U.S. patent application number 13/494432 was filed with the patent office on 2012-10-25 for systems and methods to control energy consumption efficiency.
Invention is credited to Ian Dempster, Ben Erpelding, James Hanna.
Application Number | 20120271462 13/494432 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 42129302 |
Filed Date | 2012-10-25 |
United States Patent
Application |
20120271462 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Dempster; Ian ; et
al. |
October 25, 2012 |
SYSTEMS AND METHODS TO CONTROL ENERGY CONSUMPTION EFFICIENCY
Abstract
A controller is configured to exchange information with a
building automation system and includes various executable programs
for determining a real time operating efficiency, simulating a
predicted or theoretical operating efficiency, comparing the same,
and then adjusting one or more operating parameters on equipment
utilized by a building's HVAC system. The controller operates to
adjust an operating efficiency of the HVAC system. An adjustment
module utilized by the controller may modify the HVAC equipment
parameters based on the likelihood that various HVAC equipment
operates in parallel and on-line near its natural operating curve.
In addition, the adjustment module may include a self-learning
aspect that permits the controller to more efficiently make
similar, future adjustments as needed.
Inventors: |
Dempster; Ian; (Seattle,
WA) ; Erpelding; Ben; (San Diego, CA) ; Hanna;
James; (Seattle, WA) |
Family ID: |
42129302 |
Appl. No.: |
13/494432 |
Filed: |
June 12, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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12609452 |
Oct 30, 2009 |
8219250 |
|
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13494432 |
|
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61110353 |
Oct 31, 2008 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
700/276 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G05B 2219/2642 20130101;
F24F 11/30 20180101; F24F 11/62 20180101; G05B 15/02 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
700/276 |
International
Class: |
G05D 23/00 20060101
G05D023/00 |
Claims
1. A controller for communicating with a building automation
system, the controller comprising: a communications interface
operable to exchange information contemporaneously in time between
the controller and the building automation system, the exchanged
information carrying data corresponding to operating parameters of
equipment arranged in an HVAC system; a detection module having
executable instructions for detecting relationships in patterns
defined by one or more of an input, an output, a control parameter
and an information point of the HVAC system; an optimization module
having executable instructions for determining an operating
efficiency of the HVAC system based on the present operating state
of the equipment; and a correction module configured to identify an
error in the patterns, the correction module operable to evaluate
the error and provide adjustments to bring the present operating
state operating efficiency of the HVAC system closer to a predicted
operating efficiency of the HVAC system.
2. The controller of claim 1, further comprising a validation
module configured to determine whether the adjustments result in a
desired overall efficiency for the HVAC system as communicated to
the building automation system.
3. The controller of claim 1, wherein the HVAC system includes a
variable speed chiller cooling system.
4. The controller of claim 1, wherein the predicted operating
efficiency of the HVAC system includes information corresponding to
a natural operating curve for the HVAC equipment.
5. A method for controlling, an operating efficiency of an HVAC
system in communication with a building automation system, the
method comprising: exchanging information contemporaneously in time
between a controller and the building automation system, the
exchanged information carrying data corresponding to operating
parameters of equipment arranged in the HVAC system; determining an
operating efficiency of the HVAC system based on the present
operating state of the equipment; determining a predicted operating
efficiency of the HVAC system computed from installation
specifications provided with the HVAC equipment; determining one or
more patterns based on the present operating state of the
equipment; evaluating the patterns to determine one or more
adjustment values for the HVAC equipment; and supplying the
adjustment values to the controller to bring the present operating
state of the equipment closer to the predicted operating efficiency
of the HVAC system.
6. The method of claim 5, further comprising validating whether the
adjustment values for the HVAC system results in the HVAC system
having approximately the predicted operating efficiency.
7. The method of claim 5, wherein determining the
operating-efficiency of the HVAC system includes determining the
operating efficiency of a variable speed chiller cooling system.
Description
PRIORITY CLAIM
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 12/609,452, which was filed on Oct. 30, 2009,
and which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application
No. 61/110,353, filed on Oct. 31, 2008, the subject matter of each
is incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention generally relates to systems and
methods for controlling energy consumption, and more specifically
controlling energy consumption of a heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) system through a building automation system
(BAS).
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Monitoring and controlling the energy consumption of a
building, and in particular the energy consumption of an HVAC
system, has been achieved through a BAS having software executable
algorithms that incorporate numerical constant values corresponding
to equipment operating characteristics. The equipment of the HVAC
system may include, but is not limited to, chillers, pumps,
condensers, filters, air conditioners, heaters, etc. The values
utilized by the BAS are typically programmed during installation of
the HVAC system and set according to the local climate and ambient
conditions. These values may be changed periodically by manually
evaluating and re-programming the BAS for anticipated changes in
the local climate and ambient conditions.
[0004] Over time the local climate, ambient conditions and/or the
operating characteristics of the building and HVAC system may
change. For example, the operating characteristics of the HVAC
system may change if a pump is replaced with a pump that has
different characteristics. A more advanced type of BAS may utilize
optimization software for controlling the HVAC system. This type of
BAS will continue to adjust one or more operating parameters such
that each piece of equipment is operating at or near its optimum to
satisfy the building cooling load with minimal total energy
consumption based on an equal marginal performance principle.
However, the optimization software focuses on each piece of
equipment such that periodically the numerical constants used in
the optimization software may still need to be manually adjusted.
This is typically done by recalculating the operating
characteristics of the equipment, modifying the optimization
software, restarting the BAS, observing the operational efficiency
of the HVAC system and iterating until the overall operating
efficiency of the HVAC system, as a whole, is within a desired
efficiency.
SUMMARY OF THE PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS
[0005] A controller in communication with a building automation
system (BAS) may be configured to automatically control an
operating efficiency of an HVAC system. The controller utilizes
real time operating data in comparison with predicted or
theoretical information to automatically ascertain and adjust the
energy consumption of a building by contemporaneously adjusting
operating parameters for the HVAC equipment, validating the
adjustments, and invoking a self-learning feature to minimize the
time needed for similar adjustments in the future. By way of
example, the controller cooperates with the BAS to monitor the HVAC
system under prevailing energy demands with minimum energy wastage,
thereby improving building energy management system efficiency.
[0006] In one aspect of the present invention, a controller for
communicating with a BAS includes a communications interface
operable to exchange information contemporaneously in time between
the controller and the building automation system, the exchanged
information carrying data corresponding to operating parameters of
equipment arranged in an HVAC system; an optimization module having
executable instructions for determining an operating efficiency of
the HVAC system based on the present operating state of the
equipment; a simulation module having executable instructions for
determining a predicted operating efficiency of the HVAC system
computed from installation specifications provided with the HVAC
equipment; a comparison module in data communication with the
optimization and simulation modules, the comparison module
configured to determine whether the operating efficiency is below a
desired threshold relative to the predicted operating efficiency;
and an adjustment module in data communication with the comparison
module, the adjustment module configured to transmit instructions
to the building automation system for changing at least one of the
operating parameters for at least one piece of equipment of the
HVAC system, the adjustment module further configured to process
the instructions for changing in a self-learning aspect when the
comparator, at a later time, determines the operating efficiency is
below the desired threshold relative to the predicted operating
efficiency.
[0007] In another aspect of the present invention, a method for
controlling an operating efficiency of an HVAC system in
communication with a building automation system includes the steps
of (1) exchanging information contemporaneously in time between a
controller and the building automation system, the exchanged
information carrying data corresponding to operating parameters of
equipment arranged in the HVAC system; (2) determining an operating
efficiency of the HVAC system based on the present operating state
of the equipment; (3) determining a predicted operating efficiency
of the HVAC system computed from installation specifications
provided with the HVAC equipment; (4) comparing whether the
operating efficiency is below a desired threshold relative to the
predicted operating efficiency; (5) adjusting at least one of the
operating parameters for at least one, piece of equipment of the
HVAC system; (6) transmitting the at least one adjustment to the
building automation system; and (7) triggering a self-learning
feature of the controller for automatically recalling the at least
one adjustment at a later time when the operating efficiency is
again below the desired threshold.
[0008] In yet another aspect of the present invention, a controller
for communicating with a building automation system includes a
communications interface operable to exchange information
contemporaneously in time between the controller and the building
automation system, the exchanged information carrying data
corresponding to operating parameters of equipment arranged in an
HVAC system; a detection module having executable instructions for
detecting relationships in patterns defined by one or more of an
input, an output, a control parameter and an information point of
the HVAC system; an optimization module having executable
instructions for determining an operating efficiency of the HVAC
system based on the present operating state of the equipment; and a
correction module configured to identify an error in the patterns,
the correction module operable to evaluate the error and provide
adjustments to bring the present operating state operating
efficiency of the HVAC system closer to a predicted operating
efficiency of the HVAC system.
[0009] In still yet another aspect of the present invention, a
method for controlling an operating efficiency of an HVAC system in
communication with a building automation system includes the steps
of (1) exchanging information contemporaneously in time between a
controller and the building automation system, the exchanged
information carrying data corresponding to operating parameters of
equipment arranged in the HVAC system; (2) determining an operating
efficiency of the HVAC system based on the present operating state
of the equipment; (3) determining a predicted operating efficiency
of the HVAC system computed from installation specifications
provided with the HVAC equipment; (4) determining one or more
patterns based on the present operating state of the equipment; (5)
evaluating the patterns to determine one or more adjustment values
for the HVAC equipment; and (6) supplying the adjustment values to
the controller to bring the present operating state of the
equipment closer to the predicted operating efficiency of the HVAC
system.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] Illustrative and alternative embodiments are described in
detail below with reference to the following drawings.
[0011] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a controller for communicating
with a building automation system to control an operating
efficiency of an HVAC system according to an embodiment of the
present invention;
[0012] FIG. 2 is another block diagram of the controller showing
decisions made by the controller to adjust equipment parameters of
the HVAC system by way of the building automation system according
to an embodiment of the present invention;
[0013] FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a method for
adjusting the equipment parameters of an HVAC system using the
controller of FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the present
invention; and
[0014] FIG. 4 is a graph of power efficiency curve for an HVAC
system in a building controlled by the controller of FIG. 1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0015] In the following description, certain specific details are
set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various
embodiments of the invention. However, one skilled in the art will
understand that the invention may be practiced without these
details. In other instances, well-known structures associated with
HVAC systems and individual HVAC components, building climate or
environmental control systems, building automation systems and
various processes, parameters, and operation thereof have not
necessarily been shown or described in detail to avoid
unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments of the
invention. At least one embodiment of the invention includes a
self-learning or self-correcting process in communication with the
BAS to receive selected input and then automatically tune or
otherwise optimize one ore more aspects of a building's HVAC
system.
[0016] Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the
specification and claims which follow, the word "comprise" and
variations thereof, such as, "comprises" and "comprising" are to be
construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is as "including, but
not limited to."
[0017] The energy performance of constant speed chillers, pumps and
tower is maximized when components are operated as closely as
possible to full load. Thus, chiller plant operating strategies
generally involve sequencing plant equipment to minimize the amount
of on-line equipment, which is operated at full load. In
all-variable speed chiller plants, optimum performance is attained
when the equipment is operating at a specific part load that
depends, on the current external conditions. The curve of the
loading at which each variable speed component achieves maximum
efficiency as the external conditions (pressure or temperature)
vary is called the "natural curve" of that component. Optimum's
systems employ a control methodology to sequence equipment so that
plant operation is at all times as close as possible to the natural
curves of the equipment contained in the plant.
[0018] Chilled water distribution pumps are usually operated to
maintain a specific distribution differential pressure. Sometimes
this pressure setpoint is reset based on the maximum position of
one or several of the valves on the loads served by the system.
However, the use of minimum pressure setpoints can contribute to
substantial wasted pumping energy, especially during periods of low
loads, which are frequent in systems that operate on continual
daily schedule. The controller described herein may provide
distribution pump control that is particularly effective in large
distribution circuits that may have different critical flow
segments under different conditions or different times. It should
be noted that HVAC components and/or equipment are operated within
their manufacturer's recommended limits. The controller
continuously monitors the chilled and condenser water flows and
rates of flow change, as well as the condensing water temperature,
and limits operation to ensure these parameters remain within the
range recommended by the manufacturer for the specific equipment to
which the control is applied.
[0019] The controller is configured to exchange information with a
BAS and includes various executable programs for determining a real
time operating efficiency, simulating a predicted or theoretical
operating efficiency, comparing the same, and then adjusting one or
more operating parameters on equipment utilized by a building's
HVAC system. In one embodiment the executable programs control
variable speed loop cooling plants to establish a decrease in
energy usage of a power utilization system, for example, a
building-wide HVAC system. In addition, the controller or at least
one or more of the executable algorithms employed by the controller
may comport with an equal marginal performance principle for a
particular system consistent with the teachings found in U.S. Pat.
No. 6,185,946 to Thomas Hartman and an article authored by the same
entitled "Designing Efficient Systems with the Equal Marginal
Performance Principle," ASHRAE Journal, Vol. 47, No. 7, July 2005,
wherein both references are incorporated herein by reference in
their entireties. Hartman describes the numerical constants
associated with the operation of HVAC system equipment, such as,
but not limited to, centrifugal pumps, fans, and variable speed
drive centrifugal chillers. The numerical values are based on the
likelihood that more HVAC equipment operates in parallel and
on-line near its natural operating curve.
[0020] In some embodiments, the BAS may communicate with an
all-variable speed system to compensate for changes to equipment or
operating conditions automatically, using self-correcting computer
executable instructions. The controller may advantageously provide
an automated technique to replace the current manual tuning methods
used to tune the HVAC system. In other embodiments, the controller
automatically corrects the operation of the BAS to compensate for
changes in HVAC equipment characteristics or external building load
characteristics that may be attributed to the building and local
climate.
[0021] In one embodiment, the controller is a self-learning
controller in data communication with the BAS. The self-learning
controller utilizes real time energy usage surveillance, energy
analysis, simulation, comparative analysis, and validation
techniques to allow the controller to self-ascertain and
self-adjust energy usage. The self-tuning features may incorporate
executable instructions that are processed within a power
utilization system, for example a chilled water plant (CHW). The
controller receives data from the HVAC system for simulating the
operation thereof based on calculated system inputs for values like
total system kilowatts used (TSkW) and a system cooling output
tonnage (tons), which when combined provides a measure of energy
efficiency. The controller may also process data from the HVAC
system to provide a predicted energy efficiency (kW/ton).
[0022] In one embodiment, a self-learning or self-tuning aspect of
the controller may include a modification of the Hartman algorithms
used to optimize the HVAC system such that the control outputs are
processed to enable the adaptive behavior of the HVAC by comparing
the control outputs with the simulated outputs to either modify
(e.g., incrementally adjust) the optimization algorithm values or
to verify the real time operating efficiency against a simulated
(e.g., predicted or theoretic) operating efficiency. The
self-learning or self-tuning aspect of the controller may be
referred to as a neural network process.
[0023] The neural-networking process includes executable
instructions for detecting hidden relationships in set patterns
between the inputs, outputs, control and information points of the
HVAC system. The executable instructions provide for a "training
phase" in which the output of a control parameter is compared with
the desired output or defined output as determined by a model based
on the optimum or best efficiency of power consumption. Model
computational outputs indicating errors or other patterns that
diminish optimum or best power consumption efficiencies are
propagated back or looped back toward the inputs of the control
model, applying and adjusting numerical or weighted values to
reduce the computational errors, so that a prediction is acquired
that indicates the optimal power usage system pattern associated
with optimum energy consumption by the system.
[0024] The controller may include one or more processors dedicated
to discreet tasks, for example one processor may incorporate a
"training phase" after adjustments to the HVAC system have been
determined, another processor may compare real time data with
predicted, theoretic or best-case data, and yet another processor
may evaluate an error in the system and suggest ways to reduce the
error. In one embodiment, the self-tuning includes two phases, the
"training phase" followed by the "verification phase". During the
first "training phase", sample data (from the system model),
containing both input and desired output is processed to optimize
the actual control output, until the desired energy utilization
efficiency is achieved. During the validation or "verification
phase", the error is no longer propagated back towards the input
parameters, but is used to predict or output energy related events
or sequence values to serve as inputs for the various equipment
operating in the building automation system.
[0025] If a large deviation between the actual control and system
model occur, the system shall automatically change back to the
"training phase"; until the system is optimized correctly then
switch back to the "verification phase" again and remain there
unless a deviation occurs again. This provides the self-learning
controller that is adaptable to changes in the HVAC system as well
as adaptable to extreme environmental changes.
[0026] FIG. 1 shows an energy management system or controller 10
that includes a building automation system (BAS) 12 in data
communication with an HVAC system 14 and a controller 16,
respectively. The data between the BAS 12 and the HVAC system 14
may include, but is not limited to, energy related operational data
18 for the equipment of the HVAC system, where such operational
data 18 affect the overall energy efficiency of the HVAC system 14.
The controller 18 includes executable instructions that may be
arranged in different programs or modules and even processed by
independent processing means. In one embodiment, the controller 18
includes an optimization module, a comparison module 22, a
simulation module 24, and an adjustment (e.g., a self-learning
and/or self-tuning) module 26. The controller 10 includes various
modules, which may take the form of executable instructions,
programs, software, etc.), that cooperatively interact to tune or
self-adjust the operating parameters for different types of HVAC
equipment to account for changes in consumer demand, inclement
weather conditions, and other situations. By way of example, the
controller 10 may interact to communicate to the BAS 12, which in
turn communicates to the HVAC system 14, to adjust a flow rate of a
pump, adjust a rotational speed of a fan, adjust a temperature
setting of an air conditioning unit, etc.
[0027] The optimization module 20 may take the form of the
executable instructions taught by the Hartman references discussed
above. By way of example, the optimization module 20 receives real
time operational data to determine a real time operating efficiency
28 of the HVAC system 14 based on the present operating state of
the equipment of the HVAC system 14. The simulation module 24
receives data 30, which may take the form of calculated input, for
running simulation scenarios. By way of example, the simulation
module 24 includes executable instructions for determining a
simulated (e.g., predicted, theoretical or best case) operating
efficiency 32 of the HVAC system 14 computed or calculated from
installation specification values that correspond to predetermined
operational ranges for the individual pieces of equipment of the
HVAC system 14.
[0028] The respective efficiencies, 28, 32 are received by the
comparison module 22 for determining adjustment values 34 to be
applied to one or more pieces of equipment of the HVAC system 14.
In one embodiment, the comparison module 22 is in data
communication with the optimization module 20 and simulation module
24 and the comparison module 22 is configured to determine whether
the real time operating efficiency 28 of the HVAC system 14 is
below a desired threshold relative to the simulated operating
efficiency 32.
[0029] The adjustment values 34 are received by the adjustment
module 26 to develop or define new energy related sequence values
36 for improving the actual energy utilization efficiency HVAC
system 14 and meets or at least approaches the simulated operating
efficiency 32. As discussed above, the adjustment module 26 may
include executable instructions for self-learning the adjustment
values 34 and for self-tuning the BAS 12 based on the sequence
values 36. In one embodiment, the adjustment module 26 operates as
a neural network processing, module that includes computer readable
media having instructions to execute various functions using either
local or remote computer processing; whereas the remote processing
may, by way of example, be via a local network or the Internet. The
adjustment values 34 may be further processed by mathematic
multipliers, weighted and/or normalized.
[0030] FIG. 3 illustrates a method 100 for processing data from the
BAS 12 with the controller 16 (FIG. 1). At step 102, real time
operating data about the HVAC system is acquired from the BAS. The
controller includes a communications interface operable to exchange
information contemporaneously in time between the controller and
the BAS. As previously stated, the exchanged information includes
data corresponding to the real time operating parameters or
characteristics of equipment arranged in the HVAC system. At step
104, the real time operating data is received or input into an
optimization module, such as the optimization module described
above. At step 106, individual equipment efficiencies and an
overall real time operating efficiency of the HVAC system are
computed based on executable instructions processed by the
optimization module and under prevailing equipment operating and
weather conditions.
[0031] Contemporaneously or simultaneously therewith at step 108,
the data for determining a simulated (e.g., predicted, theoretical
or best case) operating efficiency of the HVAC system is received
by a simulation module. The data may take the form of installation
specification values that correspond to predetermined operational
ranges for the individual pieces of HVAC equipment. At step 110,
the simulation module determines the simulated operating efficiency
of the HVAC system.
[0032] At step 112, a comparison module processes a decision gate
to determine whether the real time operating efficiency is within a
desired threshold of the simulated operating efficiency. If an
affirmative (e.g., "yes" or "true") answer is produced then this is
communicated to the BAS and no adjustments are made. In a negative
(e.g., "no" or "false") answer is produced then the real time
operating data along with the installation specification data of
the HVAC system's equipment is passed along to an adjustment
module. Thus, at step 114, adjustment values for one or more pieces
of HVAC equipment are determined and a self-learning or training
process is initiated or commenced.
[0033] At step 116, the adjustment values are tested or validated
using a validation module. In this step, the adjustment values or
equipment parameters are processed to determine if they achieve a
desired overall HVAC system operating efficiency. Stated otherwise,
do the changes to the HVAC equipment actually produce an
improvement in the overall system energy consumption and thus
overall operating efficiency for the HVAC system as communicated
through the BAS. If the results are positive then the adjustment
values are transmitted to the BAS for permanent implementation into
the HVAC system, until of course another adjustment is needed due
to weather or other changes.
[0034] FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a process diagram 200 for the
adjustment module from FIG. 2. At step 202, the equipment
adjustment values for the HVAC equipment are determined and set. At
step 204, the adjustment module communicates to provide
instructions to the validation module to test or otherwise validate
the adjustment values. At step 206, the controller determines
whether the adjustments were validated. If not, then the adjustment
values are re-set by the adjustment module to improve the HVAC
operating efficiency. If the values are validated, then these
values are provided to the BAS for implementation thereof.
[0035] FIG. 4 shows a twenty-four hour power efficiency curve for
the HVAC system from data communicated through the BAS where the
HVAC equipment has been continually controlled by an embodiment of
the controller with the executable instructions as described above.
The HVAC system operates with a fluctuating efficiency across the
twenty-four period because the controller optimizes energy
consumption by at least incrementally adjusting one or more
parameters of the HVAC equipment.
[0036] While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been
illustrated and described, as noted above, many changes can be made
without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Accordingly, the scope of the invention is not limited by the
disclosure of the preferred embodiment. Instead, the invention
should be determined by reference to the claims that follow.
* * * * *