U.S. patent application number 13/491702 was filed with the patent office on 2012-09-27 for compositions and methods for controlling diseases in animals.
This patent application is currently assigned to ALPHARMA, LLC. Invention is credited to Doug Rupp, James Skinner.
Application Number | 20120244191 13/491702 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 42231342 |
Filed Date | 2012-09-27 |
United States Patent
Application |
20120244191 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Skinner; James ; et
al. |
September 27, 2012 |
COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING DISEASES IN ANIMALS
Abstract
Disclosed herein are compositions for the treatment of a disease
in an animal including yeast extract of Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
Bacillus licheniformis or Bacillus subtilis spores, and a carrier.
Also included are animal feed compositions including the
composition for the prevention, control and/or treatment of a
disease in an animal and an animal's food/feed. The compositions
are useful to prevent, control, and treat diseases such as necrotic
enteritis in poultry when used in combination with an anticoccidal
ionophore or coccidiosis vaccine.
Inventors: |
Skinner; James;
(Sevierville, TN) ; Rupp; Doug; (Newton,
NJ) |
Assignee: |
ALPHARMA, LLC
Wilmington
DE
|
Family ID: |
42231342 |
Appl. No.: |
13/491702 |
Filed: |
June 8, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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12586359 |
Sep 21, 2009 |
8227235 |
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13491702 |
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61187316 |
Jun 16, 2009 |
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61156902 |
Mar 3, 2009 |
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61121258 |
Dec 10, 2008 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/269.1 ;
424/278.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 1/00 20180101; A61K
2039/552 20130101; A61P 33/02 20180101; A61K 2039/52 20130101; A61P
29/00 20180101; A61P 31/04 20180101; A23K 10/16 20160501; A61P 1/04
20180101; A61K 36/064 20130101; A61K 39/012 20130101; A61K 35/742
20130101; A61P 37/04 20180101; A61K 36/064 20130101; A61K 2300/00
20130101; A61K 39/012 20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/269.1 ;
424/278.1 |
International
Class: |
A61K 36/064 20060101
A61K036/064; A61P 31/04 20060101 A61P031/04; A61P 37/04 20060101
A61P037/04; A61P 33/02 20060101 A61P033/02; A61P 1/00 20060101
A61P001/00; A61K 39/012 20060101 A61K039/012; A61P 29/00 20060101
A61P029/00 |
Claims
1. A composition for the treatment of a disease in an animal
comprising: yeast extract from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus
licheniformis spores, and optionally a carrier.
2. The composition of claim 1, comprising (a) about 50 wt. % to
about 90 wt. % of the cell wall fraction from Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, (b) about 5 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of the Bacillus
licheniformis spores, comprising about 4.5.times.10.sup.9 to about
2.5.times.10.sup.10 spores per gram, and (c) about 0 wt. % to about
45 wt. % of the carrier.
3. The composition of claim 1, comprising (a) 50 wt. % of the cell
wall fraction from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, (b) 10 wt. % of the
Bacillus licheniformis spores, comprising about 5.times.10.sup.9 to
about 1.25.times.10.sup.10 spores per gram, and (c) 40 wt. % of the
carrier.
4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the carrier comprises calcium
carbonate, calcium sulfate, lactose, or a combination thereof.
5. An animal feed composition comprising the composition for the
treatment of a disease in an animal of any one of claims 1-4, and
an animal foodstuff; wherein the composition for the treatment of a
disease in an animal is in an amount of about 0.5 pounds to about
10 pounds per ton of the animal foodstuff.
6. The animal feed composition of claim 5, wherein the composition
for the treatment of a disease in an animal is in an amount of
about 1 pound to about 5 pounds per ton of the animal
foodstuff.
7. The animal feed composition of claim 6, wherein the composition
for the treatment of a disease in an animal is in an amount of
about 2 pounds per ton of the animal foodstuff.
8. The animal food composition of claim 7, wherein animal foodstuff
is a poultry foodstuff or a swine foodstuff.
9. A method for preventing a disease in an animal, comprising
administering to the animal the composition for the treatment of a
disease in an animal of any one of claims 1-8.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the animal is poultry and the
disease is necrotic enteritis.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein the animal is swine and the
disease is swine ileitis.
12. A composition for the prevention and/or control of a disease in
an animal comprising a yeast extract from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
and QST-713 strain of Bacillus subtilis, and optionally a
carrier.
13. The composition according to claim 12, comprising from about 75
wt-% to about 99 wt-% of the yeast extract from Saccharomyces
cerevisiae; from about 1 wt-% to about 3 wt-% of the QST-713 strain
of Bacillus subtilis; and from about 0 wt-% to about 24 wt-% of the
carrier.
14. The composition according to claim 12, comprising 80 wt-% of
the cell wall fraction from Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 2.5 wt-% of
QST-713 strain of Bacillus subtilis; and 17.5 wt-% of the
carrier.
15. The composition according to claim 12, wherein the carrier
comprises calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, lactose, or a
combination thereof.
16. An animal feed composition comprising a composition according
to any one of claims 12 to 15, and an animal foodstuff, wherein the
composition for the prevention and/or control of a disease in an
animal is present in an amount ranging from about 0.5 pounds to
about 10 pounds per ton of the animal foodstuff.
17. The animal feed composition according to claim 16, wherein the
composition for the prevention and/or control of a disease in an
animal is in an amount of about 1.25 pounds per ton of the animal
foodstuff.
18. The animal feed composition according to claim 16, wherein
animal foodstuff is a poultry foodstuff or a swine foodstuff.
19. A method for preventing and/or controlling a disease in an
animal comprising administering to the animal an effective amount
of a composition according to any one of claims 12 to 18.
20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the animal is poultry
and the disease is necrotic enteritis.
21. The method according to claim 19, wherein the animal is swine
and the disease is swine ileitis.
22. A composition comprising the composition of any one of claims 1
to 8 further comprising an anticoccidal ionophore.
23. The composition of claim 22, wherein the anticoccidal ionophore
is salinomycin.
24. The composition of claim 23, wherein the salinomycin is present
at a level of about 66 ppm of the composition.
25. An animal feed composition comprising the composition for the
treatment of necrotic enteritis in an animal of any one of claims
22 to 24, and an animal foodstuff, wherein the composition for the
treatment of a disease in an animal is in an amount of about 0.5
pounds to about 10 pounds per ton of the animal foodstuff.
26. A method for improving the performance of an ionophore in the
treatment of necrotic enteritis in an animal comprising
administering to the animal the composition of any one of claims 22
to 25.
27. The method of claim 26 wherein the ionophore is
salinomycin.
28. A method for preventing disease in an animal, comprising
vaccinating the animal with a coccidiosis vaccine; and
administering to the animal a composition comprising the
composition of any one of claims 1 to 8.
29. The method of claim 28, wherein the animal is poultry and the
disease is necrotic enteritis.
30. The method of claim 28, wherein the vaccine comprises a
non-attenuated, live sporulated oocyst coccidiosis vaccine.
31. The method of claim 28, wherein the coccidiosis vaccine is
Coccivac.RTM..
32. A method for decreasing the mortality in an animal challenged
with C. perfringens, comprising vaccinating the animal with a
coccidiosis vaccine; and administering to the animal a composition
comprising the composition of any one of claims 1 to 8.
33. The method of claim 32 wherein the animal is poultry.
34. The method of claim 33, wherein the vaccine comprises a
non-attenuated, live sporulated oocyst coccidiosis vaccine.
35. The method of claim 34, wherein the coccidiosis vaccine is
Coccivac.RTM..
36. A method for decreasing the necrotic enteritis lesions in an
animal challenged with C. perfringens, comprising vaccinating the
animal with a coccidiosis vaccine; and administering to the animal
a composition comprising the composition of any one of claims 1 to
8.
37. The method of claim 36 wherein the animal is poultry.
38. The method of claim 36, wherein the vaccine comprises a
non-attenuated, live sporulated oocyst coccidiosis vaccine.
39. A composition comprising the composition of any one of claims
12 to 18 further comprising an anticoccidal ionophore.
40. The composition of claim 39, wherein the anticoccidal ionophore
is salinomycin:
41. The composition of claim 40, wherein the salinomycin is present
at a level of about 66 ppm of the composition.
42. An animal feed composition comprising the composition for the
treatment of necrotic enteritis in an animal of any one of claims
39 to 41, and an animal foodstuff, wherein the composition for the
treatment of a disease in an animal is in an amount of about 0.5
pound to about 10 pounds per ton of the animal foodstuff.
43. A method for improving the performance of an ionophore in the
treatment of necrotic enteritis in an animal comprising
administering to the animal the composition of any one of claims 39
to 41.
44. The method of claim 43 wherein the ionophore is
salinomycin.
45. A method for preventing disease in an animal, comprising
vaccinating the animal with a coccidiosis vaccine; and
administering to the animal a composition comprising the
composition of any one of claims 12 to 18.
46. The method of claim 45, wherein the animal is poultry and the
disease is necrotic enteritis.
47. The method of claim 45, wherein the vaccine comprises a
non-attenuated, live sporulated oocyst coccidiosis vaccine.
48. The method of claim 45, wherein the coccidiosis vaccine is
Coccivac.RTM..
Description
[0001] This application claims benefit under 35 USC .sctn.119(e) of
U.S. Provisional patent Application Ser. No. 61/187,316 filed Jun.
3, 2009, U.S. Provisional patent Application Ser. No. 61/156,902
filed Mar. 3, 2009 and U.S. Provisional patent Application Ser. No.
61/121,258 filed Dec. 10, 2008.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Pigs and poultry, especially those which are intensively
reared or reared in large-scale operations, have a tendency to
suffer from or risk catching a variety of diseases and infections,
for example, Mycoplasma diseases in pigs and poultry, Lawsonia
infections (ileitis) and swine dysentery in pigs and necrotic
enteritis in poultry. Medicaments have been proposed or used for
the treatment of individual diseases or infections of these
types.
[0003] L. intracellularis, the causative agent of porcine
proliferative enteropathy
[0004] (PPE; also called ileitis in swine), affects virtually all
animals, including: rabbits, ferrets, hamsters, fox, horses, and
other animals as diverse as ostriches and emus. PPE is a common
diarrheal disease of growing-finishing and young breeding pigs
characterized by hyperplasia and inflammation of the ileum and
colon. It often is nnld and self-limiting but sometimes causes
persistent diarrhea, severe necrotic enteritis, or hemorrhagic
enteritis with high mortality.
[0005] Necrotic enteritis (NE) in poultry is caused by a
gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria Clostridium perfringens. The
disease is an acute enterotoxemia condition primarily affecting 2-5
week old broiler chickens and 7-12 week old turkeys. The duration
of the illness is very short, and typically the only sign of the
disease is a sudden increase in mortality of the birds.
[0006] C. perfringens is a nearly ubiquitous bacteria found in
soil, dust, feces, feed, and used poultry litter, and is also an
inhabitant of the intestines of healthy chickens. The enterotoxemia
that causes the necrotic enteritis occurs either following an
alteration in the intestinal microflora or from a condition that
results in damage to the intestinal mucosa (e.g., coccidiosis,
mycotoxicosis, salmonellosis, ascarid larvae). High dietary levels
of animal byproducts, wheat, barley, oats, or rye predispose birds
to the disease. Anything that promotes excessive bacterial growth
and toxin production or slows feed passage rate in the small
intestine could promote the occurrence of necrotic enteritis.
[0007] Diagnosis of necrotic enteritis is based on gross lesions
and a gram-stained smear of a mucosal scraping that exhibits large,
gram-positive rods. The gross lesions are primarily found in the
small intestine, which may be ballooned, friable, and contain a
foul-smelling, brown fluid. The mucosa is usually covered with a
tan to yellow pseudomembrane often referred to as a "Turkish towel"
appearance. This pseudomembrane may extend throughout the small
intestine or be only in a localized area. The disease persists in a
flock for 5-10 days, and mortality is 2-50%. Conventional products
for preventing necrotic enteritis in poultry are medicated feeds
containing virginiamycin (20 g/ton feed), bacitracin (50 g/ton),
and lineomycin (2 g/ton). Medicated feeds containing anticoccidial
compounds in the ionophore class have also been helpful in
preventing necrotic enteritis. Treatment for necrotic enteritis is
typically by administering bacitracin, penicillin, and lincomycin
in the drinking water for 5-7 days. NE has been identified as a
disease condition that may be prevented or controlled by use of
Direct-Fed Microbials (DFM) products because they act on the
intestinal microflora.
[0008] Coccidiosis causes considerable economic loss in the poultry
industry. The disease is caused by several species of Eimeria
including E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. acervulina, E. brunetti, and
E. maxima. Stages of coccidiosis in chicken appear both within the
host as well as outside. The developmental stages in the chicken
give rise to a microscopic egg (called an oocyst) that is passed
out in the droppings. Normally, most birds pass small numbers of
oocysts in their droppings without ill effects, but intensive
rearing of domestic chickena provides conditions which permit the
build-up of infective oocysts in the environment thereby increasing
the possibility of coccidiosis infections. Coccidiosis infections
can become noticeable by the third day of infection. Symptoms
include chickens drooping, stopping feeding and huddling together.
Blood starts to appear in the droppings by day four and by day
eight the chickens are either dead or have started to recover.
[0009] Prevention of coccidiosis includes mixing anticoecidial
drugs with feed. Ionophores such as salinomycin are the most
commonly-used drugs in the US for coccidiosis prevention.
Salinomycin and salts thereof are typically added to animal feed at
a concentration of about 40 to about 60 grams per ton of animal
feed (0.0044% to 0.0066%). Salimomycin sodium is the preferred form
of salinomycin used in the United States. Narasin is the most
commonly-reported ionophore promoted as an aid in NE prevention.
Coccidiosis vaccines (Coccivae-B) can also be used particularly by
those wishing to market antibiotic-free chickens. Coccivac-B is a
non-attenuated, live sporulated oocyst coccidiosis vaccine
containing E. acervulina, E. mivati, E. maxima and E. tenella.
[0010] A need exists for compositions and methods to treat multiple
diseases in animals, particularly diseases of bacterial origin.
These compositions should be able to be used in combination with
other treatments and/or compositions used for treating other
diseases. Optimally the compositions for treatment of diseases
would have a synergistic effect when combined either with other
compositions or other treatment regimens.
BRIEF SUMMARY
[0011] The present invention is related to compositions and methods
for treatment of disease in animals, particularly poultry. One
embodiment of the invention is directed to a composition for the
treatment of a disease in an animal that includes a yeast extract
from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus licheniformis spores, and
optionally a carrier. An embodiment of the invention is also
directed a method for preventing a disease in an animal that
includes administering to an animal a composition containing yeast
extract from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus licheniformis
spores, and optionally a carrier.
[0012] The present invention is also directed to a composition for
the prevention and/or control of a disease in an animal which
includes a yeast extract from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and QST-713
strain of Bacillus subtilis, and optionally a carrier. An
embodiment of the invention is also directed to a method for
preventing and/or controlling a disease in an animal that includes
administering to the animal an effective amount of a composition
containing a yeast extract from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and
QST-713 strain of Bacillus subtilis, and optionally a carrier.
[0013] The present invention is further related to a composition
containing about 50 wt % to about 90 wt % of the cell wall fraction
from Saccharomyces cerevisiae; about 5 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of
Bacillus licheniformis spores, comprising about 4.5.times.10.sup.9
to about 2.5.times.10.sup.10 spores per gram; and an anticoccidal
ionophore. An embodiment of the invention is also directed to a
method for preventing disease in an animal that includes
vaccinating the animal with a coccidiosis vaccine and administering
to the animal a composition containing about 50 wt. % to about 90
wt. % of the cell wall fraction from Saccharomyces cerevisiae;
about 5 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of the Bacillus licheniformis
spores, comprising about 4.5.times.10.sup.9 to about
2.5.times.10.sup.10 spores per gram; and about 0 wt. % to 45 wt. %
of a Carrier. An embodiment of the invention is additionally
related to a method for decreasing the mortality in an animal
challenged with C. perfringens that includes vaccinating the animal
with a coccidiosis vaccine and administering to the animal a
composition containing about 50 wt. % to about 90 wt. % of the cell
wall fraction from Saccharomyces cerevisiae; about 5 wt. % to about
50 wt. % of the Bacillus licheniformis spores, comprising about
4.5.times.10.sup.9 to about 2.5.times.10.sup.10 spores per gram;
and about 0 wt. % to 45 wt. % of a carrier. An embodiment of the
invention is further directed to a method for decreasing the
necrotic enteritis lesions in an animal challenged with C.
perfringens which includes vaccinating the animal with a
coccidiosis vaccine and administering to the animal a composition
comprising about 50 wt. % to about 90 wt. % of the cell wall
fraction from Saocharomyces cerevisiae; about 5 wt. % to about 50
wt. % of the Bacillus licheniformis spores, comprising about
4.5.times.10.sup.9 to about 2.5.times.10.sup.10 spores per gram;
and about 0 wt. % to 45 wt. % of a carrier.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0014] Disclosed herein are unexpectedly synergistic combinations
of probiotic bacteria such as B. licheniformis and immune-enhancing
yeast cell wall extracts comprising beta-glucans and mannans used
for the prevention, control, and treatment of necrotic enteritis in
combination with a coccidiostat or coccidiosis vaccine. These
compositions (otherwise called an animal feed additive) suitable to
treat diseases in an animal are particularly useful to treat
diseases caused by infection with a bacterium such as L.
intracellularis or C. perfringens.
[0015] Direct-Fed Microbials (DFM) are living microorganisms that
are fed to animals to improve production by modulating the
intestinal environment in the animal and by improving digestion.
They help maintain the proper balance of normal gut flora in the
gastrointestinal tract. Although scientists do not fully understand
the mechanism of action of DFMs, it is believed that DFMs may act
by attaching themselves to gut surfaces, reducing or preventing
harmful organisms from attaching to and colonizing the gut surface;
stimulating intestinal immunity that in turn provides protection
against disease; releasing enzymes that aid in digestion; producing
organic acids that alter the pH of the gut and stimulate beneficial
organisms; and producing nutrients, such as vitamins. AlCare.TM.
(Alpharma Inc. of Bridgewater, N.J.) is a DFM containing a modified
strain of B. licheniformis (NCTC 13123). AlCare.TM. contains
1.times.10.sup.10 spores of B. licheniformis per gram in 70 wt % of
a calcium carbonate carrier. One pound of AlCare.TM. per ton of
feed provides 2.2.times.10.sup.9 colony forming units (cfu) B.
licheniformis per pound of feed.
[0016] Brewer's yeast is a type of fungus known as S. cerevisiae.
Alphamune.RTM. (Alpharma Inc. of Bridgewater, N.J.) is a
cross-linked natural polysaccharide fiber produced from the cell
walls of food grade brewer's yeast. The ingredients in
Alphamune.RTM. are also made under the name of Beta Mos.RTM.
(Alpharma Inc. of Bridgewater, N.J.), which is the cell wall
fraction of S. cerevisiae after solubilizing and extracting the
biological active materials from within the cell after autolysis.
Alphamune.RTM. is a combination of beta-glucans and mannans. The
beta-glucans present in Alphamune.RTM. have side chains (1,3-1,6)
resulting in a specific complex structure which cannot be broken by
glucanase. Beta-glucans Have a strong immune enhancing effect in
animals, binding to macrophages which are activated and secrete
cytokines. The S. cerevisiae mannans are polysaccharide-polypeptide
complexes which contain partially phosphorylated D-mannose
residues. Mannans have been shown to have immunostimulatory
effects. Alphamune.RTM. generally contains greater than or equal to
about 24 wt. % of beta glucans and less than or equal to about 15
wt. % mannans.
[0017] Surprisingly, a combination, and compositions thereof, of
QST-713 strain of Bacillus subtilis, sold as a biofungicide, and a
yeast extract such as that from Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing
beta-glucans and mannans, i.e., brewer's yeast, may be employed to
prevent and/or control diseases, such as infections in animals
caused by a bacterium, e.g., L. intracellularis or Clostridium
perfringens.
[0018] As described herein above, the present invention further
provides a composition comprising QST-713 strain of Bacillus
subtilis and a yeast extract such as that from Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, and optionally a carrier, for the prevention and/or
control of diseases in animals, such as infections, in particular,
necrotic enteritis in poultry and swine ileitis in pigs.
[0019] QST-713 strain of Bacillus subtilis is commercially
available as a biofungicide under the trade name Serenade.RTM. MAX
(AgraQuest Inc. of Davis, Calif.). Serenade.RTM. MAX is a microbial
pesticide based on a naturally occurring strain QST-713 of Bacillus
subtilis. It produces three groups of lipopeptides: iturins,
agrastatins/plipastatins and surfactins that act synergistically to
inhibit germ tubes, mycelium and bacterial cells. Serenade.RTM. MAX
contains 10-15 wt-% of dried Bacillus subtilis QST-715 in a carrier
comprising a mixture of inert, non-reactive ingredients and
provides a minimum of 7.3.times.10.sup.9 cfu of Bacillus subtilis
QST-715 per gram of the mixture. Serenade.RTM. MAX can be
formulated as a wettable powder, a wettable granule and an aqueous
suspension that are applied like any other foliar fungicide.
Serenade.RTM. MAX is not toxic to non-target and beneficial
organisms. Due to Serenade's complex mode of action, environmental
friendliness, and broad spectrum control, it is well suited for use
in Integrated Pest Management.
[0020] As indicated herein above, the composition of the present
invention comprises QST-713 strain of Bacillus subtilis and a yeast
extract such as that from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and optionally
a carrier. Preferably, the composition of the present invention
comprises the QST-713 strain of Bacillus subtilis in an amount
ranging from about 5 wt % to about 50 wt %, and more preferably,
from about 10 wt % to about 15 wt %, based on the total weight of
the composition. Preferably, the QST-713 strain of Bacillus
subtilis component of the composition of the present invention
contains from about 4.5.times.10.sup.9 to about 2.5.times.10.sup.10
cfu of QST-713 strain of Bacillus subtilis per gram and, more
preferably, a minimum of about 7.3.times.10.sup.9 cfu of QST-713
strain of Bacillus subtilis per gram. As described herein above,
the present invention further provides an animal feed composition
comprising a combination of QST-713 strain of Bacillus subtilis and
a yeast extract such as that from Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the
prevention and/or control of diseases such as infections in
animals, in particular, necrotic enteritis in poultry and swine
ileitis in pigs.
[0021] One embodiment of the invention includes a composition for
the prevention of disease in an animal comprising a yeast extract
from yeast such as S. cerevisiae, a probiotic bacterium and an
anticoccidal ionophore. Anticoccidal ionophores include, but are
not limited to salinomycin, monensin, nigericin, narasin,
laidlomycin, noboritomycin, grisorixin, mutalomycin, alborixin,
lonomycin, lasalocid maduramicin ammonium, semduramicin, and
lysecellin. A preferred embodiment of the invention includes
salinomycin (Bio-Cox.RTM.; Alpharma Inc. of Bridgewater, N.J.). The
anticoccidal ionophone is present in an amount ranging from about
0.0033 wt. % to about 0.0099 wt. %, preferably from about 0.0044
wt. % to about 0.0066 wt. %.
[0022] An embodiment of the invention is directed to a method for
preventing disease in an animal which in.sup.-:ludes vaccinating
the animal with a coccidiosis vaccine and administering to the
animal a composition that contains yeast such as S. Cerevisiae, a
probiotic bacterium, and a carrier. A preferred coccidiosis vaccine
is Coccivac.RTM.-B (Schering Plough Animal Health Corporation), a
non-attenuated, live sporulated oocyst coccidiosis vaccine
containing E. acervuline, E. mivati, E. maxima and E. tenella.
[0023] The composition optionally comprises a carrier. A number of
suitable dry carriers may be organic or inorganic. Exemplary
inorganic carriers include, salts such as calcium carbonate,
calcium sulfate, and the like. Suitable organic carriers include
lactose and the like. Small amounts of other flow control agents,
for example silica, may also be used. Mixtures comprising one or
more of the foregoing may also be used.
[0024] The composition comprises a yeast extract such as one from
S. cerevisiae. Specifically, the cell wall fraction comprises
beta-glucans and mannans. The cell wall fraction is produced, for
example, by mechanically ruptured cells. The yeast extract is
present in an amount of about 50 wt. % to about 90 wt. %,
specifically about 50 wt. % to about 85 wt. % and more specifically
about 50 wt. % to about 55 wt. %, based on the total weight of the
composition. In one embodiment, the beta-glucan has (1,3-1,6) side
chains and is resistant to cleavage by glucanase. In another
embodiment, the mannans are polysaccharide-polypeptide complexes,
partially phosphorylated D-mannose residues. The yeast extract
comprises about 40 wt. % to about 85 wt. % cell walls, specifically
about 40 wt. % to about 45 wt. % cell walls.
[0025] B. licheniformis is present in an amouht of about 5 wt. % to
about 50 wt. %, and specifically about 7.5 wt. % to about 12.5 wt.
%, based on the total weight of the composition. The B.
licheniformis component comprises about 4.5.times.10.sup.9 to about
2.5.times.10.sup.10 cfu per gram, and specifically about
5.times.10.sup.9 to about 1.25.times.10.sup.10 cfu per gram, based
on the total weight of the composition.
[0026] The carrier is present in an amount of 0 wt. % to 45 wt. %,
specifically about 5 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, and more specifically
about 37.5 wt. % to about 42.5 wt. %, based on the total weight of
the composition.
[0027] In one embodiment, the composition suitable for treatment of
a disease in an animal is administered in an animal foodstuff.
Manufactured foodstuffs for animals such as cattle, pigs, and fowl
are usually provided in the form of pellets or similar particulate
material. Pellets are typically manufactured by combining a cereal
base with ingredients such as oil and protein, steam conditioning
the mixture (for example at 70.degree. C. for 5 minutes), extruding
the mixture through a circular die (typically between 2 mm and 15
mm in diameter), cutting into appropriately sized lengths (e.g.,
5-20 mm), and drying. The finished pellets are generally
cylindrically shaped and have a relatively smooth surface.
[0028] In one embodiment, an animal feed composition is prepared by
adding an animal feed additive composition to an animal foodstuff.
The animal feed additive composition may be added to the food in a
number of ways. The animal feed additive composition containing a
given quantity of active ingredients may be added to a given
quantity of feed and mixed or blended to provide a substantially
homogeneous medicated feed composition. Large feed lots may be
prepared in this manner for treating a large number of animals.
Alternatively, feed batches containing feed for a single animal or
single meal may be prepared either by mixing a predetermined
quantity of animal feed additive composition with the animal feed
or by adding a predetermined quantity of premix to an animal's feed
as a top dressing.
[0029] In another embodiment, an animal feed composition comprises
a composition suitable for treatment of a disease in an animal and
an animal foodstuff, wherein the composition suitable for treatment
of a disease in an animal is present in an amount of about 0.5
pounds to about 10 pounds, specifically about 1 pound to about 5
pounds, more specifically about 1.5 pounds to about 2.5 pounds, and
most specifically 2 pounds of the composition suitable for
treatment of a disease in an animal to a ton of animal foodstuff
(mash or pellet forms). In one embodiment, the animal foodstuff may
be a poultry foodstuff. In another embodiment, the animal foodstuff
may be a swine foodstuff.
[0030] The invention is further illustrated by the following
non-limiting examples.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
[0031] One-day-old healthy broiler male chicks (Cobb.times.Cobb)
chicks were obtained from Cobb-Vantress Hatchery of Cleveland, Ga.
Upon arrival, the chicks were raised in Petersime battery cages.
Eight birds were placed in each cage. A thermostatically controlled
gas furnace/air conditioner maintained uniform temperature and even
continuous illumination was provided. Water was available ad
libitum through the trial. The chicks were divided into groups
containing 48 chicks. Two control treatment groups were fed an
unmedicated commercial type chicken starter ration compounded with
feedstuffs commonly used in the United States. One group
(designated AlCare 0.5 Group) was fed AlCare.TM. (Alpharma of
Bridgewater, N.J.), a DFM product containing 1.0.times.10.sup.10
spores of B. Licheniformis per gram, at a rate of 0.5 pound per
ton. Another group (AlCare 1 Group) was fed AlCare.TM. at a rate of
1.0 pound per ton. Two separate groups were fed Alphamune.RTM.
(Alpharma of Bridgewater, N.J.), a brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces
cerevisiae) extract for use in animal feeds, at a rate of 1 pound
per ton (Alphamune 1 Group) and 2 pounds per ton (Alphamune 2
Group), respectively. Further groups were fed both AlCare and
Alphamune at rates of AlCare 0.5 pound per ton plus Alphamune 1
pound per ton, AlCare 1 pound per ton plus Alphamune 1 pound per
ton, AlCare 0.5 pound per ton plus Alphamune 2 pounds per ton, and
AlCare 1 pound per ton plus Alphamune 2 pounds per ton.
[0032] The chicks were fed for 28 days. All dead birds dying during
the study were weighed and necropsied for the presence of necrotic
enteritis (NE) lesions. All groups were challenged orally with
Eimeria maxima (5,000 oocysts per bird) on Day 14. All treatments
except a control (NC) were challenged with C. perfringens (broth
culture of C. perfringens 10.sup.8 cfu/ml) on days 19, 20, and 21.
On Day 22, three birds from each cage were lesion scored for NE.
The trail was terminated on day 28. The results of the trials are
shown in Table 1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Necrotic Mortality % Enteritis Necrotic
Treatments Lesion Score Enteritis Control 0 0 Challenged Control
1.11 20.83 AlCare 0.5 0.56 6.25 AlCare 1 0.56 6.25 Alphamune 1 0.72
10.42 Alphamune 2 0.94 12.50 AlCare 0.5 + Alphamune 1 0.44 12.50
AlCare 1 + Alphamune 1 0.28 2.08 AlCare 0.5 + Alphamune 2 0.72
10.42 AlCare 1 + Alphamune 2 0.56 6.25
Example 2
[0033] One-day-old healthy broiler male chicks (Cobb.times.Cobb)
chicks were obtained from Cobb-Vantress Hatchery of Cleveland, Ga.
Upon arrival, fifty birds were allocated to each treatment pen by
blocks. For environmental control there were ambient humidity and
twenty-four hour lighting. Gas heaters were the primary heat source
with a heat lamp in each pen for supplemental heat as required
during the brooding period. Fans and sidewall curtains manipulation
were used for ventilation and to cool the birds. Water was
available ad libitum through the trial. Two control treatment
groups were fed a non-medicated commercial type chicken starter,
grower and finisher rations compounded with foodstuffs commonly
used in the United States. One group, designated as SM Group, was
fed Serenade.RTM. MAX at a rate of 91 g per ton of foodstuff.
Another group, designated as SM+Alphamune.RTM. (AM) Group, was fed
both Serenade.RTM. MAX at a rate of 91 g per ton of foodstuff and
Alphamune.RTM. at a rate of 1 lb per ton of foodstuff. The
treatments were replicated in six blocks and randomized.
[0034] The chicks were fed ad libitum from the date of chick
arrival until Day 42 of the study. All dead birds dying during the
study were weighed and necropsied for the presence of necrotic
enteritis (NE) lesions. All groups were challenged orally with
Eimeria maxima (5,000 oocysts per bird) on Day 14. All treatment
groups except one of the control groups (NC) were challenged with
C. perfringens (CP, broth culture of C. perfringens 10.sup.8
cfu/mL) on days 19, 20 and 21. On Day 22, five birds from each pen
were lesion scored for NE. The trial was terminated on day 42, and
the results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Necrotic Mortality % Enteritis Necrotic
Treatments Lesion Score Enteritis Control (NC) 0.17 1.00 Challenged
Control (CP) 1.30 30.33 Serenade.sup. .RTM. MAX (SM); CP 0.77 21.00
SM + Alphamune.sup. .RTM. (AM); CP 0.50 17.00
Example 3
[0035] One-day-old healthy male broiler chicks (Cobb.times.Cobb)
were obtained from a hatchery where they were sexed and received
routine vaccination (HVTSB1). Only healthy-appearing chicks were
used in the study. No birds were replaced during the course of the
study. Upon arrival, chicks were raised in litter floor pens. There
were 50 birds placed per pen. Pens were blocked by location in the
house. Each treatment appeared once within each block.
Thermostatically-controlled gas furnaces maintained uniform
temperature. Water was available ad libitum throughout the
trial.
[0036] All birds were weighed by pcn on days 0, 21, and 42.
Starter, grower, and finisher feed consumptions were measured from
days 0 to 21, 21 to 35, and 35 to 42, respectively. The study was
terminated on day 42. On Day 22, five birds from each pen were
lesion scored for NE. The scoring was based on a 0 to 3 score, with
0 being normal and 3 being the most severe. The scoring was as
follows: 0 for normal intestines, 1 for slight mucus covering and
loss of tone, 2 for severe necrotizing enteritis, and 3 for extreme
necrotizing enteritis with presence of blood in the lumen. Birds
dying during the study were weighed and necropsied for the presence
of NE. All birds from the study were disposed of at the research
facility. Mortality was summarized as total and those resulting
from NE.
[0037] A total of eight different regimens were tested. All groups
were challenged orally with Eimeria maxima (5,000 oocysts per bird)
on Day 14. All treatments except a control (NC) and a treatment
group with AlCare and Alphamune (Group AA-NC) were challenged with
C. perfringens (broth culture of C. perfringens 10.sup.8 cfu/ml) on
days 19, 20, and 21. Control feeds did not contain AlCare.TM. (AC),
Alphamune.RTM. (AM), or Salinomycin (S). Control groups were not
spray vaccinated using a Spraycox.RTM. (Schering Plough Animal
Health Corporation) machine with the label recommended dosage on
day of hatch. The groups were designated as follows:
[0038] Group NC (unchallenged control): Group NC was fed an
unmedicated commercial type chicken starter ration compounded with
feedstuffs commonly used in the United States and was unchallenged
by C. perfringens.
[0039] Group CP (challenged control): Group CP was fed an
unmedicated commercial type chicken starter ration compounded with
feedstuffs commonly used in the United States and was challenged by
C. perfringens as described above.
[0040] Group AA, NC (AlCare.TM. and Alphamune.RTM. fed;
unchallenged): Group AA, NC was fed a commercial type chicken
starter ration compounded with feedstuffs commonly used in the
United States plus AlCare.TM. at a rate of 1.0 pound per ton and
Alphamune.RTM. at a rate of 1 pound per ton. This group was not
challenged.
[0041] Group AA, CP (AlCare.TM. and Alphamune.RTM. fed; challenged)
was fed a commercial type chicken starter ration compounded with
feedstuffs commonly used in the United States plus AlCare.TM. at a
rate of 1.0 pound per ton and Alphamune.RTM. at a rate of 1 pound
per ton. This group was challenged as described above.
[0042] Group S, CP (salinomycin treated, challenged) was fed a
commercial type chicken starter ration compounded with feedstuffs
commonly used in the United States plus salinomycin (66 ppm) and
was challenged as described above.
[0043] Group S, AA, CP(salinomycin treated, AlCare.TM. and
Alphamune.RTM. fed; challenged) was fed a commercial type chicken
starter ration compounded with feedstuffs commonly used in the
United States plus AlCare.TM. at a rate of 1.0 pound per ton and
Alphamune.RTM. at a rate of 1 pound per ton plus salinomycin (66
ppm). This group was challenged as described above.
[0044] Group CV, CP (Coccivac.RTM.-B treated; challenged) was spray
vaccinated using a Spraycox.RTM. machine (Schering-Plough Animal
Health Corporation) with the label recommended dosage on day of
hatch and fed was fed a commercial type chicken starter ration
compounded with feedstuffs commonly used in the United States. This
group was challenged as described above.
[0045] Group CV, AA, CP (Coccivac.RTM.-B treated; challenged) was
spray vaccinated using a Spraycox.RTM. machine with the label
recommended dosage on day of hatch and fed was fed a commercial
type chicken starter ration compounded with feedstuffs commonly
used in the United States plus AlCare.TM. at a rate of 1.0 pound
per ton and Alphamune.RTM. at a rate of 1 pound per ton. This group
was challenged as described above.
[0046] Statistics were carried out using SAS.RTM. (SAS Institute,
Inc., Cary, N.C., USA, 2002) in the analyses of the data.
Additional analyses were performed comparing AA with the
anticoccidial program with and without AA.
[0047] Calculations of pen data used in the statistical analyses
were performed using SAS. Average bird weight gains were calculated
for the 0 to 21, 0 to 42, and 21 to 42-days periods. For the NE
lesion scores, the pen average of the five birds selected for NE
lesion scoring on Day 22 were calculated. The feed conversion ratio
(FCR) was calculated on a pen basis for the 0 to 21, 0 to 42, and
21 to 42 days periods with adjustments made for dead and removed
birds. The percentages of total mortality and those mortalities
caused by NE were calculated. Any reference made to the performance
of the chickens would be referring to effects on weight gain and/or
FCR.
[0048] This study was conducted using a randomized complete block
design. There were 6 blocks. The pen of birds was the experimental
unit. The model included block and treatment. Block was a random
effect. Treatment was a fixed effect, so the model was mixed.
[0049] The summary variables include performance data and data
related to the NE challenge for each pen. A mixed model analysis
was performed on the data using the PROC MIXED procedure of
SAS.
[0050] The results of the trials are shown in Tables 3-8. In the
tables the following abbreviations are used:
[0051] AA=AlCare+Alphamune
[0052] S=salinomycin
[0053] CV=Coccivac.RTM.-B
[0054] CP=Challenged
[0055] NC=Not Challenged
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Effects of dietary AlCare plus Alphamune on
weight gains of broiler chickens in a Clostridium perfringens
challenge model in litter floor pens. Average Average Weight weight
Gain (kg) (kg) Days 0 Days 0 Days 21 Treatments Day 0 to 21 to 42
to 42 Control (NC) .044 .515 1.892 1.377 Challenge Control (CP)
.044 .469 1.704 1.235 AA, NC .044 .497 1.899 1.403 AA, CP .044 .488
1.861 1.373 S, CP .044 .511 1.993 1.482 S, AA, CP .044 .556 2.085
1.529 CV, CP .044 .479 1.923 1.443 CV, AA, CP .044 .501 2.017
1.516
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Effects of dietary AlCare plus Alphamune on
feed conversion and necrotic enteritis lesions of broiler chickens
in a Clostridium perfringens challenge model in litter floor pens.
Feed Conversion Ratio Necrotic (feed to gain ratio) Enteritis Days
0 Days 0 Days 21 Lesion Treatments to 21 to 42 to 42 Score Control
(NC) 1.723 1.943 2.055 0.17 Challenged Control (CP) 1.893 2.051
2.183 1.30 AA, NC 1.759 1.896 1.962 0.20 AA, CP 1.763 1.921 2.016
0.60 S, CP 1.688 1.876 1.963 0.07 S, AA, CP 1.647 1.824 1.910 0.17
CV, CP 1.792 1.893 1.950 0.30 CV, AA, CP 1.737 1.823 1.867 0.33
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Effects of dietary AlCare plus Alphamune on
mortality of broiler chickens in a Clostridium perfringens
challenge model in litter floor pens. Mortality (%) Necrotic All
Causes Enteritis Days 0 Days 0 Days 0 Treatments to 21 to 42 to 42
Control (NC) 3.00 9.00 1.00 Challenged Control (CP) 5.33 35.67
30.33 AA, NC 4.00 9.33 2.67 AA, CP 2.33 18.67 11.67 S, CP 3.33 6.00
1.6 S, AA, CP 4.33 7.67 1.00 CV, CP 4.33 25.00 19.67 CV, AA, CP
4.00 13.67 5.67
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Effects of dietary AlCare plus Alphamune on
weight gains of broiler chickens in a Clostridium perfringens
challenge model in litter floor pens. Average Average Weight weight
Gain (kg) (kg) Days 0 Days 0 Days 21 Treatments Day 0 to 21 to 42
to 42 Control (NC) .044 .515 1.892 1.377 Challenged Control (CP)
.044 .469 1.704 1.235 S, CP .044 .511 1.993 1.482 S, AA, CP .044
.556 2.085 1.529 CV, CP .044 .479 1.923 1.443 CV, AA, CP .044 .501
2.017 1.516
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Effects of dietary AlCare plus Alphamune on
feed conversion and necrotic enteritis lesions of broiler chickens
in a Clostridium perfringens challenge model in litter floor pens.
Feed Conversion Ratio Necrotic (feed to gain ratio) Enteritis Days
0 Days 0 Days 21 Lesion Treatments to 21 to 42 to 42 Score Control
(NC) 1.723 1.943 2.055 0.17 Challenged Control (CP) 1.893 2.051
2.183 1.30 S, CP 1.688 1.876 1.963 0.07 S, AA, CP 1.647 1.824 1.910
0.17 CV, CP 1.792 1.893 1.950 0.30 CV, AA, CP 1.737 1.823 1.867
0.33
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Effects of dietary AlCare plus Alphamune on
mortality of broiler chickens in a Clostridium perfringens
challenge model in litter floor pens. Mortality (%) Necrotic All
Causes Enteritis Days 0 Days 0 Days 0 Treatments to 21 to 42 to 42
Control (NC) 3.00 9.00 1.00 Challenged Control (CP) 5.33 35.67
30.33 S, CP 3.33 6.00 1.67 S, AA, CP 4.33 7.67 1.00 CV, CP 4.33
25.00 19.67 CV, AA, CP 4.00 13.67 5.67
[0056] Data in Tables 3, 4, and 5 are the comparisons of between
the AACP treatments and the S and CV treatments with and without
AA, respectively. The combination of S+AA generally provided the
best performance of all the treatments. The combination of S+AA
provided greater weight gain from 0 to 21, 0 to 42, 21 to 42 days
and better FCR from 0 to 21, 0 to 42, and 21 to 42 days, lower NE
mortality compared to both the S and the AACP treatments. The
combination of S+AA also provided lower NE lesion scores compared
to the AACP treatment.
[0057] The combination of CV+AA provided greater weight gain from
days 0-21. 0 to 42, 21 to 42 and better FCR from 0 to 21, 0 to 42,
and 21 to42 days compared to both the CV and the AACP treatments
(Tables 3 and 4). The combination of CV+AA provided lower total
mortality from days 0 to 42 and lower NE mortality compared to the
CV and AACP treatments (Table 5).
[0058] Birds medicated with salinomycin with and without AA
generally had the best performance and lower NE lesion scores and
mortality comparable to or better than the NC. The addition of AA
to the feeds of birds fed salinomycin tended to improve performance
but did not further reduce NE lesion scores or mortality.
Generally, the addition of AA to the feeds of birds treated with CV
improved performance and reduced mortality compared to those
treated with CV alone. Birds challenged with NE and treated with a
conventional coccidiostat program or a coccidiosis vaccine program
can benefit from the addition of AA to their feeds. Data in Tables
6, 7, and 8 allow for direct comparisons of the coccidiosis control
programs to each other (with and without AA) and to the controls
(challenged and unchallenged). During the 0 to 21 days period,
birds fed S+AA had greater weight gains compared to the other
treatments (Table 6). During the 0 to 21 days period, birds fed S
had weight gains that were comparable to the NC but greater than
the CP. During the 0 to 21 days period, birds vaccinated with CV
had weight gains that were not different than the NC or CP birds.
During the 0 to 42 and 21 to 42 days periods, birds treated with CV
had greater weight gains compared to the CP birds.
[0059] During the 0 to 21 days period, birds fed S+AA had FCR that
were better than the NC and CP birds (Table 7). During the 0 to 21
days period, birds medicated with S, CV, and CV+AA had FCR that
were better than the CP birds. During the 0 to 42 and 21 to 42 days
periods, birds treated with S, S+AA, CV, and CV+AA had FCR that
were better than the NC and CP birds (Table 7). During the 0 to 42
days period, the addition of AA to the diets of birds treated with
S and CV improved FCR compared to S and CV alone, respectively.
During the 21 to 42 days periods the addition of AA to the diets of
birds vaccinated with CV improved FCR compared to CV alone.
[0060] NE lesion scores of S and CV birds (with and without AA)
were comparable to the NC but lower than the CP birds (Table 8).
The treatments did not affect mortality during the 0 to 21 days
period (Table 8). Mortality (total and NE) of the S, S+AA, and
CV+AA birds were comparable to the NC but lower than the CP birds
(Table 6). Mortality (total and NE) of CV birds was lower than the
CP birds but higher than the NC birds. Mortality (total and NE) of
birds treated with CV+AA was lower than with CV alone.
Example 4
[0061] One-day-old healthy male broiler chicks (Cobb.times.Cobb)
were obtained from a hatchery where they were sexed and received
routine vaccination (HVTSB1). Only healthy-appearing chicks were
used in the study. No birds were replaced during the course of the
study. Upon arrival, chicks were raised in litter floor pens. There
were 50 birds placed per pen. Pens were blocked by location in the
house. Each treatment appeared once within each block.
Thermostatically-controlled gas furnaces maintained uniform
temperature. Water was available ad libitum throughout the
trial.
[0062] All birds were weighed by pen on days 0, 21, and 42.
Starter, grower, and finisher feed consumptions were measured from
days 0 to 21, 21 to 35, and 35 to 42, respectively. The study was
terminated on day 42. On Day 22, five birds from each pen were
lesion scored for NE. The scoring was based on a 0 to 3 score, with
0 being normal and 3 being the most severe. The scoring was as
follows: 0 for normal intestines, 1 for slight mucus covering and
loss of tone, 2 for severe necrotizing enteritis, and 3 for extreme
necrotizing enteritis with presence of blood in the lumen. Birds
dying during the study were weighed and necropsied for the presence
of NE. All birds from the study were disposed of at the research
facility. Mortality was summarized as total and those resulting
from NE.
[0063] A total of nine different regimens were tested. All groups
were challenged orally with Eimeria maxima (5,000 oocysts per bird)
on Day 14. All treatments except a non-challenged control (NC) were
challenged with C. perfringens (broth culture of C. perfringens
10.sup.8 cfu/ml) on days 19, 20, and 21. Control feeds did not
contain Serenade.RTM. MAX (QST), Alphamune.RTM. (AM), or
Salinomycin (S). Control groups were not spray vaccinated using a
Spraycox.RTM. machine with the label recommended dosage on day of
hatch. The groups were designated as follows:
[0064] Group NC (unchallenged control): Group NC was fed an
unmedicated commercial type chicken starter ration compounded with
feedstuffs commonly used in the United States and was unchallenged
by C. perfringens.
[0065] Group CP (challenged control): Group CP was fed an
unmedicated commercial type chicken starter ration compounded with
feedstuffs commonly used in the United States and was challenged by
C. perfringens as described above.
[0066] Group AM, CP (Alphamune.RTM. fed; challenged): Group AM, CP
was fed a commercial type chicken starter ration compounded with
feedstuffs commonly used in the United States plus Alphamune.RTM.
at a rate of 1 pound per ton. This group was challenged.
[0067] Group QST, CP (Serenade.RTM. MAX fed; challenged) was fed a
commercial type chicken starter ration compounded with feedstuffs
commonly used in the United States plus Serenade.RTM. MAX at a rate
of 0.25 pound per ton. This group was challenged as described
above.
[0068] Group AQST, CP (Alphamune.RTM. and Serenade.RTM. MAX fed,
challenged) was fed a commercial type chicken starter ration
compounded with feedstuffs commonly used in the United States plus
Alphamune.RTM. at a rate of 1 pound per ton and Serenade.RTM. MAX
at a rate 0f 0.25 pound per ton, and was challenged as described
above.
[0069] Group S, CP (salinomycin treated; challenged) was fed a
commercial type chicken starter ration compounded with feedstuffs
commonly used in the United States plus salinomycin (66 ppm). This
group was challenged as described above.
[0070] Group S, AQST, CP (salinomycin treated, Alphamune.RTM. and
Serenade.RTM. MAX fed; challenged) was fed a commercial type
chicken starter ration compounded with feedstuffs commonly used in
the United States plus Alphamune.RTM. and Serenade.RTM. MAX at a
rate of 1.25 pounds per ton and treated with salinomycin (66 ppm).
This group was challenged as described above.
[0071] Group CV, CP (Coccivac.RTM.-B treated; challenged) was spray
vaccinated using a Spraycox.RTM. machine with the label recommended
dosage on day of hatch and fed was fed a commercial type chicken
starter ration compounded with feedstuffs commonly used in the
United States. This group was challenged as described above.
[0072] Group CV, AQST, CP (Coccivac.RTM.-B treated, Alphamune.RTM.
and Serenade.RTM. MAX fed; challenged) was spray vaccinated using a
Spraycox.RTM. machine with the label recommended dosage on day of
hatch and fed was fed a commercial type chicken starter ration
compounded with feedstuffs commonly used in the United States pins
Alphamune.RTM. and Serenade.RTM. MAX at a rate of 1.25 pounds per
ton. This group was challenged as described above.
[0073] Statistics were carried out using SAS.RTM. (SAS Institute,
Inc., Cary, N.C., USA, 2002) in the analyses of the data.
Additional analyses were performed comparing AA with the
anticoccidial program with and without AA.
[0074] Calculations of pen data used in the statistical analyses
were performed using SAS. Average bird weight gains were calculated
for the 0 to 21, 0 to 42, and 21 to 42-days periods. For the NE
lesion scores, the pen average of the five birds selected for NE
lesion scoring on Day 22 were calculated. The feed conversion ratio
(FCR) was calculated on a pen basis for the 0 to 21, 0 to 42, and
21 to 42 days periods with adjustments made for dead and removed
birds. The percentages of total mortality and those mortalities
caused by NE were calculated. Any reference made to the performance
of the chickens would be referring to effects on weight gain and/or
FCR.
[0075] This study was conducted using a randomized complete block
design. There were 6 blocks. The pen of birds was the experimental
unit. The model included block and treatment. Block was a random
effect. Treatment was a fixed effect, so the model was mixed.
[0076] The summary variables include performance data and data
related to the NE challenge for each pen. A mixed model analysis
was performed on the data using the PROC MIXED procedure of
SAS.
[0077] The results of the trials are shown in Tables 9-17. In the
tables the following abbreviations are used:
[0078] AM=Alphamune.RTM.
[0079] QST=Serenade.RTM. MAX
[0080] AQST=Alphamune plus Serenade.RTM. MAX
[0081] S=salinomycin
[0082] CV=Coccivac.RTM.-B
[0083] CP=Challenged
[0084] NC=Not Challenged
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Effects of dietary Alphamune plus QST on
weight gains of broiler chickens in a Clostridium perfringens
challenge model in litter floor pens. Average Average Weight weight
Gain (kg) (kg) Days 0 Days 0 Days 21 Treatments.sup.1 Day 0 to 21
to 42 to 42 Control (NC) .044 .615 1.829 1.214 Challenged Control
(CP) .044 .514 1.753 1.238 AM, CP .045 .579 1.840 1.261 QST, CP
.044 .595 1.825 1.230 AQST, CP .044 .619 1.891 1.273 S, CP .044
.592 1.856 1.264 S, AQST, CP .044 .605 1.872 1.266 CV, CP .044 .554
1.840 1.286 CV, AQST, CP .045 .574 1.883 1.310
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Effects of dietary Alphamune plus QST on
feed conversion and necrotic enteritis lesions of broiler chickens
in a Clostridium perfringens challenge model in litter floor pens.
Feed Conversion Ratio Necrotic (feed to gain ratio) Enteritis Days
0 Days 0 Days 21 Lesion Treatments to 21 to 42 to 42 Score Control
(NC) 1.573 1.996 2.261 0.13 Challenged Control (CP) 1.818 2.025
2.156 0.90 AM, CP 1.624 1.983 2.196 0.20 QST, CP 1.612 1.991 2.234
0.30 AQST, CP 1.566 1.953 2.192 0.13 S, CP 1.550 1.914 2.126 0.10
S, AQST, CP 1.551 1.903 2.111 0.17 CV, CP 1.710 1.957 2.094 0.20
CV, AQST, CP 1.611 1.918 2.094 0.07
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Effects of dietary Alphamune plus QST on
mortality of broiler chickens in a Clostridium perfringens
challenge model in litter floor pens. Mortality (%) Necrotic All
Causes Enteritis Days 0 Days 0 Days 0 Treatments to 21 to 42 to 42
Control (NC) 1.33 3.33 0.33 Challenged Control (CP) 6.67 18.33
15.33 AM, CP 2.00 6.00 3.00 QST, CP 1.67 6.67 5.33 AQST, CP 0.67
5.33 3.00 S, CP 1.67 4.67 1.33 S, AQST, CP 1.33 3.33 1.00 CV, CP
4.67 8.6 5.33 CV, AQST, CP 2.67 7.33 3.00
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Effects of dietary Alphamune plus QST on
weight gains of broiler chickens in a Clostridium perfringens
challenge model in litter floor pens. Average Average Weight weight
Gain (kg) (kg) Days 0 Days 0 Days 21 Treatments Day 0 to 21 to 42
to 42 Control (NC) .044 .615 1.829 1.214 Challenged Control (CP)
.044 .514 1.753 1.238 AM, CP .045 .579 1.840 1.261 QST, CP .044
.595 1.825 1.230 AQST, CP .044 .619 1.891 1.273
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Effects of dietary Alphamune plus QST on
feed conversion and necrotic enteritis lesions of broiler chickens
in a Clostridium perfringens challenge model in litter floor pens.
Feed Conversion Ratio Necrotic (feed to gain ratio) Enteritis Days
0 Days 0 Days 21 Lesion Treatments to 21 to 42 to 42 Score Control
(NC) 1.573 1.996 2.261 0.13 Challenged Control (CP) 1.818 2.025
2.156 0.90 AM, CP 1.624 1.983 2.196 0.20 QST, CP 1.612 1.991 2.234
0.30 AQST, CP 1.566 1.953 2.192 0.13
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Effects of dietary Alphamune plus QST on
mortality of broiler chickens in a Clostridium perfringens
challenge model in litter floor pens. Mortality (%) Necrotic All
Causes Enteritis Days 0 Days 0 Days 0 Treatments to 21 to 42 to 42
Control (NC) 1.33 3.33 0.33 Challenged Control (CP) 6.67 18.33
15.33 AM, CP 2.00 6.00 3.00 QST, CP 1.67 6.67 5.33 AQST, CP 0.67
5.33 3.00
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 Effects of dietary Alphamune plus QST on
weight gains of broiler chickens in a Clostridium perfringens
challenge model in litter floor pens. Average Average Weight weight
Gain (kg) (kg) Days 0 Days 0 Days 21 Treatments Day 0 to 21 to 42
to 42 Control (NC) .044 .615 1.829 1.214 Challenged Control (CP)
.044 .514 1.753 1.238 AQST, CP .044 .619 1.891 1.273 S, CP .044
.592 1.856 1.264 S, AQST, CP .044 .605 1.872 1.266 CV, CP .044 .554
1.840 1.286 CV, AQST, CP .045 .574 1.883 1.310
TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 Effects of dietary Alphamune plus QST on
feed conversion and necrotic enteritis lesions of broiler chickens
in a Clostridium perfringens challenge model in litter floor pens.
Feed Conversion Ratio Necrotic (feed to gain ratio) Enteritis Days
0 Days 0 Days 21 Lesion Treatments to 21 to 42 to 42 Score Control
(NC) 1.573 1.996 2.261 0.13 Challenged Control (CP) 1.818 2.025
2.156 0.90 AQST, CP 1.566 1.953 2.192 0.13 S, CP 1.550 1.914 2.126
0.10 S, AQST, CP 1.551 1.903 2.111 0.17 CV, CP 1.710 1.957 2.094
0.20 CV, AQST, CP 1.611 1.918 2.094 0.07
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 17 Effects of dietary Alphamune plus QST on
mortality of broiler chickens in a Clostridium perfringens
challenge model in litter floor pens. Mortality (%) Necrotic All
Causes Enteritis Days 0 Days 0 Days 0 Treatments to 21 to 42 to 42
Control (NC) 1.33 3.33 0.33 Challenged Control (CP) 6.67 18.33
15.33 AQST, CP 0.67 5.33 3.00 S, CP 1.67 4.67 1.33 S, AQST, CP 1.33
3.33 1.00 CV, CP 4.67 8.67 5.33 CV, AQST, CP 2.67 7.33 3.00
[0085] The addition of AM, QST, and AQST to the feeds of broiler
chickens improved performance compared to the CC. Birds medicated
with salinomycin with and without AQST generally had the best
performance and lower NE lesions and mortality comparable to or
better than the NC. Generally, the addition of AQST to the feeds of
birds treated with Coccivac improved performance and reduced
mortality compared to those treated with Coccivac alone.
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