U.S. patent application number 13/579203 was filed with the patent office on 2012-12-06 for antenna system.
This patent application is currently assigned to BAE SYSTEMS PLC. Invention is credited to Robert Ian Henderson, Shahbaz Nawaz, Christopher Ralph Pescod.
Application Number | 20120306708 13/579203 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 43795427 |
Filed Date | 2012-12-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20120306708 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Henderson; Robert Ian ; et
al. |
December 6, 2012 |
ANTENNA SYSTEM
Abstract
An antenna system, comprising: a phased array antenna (4); and a
dielectric lens arrangement (6), for example a single solid
dielectric lens (6) comprising a substantially spherical convex
surface (12) and a concave surface (14); wherein the dielectric
lens arrangement (6) is arranged to magnify the effective aperture
of the phased array antenna (4). The concave surface (14) is
positioned within the near field of the phased array antenna (4).
The phased array antenna (4) is operated at a frequency greater
than or equal to 50 GHz. The antenna system retains some ability to
electronically scan the beam. The antenna system may be for
transmission and/or reception. The antenna system may be used for
example for communication between two vehicles.
Inventors: |
Henderson; Robert Ian;
(Chelmsford, GB) ; Pescod; Christopher Ralph;
(Chelmsford, GB) ; Nawaz; Shahbaz; (Chelmsford,
GB) |
Assignee: |
BAE SYSTEMS PLC
London
GB
|
Family ID: |
43795427 |
Appl. No.: |
13/579203 |
Filed: |
February 9, 2011 |
PCT Filed: |
February 9, 2011 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/GB11/50216 |
371 Date: |
August 15, 2012 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
343/754 ;
343/753 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q 21/065 20130101;
H01Q 15/08 20130101; H01Q 19/062 20130101; H01Q 3/30 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
343/754 ;
343/753 |
International
Class: |
H01Q 19/06 20060101
H01Q019/06; H01Q 21/00 20060101 H01Q021/00; H01Q 3/00 20060101
H01Q003/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Feb 15, 2010 |
EP |
10275017.1 |
Feb 15, 2010 |
GB |
1002438.8 |
Claims
1. An antenna system, comprising: a phased array antenna; and a
dielectric lens arrangement; wherein the dielectric lens
arrangement is arranged to magnify the effective aperture of the
phased array antenna.
2. An antenna system according to claim 1, wherein the dielectric
lens arrangement is a single solid dielectric lens.
3. An antenna system according to claim 2, wherein the solid
dielectric lens comprises a convex surface and a concave
surface.
4. An antenna system according to claim 3, wherein the convex
surface is substantially spherical.
5. An antenna system according to claim 1, wherein the side of the
dielectric lens arrangement closest to the phased array antenna is
positioned within the near field of the phased array antenna.
6. An antenna system according to claim 1, wherein the phased array
antenna is adapted to be operated at a frequency greater than or
equal to 50 GHz.
7. An antenna system according to claim 2, wherein the dielectric
lens is of a material having a dielectric constant greater than or
equal to 2.
8. An antenna system according to claim 7, wherein the dielectric
lens is of a material having a dielectric constant greater than or
equal to 5.
9. An antenna system according to claim 1, arranged such that the
antenna system retains some ability to electronically scan the beam
provided by and/or being received by the antenna system.
10. An antenna system comprising: a phased array antenna; and a
dielectric lens arrangement; wherein the dielectric lens
arrangement is arranged to magnify the effective aperture of the
phased array antenna, the antenna system being adapted to be used
as a transmission antenna system.
11. An antenna system comprising: a phased array antenna; and a
dielectric lens arrangement; wherein the dielectric lens
arrangement is arranged to magnify the effective aperture of the
phased array antenna, the antenna system being adapted to be used
as a reception antenna system.
12. A wireless communication system comprising, as a transmission
antenna system, at least one antenna system comprising: a phased
array antenna; and a dielectric lens arrangement; wherein the
dielectric lens arrangement is arranged to magnify the effective
aperture of the phased array antenna.
13. A wireless communication system comprising, as a reception
antenna system, at least one antenna system comprising: a phased
array antenna; and a dielectric lens arrangement; wherein the
dielectric lens arrangement is arranged to magnify the effective
aperture of the phased array antenna.
14. A wireless communication system comprising, as a transmission
antenna system, at least one antenna system comprising: a phased
array antenna; and a dielectric lens arrangement; wherein the
dielectric lens arrangement is arranged to magnify the effective
aperture of the phased array antenna, and further comprising, as a
reception antenna system, at least one antenna system comprising: a
phased array antenna; and a dielectric lens arrangement; wherein
the dielectric lens arrangement is arranged to magnify the
effective aperture of the phased array antenna.
15. A system for communication between two vehicles, the system
comprising one or more antenna systems comprising: a phased array
antenna; and a dielectric lens arrangement; wherein the dielectric
lens arrangement is arranged to magnify the effective aperture of
the phased array antenna.
16. An antenna system as in claim 2 wherein the outer surface of
the dielectric lens is provided with troughs and ridges, for
minimising the mismatch between the high dielectric constant of the
lens and that of free space.
17. An antenna system as in claim 16 wherein the troughs and ridges
are arranged to form concentric grooves.
18. An antenna system as in claim 16 wherein the inner surface of
the dielectric lens is provided with troughs and ridges, for
minimising the mismatch between the high dielectric constant of the
lens and that of free space.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to wireless antenna systems
and arrangements, in particular systems and arrangements including
one or more phased array antennas.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Phased array antennas are well known, and are used for
example to provide wireless links. One or more phased array
antennas may provide transmission and one or more phased array
antennas may provide reception.
[0003] Signal processing arrangements for modulating and otherwise
providing suitable transmission signals, and for receiving and
demodulating received signals, are also well known.
[0004] Phased array antennas and signal processing arrangements are
provided in many variations for many different uses. In many
applications, frequencies of less than 10 GHz are employed,
requiring relatively large antenna sizes. For a given phased array
antenna, there will be limitations on its useful range (i.e.
distance between transmitter and receiver) of operation.
Conventionally, to increase range, antenna size and/or power must
be increased.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] The present inventors have realised it would be desirable to
provide an antenna system or arrangement that gives a required
range of operation by a solution other than that of increasing
antenna size and/or power. The present inventors have realised this
would be particularly desirable in a context of achieving ranges
of, say, 100 m, with small equipment sizes, as such a solution
could efficiently be deployed in applications where larger
equipment would be less suitable, for example as a wireless
communication system between vehicles, e.g. between vehicles.
[0006] In a first aspect, the present invention provides an antenna
system, comprising: a phased array antenna; and a dielectric lens
arrangement; wherein the dielectric lens arrangement is arranged to
magnify the effective aperture of the phased array antenna.
[0007] The dielectric lens arrangement may be a single solid
dielectric lens.
[0008] The solid dielectric lens may comprise a convex surface and
a concave surface.
[0009] The convex surface may be substantially spherical.
[0010] The side of the dielectric lens arrangement closest to the
phased array antenna may be positioned within the near field of the
phased array antenna.
[0011] The phased array antenna may be adapted to be operated at a
frequency greater than or equal to 50 GHz.
[0012] The dielectric lens may be of a material having a dielectric
constant greater than or equal to 2.
[0013] The dielectric lens may be of a material having a dielectric
constant greater than or equal to 5.
[0014] The antenna system may be arranged such that the antenna
system retains some ability to electronically scan the beam
provided by and/or being received by the antenna system.
[0015] The antenna system may be adapted to be used as a
transmission antenna system.
[0016] The antenna system may be adapted to be used as a reception
antenna system.
[0017] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a
wireless communication system comprising, as a transmission antenna
system, at least one antenna system according to any of the above
aspects.
[0018] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a
wireless communication system comprising, as a reception antenna
system, at least one antenna system according to any of the above
aspects.
[0019] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a
wireless communication system comprising, as a transmission antenna
system, at least one antenna system according to any of the above
aspects, and further comprising, as a reception antenna system, at
least one antenna system according to any of the above aspects.
[0020] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a use of
one or more antenna systems according to any of claims 1 to 9 for
communication between two vehicles.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0021] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration (not to scale) of a
wireless system;
[0022] FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration (not to scale) showing an
antenna system of the wireless system of FIG. 1;
[0023] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration (not to scale) showing
certain dimensional details of the antenna system of FIG. 2;
[0024] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating aspects of refraction by a
spherical lens;
[0025] FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration (not to scale) of grooves
which are provided at both surfaces of a dielectric lens forming
part of the antenna system of FIG. 2; and
[0026] FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration (not to scale) of a
phased array antenna 4 forming part of the antenna system of FIG.
2.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0027] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration (not to scale) of a first
embodiment of a wireless system 1. The wireless system 1 comprises
two antenna systems 2, which in this embodiment are the same as
each other. Each antenna system 2 comprises a phased array antenna
4 and a dielectric lens 6. The phased array antenna 4 is placed in
front of, and spaced apart, from the dielectric lens 6.
[0028] The phased array antenna 4 of a first of the antenna systems
2 (which may be termed the transmission antenna system) is
electrically coupled to a transmission module 8. The phased array
antenna 4 of the other of the antenna systems 2 (which may be
termed the reception antenna system) is electrically coupled to a
reception module 10.
[0029] The phased array antennas 4 are placed close to the
respective dielectric lenses 6 so that in operation, in the case of
transmission, millimetre waves emitted from the phased array
antenna 4 pass through the dielectric lens 6 before continuing
onwards away from the phased array antenna, and in the case of
reception, external millimetre waves falling on the dielectric lens
6 pass through the dielectric lens 6 before continuing on to fall
on the phased array antenna 4.
[0030] The transmission antenna system is positioned remote from
the reception antenna system. For example, the transmission antenna
system may advantageously be placed on a first vehicle, and the
reception antenna system may be placed on a second vehicle. In
operation, when the transmission antenna system and the reception
antenna system are sufficiently aligned, i.e. in effect
sufficiently pointed at each other (within angular ranges that will
be described in more detail later below), signals
generated/modulated by the transmission module 8 are transmitted
from the transmission antenna system 2, received by the reception
antenna system, and demodulated/otherwise processed by the
reception module 10.
[0031] In other embodiments, only one of the antenna systems, e.g.
either the transmission antenna system or the reception antenna
system, is as described above, and the other antenna system is a
conventional antenna system comprising a phased array antenna but
without a dielectric lens.
[0032] In yet further embodiments, either one, or both, of the
above described antenna systems are coupled to both a transmission
module and a reception module, and may individually be used for
transmission and/or reception, as opposed to only transmission or
only reception.
[0033] In yet further embodiments, any of the above described
arrangements are modified by using plural antenna systems for
either or both of the functions of transmission and reception.
[0034] It will also be appreciated that, as well as the overall
wireless system 1 being an embodiment of the invention, paired
arrangements of one or more transmission antenna systems with one
or more reception antenna systems also represent embodiments of the
present invention; and moreover, a single antenna system 2 (i.e. a
phased array antenna with a dielectric lens 2), with a transmission
and/or reception module represents an embodiment of the present
invention; and also a single antenna system 2 (i.e. a phased array
antenna with a dielectric lens 2), without a transmission and/or
reception module represents in itself an embodiment of the present
invention.
[0035] FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration (not to scale) showing
the antenna system 2, comprising the phased array antenna 4 and the
dielectric lens 6, in further detail. In this embodiment, the
dielectric lens 6 is a solid spherical lens, comprising a convex
curved outer surface 12 and a concave curved inner surface 14,
where the curved outer surface 12 is the surface further away from
the phased array antenna 4 and the curved inner surface 14 is the
surface closer to the phased array antenna 4. The curved outer
surface 12 is larger than the curved inner surface 14. As a
consequence, a further extent of surface exists between the curved
inner surface 14 and the curved outer surface 12, which for
convenience will be termed the remaining inner surface 15.
[0036] In overview, in operation, the dielectric lens 6 effectively
acts as a magnifying lens, in the standard way for such a lens, as
follows. (For convenience, certain optical terminology is used in
the following summary of the effect of the lens, and likewise for
convenience certain properties of the millimetre waves employed are
simplified or schematised to allow the effect of the lens to be
most readily appreciated.) The operation will be described in terms
of transmission. It will be appreciated that the reverse operations
occur in the case of reception. In operation, the phased array
antenna 4 emits electromagnetic waves (in this embodiment
millimetre waves) 16 that initially, in the so-called near field,
may be considered as being nominally parallel to each other, i.e.
providing a nominally parallel beam 18. The curved inner surface 14
of the dielectric lens 6 is positioned relative to the phased array
antenna 4 such that the distance there between is smaller than the
extent of the near-field, i.e. smaller than the Rayleigh distance.
Thus the nominally parallel rays 16 of the nominally parallel beam
18 reach the curved inner surface 14 where they are diverged to
provide diverged rays 20. The diverged rays 20 then pass through
the dielectric lens 6 to reach the outer curved surface 12, where
they are converged to be parallel to each other again and thereby
provide a nominally parallel beam 24 exiting the dielectric lens 6
at the curved outer surface 12. The nominally parallel beam 24 is
magnified compared to the original nominally parallel beam 18 that
was emitted by the phased array antenna 4 and passed into the
dielectric lens 6 through the inner curved surface 14, and hence is
hereinafter referred to as the magnified nominally parallel beam
24. In other words, the dielectric lens 6 has in effect magnified
the effective radiating aperture of the phased array antenna 4 (in
the case of reception the dielectric lens 6 in effect magnifies the
effective reception aperture of the phased array antenna 4).
[0037] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration (not to scale) showing
certain dimensional details of the antenna system 2.
[0038] In this embodiment, the curved outer surface is
substantially a spherical shaped surface, with a radius R of
approximately 0.035 m (35 mm). The centre of the emission surface
of the phased array antenna is approximately placed at the centre
of the sphere defining the spherical shaping of the outer curved
surface 12.
[0039] In this embodiment, the inner curved surface 14 is
substantially elliptical shaped with a focal point behind the
phased array antenna. More details of the functional effect of this
will be described later below with reference to FIG. 4. In this
embodiment, the focal point is at a distance of approximately 17
mm.
[0040] In this embodiment, the separation s between the centre of
the radiating surface of the phased array antenna and the axially
aligned point (i.e. closest point or central point) on the inner
curved surface 14 of the dielectric lens 6 is approximately 0.005 m
(5 mm).
[0041] In this embodiment, the phased array antenna 4 is
approximately square shaped, with sides of length I approximately
equal to 0.015 m (15 mm).
[0042] In this embodiment, the dielectric lens is made of solid
nylon, with a dielectric constant .di-elect cons..sub.r
approximately equal to 3. However, in other embodiments, other
materials with other dielectric constant values may be used.
Preferably a dielectric constant equal to or greater than 2 is
used. For example, PTFE with dielectric constant of approximately 2
may be used. Also for example, in other embodiments a material
called "Eccostock" (trademark) HIK 500F, available from Emerson
& Cuming Microwave Products N.V., Nijverheidsstraat 7A, B-2260
Westerlo, Belgium, is used. In this embodiment, this material has a
dielectric constant of approximately 5. The effect of different
dielectric constant values of the material of the dielectric lens 6
will be discussed later below. Other examples of materials with
dielectric constant of approximately .di-elect cons..sub.r=5, and
which advantageously have relatively low loss at 60 GHz, are boron
nitride and a material called "Macor" (trademark) available from
Corning Incorporated Lighting & Materials, Houghton Park CB-08,
Corning, N.Y. 14831.
[0043] In other embodiments, other types of lens arrangements (for
example multi-lens telescope arrangements such as a Keplerian
refractor or a Galilean telescope arrangement) may be used instead
of the above described dielectric lens of this embodiment. However,
compared to other such possibilities, the use in this embodiment of
the dielectric lens 6 described above, i.e. a single solid lens of
a relatively high dielectric material and with a shape based on a
spherical surface, advantageously provides a reasonable amount of
gain i.e. magnification, whilst only requiring a relatively small
physical size.
[0044] The operation of the antenna system 2 of this embodiment,
and in particular the operation of the dielectric lens 6, can
further be understood by considering FIG. 4, which is a diagram
illustrating aspects of refraction by a spherical lens. FIG. 4
shows a theoretical spherical lens surface (indicated in FIG. 4 by
reference numeral 40) of radius R with a centre point indicated in
FIG. 4 by reference numeral 41, considered in terms of a reference
diameter direction (indicated in FIG. 4 by reference numeral 42).
For any given point (indicated in FIG. 4 by reference numeral 44)
on the spherical lens surface 40, a height from that point to the
reference diameter 42 is termed h; for a ray originating from the
centre of the sphere 41 and falling on the surface point 44, the
angle between the original direction of that ray and the output
(refracted) ray is termed .theta.; the distance between the focal
point of the lens (indicated in FIG. 4 by reference numeral 46) and
the surface point 44, i.e. the focal length, is termed f; and the
angle between the line from the focal point 46 to the surface point
44 and the radius to the surface point 44 is termed .xi..
[0045] A spherical lens of constant dielectric constant brings a
bundle of incident rays to an approximate focus. The location of
the focal point for paraxial rays depends only on the dielectric
constant of the sphere (see FIG. 4). Using the small angle
approximation, the focal length f is given in terms of the radius
of the sphere R by
f = R - 1 . ##EQU00001##
When, for example, the dielectric constant is .di-elect cons.=4,
the focus lies on the circumference. As the dielectric constant is
increased, the focus approaches but never reaches the centre of the
sphere.
[0046] By virtue of the phased array antenna 4 being positioned
behind the concave curved inner surface 14 at the centre of the
sphere, the operation is similar to that of a Galilean telescope,
i.e. the rays are approximately directed as illustrated in, and
described above with reference to, FIG. 2.
[0047] The concave curved inner surface 14 is preferably designed
to convert the cone of rays from the convex outer surface 12 to a
parallel bundle. The magnification m available for such an
arrangement is
m = f f - R = ##EQU00002##
and therefore depends only on the dielectric constant. For example,
(as per one preferred embodiment) a magnification of 2.236 is
achieved by the use of the above mentioned material with a
dielectric constant equal to 5. By providing a magnification of
2.236 (in both azimuth and elevation), the useful range of the
antenna system 2 is, to a first approximation, increased by a
factor of 2.236.sup.2 i.e. approximately 5. Thus, in approximate
terms, although using a phased array antenna with a useful range of
approximately 20 m (as is the case for the phased array antenna 4
of this embodiment, which will be described in more detail later
below with reference to FIG. 6), the overall antenna system 2
provides a useful range of approximately 100 m. (Note each lens
increases the effective aperture in both azimuth and elevation
dimensions.)
[0048] In other embodiments, the radius R of the lens can be freely
chosen within reason, but preferably it should be larger than the
magnified image of the array. However, if it is too small,
diffraction may dominate.
[0049] By using a spherical shape for the convex outer curved
surface 12 of the dielectric lens 6, distortion or deviation
arising from the different swept angles involved in the operation
of the phased array antenna 4 is reduced or avoided. However, in
other embodiments, this advantage may be traded off with improved
gain at specific angles by using shapes other than spherical, for
example by using elliptical or hyperbolic shaped surfaces. It will
also be appreciated that the whole of the outer surface need not be
fully in compliance with the basic operational shape of the
surface. For example, the surface may be truncated with a cylinder
shape at the rear to aid mounting of the lens. Also for example,
grooves or notches or ridges (in addition to the grooves to be
described later below with reference to FIG. 5) may be included for
the purposes of fixing the dielectric lens mechanically to clamps
or the like. Depending on their positions or size, such variations
may degrade performance but only to a limited extent compared to
the overall magnification and uniformity achieved by the lens, or
may, if located sufficiently radially distant from the magnified
image of the antenna, have no, or at least negligible, interplay
with the magnification process.
[0050] By using an elliptical shape for the concave inner curved
surface 14, "optical" performance tends to be optimised. However,
since a shallow curvature is preferable, the exact details of the
curved surface shape are not very significant, i.e. in other
embodiments other shapes may be used for the concave curved inner
surface.
[0051] In this embodiment the inner curved surface 14 and the outer
curved surface 12 are both provided with (i.e. the surfaces
comprise a further detail of shaping) with concentric grooves for
the purpose of providing, at least to some extent, impedance
matching, i.e. the grooves function as an anti-reflection measure.
The grooves represent a way of minimising the mismatch between the
high dielectric constant of the lens and that of free space. FIG. 5
is a schematic illustration (not to scale) of the grooves which are
provided at both surfaces. The dotted line indicated by reference
numeral 52 represents a hypothetical smooth form of the respective
curved surfaces. The grooves 50 are provided by virtue of troughs
54 and ridges 56. The grooves are preferably at less than
half-wavelength pitch, which in the case of operation at 60 GHz
means a pitch of 2.5 mm or less is desirable. In this embodiment, a
pitch of 1.5 mm is provided, with the ridges 56 and the troughs 54
each being 0.75 mm wide. The height or depth of the grooves is 0.85
mm. The optimum values depend upon the intended frequency to be
used.
[0052] In other embodiments, anti-reflection properties may instead
be provided by the use of antireflection coatings applied to the
curved surfaces, or by any other appropriate means.
[0053] In the above described embodiments, the shape of the
dielectric lens 6 may be provided by any suitable manufacturing
process, for example by machining a solid block of the material or
by casting.
[0054] Further details of the phased array antenna 4 of this
embodiment will now be described. FIG. 6 is a schematic
illustration (not to scale) of the phased array antenna 4. In this
embodiment the phased array antenna 4 comprises a total of
fifty-two dipole-like antenna elements 60 arranged in eight
alternating columns of six and seven elements. The overall size of
the antenna is approximately 0.015 m.times.0.015 m (15 mm.times.15
mm). The phased array antennas 4 of this embodiment provide
thirty-six beams with wide elevation and azimuth scan angular
ranges to allow for non line of sight operation. These are
commercial units sold by AboCom Systems Inc. (trademark) of No. 77,
Yu-Yih Road, Chu-Nan Chen, Miao-Lih Hsuan, Taiwan, R.O.C. that are
provided for the WirelessHD standard market (i.e. digital video
data).
[0055] In this embodiment the phased array antenna is operated in
the frequency range of 57 to 66 GHz.
[0056] Beam-forming electronics are used to drive the array to
produce a fixed set of beams using phase shifters. These may be
positioned directly behind the radiating array, or may be provided
in a separate module, for example being provided as part of the
transmission module 8. (In the case of reception, the corresponding
electronics serves to perform the receive signal amplification and
beamforming function). This reception electronics may be positioned
directly behind the radiating array, or may be provided in a
separate module, for example being provided as part of the
reception module 10.)
[0057] In this embodiment, as mentioned above, the phased array
antenna 4 operating on its own, i.e. without the dielectric lens 6,
can generate a beam that covers a wide azimuth and elevation scan
angular range. The angular range of the antenna system 2, i.e. the
effect of the dielectric lens 6, is that the angular output range
is reduced. In this embodiment, the reduction in angular range is
related to the reduction in the beamwidth. In general the
improvement in distance range is at a cost of angular range.
However, there are many applications where such a trade-off is
either irrelevant or at least bearable, for example in a vehicle to
vehicle communications application as mentioned earlier. Also, in
some applications the relative positioning and directionality
between the transmission antenna system and the reception antenna
system can be fixed, in which case relatively narrow angular range
can be tolerated (and may even be advantageous). In yet further
embodiments, the achievable azimuth angle can be traded off with
the achievable elevation angle, for example by use of asymmetrical
lens shapes.
[0058] It will be appreciated that an advantage of the above
described embodiments is that increased distance range is achieved
whilst retaining at least a significant extent of the ability to
electronically scan the beam.
[0059] In the above described embodiments the phased array antenna
is operated at a frequency between 57 to 66 GHz. By using such a
relatively high frequency, the physical size of the dielectric lens
can be kept small. Thus, in preferred embodiments, the phased array
antenna is operated at frequencies greater than or equal to 50 GHz.
However, in other embodiments other frequencies may be used.
[0060] In the above described embodiments the phased array antenna
is as described with reference to FIG. 6. However, this need not be
the case, and in other embodiments other implementations or details
of phased array antenna may be used instead, for example different
sizes, different angular output, different numbers of antenna
elements, different numbers of beams, different beam properties,
and so on.
[0061] Likewise, some or all of the various dimensions of the
various elements employed in the above described embodiments, e.g.
sizes of the dielectric lens and the phased array antenna, and
spacing between the various elements employed in the above
described embodiments, may be different in other embodiments.
* * * * *