occurs whenever waveform energies interact. Heterodyning results in
patterns of increasing numbers that are mathematically derived. The
number patterns are integer multiples of the original frequencies.
These multiples are called harmonics. For example, 800 Hz and 1600
Hz are harmonics of 400 Hz. In musical terms, 800 Hz is one octave
above 400 Hz, and 1600 Hz is two octaves higher. It is important to
understand the mathematical heterodyne basis for harmonics, which
occurs in all waveform energies, and thus in all of nature.
[0299] The mathematics of frequencies is very important. Frequency
heterodynes increase mathematically in visual patterns (see FIG.
5). Mathematics has a name for these visual patterns of FIG. 5.
These patterns are called fractals. A fractal is defined as a
mathematical function which produces a series of self-similar
patterns or numbers. Fractal patterns have spurred a great deal of
interest historically because fractal patterns are found everywhere
in nature. Fractals can be found in the patterning of large
expanses of coastline, all the way down to microorganisms. Fractals
are found in the behavior of organized insects and in the behavior
of fluids. The visual patterns produced by fractals are very
distinct and recognizable. A typical fractal pattern is shown in
FIG. 6.
[0300] A heterodyne is a mathematical function, governed by
mathematical equations, just like a fractal. A heterodyne also
produces self-similar patterns of numbers, like a fractal. If
graphed, a heterodyne series produces the same familiar visual
shape and form which is so characteristic of fractals. It is
interesting to compare the heterodyne series in FIG. 5, with the
fractal series in FIG. 6.
[0301] Heterodynes are fractals; the conclusion is inescapable.
Heterodynes and fractals are both mathematical functions which
produce a series of self-similar patterns or numbers. Wave energies
interact in heterodyne patterns. Thus, all wave energies interact
as fractal patterns. Once it is understood that the fundamental
process of interacting energies is itself a fractal process, it
becomes easier to understand why so many creatures and systems in
nature also exhibit fractal patterns. The fractal processes and
patterns of nature are established at a fundamental or basic
level.
[0302] Accordingly, since energy interacts by heterodyning, matter
should also be capable of interacting by a heterodyning process.
All matter whether in large or small forms, has what is called a
natural oscillatory frequency. The natural oscillatory frequency
("NOF") of an object, is the frequency at which the object prefers
to vibrate, once set in motion. The NOF of an object is related to
many factors including size, shape, dimension, and composition. The
smaller an object is the smaller the distance it has to cover when
it oscillates back and forth. The smaller the distance, the faster
it can oscillate, and the higher its NOF.
[0303] For example, consider a wire composed of metal atoms. The
wire has a natural oscillatory frequency. The individual metal
atoms also have unique natural oscillatory frequencies. The NOF of
the atoms and the NOF of the wire heterodyne by adding and
subtracting, just the way energy heterodynes.
NOF.sub.atom+NOF.sub.wire=Sum Frequency.sub.atom+wire
and
NOF.sub.atom-NOF.sub.wire=Difference Frequency.sub.atom-wire
[0304] If the wire is stimulated with the Difference
Frequency.sub.atom-wire, the difference frequency will heterodyne
(add) with the NOF.sub.wire to produce NOF.sub.atom, (natural
oscillatory frequency of the atom) and the atom will absorb with
the energy, thereby becoming stimulated to a higher energy level.
Cirac and Zoeller reported this phenomenon in 1995, and they used a
laser to generate the Difference Frequency.
Difference Frequency.sub.atom-wire+NOF.sub.wire=NOF.sub.atom
[0305] Matter heterodynes with matter in a manner similar to the
way in which wave energies heterodyne with other wave energies.
This means that matter in its various states may also interact in
fractal processes. This interaction of matter by fractal processes
assists in explaining why so many creatures and systems in nature
exhibit fractal processes and patterns. Matter, as well as energy,
interacts by the mathematical equations of heterodynes, to produce
harmonics and fractal patterns. That is why there are fractals
everywhere around us.
[0306] Thus, energy heterodynes with energy, and matter heterodynes
with matter. However, perhaps even more important is that matter
can heterodyne with energy (and visa versa). In the metal wire
discussion above, the Difference Frequency.sub.atom-wire in the
experiment by Cirac and Zoeller was provided by a laser which used
electromagnetic wave energy at a frequency equal to the Difference
Frequency.sub.atom-wire. The matter in the wire, via its natural
oscillatory frequency, heterodyned with the electromagnetic wave
energy frequency of the laser to produce the frequency of an
individual atom of matter. This shows that energy and matter do
heterodyne with each other.
[0307] In general, when energy encounters matter, one of three
possibilities occur. The energy either bounces off the matter
(i.e., is reflected energy), passes through the matter (i.e., is
transmitted energy), or interacts and/or combines with the matter
(e.g., is absorbed or heterodynes with the matter). If the energy
heterodynes with the matter, new frequencies of energy and/or
matter will be produced by mathematical processes of sums and
differences. If the frequency thus produced matches an NOF of the
matter, the energy will be, at least partially, absorbed, and the
matter will be stimulated to, for example, a higher energy level,
(i.e., it possesses more energy). A crucial factor which determines
which of these three possibilities will happen is the frequency of
the energy compared to the frequency of the matter. If the
frequencies do not match, the energy will either be reflected, or
will pass on through as transmitted energy. If the frequencies of
the energy and the matter match either directly (e.g., are close to
each other, as discussed in greater detail later herein), or match
indirectly (e.g., heterodynes), then the energy is capable of
interacting and/or combining with the matter.
[0308] Another term often used for describing the matching of
frequencies is resonance. In this invention, use of the term
resonance will typically mean that frequencies of matter and/or
energy match. For example, if the frequency of energy and the
frequency of matter match, the energy and matter are in resonance
and the energy is capable of combining with the matter. Resonance,
or frequency matching, is merely an aspect of heterodyning that
permits the coherent transfer and combination of energy with
matter.
[0309] In the example above with the wire and atoms, resonance
could have been created with the atom, by stimulating the atom with
a laser frequency exactly matching the NOF of the atom. In this
case, the atom would be energized with its own resonant frequency
and the energy would be transferred to the atom directly.
Alternatively, as was performed in the actual wire/laser
experiment, resonance could also have been created with the atom by
using the heterodyning that naturally occurs between differing
frequencies. Thus, the resonant frequency of the atom
(NOF.sub.atom) can be produced indirectly, as an additive (or
subtractive) heterodyned frequency, between the resonant frequency
of the wire (NOF.sub.wire) and the applied frequency of the laser.
Either direct resonance, or indirect resonance through heterodyned
frequency matching, produces resonance and thus permits the
combining of matter and energy. When frequencies match, energy
transfers.
[0310] Heterodyning produces indirect resonance. Heterodyning also
produces harmonics, (i.e., frequencies that are integer multiples
of the resonant (NOF) frequency. For example, the music note "A" is
approximately 440 Hz. If that frequency is doubled to about 880 Hz,
the note "A" is heard an octave higher. This first octave is called
the first harmonic. Doubling the note or frequency again, from 880
Hz to 1,760 Hz (i.e., four times the frequency of the original
note) results in another "A", two octaves above the original note.
This is called the third harmonic. Every time the frequency is
doubled another octave is achieved, so these are the even integer
multiples of the resonant frequency.
[0311] In between the first and third harmonic is the second
harmonic, which is three times the original note. Musically, this
is not an octave like the first and third harmonics. It is an
octave and a fifth, equal to the second "E" above the original "A".
All of the odd integer multiples are fifths, rather than octaves.
Because harmonics are simply multiples of the fundamental natural
oscillatory frequency, harmonics stimulate the NOF or resonant
frequency indirectly. Thus by playing the high "A" at 880 Hz on a
piano, the string for middle "A" at 440 Hz should also begin to
vibrate due to the phenomenon of harmonics.
[0312] Matter and energy in chemical reactions respond to harmonics
of resonant frequencies much the way musical instruments do. Thus,
the resonant frequency of the atom (NOF.sub.atom) can be stimulated
indirectly, using one or more of its' harmonic frequencies. This is
because the harmonic frequency heterodynes with the resonant
frequency of the atom itself (NOF.sub.atom). For example, in the
wire/atom example above, if the laser is tuned to 800 THz and the
atom resonates at 400 THz, heterodyning the two frequencies results
in:
800 THz-400 THz=400 THz.
[0313] The 800 THz (the atom's first harmonic), heterodynes with
the resonant frequency of the atom, to produce the atom's own
resonant frequency. Thus the first harmonic indirectly resonates
with the atom's NOF, and stimulates the atom's resonant frequency
as a first generation heterodyne.
[0314] Of course, the two frequencies will also heterodyne in the
other direction, producing:
800 THz+400 THz=1,200 THz
The 1,200 THz frequency is not the resonant frequency of the atom.
Thus, part of the energy of the laser will heterodyne to produce
the resonant frequency of the atom. The other part of the energy of
the laser heterodynes to a different frequency, that does not
itself stimulate the resonant frequency of the atom. That is why
the stimulation of an object by a harmonic frequency of particular
strength of amplitude, is typically less than the stimulation by
its' own resonant (NOF) frequency at the same particular
strength.
[0315] Although it appears that half the energy of a harmonic is
wasted, that is not necessarily the case. Referring again to the
exemplary atom vibrating at 400 THz, exposing the atom to
electromagnetic energy vibrating at 800 THz will result in
frequencies subtracting and adding as follows:
800 THz-400 THz=400 THz
and
800 THz+400 THz=1,200 THz
[0316] The 1,200 THz heterodyne, for which about 50% of the energy
appears to be wasted, will heterodyne with other frequencies also,
such as 800 THz. Thus,
1,200 THz-800 THz=400 THz.
Also, the 1,200 THz will heterodyne with 400 THz:
1,200 THz-400 THz=800 THz,
thus producing 800 THz, and the 800 THz will heterodyne with 400
THz:
800 THz-400 THz=400 THz,
thus producing 400 THz frequency again. When other generations of
heterodynes of the seemingly wasted energy are taken into
consideration, the amount of energy transferred by a first harmonic
frequency is much greater than the previously suggested 50%
transfer of energy. There is not as much energy transferred by this
approach when compared to direct resonance, but this energy
transfer is sufficient to produce a desired effect (see FIG.
14).
[0317] As stated previously, Ostwald's theories on catalysts and
bond formation were based on the kinetic theories of chemistry from
the turn of the century. However, it should now be understood that
chemical reactions are interactions of matter, and that matter
interacts with other matter through resonance and heterodyning of
frequencies; and energy can just as easily interact with matter
through a similar processes of resonance and heterodyning. With the
advent of spectroscopy (discussed in more detail elsewhere herein),
it is evident that matter produces, for example, electromagnetic
energy at the same or substantially the same frequencies at which
it vibrates. Energy and matter can move about and recombine with
other energy or matter, as long as their frequencies match, because
when frequencies match, energy transfers. In many respects, both
philosophically and mathematically, both matter and energy can be
fundamentally construed as corresponding to frequency. Accordingly,
since chemical reactions are recombinations of matter driven by
energy, chemical reactions are in effect, driven just as much by
frequency.
[0318] Analysis of a typical chemical reaction should be helpful in
understanding the normal processes disclosed herein. A
representative reaction to examine is the formation of water from
hydrogen and oxygen gases, catalyzed by platinum. Platinum has been
known for some time to be a good hydrogen catalyst, although the
reason for this has not been well understood.
##STR00003##
[0319] This reaction is proposed to be a chain reaction, depending
on the generation and stabilization of the hydrogen and hydroxy
intermediates. The proposed reaction chain is:
##STR00004##
[0320] Generation of the hydrogen and hydroxy intermediates are
thought to be crucial to this reaction chain. Under normal
circumstances, hydrogen and oxygen gas can be mixed together for an
indefinite amount of time, and they will not form water. Whenever
the occasional hydrogen molecule splits apart, the hydrogen atoms
do not have adequate energy to bond with an oxygen molecule to form
water. The hydrogen atoms are very short-lived as they simply
re-bond again to form a hydrogen molecule. Exactly how platinum
catalyzes this reaction chain is a mystery to the prior art.
[0321] The present invention teaches that an important step to
catalyzing this reaction is the understanding now provided that it
is crucial not only to generate the intermediates, but also to
energize and/or stabilize (i.e., maintain the intermediates for a
longer time), so that the intermediates have sufficient energy to,
for example, react with other components in the reaction system. In
the case of platinum, the intermediates react with the reactants to
form product and more intermediates (i.e., by generating,
energizing and stabilizing the hydrogen intermediate, it has
sufficient energy to react with the molecular oxygen reactant,
forming water and the hydroxy intermediate, instead of falling back
into a hydrogen molecule). Moreover, by energizing and stabilizing
the hydroxy intermediates, the hydroxy intermediates can react with
more reactant hydrogen molecules, and again water and more
intermediates result from this chain reaction. Thus, generating
energizing and/or stabilizing the intermediates, influences this
reaction pathway. Paralleling nature in this regard would be
desirable (e.g., nature can be paralleled by increasing the energy
levels of the intermediates). Specifically, desirable,
intermediates can be energized and/or stabilized by applying at
least one appropriate electromagnetic frequency resonant with the
intermediate, thereby stimulating the intermediate to a higher
energy level. Interestingly, that is what platinum does (e.g.,
various platinum frequencies resonate with the intermediates on the
reaction pathway for water formation). Moreover, in the process of
energizing and stabilizing the reaction intermediates, platinum
fosters the generation of more intermediates, which allows the
reaction chain to continue, and thus catalyzes the reaction.
[0322] As a catalyst, platinum takes advantage of many of the ways
that frequencies interact with each other. Specifically,
frequencies interact and resonate with each other: 1) directly, by
matching a frequency; or 2) indirectly, by matching a frequency
through harmonics or heterodynes. In other words, platinum vibrates
at frequencies which both directly match the natural oscillatory
frequencies of the intermediates, and which indirectly match their
frequencies, for example, by heterodyning harmonics with the
intermediates.
[0323] Further, in addition to the specific intermediates of the
reaction discussed above herein, it should be understood that in
this reaction, like in all reactions, various transients or
transient states also exist. In some cases, transients or transient
states may only involve different bond angles between similar
chemical species or in other cases transients may involve
completely different chemistries altogether. In any event, it
should be understood that numerous transient states exist between
any particular combination of reactant and reaction product.
[0324] It should now be understood that physical catalysts produce
effects by generating, energizing and/or stabilizing all manner of
transients, as well as intermediates. In this regard, FIG. 8a shows
a single reactant and a single product. The point "A" corresponds
to the reactant and the point "B" corresponds to the reaction
product. The point "C" corresponds to an activated complex.
Transients correspond to all those points on the curve between
reactant "A" and product "B", and can also include the activated
complex "C".
[0325] In a more complex reaction which involves formation of at
least one intermediate, the reaction profile looks somewhat
different. In this regard, reference is made to FIG. 8b, which
shows reactant "A", product "B", activated complex "C' and C", and
intermediate "D". In this particular example, the intermediate "D"
exists as a minimum in the energy reaction profile of the reaction,
while it is surrounded by the activated complexes C' and C''.
However, again, in this particular reaction, transients correspond
to anything between the reactant "A" and the reaction product "B",
which in this particular example, includes the two activated
complexes "C'" and "C''," as well as the intermediate "D". In the
particular example of hydrogen and oxygen combining to form water,
the reaction profile is closer to that shown in FIG. 8c. In this
particular reaction profile, "D'" and "D''" could correspond
generally to the intermediates of the hydrogen atom and hydroxy
molecule.
[0326] Now, with specific reference to the reaction to form water,
both intermediates are good examples of how platinum produces
resonance in an intermediate by directly matching a frequency.
Hydroxy intermediates vibrate strongly at frequencies of 975 THz
and 1,060 THz. Platinum also vibrates at 975 THz and 1,060 THz. By
directly matching the frequencies of the hydroxy intermediates,
platinum can cause resonance in hydroxy intermediates, enabling
them to be energized, stimulated and/or stabilized long enough to
take part in chemical reactions. Similarly, platinum also directly
matches frequencies of the hydrogen intermediates. Platinum
resonates with about 10 out of about 24 hydrogen frequencies in its
electronic spectrum (see FIG. 69). Specifically, FIG. 69 shows the
frequencies of hydrogen listed horizontally across the Table and
the frequencies of platinum listed vertically on the Table. Thus,
by directly resonating with the intermediates in the
above-described reaction, platinum facilitates the generation,
energizing, stimulating, and/or stabilizing of the intermediates,
thereby catalyzing the desired reaction.
[0327] Platinum's interactions with hydrogen are also a good
example of matching frequencies through heterodyning. It is
disclosed herein, and shown clearly in FIG. 69, that many of the
platinum frequencies resonate indirectly as harmonics with the
hydrogen atom intermediate (e.g., harmonic heterodynes).
Specifically, fifty-six (56) frequencies of platinum (i.e., 33% of
all its frequencies) are harmonics of nineteen (19) hydrogen
frequencies (i.e., 80% of its 24 frequencies). Fourteen (14)
platinum frequencies are first harmonics (2.times.) of seven (7)
hydrogen frequencies. And, twelve (12) platinum frequencies are
third harmonics (4.times.) of four (4) hydrogen frequencies. Thus,
the presence of platinum causes massive indirect harmonic resonance
in the hydrogen atom, as well as significant direct resonance.
[0328] Further focus on the individual hydrogen frequencies is even
more informative. FIGS. 9-10 show a different picture of what
hydrogen looks like when the same information used to make energy
level diagrams is plotted as actual frequencies and intensities
instead. Specifically, the X-axis shows the frequencies emitted and
absorbed by hydrogen, while the Y-axis shows the relative intensity
for each frequency. The frequencies are plotted in terahertz (THz,
10.sup.12 Hz) and are rounded to the nearest THz. The intensities
are plotted on a relative scale of 1 to 1,000. The highest
intensity frequency that hydrogen atoms produce is 2,466 THz. This
is the peak of curve Ito the far right in FIG. 9a. This curve I
shall be referred to as the first curve. Curve I sweeps down and to
the right, from 2,466 THz at a relative intensity of 1,000 to 3,237
THz at a relative intensity of only about 15.
[0329] The second curve in FIG. 9a, curve II, starts at 456 THz
with a relative intensity of about 300 and sweeps down and to the
right. It ends at a frequency of 781 THz with a relative intensity
of five (5). Every curve in hydrogen has this same downward sweep
to the right. Progressing from right to left in FIG. 9, the curves
are numbered I through V; going from high to low frequency and from
high to low intensity.
[0330] The hydrogen frequency chart shown in FIG. 10 appears to be
much simpler than the energy level diagrams. It is thus easier to
visualize how the frequencies are organized into the different
curves shown in FIG. 9. In fact, there is one curve for each of the
series described by Rydberg. Curve "I" contains the frequencies in
the Lyman series, originating from what quantum mechanics refers to
as the first energy level. The second curve from the right, curve
"II", equates to the second energy level, and so on.
[0331] The curves in the hydrogen frequency chart of FIG. 9 are
composed of sums and differences (i.e., they are heterodyned). For
example, the smallest curve at the far left, labeled curve "V", has
two frequencies shown, namely 40 THz and 64 THz, with relative
intensities of six (6) and four (4), respectively (see also FIG.
10). The next curve, IV, begins at 74 THz, proceeds to 114 THz and
ends with 138 THz. The summed heterodyne calculations are thus:
40+74=114
64+74+138.
[0332] The frequencies in curve IV are the sum of the frequencies
in curve V plus the peak intensity frequency in curve IV.
[0333] Alternatively, the frequencies in curve IV, minus the
frequencies in curve V, yield the peak of curve IV:
114-40=74
138-64=74.
[0334] This is not just a coincidental set of sums or differences
in curves IV and V. Every curve in hydrogen is the result of adding
each frequency in any one curve, with the highest intensity
frequency in the next curve.
[0335] These hydrogen frequencies are found in both the atom
itself, and in the electromagnetic energy it radiates. The
frequencies of the atom and its energy, add and subtract in regular
fashion. This is heterodyning. Thus, not only matter and energy
heterodyne interchangeably, but matter heterodynes its' own energy
within itself.
[0336] Moreover, the highest intensity frequencies in each curve
are heterodynes of heterodynes. For example, the peak frequency in
Curve I of FIG. 9 is 2,466 THz, which is the third harmonic of 616
THz;
4.times.616 THz=2,466 THz.
Thus, 2,466 THz is the third harmonic of 616 THz (Recall that for
heterodyned harmonics, the result is even multiples of the starting
frequency, i.e., for the first harmonic 2.times. the original
frequency and the third harmonic is 4.times. the original
frequency. Multiplying a frequency by four (4) is a natural result
of the heterodyning process.) Thus, 2,466 THz is a fourth
generation heterodyne, namely the third harmonic of 616 THz.
[0337] The peak of curve II of FIG. 9, a frequency corresponding to
456 THz, is the third harmonic of 114 THz in curve IV. The peak of
curve III, corresponding to a frequency of 160 THz, is the third
harmonic of 40 THz in curve V. The peaks of the curves shown in
FIG. 9 are not only heterodynes between the curves but are also
harmonics of individual frequencies which are themselves
heterodynes. The whole hydrogen spectrum turns out to be an
incestuously heterodyned set of frequencies and harmonics.
[0338] Theoretically, this heterodyne process could go on forever.
For example, if 40 is the peak of a curve, that means the peak is
four (4) times a lower number, and it also means that the peak of
the previous curve is 24 (64-40=24). It is possible to
mathematically extrapolate backwards and downwards this way to
derive lower and lower frequencies. Peaks of successive curves to
the left are 24.2382, 15.732, and 10.786 THz, all generated from
the heterodyne process. These frequencies are in complete agreement
with the Rydberg formula for energy levels 6, 7 and 8,
respectively. Not much attention has historically been given by the
prior art to these lower frequencies and their heterodyning.
[0339] This invention teaches that the heterodyned frequency curves
amplify the vibrations and energy of hydrogen. A low intensity
frequency on curve IV or V has a very high intensity by the time it
is heterodyned out to curve I. In many respects, the hydrogen atom
is just one big energy amplification system. Moving from low
frequencies to high frequencies, (i.e., from curve V to curve I in
FIG. 9), the intensities increase dramatically. By stimulating
hydrogen with 2,466 THz at an intensity of 1,000, the result will
be 2,466 THz at 1,000 intensity. However, if hydrogen is stimulated
with 40 THz at an intensity of 1,000, by the time it is amplified
back out to curve I of FIG. 9, the result will be 2,466 THz at an
intensity of 167,000. This heterodyning turns out to have a direct
bearing on platinum, and on how platinum interacts with hydrogen.
It all has to do with hydrogen being an energy amplification
system. That is why the lower frequency curves are perceived as
being higher energy levels. By understanding this process, the low
frequencies of low intensity suddenly become potentially very
significant.
[0340] Platinum resonates with most, if not all, of the hydrogen
frequencies with one notable exception, the highest intensity curve
at the far right in the frequency chart of FIG. 9 (i.e., curve I)
representing energy level 1, and beginning with 2,466 THz. Platinum
does not appear to resonate significantly with the ground state
transition of the hydrogen atom. However, it does resonate with
multiple upper energy levels of lower frequencies.
[0341] With this information, one ongoing mystery can be solved.
Ever since lasers were developed, the prior art chemists believed
that there had to be some way to catalyze a reaction using lasers.
Standard approaches involved using the single highest intensity
frequency of an atom (such as 2,466 THz of hydrogen) because it was
apparently believed that the highest intensity frequency would
result in the highest reactivity. This approach was taken due to
considering only the energy level diagrams. Accordingly, prior art
lasers are typically tuned to a ground state transition frequency.
This use of lasers in the prior art has been minimally successful
for catalyzing chemical reactions. It is now understood why this
approach was not successful. Platinum, the quintessential hydrogen
catalyst, does not resonate with the ground state transition of
hydrogen. It resonates with the upper energy level frequencies, in
fact, many of the upper level frequencies. Without wishing to be
bound by any particular theory or explanation, this is probably why
platinum is such a good hydrogen catalyst.
[0342] Platinum resonates with multiple frequencies from the upper
energy levels (i.e., the lower frequencies). There is a name given
to the process of stimulating many upper energy levels, it is
called a laser.
[0343] Einstein essentially worked out the statistics on lasers at
the turn of the century when atoms at the ground energy level
(E.sub.1) are resonated to an excited energy level (E.sub.2). Refer
to the number of atoms in the ground state as "N.sub.1" and the
number of excited atoms as "N.sub.2", with the total "N.sub.total".
Since there are only two possible states that atoms can occupy:
N.sub.total=N.sub.1+N.sub.2.
[0344] After all the mathematics are performed, the relationship
which evolves is:
N 2 N total = N 2 N 1 + N 2 < 1 2 ##EQU00001##
In a two level system, it is predicted that there will never by
more than 50% of the atoms in the higher energy level, E.sub.2, at
the same time.
[0345] If, however, the same group of atoms is energized at three
(3) or more energy levels (i.e., a multi-level system), it is
possible to obtain more than 50% of the atoms energized above the
first level. By referring to the ground and energized levels as
E.sub.1, E.sub.2, and E.sub.3, respectively, and the numbers of
atoms as N.sub.total, N.sub.1, N.sub.2, and N.sub.3, under certain
circumstances, the number of atoms at an elevated energy level
(N.sub.3) can be more than the number at a lower energy level
(N.sub.2). When this happens, it is referred to as a "population
inversion". Population inversion means that more of the atoms are
at higher energy levels that at the lower energy levels.
[0346] Population inversion in lasers is important. Population
inversion causes amplification of light energy. For example, in a
two-level system, one photon in results in one photon out. In a
system with three (3) or more energy levels and population
inversion, one photon in may result in 5, 10, or 15 photons out
(see FIG. 11). The amount of photons out depends on the number of
levels and just how energized each level becomes. All lasers are
based on this simple concept of producing a population inversion in
a group of atoms, by creating a multi-level energized system among
the atoms. Lasers are simply devices to amplify electromagnetic
wave energy (i.e., light) Laser is actually an abbreviation for
Light Amplification System for Emitting Radiation.
[0347] By referring back to the interactions discussed herein
between platinum and hydrogen, platinum energizes 19 upper level
frequencies in hydrogen (i.e., 80% of the total hydrogen
frequencies). But only three frequencies are needed for a
population inversion. Hydrogen is stimulated at 19. This is a
clearly multi-level system. Moreover, consider that seventy
platinum frequencies do the stimulating. On average, every hydrogen
frequency involved is stimulated by three or four (i.e., 70/19)
different platinum frequencies; both directly resonant frequencies
and/or indirectly resonant harmonic frequencies. Platinum provides
ample stimulus, atom per atom, to produce a population inversion in
hydrogen. Finally, consider the fact that every time a stimulated
hydrogen atom emits some electromagnetic energy, that energy is of
a frequency that matches and stimulates platinum in return.
[0348] Platinum and hydrogen both resonate with each other in their
respective multi-level systems. Together, platinum and hydrogen
form an atomic scale laser (i.e., an energy amplification system on
the atomic level). In so doing, platinum and hydrogen amplify the
energies that are needed to stabilize both the hydrogen and hydroxy
intermediates, thus catalyzing the reaction pathway for the
formation of water. Platinum is such a good hydrogen catalyst
because it forms a lasing system with hydrogen on the atomic level,
thereby amplifying their respective energies.
[0349] Further, this reaction hints that in order to catalyze a
reaction system and/or control the reaction pathway in a reaction
system it is possible for only a single transient and/or
intermediate to be formed and/or energized by an applied frequency
(e.g., a spectral catalyst) and that by forming and/or stimulating
at least one transient and/or at least one intermediate that is
required to follow for a desired reaction pathway (e.g., either a
complex reaction or a simple reaction), then a frequency, or
combination of frequencies, which result in such formation or
stimulation of only one of such required transients and/or
intermediates may be all that is required. Accordingly, the present
invention recognizes that in some reaction systems, by determining
at least one required transient and/or intermediate, and by
applying at least one frequency which generates, energizes and/or
stabilizes said at least one transient and/or intermediate, then
all other transients and/or intermediates required for a reaction
to proceed down a desired reaction pathway may be self-generated.
However, in some cases, the reaction could be increased in rate by
applying the appropriate frequency or spectral energy pattern,
which directly stimulates all transients and/or intermediates that
are required in order for a reaction to proceed down a desired
reaction pathway. Accordingly, depending upon the particulars of
any reaction system, it may be desirable for a variety of reasons,
including equipment, environmental reaction conditions, etc., to
provide or apply a frequency or spectral energy pattern which
results in the formation and/or stimulation and/or stabilization of
any required transients and/or intermediates. Thus, in order to
determine an appropriate frequency or spectral energy pattern, it
is first desirable to determine which transients and/or
intermediates are present in any reaction pathway.
[0350] Specifically, once all known required transients and/or
intermediates are determined, then, one can determine
experimentally or empirically which transients and/or intermediates
are essential to a reaction pathway and then determine, which
transients and or intermediates can be self-generated by the
stimulation and/or formation of a different transient or
intermediate. Once such determinations are made, appropriate
spectral energies (e.g., electromagnetic frequencies) can then be
applied to the reaction system to obtain the desirable reaction
product and/or desirable reaction pathway.
[0351] It is known that an atom of platinum interacts with an atom
of hydrogen and/or a hydroxy intermediate. And, that is exactly
what modern chemistry has taught for the last one hundred years,
based on Ostwald's theory of catalysis. However, the prior art
teaches that catalysts must participate in the reaction by binding
to the reactants, in other words, the prior art teaches a matter:
matter bonding interaction is required for physical catalysts. As
previously stated, these reactions follow these steps:
[0352] 1. Reactant diffusion to the catalyst site;
[0353] 2. Bonding of reactant to the catalyst site;
[0354] 3. Reaction of the catalyst-reactant complex;
[0355] 4. Bond rupture at the catalytic site (product); and
[0356] 5. Diffusion of the product away from the catalyst site.
[0357] However, according to the present invention, for example,
energy: energy frequencies can interact as well as energy: matter
frequencies. Moreover, matter radiates energy, with the energy
frequencies being substantially the same as the matter frequencies.
So platinum vibrates at the frequency of 1,060 THz, and it also
radiates electromagnetic energy at 1,060 THz. Thus, according to
the present invention, the distinction between energy frequencies
and matter frequencies starts to look less important.
[0358] Resonance can be produced in, for example, the reaction
intermediates by permitting them to come into contact with
additional matter vibrating at substantially the same frequencies,
such as those frequencies of a platinum atom (e.g., platinum
stimulating the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to form
water). Alternatively, according to the present invention,
resonance can be produced in the intermediates by introducing
electromagnetic energy corresponding to one or more platinum
energies, which also vibrate at the same frequencies, thus at least
partially mimicking (an additional mechanism of platinum is
resonance with the H.sub.2 molecule, a pathway reactant) the
mechanism of action of a platinum catalyst. Matter, or energy, it
makes no difference as far as the frequencies are concerned,
because when the frequencies match, energy transfers. Thus,
physical catalysts are not required. Rather, the application of at
least a portion of the spectral pattern of a physical catalyst may
be sufficient (i.e. at least a portion of the catalytic spectral
pattern). However, in another preferred embodiment, substantially
all of a spectral pattern can be applied.
[0359] Still further, by understanding the catalyst mechanism of
action, particular frequencies can be applied to, for example, one
or more reactants in a reaction system and, for example, cause the
applied frequencies to heterodyne with existing frequencies in the
matter itself to result in frequencies which correspond to one or
more platinum catalyst or other relevant spectral frequencies. For
example, both the hydrogen atom and the hydrogen molecule have
unique frequencies. By heterodyning the frequencies a subtractive
frequency can be determined:
NOF.sub.H atom-NOF.sub.H molecule=Difference.sub.H
atom-molecule
[0360] The Difference.sub.H atom-molecule frequency applied to the
H.sub.2 molecule reactant will heterodyne with the molecule and
energize the individual hydrogen atoms as intermediates. Similarly,
any reaction participant can serve as the heterodyning backboard
for stimulation of another participant. For example,
Difference.sub.H atom-.sub.Oxygen molecule+NOF.sub.oxygen
molecule=NOF.sub.H atom
or
Difference.sub.OH-water+NOF.sub.water=NOF.sub.OH
[0361] This approach enables greater flexibility for choice of
appropriate equipment to apply appropriate frequencies. However,
the key to this approach is understanding catalyst mechanisms of
action and the reaction pathway so that appropriate choices for
application of frequencies can be made.
[0362] Specifically, whenever reference is made to, for example, a
spectral catalyst duplicating at least a portion of a physical
catalyst's spectral pattern, this reference is to all the different
frequencies produced by a physical catalyst; including, but not
necessarily limited to, electronic, vibrational, rotational, and
NOF frequencies. To catalyze, control, and/or direct a chemical
reaction then, all that is needed is to duplicate one or more
frequencies from a physical catalyst, with, for example, an
appropriate electromagnetic energy. The actual physical presence of
the catalyst is not necessary. A spectral catalyst can
substantially completely replace a physical catalyst, if
desired.
[0363] A spectral catalyst can also augment or promote the activity
of a physical catalyst. The exchange of energy at particular
frequencies, between hydrogen, hydroxy, and platinum is primarily
what drives the conversion to water. These participants interact
and create a miniature atomic scale lasing system that amplify
their respective energies. The addition of these same energies to a
reaction system, using a spectral catalyst, does the same thing.
The spectral catalyst amplifies the participant energies by
resonating with them and when frequencies match, energy transfers
and the chemicals (matter) can absorb the energy. Thus, a spectral
catalyst can augment a physical catalyst, as well as replace it. In
so doing, the spectral catalyst may increase the reaction rate,
enhance specificity, and/or allow for the use of less physical
catalyst.
[0364] FIG. 12 shows a basic bell-shaped curve produced by
comparing how much energy an object absorbs, as compared to the
frequency of the energy. This curve is called a resonance curve. As
elsewhere herein stated, the energy transfer between, for example,
atoms or molecules, reaches a maximum at the resonant frequency
(f.sub.o). The farther away an applied frequency is from the
resonant frequency, f.sub.o, the lower the energy transfer (e.g.,
matter to matter, energy to matter, etc.). At some point the energy
transfer will fall to a value representing only about 50% of that
at the resonant frequency f.sub.o. The frequency higher than the
resonant frequency, at which energy transfer is only about 50% is
called "f.sub.2." The frequency lower than the resonant frequency,
at which about 50% energy transfer occurs, is labeled
"f.sub.1."
[0365] The resonant characteristics of different objects can be
compared using the information from the simple exemplary resonance
curve shown in FIG. 12. One such useful characteristic is called
the "resonance quality" or "Q" factor. To determine the resonance
quality for an object the following equation is utilized:
Q = f 0 ( f 2 - f 1 ) ##EQU00002##
[0366] Accordingly, as shown from the equation, if the bell-shaped
resonance curve is tall and narrow, then (f.sub.2-f.sub.1) will be
a very small number and Q, the resonance quality, will be high (see
FIG. 13a). An example of a material with a high "Q" is a high
quality quartz crystal resonator. If the resonance curve is low and
broad, then the spread or difference between f.sub.2 and f.sub.1
will be relatively large. An example of a material with a low "Q"
is a marshmallow. The dividing of the resonant frequency by this
large number will produce a much lower Q value (see FIG. 13b).
[0367] Atoms and molecules, for example, have resonance curves
which exhibit properties similar to larger objects such as quartz
crystals and marshmallows. If the goal is to stimulate atoms in a
reaction (e.g., hydrogen in the reaction to produce water as
mentioned previously) a precise resonant frequency produced by a
reaction system component or environmental reaction condition
(e.g., hydrogen) can be used. It is not necessary to use the
precise frequency, however. Use of a frequency that is near a
resonant frequency of, for example, one or more reaction system
components or environmental reaction conditions is adequate. There
will not be quite as much of an effect as using the exact resonant
frequency, because less energy will be transferred, but there will
still be an effect. The closer the applied frequency is to the
resonant frequency, the more the effect. The farther away the
applied frequency is from the resonant frequency, the less effect
that is present (i.e., the less energy transfer that occurs).
[0368] Harmonics present a similar situation. As previously stated,
harmonics are created by the heterodyning (i.e., adding and
subtracting) of frequencies, allowing the transfer of significant
amounts of energy. Accordingly, for example, desirable results can
be achieved in chemical reactions if applied frequencies (e.g., at
least a portion of a spectral catalyst) are harmonics (i.e.,
matching heterodynes) with one or more resonant frequency(ies) of
one or more reaction system components or environmental reaction
conditions.
[0369] Further, similar to applied frequencies being close to
resonant frequencies, applied frequencies which are close to the
harmonic frequency can also produce desirable results. The
amplitude of the energy transfer will be less relative to a
harmonic frequency, but an effect will still occur. For example, if
the harmonic produces 70% of the amplitude of the fundamental
resonant frequency and by using a frequency which is merely close
to the harmonic, for example, about 90% on the harmonic's resonance
curve, then the total effect will be 90% of 70%, or about 63% total
energy transfer in comparison to a direct resonant frequency.
Accordingly, according to the present invention, when at least a
portion of the frequencies of one or more reaction system
components or environmental reaction conditions at least partially
match, then at least some energy will transfer and at least some
reaction will occur (i.e., when frequencies match, energy
transfers).
Duplicating the Catalyst Mechanics of Action
[0370] As stated previously, to catalyze, control, and/or direct a
chemical reaction, a spectral catalyst can be applied. The spectral
catalyst may correspond to at least a portion of a spectral pattern
of a physical catalyst or the spectral catalyst may correspond to
frequencies which form or stimulate required participants (e.g.,
heterodyned frequencies) or the spectral catalyst may substantially
duplicate environmental reaction conditions such as temperature or
pressure. Thus, as now taught by the present invention, the actual
physical presence of a catalyst is not required to achieve the
desirable chemical reactions. The removal of a physical catalyst is
accomplished by understanding the underlying mechanism inherent in
catalysis, namely that desirable energy can be exchanged (i.e.,
transferred) between, for example, (1) at least one participant
(e.g., reactant, transient, intermediate, activated complex,
reaction product, promoter and/or poison) and/or at least one
component in a reaction system and (2) an applied electromagnetic
energy (e.g., spectral catalyst) when such energy is present at one
or more specific frequencies. In other words, the targeted
mechanism that nature has built into the catalytic process can be
copied according to the teachings of the present invention. Nature
can be further mimicked because the catalyst process reveals
several opportunities for duplicating catalyst mechanisms of
action, and hence improving the use of spectral catalysts, as well
as the control of countless chemical reactions.
[0371] For example, the previously discussed reaction of hydrogen
and oxygen to produce water, which used platinum as a catalyst, is
a good starting point for understanding catalyst mechanisms of
action. For example, this invention discloses that platinum
catalyzes the reaction in several ways not contemplated by the
prior art:
[0372] Platinum directly resonates with and energizes reaction
intermediates and/or transients (e.g., atomic hydrogen and hydroxy
radicals);
[0373] Platinum harmonically resonates with and energizes at least
one reaction intermediate and or transient (e.g., atomic hydrogen);
and
[0374] Platinum energizes multiple upper energy levels of at least
one reaction intermediate and or transient (e.g., atomic
hydrogen).
[0375] This knowledge can be utilized to improve the functioning of
the spectral catalyst and/or spectral energy catalyst to design
spectral catalysts and spectral energy catalysts which differ from
actual catalytic spectral patterns, and to design physical
catalysts, and to optimize environmental reaction conditions. For
example, the frequencies of atomic platinum are in the ultraviolet,
visible light, and infrared regions of the electromagnetic
spectrum. The electronic spectra of virtually all atoms are in
these same regions. However, these very high electromagnetic
frequencies can be a problem for large-scale and industrial
applications because wave energies having high frequencies
typically do not penetrate matter very well (i.e., do not penetrate
far into matter). The tendency of wave energy to be absorbed rather
than transmitted, can be referred to as attenuation. High frequency
wave energies have a high attenuation, and thus do not penetrate
far into a typical industrial scale reaction vessel containing
typical reactants for a chemical reaction. Thus, the duplication
and application of at least a portion of the spectral pattern of
platinum into a commercial scale reaction vessel will typically be
a slow process because a large portion of the applied spectral
pattern of the spectral catalysts may be rapidly absorbed near the
edges of the reaction vessel.
[0376] Thus, in order to input energy into a large industrial-sized
commercial reaction vessel, a lower frequency energy could be used
that would penetrate farther into the reactants housed within the
reaction vessel. The present invention teaches that this can be
accomplished in a unique manner by copying nature. As discussed
herein, the spectra of atoms and molecules are broadly classified
into three (3) different groups: electronic, vibrational, and
rotational. The electronic spectra of atoms and small molecules are
said to result from transitions of electrons from one energy level
to another, and have the corresponding highest frequencies,
typically occurring in the ultraviolet (UV), visible, and infrared
(IR) regions of the EM spectrum. The vibrational spectra are said
to result primarily from this movement of bonds between individual
atoms within molecules, and typically occur in the infrared and
microwave regions. Rotational spectra occur primarily in the
microwave and radiowave regions of the EM spectrum due, primarily,
to the rotation of the molecules.
[0377] Microwave or radiowave radiation could be an acceptable
frequency to be used as a spectral catalyst because it would
penetrate well into a large reaction vessel. Unfortunately,
platinum atoms do not produce frequencies in the microwave or
radiowave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum because they do
not have vibrational or rotational spectra. However, by copying the
mechanism of action platinum, selected platinum frequencies can be
used as a model for a spectral catalyst in the microwave portion of
the spectrum. Specifically, as previously discussed, one mechanism
of action of platinum in the reaction system to produce water
involves energizing at least one reaction intermediate and/or
transient. Reaction intermediates in this reaction are atomic
hydrogen and the hydroxy radical. Atomic hydrogen has a high
frequency electronic spectrum without vibrational or rotational
spectra. The hydroxy radical, on the other hand, is a molecule, and
has vibrational and rotational spectra as well as an electronic
spectrum. Thus, the hydroxy radical emits, absorbs and heterodynes
frequencies in the microwave portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
[0378] Thus, to copy the mechanism of action of platinum in the
reaction to form water, namely resonating with at least one
reaction intermediate and/or transient, the hydroxy intermediate
can be specifically targeted via resonance. However, instead of
resonating with the hydroxy radical in its electronic spectrum, as
physical platinum catalyst does, at least one hydroxy frequency in
the microwave portion of the EM spectrum can be used to resonate
with the hydroxy radical. Hydroxy radicals heterodyne at a
microwave frequency of about 21.4 GHz. Energizing a reaction system
of hydrogen and oxygen gas with a spectral catalyst at about 21.4
GHz will catalyze the formation of water. In this instance, the
mechanism of action of the physical catalyst platinum has been
partially copied and the mechanism has been shifted to a different
region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
[0379] The second method discussed above for platinum catalyzing a
reaction, involves harmonically energizing at least one reaction
intermediate in the reaction system. For example, assume that one
or more lasers was available to catalyze the hydrogen-oxygen
reaction to form water, however, the frequency range of such lasers
was only from, for example, 1,500 to 2,000 THz. Platinum does not
produce frequencies in that portion of the EM spectrum. Moreover,
the two hydroxy frequencies that platinum resonates with, 975 and
1,060 THz, are outside the frequency range that the lasers, in this
example, can generate. Likewise, the hydrogen spectrum does not
have any frequencies between 1,500 and 2,000 THz (see FIGS.
9-10).
[0380] However, according to the present invention, by again
copying the mechanism of action of platinum, frequencies can be
adapted or selected to be convenient and/or efficient for the
equipment available. Specifically, harmonic frequencies
corresponding to the reaction intermediates and/or transients, and
also corresponding to frequencies capable of being generated by the
lasers of this example, can be utilized. For the hydroxy radical,
having a resonant frequency of 975 THz, the first harmonic is 1,950
THz. Thus, a laser of this example could be tuned to 1,950 THz to
resonate harmonically with the hydroxy intermediate. The first
harmonics of three different hydrogen frequencies also fall within
the operational range of the lasers of this example. The
fundamental frequencies are 755, 770 and 781 THz and the first
harmonics are 1,510, 1,540, and 1,562 THz, respectively. Thus, a
laser of this example could be tuned to the first harmonics 1,510,
1,540, and 1,562 THz in order to achieve a heterodyned matching of
frequencies between electromagnetic energy and matter and thus
achieve a transfer and absorption of said energy.
[0381] Thus, depending on how many lasers are available and the
frequencies to which the lasers can be tuned, third or fourth
harmonics could also be utilized. The third harmonic of the
hydrogen frequency, 456 THz, occurs at 1,824 THz, which is also
within the operating range of the lasers of this example.
Similarly, the fourth harmonic of the hydrogen frequency, 314 THz,
occurs at 1,570 THz, which again falls within the operating range
of the lasers of this example. In summary, a mechanism of action of
a physical catalyst can be copied, duplicated or mimicked while
moving the relevant spectral catalyst frequencies, to a portion of
the electromagnetic spectrum that matches equipment available for
the reaction system and the application of electromagnetic
energy.
[0382] The third method discussed above for platinum catalyzing
this reaction involves energizing at least one reaction
intermediate and/or transient at multiple upper energy levels and
setting up, for example, an atomic scale laser system. Again,
assume that the same lasers discussed above are the only
electromagnetic energy sources available and assume that there are
a total of ten (10) lasers available. There are four (4) first
harmonics available for targeting within the operating frequency
range of 1,500 to 2,000 THz. Some portion of the lasers should be
adjusted to four (4) first harmonics and some should be adjusted to
the third, fourth, and higher harmonics. Specifically, the present
invention has discovered that a mechanism of action that physical
platinum uses is to resonate with multiple upper energy levels of
at least one reaction participant. It is now understood that the
more upper energy levels that are involved, the better. This
creates an atomic scale laser system with amplification of the
electromagnetic energies being exchanged between the atoms of
platinum and hydrogen. This amplification of energy catalyzes the
reaction at a much faster rate than the reaction would ordinarily
proceed. This mechanism of action can also be exploited to
catalyze, for example, the reaction with the available lasers
discussed above.
[0383] For example, rather than setting all ten (10) lasers to the
four (4) first harmonics and energizing only four (4) levels, it
should now be understood that it would be desirable to energize as
many different energy levels as possible. This task can be
accomplished by setting each of the ten (10) lasers to a different
frequency. Even though the physical catalyst platinum is not
present, the energizing of multiple upper energy levels in the
hydrogen will amplify the energies being exchanged between the
atoms, and the reaction system will form its' own laser system
between the hydrogen atoms. This will permit the reaction to
proceed at a much faster rate than it ordinarily would. Once again,
nature can be mimicked by duplicating one of her mechanisms of
action by specifically targeting multiple energy levels with a
spectral catalyst to achieve energy transfer in a novel manner.
[0384] The preceding discussion on duplicating catalyst mechanisms
of action is just the beginning of an understanding of many
variables associated with the use of spectral catalysts. These
additional variables should be viewed as potentially very useful
tools for enhancing the performance of spectral energy, and/or
physical catalysts. There are many factors and variables that
affect both catalyst performance, and chemical reactions in
general. For example, when the same catalyst is mixed with the same
reactant, but exposed to different environmental reaction
conditions such as temperature or pressure, different products can
be produced. Consider the following example:
##STR00005##
[0385] The same catalyst with the same reactant, produces quite
different products in these two reactions, namely molecular
hydrogen or cyclohexane, depending on the reaction temperature.
[0386] Many factors are known in the art which affect the direction
and intensity with which a physical catalyst guides a reaction or
with which a reaction proceeds in general. Temperature is but one
of these factors. Other factors include pressure, volume, surface
area of physical catalysts, solvents, support materials,
contaminants, catalyst size and shape and composition, reactor
vessel size, shape and composition, electric fields, magnetic
fields, and acoustic fields. The present invention teaches that
these factors all have one thing in common. These factors are
capable of changing the spectral patterns (i.e., frequency pattern)
of, for example, participants and/or reaction system components.
Some changes in spectra are very well studied and thus much
information is available for consideration and application thereof.
The prior art does not contemplate, however, the spectral chemistry
basis for each of these factors, and how they relate to catalyst
mechanisms of action, and chemical reactions in general. Further,
alternatively, effects of the aforementioned factors can be
enhanced or diminished by the application of additional spectral,
spectral energy, and/or physical catalyst frequencies. Moreover,
these environmental reaction conditions can be at least partially
simulated in a reaction system by the application of one or more
corresponding spectral environmental reaction conditions (e.g., a
spectral energy pattern which duplicates at least a portion of one
or more environmental reaction conditions). Alternatively, one
spectral environmental reaction condition (e.g., a spectral energy
pattern corresponding to temperature) could be substituted for
another (e.g., spectral energy pattern corresponding to pressure)
so long as the goal of matching of frequencies was met.
Temperature
[0387] At very low temperatures, the spectral pattern of an atom or
molecule has clean, crisp peaks (see FIG. 15a). As the temperature
increases, the peaks begin to broaden, producing a bell-shaped
curve of a spectral pattern (see FIG. 15b). At even higher
temperatures, the bell-shaped curve broadens even more, to include
more and more frequencies on either side of the primary frequency
(see FIG. 15c). This phenomenon is called "broadening".
[0388] These spectral curves are very much like the resonance
curves discussed in the previous section. Spectroscopists use
resonance curve terminology to describe spectral frequency curves
for atoms and molecules (see FIG. 16). The frequency at the top of
the curve, f.sub.o, is called the resonance frequency. There is a
frequency (f.sub.2) above the resonance frequency and another
(f.sub.1) below it (i.e., in frequency), at which the energy or
intensity (i.e., amplitude) is 50% of that for the resonance
frequency f.sub.o. The quantity f.sub.2-f.sub.1 is a measure of how
wide or narrow the spectral frequency curve is. This quantity
(f.sub.2-f.sub.1) is the "line width". A spectrum with narrow
curves has a small line width, while a spectrum with wide curves
has a large line width.
[0389] Temperature affects the line width of spectral curves. Line
width can affect catalyst performance, chemical reactions and/or
reaction pathways. At low temperatures, the spectral curves of
chemical species will be separate and distinct, with a lesser
possibility for the transfer of resonant energy between potential
reaction system components (see FIG. 17a). However, as the line
widths of potentially reactive chemical species broaden, their
spectral curves may start to overlap with spectral curves of other
chemical species (see FIG. 17b). When frequencies match, or
spectral energy patterns overlap, energy transfers. Thus, when
temperatures are low, frequencies do not match and reactions are
slow. At higher temperatures, resonant transfer of energy can take
place and reactions can proceed very quickly or proceed along a
different reaction pathway than they otherwise would have at a
lower temperature.
[0390] Besides affecting the line width of the spectral curves,
temperature also can change, for example, the resonant frequency of
reaction system components. For some chemical species, the resonant
frequency will shift as temperature changes. This can be seen in
the infrared absorption spectra in FIG. 18a and blackbody radiation
graphs shown in FIG. 18b. Further, atoms and molecules do not all
shift their resonant frequencies by the same amount or in the same
direction, when they are at the same temperature. This can also
affect catalyst performance. For example, if a catalyst resonant
frequency shifts more with increased temperature than the resonant
frequency of its targeted chemical species, then the catalyst could
end up matching the frequency of a chemical species, and resonance
may be created where none previously existed (see FIG. 18c).
Specifically, FIG. 18c shows catalyst "C" at low temperature and
"C*" at high temperature. The catalyst "C*" resonates with reactant
"A" at high temperatures, but not at low temperatures.
[0391] The amplitude or intensity of a spectral line may be
affected by temperature also. For example, linear and symmetric
rotor molecules will have an increase in intensity as the
temperature is lowered while other molecules will increase
intensity as the temperature is raised. These changes of spectral
intensity can also affect catalyst performance. Consider the
example where a low intensity spectral curve of a catalyst is
resonant with one or more frequencies of a specific chemical
target. Only small amounts of energy can be transferred from the
catalyst to the target chemical (e.g., a hydroxy intermediate). As
temperature increases, the amplitude of the catalyst's curve
increases also. In this example, the catalyst can transfer much
larger amounts of energy to the chemical target when the
temperature is raised.
[0392] If the chemical target is the intermediate chemical species
for an alternative reaction route, the type and ratio of end
products may be affected. By examining the above
cyclohexene/palladium reaction again, at temperatures below
300.degree. C., the products are benzene and hydrogen gas. However,
when the temperature is above 300.degree. C., the products are
benzene and cyclohexane. Temperature is affecting the palladium
and/or other constituents in the reaction system (including, for
example, reactants, intermediates, and/or products) in such a way
that an alternative reaction pathway leading to the formation of
cyclohexane is favored above 300.degree. C. This could be a result
of, for example, increased line width, altered resonance
frequencies, or changes in spectral curve intensities for any of
the components in the reaction system.
[0393] It is important to consider not only the spectral catalyst
frequencies one may wish to use to catalyze a reaction, but also
the reaction conditions under which those frequencies are supposed
to work. For example, in the palladium/cyclohexene reaction at low
temperatures, the palladium may match frequencies with an
intermediate for the formation of hydrogen molecules (H.sub.2). At
temperatures above 300.degree. C. the reactants and transients may
be unaffected, but the palladium may have an increased line width,
altered resonant frequency and/or increased intensity. The changes
in the line width, resonant frequency and/or intensity may cause
the palladium to match frequencies and transfer energy to an
intermediate in the formation of cyclohexane instead. If a spectral
catalyst was to be used to assist in the formation of cyclohexane
at room temperature, the frequency for the cyclohexane intermediate
would be more effective if used, rather than the spectral catalyst
frequency used at room temperature.
[0394] Thus, it may be important to understand the reaction system
dynamics in designing and selecting an appropriate spectral
catalyst. The transfer of energy between different reaction system
components will vary, depending on temperature. Once understood,
this allows one to knowingly adjust temperature to optimize a
reaction, reaction product, interaction and/or formation of
reaction product at a desirable reaction rate, without the trial
and error approaches of prior art. Further, it allows one to choose
catalysts such as physical catalysts, spectral catalysts, and/or
spectral energy patterns to optimize a desired reaction pathway.
This understanding of the spectral impact of temperature allows one
to perform customarily high temperature (and, sometimes high
danger) chemical processes at safer, room temperatures. It also
allows one to design physical catalysts which work at much broader
temperature ranges (e.g., frigid arctic temperatures or hot furnace
temperatures), as desired.
Pressure
[0395] Pressure and temperature are directly related to each other.
Specifically, from the ideal gas law, we know that
PV=nRT
where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles of gas,
R is the gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. Thus, at
equilibrium, an increase in temperature will result in a
corresponding increase in pressure. Pressure also has an effect on
spectral patterns. Specifically, increases in pressure can cause
broadening and changes in spectral curves, just as increases in
temperature do (see FIG. 19 which shows the pressure broadening
effects on the NH.sub.3 3.3 absorption line).
[0396] Mathematical treatments of pressure broadening are generally
grouped into either collision or statistical theories. In collision
theories, the assumption is made that most of the time an atom or
molecule is so far from other atoms or molecules that their energy
fields do not interact. Occasionally, however, the atoms or
molecules come so close together that they collide. In this case,
the atom or molecule may undergo a change in wave phase (spectral)
function, or may change to a different energy level. Collision
theories treat the matter's emitted energy as occurring only when
the atom or molecule is far from others, and is not involved in a
collision. Because collision theories ignore spectral frequencies
during collisions, collision theories fail to predict accurately
chemical behavior at more than a few atmospheres of pressure, when
collisions are frequent.
[0397] Statistical theories, however, consider spectral frequencies
before, during and after collisions. They are based on calculating
the probabilities that various atoms and/or molecules are
interacting with, or perturbed by other atoms or molecules. The
drawback with statistical treatments of pressure effects is that
the statistical treatments do not do a good job of accounting for
the effects of molecular motion. In any event, neither collision
nor statistical theories adequately predict the rich interplay of
frequencies and heterodynes that take place as pressure is
increased. Experimental work has demonstrated that increased
pressure can have effects similar to those produced by increased
temperature, by:
[0398] 1) broadening of the spectral curve, producing increased
line width; and
[0399] 2) shifting of the resonant frequency (f.sub.o).
[0400] Pressure effects different from those produced by
temperatures are: (1) pressure changes typically do not affect
intensity, (see FIG. 20 which shows a theoretical set of curves
exhibiting an unchanged intensity for three applied different
pressures) as with temperature changes; and (2) the curves produced
by pressure broadening are often less symmetric than the
temperature-affected curves. Consider the shape of the three
theoretical curves shown in FIG. 20. As the pressure increases, the
curves become less symmetrical. A tail extending into the higher
frequencies develops. This upper frequency extension is confirmed
by the experimental work shown in FIG. 21. Specifically, FIG. 21a
shows a pattern for the absorption by water vapor in air (10 g of
H.sub.2O per cubic meter); and FIG. 21b shows the absorption in
NH.sub.3 at 1 atmosphere pressure.
[0401] Pressure broadening effects on spectral curves are broadly
grouped into two types: resonance or "Holtsmark" broadening, and
"Lorentz" broadening. Holtsmark broadening is secondary to
collisions between atoms of the same element, and thus the
collisions are considered to be symmetrical. Lorentz broadening
results from collisions between atoms or molecules which are
different. The collisions are asymmetric, and the resonant
frequency, f.sub.o, is often shifted to a lower frequency. This
shift in resonant frequency is shown in FIG. 20. The changes in
spectral curves and frequencies that accompany changes in pressure
can affect catalysts, both physical and spectral, and chemical
reactions and/or reaction pathways. At low pressures, the spectral
curves tend to be fairly narrow and crisp, and nearly symmetrical
about the resonant frequency. However, as pressures increase, the
curves may broaden, shift, and develop high frequency tails.
[0402] At low pressures the spectral frequencies in the reaction
system might be so different for the various atoms and molecules
that there may be little or no resonant effect, and thus little or
no energy transfer. At higher pressures, however, the combination
of broadening, shifting and extension into higher frequencies can
produce overlapping between the spectral curves, resulting in the
creation of resonance, where none previously existed, and thus, the
transfer of energy. The reaction system may proceed down one
reaction pathway or another, depending on the changes in spectral
curves produced by various pressure changes. One reaction pathway
may be resonant and proceed at moderate pressure, while another
reaction pathway may be resonant and predominate at higher
pressures. As with temperature, it is important to consider the
reaction system frequencies and mechanisms of action of various
catalysts under the environmental reaction conditions one wishes to
duplicate. Specifically, in order for an efficient transfer of
energy to occur between, for example, a spectral catalyst and at
least one reactant in a reaction system, there must be at least
some overlap in frequencies.
[0403] For example, a reaction with a physical catalyst at 400 THz
and a key transient at 500 THz may proceed slowly at atmospheric
pressure. Where the frequency pressure is raised to about five (5)
atmospheres, the catalyst broadens out through the 500 THz, for
example, of the transient. This allows the transfer of energy
between the catalyst and transient by, for example, energizing and
stimulating the transient. The reaction then proceeds very quickly.
Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory or
explanation, it appears that, the speed of the reaction has much
less to do with the number of collisions (as taught by the prior
art) than it has to do with the spectral patterns of the reaction
system components. In the above example, the reaction could be
energized at low pressures by applying the 500 THz frequency to
directly stimulate the key transient. This could also be
accompanied indirectly using various heterodynes, (e.g., @ 1,000
THz harmonic, or a 100 THz non-harmonic heterodyne between the
catalyst and transient (500 THz-400 THz=100 THz.).
[0404] As shown herein, the transfer of energy between different
reaction system components will vary, depending on pressure. Once
understood, this allows one to knowingly adjust pressure to
optimize a reaction, without the trial and error approaches of
prior art. Further, it allows one to choose catalysts such as
physical catalysts, spectral catalysts, and/or spectral energy
patterns to optimize one or more desired reaction pathways. This
understanding of the spectral impact of pressure allows one to
perform customarily high pressure (and thus, typically, high
danger) chemical processes at safer, room pressures. It also allows
one to design physical catalysts which work over a large range of
acceptable pressures (e.g., low pressures approaching a vacuum to
several atmospheres of pressure).
Surface Area
[0405] Traditionally, the surface are of a catalyst has been
considered to be important because the available surface area
controls the number of available binding sites. Supposedly, the
more exposed binding sites, the more catalysis. In light of the
spectral mechanisms disclosed in the present invention, surface
area may be important for another reason.
[0406] Many of the spectral catalyst frequencies that correspond to
physical catalysts are electronic frequencies in the visible light
and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum. These high frequencies
have relatively poor penetrance into, for example, large reaction
vessels that contain one or more reactants. The high frequency
spectral emissions from a catalyst such as platinum or palladium
(or the equivalent spectral catalyst) will thus not travel very far
into such a reaction system before such spectral emissions (or
spectral catalysts) are absorbed. Thus, for example, an atom or
molecule must be fairly close to a physical catalyst so that their
respective electronic frequencies can interact.
[0407] Thus, surface area primarily affects the probability that a
particular chemical species, will be close enough to the physical
catalyst to interact with its electromagnetic spectra emission(s).
With small surface area, few atoms or molecules will be close
enough to interact. However, as surface area increases, so too does
the probability that more atoms or molecules will be within range
for reaction. Thus, rather than increasing the available number of
binding sites, larger surface area probably increases the volume of
the reaction system exposed to the spectral catalyst frequencies or
patterns. This is similar to the concept of assuring adequate
penetration of a spectral catalyst into a reaction system (e.g.,
assuming that there are adequate opportunities for species to
interact with each other).
[0408] An understanding of the effects of surface area on catalysts
and reaction system components allows one to knowingly adjust
surface area and other reaction system components to optimize a
reaction, reaction pathway and/or formation of reaction product(s),
at a desirable reaction rate, without the drawbacks of the prior
art. For instance, surface area is currently optimized by making
catalyst particles as small as possible, thereby maximizing the
overall surface area. The small particles have a tendency to, for
example, sinter (merge or bond together) which decreases the
overall surface area and catalytic activity. Rejuvenation of a
large surface area catalyst can be a costly and time-consuming
process. This process can be avoided with an understanding of the
herein presented invention in the field of spectral chemistry. For
example, assume a reaction is quickly catalyzed by a 3 m.sup.2
catalyst bed (in a transfer of energy from catalyst to a key
reactant and product). After sintering takes place, however, the
surface area is reduced to 1 m.sup.2. Thus, the transfer of energy
from the catalyst is dramatically reduced, and the reaction slows
down. The costly and time-consuming process of rejuvenating the
surface area can be avoided (or at least delayed) by augmenting the
reaction system with one or more desirable spectral energy
patterns. In addition, because spectral energy patterns can affect
the final physical form or phase of a material, as well as its
chemical formula, the sintering process itself may be reduced or
eliminated.
Catalyst Size and Shape
[0409] In a related line of reasoning, catalyst size and shape are
classically thought to affect physical catalyst activity.
Selectivity of reactions controlled by particle size has
historically been used to steer catalytic pathways. As with surface
area, certain particle sizes are thought to provide a maximum
number of active binding sites and thus maximize the reaction rate.
The relationship between size and surface area has been previously
discussed.
[0410] In light of the current understanding of the spectral
mechanisms underlying the activity of physical catalysts and
reactions in general, catalyst size and shape may be important for
other reasons. One of those reasons is a phenomenon called "self
absorption". When a single atom or molecule produces its' classical
spectral pattern it radiates electromagnetic energy which travels
outward from the atom or molecule into neighboring space. FIG. 22a
shows radiation from a single atom versus radiation from a group of
atoms as shown in FIG. 22b. As more and more atoms or molecules
group together, radiation from the center of the group is absorbed
by its' neighbors and may never make it out into space. Depending
on the size and shape of the group of atoms, self absorption can
cause a number of changes in the spectral emission pattern (see
FIG. 23). Specifically, FIG. 23a shows a normal spectral curve
produced by a single atom; FIG. 23b shows a resonant frequency
shift due to self absorption; FIG. 23c shows a self-reversal
spectral pattern produced by self absorption in a group of atoms
and FIG. 23d shows a self-reversal spectral pattern produced by
self absorption in a group of atoms. These changes include a shift
in resonant frequency and self-reversal patterns.
[0411] The changes in spectral curves and frequencies that
accompany changes in catalyst size and shape can affect catalysts,
chemical reactions and/or reaction pathways. For example, atoms or
molecules of a physical catalyst may produce spectral frequencies
in the reaction system which resonate with a key transient and/or
reaction product. With larger groups of atoms, such as in a
sintered catalyst, the combination of resonant frequency shifting
and self-reversal may eliminate overlapping between the spectral
curves of chemical species, thereby minimizing or destroying
conditions of resonance.
[0412] A reaction system may proceed down one reaction pathway or
another, depending on the changes in spectral curves produced by
the particle sizes. For example, a catalyst having a moderate
particle size may proceed down a first reaction pathway while a
larger size catalyst may direct the reaction down another reaction
pathway.
[0413] The changes in spectral curves and frequencies that
accompany changes in catalyst size and shape are relevant for
practical applications. Industrial catalysts are manufactured in a
range of sizes and shapes, depending on the design requirements of
the process and the type of reactor used. Catalyst activity is
typically proportional to the surface area of the catalyst bed in
the reactor. Surface area increases as the size of the catalyst
particles decreases. Seemingly, the smaller the catalyst particles,
the better for industrial applications. This is not always the
case, however. When a very fine bed of catalyst particles is used,
high pressures may be required to force the reacting chemicals
across or through the catalyst bed. The chemicals enter the
catalyst bed under high pressure, and exit the bed (e.g., the other
side) at a lower pressure. This large difference between entry and
exit pressures is called a "pressure drop". A compromise is often
required between catalyst size, catalyst activity, and pressure
drop across the catalyst bed.
[0414] The use of spectral catalysts according to the present
invention allows for much finer tuning of this compromise. For
example, a large catalyst size can be used so that pressure drops
across the catalyst bed are minimized. At the same time, the high
level of catalyst activity obtained with a smaller catalyst size
can still be obtained by, for example, augmenting the physical
catalyst with at least a portion of one or more spectral
catalyst(s).
[0415] For example, assume that a 10 mm average particle size
catalyst has 50% of the activity of a 5 mm average particle size
catalyst. With a 5 mm-diameter catalyst, however, the pressure drop
across the reactor may be so large that the reaction cannot be
economically performed. The compromise in historical processes has
typically been to use twice as much of the 10 mm catalyst, to
obtain the same, or approximately the same, amount of activity as
with the original amount of 5 mm catalyst. However, an alternative
desirable approach is to use the original amount of 10 mm physical
catalyst and augment the physical catalyst with at least a portion
of at least one spectral catalyst. Catalyst activity can be
effectively doubled (or increased even more) by the spectral
catalyst, resulting in approximately the same degree of activity
(or perhaps even greater activity) as with the 5 mm catalyst. Thus,
the present invention permits the size of the catalyst to be
larger, while retaining favorable reactor vessel pressure
conditions so that the reaction can be performed economically,
using half as much (or less) physical catalyst as compared to
traditional prior art approaches.
[0416] Another manner to approach the problem of pressure drops in
physical catalyst beds, is to eliminate the physical catalyst
completely. For example, in another embodiment of the invention, a
fiberoptic sieve, (e.g., one with very large pores) can be used in
a flow-through reactor vessel. If the pore size is designed to be
large enough there can be virtually no pressure drop across the
sieve, compared to a pressure drop accompanying the use of a 5 mm
diameter or even a 10 mm diameter physical catalyst discussed
above. According to the present invention, the spectral catalyst
can be emitted through the fiberoptic sieve, thus catalyzing the
reacting species as they flow by. This improvement over the prior
art approaches has significant processing implications including
lower costs, higher rates and improved safety, to mention only a
few.
[0417] Industrial catalysts are also manufactured in a range of
shapes, as well as sizes. Shapes include spheres, irregular
granules, pellets, extrudate, and rings. Some shapes are more
expensive to manufacture than others, while some shapes have
superior properties (e.g., catalyst activity, strength, and less
pressure drop) than others. While spheres are inexpensive to
manufacture, a packed bed of spheres produces high-pressure drops
and the spheres are typically not very strong. Physical catalyst
rings on the other hand, have superior strength and activity and
produce very little pressure drop, but they are also relatively
expensive to produce.
[0418] Spectral energy catalysts permit a greater flexibility in
choosing catalyst shape. For example, instead of using a packed bed
of inexpensive spheres, with the inevitable high pressure drop and
resulting mechanical damage to the catalyst particles, a single
layer of spheres augmented, for example, with a spectral energy
catalyst can be used. This catalyst is inexpensive, activity is
maintained, and large pressure drops are not produced, thus
preventing mechanical damage and extending the useful life of
physical catalyst spheres. Similarly, far smaller numbers of
catalyst rings can be used while obtaining the same or greater
catalyst activity by, for example, supplementing with at least a
portion of a spectral catalyst. The process can proceed at a faster
flow-through rate because the catalyst bed will be smaller relative
to a bed that is not augmented with a spectral catalyst.
[0419] The use of spectral energy catalysts and/or spectral
environmental reaction conditions to augment existing physical
catalysts has the following advantages: [0420] permit the use of
less expensive shaped catalyst particles; [0421] permit the use of
fewer catalyst particles overall; [0422] permit the use of stronger
shapes of catalyst particles; and [0423] permit the use of catalyst
particle shapes with better pressure drop characteristics.
[0424] Their use to replace existing physical catalysts has similar
advantages: [0425] eliminate the use and expense of catalyst
particles altogether; [0426] allow use of spectral catalyst
delivery systems that are stronger; and [0427] delivery systems can
be designed to incorporate superior pressure drop
characteristics.
[0428] Catalyst size and shape are also important to spectral
emission patterns because all objects have an NOF depending on
their size and shape. The smaller an object is in dimension, the
higher its NOF will be in frequency (because
speed=length.times.frequency). Also, two (2) objects of the same
size, but different shape will have different NOF's (e.g., the
resonant NOF frequency of a 1.0 m diameter sphere, is different
from the NOF for a 1.0 m edged cube). Wave energies (both acoustic
and EM) will have unique resonant frequencies for particular
objects. The objects, such as physical catalyst particles or powder
granules of reactants in a slurry, will act like antennas,
absorbing and emitting energies at their structurally resonant
frequencies. With this understanding, one is further able to
manipulate and control the size and shape of reaction system
components (e.g., physical catalysts, reactants, etc.) to achieve
desired effects. For example, a transient for a desired reaction
pathway may produce a spectral rotational frequency of 30 GHz.
Catalyst spheres 1 cm in diameter with structural EM resonant
frequency of 30 GHz (3.times.10.sup.8 m/s 1.times.10.sup.-2
m=30.times.10.sup.9 Hz), can be used to catalyze the reaction. The
catalyst particles will structurally resonate with the rotational
frequency of the transient, providing energy to the transient and
catalyzing the reaction. Likewise, the structurally resonant
catalyst particles may be further energized by a spectral energy
catalyst, such as, for example, 30 GHz microwave radiation. Thus
understood, the spectral dynamics of chemical reactions can be much
more precisely controlled than in prior art trial and error
approaches.
Solvents
[0429] Typically, the term solvent is applied to mixtures for which
the solvent is a liquid, however, it should be understood that
solvents may also comprise solids, liquids, gases or plasmas and/or
mixtures and/or components thereof. The prior art typically groups
liquid solvents into three broad classes: aqueous, organic, and
non-aqueous. If an aqueous solvent is used, it means that the
solvent is water. Organic solvents include hydrocarbons such as
alcohols and ethers. Non-aqueous solvents include inorganic
non-water substances. Many catalyzed reactions take place in
solvents.
[0430] Because solvents are themselves composed of atoms, molecules
and/or ions they can have pronounced effects on chemical reactions.
Solvents are comprised of matter and they emit their own spectral
frequencies. The present invention teaches that these solvent
frequencies undergo the same basic processes discussed earlier,
including heterodyning, resonance, and harmonics. Spectroscopists
have known for years that a solvent can dramatically affect the
spectral frequencies produced by its' solutes. Likewise, chemists
have known for years that solvents can affect catalyst activity.
However, the spectroscopists and chemists in the prior art have
apparently not associated these long studied changes in solute
frequencies with changes in catalyst activity. The present
invention recognizes that these changes in solute spectral
frequencies can affect catalyst activity and chemical reactions
and/or reaction pathways in general, changes include spectral curve
broadening. Changes of curve intensity, gradual or abrupt shifting
of the resonant frequency f.sub.0, and even abrupt rearrangement of
resonant frequencies.
[0431] When reviewing FIG. 24a, the solid line represents a portion
of the spectral pattern of phthalic acid in alcohol while the
dotted line represents phthalic acid in the solvent hexane.
Consider a reaction taking place in alcohol, in which the catalyst
resonates with phthalic acid at a frequency of 1,250, the large
solid curve in the middle. If the solvent is changed to hexane, the
phthalic acid no longer resonates at a frequency of 1,250 and the
catalyst can not stimulate and energize it. The change in solvent
will render the catalyst ineffective.
[0432] Similarly, in reference to FIG. 24b, iodine produces a high
intensity curve at 580 when dissolved in carbon tetrachloride, as
shown in curve B. In alcohol, as shown by curve A the iodine
produces instead, a moderate intensity curve at 1,050 and a low
intensity curve at 850. Accordingly, assume that a reaction uses a
spectral catalyst that resonates directly with the iodine in carbon
tetrachloride at 580. If the spectral catalyst does not change and
the solvent is changed to alcohol, the spectral catalyst will no
longer function because frequencies no longer match and energy will
not transfer. Specifically, the spectral catalyst's frequency of
580 will no longer match and resonate with the new iodine
frequencies of 850 and 1,050.
[0433] However, there is the possibility that the catalyst will
change its spectral pattern with a change in the solvent. The
catalyst could change in a similar manner to the iodine, in which
case the catalyst may continue to catalyze the reaction regardless
of the change in solvent. Conversely, the spectral catalyst pattern
could change in a direction opposite to the spectral pattern of the
iodine. In this instance, the catalyst will again fail to catalyze
the original reaction. There is also the possibility that the
change in the catalyst could bring the catalyst into resonance with
a different chemical species and help the reaction proceed down an
alternative reaction pathway.
[0434] Finally, consider the graph in FIG. 24c, which shows a
variety of solvent mixtures ranging from 100% benzene at the far
left, to a 50:50 mixture of benzene and alcohol in the center, to
100% alcohol at the far right. The solute is phenylazophenol. The
phenylazophenol has a frequency of 855-860 for most of the solvent
mixtures. For a 50:50 benzene:alcohol mixture the frequency is 855;
or for a 98:2 benzene:alcohol mixture the frequency is still 855.
However, at 99.5:0.5 benzene:alcohol mixture, the frequency
abruptly changes to about 865. A catalyst active in 100% benzene by
resonating with the phenylazophenol at 865, will lose its activity
if there is even a slight amount of alcohol (e.g., 0.5%) in the
solvent.
[0435] Thus understood, the principles of spectral chemistry
presented herein can be applied to catalysis, and reactions and/or
reaction pathways in general. Instead of using the prior art trial
and error approach to the choice of solvents and/or other reaction
system components, solvents can be tailored and/or modified to
optimize the spectral environmental reaction conditions. For
example, a reaction may have a key reaction participant which
resonates at 400 THz, while the catalyst resonates at 800 THz
transferring energy harmonically. Changing the solvent may cause
the resonant frequencies of both the participant and the catalyst
to abruptly shift to 600 THz. There the catalyst would resonate
directly with the participant, transferring even more energy, and
catalyzing the reaction system more efficiently.
Support Materials
[0436] Catalysts can be either unsupported or supported. An
unsupported catalyst is a formulation of the pure catalyst, with
substantially no other molecules present. Unsupported catalysts are
rarely used industrially because these catalysts generally have low
surface area and hence low activity. The low surface area can
result from, for example, sintering, or coalescence of small
molecules of the catalyst into larger particles in a process which
reduces surface tension of the particles. An example of an
unsupported catalyst is platinum alloy gauze, which is sometimes
used for the selective oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide.
Another example is small silver granules, sometimes used to
catalyze the reaction of methanol with air, to form formaldehyde.
When the use of unsupported catalysts is possible, their advantages
include straightforward fabrication and relatively simple
installation in various industrial processes.
[0437] A supported catalyst is a formulation of the catalyst with
other particles, the other particles acting as a supporting
skeleton for the catalyst. Traditionally, the support particles are
thought to be inert, thus providing a simple physical scaffolding
for the catalyst molecules. Thus, one of the traditional functions
of the support material is to give the catalyst shape and
mechanical strength. The support material is also said to reduce
sintering rates. If the catalyst support is finely divided similar
to the catalyst, the support will act as a "spacer" between the
catalyst particles, and hence prevent sintering. An alternative
theory holds that an interaction takes place between the catalyst
and support, thereby preventing sintering. This theory is supported
by the many observations that catalyst activity is altered by
changes in support material structure and composition.
[0438] Supported catalysts are generally made by one or more of the
following three methods: impregnation, precipitation, and/or
crystallization. Impregnation techniques use preformed support
materials, which are then exposed to a solution containing the
catalyst or its precursors. The catalyst or precursors diffuse into
the pores of the support. Heating, or another conversion process,
drives off the solvent and transforms the catalyst or precursors
into the final catalyst. The most common support materials for
impregnation are refractory oxides such as aluminas and aluminum
hydrous oxides. These support materials have found their greatest
use for catalysts that must operate under extreme conditions such
as steam reforming, because they have reasonable mechanical
strengths.
[0439] Precipitation techniques use concentrated solutions of
catalyst salts (e.g., usually metal salts). The salt solutions are
rapidly mixed and then allowed to precipitate in a finely divided
form. The precipitate is then prepared using a variety of processes
including washing, filtering, drying, heating, and pelleting. Often
a graphitic lubricant is added. Precipitated catalysts have high
catalytic activity secondary to high surface area, but they are
generally not as strong as impregnated catalysts.
[0440] Crystallization techniques produce support materials called
zeolites. The structure of these crystallized catalyst zeolites is
based on SiO.sub.4 and AlO.sub.4 (see FIG. 25a which shows the
tetrahedral units of silicon; and FIG. 25b which shows the
tetrahedral units of aluminum). These units link in different
combinations to form structural families, which include rings,
chains, and complex polyhedra. For example, the SiO.sub.4 and
AlO.sub.4 tetrahedral units can form truncated octahedron
structures, which form the building blocks for A, X, and Y zeolites
(see FIG. 26a which shows a truncated octahedron structure with
lines representing oxygen atoms and corners are Al or Si atoms;
FIG. 26b which shows zeolite with joined truncated octahedrons
joined by oxygen bridges between square faces; and FIG. 26c which
shows zeolites X and Y with joined truncated octahedrons joined by
oxygen bridges between hexagonal faces).
[0441] The crystalline structure of zeolites gives them a well
defined pore size and structure. This differs from the varying pore
sizes found in impregnated or precipitated support materials.
Zeolite crystals are made by mixing solutions of silicates and
aluminates and the catalyst. Crystallization is generally induced
by heating (see spectral effects of temperature in the Section
entitled "Temperature"). The structure of the resulting zeolite
depends on the silicon/aluminum ratio, their concentration, the
presence of added catalyst, the temperature, and even the size of
the reaction vessels used, all of which are environmental reaction
conditions. Zeolites generally have greater specificity than other
catalyst support materials (e.g., they do not just speed up the
reaction). They also may steer the reaction towards a particular
reaction pathway.
[0442] Support materials can affect the activity of a catalyst.
Traditionally, the prior art has attributed these effects to
geometric factors. However, according to the present invention,
there are spectral factors to consider as well. It has been well
established that solvents affect the spectral patterns produced by
their solutes. Solvents can be liquids, solids, gases and/or
plasmas Support materials can, in many cases, be viewed as nothing
more than solid solvents for catalysts. As such, support materials
can affect the spectral patterns produced by their solute
catalysts.
[0443] Just as dissolved sugar can be placed into a solid phase
solvent (ice), catalysts can be placed into support materials that
are solid phase solvents. These support material solid solvents can
have similar spectral effects on catalysts that liquid solvents
have. Support materials can change spectral frequencies of their
catalyst solutes by, for example, causing spectral curve
broadening, changing of curve intensity, gradual or abrupt shifting
of the resonant frequency f.sub.o, and even abrupt rearrangement of
resonant frequencies.
[0444] Thus, due to the disclosure herein, it should become clear
to an artisan of ordinary skill that changes in support materials
can have dramatic effects on catalyst activity. The support
materials affect the spectral frequencies produced by the
catalysts. The changes in catalyst spectral frequencies produce
varying effects on chemical reactions and catalyst activity,
including accelerating the rate of reaction and also guiding the
reaction on a particular reaction path. Thus support materials can
potentially influence the matching of frequencies and can thus
favor the possibility of transferring energy between reaction
system components and/or spectral energy patterns, thus permitting
certain reactions to occur.
Poisoning
[0445] Poisoning of catalysts occurs when the catalyst activity is
reduced by adding a small amount of another constituent, such as a
chemical species. The prior art has attributed poisoning to
chemical species that contain excess electrons (e.g., electron
donor materials) and to adsorption of poisons onto the physical
catalyst surface where the poison physically blocks reaction sites.
However, neither of these theories satisfactorily explains
poisoning.
[0446] Consider the case of nickel hydrogenation catalysts. These
physical catalysts are substantially deactivated if only 0.1%
sulphur compounds by weight are adsorbed onto them. It is difficult
to believe that 0.1% sulphur by weight could contribute so many
electrons as to inactivate the nickel catalyst. Likewise, it is
difficult to believe that the presence of 0.1% sulphur by weight
occupies so many reaction sites that it completely deactivates the
catalyst. Accordingly, neither prior art explanation is
satisfying.
[0447] Poisoning phenomena can be more logically understood in
terms of spectral chemistry. In reference to the example in the
Solvent Section using a benzene solvent and phenylazophenol as the
solute, in pure benzene the phenylazophenol had a spectral
frequency of 865 Hz. The addition of just a few drops of alcohol
(0.5%) abruptly changed the phenylazophenol frequency to 855. If
the expectation was for the phenylazophenol to resonate at 865,
then the alcohol would have poisoned that particular reaction. The
addition of small quantities of other chemical species can change
the resonant frequencies (f.sub.o) of catalysts and reacting
chemicals. The addition of another chemical species can act as a
poison to take the catalyst and reacting species out of resonance.
(i.e., the presence of the additional species can remove any
substantial overlapping of frequencies and thus prevent any
significant transfer of energy).
[0448] Besides changing resonant frequencies of chemical species,
adding small amounts of other chemicals can also affect the
spectral intensities of the catalyst and, for example, other atoms
and molecules in the reaction system by either increasing or
decreasing the spectral intensities. Consider cadmium and zinc
mixed in an alumina-silica precipitate (see FIG. 27 which shows the
influences of copper and bismuth on the zinc/cadmium line ratio). A
normal ratio between the cadmium 3252.5 spectral line and the zinc
3345.0 spectral line was determined. The addition of sodium,
potassium, lead, and magnesium had little or no effect on the Cd/Zn
intensity ratio. However, the addition of copper reduced the
relative intensity of the zinc line and increased the cadmium
intensity. Conversely, addition of bismuth increased the relative
intensity of the zinc line while decreasing cadmium.
[0449] Also, consider the effect of small amounts of magnesium on a
copper-aluminum mixture (see FIG. 28 which shows the influence of
magnesium on the copper aluminum intensity ratio). Magnesium
present at 0.6%, caused significant reductions in line intensity
for copper and for aluminum. At 1.4% magnesium, the spectral
intensities for both copper and aluminum were reduced by about a
third. If the copper frequency is important for catalyzing a
reaction, adding this small amount of magnesium would dramatically
reduce the catalyst activity. Thus, it could be concluded that the
copper catalyst had been poisoned by the magnesium.
[0450] In summary, poisoning effects on catalysts are due to
spectral changes. Adding a small amount of another chemical species
to a physical catalyst and/or reaction system can change the
resonance frequencies or the spectral intensities of one or more
chemical species (e.g., reactant). The catalyst might remain the
same, while a crucial intermediate is changed. Likewise, the
catalyst might change, while the intermediate stays the same. They
might both change, or they might both stay the same and be
oblivious to the added poison species. This understanding is
important to achieving the goals of the present invention which
include targeting species to cause an overlap in frequencies, or in
this instance, specifically targeting one or more species so as to
prevent any substantial overlap in frequencies and thus prevent
reactions from occurring by blocking the transfer of energy.
Promoters
[0451] Just as adding a small amount of another chemical species to
a catalyst and reaction system can poison the activity of the
catalyst, the opposite can also happen. When an added species
enhances the activity of a catalyst, it is called a promoter. For
instance, adding a few percent calcium and potassium oxide to
iron-alumina compounds promotes activity of the iron catalyst for
ammonia synthesis. Promoters act by all the mechanisms discussed
previously in the Sections entitled Solvents, Support Materials,
and Poisoning. Not surprisingly, some support materials actually
are promoters. Promoters enhance catalysts and specific reactions
and/or reaction pathways by changing spectral frequencies and
intensities. While a catalyst poison takes the reacting species out
of resonance (i.e., the frequencies do not overlap), the promoter
brings them into resonance (i.e., the frequencies do overlap).
Likewise, instead of reducing the spectral intensity of crucial
frequencies, the promoter may increase the crucial intensities.
[0452] Thus, if it was desired for phenylazophenol to react at 855
in a benzene solvent, alcohol could be added and the alcohol would
be termed a promoter. If it was desired for the phenylazophenol too
react at 865, alcohol could be added and the alcohol could be
considered a poison. Thus understood, the differences between
poisons and promoters are a matter of perspective, and depend on
which reaction pathways and/or reaction products are desired. They
both act by the same underlying spectral chemistry mechanisms of
the present invention.
Concentration
[0453] Concentrations of chemical species are known to affect
reaction rates and dynamics. Concentration also affects catalyst
activity. The prior art explains these effects by the probabilities
that various chemical species will collide with each other. At high
concentrations of a particular species, there are many individual
atoms or molecules present. The more atoms or molecules present,
the more likely they are to collide with something else. However,
this statistical treatment by the prior art does not explain the
entire situation. FIG. 29 shows various concentrations of N-methyl
urethane in a carbon tetrachloride solution. At low concentrations,
the spectral lines have a relatively low intensity. However, as the
concentration is increased, the intensities of the spectral curves
increase also. At 0.01 molarity, the spectral curve at 3,460
cm.sup.-1 is the only prominent frequency. However, at 0.15
molarity, the curves at 3,370 and 3,300 cm.sup.-1 are also
prominent.
[0454] As the concentration of a chemical species is changed, the
spectral character of that species in the reaction mixture changes
also. Suppose that 3,300 and 3,370 cm.sup.-1 are important
frequencies for a desired reaction pathway. At low concentrations
the desired reaction pathway will not occur. However, if the
concentrations are increased (and hence the intensities of the
relevant frequencies) the reaction will proceed down the desired
pathway. Concentration is also related to solvents, support
structures, poisons and promoters, as previously discussed.
Fine Structure Frequencies
[0455] The field of science concerned generally with measuring the
frequencies of energy and matter, known as spectroscopy, has
already been discussed herein. Specifically, the three broad
classes of atomic and molecular spectra were reviewed. Electronic
spectra, which are due to electron transitions, have frequencies
primarily in the ultraviolet (UV), visible, and infrared (IR)
regions, and occur in atoms and molecules. Vibrational spectra,
which are due to, for example, bond motion between individual atoms
within molecules, are primarily in the IR, and occur in molecules.
Rotational spectra are due primarily to rotation of molecules in
space and have microwave or radiowave frequencies, and also occur
in molecules.
[0456] The previous discussion of various spectra and spectroscopy
has been oversimplified. There are actually at least three
additional sets of spectra, which comprise the spectrum discussed
above herein, namely, the fine structure spectra and the hyperfine
structure spectra and the superfine structure spectra. These
spectra occur in atoms and molecules, and extend, for example, from
the ultraviolet down to the low radio regions. These spectra are
often mentioned in prior art chemistry and spectroscopy books
typically as an aside, because prior art chemists typically focus
more on the traditional types of spectroscopy, namely, electronic,
vibrational, and rotational.
[0457] The fine and hyperfine spectra are quite prevalent in the
areas of physics and radio astronomy. For example, cosmologists map
the locations of interstellar clouds of hydrogen, and collect data
regarding the origins of the universe by detecting signals from
outerspace, for example, at 1.420 GHz, a microwave frequency which
is one of the hyperfine splitting frequencies for hydrogen. Most of
the large databases concerning the microwave and radio frequencies
of molecules and atoms have been developed by astronomers and
physicists, rather than by chemists. This apparent gap between the
use by chemists and physicists, of the fine and hyperfine spectra
in chemistry, has apparently resulted in prior art chemists not
giving much, if any, attention to these potentially useful
spectra.
[0458] Referring again to FIGS. 9a and 9b, the Balmer series (i.e.,
frequency curve II), begins with a frequency of 456 THz (see FIG.
30a). Closer examination of this individual frequency shows that
instead of there being just one crisp narrow curve at 456 THz,
there are really seven different curves very close together that
comprise the curve at 456 THz. The seven (7) different curves are
fine structure frequencies. FIG. 30b shows the emission spectrum
for the 456 THz curve in hydrogen. A high-resolution laser
saturation spectrum, shown in FIG. 31, gives even more detail.
These seven different curves, which are positioned very close
together, are generally referred to as a multiplet.
[0459] Although there are seven different fine structure
frequencies shown, these seven frequencies are grouped around two
major frequencies. These are the two, tall, relatively high
intensity curves shown in FIG. 30b. These two high intensity curves
are also shown in FIG. 31 at zero cm.sup.-1 (456.676 THz), and at
relative wavenumber 0.34 cm.sup.-1 (456.686 THz). What appears to
be a single frequency of (456 THz), is actually composed
predominantly of two slightly different frequencies (456.676 and
456.686 THz), and the two frequencies are typically referred to as
doublet and the frequencies are said to be split. The difference or
split between the two predominant frequencies in the hydrogen 456
THz doublet is 0.010 THz (100 THz) or 0.34 cm.sup.-1 wavnumbers.
This difference frequency, 10 GHz, is called the fine splitting
frequency for the 456 THz frequency of hydrogen.
[0460] Thus, the individual frequencies that are typically shown in
ordinary electronic spectra are composed of two or more distinct
frequencies spaced very close together. The distinct frequencies
spaced very close together are called fine structure frequencies.
The difference, between two fine structure frequencies that are
split apart by a very slight amount, is a fine splitting frequency
(see FIG. 32 which shows f.sub.1 and f.sub.2 which comprise f.sub.o
and which are shown as underneath f.sub.o. The difference between
f.sub.1 and f.sub.2 is known as the fine splitting frequency). This
"difference" between two fine structure frequencies is important
because such a difference between any two frequencies is a
heterodyne.
[0461] Almost all the hydrogen frequencies shown in FIGS. 9a and 9b
are doublets or multiplets. This means that almost all the hydrogen
electronic spectrum frequencies have fine structure frequencies and
fine splitting frequencies (which means that these heterodynes are
available to be used as spectral catalysts, if desired). The
present invention discloses that these "differences" or heterodynes
can be quite useful for certain reactions. However, prior to
discussing the use of these heterodynes, in the present invention,
more must be understood about these heterodynes. Some of the fine
splitting frequencies (i.e., heterodynes) for hydrogen are listed
in Table 3. These fine splitting heterodynes range from the
microwave down into the upper reaches of the radio frequency
region.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Fine Splitting Frequencies for Hydrogen
Frequency Wavenumber Fine Splitting (THz) Orbital (cm.sup.-1)
Frequency 2,466 2p 0.365 10.87 GHz 456 n2.fwdarw.3 0.340 10.02 GHz
2,923 3p 0.108 3.23 GHz 2,923 3d 0.036 1.06 GHz 3,082 4p 0.046 1.38
GHz 3,082 4d 0.015 448.00 MHz 3,082 4f 0.008 239.00 MHz
[0462] There are more than 23 fine splitting frequencies (i.e.,
heterodynes) for just the first series or curve I in hydrogen.
Lists of the fine splitting heterodynes can be found, for example,
in the classic 1949 reference "Atomic Energy Levels" by Charlotte
Moore. This reference also lists 133 fine splitting heterodyned
intervals for carbon, whose frequencies range from 14.1 THz (473.3
cm.sup.-1) down to 12.2. GHz (0.41 cm.sup.-1). Oxygen has 287 fine
splitting heterodynes listed from 15.9 THz (532.5 cm.sup.-1) down
to 3.88 GHz (0.13 cm.sup.-1). The 23 platinum fine splitting
intervals detailed are from 23.3 THz (775.9 cm.sup.-1) to 8.62 THz
in frequency (287.9 cm.sup.-1).
[0463] Diagrammatically, the magnification and resolution of an
electronic frequency into several closely spaced fine frequencies
is depicted in FIG. 33. The electronic orbit is designated by the
orbital number n=0, 1, 2, etc. The fine structure is designated as
.alpha.. A quantum diagram for the hydrogen fine structure is shown
in FIG. 34. Specifically, shown is the fine structure of the n=1
and n=2 levels of the hydrogen atom. FIG. 35 shows the multiplet
splittings for the lowest energy levels of carbon, oxygen, and
fluorine, as represented by "C", "O" and "F", respectively.
[0464] In addition to the fine splitting frequencies for atoms
(i.e., heterodynes), molecules also have similar fine structure
frequencies. The origin and derivation for molecular fine structure
and splitting is different from that for atoms, however, the
graphical and practical results are quite similar. In atoms, the
fine structure frequencies are said to result from the interaction
of the spinning electron with its' own magnetic field. Basically,
this means the electron cloud of a single atomic sphere, rotating
and interacting with its' own magnetic field, produces the atomic
fine structure frequencies. The prior art refers to this phenomena
as "spin-orbit coupling". For molecules, the fine structure
frequencies correspond to the actual rotational frequencies of the
electronic or vibrational frequencies. So the fine structure
frequencies for atoms and molecules both result from rotation. In
the case of atoms, it is the atom spinning and rotating around
itself, much the way the earth rotates around its axis. In the case
of molecules, it is the molecule spinning and rotating through
space.
[0465] FIG. 36 shows the infrared absorption spectrum of the
SF.sub.6 vibration band near 28.3 THz (10.6 .mu.m wavelength,
wavenumber 948 cm.sup.-1) of the SF.sub.6 molecule. The molecule is
highly symmetrical and rotates somewhat like a top. The spectral
tracing was obtained with a high resolution grating spectrometer.
There is a broad band between 941 and 952 cm.sup.-1 (28.1 and 28.5
THz) with three sharp spectral curves at 946, 947, and 948
cm.sup.-1 (28.3, 28.32, and 23.834 THz).
[0466] FIG. 37a shows a narrow slice being taken from between 949
and 950 cm.sup.-1, which is blown up to show more detail in FIG.
37b. A tunable semiconductor diode laser was used to obtain the
detail. There are many more spectral curves which appear when the
spectrum is reviewed in finer detail. These curves are called the
fine structure frequencies for this molecule. The total energy of
an atom or molecule is the sum of its' electronic, vibrational, and
rotational energies. Thus, the simple Planck equation discussed
previously herein:
E=hv
can be rewritten as follows:
E=E.sub.e+E.sub.v+E.sub.r
where E is the total energy, E.sub.e is the electronic energy,
E.sub.v is the vibrational energy, and E.sub.r is the rotational
energy. Diagrammatically, this equation is shown in FIG. 38 for
molecules. The electronic energy, E.sub.e, involves a change in the
orbit of one of the electrons in the molecule. It is designated by
the orbital number n=0, 1, 2, 3, etc. The vibrational energy,
E.sub.v, is produced by a change in the vibration rate between two
atoms within the molecule, and is designated by a vibrational
number v=1, 2, 3, etc. Lastly, the rotational energy, E.sub.r, is
the energy of rotation caused by the molecule rotating around its'
center of mass. The rotational energy is designated by the quantum
number J=1, 2, and 3, etc., as determined from angular momentum
equations.
[0467] Thus, by examining the vibrational frequencies of SF.sub.6
in more detail, the fine structure molecular frequencies become
apparent. These fine structure frequencies are actually produced by
the molecular rotations, "J", as a subset of each vibrational
frequency. Just as the rotational levels "J" are substantially
evenly separated in FIG. 38, they are also substantially evenly
separated when plotted as frequencies.
[0468] This concept may be easier to understand by viewing some
additional frequency diagrams. For example, FIG. 39a shows the pure
rotational absorption spectrum for gaseous hydrogen-chloride and
FIG. 39b shows the same spectrum at low resolution. In FIG. 39a,
the separate waves, that look something like teeth on a "comb",
correspond to the individual rotational frequencies. The complete
wave (i.e., that wave comprising the whole comb) that extends in
frequency from 20 to 500 cm.sup.-1 corresponds to the entire
vibrational frequency. At low resolution or magnification, this set
of rotational frequencies appear to be a single frequency peaking
at about 20 cm.sup.-1 (598 GHz) (see FIG. 39b). This is very
similar to the way atomic frequencies such as the 456 THz hydrogen
frequency appear (i.e., just one frequency at low resolution, that
turn out to be several different frequencies at higher
magnification).
[0469] In FIG. 40, the rotational spectrum (i.e., fine structure)
of hydrogen cyanide is shown, where "J" is the rotational level.
Note again, the regular spacing of the rotational levels. (Note
that this spectrum is oriented opposite of what is typical). This
spectrum uses transmission rather than emission on the horizontal
Y-axis, thus, intensity increases downward on the Y-axis, rather
than upwards.
[0470] Additionally, FIG. 41 shows the v.sub.1-v.sub.5 vibrational
bands for FCCF (where v.sub.1 is vibrational level 1 and v.sub.5
vibrational level 5) which includes a plurality of rotational
frequencies. All of the fine sawtooth spikes are the fine structure
frequencies which correspond to the rotational frequencies. Note,
the substantially regular spacing of the rotational frequencies.
Also note, the undulating pattern of the rotational frequency
intensity, as well as the alternating pattern of the rotational
frequency intensities.
[0471] Consider the actual rotational frequencies (i.e., fine
structure frequencies) for the ground state of carbon monoxide
listed in Table 4.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Rotational Frequencies and Derived
Rotational Constant for CO in the Ground State J Transition
Frequency (MHz) Frequency (GHz) 0 .fwdarw. 1 115,271.204 115 1
.fwdarw. 2 230,537.974 230 2 .fwdarw. 3 345,795.989 346 3 .fwdarw.
4 461,040.811 461 4 .fwdarw. 5 576,267.934 576 5 .fwdarw. 6
691,472.978 691 6 .fwdarw. 7 806,651.719 807 Where; B.sub.o =
57,635.970 MHz
[0472] Each of the rotational frequencies is regularly spaced at
approximately 115 GHz apart. Prior art quantum theorists would
explain this regular spacing as being due to the fact that the
rotational frequencies are related to Planck's constant and the
moment of inertia (i.e., center of mass for the molecule) by the
equation:
B = h 8 .pi. 2 I ##EQU00003##
where B is the rotational constant, h is Planck's constant, and I
is the moment of inertia for the molecule. From there the prior art
established a frequency equation for the rotational levels that
corresponds to:
f=2B(J+1)
where f is the frequency, B is the rotational constant, and J is
the rotational level. Thus, the rotational spectrum (i.e., fine
structure spectrum) for a molecule turns out to be a harmonic
series of lines with the frequencies all spaced or split (i.e.,
heterodyned) by the same amount. This amount has been referred to
in the prior art as "2B", and "B" has been referred to as the
"rotational constant". In existing charts and databases of
molecular frequencies, "B" is usually listed as a frequency such as
MHz. This is graphically represented for the first four rotational
frequencies for CO in FIG. 42.
[0473] This fact is interesting for several reasons. The rotational
constant "B", listed in many databases, is equal to one half of the
difference between rotational frequencies for a molecule. That
means that B is the first subharmonic frequency, to the fundamental
frequency "2B", which is the heterodyned difference between all the
rotational frequencies. The rotational constant B listed for carbon
monoxide is 57.6 GHz (57,635.970 MHz). This is basically half of
the 115 GHz difference between the rotational frequencies. Thus,
according to the present invention, if it is desired to stimulate a
molecule's rotational levels, the amount "2B" can be used, because
it is the fundamental first generation heterodyne. Alternatively,
the same "B" can be used because "B" corresponds to the first
subharmonic of that heterodyne.
[0474] Further, the prior art teaches that if it is desired to use
microwaves for stimulation, the microwave frequencies used will be
restricted to stimulating levels at or near the ground state of the
molecule (i.e., n=0 in FIG. 38). The prior art teaches that as you
progress upward in FIG. 38 to the higher electronic and vibrational
levels, the required frequencies will correspond to the infrared,
visible, and ultraviolet regions. However, the prior art is wrong
about this point.
[0475] By referring to FIG. 38 again, it is clear that the
rotational frequencies are evenly spaced out no matter what
electronic or vibrational level is under scrutiny. The even spacing
shown in FIG. 38 is due to the rotational frequencies being evenly
spaced as progression is made upwards through all the higher
vibrational and electronic levels. Table 5 lists the rotational
frequencies for lithium fluoride (LiF) at several different
rotational and vibrational levels.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Rotational Frequencies for Lithium Fluoride
(LiF) Vibrational Rotational Level Transition Frequency (MHz) 0 0
.fwdarw. 1 89,740.46 0 1 .fwdarw. 2 179,470.35 0 2 .fwdarw. 3
269,179.18 0 3 .fwdarw. 4 358,856.19 0 4 .fwdarw. 5 448,491.07 0 5
.fwdarw. 6 538,072.65 1 0 .fwdarw. 1 88,319.18 1 1 .fwdarw. 2
176,627.91 1 2 .fwdarw. 3 264,915.79 1 3 .fwdarw. 4 353,172.23 1 4
.fwdarw. 5 441,386.83 2 0 .fwdarw. 1 86,921.20 2 1 .fwdarw. 2
173,832.04 2 2 .fwdarw. 3 260,722.24 2 3 .fwdarw. 4 347,581.39 3 1
.fwdarw. 2 171,082.27 3 2 .fwdarw. 3 256,597.84 3 3 .fwdarw. 4
342,082.66
[0476] It is clear from Table 5 that the differences between
rotational frequencies, no matter what the vibrational level, is
about 86,000 to about 89,000 MHz (i.e., 86-89 GHz). Thus, according
to the present invention, by using a microwave frequency between
about 86,000 MHz and 89,000 MHz, the molecule can be stimulated
from the ground state level all the way up to its' highest energy
levels. This effect has not been even remotely suggested by the
prior art. Specifically, the rotational frequencies of molecules
can be manipulated in a unique manner. The first rotational level
has a natural oscillatory frequency (NOF) of 89,740 MHz. The second
rotational level has an NOF of 179,470 MHz. Thus,
NOF.sub.rotational 1.fwdarw.2-NOF.sub.rotational
0.fwdarw.1=Subtracted Frequency.sub.rotational 2-1;
or
179,470 MHz-89,740 MHz=89,730 MHz.
[0477] Thus, the present invention has discovered that the NOF's of
the rotational frequencies heterodyne by adding and subtracting in
a manner similar to the manner that all frequencies heterodyne.
Specifically, the two rotational frequencies heterodyne to produce
a subtracted frequency. This subtracted frequency happens to be
exactly twice as big as the derived rotational constant "B" listed
in nuclear physics and spectroscopy manuals. Thus, when the first
rotational frequency in the molecule is stimulated with the
Subtracted Frequency.sub.rotational 2-1, the first rotational
frequency will heterodyne (i.e., in this case add) with the
NOF.sub.rotational 0.fwdarw.1 (i.e., first rotational frequency) to
produce NOF.sub.rotational 1.fwdarw.2, which is the natural
oscillatory frequency of the molecule's second rotational level. In
other words:
Subtracted Frequency.sub.rotational 2-1+NOF.sub.rotational
0.fwdarw.1=NOF.sub.rotational 1.fwdarw.2;
or
89,730 MHz+89,740 MHz=179,470 MHz
[0478] Since the present invention has disclosed that the
rotational frequencies are actually evenly spaced harmonics, the
subtracted frequency will also add with the second level NOF to
produce the third level NOF. The subtracted frequency will add with
the third level NOF to produce the fourth level NOF. And so on and
so on. Thus, according to the present invention, by using one
single microwave frequency, it is possible to stimulate all the
rotational levels in a vibratory band.
[0479] Moreover, if all the rotational levels for a vibrational
frequency are excited, then the vibrational frequency will also be
correspondingly excited. Further, if all the vibrational levels for
an electronic level are excited, then the electronic level will be
excited as well. Thus, according to the teachings of the present
invention, it is possible to excite the highest levels of the
electronic and vibrational structure of a molecule by using a
single microwave frequency. This is contrary to the prior art
teachings that the use of microwaves is restricted to the ground
state of the molecule. Specifically, if the goal is to resonate
directly with an upper vibrational or electronic level, the prior
art teaches that microwave frequencies can not be used. If,
however, according to the present invention, a catalytic mechanism
of action is initiated by, for example, resonating with target
species indirectly through heterodynes, then one or more microwave
frequencies can be used to energize at least one upper level
vibrational or electronic state. Accordingly, by using the
teachings of the present invention in conjunction with the simple
processes of heterodyning it becomes readily apparent that
microwave frequencies are not limited to the ground state levels of
molecules.
[0480] The present invention has determined that catalysts can
actually stimulate target species indirectly by utilizing at least
one heterodyne frequency (e.g., harmonic). However, catalysts can
also stimulate the target species by direct resonance with at least
one fundamental frequency of interest. However, the rotational
frequencies can result in use of both mechanisms. For example, FIG.
42 shows a graphical representation of fine structure spectrum
showing the first four rotational frequencies for CO in the ground
state. The first rotational frequency for CO is 115 GHz. The
heterodyned difference between rotational frequencies is also 115
GHz. The first rotational frequency and the heterodyned difference
between frequencies are identical. All of the upper level
rotational frequencies are harmonics of the first frequency. This
relationship is not as apparent when one deals only with the
rotational constant "B" of the prior art. However, frequency-based
spectral chemistry analyses, like those of the present invention,
makes such concepts easier to understand.
[0481] Examination of the first level rotational frequencies for
LiF shows that it is nearly identical to the heterodyned difference
between it and the second level rotational frequency. The
rotational frequencies are sequential harmonics of the first
rotational frequency. Accordingly, if a molecule is stimulated with
a frequency equal to 2B (i.e., a heterodyned harmonic difference
between rotational frequencies) the present invention teaches that
energy will resonate with all the upper rotational frequencies
indirectly through heterodynes, and resonate directly with the
first rotational frequency. This is an important discovery.
[0482] The prior art discloses a number of constants used in
spectroscopy that relate in some way or another to the frequencies
of atoms and molecule, just as the rotational constant "B" relates
to the harmonic spacing of rotational fine structure molecular
frequencies. The alpha (.alpha.) rotation-vibration constant is a
good example of this. The alpha rotation-vibration frequency
constant is related to slight changes in the frequencies for the
same rotational level, when the vibrational level changes. For
example, FIG. 43a shows the frequencies for the same rotational
levels, but different vibrational levels for LiF. The frequencies
are almost the same, but vary by a few percent between the
different vibrational levels.
[0483] Referring to FIG. 43b, the differences between all the
frequencies for the various rotational transitions at different
vibrational levels of FIG. 43a are shown. The rotational transition
0.fwdarw.1 in the top line of FIG. 43b has a frequency of 89,740.46
MHz at vibrational level 0. At vibrational level 1, the 0.fwdarw.1
transition is 88,319.18 MHz. The difference between these two
rotational frequencies is 1,421.28 MHz. At vibrational level 2, the
0.fwdarw.1 transition is 86,921.20 MHz. The difference between it
and the vibrational level 1 frequency (88,319.18 MHz) is 1,397.98
MHz. These slight differences for the same J rotational level
between different vibrational levels are nearly identical. For the
J=0.fwdarw.1 rotational level they center around a frequency of
1,400 MHz.
[0484] For the J=1.fwdarw.2 transition, the differences center
around 2,800 Hz, and for the J=2.fwdarw.3 transition, the
differences center around 4,200 Hz. These different frequencies of
1,400, 2,800 and 4,200 Hz etc., are all harmonics of each other.
Further, they are all harmonics of the alpha rotation-vibration
constant. Just as the actual molecular rotational frequencies are
harmonics of the rotational constant B, the differences between the
rotational frequencies are harmonics of the alpha
rotation-vibration constant. Accordingly, if a molecule is
stimulated with a frequency equal to the alpha vibration-rotation
frequencies, the present invention teaches that energy will
resonate with all the rotational frequencies indirectly through
heterodynes. This is an important discovery.
[0485] Consider the rotational and vibrational states for the
triatomic molecule OCS shown in FIG. 44. FIG. 44 shows the same
rotational level (J=1.fwdarw.2) for different vibrational states in
the OCS molecule. For the ground vibrational (000) level,
J=1.fwdarw.2 transition; and the excited vibrational state (100)
J=1.fwdarw.2 transition, the difference between the two frequencies
is equal to 4 X alpha.sub.1 (4.alpha..sub.1). In another excited
state, the frequency difference between the ground vibrational
(000) level, J=1.fwdarw.2 transition, and the center of the two
l-type doublets is 4X alpha.sub.2 (4.alpha..sub.2). In a higher
excited vibrational state, the frequency difference between (000)
and (02.degree.0) is 8X alpha.sub.2 (8.alpha..sub.2). Thus, it can
be seen that the rotation-vibration constants ".alpha." are
actually harmonics of molecular frequencies. Thus, according to the
present invention, stimulating a molecule with an ".alpha."
frequency, or a harmonic of ".alpha.", will either directly
resonate with or indirectly heterodyne harmonically with various
rotational-vibrational frequencies of the molecule.
[0486] Another interesting constant is the l-type doubling
constant. This constant is also shown in FIG. 44. Specifically,
FIG. 44 shows the rotational transition J=1.fwdarw.2 for the
triatomic molecule OCS. Just as the atomic frequencies are
sometimes split into doublets or multiplets, the rotational
frequencies are also sometimes split into doublets. The difference
between them is called the l-type doubling constant. These
constants are usually smaller (i.e., of a lower frequency) than the
.alpha. constants. For the OCS molecule, the .alpha. constants are
20.56 and 10.56 MHz while the l-type doubling constant is 6.3 MHz.
These frequencies are all in the radiowave portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
[0487] As discussed previously herein, energy is transferred by two
fundamental frequency mechanisms. If frequencies are substantially
the same or match, then energy transfers by direct resonance.
Energy can also transfer indirectly by heterodyning, (i.e., the
frequencies substantially match after having been added or
subtracted with another frequency). Further, as previously stated,
the direct or indirect resonant frequencies do not have to match
exactly. If they are merely close, significant amounts of energy
will still transfer. Any of these constants or frequencies that are
related to molecules or other matter via heterodynes, can be used
to transfer, for example, energy to the matter and hence can
directly interact with the matter.
[0488] In the reaction in which hydrogen and oxygen are combined to
form water, the present invention teaches that the energizing of
the reaction intermediates of atomic hydrogen and the hydroxy
radical are crucial to sustaining the reaction. In this regard, the
physical catalyst platinum energizes both reaction intermediates by
directly and indirectly resonating with them. Platinum also
energizes the intermediates at multiple energy levels, creating the
conditions for energy amplification. The present invention also
teaches how to copy platinum's mechanism of action by making use of
atomic fine structure frequencies.
[0489] The invention has previously discussed resonating with the
fine structure frequencies with only slight variations between the
frequencies (e.g., 456.676 and 456.686 THz). However, indirectly
resonating with the fine structure frequencies, is a significant
difference. Specifically, by using the fine splitting frequencies,
which are simply the differences or heterodynes between the fine
structure frequencies, the present invention teaches that indirect
resonance can be achieved. By examining the hydrogen 456 THz fine
structure and fine splitting frequencies (see, for example, FIGS.
30 and 31 and Table 3 many heterodynes are shown). In other words,
the difference between the fine structure frequencies can be
calculated as follows:
456.686 THz-456.676 THz=0.0102 THz=10.2 GHz
Thus, if hydrogen atoms are subjected to 10.2 GHz electromagnetic
energy (i.e., energy corresponding to microwaves), then the 456 THz
electronic spectrum frequency is energized by resonating with it
indirectly. In other words, the 10.2 GHz will add to 456.676 THz to
produce the resonant frequency of 456.686 THz. The 10.2 GHz will
also subtract from the 456.686 THz to produce the resonant
frequency of 456.676 THz. Thus, by introducing 10.2 GHz to a
hydrogen atom, the hydrogen atom is excited at the 456 THz
frequency. A microwave frequency can be used to stimulate an
electronic level.
[0490] According to the present invention, it is also possible to
use a combination of mimicked catalyst mechanisms. For example, it
is possible to: 1) resonate with the hydrogen atom frequencies
indirectly through heterodynes (i.e., fine splitting frequencies);
and/or 2) resonate with the hydrogen atom at multiple frequencies.
Such multiple resonating could occur using a combination of
microwave frequencies either simultaneously, in sequence, and/or in
chirps or bursts. For example, the individual microwave fine
splitting frequencies for hydrogen of 10.87 GHz, 10.2 GHz, 3.23
GHz, 1.38 GHz, and 1.06 GHz could be used in a sequence. Further,
there are many fine splitting frequencies for hydrogen that have
not been expressly included herein, thus, depending on the
frequency range of equipment available, the present invention
provides a means for tailoring the chosen frequencies to the
capabilities of the available equipment. Thus, the flexibility
according to the teachings of the present invention is
enormous.
[0491] Another method to deliver multiple electromagnetic energy
frequencies according to the present invention, is to use a lower
frequency as a carrier wave for a higher frequency. This can be
done, for example, by producing 10.2 GHz EM energy in short bursts,
with the bursts coming at a rate of about 239 MHz. Both of these
frequencies are fine splitting frequencies for hydrogen. This can
also be achieved by continuously delivering EM energy and by
varying the amplitude at a rate of about 239 MHz. These techniques
can be used alone or in combination with the various other
techniques disclosed herein.
[0492] Thus, by mimicking one or more mechanisms of action of
catalysts and by making use of the atomic fine structure and
splitting frequencies, it is possible to energize upper levels of
atoms using microwave and radiowave frequencies. Accordingly, by
selectively energizing or targeting particular atoms, it is
possible to catalyze and guide desirable reactions to desired end
products. Depending on the circumstances, the option to use lower
frequencies may have many advantages. Lower frequencies typically
have much better penetration into large reaction spaces and
volumes, and may be better suited to large-scale industrial
applications. Lower frequencies may be easier to deliver with
portable, compact equipment, as opposed to large, bulky equipment
which delivers higher frequencies (e.g., lasers). The choice of
frequencies of a spectral catalyst may be for as simple a reason as
to avoid interference from other sources of EM energy. Thus,
according to the present invention, an understanding of the basic
processes of heterodyning and fine structure splitting frequencies
confers greater flexibility in designing and applying spectral
energy catalysts in a targeted manner. Specifically, rather than
simply reproducing the spectral pattern of a physical catalyst, the
present invention teaches that is possible to make full use of the
entire range of frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum, so
long as the teachings of the present invention are followed. Thus,
certain desirable frequencies can be applied while other not so
desirable frequencies could be left out of an applied spectral
energy catalyst targeted to a particular participant and/or
component in the reaction system.
[0493] As a further example, reference is again made to the
hydrogen and oxygen reaction for the formation of water. If it is
desired to catalyze the water reaction by duplicating the
catalyst's mechanism of action in the microwave region, the present
invention teaches that several options are available. Another such
option is use of the knowledge that platinum energizes the reaction
intermediates of the hydroxy radical. In addition to the hydrogen
atom, the B frequency for the hydroxy radical is 565.8 GHz. That
means that the actual heterodyned difference between the rotational
frequencies is 2B, or 1,131.6 GHz. Accordingly, such a frequency
could be utilized to achieve excitement of the hydroxy radical
intermediate.
[0494] Further, the .alpha. constant for the hydroxy radical is
21.4 GHz. Accordingly, this frequency could also be applied to
energizing the hydroxy radical. Thus, by introducing hydrogen and
oxygen gases into a chamber and irradiating the gases with 21.4
GHz, water will be formed. This particular gigahertz energy is a
harmonic heterodyne of the rotational frequencies for the same
rotational level but different vibrational levels. The heterodyned
frequency energizes all the rotational frequencies, which energize
the vibrational levels, which energize the electronic frequencies,
which catalyze the reaction. Accordingly, the aforementioned
reaction could be catalyzed or targeted with a spectral catalyst
applied at several applicable frequencies, all of which match with
one or more frequencies in one or more participants and thus permit
energy to transfer.
[0495] Still further, delivery of frequencies of 565.8 GHz, or even
1,131.6 GHz, would result in substantially all of the rotational
levels in the molecule becoming energized, from the ground state
all the way up. This approach copies a catalyst mechanism of action
in two ways. The first way is by energizing the hydroxy radical and
sustaining a crucial reaction intermediate to catalyze the
formation of water. The second mechanism copied from the catalyst
is to energize multiple levels in the molecule. Because the
rotational constant "B" relates to the rotational frequencies,
heterodynes occur at all levels in the molecule. Thus, using the
frequency "B" energizes all levels in the molecule. This
potentiates the establishment of an energy amplification system
such as that which occurs with the physical catalyst platinum.
[0496] Still further, if a molecule was energized with a frequency
corresponding to an l-type doubling constant, such frequency could
be used in a substantially similar manner in which a fine splitting
frequency from an atomic spectrum is used. The difference between
the two frequencies in a doublet is a heterodyne, and energizing
the doublet with its' heterodyne frequency (i.e., the splitting
frequency) would energize the basic frequency and catalyze the
reaction.
[0497] A still further example utilizes a combination of
frequencies for atomic fine structure. For instance, by utilizing a
constant central frequency of 1,131.6 GHz (i.e., the heterodyned
difference between rotational frequencies for a hydroxy radical)
with a vibrato varying around the central frequency by .+-.21.4 GHz
(i.e., the .alpha. constant harmonic for variations between
rotational frequencies), use could be made of 1.131.6 GHz EM energy
in short bursts, with the bursts coming at a rate of 21.4 GHz.
[0498] Since there is slight variation between rotational
frequencies for the same level, that frequency range can be used to
construct bursts. For example, if the largest "B" is 565.8 GHz,
then a rotational frequency heterodyne corresponds to 1,131.6 GHz.
If the smallest "B" is 551.2 GHz, this corresponds to a rotational
frequency heterodyne of 1,102 GHz. Thus, "chirps" or bursts of
energy starting at 1,100 GHz and increasing in frequency to 1,140
GHz, could be used. In fact, the transmitter could be set to
"chirp" or burst at a rate of 21.4 GHz.
[0499] In any event, there are many ways to make use of the atomic
and molecular fine structure frequencies, with their attendant
heterodynes and harmonics. An understanding of catalyst mechanisms
of action enables one of ordinary skill armed with the teachings of
the present invention to utilize a spectral catalyst from the high
frequency ultraviolet and visible light regions, down into the
sometimes more manageable microwave and radiowave regions.
Moreover, the invention enables an artisan of ordinary skill to
calculate and/or determine the effects of microwave and radiowave
energies on chemical reactions and/or reaction pathways.
Hyperfine Frequencies
[0500] Hyperfine structure frequencies are similar to the fine
structure frequencies. Fine structure frequencies can be seen by
magnifying a portion of a standard frequency spectrum. Hyperfine
frequencies can be seen by magnifying a portion of a fine structure
spectrum. Fine structure splitting frequencies occur at lower
frequencies than the electronic spectra, primarily in the infrared
and microwave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Hyperfine
splitting frequencies occur at even lower frequencies than the fine
structure spectra, primarily in the microwave and radio wave
regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Fine structure frequencies
are generally caused by at least the electron interacting with its'
own magnetic field. Hyperfine frequencies are generally caused by
at least the electron interacting with the magnetic field of the
nucleus.
[0501] FIG. 36 shows the rotation-vibration band frequency spectra
for an SF.sub.6 molecule. The rotation-vibration band and fine
structure are shown again in FIG. 45. However, the fine structure
frequencies are seen by magnifying a small section of the standard
vibrational band spectrum (i.e., the lower portion of FIG. 45 shows
some of the fine structure frequencies). In many respects, looking
at fine structure frequencies is like using a magnifying glass to
look at a standard spectrum. Magnification of what looks like a
flat and uninteresting portion of a standard vibrational frequency
band shows many more curves with lower frequency splitting. These
many other curves are the fine structure curves. Similarly, by
magnifying a small and seemingly uninteresting portion of the fine
structure spectrum of the result is yet another spectrum of many
more curves known as the hyperfine spectrum.
[0502] A small portion (i.e., from zero to 300) of the SF.sub.6
fine structure spectrum is magnified in FIG. 46. The hyperfine
spectrum includes many curves split part by even lower frequencies.
This time the fine structure spectrum was magnified instead of the
regular vibrational spectrum. What is found is even more curves,
even closer together. FIGS. 47a and 47b show a further
magnification of the two curves marked with asterisks (i.e., "*"
and "**") in FIG. 46.
[0503] What appears to be a single crisp curve in FIG. 46, turns
out to be a series of several curves spaced very close together.
These are the hyperfine frequency curves. Accordingly, the fine
structure spectra is comprised of several more curves spaced very
close together. These other curves spaced even closer together
correspond to the hyperfine frequencies.
[0504] FIGS. 47a and 47b show that the spacing of the hyperfine
frequency curves are very close together and at somewhat regular
intervals. The small amount that the hyperfine curves are split
apart is called the hyperfine splitting frequency. The hyperfine
splitting frequency is also a heterodyne. This concept is
substantially similar to the concept of the fine splitting
frequency. The difference between two curves that are split apart
is called a splitting frequency. As before, the difference between
two curves is referred to as a heterodyne frequency. So, hyperfine
splitting frequencies are all heterodynes of hyperfine
frequencies.
[0505] Because the hyperfine frequency curves result from a
magnification of the fine structure curves, the hyperfine splitting
frequencies occur at only a fraction of the fine structure
splitting frequencies. The fine structure splitting frequencies are
really just several curves, spaced very close together around the
regular spectrum frequency. Magnification of fine structure
splitting frequencies results in hyperfine splitting frequencies.
The hyperfine splitting frequencies are really just several more
curves, spaced very close together. The closer together the curves
are, the smaller the distance or frequency separating them. Now the
distance separating any two curves is a heterodyne frequency. So,
the closer together any two curves are, the smaller (lower) is the
heterodyne frequency between them. The distance between hyperfine
splitting frequencies (i.e., the amount that hyperfine frequencies
are split apart) is the hyperfine splitting frequency. It can also
be called a constant or interval.
[0506] The electronic spectrum frequency of hydrogen is 2,466 THz.
The 2,466 THz frequency is made up of fine structure curves spaced
10.87 GHz (0.01087 THz) apart. Thus, the fine splitting frequency
is 10.87 GHz. Now the fine structure curves are made up of
hyperfine curves. These hyperfine curves are spaced just 23.68 and
59.21 MHz apart. Thus, 23 and 59 MHz are both hyperfine splitting
frequencies for hydrogen. Other hyperfine splitting frequencies for
hydrogen include 2.71, 4.21, 7.02, 17.55, 52.63, 177.64, and
1,420.0 MHz. The hyperfine splitting frequencies are spaced even
closer together than the fine structure splitting frequencies, so
the hyperfine splitting frequencies are smaller and lower than the
fine splitting frequencies.
[0507] Thus, the hyperfine splitting frequencies are lower than the
fine splitting frequencies. This means that rather than being in
the infrared and microwave regions, as the fine splitting
frequencies can be, the hyperfine splitting frequencies are in the
microwave and radiowave regions. These lower frequencies are in the
MHz (10.sup.6 hertz) and Khz (10.sup.3 hertz) regions of the
electromagnetic spectrum. Several of the hyperfine splitting
frequencies for hydrogen are shown in FIG. 48. (FIG. 48 shows
hyperfine structure in the n=2 to n=3 transition of hydrogen).
[0508] FIG. 49 shows the hyperfine frequencies for CH.sub.3I. These
frequencies are a magnification of the fine structure frequencies
for that molecule. Since fine structure frequencies for molecules
are actually rotational frequencies, what is shown is actually the
hyperfine splitting of rotational frequencies. FIG. 49 shows the
hyperfine splitting of just the J=1.fwdarw.2 rotational transition.
The splitting between the two tallest curves is less than 100
MHz.
[0509] FIG. 50 shows another example of the molecule ClCN. This set
of hyperfine frequencies is from the J=1.fwdarw.2 transition of the
ground vibrational state for ClCN. Notice that the hyperfine
frequencies are separated by just a few megahertz, (MHz) and in a
few places by less than even one megahertz.
[0510] The energy-level diagram and spectrum of the
J=1/2.fwdarw.3/2 rotational transition for NO is shown if FIG.
51.
[0511] In FIG. 52, the hyperfine splitting frequencies for NH.sub.3
are shown. Notice that the frequencies are spaced so close together
that the scale at the bottom is in kilohertz (Kc/sec). The
hyperfine features of the lines were obtained using a beam
spectrometer.
[0512] Just as with fine splitting frequencies, the hyperfine
splitting frequencies are heterodynes of atomic and molecular
frequencies. Accordingly, if an atom or molecule is stimulated with
a frequency equal to a hyperfine splitting frequency (a heterodyned
difference between hyperfine frequencies), the present invention
teaches that the energy will equal to a hyperfine splitting
frequency will resonate with the hyperfine frequencies indirectly
through heterodynes. The related rotational, vibrational, and/or
electronic energy levels will, in turn, be stimulated. This is an
important discovery. It allows one to use more radio and microwave
frequencies to selectively stimulate and target specific reaction
system components (e.g., atomic hydrogen intermediates can be
stimulated with, for example, (2.55, 23.68 59.2 and/or 1,420
MHz).
[0513] Hyperfine frequencies, like fine frequencies, also contain
features such as doublets. Specifically, in a region where one
would expect to find only a single hyperfine frequency curve, there
are two curves instead. Typically, one on either side of the
location where a single hyperfine frequency was expected. Hyperfine
doubling is shown in FIGS. 53 and 54. This hyperfine spectrum is
also from NH.sub.3. FIG. 53 corresponds to the J=3 rotational level
and FIG. 54 corresponds to the J=4 rotational level. The doubling
can be seen most easily in the J=3 curves (i.e., FIG. 53). There
are two sets of short curves, a tall one, and then two more short
sets. Each of the short sets of curves is generally located where
one would expect to find just one curve. There are two curves
instead, one on either side of the main curve location. Each set of
curves is a hyperfine doublet.
[0514] There are different notations to indicate the source of the
doubling such as l-type doubling, K doubling, and .LAMBDA.
doubling, etc., and they all have their own constants or intervals.
Without going into the detailed theory behind the formation of
various types of doublets, the interval between any two hyperfine
multiplet curves is also a heterodyne, and thus all of these
doubling constants represent frequency heterodynes. Accordingly,
those frequency heterodynes (i.e., hyperfine constants) can also be
used as spectral energy catalysts according to the present
invention.
[0515] Specifically, a frequency in an atom or molecule can be
stimulated directly or indirectly. If the goal was to stimulate the
2,466 THz frequency of hydrogen for some reason, then, for example,
an ultraviolet laser could irradiate the hydrogen with 2,466 THz
electromagnetic radiation. This would stimulate the atom directly.
However, if such a laser was unavailable, then hydrogen's fine
structure splitting frequency of 10.87 GHz could be achieved with
microwave equipment. The gigahertz frequency would heterodyne
(i.e., add or subtract) with the two closely spaced fine structure
curves at 2,466, and stimulate the 2,466 THz frequency band. This
would stimulate the atom indirectly.
[0516] Still further, the atom could be stimulated by using the
hyperfine splitting frequency for hydrogen at 23.68 MHz as produced
by radiowave equipment. The 23.68 MHz frequency would heterodyne
(i.e., add or subtract) with the two closely spaced hyperfine
frequency curves at 2,466, and stimulate the fine structure curves
at the 2,466 THz. Stimulation of the fine structure curves would in
turn lead to stimulation of the 2,466 THz electronic frequency for
the hydrogen atom.
[0517] Still further, additional hyperfine splitting frequencies
for hydrogen in the radiowave and microwave portions of the
electromagnetic spectrum could also be used to stimulate the atom.
For example, a radio wave pattern with 2.7 MHz, 4.2 MHz, 7 MHz, 18
MHz, 23 MHz, 52 MHz, and 59 MHz could be used. This would stimulate
several different hyperfine frequencies of hydrogen, and it would
stimulate them essentially all at the same time. This would cause
stimulation of the fine structure frequencies, which in turn would
stimulate the electronic frequencies in the hydrogen atom.
[0518] Still further, depending on available equipment and/or
design, and/or processing constraints, some delivery mode
variations can also be used. For example, one of the lower
frequencies could be a carrier frequency for the upper frequencies.
A continuous frequency of 52 MHz could be varied in amplitude at a
rate of 2.7 MHz. Or, a 59 MHz frequency could be pulsed at a rate
of 4.2 MHz. There are various ways in which these frequencies can
be combined and/or delivered, including different wave shapes
durations, intensity shapes, duty cycles, etc. Depending on which
of the hyperfine splitting frequencies are stimulated, the
evolution of, for example, various and specific transients may be
precisely tailored and controlled, allowing precise control over
reaction systems using the fine and/or hyperfine splitting
frequencies.
[0519] Accordingly, a major point of the present invention is once
it is understood the energy transfers when frequencies match, then
determining which frequencies are available for matching is the
next step. This invention discloses precisely how to achieve that
goal. Interactions between equipment limitations, processing
constraints, etc., can decide which frequencies are best suited for
a particular purpose. Thus, both direct resonance and indirect
resonance are suitable approaches for the use of spectral energy
catalysts.
Electric Fields
[0520] Another means for modifying the spectral pattern of
substances, is to expose a substance to an electric field.
Specifically, in the presence of an electric field, spectral
frequency lines of atoms and molecules can be split, shifted,
broadened, or changed in intensity. The effect of an electric field
on spectral lines is known as the "Stark Effect", in honor of its'
discoverer, J. Stark. In 1913, Stark discovered that the Balmer
series of hydrogen (i.e., curve II of FIGS. 9a and 9b) was split
into several different components, while Stark was using a high
electric field in the presence of a hydrogen flame. In the
intervening years, Stark's original observation has evolved into a
separate branch of spectroscopy, namely the study of the structure
of atoms and molecules by measuring the changes in their respective
spectral lines caused by an electric field.
[0521] The electric field effects have some similarities to fine
and hyperfine splitting frequencies. Specifically, as previously
discussed herein, fine structure and hyperfine structure
frequencies, along with their low frequency splitting or coupling
constants, were caused by interactions inside the atom or molecule,
between the electric field of the electron and the magnetic field
of the electron or nucleus. Electric field effects are similar,
except that instead of the electric field coming from inside the
atom, the electric field is applied from outside the atom. The
Stark effect is primarily the interaction of an external electric
field, from outside the atom or molecule, with the electric and
magnetic fields already established within the atom or
molecule.
[0522] When examining electric field effects on atoms, molecules,
ions and/or components thereof, the nature of the electric field
should also be considered (e.g., such as whether the electric field
is static or dynamic). A static electric field may be produced by a
direct current. A dynamic electric field is time varying, and may
be produced by an alternating current. If the electric field is
from an alternating current, then the frequency of the alternating
current compared to the frequencies of the, for instance atom or
molecule, should also be considered.
[0523] In atoms, an external electric field disturbs the charge
distribution of the atom's electrons. This disturbance of the
electron's own electric field induces a dipole moment in it (i.e.,
slightly lopsided charge distribution). This lopsided electron
dipole moment then interacts with the external electric field. In
other words, the external electric field first induces a dipole
moment in the electron field, and then interacts with the dipole.
The end result is that the atomic frequencies become split into
several different frequencies. The amount the frequencies are split
apart depends on the strength of the electric field. In other
words, the stronger the electric field, the farther apart the
splitting.
[0524] If the splitting varies directly with the electric field
strength, then it is called first order splitting (i.e.,
.DELTA.v=AF where .DELTA.v is the splitting frequency, A is a
constant and F is the electric field strength. When the splitting
varies with the square of the field strength, it is called a second
order or quadriatic effect (i.e., .DELTA.v=BF.sup.2). One or both
effects may be seen in various forms of matter. For example, the
hydrogen atom exhibits first order Stark effects at low electric
field strengths, and second order effects at high field strengths.
Other electric field effects which vary with the cube or the fourth
power, etc., of the electric field strength are less studied, but
produce splitting frequencies nonetheless. A second order electric
field effect for potassium is shown in FIGS. 55 and 56. FIG. 55
shows the schematic dependence of the 4s and 5p energy levels on
the electric field. FIG. 56 shows a plot of the deviation from
zero-field positions of the 5p.sup.2 P1/2.3/2.rarw.4s.sup.2 S1/2
transition wavenumbers against the square of the electric field.
Note that the frequency splitting or separation of the frequencies
(i.e., deviation from zero-field wavenumber) varies with the square
of the electric field strength (v/cm).sup.2.
[0525] The mechanism for the Stark effect in molecules is simpler
than the effect is in atoms. Most molecules already have an
electric dipole moment (i.e., a slightly uneven charge
distribution). The external electric field simply interacts with
the electric dipole moment already inside the molecule. The type of
interaction, a first or a second order Stark effect, is different
for differently shaped molecules. For example, most symmetric top
molecules have first-order Stark effects. Asymmetric rotors
typically have second-order Stark effects. Thus, in molecules, as
in atoms, the splitting or separation of the frequencies due to the
external electric field, is proportional either to the electric
field strength itself, or to the square of the electric field
strength.
[0526] An example of this is shown in FIG. 57, which diagrams how
frequency components of the J=0.fwdarw.1 rotational transition for
the molecule CH.sub.3Cl respond to an external electric field. When
the electric field is very small (e.g., less than 10 E.sup.2
esu.sup.2/cm.sup.2), the primary effect is shifting of the three
rotational frequencies to higher frequencies. As the field strength
is increased (e.g., between 10 and 20 E.sup.2 esu.sup.2/cm.sup.2),
the three rotational frequencies split into five different
frequencies. With continued increases in the electric field
strength, the now five frequencies continue to shift to even higher
frequencies. Some of the intervals or differences between the five
frequencies remain the same regardless of the electric field
strength, while other intervals become progressively larger and
higher. Thus, a heterodyned frequency might stimulate splitting
frequencies at one electric field strength, but not at another.
[0527] Another molecular example is shown in FIG. 58. (This is a
diagram of the Stark Effect in the same OCS molecule shown in FIG.
44 for the J=1.fwdarw.2). The J=1.fwdarw.2 rotational transition
frequency is shown centered at zero on the horizontal frequency
axis in FIG. 58. That frequency centered at zero is a single
frequency when there is no external electric field. When an
electric field is added, however, the single rotational frequency
splits into two. The stronger the electric field is, the wider the
splitting is between the two frequencies. One of the new
frequencies shifts up higher and higher, while the other frequency
shifts lower and lower. Because the difference between the two
frequencies changes when the electric field strength changes, a
heterodyned splitting frequency might stimulate the rotational
level at one electric field strength, but not at another. An
electric field can effect the spectral frequencies of reaction
participants, and thus impact the spectral chemistry of a
reaction.
[0528] Broadening and shifting of spectral lines also occurs with
the intermolecular Stark effect. The intermolecular Stark effect is
produced when the electric field from surrounding atoms, ions, or
molecules, affects the spectral emissions of the species under
study. In other words, the external electric field comes from other
atoms and molecules rather than from a DC or AC current. The other
atoms and molecules are in constant motion, and thus their electric
fields are inhomogeneous in space and time. Instead of a frequency
being split into several easily seen narrow frequencies, the
original frequency simply becomes much wider, encompassing most, if
not all, of what would have been the split frequencies, (i.e., it
is broadened). Solvents, support materials, poisons, promoters,
etc., are composed of atoms and molecules and components thereof.
It is now understood that many of their effects are the result of
the intermolecular Stark effect.
[0529] The above examples demonstrate how an electric field splits,
shifts, and broadens spectral frequencies for matter. However,
intensities of the lines can also be affected. Some of these
variations in intensity are shown in FIGS. 59a and 59b. FIG. 59a
shows patterns of Stark components for transitions in the rotation
of an asymmetric top molecule for the J=4.fwdarw.5 transition;
whereas FIG. 59b corresponds to J=4.fwdarw.4. The intensity
variations depend on rotational transitions, molecular structure,
etc., and the electric field strength.
[0530] An interesting Stark effect is shown in a structure such as
a molecule, which has hyperfine (rotational) frequencies. The
general rule for the creation of hyperfine frequencies is that the
hyperfine frequencies result from an interaction between electrons
and the nucleus. This interaction can be affected by an external
electric field. If the applied external electric field is weak,
then the Stark energy is much less than the energy of the hyperfine
energy (i.e., rotational energy). The hyperfine lines are split
into various new lines, and the separation (i.e., splitting)
between the lines is very small (i.e., at radio frequencies and
extra low frequencies).
[0531] If the external electric field is very strong, then the
Stark energy is much larger than the hyperfine energy, and the
molecule is tossed, sometimes violently, back and forth by the
electric field. In this case, the hyperfine structure is radically
changed. It is almost as though there no longer is any hyperfine
structure. The Stark splitting is substantially the same as that
which would have been observed if there were no hyperfine
frequencies, and the hyperfine frequencies simply act as a small
perturbation to the Stark splitting frequencies.
[0532] If the external electric field is intermediate in strength,
then the Stark and hyperfine energies are substantially equivalent.
In this case, the calculations become very complex. Generally, the
Stark splitting is close to the same frequencies as the hyperfine
splitting, but the relative intensities of the various components
can vary rapidly with slight changes in the strength of the
external electric field. Thus, at one electric field strength one
splitting frequency may predominate, while at an electric field
strength just 1% higher, a totally different Stark frequency could
predominate in intensity.
[0533] All of the preceding discussion on the Stark effect has
concentrated on the effects due to a static electric field, such as
one would find with a direct current. The Stark effects of a
dynamic, or time-varying electric field produced by an alternating
current, are quite interesting and can be quite different. Just
which of those affects appear, depends on the frequency of the
electric field (i.e., alternating current) compared to the
frequency of the matter in question. If the electric field is
varying very slowly, such as with 60 Hz wall outlet electricity,
then the normal or static type of electric field effect occurs. As
the electric field varies from zero to maximum field strength, the
matter frequencies vary from their unsplit frequencies to their
maximally split frequencies at the rate of the changing electric
field. Thus, the electric field frequency modulates the frequency
of the splitting phenomena.
[0534] However, as the electrical frequency increases, the first
frequency measurement it will begin to overtake is the line width
(see FIG. 16 for a diagram of line width). The line width of a
curve is its' distance across, and the measurement is actually a
very tiny heterodyne frequency measurement from one side of the
curve to the other side. Line width frequencies are typically
around 100 KHz at room temperature. In practical terms, line width
represents a relaxation time for molecules, where the relaxation
time is the time required for any transient phenomena to disappear.
So, if the electrical frequency is significantly smaller than the
line width frequency, the molecule has plenty of time to adjust to
the slowly changing electric field, and the normal or static-type
Stark effects occur.
[0535] If the electrical frequency is slightly less than the line
width frequency, the molecule changes its' frequencies
substantially in rhythm with the frequency of the electric field
(i.e., it entrains to the frequency of the electric field). This is
shown in FIG. 60 which shows the Stark effect for OCS on the
J=1.fwdarw.2 transition with applied electric fields at various
frequencies. The letter "a" corresponds to the Stark effect with a
static DC electric field; "b" corresponds to a broadening and
blurring of the Stark frequencies with a 1 KHz electric field; and
"c" corresponds to a normal Stark effect with an electric field of
1,200 KHz. As the electric field frequency approaches the KHz line
width range, the Stark curves vary their frequencies with the
electric field frequency and become broadened and somewhat blurred.
When the electric field frequency moves up and beyond the line
width range to about 1,200 KHz, the normal Stark type curves again
become crisp and distinguishable. In many respects, the molecule
cannot keep up with the rapid electrical field variation and simply
averages the Stark effect. In all three cases, the cyclic splitting
of the Stark frequencies is modulated with the electrical field
frequency, or its' first harmonic (i.e., 2.times. the electrical
field frequency).
[0536] The next frequency measurement that an ever-increasing
electrical frequency will overtake in a molecule is the
transitional frequency between two rotational levels (i.e.,
hyperfine frequencies). As the electric field frequency approaches
a transitional frequency between two levels, the radiation of the
transitional frequency in the molecule will induce transitions back
and forth between the levels. The molecule oscillates back and
forth between both levels, at the frequency of the electric field.
When the electric field and transition level frequencies are
substantially the same (i.e., in resonance), the molecule will be
oscillating back and forth in both levels, and the spectral lines
for both levels will appear simultaneously and at approximately the
same intensity. Normally, only one frequency level is seen at a
time, but a resonant electric field causes the molecule to be at
both levels at essentially the same time, and so both transitional
frequencies appear in its' spectrum.
[0537] Moreover, for sufficiently large electric fields (e.g.,
those used to generate plasmas) additional transition level
frequencies can occur at regular spacings substantially equal to
the electric field frequency. Also, splitting of the transition
level frequencies can occur, at frequencies of the electric field
frequency divided by odd numbers (e.g., electric field frequency
"f.sub.E" divided by 3, or 5, or 7, i.e., f.sub.E/3 or f.sub.E/5,
etc.).
[0538] All the varied effects of electric fields cause new
frequencies, new splitting frequencies and new energy level
states.
[0539] Further, when the electric field frequency equals a
transition level frequency of for instance, an atom or molecule, a
second component with an opposite frequency charge and equal
intensity can develop. This is negative Stark effect, with the two
components of equal and opposite frequency charges destructively
canceling each other. In spectral chemistry terms this amounts to a
negative catalyst or poison in the reaction system, if the
transition thus targeted was important to the reaction pathway.
Thus, electric fields cause the Stark effect, which is the
splitting, shifting, broadening, or changing intensity and changing
transitional states of spectral frequencies for matter, (e.g.,
atoms and molecules). As with many of the other mechanisms that
have been discussed herein, changes in the spectral frequencies of
reaction systems can affect the reaction rate and/or reaction
pathway. For example, consider a reaction system like the
following:
##STR00006##
where A&B are reactants, C is a physical catalyst, I stands for
the intermediates, and D&F are the products.
[0540] Assume arguendo that the reaction normally progresses at
only a moderate rate, by virtue of the fact that the physical
catalyst produces several frequencies that are merely close to
harmonics of the intermediates. Further assume that when an
electric field is added, the catalyst frequencies are shifted so
that several of the catalyst frequencies are now exact or
substantially exact harmonics of the intermediates. This will
result in, for example, the reaction being catalyzed at a faster
rate. Thus, the Stark effect can be used to obtain a more efficient
energy transfer through the matching of frequencies (i.e., when
frequencies match, energies transfer).
[0541] If a reaction normally progresses at only a moderate rate,
many "solutions" have included subjecting the reaction system to
extremely high pressures. The high pressures result in a broadening
of the spectral patterns, which improves the transfer of energy
through a matching of resonant frequencies. By understanding the
underlying catalyst mechanisms of action, high-pressure systems
could be replaced with, for example, a simple electric field which
produces broadening. Not only would this be less costly to an
industrial manufacturer, it could be much safer for manufacturing
due to the removal of, for example, high-pressure equipment.
[0542] Some reactants when mixed together do not react very quickly
at all, but when an electric field is added they react rather
rapidly. The prior art may refer to such a reaction as being
catalyzed by an electric field and the equations would look like
this:
##STR00007##
where E is the electric field. In this case, rather than applying a
catalyst "C" (as discussed previously) to obtain the products
"D+F", an electric field "E" can be applied. In this instance, the
electric field works by changing the spectral frequencies (or
spectral pattern) of one or more components in the reaction system
so that the frequencies come into resonance, and the reaction can
proceed along a desired reaction pathway (i.e., when frequencies
match, energy is transferred). Understood in this way, the electric
field becomes just another tool to change spectral frequencies of
atoms and molecules, and thereby affect reaction rates in spectral
chemistry.
[0543] Reaction pathways are also important. In the absence of an
electrical field, a reaction pathway will progress to one set of
products:
##STR00008##
[0544] However, if an electrical field is added, at some particular
strength of the field, the spectral frequencies may change so much,
that a different intermediate is energized and the reaction
proceeds down a different reaction pathway:
##STR00009##
This is similar to the concept discussed earlier herein, regarding
the formation of different products depending on temperature. The
changes in temperature caused changes in spectral frequencies, and
hence different reaction pathways were favored at different
temperatures. Likewise, electric fields cause changes in spectral
frequencies, and hence different reactions pathways are favored by
different electric fields. By tailoring an electric field to a
particular reaction system, one can control not only the rate of
the reaction but also the reaction products produced.
[0545] The ability to tailor reactions, with or without a physical
catalyst, by varying the strength of an electric field should be
useful in many manufacturing situations. For example, it might be
more cost effective to build only one physical set-up for a
reaction system and to use one or more electric fields to change
the reaction dynamics and products, depending on which product is
desired. This would save the expense of having a separate physical
set-up for production of each group of products.
[0546] Besides varying the strength of an electric field, the
frequency of an electric field can also be varied. Assuming that a
reaction will proceed at a much faster rate if a particular
strength static electric field (i.e., direct current) is added as
in the following:
##STR00010##
[0547] But further assume, that because of reactor design and
location, it is much easier to deliver a time-varying electric
field with alternating current. A very low frequency field, such as
with a 60 Hz wall outlet, can produce the normal or static-type
Stark effect. Thus, the reactor could be adapted to the 60 Hz
electric field and enjoy the same increase in reaction rate that
would occur with the static electric field.
[0548] If a certain physical catalyst produces spectral frequencies
that are close to intermediate frequencies, but are not exact, it
is possible that the activity of the physical catalyst in the past
may have been improved by using higher temperatures. As disclosed
earlier herein, the higher temperatures actually broadened the
physical catalyst's spectral pattern to cause the frequency of the
physical catalyst to be at least a partial match for at least one
of the intermediates. What is significant here is that high
temperature boilers can be minimized, or eliminated altogether, and
in their stead a moderate frequency electric field which, for
example, broadened the spectral frequencies, could be used. For
example, a frequency of around 100 Khz, equivalent to the typical
line width frequencies at room temperature, could broaden
substantially all of the spectral curves and cause the physical
catalyst's spectral curves to match those of, for example, required
intermediates. Thus, the electric field could cause the matter to
behave as though the temperature had been raised, even though it
had not been. (Similarly, any spectral manipulation, (e.g.,
electric fields acoustics, heterodynes, etc., that cause changes in
the spectral line width, may cause a material to behave as though
its temperature had been changed).
[0549] The cyclic splitting of the Stark frequencies can be
modulated with the electrical field frequency or its' first
harmonic (i.e., first-order Stark effects are modulated with the
electrical field frequency, while second-order Stark effects are
modulated by two times the electrical field, frequency). Assume
that a metallic platinum catalyst is used in a hydrogen reaction
and it is desired to stimulate the 2.7 MHz hyperfine frequency of
the hydrogen atoms. Earlier herein it was disclosed that
electromagnetic radiation could be used to deliver the 2.7 MHz
frequency. However, use of an alternating electric field at 2.7 MHz
could be used instead. Since platinum is a metal and conducts
electricity well, the platinum can be considered to be a part of
the alternating current circuit. The platinum will exhibit a Stark
effect, with all the frequencies splitting at a rate of 2.7 MHz. At
sufficiently strong electric fields, additional transition
frequencies or "sidebands" will occur at regular spacings equal to
the electric field frequency. There will be dozens of split
frequencies in the platinum atoms that are heterodynes of 2.7 MHz.
This massive heterodyned output may stimulate the hydrogen
hyperfine frequency of 2.7 MHz and direct the reaction.
[0550] Another way to achieve this reaction, of course, would be to
leave the platinum out of the reaction altogether. The 2.7 MHz
field will have a resonant Stark effect on the hydrogen, separate
and independent of the platinum catalyst. Copper is not normally
catalytic for hydrogen, but copper could be used to construct a
reaction vessel like a Stark waveguide to energize the hydrogen. A
Stark waveguide is used to perform Stark spectroscopy. It is shown
as FIGS. 61a and 61b. Specifically, FIG. 61a shows the construction
of the Stark waveguide, whereas FIG. 61b shows the distribution of
fields in the Stark waveguide. The electrical field is delivered
through the conducting plate. A reaction vessel could be made for
the flow-through of gases and use an economical metal such as
copper for the conducting plate. When the 2.7 MHz alternating
current is delivered through the electrical connection to the
copper conductor plate, the copper spectral frequencies, none of
which are particularly resonant with hydrogen, will exhibit a Stark
effect with normal-type splitting. The Stark frequencies will be
split at a rate of 2.7 MHz. At a sufficiently strong electric field
strength, additional sidebands will appear in the copper, with
regular spacings (i.e., heterodynes) of 2.7 MHz even though none of
the actual copper frequencies matches the hydrogen frequencies, the
Stark splitting or heterodynes will match the hydrogen frequency.
Dozens of the copper split frequencies may resonate indirectly with
the hydrogen hyperfine frequency and direct the reaction (i.e.,
when frequencies match, energies transfer).
[0551] With sophisticated equipment and a good understanding of a
particular system, Stark resonance can be used with a transition
level frequency. For example, assume that to achieve a particular
reaction pathway, a molecule needs to be stimulated with a
transition level frequency of 500 MHz. By delivering the 500 MHz
electrical field to the molecule, this resonant electrical field
may cause the molecule to oscillate back and forth between the two
levels at the rate of 500 MHz. This electrically creates the
conditions for light amplification (i.e., laser via stimulation of
multiple upper energy levels) and any added electromagnetic
radiation at this frequency will be amplified by the molecule. In
this manner, an electrical field may substitute for the laser
effects of physical catalysts.
[0552] In summary, by understanding the underlying spectral
mechanisms of chemical reactions, electric fields can be used as
yet another tool to catalyze and modify those chemical reactions
and/or reaction pathways by modifying the spectral characteristics,
for example, at least one participant and/or one or more components
in the reaction system. Thus, another tool for mimicking catalyst
mechanisms of reactions can be utilized.
Magnetic Fields
[0553] In spectral terms, magnetic fields behave similar to
electric fields in their effect. Specifically, the spectral
frequency lines, for instance of atoms and molecules, can be split
and shifted by a magnetic field. In this case, the external
magnetic field from outside the atom or molecule, interacts with
the electric and magnetic fields already inside the atom or
molecule.
[0554] This action of an external magnetic field on spectral lines
is called the "Zeeman Effect", in honor of its' discoverer, Dutch
physicist Pieter Zeeman. In 1896, Zeeman discovered that the yellow
flame spectroscopy "D" lines of sodium were broadened when the
flame was held between strong magnetic poles. It was later
discovered that the apparent broadening of the sodium spectral
lines was actually due to their splitting and shifting. Zeeman's
original observation has evolved into a separate branch of
spectroscopy, relating to the study of atoms and molecules by
measuring the changes in their spectral lines caused by a magnetic
field. This in turn has evolved into the nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging used in medicine, as
well as the laser magnetic resonance and electron spin resonance
spectroscopy used in physics and chemistry.
[0555] The Zeeman effect for the famous "D" lines of sodium is
shown in FIGS. 62a and 62b. FIG. 62a shows the Zeeman effect for
sodium "D" lines; whereas FIG. 62b shows the energy level diagram
for the transitions in the Zeeman effect for the sodium "D" lines.
The "D" lines are traditionally said to result from transition
between the 3p.sup.2P and 3s.sup.2S electron orbitals. As is shown,
each of the single spectral frequencies is split into two or more
slightly different frequencies, which center around the original
unsplit frequency.
[0556] In the Zeeman effect, the amount that the spectral
frequencies are split apart depends on the strength of the applied
magnetic field. FIG. 63 shows Zeeman splitting effects for the
oxygen atom as a function of magnetic field. When there is no
magnetic field, there are two single frequencies at zero and 4.8.
When the magnetic field is at low strength (e.g., 0.2 Tesla) there
is just slight splitting and shifting of the original two
frequencies. However, as the magnetic field is increased, the
frequencies are split and shifted farther and farther apart.
[0557] The degree of splitting and shifting in the Zeeman effect,
depending on magnetic field strength, is shown in FIG. 64 for the
.sup.3P state of silicon.
[0558] As with the Stark effect generated from an external electric
field, the Zeeman effect, generated from an external magnetic
field, is slightly different depending on whether an atom or
molecule is subjected to the magnetic field. The Zeeman effect on
atoms can be divided into three different magnetic field strengths:
weak; moderate; and strong. If the magnetic field strength is weak,
the amount that the spectral frequencies will be shifted and split
apart will be very small. The shifting away from the original
spectral frequency will still stimulate the shifted frequencies.
This is because they will be so close to the original spectral
frequency that they will still be well within its resonance curve.
As for the splitting, it is so small, that it is even less than the
hyperfine splitting that normally occurs. This means that in a weak
magnetic field, there will be only very slight splitting of
spectral frequencies, translating into very low splitting
frequencies in the lower regions of the radio spectrum and down
into the very low frequency region. For example, the Zeeman
splitting frequency for the hydrogen atom, which is caused by the
earth's magnetic field, is around 30 KHz. Larger atoms have even
lower frequencies in the lower kilohertz and even hertz regions of
the electromagnetic spectrum.
[0559] Without a magnetic field, an atom can be stimulated by using
direct resonance with a spectral frequency or by using its fine or
hyperfine splitting frequencies in the infrared through microwave,
or microwave through radio regions, respectively. By merely adding
a very weak magnetic field, the atom can be stimulated with an even
lower radio or very low frequency matching the Zeeman splitting
frequency. Thus, by simply using a weak magnetic field, a spectral
catalyst range can be extended even lower into the radio frequency
range. The weak magnetic field from the Earth causes Zeeman
splitting in atoms in the hertz and kilohertz ranges. This means
that all atoms, including those in biological organisms, are
sensitive to hertz and kilohertz EM frequencies, by virtue of being
subjected to the Earth's magnetic field.
[0560] At the other end of magnetic field strength, is the very
strong magnetic field. In this case, the splitting apart and
shifting of the spectral frequencies will be very wide. With this
wide shifting of frequencies, the difference between the split
frequencies will be much larger than the difference between the
hyperfine splitting frequencies. This translates to Zeeman effect
splitting frequencies at higher frequencies than the hyperfine
splitting frequencies. This splitting occurs somewhere around the
microwave region. Although the addition of a strong magnetic field
does not extend the reach in the electromagnetic spectrum at one
extreme or the other, as a weak magnetic field does, it still does
provide an option of several more potential spectral catalyst
frequencies that can be used in the microwave region.
[0561] The moderate magnetic field strength case is more
complicated. The shifting and splitting caused by the Zeeman effect
from a moderate magnetic field will be approximately equal to the
hyperfine splitting. Although not widely discussed in the prior
art, it is possible to apply a moderate magnetic field to an atom,
to produce Zeeman splitting which is substantially equivalent to
its' hyperfine splitting. This presents interesting possibilities.
Methods for guiding atoms in chemical reactions were disclosed
earlier herein by stimulating atoms with hyperfine splitting
frequencies. The Zeeman effect provides a way to achieve similar
effects without introducing any spectral frequencies at all. For
example, by introducing a moderate magnetic field, resonance may be
set-up within the atom itself, that stimulates and/or energizes
and/or stabilizes the atom.
[0562] The moderate magnetic field causes low frequency Zeeman
splitting, that matches and hence energizes the low frequency
hyperfine splitting frequency in the atom. However, the low
hyperfine splitting frequencies actually correspond to the
heterodyned difference between two vibrational or fine structure
frequencies. When the hyperfine splitting frequency is stimulated,
the two electronic frequencies will eventually be stimulated. This
in turn causes the atom to be, for example, stimulated. Thus, the
Zeeman effect permits a spectral energy catalyst stimulation of an
atom by exposing that atom to a precise strength of a magnetic
field, and the use of spectral EM frequencies is not required
(i.e., so long as frequencies match, energies will transfer). The
possibilities are quite interesting because an inert reaction
system may suddenly spring to life upon the application of the
proper moderate strength magnetic field.
[0563] There is also a difference between the "normal" Zeeman
effect and the "anomalous" Zeeman effect. With the "normal" Zeeman
effect, a spectral frequency is split by a magnetic field into
three frequencies, with expected even spacing between them (see
FIG. 65a which shows the "normal" Zeeman effects and FIG. 65b which
shows the "anomalous" Zeeman effects). One of the new split
frequencies is above the original frequency, and the other new
split frequency is below the original frequency. Both new
frequencies are split the same distance away from the original
frequency. Thus, the difference between the upper and original and
the lower and original frequencies is about the same. This means
that in terms of heterodyne differences, there are at most, two new
heterodyned differences with the normal Zeeman effect. The first
heterodyne or splitting difference is the difference between one of
the new split frequencies and the original frequency. The other
splitting difference is between the upper and lower new split
frequencies. It is, of course, twice the frequency difference
between either of the upper or lower frequencies and the original
frequency.
[0564] In many instances the Zeeman splitting produced by a
magnetic field results in more than three frequencies, or in
splitting that is spaced differently than expected. This is called
the "anomalous" Zeeman effect (see FIGS. 65 and 66; wherein FIG. 66
shows an anomalous Zeeman effect for zinc 3p.fwdarw.3s.
[0565] If there are still just three frequencies, and the Zeeman
effect is anomalous because the spacing is different than expected,
the situation is similar to the normal effect. However, there are
at most, two new splitting frequencies that can be used. If,
however, the effect is anomalous because more than three
frequencies are produced, then there will be a much more richly
varied situation. Assume an easy case where there are four Zeeman
splitting frequencies (see FIG. 67a and FIG. 67b). FIG. 67a shows
four Zeeman splitting frequencies and FIG. 67b shows four new
heterodyned differences.
[0566] In this example of anomalous Zeeman splitting, there are a
total of four frequencies, where once existed only one frequency.
For simplicity's sake, the new Zeeman frequencies will be labeled
1, 2, 3, and 4. Frequencies 3 and 4 are also split apart by the
same difference "w". Thus, "w" is a heterodyned splitting
frequency. Frequencies 2 and 3 are also split apart by a different
amount "x". So far there are two heterodyned splitting frequencies,
as in the normal Zeeman effect.
[0567] However, frequencies 1 and 3 are split apart by a third
amount "y", where "y" is the sum of "w" and "x". And, frequencies 2
and 4 are also split apart by the same third amount "y". Finally,
frequencies 1 and 4 are split even farther apart by an amount "z".
Once again, "z" is a summation amount from adding "w+x+w". Thus,
the result is four heterodyned frequencies: w, x, y, and z in the
anomalous Zeeman effect.
[0568] If there were six frequencies present from the anomalous
Zeeman effect, there would be even more heterodyned differences.
Thus, the anomalous Zeeman effect results in far greater
flexibility in the choice of frequencies when compared to the
normal Zeeman effect. In the normal Zeeman effect the original
frequency is split into three evenly spaced frequencies, with a
total of just two heterodyned frequencies. In the anomalous Zeeman
effect the original frequency is split into four or more unevenly
spaced frequencies, with at least four or more heterodyned
frequencies.
[0569] Now for a discussion of the Zeeman effect in molecules.
Molecules come in three basic varieties: ferromagnetic;
paramagnetic; and diamagnetic. Ferromagnetic molecules are typical
magnets. The materials typically hold a strong magnetic field and
are composed of magnetic elements such as iron, cobalt, and
nickel.
[0570] Paramagnetic molecules hold only a weak magnetic field. If a
paramagnetic material is put into an external magnetic field, the
magnetic moment of the molecules of the material are lined up in
the same direction as the external magnetic field. Now, the
magnetic moment of the molecules is the direction in which the
molecules own magnetic field is weighted. Specifically, the
magnetic moment of a molecule will tip to whichever side of the
molecule is more heavily weighted in terms of its own magnetic
field. Thus, paramagnetic molecules will typically tip in the same
direction as an externally applied magnetic field. Because
paramagnetic materials line up with an external magnetic field,
they are also weakly attracted to sources of magnetic fields.
[0571] Common paramagnetic elements include oxygen, aluminum,
sodium, magnesium, calcium and potassium. Stable molecules such as
oxygen (O.sub.2) and nitric oxide (NO) are also paramagnetic.
Molecular oxygen makes up approximately 20% of our planet's
atmosphere. Both molecules play important roles in biologic
organisms. In addition, unstable molecules, more commonly known as
free radicals, chemical reaction intermediates or plasmas, are also
paramagnetic. Paramagnetic ions include hydrogen, manganese,
chromium, iron, cobalt, and nickel. Many paramagnetic substances
occur in biological organisms. For instance the blood flowing in
our veins is an ionic solution containing red blood cells. The red
blood cells contain hemoglobin, which in turn contains ionized
iron. The hemoglobin, and hence the red blood cells, are
paramagnetic. In addition, hydrogen ions can be found in a
multitude of organic compounds and reactions. For instance, the
hydrochloric acid in a stomach contains hydrogen ions. Adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), the energy system of nearly all biological
organisms, requires hydrogen and manganese ions to function
properly. Thus, the very existence of life itself depends on
paramagnetic materials.
[0572] Diamagnetic molecules, on the other hand, are repelled by a
magnetic field, and line up what little magnetic moments they have
away from the direction of an external magnetic field. Diamagnetic
substances do not typically hold a magnetic field. Examples of
diamagnetic elements include hydrogen, helium, neon, argon, carbon,
nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorine, copper, zinc, silver, gold, lead,
and mercury. Diamagnetic molecules include water, most gases,
organic compounds, and salts such as sodium chloride. Salts are
really just crystals of diamagnetic ions. Diamagnetic ions include
lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, iodine, ammonium, and sulphate. Ionic crystals usually
dissolve easily in water, and as such the ionic water solution is
also diamagnetic. Biologic organisms are filled with diamagnetic
materials, because they are carbon-based life forms. In addition,
the blood flowing in our veins is an ionic solution containing
blood cells. The ionic solution (i.e., blood plasma) is made of
water molecules, sodium ions, potassium ions, chlorine ions, and
organic protein compounds. Hence, our blood is a diamagnetic
solution carrying paramagnetic blood cells.
[0573] With regard to the Zeeman effect, first consider the case of
paramagnetic molecules. As with atoms, the effects can be
categorized on the basis of magnetic field strength. If the
external magnetic field applied to a paramagnetic molecule is weak,
the Zeeman effect will produce splitting into equally spaced
levels. In most cases, the amount of splitting will be directly
proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, a "first-order"
effect. A general rule of thumb is that a field of one (1) oersted
(i.e., slightly larger than the earth's magnetic field) will
produce Zeeman splittings of approximately 1.4 MHz in paramagnetic
molecules. Weaker magnetic fields will produce narrower splittings,
at lower frequencies. Stronger magnetic fields will produce wider
splittings, at higher frequencies. In these first order Zeeman
effects, there is usually only splitting, with no shifting of the
original or center frequency, as was present with Zeeman effects on
atoms.
[0574] In many paramagnetic molecules there are also second-order
effects where the Zeeman splitting is proportional to the square of
the magnetic field strength. In these cases, the splitting is much
smaller and of much lower frequencies. In addition to splitting,
the original or center frequencies shift as they do in atoms,
proportional to the magnetic field strength.
[0575] Sometimes the direction of the magnetic field in relation to
the orientation of the molecule makes a difference. For instance,
.pi. frequencies are associated with a magnetic field parallel to
an exciting electromagnetic field, while a frequencies are found
when it is perpendicular. Both .pi. and frequencies are present
with a circularly polarized electromagnetic field. Typical Zeeman
splitting patterns for a paramagnetic molecule in two different
transitions are shown in FIGS. 68a and 68b. The .pi. frequencies
are seen when .DELTA.M=0, and are above the long horizontal line.
The frequencies are seen when .DELTA.M=.+-.1, and are below the
long horizontal line. If a paramagnetic molecule was placed in a
weak magnetic field, circularly polarized light would excite both
sets of frequencies in the molecule. Thus, it is possible to
control which set of frequencies are excited in a molecule by
controlling its orientation with respect to the magnetic field.
[0576] When the magnetic field strength is intermediate, the
interaction between the paramagnetic molecule's magnetic moments
and the externally applied magnetic field produces Zeeman effects
equivalent to other frequencies and energies in the molecule. For
instance, the Zeeman spitting may be near a rotational frequency
and disturb the end-over-end rotational motion of the molecule. The
Zeeman splitting and energy may be particular or large enough to
uncouple the molecule's spin from its molecular axis.
[0577] If the magnetic field is very strong, the nuclear magnetic
moment spin will uncouple from the molecular angular momentum. In
this case, the Zeeman effects overwhelm the hyperfine structure,
and are of much higher energies at much higher frequencies. In
spectra of molecules exposed to strong magnetic fields, hyperfine
splitting appears as a small perturbation of the Zeeman
splitting.
[0578] Next, consider Zeeman effects in so called "ordinary
molecules" or diamagnetic molecules. Most molecules are of the
diamagnetic variety, hence the designation "ordinary". This
includes, of course, most organic molecules found in biologic
organisms. Diamagnetic molecules have rotational magnetic moments
from rotation of the positively charged nucleus, and this magnetic
moment of the nucleus is only about 1/1000 of that from the
paramagnetic molecules. This means that the energy from Zeeman
splitting in diamagnetic molecules is much smaller than the energy
from Zeeman splitting in paramagnetic molecules. The equation for
the Zeeman energy in diamagnetic molecules is:
Hz=-(g.sub.jJ=g.sub.1I).beta.H.sub.o
where J is the molecular rotational angular momentum, I is the
nuclear-spin angular momentum, g.sub.j is the rotational g factor,
and g.sub.1 is the nuclear-spin g factor. This Zeeman energy is
much less, and of much lower frequency, than the paramagnetic
Zeeman energy. In terms of frequency, it falls in the hertz and
kilohertz regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
[0579] Finally, consider the implications of Zeeman splitting for
catalyst and chemical reactions and for spectral chemistry. A weak
magnetic field will produce hertz and kilohertz Zeeman splitting in
atoms and second order effects in paramagnetic molecules. Virtually
any kind of magnetic field will produce hertz and kilohertz Zeeman
splitting in diamagnetic molecules. All these atoms and molecules
will then become sensitive to radio and very low frequency (VLF)
electromagnetic waves. The atoms and molecules will absorb the
radio or VLF energy and become stimulated to a greater or lesser
degree. This could be used to add spectral energy to, for instance,
a particular molecule or intermediate in a chemical reaction
system. For instance, for hydrogen and oxygen gases turning into
water over a platinum catalyst, the hydrogen atom radical is
important for maintaining the reaction. In the earth's weak
magnetic field, Zeeman splitting for hydrogen is around 30 KHz.
Thus, the hydrogen atoms in the reaction system, could be energized
by applying to them a Zeeman splitting frequency for hydrogen
(e.g., 30 KHz). Energizing the hydrogen atoms in the reaction
system will duplicate the mechanisms of action of platinum, and
catalyze the reaction. If the reaction was moved into outer space,
away from the earth's weak magnetic field, hydrogen would no longer
have a 30 KHz Zeeman splitting frequency, and the 30 KHz would no
longer as effectively catalyze the reaction.
[0580] The vast majority of materials on this planet, by virtue of
existing within the earth's weak magnetic field, will exhibit
Zeeman splitting in the hertz and kilohertz regions. This applies
to biologics and organics as well as inorganic or inanimate
materials. Humans are composed of a wide variety of atoms,
diamagnetic molecules, and second order effect paramagnetic
molecules. These atoms and molecules all exist in the earth's weak
magnetic field. These atoms and molecules in humans all have Zeeman
splitting in the hertz and kilohertz regions, because they are in
the earth's magnetic field. Biochemical and biocatalytic process in
humans are thus sensitive to hertz and kilohertz electromagnetic
radiation, by virtue of the fact that they are in the earth's weak
magnetic field. As long as humans continue to exist on this planet,
they will be subject to spectral energy catalyst effects from hertz
and kilohertz EM waves because of the Zeeman effect from the
planet's magnetic field. This has significant implications for low
frequency communications, as well as chemical and biochemical
reactions, diagnostics, and treatment of diseases.
[0581] A strong magnetic field will produce splitting greater than
the hyperfine frequencies, in the microwave and infrared regions of
the EM spectrum in atoms and paramagnetic molecules. In the
hydrogen/oxygen reaction, a strong field could be added to the
reaction system and transmit MHz and/or GHz frequencies into the
reaction to energize the hydroxy radical and hydrogen reaction
intermediates. If physical platinum was used to catalyze the
reaction, the application of a particular magnetic field strength
could result in both the platinum and the reaction intermediate
spectra having frequencies that were split and shifted in such a
way that even more frequencies matched than without the magnetic
field. In this way, Zeeman splitting can be used to improve the
effectiveness of a physical catalyst, by copying its mechanism of
action (i.e., more frequencies could be caused to match and thus
more energy could transfer).
[0582] A moderate magnetic field will produce Zeeman splitting in
atoms and paramagnetic molecules at frequencies on par with the
hyperfine and rotational splitting frequencies. This means that a
reaction system can be energized without even adding
electromagnetic energy. Similarly, by placing the reaction system
in a moderate magnetic field that produces Zeeman splitting equal
to the hyperfine or rotational splitting, increased reaction would
occur. For instance, by using a magnetic field that causes
hyperfine or rotational splitting in hydrogen and oxygen gas, that
matches the Zeeman splitting in hydrogen atom or hydroxy radicals,
the hydrogen or hydroxy intermediate would be energized and would
proceed through the reaction cascade to produce water. By using the
appropriately tuned moderate magnetic field, the magnetic field
could be used to turn the reactants into catalysts for their own
reaction, without the addition of physical catalyst platinum or the
spectral catalyst of platinum. Although the magnetic field would
simply be copying the mechanism of action of platinum, the reaction
would have the appearance of being catalyzed solely by an applied
magnetic field.
[0583] Finally, consider the direction of the magnetic field in
relation to the orientation of the molecule. When the magnetic
field is parallel to an exciting electromagnetic field, .pi.
frequencies are produced. When the magnetic field is perpendicular
to an exciting electromagnetic field, frequencies are found. Assume
that there is an industrial chemical reaction system that uses the
same (or similar) starting reactants, but the goal is to be able to
produce different products at will. By using magnetic fields
combined with spectral energy or physical catalysts, the reaction
can be guided to one set of products or another. For the first set
of products, the electromagnetic excitation is oriented parallel to
the magnetic field, producing one set of .pi. frequencies, which
leads to a first set of products. To achieve a different product,
the direction of the magnetic field is changed so that it is
perpendicular to the exciting electromagnetic field. This produces
a different set of frequencies, and a different reaction pathway is
energized, thus producing a different set of products. Thus,
according to the present invention, magnetic field effects, Zeeman
splitting, splitting and spectral energy catalysts can be used to
fine-tune the specificity of many reaction systems.
[0584] In summary, by understanding the underlying spectral
mechanism to chemical reactions, magnetic fields can be used as yet
another tool to catalyze and modify those chemical reactions by
modifying the spectral characteristics of at least one participant
and/or at least one component in the reaction system.
Reactor Vessel Size, Shape and Composition
[0585] An important consideration in the use of spectral chemistry
is the reactor vessel size, shape and composition. The reactor
vessel size and shape can affect the vessel's NOF to various wave
energies (e.g., EM, acoustic, electrical current, etc). This in
turn may affect reaction system dynamics. For instance, a
particularly small bench-top reactor vessel may have an EM NOF of
1,420 MHz related to a 25 cm dimension. When a reaction with an
atomic hydrogen intermediate is performed in the small bench-top
reactor, the reaction proceeds quickly, due in part to the fact
that the reactor vessel and the hydrogen hyperfine splitting
frequencies match (1,420 MHz). This allows the reactor vessel and
hydrogen intermediates to resonate, thus transferring energy to the
intermediate and promoting the reaction pathway.
[0586] When the reaction is scaled up for large industrial
production, the reaction would occur in a much larger reactor
vessel with an EM NOF of, for example, 100 MHz. Because the reactor
vessel is no longer resonating with the hydrogen intermediate, the
reaction proceeds at a slower rate. This deficiency in the larger
reactor vessel can be compensated for, by, for example,
supplementing the reaction with 1,420 MHz radiation, thereby
restoring the faster reaction rate.
[0587] Likewise, reactor vessel composition may play a similar role
in reaction system dynamics. For example, a stainless steel
bench-top reactor vessel may produce vibrational frequencies which
resonate with vibrational frequencies of a reactant, thus, for
example, promoting disassociation of a reactant into reactive
intermediates. When the reaction is scaled up for industrial
production, it may be placed into, for example, a ceramic-lined
metal reactor vessel. The new reactor vessel typically will not
produce the reactant vibrational frequency, and the reaction will
proceed at a slower rate. Once again, this deficiency in the new
reactor vessel, caused by its different composition, can be
compensated for either by returning the reaction to a stainless
steel vessel, or by supplementing, for example, the vibrational
frequency of the reactant into the ceramic-lined vessel
[0588] It should now be understood that all the aspects of spectral
chemistry previously discussed (resonance, targeting, poisons,
promoters, supporters, electric and magnetic-fields both endogenous
and exogenous to reaction system components, etc.) apply to the
reactor vessel, as well as to, for example, any participant placed
inside it. The reactor vessel may be comprised of matter (e.g.,
stainless steel, plastic, glass, and/or ceramic, etc.) or it may be
comprised of a field or energy (e.g., magnetic bottle, light
trapping, etc.) A reactor vessel, by possessing inherent properties
such as frequencies, waves, and/or fields, may interact with other
components in the reaction system and/or at least one participant.
Likewise, holding vessels, conduits, etc., some of which may
interact with the reaction system, but in which the reaction does
not actually take place, may interact with one or more components
in the reaction system and may potentially affect them, either
positively or negatively. Accordingly, when reference is made to
the reactor vessel, it should be understood that all portions
associated therewith may also be involved in desirable
reactions.
EXAMPLES
[0589] The invention will be more clearly perceived and better
understood from the following specific examples.
Example 1
Replacing a Physical Catalyst with a Spectral Catalyst In a Gas
Phase Reaction 2H.sub.2+0.sub.2>>>>platinum
catalyst>>>>2H.sub.2O
[0590] Water can be produced by the method of exposing H.sub.2 and
O.sub.2 to a physical platinum (Pt) catalyst but there is always
the possibility of producing a potentially dangerous explosive
risk. This experiment replaced the physical platinum catalyst with
a spectral catalyst comprising the spectral pattern of the physical
platinum catalyst, which resonates with and transfers energy to the
hydrogen and hydroxy intermediates.
[0591] To demonstrate that oxygen and hydrogen can combine to form
water utilizing a spectral catalyst, electrolysis of water was
performed to provide stoichiometric amounts of oxygen and hydrogen
starting gases. A triple neck flask was fitted with two (2) rubber
stoppers on the outside necks, each fitted with platinum electrodes
encased in glass for a four (4) inch length. The flask was filled
with distilled water and a pinch of salt so that only the
glass-encased portion of the electrode was exposed to air, and the
unencased portion of the electrode was completely under water. The
central neck was connected via a rubber stopper to vacuum tubing,
which led to a Drierite column to remove any water from the
produced gases.
[0592] After vacuum removal of all gases in the system (to about
700 mm Hg), electrolysis was conducted using a 12 V power source
attached to the two electrodes. Electrolysis was commenced with the
subsequent production of hydrogen and oxygen gases in
stoichiometric amounts. The gases passed through the Drierite
column, through vacuum tubing connected to positive and negative
pressure gauges and into a sealed 1,000 ml, round quartz flask. A
strip of filter paper, which contained dried cobalt, had been
placed in the bottom of the sealed flask. Initially the cobalt
paper was blue, indicating the absence of water in the flask. A
similar cobalt test strip exposed to the ambient air was also
blue.
[0593] The traditional physical platinum catalyst was replaced by
spectral catalyst platinum emissions from a Fisher Scientific
Hollow Cathode Platinum Lamp which was positioned approximately 2
cm from the flask. This allowed the oxygen and hydrogen gases in
the round quartz flask to be irradiated with emissions from the
spectral catalyst. A Cathodeon Hollow Cathode Lamp Supply C610 was
used to power the Pt lamp at 80% maximum current
(12 mAmps). The reaction flask was cooled using dry ice in a
Styrofoam container positioned directly beneath the round quartz
flask, offsetting any effects of heat from the Pt lamp. The Pt lamp
was turned on and within two days of irradiation, a noticeable pink
color was evident on the cobalt paper strip indicating the presence
of water in the round quartz flask. The cobalt test strip exposed
to ambient air in the lab remained blue. Over the next four to five
days, the pink colored area on the cobalt strip became brighter and
larger. Upon discontinuation of the Pt emission, H.sub.2O diffused
out of the cobalt strip and was taken up by the Drierite column.
Over the next four to five days, the pink coloration of the cobalt
strip in the quartz flask faded. The cobalt strip exposed to the
ambient air remained blue.
Example 2
Replacing a Physical Catalyst with a SPECTRL Catalyst In a Liquid
Phase Reaction H.sub.2O.sub.2>>>>platinum
catalyst>>>>H.sub.20+O.sub.2
[0594] The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is an extremely slow
reaction in the absence of catalysts. Accordingly, an experiment
was performed which showed that the physical catalyst, finely
divided platinum, could be replaced with the spectral catalyst
having the spectral pattern of platinum. Hydrogen peroxide, 3%,
filled two (2) nippled quartz tubes. (the nippled quartz tubes
consisted of a lower portion 17 mm internal diameter and 150 mm in
length, narrowing over a 10 mm length to an upper capillary portion
being 2.0 mm internal diameter and 140 mm in length and were made
from PhotoVac Laser quartz tubing). Both quartz tubes were inverted
in 50 ml beaker reservoirs filled with (3%) hydrogen peroxide to 40
ml and were shielded from incident light (cardboard cylinders
covered with aluminum foil). One of the light shielded tubes was
used as a control. The other shielded tube was exposed to a Fisher
Scientific Hollow Cathode Lamp for platinum (Pt) using a Cathodeon
Hollow Cathode Lamp Supply C610, at 80% maximum current (12 mA).
The experiment was performed several times with an exposure time
ranging from 24-96 hours. The shielded tubes were monitored for
increases in temperature (there was none) to assure that any
reaction was not due to thermal effects. In a typical experiment
the nippled tubes were prepared with hydrogen peroxide (3%) as
described above herein. Both tubes were shielded from light, and
the Pt tube was exposed to platinum spectral emissions, as
described above, for about 24 hours. Gas production in the control
tube A measured about four (4) mm in length in the capillary (i.e.,
about 12.5 mm.sup.3), while gas in the Pt (tube B) measured about
50 mm (i.e., about 157 mm.sup.3). The platinum spectral catalyst
thus increased the reaction rate about 12.5 times.
[0595] The tubes were then switched and tube A was exposed to the
platinum spectral catalyst, for about 24 hours, while tube B served
as the control. Gas production in the control (tube B) measured
about 2 mm in length in the capillary (i.e., about 6 mm.sup.3)
while gas in the Pt tube (tube A) measured about 36 mm (i.e., about
113 mm.sup.3), yielding about a 19 fold difference in reaction
rate.
[0596] As a negative control, to confirm that any lamp would not
cause the same result, the experiment was repeated with a sodium
lamp at 6 mA (80% of the maximum current). Na in a traditional
reaction would be a reactant with water releasing hydrogen gas, not
a catalyst of hydrogen peroxide breakdown. The control tube
measured gas to be about 4 mm in length (i.e., about 12 mm.sup.3)
in the capillary portion, while the Na tube gas measured to be
about
1 mm in length (i.e., about 3 mm.sup.3). This indicated that while
spectral emissions can substitute for catalysts, they cannot yet
substitute for reactants. Also, it indicated that the simple effect
of using a hollow cathode tube emitting heat and energy into the
hydrogen peroxide was not the cause of the gas bubble formation,
but instead, the spectral pattern of Pt replacing the physical
catalyst caused the reaction.
Example 3
Replacing a Physical Catalyst with a Spectral Catalyst In a Solid
Phase Reaction
[0597] It is well known that certain microorganisms have a toxic
reaction to silver Ag. It is now understood through this invention,
that high intensity spectral frequencies produced in the silver
electronic spectrum match with ultraviolet frequencies that are
lethal to bacteria (by creation of free radicals and by causing
bacterial DNA damage) but are harmless to mammalian cells. Thus, it
was theorized that the known medicinal and anti-microbial uses of
silver are due to a spectral catalyst effect. In this regard, an
experiment was conducted which showed that the spectral catalyst
emitting the spectrum of silver demonstrated a toxic or inhibitory
effect on microorganisms.
[0598] Bacterial cultures were placed onto standard growth medium
in two petri dishes (one control and one Ag) using standard plating
techniques covering the entire dish. Each dish was placed at the
bottom of a light shielding cylindrical chamber. A light shielding
foil-covered, cardboard disc with a patterned slit was placed over
each culture plate. A Fisher Scientific Hollow Cathode Lamp for
Silver (Ag) was inserted through the top of the Ag exposure chamber
so that only the spectral emission pattern from the silver lamp was
irradiating the bacteria on the Ag culture plate (i.e., through the
patterned slit). A Cathodeon Hollow Cathode Lamp Supply C610 was
used to power the Ag lamp at 80% maximum current (3.6 mA). The
control plate was not exposed to emissions of an Ag lamp, and
ambient light was blocked. Both control and Ag plates were
maintained at room temperature (e.g., about 70-74.degree. F.)
during the silver spectral emission exposure time, which ranged
from about 12-24 hours in the various experiments. Afterwards, both
plates were incubated using standard techniques (37.degree. C.,
aerobic Form a Scientific Model 3157, Water-Jacketed Incubator) for
about 24 hours.
[0599] The following bacteria (obtained from the Microbiology
Laboratory at People's Hospital in Mansfield, Ohio, US), were
studied for effects of the Ag lamp spectral emissions:
[0600] 1. E. coli;
[0601] 2. Strep. pneumoniae;
[0602] 3. Staph. aureus; and
[0603] 4. Salmonella typhi.
[0604] This group included both Gram.sup.+ and Gram.sup.- species,
as well as cocci and rods.
[0605] Results were as follows:
[0606] 1. Controls--all controls showed full growth covering the
culture plates;
[0607] 2. The Ag plates [0608] areas unexposed to the Ag spectral
emission pattern showed full growth. [0609] areas exposed to the Ag
spectral emission pattern showed: [0610] a. E. coli--no growth;
[0611] b. Strep. pneumoniae--no growth; [0612] c. Staph. aureus--no
growth; and
[0613] d. Salmonella tyhli--inhibited growth.
Example 4
Replacing a Physical Catalyst with a Spectral Catalyst, and
Comparing Results to Physical Catalyst Results in a Biologic
Preparation
[0614] To further demonstrate that certain susceptible organisms
which have a toxic reaction to silver would have a similar reaction
to the spectral catalyst emitting the spectrum of silver, cultures
were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)
which included Escherichia coli #25922, and Klebsiella pneumonia,
subsp Pneumoniae, #13883. Control and Ag plate cultures were
performed as described above. After incubation, plates were
examined using a binocular microscope. The E. coli exhibited
moderate resistance to the bactericidal effects of the spectral
silver emission, while the Klebsiella exhibited moderate
sensitivity. All controls exhibited full growth.
[0615] Accordingly, an experiment was performed which demonstrated
a similar result using the physical silver catalyst as was obtained
with the Ag spectral catalyst. Sterile test discs were soaked in an
80 ppm, colloidal silver solution. The same two (2) organisms were
again plated, as described above. Colloidal silver test discs were
placed on each Ag plate, while the control plates had none. The
plates were incubated as described above and examined under the
binocular microscope. The colloidal silver E. coli exhibited
moderate resistance to the bactericidal effects of the physical
colloidal silver, while the Klebsiella again exhibited moderate
sensitivity. All controls exhibited full growth.
Example 5
Augmenting a Physical Catalyst with a Spectral Catalyst
[0616] To demonstrate that oxygen and hydrogen can combine to form
water utilizing a spectral catalyst to augment a physical catalyst,
electrolysis of water was performed to provide the necessary oxygen
and hydrogen starting gases, as in Example 1.
[0617] Two quartz flasks (A and B) were connected separately after
the Drierite column, each with its own set of vacuum and pressure
gauges. Platinum powder (31 mg) was placed in each flask. The
flasks were filled with electrolytically produced stoichiometric
amounts of H.sub.2 and O.sub.2 to 120 mm Hg. The flasks were
separated by a stopcock from the electrolysis system and from each
other. The pressure in each flask was recorded over time as the
reaction proceeded over the physical platinum catalyst. The
reaction combines three (3) moles of gases, (i.e., two (2) moles H2
and one (1) mole O.sub.2), to produce two (2) moles H.sub.2O. This
decrease in molarity, and hence progress of the reaction, can be
monitored by a decrease in pressure "P" which is proportional, via
the ideal gas law, (PV=nRT), to molarity "n". A baseline rate of
reaction was thus obtained. Additionally, the test was repeated
filling each flask with H.sub.2 and O.sub.2 to 220 mm Hg. Catalysis
of the reaction by only the physical catalyst yielded two baseline
reaction curves which were in good agreement between flasks A and
B, and for both the 110 mm and 220 mm Hg tests.
[0618] Next, the traditional physical platinum catalyst in flask A
was augmented with spectral catalyst platinum emissions from two
(2) parallel Fisher Scientific Hollow Cathode Platinum Lamps, as in
Example 1, which were positioned approximately two (2) cm from
flask A. The test was repeated as described above, separating the
two (2) flasks from each other and monitoring the rate of the
reaction via the pressure decrease in each. Flask B served as a
control flask. In flask A, the oxygen and hydrogen gases, as well
as the physical platinum catalyst, were directly irradiated with
emissions from the Pt lamp spectral catalyst.
[0619] Rate of reaction in the control flask B, was in good
agreement with previous baseline rates. Rate of reaction in flask
"A", wherein physical platinum catalyst was augmented with the
platinum spectral pattern, exhibited an overall mean increase of
60%, with a maximal increase of 70% over the baseline and flask
B.
Example 6
Replacing a Physical Catalyst with a Fine Structure Heterodyned
Frequency and
Replacing a Physical Catalyst with a Fine Structure Frequency the
Alpha Rotation-Vibration Constant
[0620] Water was electrolyzed to produce stoichiometric amounts of
hydrogen and oxygen gases as described above herein. Additionally,
a dry ice cooled stainless steel coil was placed immediately after
the Drierite column. After vacuum removal of all gases in the
system, electrolysis was accomplished using a 12 V power source
attached to the two electrodes, resulting in a production of
hydrogen and oxygen gases. After passing through the Drierite
column, the hydrogen and oxygen gases passed through vacuum tubing
connected to positive and negative pressure gauges, through the dry
ice cooled stainless steel coil and then to a 1,000 ml round,
quartz flask. A strip of filter paper impregnated with dry (blue)
cobalt was in the bottom of the quartz flask, as an indicator of
the presence or absence of water.
[0621] The entire system was vacuum evacuated to a pressure of
about 700 mm Hg below atmospheric pressure. Electrolysis was
performed, producing hydrogen and oxygen gases in stoichiometric
amounts, to result in a pressure of about 220 mm Hg above
atmospheric pressure. The center of the quartz flask, now
containing hydrogen and oxygen gases, was irradiated for
approximately 12 hours with continuous microwave electromagnetic
radiation emitted from a Hewlett Packard microwave spectroscopy
system which included an HP 83350B Sweep Oscillator, an HP 8510B
Network Analyzer and an HP 8513A Reflection Transmission Test Set.
The frequency used was 21.4 GHz, which corresponds to a fine
splitting constant, the alpha rotation-vibration constant, of the
hydroxy intermediate, and is thus a harmonic resonant heterodyne
for the hydroxy radical. The cobalt strip changed strongly in color
to pink which indicated the presence of water in the quartz flask,
whose creation was catalyzed by a harmonic resonant heterodyne
frequency for the hydroxy radical.
Example 7
Replacing a Physical Catalyst with a Hyperfine Splitting
Frequency
[0622] An experimental dark room was prepared, in which there is no
ambient light, and which can be totally darkened. A shielded,
ground room (Ace Shielded Room, Ace, Philadelphia, Pa., US, Model
A6H3-16; 8 feet wide, 17 feet long, and 8 feet high copper mesh)
was installed inside the dark room.
[0623] Hydrogen peroxide (3%) was placed in nippled quartz tubes,
which were then inverted in beakers filled with (3%) hydrogen
peroxide, as described in greater detail herein. The tubes were
allowed to rest for about 18 hours in the dark room, covered with
non-metallic light blocking hoods (so that the room could be
entered without exposing the tubes to light). Baseline measurements
of gases in the nippled tubes were then performed.
[0624] Three nippled RF tubes were placed on a wooden grid table in
the shielded room, in the center of grids 4, 54, and 127;
corresponding to distances of about 107 cm, 187 cm, and 312 cm
respectively, from a frequency-emitting antenna (copper tubing 15
mm diameter, 4.7 m octagonal circumference, with the center
frequency at approximately 6.5 MHz. A 25 watt, 17 MHz signal was
sent to the antenna. This frequency corresponds to a hyperfine
splitting frequency of the hydrogen atom, which is a transient in
the dissociation of hydrogen peroxide. The antenna was pulsed
continuously by a BK Precision RF Signal Generator Model 2005A, and
amplified by an Amplifier Research amplifier, Model 25A-100. A
control tube was placed on a wooden cart immediately adjacent to
the shielded room, in the dark room. All tubes were covered with
non-metallic light blocking hoods.
[0625] After about 18 hours, gas production from dissociation of
hydrogen peroxide and resultant oxygen formation in the nippled
tubes was measured. The RF tube closest to the antenna produced 11
mm length gas in the capillary (34 mm.sup.3), the tube intermediate
to the antenna produced a 5 mm length (10 mm.sup.3) gas, and the RF
tube farthest from the antenna produced no gas. The control tube
produced 1 mm gas. Thus, it can be concluded that the RF hyperfine
splitting frequency for hydrogen increased the reaction rate
approximately five (5) to ten (10) times.
Example 8
Replacing a Physical Catalyst with a Magnetic Field
[0626] Hydrogen peroxide (15%) was placed in nippled quartz tubes,
which were then inverted in beakers filled with (15%) hydrogen
peroxide, as described above. The tubes were allowed to rest for
four (4) hours on a wooden table in a shielded cage, in a dark
room. Baseline measurements of gases in the nippled tubes were then
performed.
[0627] Remaining in the shielded cage, in the dark room, two (2)
control tubes were left on a wooden table as controls. Two (2)
magnetic field tubes were placed on the center platform of an ETS
Helmholtz single axis coil, Model 6402, 1.06 gauss/Ampere, pulsed
at about 83 Hz by a BK Precision 20 MHz Sweep/Function Generator,
Model 4040. The voltage output of the function generator was
adjusted to produce an alternating magnetic field of about 19.5
milliGauss on the center platform of the Helmholtz Coil, as
measured by a Holaday Model HI-3627, three (3) axis ELF magnetic
field meter and probe. Hydrogen atoms, which are a transient in the
dissociation of hydrogen peroxide, exhibit nuclear magnetic
resonance via Zeeman splitting at this applied frequency and
applied magnetic field strength. Thus, frequency of the alternating
magnetic field was resonant with the hydrogen transients.
[0628] After about 18 hours, gas production from dissociation of
hydrogen peroxide and resultant oxygen formation in the nippled
tubes was measured. The control tubes averaged about 180 mm gas
formation (540 mm.sup.3) while the tubes exposed to the alternating
magnetic field produced about 810 mm gas (2,430 mm.sup.3),
resulting in an increase in the reaction rate of approximately four
(4) times.
Example 9
Negatively Catalyzing a Reaction with an Electric Field
[0629] Hydrogen peroxide (15%) was placed in four (4) nippled
quartz tubes which were inverted in hydrogen peroxide (15%) filled
beakers, as described in greater detail above herein. The tubes
were placed on a wooden table, in a shielded room, in a dark room.
After four (4) hours, baseline measurements were taken of the gas
in the capillary portion of the tubes.
[0630] An Amplifier Research self-contained electromagnetic mode
cell ("TEM") Model TC1510A had been placed in the shielded,
darkened room. A sine wave signal of about 133 MHz was provided to
the TEM cell by a BK Precision RF Signal Generator, Model 2005A,
and an Amplifier Research amplifier, Model 25A100. Output levels on
the signal generator and amplifier wave adjusted to produce an
electric field (E-field) of about five (5) V/m in the center of the
TEM cell, as measured with a Holaday Industries electric field
probe, Model HI-4433GRE, placed in the center of the lower
chamber.
[0631] Two of the hydrogen peroxide filled tubes were placed in the
center of the upper chamber of the TEM cell, about 35 cm from the
wall of the shielded room. The other two (2) tubes served as
controls and were placed on a wooden table, also about 35 cm from
the same wall of the shielded, dark room, and removed from the
immediate vicinity of the TEM cell, so that there was no ambient
electric field, as confirmed by E-field probe measurements.
[0632] The 133 MHz alternating sine wave signal delivered to the
TEM cell was well above the typical line width frequency at room
temperature (e.g., about 100 KHz) and was theorized to be resonant
with an n=20 Rydberg state of the hydrogen atom as derived from
.DELTA.E=cE.sup.3/4
where E is the change in energy in cm.sup.-1, c is 7.51+/-0.02 for
the hydrogen state n=20 and E is the electric field intensity in
(Kv/cm).sup.2.
[0633] After about five (5) hours of exposure to the electric
field, the mean gas production in the tubes subjected to the
E-field was about 17.5 mm, while mean gas production in the control
tubes was about 58 mm.
[0634] While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory or
explanation, it is believed that the alternating electric field
resonated with an upper energy level in the hydrogen atoms,
producing a negative Stark effect, and thereby negatively
catalyzing the reaction.
Example 10
Augmentation of a Physical Catalyst by Irradiating
Reactants/Transients with a Spectral Catalyst
[0635] Hydrogen and oxygen gases were produced in stoichiometric
amounts by electrolysis, as previously described in greater detail
above herein. A stainless steel coil cooled in dry ice was placed
immediately after the Drierite column. Positive and negative
pressure gauges were connected after the coil, and then a 1,000 ml
round quartz flask was sequentially connected with a second set of
pressure gauges.
[0636] At the beginning of each experimental run, the entire system
was vacuum evacuated to a pressure of about minus 650 mm Hg. The
system was sealed for about 15 minutes to confirm the maintenance
of the generated vacuum and integrity of the connections.
Electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen and oxygen gases was
performed, as described previously.
[0637] Initially, about 10 mg of finely divided platinum was placed
into the round quartz flask. Reactant gases were allowed to react
over the platinum and the reaction rate was monitored by increasing
the rate of pressure drop over time, as previously described. The
starting pressure was approximately in the mid-90's mm Hg positive
pressure, and the ending pressure was approximately in the low 30's
over the amount of time that measurements were taken. Two (2)
control runs were performed, with reaction rates of about 0.47 mm
Hg/minute and about 0.48 mm Hg/minute.
[0638] For the third run, a single platinum lamp was applied, as
previously described, except that the operating current was reduced
to about eight (8) mA and the lamp was positioned through the
center of the flask to irradiate only the reactant/transient gases,
and not the physical platinum catalyst. The reaction rate was
determined, as described above, and was found to be about 0.63 mm
Hg/minute, an increase of 34%.
Example 11
Apparent Poisoning of a Reaction by the Spectral Pattern of a
Physical Poison
[0639] The conversion of hydrogen and oxygen gases to water, over a
stepped platinum physical catalyst, is known to be poisoned by
gold. Addition of gold to this platinum catalyzed reaction reduces
reaction rates by about 95%. The gold blocks only about one sixth
of the platinum binding sites, which according to prior art, would
need to be blocked to poison the physical catalyst to this degree.
Thus, it was theorized that a spectral interaction of the physical
gold with the physical platinum and/or reaction system could also
be responsible for the poisoning effects of gold on the reaction.
It was further theorized that addition of the gold spectral pattern
to the reaction catalyzed by physical platinum could also poison
the reaction.
[0640] Hydrogen and oxygen gases were produced by electrolysis, as
described above in greater detail. Finely directed platinum, about
15 mg, was added to the round quartz flask. Starting pressures were
about in the 90's mm Hg positive pressure, and ending pressures
were about in the 20's mm Hg over the amount of time that
measurements were taken. Reaction rates were determined as
previously described. The first control run revealed a reaction
rate of about 0.81 mm Hg/minute.
[0641] In the second run, a Fisher Hollow Cathode Gold lamp was
applied, as previously described, at an operating frequency of
about eight (8) mA, (80% maximum current), through about the center
of the round flask. The reaction rate increased to about 0.87 mm
Hg/minute.
[0642] A third run was then performed on the same reaction flask
and physical platinum that had been in the flask exposed to the
gold spectral pattern. The reaction rate decreased to about 0.75 mm
Hg/minute.
* * * * *