U.S. patent application number 13/530606 was filed with the patent office on 2012-12-06 for sun blocking stack.
This patent application is currently assigned to AGC Glass Europe. Invention is credited to Andre Hecq, Philippe ROQUINY.
Application Number | 20120308811 13/530606 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 35447431 |
Filed Date | 2012-12-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20120308811 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
ROQUINY; Philippe ; et
al. |
December 6, 2012 |
SUN BLOCKING STACK
Abstract
A multilayer sunshield lamination structure formed on a sheet of
vitreous material which includes at least one functional layer
composed of a silver-based material that reflects infrared
radiation and at least two dielectric coatings, each functional
layer being surrounded by dielectric coatings. The lamination
structure may include an essentially metal absorbent material based
on at least one of the following elements; Pd, Pt, Au, Ir, Rh, Ru,
Os, Co, Ni, Cu, Cr, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, W, Si, Zn, Mo, Mn, Ti, V, Nb,
Hf, Ta and alloys thereof included in the functional layer or as
part of a separate layer in direct contact with the functional
layer. The lamination structure, when deposited on an ordinary
clear soda-lime float glass sheet 6 mm thick, has a solar factor SF
of less than 45% and a light transmission LT of less than 70%.
Inventors: |
ROQUINY; Philippe; (Jumet,
BE) ; Hecq; Andre; (Jumet, BE) |
Assignee: |
AGC Glass Europe
Brussels
BE
|
Family ID: |
35447431 |
Appl. No.: |
13/530606 |
Filed: |
June 22, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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11913943 |
May 6, 2008 |
8231977 |
|
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PCT/EP06/62204 |
May 10, 2006 |
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13530606 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
428/336 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C03C 17/3681 20130101;
C03C 17/3652 20130101; C03C 17/3644 20130101; C03C 17/36 20130101;
C03C 17/3618 20130101; C03C 17/366 20130101; Y10T 428/266 20150115;
C03C 17/3639 20130101; C03C 17/3626 20130101; Y10T 428/265
20150115 |
Class at
Publication: |
428/336 |
International
Class: |
B32B 5/00 20060101
B32B005/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
May 11, 2005 |
EP |
05103917.0 |
Claims
1-32. (canceled)
33. A multilayer sunshield lamination structure formed on a sheet
of vitreous material comprising: at least one functional layer
comprising silver; a first dielectric coating deposited directly
onto the sheet of vitreous material; a second dielectric coating
deposited on a side of the functional layer opposite the side of
the first dielectric coating; and an essentially metal absorbent
material based on at least one of the following elements: Pd, Pt,
Au, Ir, Rh, Ru, Os, Co, Ni, Cu, Cr, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, W, Si, Zn, Mo,
Mn, Ti, V, Nb, Hf, Ta and alloys thereof wherein the essentially
absorbent metal is included in the functional layer or at least
partially forms part of a separate layer from the functional layer
deposited under or on, and in direct contact with, the functional
layer. wherein each functional layer is surrounded by dielectric
coatings, wherein said lamination structure, when deposited on an
ordinary clear soda-lime float glass sheet 6 mm thick, has a solar
factor SF of less than 45% and a light transmission LT of less than
70%, and wherein a dielectric coating on an outside of the
lamination structure includes at least one zinc-tin mixed
oxide-based layer containing at least 20% tin and/or a barrier
layer to oxygen diffusion with a thickness of more than 5 nm
selected from among the following materials: ZrN, SiC,
SiO.sub.xC.sub.y, TaC, TiN, TiC, CrC, DLC and alloys thereof, and
nitrides or oxynitrides of alloys such as SiAlO.sub.xN.sub.y or
SiTi.sub.xN.sub.y.
34. A lamination structure according claim 33, wherein the
absorbent material is included in the functional layer.
35. A lamination structure according to claim 34, wherein the
functional layer contains 1 to 30 atom % of absorbent material as
alloy with, or doped with, the silver.
36. A lamination structure according to claim 35, wherein the
functional layer contains 5 to 10 atom % absorbent material.
37. A lamination structure according to claim 35, wherein the
absorbent material included in the functional layer is selected
from among the following materials: Os, Co, Pd, Pt, Ir, Ru, and
Rh.
38. A lamination structure according to claim 33, wherein the
absorbent material at least partially forms part of a separate
layer from the functional layer deposited under or on, and in
direct contact with, the functional layer.
39. A lamination structure according to claim 38, wherein the
absorbent material forms an alloy with a sacrificial metal layer
for protection of the functional layer.
40. A lamination structure according to claim 38, wherein the
absorbent material constitutes the major part of said separate
layer deposited under or on, and in direct contact with, the
functional layer.
41. A lamination structure according to claim 40, wherein the
separate layer of absorbent material has a physical thickness of
between 0.3 and 10 nm.
42. A lamination structure according to claim 41, wherein the
separate layer of absorbent material has a physical thickness of
between 0.8 and 3 nm.
43. A lamination structure according to claim 33, wherein the
absorbent material is selected from at least one of the following
elements: Pt, Pd, Co, Ir, Ru, Rh, Os, CoCr, Ti and NiCr and alloys
thereof.
44. A lamination structure according to claim 43, wherein the
absorbent material is palladium.
45. A lamination structure according to claim 33, wherein 4 to 35%
of the light absorption of the lamination structure is attributable
to the absorbent material.
46. A lamination structure according to claim 33, wherein the first
dielectric coating and the outer dielectric coating comprise at
least one zinc-tin mixed oxide-based layer containing at least 20%
tin.
47. A lamination structure according to claim 40, wherein the
lamination structure contains at least the following sequence of
layers in order starting with the sheet of vitreous material: a) a
first dielectric coating, b) a silver-based functional layer, c) an
absorbent layer, d) optionally, one or two sacrificial metal
layers, which may be sub-oxidised, selected from one or a
combination of the following materials: Ti, Ni, Cr, Nb, Zn, Zr, Al,
Ta and alloys thereof, and e) an outer dielectric layer.
48. A lamination structure according to claim 33, comprising at
least two functional layers separated by at least one intermediate
dielectric coating.
49. A lamination structure according to claim 47, wherein the
lamination structure contains at least the following sequence of
layers in order starting with the sheet of vitreous material: a) a
first dielectric coating, b) a first silver-based functional layer,
c) one or two sacrificial metal layers, which may be sub-oxidised,
selected from one or several of the following materials: Ti, Ni,
Cr, Nb, Zn, Zr, Al, Ta and alloys thereof, d) an intermediate
dielectric coating, e) a second silver-based functional layer, f)
an absorbent layer, g) optionally, one or two sacrificial metal
layers, possibly sub-oxidised, selected from one or a combination
of the following materials: Ti, Ni, Cr, Nb, Zn, Zr, Al, Ta and
alloys thereof, and h) an outer dielectric layer.
50. A lamination structure according to claim 47, wherein the
lamination structure contains at least the following sequence of
layers in order starting with the sheet of vitreous material: a) a
first dielectric coating including at least one zinc-tin mixed
oxide-based layer, b) a first silver-based functional layer, c) one
or two sacrificial metal layers, which may be sub-oxidised,
selected from one or a combination of the following materials: Ti,
Ni, Cr, Nb, Zn, Zr, Al, Ta and alloys thereof, d) an intermediate
dielectric coating, e) a second silver-based functional layer, f) a
palladium-based absorbent layer, g) optionally, one or two
sacrificial metal layers, which may be sub-oxidised, selected from
one or a combination of the following materials: Ti, Ni, Cr, Nb,
Zn, Zr, Al, Ta and alloys thereof, and h) an outer dielectric layer
including at least one zinc-tin mixed oxide-based layer.
51. A lamination structure according to claim 33, wherein the
lamination structure is finished by a thin carbon-based protective
layer with a thickness of 1.5 to 10 nm.
52. A glass sheet bearing a lamination structure according to claim
33.
53. A glass sheet according to claim 52, wherein it has a tint
tested in reflection on the glass side represented by: (a-1) L* in
the range of between 30 and 55, (b-1) a* in the range of between -4
and +3, and (c-1) b* in the range of between -4 and 16.
54. A glass sheet according to claim 52, wherein the glass was
subjected to a toughening and/or bending thermal treatment after
deposition of the multilayer lamination structure.
55. A glass sheet according to claim 54, wherein 4 to 35% of the
light absorption of the lamination structure after thermal
treatment is attributable to the absorbent material.
56. A multiple glazing comprising a glass sheet according to claim
52.
57. A multiple glazing according to claim 56, wherein the multiple
glazing has a solar factor SF in the range of between 15 and 40%, a
light transmission of at least 30% and a colour that is relatively
neutral in transmission and neutral to slightly bluish in
reflection on a side of the glass sheet bearing the lamination
structure.
58. A multiple glazing according to claim 57, wherein the multiple
glazing has (a-1) a solar factor SF in the range of between 20 and
35%, and (b-1) a light transmission of at least 45%.
59. A multiple glazing according to claim 56, wherein the multiple
glazing has a tint in reflection on the side of the glass sheet
bearing the lamination structure, wherein the lamination structure
is arranged towards the inside space of the multiple glazing,
represented by (a-1) L* in the range of between 40 and 55, (b-1) a*
in the range of between 1.5 and -6, and (c-1) b* in the range of
between -3 and -15.
Description
[0001] The present invention relates to a multilayer sunshield
lamination structure formed on a sheet of vitreous material, a
glass sheet bearing said lamination structure as well as a multiple
glazing incorporating such a glass sheet.
[0002] Sunshield lamination structures, to which the present
invention relates, comprise at least one functional layer based on
a material that reflects infrared radiation and at least two
dielectric coatings, one of which is the first dielectric coating
deposited directly onto the sheet of vitreous material and the
other lies on the outside in relation to the functional layer or
layers, each functional layer being surrounded by dielectric
coatings. These different layers are deposited by reduced-pressure
cathodic sputtering assisted by a magnetic field, for example, in a
well known magnetron type device.
[0003] These sunshield laminations are used to form sun-protection
glazings in order to reduce the risk of excessive temperature rise,
for example, in an enclosed space with large glazed surfaces as a
result of insolation and to thus reduce the power load to be taken
into account for air-conditioning in summer. In this case, the
glazing must allow the least possible amount of total solar energy
radiation to pass through, i.e. it must have the lowest possible
solar factor (SF or g). However, it is highly desirable that it
guarantees a certain level of light transmission (LT) in order to
provide a sufficient level of illumination inside the building.
These somewhat conflicting requirements express the requirement to
obtain a glazing unit with an elevated selectivity (S), defined by
the ratio of light transmission to solar factor. These sunshield
laminations also have a low emissivity, which allows a reduction in
the heat loss through high wavelength infrared radiation. Thus,
they improve the thermal insulation of large glazed surfaces and
reduce energy losses and heating costs in cold periods.
[0004] The light transmission (LT) is the percentage of incident
light flux, of illuminant D65, transmitted by the glazing. The
solar factor (SF or g) is the percentage of incident energy
radiation, which, on the one hand, is directly transmitted by the
glazing and, on the other hand, is absorbed by this and then
radiated in the opposite direction to the energy source in relation
to the glazing.
[0005] These sunshield glazing units are generally assembled as
double glazing units, in which the glass sheet bearing the
lamination structure is joined to another glass sheet, with or
without a coating, with the multilayer lamination structure located
inside the space between the two glass sheets.
[0006] In some cases, it is often necessary to subject the glazing
to a mechanical strengthening operation such as a thermal
toughening of the glass sheet or sheets in order to improve its
resistance to mechanical stresses. In the production process and
shaping process of the glazing units there are some advantages in
conducting these toughening operations on the already coated
substrate instead of coating a substrate that has already been
treated. These operations are conducted at a relatively elevated
temperature, i.e. a temperature at which the, e.g. silver-based,
infrared reflecting layer tends to deteriorate and lose its optical
properties and its properties with respect to infrared radiation.
In the case where the coated glass sheet has to undergo a thermal
toughening operation, therefore, quite specific precautions must be
taken to form a lamination structure that is able to undergo a
thermal toughening or bending treatment, often referred to below by
the expression "toughenable", without losing its optical and/or
energy-related properties, for which it is formed.
[0007] It is also desirable that the glazing units meet certain
aesthetic criteria in terms of light reflection (LR), i.e. the
percentage of incident light flux--of illuminant D65--reflected by
the glazing, and reflected and transmitted colour. The market
demand is for a glazing with low light reflection. The combination
of a high selectivity with a low light reflection sometimes results
in the formation of purple tints in reflection, which have very
little aesthetic appeal.
[0008] To reduce the amount of heat that penetrates into the
location through the glazing, the invisible infrared heat radiation
is prevented from passing through the glazing by reflecting it.
This is the role of the functional layer or layers based on a
material that reflects infrared radiation. This is an essential
element in a sunshield lamination structure. However, a significant
portion of the heat radiation is also transmitted by visible
radiation. To reduce the transmission of this portion of the heat
radiation and go beyond eliminating the supply of energy by
infrared radiation, it is necessary to reduce the level of light
transmission.
[0009] The solution proposed by patent application WO 02/48065 A1
is to insert an absorbent layer, e.g. of TiN, into the lamination
structure and to enclose this layer between two layers of
transparent dielectric material. In this way, this document
explains, the absorbent layer is not in contact with the glass,
which limits the problems associated with the diffusion of oxygen
and alkaline substance coming from the glass, in particular under
the effect of heat when the glass must undergo thermal treatment,
nor is it in direct contact with the silver, which limits the
problems of deterioration of the silver layer caused by oxidation
of the absorbent layer upon contact, in particular under the effect
of the heat.
[0010] One of the problems results directly from what has just been
stated, and that is that the absorbent layer oxidises in certain
conditions, in particular during thermal treatment, and becomes
more transparent, thus losing part of the reason for it being
included in the lamination. Moreover, the level of oxidation of the
absorbent layer will depend on the conditions of the thermal
treatment, which means that it will be difficult to retain the
properties of the lamination after toughening. To limit this
effect, the above-cited document proposes to enclose the absorbent
layer between two layers of silicon nitride or aluminium
nitride.
[0011] In addition to the fact that the result is not completely
satisfactory, the solution proposed by this document has the
disadvantage of somewhat further complicating the lamination
structures that are already complex in nature. In particular, this
solution can require the use of a specific deposition zone with
adjusted atmosphere right in the middle of a given dielectric to
deposit the absorbent layer. Another disadvantage of the solution
proposed by this document WO'065 is the difficulty in neutralising
the tint provided by the absorbent layer inserted in the middle of
a dielectric.
[0012] The invention relates to a multilayer sunshield lamination
structure formed on a sheet of vitreous material comprising at
least one functional layer composed of a silver-based material that
reflects infrared radiation and at least two dielectric coatings,
one of which is the first dielectric coating deposited directly
onto the sheet of vitreous material and the other lies on the
outside in relation to the functional layer or layers, each
functional layer being surrounded by dielectric coatings, wherein
said lamination structure, when deposited on an ordinary clear
soda-lime float glass sheet 6 mm thick, has a solar factor SF of
less than 45% and a light transmission LT of less than 70%,
characterised in that the lamination structure is composed of an
essentially metal absorbent material based on at least one of the
following elements: Pd, Pt, Au, Ir, Rh, Ru, Os, Co, Ni, Cu, Cr, La,
Ce, Pr, Nd, W, Si, Zn, Mo, Mn, Ti, V, Nb, Hf, Ta and alloys thereof
arranged in the immediate vicinity of the functional layer or
included in this functional layer.
[0013] The term "absorbent material" is understood to mean a
material that absorbs a portion of the visible radiation, and of
which the spectral absorption index k(.lamda.) is higher than 1.9
on average, said average being calculated from three points of the
visible spectrum located at 380, 580 and 780 nm. Spectral
absorption index values are given in "Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics", 70th Edition, CRC Press, 1989-1990, E389-E404.
[0014] The absorbent material used in the invention is essentially
in metal form. It may possibly also be doped with an element not
included in the list, such as aluminium or boron, for example, for
various reasons, in particular for ease of deposition in a
magnetron device or ease of machining the targets.
[0015] It is known that silicon should properly be classed as a
semimetal, but as silicon behaves like certain metals in various
respects, it has been included in the present invention in the term
"essentially metal absorbent material" to simplify matters.
[0016] The term "immediate vicinity" indicates that the absorbent
material forms part of a layer arranged in direct contact with the
functional layer or possibly separated from this by a very thin
layer of sacrificial metal with a tendency to absorb oxygen or
metal sub-oxide. Since the absorbent material is located in the
immediate vicinity of the functional layer or is included in this
functional layer, it can thus have a favourable effect on the
reflection of infrared radiation and additionally benefits from the
protective measures against oxidation intended for the material
reflecting the infrared radiation.
[0017] The invention specifically relates to lamination structures,
which, when deposited on an ordinary clear soda-lime float glass
sheet 6 mm thick, have a solar factor SF of less than 45%, in
particular of 20 to 45%, and a light transmission LT of less than
70%, in particular of 30 to 70%. In these conditions, they
preferably have a solar factor SF in the range of between 25 and
40% and a light transmission LT in the range of between 35 and
68%.
[0018] It has surprisingly been found when forming a lamination
structure according to the invention that the level of absorption
of the lamination structure could be easily defined and that this
level is readily retained even in particularly harsh conditions
such as a thermal treatment of the lamination structure, for
example, and this is also achieved while obtaining the desired
optical and aesthetic appearance, e.g. an appearance that is
neutral in reflection.
[0019] The absorbent materials selected play an essential role in
achieving this result. At least some of these materials, in
particular palladium and platinum, were already known, e.g. from
document EP 543077 A1, for their effect of improving the resistance
of the lamination to humidity and chemical attacks, either as an
alloy with the infrared reflecting layer, particularly silver, or
as an alloy with the sacrificial metal layer on silver. However, it
concerned the formation of a lamination structure with the highest
possible light transmission. The use of these materials to adjust
the level of heat absorption in visible radiation is completely new
and different from the instruction given thus far. Moreover, these
are relatively costly materials, and it is surprising to use these
as absorbent material in series production. We have discovered that
the invention surprisingly provides truly significant advantages
with respect to the adjustment of the solar factor for glazings
with a low solar factor of less than 45% in the case of single
glazing and a high selectivity. Moreover, the absorbent materials
selected can assist marginally in the reflection of infrared
radiation.
[0020] The dielectric coatings are well known in the field of
layers deposited by cathodic sputtering. There are numerous
suitable materials and it is not helpful to list them here. These
are generally metal oxides, oxynitrides or nitrides. By way of
example, the following can be mentioned as some of the most common:
TiO.sub.2, SnO.sub.2, ZnO, Si.sub.3N.sub.4, AlN, Al.sub.2O.sub.3,
ZrO.sub.2, Nb.sub.2O.sub.5 and Bi.sub.2O.sub.3. With respect to the
outside coating, SnO.sub.2 is a dielectric material that is
particularly well suited if the lamination structure does not have
to undergo high-temperature thermal treatment.
[0021] The dielectric coating on the outside of the lamination
structure preferably includes at least one zinc-tin mixed
oxide-based layer containing at least 20% tin and/or a barrier
layer to oxygen diffusion with a thickness of more than 5 nm
selected from among the following materials: AlN, AlNxOy,
Si.sub.3N.sub.4, SiOxNy, SiO.sub.2, ZrN, SiC, SiOxCy, TaC, TiN,
TiNxOy, TiC, CrC, DLC and alloys thereof, and nitrides or
oxynitrides of alloys such as SiAlOxNy or SiTixNy. The thus defined
outer dielectric benefits stability of the absorbent material in
particular when the lamination structure is subjected to different
chemical and thermal attacks from outside and in particular during
a high-temperature thermal treatment such as bending and/or
toughening.
[0022] "DLC" is the abbreviation for the well known term
"diamond-like carbon", which relates to a carbon-based layer having
tetrahedral bonds similar to a diamond.
[0023] According to a first aspect of the invention, the absorbent
material is preferably included in the functional layer.
Advantageously the functional layer contains 1 to 30 atom %,
preferably 5 to 20%, of absorbent material as alloy with, or doped
with, the silver-based material that reflects infrared radiation.
The absorbent material can be deposited by sputtering using a
cathode made from an alloy with the material that reflects infrared
radiation. For example, a cathode of silver doped or alloyed with a
certain quantity, e.g. 1 to 20% and preferably 5 to 20%, of
absorbent material such as palladium or platinum, for example, can
be used. It is also possible to use two cathodes, e.g. one silver
cathode and one palladium cathode, co-sputtered onto the sheet of
vitreous material. A functional layer based on the material that
reflects infrared radiation is thus formed that at the same time
contains the absorbent material.
[0024] The functional layer preferably contains 5 to 10% absorbent
material. It has been found that this proportion enables a good
compromise to be achieved between the level of absorption due to
the absorbent material and the infrared reflection properties of
the base material of the functional layer.
[0025] For example, the functional layer can include at least one
of the following elements: Ti, Zn, Mo, Mn, Nb, V or Hf. These
elements in particular allow absorbent faults to be generated in
the functional layer, and this is beneficial for reducing the solar
factor.
[0026] Preferably, according to a preferred embodiment of the first
aspect of the invention, the absorbent material included in the
functional layer is selected from among the following materials:
Ni, Cr, NiCr, CoCr, W, Si and NiV. We have in fact found that in
this aspect of the invention these materials form a particularly
advantageous association with a silver-based material that reflects
infrared radiation. These associations in particular form
non-toughenable/bendable sunshield lamination structures with a low
solar factor that have a tint in reflection and in transmission
ranging from neutral to bluish with an aesthetically pleasing
appearance. The elements Ni, Cr, NiCr, CoCr, W, Si and NiV,
particularly NiCr and CoCr, are advantageously used to form
sunshield lamination structures that are bluish-grey in
transmission and reflection, which do not have to undergo
high-temperature thermal treatment.
[0027] Preferably, according to another preferred embodiment of the
first aspect of the invention, the absorbent material included in
the functional layer is selected from among the following
materials: Os, Co, Pd, Pt, Ir, Ru and Rh. These materials are
advantageously used to form sunshield lamination structures that
are thermally treated. It has been found that they readily retain
their absorbent character, and after thermal treatment of the
glazing they provide the lamination structure with a pleasing tint
in transmission and in reflection.
[0028] Nickel and cobalt in particular are magnetic elements that
pose some problems in deposition in a magnetron sputtering device.
However, they do not pose any problem if used for doping the
infrared reflecting material, for example, in a proportion of 5% in
silver.
[0029] Preferably, according to this first aspect of the invention,
the functional layer contains 1 to 30 atom %, advantageously 5 to
20%, of an absorbent material selected from among Pd, Pt, Au, Ir,
Rh, Ru, Os, Co, La, Ce, Pr, Nd and alloys thereof, and the outer
dielectric coating includes at least one zinc-tin mixed oxide-based
layer containing at least 20% tin and/or a barrier layer to the
diffusion of oxygen with a thickness of more than 5 nm selected
from among the following materials: AlN, AlNxOy, Si.sub.3N.sub.4,
SiOxNy, SiO.sub.2, ZrN, SiC, SiOxCy, TaC, TiN, TiNxOy, TiC, CrC,
DLC and alloys thereof, and nitrides or oxynitrides of alloys such
as SiAlOxNy or SiTixNy. This feature enables sunshield lamination
structures to be obtained that are suitable for undergoing a
high-temperature thermal treatment and that retain their absorbent
characteristics after thermal treatment.
[0030] According to a second aspect of the invention, the absorbent
material preferably at least partially forms part of a separate
layer from the functional layer deposited under or on it and in
direct contact with it. With this arrangement, the risk of any
reduction in properties for the reflection of infrared radiation of
the functional layer is reduced, in particular in the case of a
high proportion of absorbent material.
[0031] According to a first preferred embodiment of this second
aspect of the invention, the absorbent material is preferably
mixed, both by doping or alloying, with a sacrificial metal layer
intended for protection of the functional layer from chemical
attacks and in particular from oxidation, e.g. a layer of titanium
containing about 5 atom % palladium. Once again, this layer can be
formed either from a cathode of an alloy of the sacrificial metal
with the absorbent material or by co-sputtering from two separate
cathodes. The layer of sacrificial metal preferably contains 5 to
20% absorbent material.
[0032] According to a second preferred embodiment of the second
aspect of the invention, the absorbent material preferably
constitutes the major part of the separate layer deposited under or
on, and in direct contact with, the functional layer. Thus, the
functional layer can be deposited directly onto the absorbent layer
or the absorbent layer can be deposited directly onto the
functional layer. It has been found that this arrangement was
beneficial both from the point of view of the properties given to
the lamination structure and with respect to the ease of industrial
use. In fact, the absorbent material deposited in metal form is
easily integrated into the essentially metal deposition zone of the
functional layer without complicating the deposition process. On
the other hand, in the case of the absorbent materials cited in the
framework of the invention, it is easy to find materials that are
compatible with the silver-based material reflecting infrared
radiation used.
[0033] It has been found, for example, that with the alloy CoCr in
the form of a separate absorbent layer deposited onto the
functional layer, it is possible to easily obtain a non-toughenable
sunshield lamination structure with a low solar factor with an
aesthetically acceptable general appearance, in particular that is
bluish-grey in transmission and in reflection, is particularly
pleasing and meets the requirement of the market.
[0034] Preferably, according to the second preferred embodiment of
the second aspect of the invention, the absorbent material is
selected from among Pd, Pt, Au, Ir, Rh, Ru, Os, Co, La, Pr, Nd and
alloys thereof, and the outer dielectric coating includes at least
one zinc-tin mixed oxide-based layer containing at least 20% tin
and/or a barrier layer to the diffusion of oxygen with a thickness
of more than 5 nm selected from among the following materials: AlN,
AlNxOy, Si.sub.3N.sub.4, SiOxNy, SiO.sub.2, ZrN, SiC, SiOxCy, TaC,
TiN, TiNxOy, TiC, CrC, DLC and alloys thereof, and nitrides or
oxynitrides of alloys such as SiAlOxNy or SiTixNy. The combination
of these absorbent materials with an outer dielectric coating thus
defined allows the desired absorption level of the sunshield
lamination structure to be defined after high-temperature thermal
treatment.
[0035] Preferably, this separate layer of absorbent material has a
physical thickness in the range of between 0.3 and 10 nm,
advantageously in the range of between 0.4 and 5 nm, and ideally in
the range of between 0.8 and 3 nm. These thickness ranges allow the
formation of sunshield glazing units with a low solar factor and
high selectivity with a pleasing aesthetic appearance that meets
the requirement of the market.
[0036] Advantageously, the absorbent material is selected from at
least one of the following elements: Pt, Pd, Co, Ir, Ru, Rh, Os,
CoCr, Ti and NiCr and alloys thereof. These absorbent materials
allow the formation of an efficient sunshield lamination structure
with a pleasing aesthetic appearance that meets requirements,
particularly when they are arranged in separate layers of the
functional layer. The last three elements cited, i.e. CoCr, Ti and
NiCr, are more specifically intended for formation of a lamination
structure that does not have to undergo high-temperature thermal
treatment.
[0037] According to either of the two aspects of the invention and
any of the embodiments of these aspects of the invention, the
absorbent material is preferably palladium. Within the framework of
the invention this association with a silver-based functional layer
allows the formation of a selective sunshield lamination structure
that has high resistance to corrosion and readily retains its
absorbent properties.
[0038] Preferably, 4 to 35%, advantageously 8 to 22%, of the light
absorption of the lamination structure is attributable to the
absorbent material. Thus, a solar factor is obtained that is
sufficient to form a product that meets the requirement of the
market.
[0039] Preferably, the first dielectric coating and the outer
dielectric coating comprise at least one zinc-tin mixed oxide-based
layer containing at least 20% tin. It has been found that this
structure strengthens the resistance of the lamination structure to
thermal treatment.
[0040] Advantageously, the lamination structure contains at least
the following sequence of layers in order starting with the sheet
of vitreous material:
[0041] a) a first dielectric coating,
[0042] b) a silver-based functional layer,
[0043] c) an absorbent layer,
[0044] d) optionally, one or two sacrificial metal layers, possibly
sub-oxidised, selected from one or several of the following
materials: Ti, Ni, Cr, Nb, Zn, Zr, Al, Ta and alloys thereof,
[0045] e) an outer dielectric layer.
[0046] It has been found that this specific sequence of layers
benefits the retention of the absorption properties of the
lamination structure, in particular during a thermal treatment.
[0047] The optional sacrificial metal layer can be formed from a
double layer such as NiCr/Ti, for example. Such a double layer is
the subject of patent application WO 03/106363 A2 filed in the name
of the applicant and published on 24 Dec. 2003, the contents of
which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0048] To obtain a high-performance selective sunshield lamination
structure, it advantageously comprises at least two functional
layers separated by at least one intermediate dielectric
coating.
[0049] Preferably, the absorbent material is arranged in the
immediate vicinity of, or is included in, the functional layer
furthest away from the sheet of vitreous material, and the tint is
not significantly modified when one absorbent material is replaced
by another absorbent material that provides the same level of
absorption. The specific arrangement of the absorbent layer,
particularly when it is located above the second functional layer
or is included in the functional layer, combined with a sound
choice of dielectric structure, allows the formation of a
lamination structure that is not dependent on the element forming
the absorbent material. Consequently, a material that is easier to
deposit by cathodic sputtering or a less costly material can be
selected more easily without an informed observer being able to
readily detect a change in tint by visual observation and without
the solar factor being modified by more than one percent. For
example, in this case, when the lamination structure does not have
to undergo thermal treatment, palladium can be replaced by titanium
or by NiCr without any significant change to the tint of the
lamination. However, it is of course necessary to adapt the
thickness of the absorbent layer or the percentage of absorbent
material in the alloy of the absorbent material with the functional
layer or the sacrificial layer according to the nature of the
absorbent material to obtain the same level of absorption. The
substitution of one absorbent material by another absorbent
material for reasons of cost, production concerns or other reasons,
for example, is facilitated because it is sufficient to adapt the
thickness to the level of absorption and the correct tint of the
lamination will be directly achieved.
[0050] Preferably, the lamination structure contains at least the
following sequence of layers in order starting with the sheet of
vitreous material:
[0051] a) a first dielectric coating,
[0052] b) a first silver-based functional layer,
[0053] c) one or two sacrificial metal layers, possibly
sub-oxidised, selected from one or several of the following
materials: Ti, Ni, Cr, Nb, Zn, Zr, Al, Ta and alloys thereof,
[0054] d) an intermediate dielectric coating,
[0055] e) a second silver-based functional layer,
[0056] f) an absorbent layer,
[0057] g) optionally, one or two sacrificial metal layers, possibly
sub-oxidised, selected from one or several of the following
materials: Ti, Ni, Cr, Nb, Zn, Zr, Al, Ta and alloys thereof,
[0058] h) an outer dielectric layer.
[0059] For example, by using a palladium absorbent layer,
sacrificial metal layers of sub-oxidised NiCr in the form of NiCrOx
and an outer dielectric layer of Si.sub.3N.sub.4, a lamination
structure can be easily formed, in which the optical properties are
not impaired by a high-temperature thermal treatment operation such
as toughening and/or bending, i.e. the coated and then toughened
glass sheet can be placed next to a glass sheet bearing the same
lamination structure, but which has not undergone thermal
treatment, because it has the same aesthetic appearance. The
absorption capacity of the lamination structure resulting from
palladium is not impaired by thermal treatment.
[0060] Advantageously, when silver is used as infrared reflecting
material, a zinc oxide-based or zinc sub-oxide-based layer,
possibly doped with aluminium, for example, is arranged under each
silver layer and in direct contact with it. This association is
particularly beneficial with respect to the corrosion resistance of
the silver.
[0061] Preferably, the lamination structure contains at least the
following sequence of layers in order starting with the sheet of
vitreous material:
[0062] a) a first dielectric coating including at least one
zinc-tin mixed oxide-based layer,
[0063] b) a first silver-based functional layer,
[0064] c) one or two sacrificial metal layers, possibly
sub-oxidised, selected from one or several of the following
materials: Ti, Ni, Cr, Nb, Zn, Zr, Al, Ta and alloys thereof,
[0065] d) an intermediate dielectric coating,
[0066] e) a second silver-based functional layer,
[0067] f) a palladium-based absorbent layer,
[0068] g) optionally, one or two sacrificial metal layers, possibly
sub-oxidised, selected from one or several of the following
materials: Ti, Ni, Cr, Nb, Zn, Zr, Al, Ta and alloys thereof,
[0069] h) an outer dielectric layer including at least one zinc-tin
mixed oxide-based layer.
[0070] Advantageously, all the dielectric coatings include a
zinc-tin mixed oxide-based layer with approximately 50% tin and
zinc, and a zinc-tin mixed oxide-based layer with not more than
about 10% tin and at least about 90% zinc, this latter layer being
each time arranged closer to the following functional layer that
the mixed oxide layer with approximately 50% tin. It has been found
that this arrangement allows the formation of a sunshield
lamination structure with low solar factor and high selectivity
that has excellent corrosion resistance and that easily withstands
a high-temperature thermal treatment without losing its absorbent
properties or losing its infrared reflection properties. This
structure also allows a lamination structure with a neutral tint in
reflection to be easily obtained.
[0071] The lamination structure is advantageously finished by a
protective layer comprising a final thin film of SiO.sub.2 or SiC
with a thickness of 1.5 to 10 nm. In the case of a lamination
structure that is suitable for undergoing a high-temperature
thermal treatment, the protective layer is advantageously composed
of a thin film of TiN, which oxidises during the thermal treatment
to form TiO.sub.2, followed by a final film of SiO.sub.2 or
SiC.
[0072] Preferably, the lamination structure is finished by a thin
carbon-based protective layer with a thickness of 1.5 to 10 nm.
This protective layer, which is deposited by cathodic sputtering
from a carbon target in a neutral atmosphere, is highly suitable
for protecting the lamination structure during handling, transport
and storage before the thermal treatment. With respect to the use
of carbon, this protective layer burns during the high-temperature
thermal treatment and disappears completely from the finished
product.
[0073] The invention extends to a glass sheet bearing a lamination
structure as defined above.
[0074] Preferably, this glass sheet has a tint tested in reflection
on the glass side represented by L* in the range of between 30 and
55, advantageously between 40 and 50, a* in the range of between -4
and +3, advantageously between -2.5 and +1.5, and b* in the range
of between -4 and -16, advantageously between -6 and -13.
[0075] Preferably, this glass sheet was subjected to a toughening
and/or bending thermal treatment after deposition of the multilayer
lamination structure.
[0076] Preferably 4 to 35%, preferably 8 to 22%, of the light
absorption of the lamination structure after thermal treatment is
attributable to the absorbent material. The invention allows in
particular the formation of a glazing after thermal treatment that
has a relatively elevated absorption level with an aesthetically
pleasing appearance.
[0077] The invention also extends to an assembly formed from a
first group comprising at least one glass sheet according to the
invention, which was subjected to a high-temperature thermal
treatment, and a second group comprising at least one glass sheet
according to the invention, which was not subjected to thermal
treatment, characterised in that the two groups have a similar
visual appearance in reflection on the glass side, such that they
can be placed together without any significant visual change.
[0078] The invention also extends to a multiple glazing, in
particular a double glazing, comprising a glass sheet bearing a
lamination structure such as defined above, which has or has not
undergone a toughening and/or bending thermal treatment after
deposition of the multilayer lamination structure.
[0079] Preferably, the multiple glazing according to the invention
has a solar factor SF in the range of between 15 and 40%, a light
transmission of at least % and a colour that is relatively neutral
in transmission and neutral to slightly bluish in reflection on the
side of the glass sheet bearing the lamination structure.
Preferably, the multiple glazing according to the invention has a
solar factor SF in the range of between 20 and 35%, advantageously
between 25 and 35%, with a light transmission of at least 45%,
advantageously at least 50% and ideally at least 55%. This multiple
glazing has particularly beneficial sunshield properties in
relation to its relatively high light transmission, while still
having an aesthetic appearance that enables it to be easily
integrated into an architectural assembly.
[0080] Preferably, the multiple glazing has a tint in reflection on
the side of the glass sheet bearing the laminated structure,
wherein the lamination structure is arranged towards the interior
space of the multiple glazing, represented by L* in the range of
between 40 and 55, preferably between 45 and 52, a* in the range of
between 1.5 and -6, preferably between 0.5 and -4, and b* in the
range of between -3 and -15, preferably between -5 and -12.
[0081] The invention will now be described in more detail in a
non-restrictive manner by means of the following preferred
exemplary embodiments:
EXAMPLES
Example 1
[0082] A 2 m by 1 m 6 mm thick sheet of standard clear soda-lime
float glass is placed in a magnetron-type sputtering device
operated with the aid of a magnetic field at reduced pressure
(about 0.3 Pa). A multilayer sunshield lamination structure is
deposited on this glass sheet comprising in sequence:
[0083] a) a first dielectric coating formed from two oxide layers
deposited in a reactive atmosphere formed from a mixture of argon
and oxygen from zinc-tin alloy cathodes of different compositions.
The first zinc-tin mixed oxide with a thickness of about 30 nm is
formed from cathodes of a zinc-tin alloy with 52% by weight of zinc
and 48% by weight of tin to form the spinel structure of zinc
stannate Zn.sub.2SnO.sub.4. The second zinc-tin mixed oxide
ZnSnO.sub.x with a thickness of about 10 nm is deposited from
targets of a zinc-tin alloy with 90% by weight of zinc and 10% by
weight of tin.
[0084] b) A first infrared reflecting functional layer formed from
about 11 nm of silver from a target of practically pure silver in a
neutral atmosphere of argon.
[0085] c) A first double sacrificial metal layer formed from a
first layer of NiCr with a thickness of 1 nm deposited from a
target of an alloy with 80% Ni and 20% Cr, and a second layer of Ti
with a thickness of 2.5 nm deposited from a titanium target. These
layers are both deposited in a flux of argon lightly contaminated
with oxygen from the adjacent chambers. It should be noted that the
oxidising atmosphere of the plasma during deposition of the
following layer, described below, completely oxidises the layer of
titanium such that at the end of the deposition process of the
second dielectric the titanium is virtually fully oxidised to form
a compact layer of TiO.sub.2. As a variant, it is also possible to
deposit the layer in the form of partially oxidised TiOx. This
layer can also be deposited, for example, from a TiOx ceramic
target in an atmosphere of Ar containing a small proportion of
oxygen intended to maintain a sufficient oxidation level of the
TiOx for it to be transparent. It can also be oxidised by the
plasma used for deposition of the following layer.
[0086] d) A second dielectric coating formed from two layers of
zinc-tin mixed oxides deposited in a reactive atmosphere formed
from a mixture of oxygen and argon from cathodes of zinc-tin alloys
of different compositions. The first zinc-tin mixed oxide with a
thickness of about 77 nm is deposited from metal targets of an
alloy of ZnSn with 52% Zn and 48% Sn (by weight) to form the spinel
structure of zinc stannate Zn.sub.2SnO.sub.4. The second zinc-tin
mixed oxide ZnSnO.sub.x with a thickness of about 13 nm is
deposited from targets of an alloy of ZnSn with 90% Zn and 10% Sn
(by weight).
[0087] e) A second infrared reflecting functional layer formed by
about 18 nm of silver from a target of practically pure silver in a
neutral atmosphere of argon.
[0088] f) A layer of absorbent material formed by about 1 nm of
palladium from a palladium target in the same neutral atmosphere of
argon as layer e).
[0089] g) A second double sacrificial metal layer formed from a
first layer of 1 nm of NiCr covered by a second layer of 2.5 nm of
Ti in the same way as for the first double sacrificial metal layer
described above.
[0090] h) A third dielectric coating, the outer dielectric coating,
formed from two layers of oxides deposited in a reactive atmosphere
formed by a mixture of oxygen and argon from cathodes of zinc-tin
alloys of different compositions. The first zinc-tin mixed oxide
ZnSnO.sub.x with a thickness of about 7 nm is deposited from metal
targets of an alloy of ZnSn with 90% Zn and 10% Sn (by weight). The
second zinc-tin mixed oxide with a thickness of about 17 nm is
deposited from targets of an alloy of ZnSn with 52% Zn and 48% Sn
(by weight) to form the spinel structure of zinc stannate
Zn.sub.2SnO.sub.4.
[0091] i) The lamination structure is then finished by the
deposition of a 5 nm thick upper protective layer of TiN deposited
in an atmosphere of nitrogen from a titanium target.
[0092] It should be noted that all the layers of ZnSnO.sub.x are
sufficiently oxidised to be as transparent as possible. It should
also be noted that the thicknesses of Ti, TiOx and TiN are given as
equivalent thickness of TiO.sub.2 (i.e. as a result of the
oxidation of Ti, TiOx or TiN), which is their state in the finished
product after thermal treatment, and is already the state even in
the intermediate glazing that is suitable for a thermal treatment
with respect to Ti.
[0093] When the glass sheet freshly coated by the multilayer
sunshield lamination leaves the layer deposition device it has the
following properties:
LT=51.1%; SF=32.5% .di-elect cons. (emissivity)=0.025;
absorption=34.5%, of which about 10% is attributable to the
palladium layer of absorbent material; the tint in transmission is
expressed by the following values: L*=71.5; a*=-3.9; b*=+3.5 the
tint in reflection on the glass side is expressed by the following
values: LR=14.5%; L*=45.5; a*=-10.0; b*=-15.8; .lamda..sub.d=478
nm; purity=30.7%.
[0094] In the present invention, the following collective terms are
used for the measured or calculated values. Light transmission
(LT), light reflection (LR), light absorption (LA) (percentage of
light flux--of illuminant D65--absorbed by the glazing) and tint in
transmission (1976 CIELAB values L*a*b*) are measured with
illuminant D65/2.degree.. With respect to the tint in reflection,
the 1976 CIELAB values (L*a*b*) as well as the dominant wavelength
(.lamda..sub.d) and the purity (p) are measured with illuminant
D65/10.degree.. The solar factor (SF or g) is calculated in
accordance with standard EN410. The value U (coefficient k) and
emissivity (.di-elect cons.) are calculated in accordance with
standards EN673 and ISO 10292.
[0095] The coated glazing with the multilayer sunshield lamination
formed on the glass sheet then undergoes a thermal toughening
operation, during which it is exposed to a temperature of
690.degree. C. for 6 minutes and then cooled suddenly by jets of
cold air. During this thermal treatment, the thin films of NiCr of
the barrier layers are oxidised sufficiently to be transparent
while also forming an effective and stable screen to protect the
silver layers. The upper protective layer of TiN is itself oxidised
to form TiO.sub.2.
[0096] After this treatment, the coated and toughened glazing has
the following properties:
LT=68.1%; .di-elect cons. (emissivity)=0.023; Rs=1.6 .OMEGA./sq.;
absorption=21.2%, of which about 10% is attributable to the
palladium layer of absorbent material; the tint in transmission is
expressed by the following values: L*=86.1; a*=-2.0; b*=+1.2;
haze=0.09%; and the tint in reflection on the glass side is
expressed by the following values: LR=10.6%; L*=39.3; a*=-2.1;
b*=-12.1; .lamda..sub.D=474 nm; p=22.1%.
[0097] The haze value is defined as being the ratio of the diffuse
light transmission to the total light transmission multiplied by
100 to obtain a % value. This value is measured in accordance with
standard ASTM D1003.
[0098] It was found that the absorption value due to the absorbent
layer did not decrease following the high-temperature thermal
treatment.
[0099] This coated glazing is then assembled as double glazing with
another 6 mm clear glass sheet, wherein the coating is arranged on
the side of the inside space of the double glazing. The space
between the two sheets is 15 mm and the air therein is replaced by
argon. When looking at the double glazing on the glass side of the
coated glazing with lamination structure placed in position 2, i.e.
when viewed from the glass side, the glazing provided with the
lamination structure is seen first and then the clear glass sheet
without a layer, the following properties are noted:
LT=61.7%; LR=14.4%; SF=36.5%; S=1.7 value U=1.05 W/(m.sup.2K); the
tint in transmission is expressed by the following values: L*=82.8;
a*=-2.9; b*=+1.4 the tint in reflection is expressed by the
following values: L*=45.0; a*=-2.5; b*=-9.9; .lamda..sub.D=475 nm;
p=17.1%.
[0100] Visual examination in reflection of the double glazing shows
a uniform tint and appearance over the entire surface. The
invention allows the formation of a double glazing with a low solar
factor, which retains an adequate light transmission and has a very
high aesthetic appeal.
Example 2
[0101] Example No. 2 is performed in the same way as Example 1, but
with a different lamination structure. In this example the
following sequence is used:
[0102] a) a first dielectric coating formed from two oxide layers
deposited in a reactive atmosphere formed from a mixture of argon
and oxygen from zinc-tin alloy cathodes of different compositions.
The first zinc-fin mixed oxide with a thickness of about 24 nm is
formed from cathodes of a zinc-tin alloy with 52% by weight of zinc
and 48% by weight of tin to form the spinel structure of zinc
stannate Zn.sub.2SnO.sub.4. The second zinc-tin mixed oxide
ZnSnO.sub.x with a thickness of about 8 nm is deposited from
targets of a zinc-tin alloy with 90% by weight of zinc and 10% by
weight of tin.
[0103] b) A first infrared reflecting functional layer formed from
about 9 nm of silver from a target of practically pure silver in a
neutral atmosphere of argon.
[0104] c) A first sacrificial metal layer formed from a layer of Ti
with a thickness of 5 nm deposited from a titanium target. This
layer is deposited in a flux of argon lightly contaminated with
oxygen from the adjacent chambers. It should be noted that the
oxidising atmosphere of the plasma during deposition of the
following layer, described below, only partially oxidises this
layer of titanium.
[0105] d) A second dielectric coating formed from two layers of
zinc-tin mixed oxides deposited in a reactive atmosphere formed
from a mixture of oxygen and argon from cathodes of zinc-tin alloys
of different compositions. The first zinc-tin mixed oxide with a
thickness of about 65 nm is deposited from metal targets of an
alloy of ZnSn with 52% Zn and 48% Sn (by weight) to form the spinel
structure of zinc stannate Zn.sub.2SnO.sub.4. The second zinc-tin
mixed oxide ZnSnO.sub.x with a thickness of about 10 nm is
deposited from targets of an alloy of ZnSn with 90% Zn and 10% Sn
(by weight).
[0106] e) A second infrared reflecting functional layer formed by
about 15 nm of silver from a target of practically pure silver in a
neutral atmosphere of argon.
[0107] f) A layer of absorbent material formed by about 1.8 nm of
palladium from a palladium target in the same neutral atmosphere of
argon as layer e).
[0108] g) A second sacrificial metal layer formed from a layer of
2.5 nm of Ti in the same way as for the first sacrificial metal
layer described above, which will be oxidised by the atmosphere of
the plasma for deposition of the following dielectric layer.
[0109] h) A third dielectric coating, the outer dielectric coating,
formed from two layers of oxides deposited in a reactive atmosphere
formed by a mixture of oxygen and argon from cathodes of zinc-tin
alloys of different compositions. The first zinc-tin mixed oxide
ZnSnO.sub.x with a thickness of about 7 nm is deposited from metal
targets of an alloy of ZnSn with 90% Zn and 10% Sn (by weight). The
second zinc-tin mixed oxide with a thickness of about 15 nm is
deposited from targets of an alloy of ZnSn with 52% Zn and 48% Sn
(by weight) to form the spinel structure of zinc stannate
Zn.sub.2SnO.sub.4.
[0110] i) The lamination structure is then finished by the
deposition of a 5 nm thick upper protective layer of TiN deposited
in an atmosphere of nitrogen from a titanium target.
[0111] It should be noted that the thicknesses of Ti are given as
equivalent thickness of TiO.sub.2 (i.e. as a result of the
oxidation of Ti), which is their state in the finished product
after thermal treatment. Moreover, for layer g) the Ti is already
in its oxidised state in the intermediate glazing that is suitable
to undergo a thermal treatment.
[0112] When the glass sheet freshly coated by the multilayer
sunshield lamination leaves the layer deposition device it has the
following properties:
LT=19.7%; SF=26.4% .di-elect cons. (emissivity)=0.030;
absorption=67.4%, of which about 20% is attributable to the
palladium layer of absorbent material; the tint in transmission is
expressed by the following values: L*=51.4; a*=-6.1; b*=-6.8 the
tint in reflection on the glass side is expressed by the following
values: LR=12.9%; L*=42.7; a*=-5.8; b*=-31.9; .lamda..sub.d=480 nm;
purity=49.9%.
[0113] The coated glazing with the multilayer sunshield lamination
formed on the glass sheet then undergoes a thermal toughening
operation, during which it is exposed to a temperature of
690.degree. C. for 6 minutes and then cooled suddenly by jets of
cold air. During this thermal treatment, the titanium is still in
metal form, in particular within the first sacrificial metal layer
c), it is oxidised sufficiently to be transparent while still
forming an effective and stable screen to protect the underlying
silver layer. The upper protective layer of Ti is itself oxidised
to form a transparent upper protective layer of TiO.sub.2.
[0114] After this treatment, the coated and toughened glazing has
the following properties:
LT=59.1%; .di-elect cons. (emissivity)=0.026; Rs=1.8 .OMEGA./sq.;
absorption=31.0%, of which about 20% is attributable to the
palladium layer of absorbent material; the tint in transmission is
expressed by the following values: L*=81.3; a*=-3.0; b*=-5.0;
haze=0.12%; and the tint in reflection on the glass side is
expressed by the following values: LR=9.9%; L*=37.6; a*=-0.1;
b*=-5.6; .lamda..sub.D=477 nm; p=9.6%.
[0115] It was found that the absorption value due to the absorbent
layer did not decrease following the high-temperature thermal
treatment.
[0116] This coated glazing is then assembled as double glazing with
another 6 mm clear glass sheet, wherein the coating is arranged on
the side of the inside space of the double glazing. The space
between the two sheets is 15 mm and the air therein is replaced by
argon. When looking at the double glazing on the glass side of the
coated glazing with the lamination structure placed in position 2,
i.e. when viewed from the glass side, the glazing provided with the
lamination structure is seen first and then the clear glass sheet
without a layer, the following properties are noted:
LT=53.0%; LR=12.7%; SF=29.9%; S=1.78 value U=1.1 W/(m.sup.2K); the
tint in transmission is expressed by the following values: L*=77.9;
a*=-4.1; b*=-4.0 the tint in reflection is expressed by the
following values: L*=42.3; a*=-0.9; b*=-6.1; .lamda..sub.D=480 nm;
p=15.6%.
[0117] Visual examination in reflection of the double glazing shows
a uniform tint and appearance over the entire surface. The
invention allows the formation of a double glazing with a very low
solar factor, which retains an adequate light transmission and has
a very high aesthetic appeal
Examples 3 to 15
[0118] Unless otherwise indicated, the following Examples 3 to 15
are conducted in a similar manner to Example 1 above but with
different structures. The structures of the corresponding
laminations are given in the following Table 1 with the following
explanation of the abbreviations used: [0119] D1=the first
dielectric coating formed from two or three oxide or nitride or
possibly oxynitride layers. The nitride layers are deposited in a
reactive mixture of nitrogen and argon from a metal target. This
applies to the other dielectrics of the lamination structure, where
applicable. The Si.sub.3N.sub.4 layers used in the examples can be
lightly oxidised in the form of SiOxNy. It should be noted that the
Si.sub.3N.sub.4 and ZnO layers can be doped with aluminium in the
well known manner. [0120] D2=the intermediate dielectric coating
formed, if present in the example, from oxide or nitride or
possibly oxynitride layers like D1. [0121] D3=the outer dielectric
coating formed from one or two oxide or nitride or possibly
oxynitride layers like D1. [0122] IR1 and IR2=the first and second
infrared reflecting functional layers. [0123] P1 and P2=the first
and second sacrificial metal layers each formed from one or two
layers of metal or metal alloy in metal or possibly sub-oxidised
form. These layers are intended to protect the infrared reflecting
material (IR1 and IR2), such as silver, from oxidation by oxidising
in its place, in particular during deposition of the subsequent
layers or during the thermal treatment of the layer, if this
occurs. In the final product they would preferably be virtually
fully oxidised. [0124] Table 1 shows the state of the layers when
they leave the sputtering device before any thermal treatment, i.e.
the sacrificial metal layers have already been oxidised by the
plasma for deposition of the following layers, if such is the case.
In this case, they are represented by their oxidised state and not
in the form in which they have been deposited. For example,
TiO.sub.2, ZAlO5 and Nb.sub.2O.sub.5 of columns P1 and/or P2 of
Examples 3 to 7 and 11 to 15 were deposited in metal form and
oxidised during deposition of the following oxide and no longer
constitute a reserve for oxidation for any subsequent treatment. In
contrast, NiCrOx and TiOx of Examples 9, 10 and 13 are deposited in
sub-oxidised form and remain sub-oxidised at the end of the
deposition process so that they do constitute a reserve for
oxidation for any subsequent treatment. NiCrOx (Examples 9 and 13)
is deposited from a cathode of NiCr in a lightly oxidising reactive
atmosphere with a control loop of the oxidation state, while TiOx
(Example 10) is deposited from a ceramic TiOx cathode in an
atmosphere substantially made up of argon. Within the framework of
the invention, it would also be possible to deposit TiOx in the
same way as NiCrOx. In Example 15 (in P1), TiOx is also deposited
from a ceramic TiOx cathode in an atmosphere substantially made up
of argon, with a low proportion of oxygen, and is in a strongly
oxidised state after deposition of the following oxide (ZSO5).
[0125] NiCr (P1, Example 4) is a metal alloy with 80% by weight of
nickel and 20% by weight of chromium used as sacrificial metal. NiV
(P1 and P2, Example 6) is a metal alloy with 93% by weight of
nickel and 7% by weight of vanadium also used as sacrificial metal.
In these examples, both (NiCr and NiV) form a reserve for oxidation
for the subsequent high-temperature thermal treatment operation.
After thermal treatment they are oxidised. In the case of TiRu15 of
Example 8, Ti forms a reserve for oxidation for the subsequent
thermal treatment operation, while Ru is the absorbent material
that remains in absorbent metal form after thermal treatment.
[0126] CS=upper protective layer, possibly formed from two layers.
[0127] AB=absorbent layer if the absorbent material is deposited in
the form of a separate layer. [0128] If not, the absorbent material
is present in the form of an alloy, or in doped form with the
infrared reflecting material and/or with the sacrificial metal. In
Table 1, the absorbent material is shown is bold characters. The
number indicated to the side of the absorbent material indicates
the atomic percentage of this material in the alloy with the
material of the functional layer or the sacrificial metal. Ag:Pd3,
for example, signifies that there is 3 atom. % of absorbent
palladium in the silver and the same applies accordingly for
Ag:Pd2, Ag:Pd30, Ag:Co5, Ag:Os11 and Ag:Au8. Moreover, TiRu15
indicates that there is 15 atom. % of absorbent ruthenium in the
alloy with the sacrificial metal Ti; and so on. [0129] Ag:NiCr10
indicates that there is 10 atom. % of the alloy NiCr (alloy with
80% by weight of Ni and 20% by weight of Cr) in the silver. This
functional layer containing the absorbent material can be deposited
by co-sputtering from a silver cathode and an NiCr cathode or it
can be obtained from a single cathode of an AgNiCr alloy. [0130] As
a variant of Example 12, Ag:NiV10 has been used with 10 atom. % of
NiV (alloy with 93% by weight of Ni and 7% by weight of vanadium)
in the silver and the same results as those listed above were
obtained. [0131] CoCr is an alloy with 80% by weight of Co and 20%
by weight of Cr. This alloy can be deposited by magnetron without
any problem associated with the fact that the CoCr is not
ferromagnetic, as in the case of NiCr or NiV mentioned above, on
the contrary, with pure Co and pure Ni. [0132] ZSO5=zinc tin mixed
oxide obtained by cathodic sputtering in an oxidising atmosphere
from a metal target of an alloy of ZnSn with 52% Zn and 48% Sn;
[0133] ZSO9=zinc tin mixed oxide obtained by cathodic sputtering in
an oxidising atmosphere from a metal target of an alloy of ZnSn
with 90% Zn and 10% Sn; [0134] ZAlO2 or ZAlO5=zinc oxide ZnO
containing 2 or 5 atom. % of aluminium Al respectively.
TABLE-US-00001 [0134] TABLE 1 D1 AB IR1 AB P1 D2 AB Ex. (nm) (nm)
(nm) (nm) (nm) (nm) (nm) 3 ZSO5 ZSO9 -- Ag Pt ZAlO5 -- -- (25) (12)
(24) (0.4) (2) 4 Si.sub.3N.sub.4 ZAlO5 -- Ag: Pd30 -- NiCr
TiO.sub.2 ZSO5 ZSO9 -- (26) (11) (18) (1.2) (2.5) (71) (11) 5 ZSO5
ZSO9 -- Ag: Co5 -- Cr TiO.sub.2 ZSO5 ZSO9 -- (29) (7) (10) (2)
(2.5) (75) (9) 6 ZSO5 ZSO9 -- Ag -- NiV TiO.sub.2 ZSO5 ZSO9 Ir (24)
(10) (9) (1) (2.5) (77) (10) (0.9) 7 ZSO5 ZSO9 Pt Ag -- Ti
TiO.sub.2 ZSO5 ZSO9 -- (28) (9) (4.8) (18) (3) (3) (71) (11) 8
TiO.sub.2 NiCrO TiO.sub.2 -- Ag TiRu15 Si.sub.3N.sub.4 TiO.sub.2 --
(16) (6) (6) (11) (6) (51) (20) 9 Si.sub.3N.sub.4 ZAlO5 Pd Ag: Pd3
-- NiCrOx Si.sub.3N.sub.4 ZAlO5 -- (34) (8) (1) (21) (6) (68) (10)
10 ZSO5 ZSO9 -- Ag: Os11 -- TiOx Si.sub.3N.sub.4 ZAlO2 -- (39) (9)
(17) (6) (71) (11) 11 SnO.sub.2 ZnO -- Ag CoCr TiO.sub.2 -- -- (25)
(9) (18) (1.5) (2.5) 12 TiO.sub.2 ZnO -- Ag -- Nb.sub.2O.sub.5
SnO.sub.2 ZnO -- (10) (15) (10) (2.5) (64) (22) 13 Si.sub.3N.sub.4
ZAlO2 -- Ag -- NiCrOx ZSO5 ZSO9 Pd (20) (6) (10) (5) (70) (9) (1.5)
14 ZSO5 ZSO9 -- Ag -- Ti TiO.sub.2 ZSO5 ZSO9 -- (29) (6) (13) (3)
(3) (58) (20) 15 SnO.sub.2 ZnO -- Ag -- TiOx ZSO5 ZnO (16) (20)
(10) (12) (35) (39) IR2 AB P2 D3 CS Ex. (nm) (nm) (nm) (nm) (nm) 3
-- -- -- ZAlO5 ZSO5 TiO.sub.2 Si.sub.3N.sub.4 (10) (37) (5) (1.5) 4
Ag -- Ti TiO.sub.2 SiO.sub.2 -- (14) (3) (3) (32) 5 Ag: Co5 -- Cr
TiO.sub.2 ZSO9 ZSO5 Ti (16) (2) (3) (7) (20) (3) 6 Ag -- NiV
TiO.sub.2 ZSO9 ZSO5 TiN SiO.sub.2 (17) (1) (2.5) (6) (18) (2) (2) 7
Ag -- Ti TiO.sub.2 SiO.sub.2 -- (14) (3) (3) (30) 8 Ag TiRu15
SiO.sub.2 Si.sub.3N.sub.4 -- (14) (6) (6) (30) 9 Ag: Pd2 Pd NiCrOx
ZAlO5 Si.sub.3N.sub.4 -- (26) (0.8) (6) (7) (18) 10 Ag: Os11 --
TiOx SiO.sub.2 -- (16) (6) (30) 11 -- -- -- ZnO ZSO5 SnO.sub.2 (18)
(12) (20) 12 Ag: NiCr10 -- Nb.sub.2O.sub.5 ZnO SnO.sub.2 (17) (3)
(13) (18) 13 Ag -- Ti TiO.sub.2 ZSO9 ZSO5 TiN C (20) (3) (3) (7)
(24) (5) (5) 14 Ag--Au8 -- Ti TiO.sub.2 ZSO5 TiN SiC (20) (3) (3)
(20) (3) (5) 15 Ag Pd TiO.sub.2 ZnO ZSO5 SnO.sub.2 -- (20) (1.2)
(2) (12) (10) (10)
[0135] The glass sheets of Examples 3 to 15 have a thickness of 6
mm.
[0136] The glazings coated with the laminations according to
Examples 3 to 10 and 13-14 were then subjected to a thermal
toughening operation, during which they were exposed to a
temperature of 690.degree. C. for 6 minutes and then cooled
suddenly by jets of cold air.
[0137] The optical and energy-related properties of the coated
glazings after toughening, if this has occurred, (Examples 3 to 10
and 13-14), or after coating if they have not been thermally
treated (Examples 11, 12 and 15) are given in Table 2.
[0138] The values given for Examples 3 to 8 and 13-14 are values
after thermal treatment.
[0139] For Examples 9 and 10, the values before thermal treatment
are also given (Tables 2 and 3) in a line marked in italics BT
(before toughening). It has been found for these two examples that
the properties did not change significantly following the
toughening treatment and that the toughened versions can therefore
be placed together with their homologous non-toughened
versions.
[0140] In Examples 3 to 10 and 13-14, it is noted that the coated
glazings are absorbent after toughening and that emissivity is
low.
[0141] Examples 11, 12 and 15 are non-toughenable laminations, i.e.
they are used as such without undergoing thermal treatment. The
values given in Table 2 for examples 11, 12 and 15 are therefore
the values measured on leaving the layer deposition device or after
storage without thermal treatment. [0142] L.sub.RV*, a.sub.RV*,
b.sub.RV* represent the 1976 CIELAB values of the tint in
reflection on the glass side. [0143] .lamda..sub.d(RV) and
p.sub.(RV) represent the dominant wavelength and the purity of the
tint in reflection on the glass side. [0144] .DELTA.E*= {square
root over
((.DELTA.L*).sup.2+(.DELTA.a*).sup.2+(.DELTA.b*).sup.2)}{square
root over
((.DELTA.L*).sup.2+(.DELTA.a*).sup.2+(.DELTA.b*).sup.2)}{square
root over ((.DELTA.L*).sup.2+(.DELTA.a*).sup.2+(.DELTA.b*).sup.2)}
represents the variation in tint during the thermal treatment.
TABLE-US-00002 [0144] TABLE 2 .lamda..sub.d(RV) P.sub.(RV) Ex.
LT(%) LR(%) LA(%) SF(%) .epsilon. L.sub.RV* a.sub.RV* b.sub.RV*
(nm) (%) .DELTA.E* 3 47.7 43.7 8.6 31.3 0.03 72.2 -2.3 -3.3 479 4.7
-- 4 42.5 14.8 42.8 27.5 0.03 45.5 -0.9 -8.1 473 13.1 -- 5 67.8
11.0 21.3 40.5 0.03 39.8 -1.9 -10.4 474 18.8 -- 6 67.6 11.2 21.3
43.0 0.02 41.0 -2.7 -10.3 474 19.1 -- 7 43.1 14.5 42.5 27.5 0.04
45.1 -1.6 -7.3 474 12.5 -- 8 60.8 10.5 28.7 37.5 0.03 39.2 -1.8
-12.9 473 23.4 -- 9 BT 33.9 27.0 39.1 22.7 0.04 59.0 -1.5 -2.0 479
3.5 1.00 9 34.2 27.7 38.0 23.2 0.04 59.7 -2.2 -2.2 480 4.1 10 BT
56.5 11.4 32.1 33.6 0.04 40.2 0.2 -14.9 471 24.6 1.05 10 57.6 10.8
31.6 34.0 0.03 39.6 0.7 -15.6 470 25.7 11 58.7 32.1 9.2 40.2 0.04
63.7 -3.0 -6.3 477 9.2 -- 12 68.6 11.0 20.4 42.5 0.03 39.8 -1.3
-10.4 473 18.7 13 55.6 13.5 31.0 34.8 0.02 43.8 -2.3 -10.4 474 18.0
14 56.5 13.1 30.4 34.0 0.02 43.2 -0.3 -9.8 478 16.0 15 55.5 16.8
27.7 37.1 0.03 48.4 0.0 -13.1 470 19.7
[0145] The amount of light absorption due to the absorbent material
in the different examples is respectively about 4% for Example 3,
about 30% for Example 4, about 11% for Example 5, about 10% for
Example 6, about 32% for Example 7, about 18% for Example 8, about
28% for Example 9, about 22% for Example 10, about 4% for Example
11, about 9% for Example 12, about 21% for Example 13, about 20%
for Example 14 and about 17% for Example 15. This value of light
absorption due to the absorbent material in the lamination
structure was not modified by the high-temperature thermal
treatment, which the lamination structures of Example 3 to 10 and
13-14 were subjected to.
[0146] As a variant of Example 12, the absorbent material NiCr,
which is present as alloy with 10 atom % of NiCr in the silver of
the second functional layer, has been replaced by 10 atom % of Ti
in the silver or by 4 atom % of Pd in the silver, without changing
the thickness of the functional layer (IR2), and the same optical
properties including tint were obtained as the values given in
Table 2 for Example 12. Example 12 and its variants relate to
non-toughenable lamination structures. When a toughenable
lamination structure is concerned, the substitution absorbent
material must be selected from the absorbent materials listed above
as preferred for the formation of toughenable lamination
structures, i.e. the following materials: Pd, Pt, Au, Ir, Rh, Ru,
Os, Co, La, Ce, Pr, Nd and alloys thereof.
[0147] The optical and energy-related properties of the coated
glazings assembled as double glazing in the same manner as in
Example 1 with a clear glass sheet of 6 mm and with a space of 15
mm filled with 100% argon are given in Table 3. The glazing is
observed with the lamination located in position 2 on the outer
sheet inside the double glazing, i.e. when viewed from the glass
side, the glazing provided with the lamination structure is seen
first and then the clear glass sheet without a layer. The double
glazings of Examples 9 and 10 assembled with toughened lamination
structures can be aesthetically placed together with their
homologous assemblies with the same non-toughenable lamination
structures, because .DELTA.E* is very low.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 U (or k) .lamda..sub.d(RV) P.sub.(RV) Ex.
LT(%) LR(%) LA(%) SF(%) S (W/m.sup.2K) L.sub.RV* a.sub.RV*
b.sub.RV* (nm) (%) .DELTA.E* 3 43.7 45.5 10.7 27.7 1.58 1.1 73.4
-2.4 -2.7 480 4.2 -- 4 38.1 16.2 45.7 21.2 1.80 1.1 47.4 -1.8 -7.4
474 12.3 -- 5 60.6 14.6 24.7 34.5 1.76 1.1 45.3 -3.1 -8.1 476 14.6
-- 6 61.7 14.4 23.9 37.0 1.67 1.1 45.0 -2.5 -9.9 475 17.1 -- 7 38.6
16.0 45.4 53.0 1.82 1.1 47.1 -2.5 -6.5 476 11.5 -- 8 54.7 14.2 31.1
31.3 1.75 1.1 44.8 -2.0 -10.8 474 18.2 -- 9 BT 31.1 27.9 41.0 17.3
1.79 1.1 59.8 -1.6 -2.0 479 3.4 1.06 9 31.2 28.7 40.1 17.8 1.75 1.1
60.5 -2.4 -2.1 481 4.0 10 BT 50.7 13.8 35.5 27.2 1.86 1.1 44.0 -1.2
-12.0 469 18.2 0.91 10 51.5 13.4 35.1 27.6 1.87 1.1 43.7 -0.7 -12.7
472 20.5 11 53.2 34.9 11.8 28.6 1.50 1.1 65.9 -3.1 -5.2 478 7.8 12
61.4 14.8 23.8 36.4 1.69 1.1 45.5 -2.5 -8.2 475 14.3 13 50.0 15.9
34.1 29.4 1.70 1.0 47.2 -3.1 -9.0 475 15.8 14 50.8 15.7 33.5 28.2
1.81 1.0 47.0 -2.0 -8.7 474 14.6 15 49.8 19.3 30.9 29.2 1.71 1.1
51.4 -1.1 -11.7 473 16.9
* * * * *