U.S. patent application number 13/474798 was filed with the patent office on 2012-09-06 for pesticidal compositions.
This patent application is currently assigned to Dow AgroSciences LLC. Invention is credited to Jonathan M. Babcock, Steven P. Nolting.
Application Number | 20120225779 13/474798 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 41343757 |
Filed Date | 2012-09-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20120225779 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Babcock; Jonathan M. ; et
al. |
September 6, 2012 |
PESTICIDAL COMPOSITIONS
Abstract
A pesticidal composition comprising a pesticide, an ammonium
salt, and a nonionic surfactant, is provided.
Inventors: |
Babcock; Jonathan M.;
(Carmel, IN) ; Nolting; Steven P.; (Jamestown,
IN) |
Assignee: |
Dow AgroSciences LLC
Indianapolis
IN
|
Family ID: |
41343757 |
Appl. No.: |
13/474798 |
Filed: |
May 18, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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12537276 |
Aug 7, 2009 |
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13474798 |
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61088020 |
Aug 12, 2008 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
504/150 ;
424/623; 424/627; 424/628; 424/645; 424/659; 424/84; 504/162;
504/358; 514/120; 514/28; 514/30; 514/357; 514/89 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y10S 514/946 20130101;
Y02A 50/358 20180101; A01N 59/02 20130101; Y02A 50/30 20180101;
A01N 47/40 20130101; A01N 47/40 20130101; A01N 25/30 20130101; A01N
59/02 20130101; A01N 59/02 20130101; A01N 25/30 20130101; A01N
47/40 20130101; A01N 2300/00 20130101; A01N 59/02 20130101; A01N
2300/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
504/150 ;
514/357; 504/358; 504/162; 424/84; 514/89; 514/28; 514/30; 514/120;
424/623; 424/659; 424/627; 424/628; 424/645 |
International
Class: |
A01N 47/40 20060101
A01N047/40; A01P 21/00 20060101 A01P021/00; A01P 19/00 20060101
A01P019/00; A01N 57/16 20060101 A01N057/16; A01N 53/08 20060101
A01N053/08; A01N 57/28 20060101 A01N057/28; A01N 59/22 20060101
A01N059/22; A01N 59/14 20060101 A01N059/14; A01N 59/18 20060101
A01N059/18; A01P 7/04 20060101 A01P007/04; A01P 3/00 20060101
A01P003/00; A01P 1/00 20060101 A01P001/00; A01P 17/00 20060101
A01P017/00; A01P 9/00 20060101 A01P009/00; A01P 15/00 20060101
A01P015/00; A01P 13/00 20060101 A01P013/00 |
Claims
1. A pesticidal composition comprising: (a) ##STR00005## Compound
A, wherein said Compound A is at a concentration of about 0.1 to
about 500 ppm; (b) an ammonium sulfate, wherein said ammonium
sulfate is at a concentration of about 10,000 to about 22,000 ppm;
(c) a nonionic surfactant, wherein said nonionic surfactant is at a
concentration of about 500 to about 2500 ppm; and (d) at least one
other pesticide.
2. A pesticidal composition according to claim 1 wherein said at
least one other pesticide is selected from 1,2-dichloropropane,
1,3-dichloropropene, abamectin, acephate, acequinocyl, acetamiprid,
acethion, acetoprole, acrinathrin, acrylonitrile, alanycarb,
aldicarb, aldoxycarb, aldrin, allethrin, allosamidin, allyxycarb,
alpha-cypermethrin, alpha-ecdysone, amidithion, amidoflumet,
aminocarb, amiton, amitraz, anabasine, arsenous oxide, athidathion,
azadirachtin, azamethiphos, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl,
azobenzene, azocyclotin, azothoate, barium hexafluorosilicate,
barthrin, benclothiaz, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, benomyl, benoxafos,
bensultap, benzoximate, benzyl benzoate, beta-cyfluthrin,
beta-cypermethrin, bifenazate, bifenthrin, binapacryl,
bioallethrin, bioethanomethrin, biopermethrin, bistrifluron, borax,
boric acid, bromfenvinfos, bromo-DDT, bromocyclen, bromophos,
bromophos-ethyl, bromopropylate, bufencarb, buprofezin, butacarb,
butathiofos, butocarboxim, butonate, butoxycarboxim, cadusafos,
calcium arsenate, calcium polysulfide, camphechlor, carbanolate,
carbaryl, carbofuran, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride,
carbophenothion, carbosulfan, cartap, chinomethionat,
chlorantraniliprole, chlorbenside, chlorbicyclen, chlordane,
chlordecone, chlordimeform, chlorethoxyfos, chlorfenapyr,
chlorfenethol, chlorfenson, chlorfensulphide, chlorfenvinphos,
chlorfluazuron, chlormephos, chlorobenzilate, chloroform,
chloromebuform, chloromethiuron, chloropicrin, chloropropylate,
chlorphoxim, chlorprazophos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl,
chlorthiophos, chromafenozide, cinerin I, cinerin II, cismethrin,
cloethocarb, clofentezine, closantel, clothianidin, copper
acetoarsenite, copper arsenate, copper naphthenate, copper oleate,
coumaphos, coumithoate, crotamiton, crotoxyphos, cruentaren
A&B, crufomate, cryolite, cyanofenphos, cyanophos, cyanthoate,
cyclethrin, cycloprothrin, cyenopyrafen, cyflumetofen, cyfluthrin,
cyhalothrin, cyhexatin, cypermethrin, cyphenothrin, cyromazine,
cythioate, d-limonene, dazomet, DBCP, DCIP, DDT, decarbofuran,
deltamethrin, demephion, demephion-O, demephion-S, demeton,
demeton-methyl, demeton-O, demeton-O-methyl, demeton-S,
demeton-S-methyl, demeton-S-methylsulphon, diafenthiuron, dialifos,
diamidafos, diazinon, dicapthon, dichlofenthion, dichlofluanid,
dichlorvos, dicofol, dicresyl, dicrotophos, dicyclanil, dieldrin,
dienochlor, diflovidazin, diflubenzuron, dilor, dimefluthrin,
dimefox, dimetan, dimethoate, dimethrin, dimethylvinphos,
dimetilan, dinex, dinobuton, dinocap, dinocap-4, dinocap-6,
dinocton, dinopenton, dinoprop, dinosam, dinosulfon, dinotefuran,
dinoterbon, diofenolan, dioxabenzofos, dioxacarb, dioxathion,
diphenyl sulfone, disulfiram, disulfoton, dithicrofos, DNOC,
dofenapyn, doramectin, ecdysterone, emamectin, EMPC, empenthrin,
endosulfan, endothion, endrin, EPN, epofenonane, eprinomectin,
esfenvalerate, etaphos, ethiofencarb, ethion, ethiprole,
ethoate-methyl, ethoprophos, ethyl-DDD, ethyl formate, ethylene
dibromide, ethylene dichloride, ethylene oxide, etofenprox,
etoxazole, etrimfos, EXD, famphur, fenamiphos, fenazaflor,
fenazaquin, fenbutatin oxide, fenchlorphos, fenethacarb,
fenfluthrin, fenitrothion, fenobucarb, fenothiocarb, fenoxacrim,
fenoxycarb, fenpirithrin, fenpropathrin, fenpyroximate, fenson,
fensulfothion, fenthion, fenthion-ethyl, fentrifanil, fenvalerate,
fipronil, flonicamid, fluacrypyrim, fluazuron, flubendiamide,
flubenzimine, flucofuron, flucycloxuron, flucythrinate, fluenetil,
flufenerim, flufenoxuron, flufenprox, flumethrin, fluorbenside,
fluvalinate, fonofos, formetanate, formothion, formparanate,
fosmethilan, fospirate, fosthiazate, fosthietan, furathiocarb,
furethrin, furfural, gamma-cyhalothrin, gamma-HCH, halfenprox,
halofenozide, HCH, HEOD, heptachlor, heptenophos, heterophos,
hexaflumuron, hexythiazox, HHDN, hydramethylnon, hydrogen cyanide,
hydroprene, hyquincarb, imicyafos, imidacloprid, imiprothrin,
indoxacarb, iodomethane, IPSP, isamidofos, isazofos, isobenzan,
isocarbophos, isodrin, isofenphos, isoprocarb, isoprothiolane,
isothioate, isoxathion, ivermectin, jasmolin I, jasmolin II,
jodfenphos, juvenile hormone I, juvenile hormone II, juvenile
hormone III, kelevan, kinoprene, lambda cyhalothrin, lead arsenate,
lepimectin, leptophos, lindane, lirimfos, lufenuron, lythidathion,
malathion, malonoben, mazidox, mecarbam, mecarphon, menazon,
mephosfolan, mercurous chloride, mesulfen, mesulfenfos,
metaflumizone, metam, methacrifos, methamidophos, methidathion,
methiocarb, methocrotophos, methomyl, methoprene, methoxychlor,
methoxyfenozide, methyl bromide, methylchloroform, methylene
chloride, methyl isothiocyanate, metofluthrin, metolcarb,
metoxadiazone, mevinphos, mexacarbate, milbemectin, milbemycin
oxime, mipafox, mirex, MNAF, monocrotophos, morphothion,
moxidectin, naftalofos, naled, naphthalene, nicotine, nifluridide,
nikkomycins, nitenpyram, nithiazine, nitrilacarb, novaluron,
noviflumuron, omethoate, oxamyl, oxydemeton-methyl, oxydeprofos,
oxydisulfoton, para-dichlorobenzene, parathion, parathion-methyl,
penfluron, pentachlorophenol, permethrin, phenkapton, phenothrin,
phenthoate, phorate, phos alone, phosfolan, phosmet, phosnichlor,
phosphamidon, phosphine, phosphocarb, phoxim, phoxim-methyl,
pirimetaphos, pirimicarb, pirimiphos-ethyl, pirimiphos-methyl,
potassium arsenite, potassium thiocyanate, pp'-DDT, prallethrin,
precocene I, precocene II, precocene III, primidophos, proclonol,
profenofos, profluthrin, promacyl, promecarb, propaphos,
propargite, propetamphos, propoxur, prothidathion, prothiofos,
prothoate, protrifenbute, pyraclofos, pyrafluprole, pyrazophos,
pyresmethrin, pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II, pyridaben, pyridalyl,
pyridaphenthion, pyrifluquinazon, pyrimidifen, pyrimitate,
pyriprole, pyriproxyfen, quassia, quinalphos, quinalphos-methyl,
quinothion, quintiofos, rafoxanide, resmethrin, rotenone, ryania,
sabadilla, schradan, selamectin, silafluofen, sodium arsenite,
sodium fluoride, sodium hexafluorosilicate, sodium thiocyanate,
sophamide, spinetoram, spinosad, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen,
spirotetramat, sulcofuron, sulfiram, sulfluramid, sulfotep, sulfur,
sulfuryl fluoride, sulprofos, tau-fluvalinate, tazimcarb, TDE,
tebufenozide, tebufenpyrad, tebupirimfos, teflubenzuron,
tefluthrin, temephos, TEPP, terallethrin, terbufos,
tetrachloroethane, tetrachlorvinphos, tetradifon, tetramethrin,
tetranactin, tetrasul, theta-cypermethrin, thiacloprid,
thiamethoxam, thicrofos, thiocarboxime, thiocyclam, thiodicarb,
thiofanox, thiometon, thionazin, thioquinox, thiosultap,
thuringiensin, tolfenpyrad, tralomethrin, transfluthrin,
transpermethrin, triarathene, triazamate, triazophos, trichlorfon,
trichlormetaphos-3, trichloronat, trifenofos, triflumuron,
trimethacarb, triprene, vamidothion, vaniliprole, XMC, xylylcarb,
zeta-cypermethrin and zolaprofos.
3. A pesticidal composition according to claim 1 wherein said at
least one other pesticide is selected from chlorpyrifos,
chlorpyrifos-methyl, lambda cyhalothrin, spinetoram, and
spinosad.
4. A pesticidal composition according to claim 1 wherein said at
least one other pesticide is a herbicide.
5. A pesticidal composition according to claim 1 wherein said at
least one other pesticide is a fungicide.
6. A pesticidal composition according to claim 1 further comprising
at least one other compound selected from antimicrobials,
bactericides, defoliants, safeners, synergists, algaecides,
attractants, desiccants, pheromones, repellants, animal dips,
avicides, disinfectants, semiochemicals, and molluscicides.
7. A pesticidal composition according to claim 1 wherein said at
least on other pesticide has a mode of action selected from
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; sodium channel modulator; chitin
biosynthesis inhibitor; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABA- and glutamate-gated chloride channel agonist; acetylcholine
receptor agonist; MET I inhibitor; Mg-stimulated ATPase inhibitor;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; Midgut membrane disrupter; and
oxidative phosphorylation disrupter.
8. A pesticidal composition according to claim 1 further comprising
at least one compound selected from piperonyl butoxide, piprotal,
sesamex, sesamolin, and sulfoxide.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application Ser. No. 61/088,020 filed on Aug. 12, 2008. This
application also claims the benefit of U.S. non-provisional
application Ser. No. 12/537,276 filed on Aug. 7, 2009. The
invention disclosed in this document is related to the field of
pesticides and their use in controlling pests.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Pests cause millions of human deaths around the world each
year. Furthermore, there are more than ten thousand species of
pests that cause losses in agriculture. These agricultural losses
amount to billions of U.S. dollars each year. Termites cause damage
to various structures such as homes. These termite damage losses
amount to billions of U.S. dollars each year. As a final note, many
stored food pests eat and adulterate stored food. These stored food
losses amount to billions of U.S. dollars each year, but more
importantly, deprive people of needed food.
[0003] There is an acute need for new pesticides. Insects are
developing resistance to pesticides in current use. Hundreds of
insect species are resistant to one or more pesticides. The
development of resistance to some of the older pesticides, such as
DDT, the carbamates, and the organophosphates, is well known. But
resistance has even developed to some of the newer pesticides.
Therefore, a need exists for new pesticides and particularly for
pesticides that have new modes of action.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0004] This invention concerns compositions useful for the control
of pests, especially insects, and more especially useful for the
control of aphids and other sucking insects.
[0005] One component of the pesticidal composition of this
invention is a compound of the formula (I)
##STR00001##
[0006] wherein
[0007] X represents NO.sub.2, CN or COOR.sup.4;
[0008] L represents a single bond or R.sup.1, S and L taken
together represents a 4-, 5- or 6-membered ring;
[0009] R.sup.1 represents (C.sub.1-C.sub.4) alkyl;
[0010] R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 independently represent hydrogen,
methyl, ethyl, fluoro, chloro or bromo;
[0011] n is an integer from 0-3;
[0012] Y represents (C.sub.1-C.sub.4) haloalkyl; and
[0013] R.sup.4 represents (C.sub.1-C.sub.3) alkyl.
[0014] Preferred compounds of formula (I) include the following
classes:
[0015] (1) Compounds of formula (I) wherein X is NO.sub.2 or CN,
most preferably CN.
[0016] (2) Compounds of formula (I) wherein Y is CF.sub.3.
[0017] (3) Compounds of formula (I) wherein R.sup.2 and R.sup.3
independently represent hydrogen, methyl or ethyl.
[0018] (4) Compounds of formula (I) wherein R.sup.1, S and L taken
together form a saturated 5-membered ring, and n is 0, i.e., having
the structure
##STR00002##
[0019] (5) Compounds of formula (I) wherein R.sup.1 represents
CH.sub.3 and L represents a single bond, i.e., having the
structure
##STR00003##
wherein n=1-3, most preferably n=1.
[0020] It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the
most preferred compounds are generally those which are comprised of
combinations of the above preferred classes. Furthermore, one or
more of these compounds can be used in the pesticidal composition
of this invention.
[0021] Processes for making these compounds and processes for using
these compounds are known in the art. For example, see WO
2007/095229 A2 the entire disclosure of which is hereby
incorporated by reference.
[0022] Another component of the pesticidal composition of this
invention is an ammonium salt (for example, ammonium sulfate,
ammonium nitrate, ammonium carbonate, and ammonium phosphates). One
or more ammonium salts may be used. Preferably, the ammonium salt
is ammonium sulfate. The ammonium salt can be used in its
associated form or its disassociated form (which can occur when an
ammonium salt is at least partially solubilized). Ammonium salts
are available from a wide variety of suppliers.
[0023] Another component of the pesticidal composition is a
nonionic surfactant. For example, alkyl phenol ethoxylates, fatty
alcohol ethoxylates, polyoxyethylene ester of fatty acids, methyl
ester ethoxylates, polyalkylene oxide block copolymers, amine
oxides, esters of polyhydric alcohols and fatty acids, glycol
esters, anhydrohexitol esters, and alkyl poly glycosides. One or
more nonionic surfactant may be used. Preferably, polyethoxylated
alcohols are used. Nonionic surfactants are available form a wide
variety of suppliers.
[0024] The weight ratio of amount to use varies considerably
depending on the particular components used. However, the following
table may be used.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE WR Concentration ranges of the three
components in ppm in a mixture Component Broad Broader Broadest
Pesticide ~0.1 to ~500 ~0.05 to ~1000 ~0.01 to ~10,000 Ammonium
~10,000 to ~22,000 ~2500 to ~22,000 ~1000 to ~44,000 Salt Nonionic
~500 to ~2500 ~250 to ~5000 ~100 to ~10,000 Surfactant "~" =
about
EXAMPLES
[0025] The examples are for illustration purposes and are not to be
construed as limiting the invention disclosed in this document to
only the embodiments disclosed in these examples.
##STR00004##
[0026] Compound A is an insecticide with good activity against sap
feeding insects. The molecule has utility as a foliar, soil, and
seed treatment. This compound was made in accordance with the
methods disclosed in WO 2007/095229 A2.
[0027] Materials and Methods. Solutions of nonionic surfactant
(Atlox 4991 0.125% and 0.25% V/V; 1250 and 2500 ppm respectively)
and ammonium sulfate ("AMS" 10,200 and 20,400 ppm) were prepared in
500 mL of water. Water used to prepare all solutions was obtained
from a Milli Q water purification system. Combination mixtures were
created by adding surfactant to aliquots of AMS and water solution
to create all two-way combinations of surfactant and AMS. A 500 ppm
stock solution of Compound A in water was prepared by adding 2 mg
of Compound A to 40 mL of water. 62.4 .mu.L of this 500 ppm
solution was added to 20 mL of each AMS, surfactant, or surfactant
and AMS solution to create 1.56 ppm Compound A high rate solutions.
These high rate solutions of Compound A and surfactant, Compound A
and AMS, or Compound A, AMS, and surfactant, were serially diluted
in two-fold increments with the appropriate surfactant, AMS, or AMS
and surfactant combination solutions, to create a dilution series
from 1.56 to 0.19 ppm. A dilution series of Compound A in water
with no surfactant or AMS was also prepared. All solutions of
surfactant, AMS, or surfactant and AMS, were tested without
Compound A. Two-to-three-leaf stage cabbage plants were infested on
day 1 with green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (GPA), by transferring
aphid infested foliage to each plant. A uniform number of aphids
were transferred based on visual inspection of the infested
foliage. Plants were sprayed on all surfaces to wet using a hand
held aspirator type sprayer on day 2. Four replicates of each
treatment combination were sprayed and all stages of live aphids on
each plant were counted on day 4. Data were converted to percent
control based on the number of aphids in the unsprayed check
treatment. Counts of aphids on unsprayed check plants were used to
calculate control for surfactant and AMS solutions. Additionally,
the average aphid count on the unsprayed check treatment was used
to calculate percent control values for plants sprayed with only
Compound A. Aphid counts from plants treated with combinations of
Compound A and AMS, surfactant, or AMS and surfactant, were
converted to percent control by using the average aphid count from
the unsprayed check treatment. Negative percent control values were
changed to zero percent control values before assessing treatment
combinations for synergy. In general, the efficacy expressed by
Compound A at concentrations of 1.56, 0.78 and 0.39 when not
combined with surfactant or AMS was great enough that identifying
synergy was not practical. So analyses of combinations for synergy
were only conducted on the 0.19 ppm rate of Compound A. Homogeneity
of variance was tested for measured percent control (actual) and
Colby predicted values and these data were found to have
homogeneous variances (Levene's test 0.435 P=0.867). Measured
efficacy (percent Control) data were compared to calculated Colby
values (Colby, S. R. 1967. Calculating Synergistic and Antagonistic
Responses of Herbicide Combinations. Weeds 15:20-22) using a
two-sided T-test (Minitab). Significant differences (p=0.05)
between measured and Colby prediction values indicated that synergy
(or antagonism) was present. The formula used to calculate the
Colby value for mixtures of Compound A and either surfactant or AMS
was:
100-[(100-% control of Compound A rate)*(100-% control of
surfactant or AMS)]/100
The formula was adapted for three-way mixtures of Compound A,
Surfactant and AMS as follows:
100-[(100-% control of Compound A rate)*(100-% control of
surfactant)* (100-% control of AMS)]/10000
An outline of the treatment combinations, percent control and the
raw aphid counts obtained for each treatment are presented in Table
1.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Treatment outline for AMS, nonionic
surfactant (NS), and Compound A combinations applied to green peach
aphid on cabbage. AMS % Control A rate NS rate rate Aphid
count/plant (negative values to 0) Calculated Colby Value # (ppm)
(ppm) (ppm) Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 3 Rep 4 Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 3 Rep 4 Rep 1
Rep 2 Rep 3 Rep 4 1 0.19 13 7 34 40 53.6 63.2 29.2 25.9 2 2500 24
31 48 18 14.3 0.0 0.0 66.7 3 1250 43 50 27 32 0.0 0.0 43.8 40.7 4
20,400 35 36 38 31 0.0 0.0 20.8 42.6 5 10,200 76 28 104 67 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 6 2500 20,400 43 47 33 25 0.0 0.0 31.3 53.7 7 2500 10,200
21 3 33 26 25.0 84.2 31.3 51.9 8 1250 20,400 76 31 9 30 0.0 0.0
81.3 44.4 9 1250 10,200 67 32 13 15 0.0 0.0 72.9 72.2 10 0.19 1250
10 8 7 1 64.3 57.9 85.4 98.1 53.6 63.2 60.2 56.1 11 0.19 2500 23 9
4 4 17.9 52.6 91.7 92.6 60.2 63.2 29.2 75.3 12 0.19 20,400 19 24 20
20 32.1 0.0 58.3 63.0 56.5 64.4 43.9 57.5 13 0.19 10,200 23 30 28
17 17.9 0.0 41.7 68.5 53.6 63.2 29.2 25.9 14 0.19 1250 20,400 0 6 1
1 100.0 68.4 97.9 98.1 53.6 63.2 48.7 74.8 15 0.19 2500 20,400 0 2
2 0 100.0 89.5 95.8 100.0 60.2 63.2 43.9 85.8 16 0.19 1250 10,200 0
4 1 2 100.0 78.9 97.9 96.3 53.6 63.2 60.2 56.1 17 0.19 2500 10,200
4 7 13 1 85.7 63.2 72.9 98.1 60.2 63.2 29.2 75.3 18 28 19 48 54
[0028] Results. A summary of measured and Colby predicted values
and associated T-test statistical values are included in Table 2.
When surfactant or AMS was combined with Compound A there were no
instances where synergy could be supported at the 0.05% level. When
AMS and surfactant were combined with Compound A three of the
combination mixtures (out of 4 possible) produced synergy that was
statistically supported (Table 2). This summary indicates
significant synergy when Compound A, AMS and surfactant are
combined. The statistically increased activity measured for three
way combinations in Table 2 reflect increases in activity of
51.6-60.1% compared to Compound A alone.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 Efficacy of 0.19 ppm rates of Compound A
when combined with surfactant, AMS or surfactant and AMS. A rate NS
rate AMS rate SE (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) % Control Mean StDev Mean T-Test
Results 0.19 1250 Measured 76.4 18.6 9.3 T = 1.90 P = 0.15 Colby
Calculated 58.28 4.26 2.1 0.19 2500 Measured 63.7 35.8 18 T = 0.33
P = 0.76 Colby Calculated 57 19.6 9.8 0.19 20,400 Measured 38.3 29
14 T = -1.14 P = 0.34 Colby Calculated 55.58 8.54 4.3 0.19 10,200
Measured 32 29.7 15 T = -0.63 P = 0.56 Colby Calculated 43 18.3 9.1
0.19 1250 20,400 Measured 91.1 15.2 7.6 T = 3.26 P = 0.022*** Colby
Calculated 60.1 11.5 5.8 0.19 2500 20,400 Measured 96.33 4.96 2.5 T
= 3.68 P = 0.035*** Colby Calculated 63.3 17.2 8.6 0.19 1250 10,200
Measured 93.28 9.7 4.9 T = 6.60 P = 0.0027*** Colby Calculated
58.28 4.26 2.1 0.19 2500 10,200 Measured 80 15.2 7.6 T = 1.85 P =
0.12 Colby Calculated 57 19.6 9.8 ***Indicates significant synergy
of mixture compared to Compound A by itself
Acid & Salt Derivatives, and Solvates
[0029] The compounds disclosed in this invention can be in the form
of pesticidally acceptable acid addition salts.
[0030] By way of non-limiting example, an amine function can form
salts with hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic,
benzoic, citric, malonic, salicylic, malic, fumaric, oxalic,
succinic, tartaric, lactic, gluconic, ascorbic, maleic, aspartic,
benzenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic,
hydroxymethanesulfonic, and hydroxyethanesulfonic acids.
[0031] Additionally, by way of non-limiting example, an acid
function can form salts including those derived from alkali or
alkaline earth metals and those derived from ammonia and amines.
Examples of preferred cations include sodium, potassium, magnesium,
and aminium cations.
[0032] The salts are prepared by contacting the free base form with
a sufficient amount of the desired acid to produce a salt. The free
base forms may be regenerated by treating the salt with a suitable
dilute aqueous base solution such as dilute aqueous sodium
hydroxide, potassium carbonate, ammonia, and sodium bicarbonate. As
an example, in many cases, a pesticide is modified to a more water
soluble form e.g. 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid dimethyl amine
salt is a more water soluble form of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic
acid, a well known herbicide.
[0033] The compounds disclosed in this invention can also form
stable complexes with solvent molecules that remain intact after
the non-complexed solvent molecules are removed from the compounds.
These complexes are often referred to as "solvates."
Stereoisomers
[0034] Certain compounds disclosed in this invention can exist as
one or more stereoisomers. The various stereoisomers include
geometric isomers, diastereomers, and enantiomers. Thus, the
compounds disclosed in this invention include racemic mixtures,
individual stereoisomers, and optically active mixtures. It will be
appreciated by those skilled in the art that one stereoisomer may
be more active than the others. Individual stereoisomers and
optically active mixtures may be obtained by selective synthetic
procedures, by conventional synthetic procedures using resolved
starting materials, or by conventional resolution procedures.
Pests
[0035] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control pests.
[0036] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control pests of the Phylum Nematoda.
[0037] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control pests of the Phylum Arthropoda.
[0038] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control pests of the Subphylum
Chelicerata.
[0039] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control pests of the Class Arachnida.
[0040] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control pests of the Subphylum
Myriapoda.
[0041] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control pests of the Class Symphyla.
[0042] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control pests of the Subphylum
Hexapoda.
[0043] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control pests of the Class Insecta.
[0044] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control Coleoptera (beetles).
[0045] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control Dermaptera (earwigs).
[0046] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control Dictyoptera (cockroaches).
[0047] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control Diptera (true flies).
[0048] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control Hemiptera (true bugs).
[0049] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control Homoptera (aphids, scales,
whiteflies, leafhoppers).
[0050] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, and
bees).
[0051] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control Isoptera (termites).
[0052] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control Lepidoptera (moths and
butterflies).
[0053] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control Mallophaga (chewing lice).
[0054] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locusts,
and crickets).
[0055] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control Phthiraptera (sucking lice).
[0056] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control Siphonaptera (fleas).
[0057] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control Thysanoptera (thrips).
[0058] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control Thysanura (bristletails).
[0059] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control Acarina (mites and ticks).
[0060] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control Nematoda (nematodes).
[0061] In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this
document can be used to control Symphyla (symphylans).
[0062] For more detailed information consult "Handbook of Pest
Control--The Behavior, Life History, and Control of Household
Pests" by Arnold Mattis, 9th Edition, copyright 2004 by GIE Media
Inc.
Mixtures
[0063] Some of the pesticides that can be employed beneficially in
combination with the invention disclosed in this document include,
but are not limited to the following,
[0064] 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,3-dichloropropene,
[0065] abamectin, acephate, acequinocyl, acetamiprid, acethion,
acetoprole, acrinathrin, acrylonitrile, alanycarb, aldicarb,
aldoxycarb, aldrin, allethrin, allosamidin, allyxycarb,
alpha-cypermethrin, alpha-ecdysone, amidithion, amidoflumet,
aminocarb, amiton, amitraz, anabasine, arsenous oxide, athidathion,
azadirachtin, azamethiphos, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl,
azobenzene, azocyclotin, azothoate,
[0066] barium hexafluorosilicate, barthrin, benclothiaz,
bendiocarb, benfuracarb, benomyl, benoxafos, bensultap,
benzoximate, benzyl benzoate, beta-cyfluthrin, beta-cypermethrin,
bifenazate, bifenthrin, binapacryl, bioallethrin, bioethanomethrin,
biopermethrin, bistrifluron, borax, boric acid, bromfenvinfos,
bromo-DDT, bromocyclen, bromophos, bromophos-ethyl, bromopropylate,
bufencarb, buprofezin, butacarb, butathiofos, butocarboxim,
butonate, butoxycarboxim,
[0067] cadusafos, calcium arsenate, calcium polysulfide,
camphechlor, carbanolate, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbon disulfide,
carbon tetrachloride, carbophenothion, carbosulfan, cartap,
chinomethionat, chlorantraniliprole, chlorbenside, chlorbicyclen,
chlordane, chlordecone, chlordimeform, chlorethoxyfos,
chlorfenapyr, chlorfenethol, chlorfenson, chlorfensulphide,
chlorfenvinphos, chlorfluazuron, chlormephos, chlorobenzilate,
chloroform, chloromebuform, chloromethiuron, chloropicrin,
chloropropylate, chlorphoxim, chlorprazophos, chlorpyrifos,
chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorthiophos, chromafenozide, cinerin I,
cinerin II, cismethrin, cloethocarb, clofentezine, closantel,
clothianidin, copper acetoarsenite, copper arsenate, copper
naphthenate, copper oleate, coumaphos, coumithoate, crotamiton,
crotoxyphos, cruentaren A&B, crufomate, cryolite, cyanofenphos,
cyanophos, cyanthoate, cyclethrin, cycloprothrin, cyenopyrafen,
cyflumetofen, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cyhexatin, cypermethrin,
cyphenothrin, cyromazine, cythioate,
[0068] d-limonene, dazomet, DBCP, DCIP, DDT, decarbofuran,
deltamethrin, demephion, demephion-O, demephion-S, demeton,
demeton-methyl, demeton-O, demeton-O-methyl, demeton-S,
demeton-S-methyl, demeton-S-methylsulphon, diafenthiuron, dialifos,
diamidafos, diazinon, dicapthon, dichlofenthion, dichlofluanid,
dichlorvos, dicofol, dicresyl, dicrotophos, dicyclanil, dieldrin,
dienochlor, diflovidazin, diflubenzuron, dilor, dimefluthrin,
dimefox, dimetan, dimethoate, dimethrin, dimethylvinphos,
dimetilan, dinex, dinobuton, dinocap, dinocap-4, dinocap-6,
dinocton, dinopenton, dinoprop, dinosam, dinosulfon, dinotefuran,
dinoterbon, diofenolan, dioxabenzofos, dioxacarb, dioxathion,
diphenyl sulfone, disulfiram, disulfoton, dithicrofos, DNOC,
dofenapyn, doramectin,
[0069] ecdysterone, emamectin, EMPC, empenthrin, endosulfan,
endothion, endrin, EPN, epofenonane, eprinomectin, esfenvalerate,
etaphos, ethiofencarb, ethion, ethiprole, ethoate-methyl,
ethoprophos, ethyl-DDD, ethyl formate, ethylene dibromide, ethylene
dichloride, ethylene oxide, etofenprox, etoxazole, etrimfos,
EXD,
[0070] famphur, fenamiphos, fenazaflor, fenazaquin, fenbutatin
oxide, fenchlorphos, fenethacarb, fenfluthrin, fenitrothion,
fenobucarb, fenothiocarb, fenoxacrim, fenoxycarb, fenpirithrin,
fenpropathrin, fenpyroximate, fenson, fensulfothion, fenthion,
fenthion-ethyl, fentrifanil, fenvalerate, fipronil, flonicamid,
fluacrypyrim, fluazuron, flubendiamide, flubenzimine, flucofuron,
flucycloxuron, flucythrinate, fluenetil, flufenerim, flufenoxuron,
flufenprox, flumethrin, fluorbenside, fluvalinate, fonofos,
formetanate, formothion, formparanate, fosmethilan, fospirate,
fosthiazate, fosthietan, furathiocarb, furethrin, furfural,
gamma-cyhalothrin, gamma-HCH,
[0071] halfenprox, halofenozide, HCH, HEOD, heptachlor,
heptenophos, heterophos, hexaflumuron, hexythiazox, HHDN,
hydramethylnon, hydrogen cyanide, hydroprene, hyquincarb,
[0072] imicyafos, imidacloprid, imiprothrin, indoxacarb,
iodomethane, IPSP, isamidofos, isazofos, isobenzan, isocarbophos,
isodrin, isofenphos, isoprocarb, isoprothiolane, isothioate,
isoxathion, ivermectin
[0073] jasmolin I, jasmolin II, jodfenphos, juvenile hormone I,
juvenile hormone II, juvenile hormone III,
[0074] kelev an, kinoprene,
[0075] lambda cyhalothrin, lead arsenate, lepimectin, leptophos,
lindane, lirimfos, lufenuron, lythidathion,
[0076] malathion, malonoben, mazidox, mecarbam, mecarphon, menazon,
mephosfolan, mercurous chloride, mesulfen, mesulfenfos,
metaflumizone, metam, methacrifos, methamidophos, methidathion,
methiocarb, methocrotophos, methomyl, methoprene, methoxychlor,
methoxyfenozide, methyl bromide, methylchloroform, methylene
chloride, methyl isothiocyanate, metofluthrin, metolcarb,
metoxadiazone, mevinphos, mexacarbate, milbemectin, milbemycin
oxime, mipafox, mirex, MNAF, monocrotophos, morphothion,
moxidectin,
[0077] naftalofos, naled, naphthalene, nicotine, nifluridide,
nikkomycins, nitenpyram, nithiazine, nitrilacarb, novaluron,
noviflumuron,
[0078] omethoate, oxamyl, oxydemeton-methyl, oxydeprofos,
oxydisulfoton,
[0079] para-dichlorobenzene, parathion, parathion-methyl,
penfluron, pentachlorophenol, permethrin, phenkapton, phenothrin,
phenthoate, phorate, phosalone, phosfolan, phosmet, phosnichlor,
phosphamidon, phosphine, phosphocarb, phoxim, phoxim-methyl,
pirimetaphos, pirimicarb, pirimiphos-ethyl, pirimiphos-methyl,
potassium arsenite, potassium thiocyanate, pp'-DDT, prallethrin,
precocene I, precocene II, precocene III, primidophos, proclonol,
profenofos, profluthrin, promacyl, promecarb, propaphos,
propargite, propetamphos, propoxur, prothidathion, prothiofos,
prothoate, protrifenbute, pyraclofos, pyrafluprole, pyrazophos,
pyresmethrin, pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II, pyridaben, pyridalyl,
pyridaphenthion, pyrifluquinazon, pyrimidifen, pyrimitate,
pyriprole, pyriproxyfen,
[0080] quassia, quinalphos, quinalphos-methyl, quinothion,
quintiofos,
[0081] rafoxanide, resmethrin, rotenone, ryania,
[0082] sabadilla, schradan, selamectin, silafluofen, sodium
arsenite, sodium fluoride, sodium hexafluorosilicate, sodium
thiocyanate, sophamide, spinetoram, spinosad, spirodiclofen,
spiromesifen, spirotetramat, sulcofuron, sulfiram, sulfluramid,
sulfotep, sulfur, sulfuryl fluoride, sulprofos,
[0083] tau-fluvalinate, tazimcarb, TDE, tebufenozide, tebufenpyrad,
tebupirimfos, teflubenzuron, tefluthrin, temephos, TEPP,
terallethrin, terbufos, tetrachloroethane, tetrachlorvinphos,
tetradifon, tetramethrin, tetranactin, tetrasul,
theta-cypermethrin, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, thicrofos,
thiocarboxime, thiocyclam, thiodicarb, thiofanox, thiometon,
thionazin, thioquinox, thiosultap, thuringiensin, tolfenpyrad,
tralomethrin, transfluthrin, transpermethrin, triarathene,
triazamate, triazophos, trichlorfon, trichlormetaphos-3,
trichloronat, trifenofos, triflumuron, trimethacarb, triprene,
[0084] vamidothion, vaniliprole,
[0085] XMC, xylylcarb,
[0086] zeta-cypermethrin and zolaprofos.
[0087] Additionally, any combination of the above pesticides can be
used.
[0088] The invention disclosed in this document can also be used
with herbicides and fungicides, or both for reasons of economy and
synergy.
[0089] The invention disclosed in this document can be used with
antimicrobials, bactericides, defoliants, safeners, synergists,
algaecides, attractants, desiccants, pheromones, repellants, animal
dips, avicides, disinfectants, semiochemicals, and molluscicides
(these categories not necessarily mutually exclusive) for reasons
of economy, and synergy.
[0090] For more information consult "Compendium of Pesticide Common
Names" located at http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/index.html as
of the filing date of this document. Also consult "The Pesticide
Manual" 14th Edition, edited by C D S Tomlin, copyright 2006 by
British Crop Production Council.
Synergistic Mixtures
[0091] The invention disclosed in this document can be used with
other compounds such as the ones mentioned under the heading
"Mixtures" to form synergistic mixtures where the mode of action of
the compounds in the mixtures are the same, similar, or
different.
[0092] Examples of mode of actions include, but are not limited to:
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; sodium channel modulator; chitin
biosynthesis inhibitor; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABA- and glutamate-gated chloride channel agonist; acetylcholine
receptor agonist; MET I inhibitor; Mg-stimulated ATPase inhibitor;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; Midgut membrane disrupter; and
oxidative phosphorylation disrupter.
[0093] Additionally, the following compounds are known as
synergists and can be used with the invention disclosed in this
document: piperonyl butoxide, piprotal, sesamex, sesamolin, and
sulfoxide.
Formulations
[0094] A pesticide is rarely suitable for application in its pure
form. It is usually necessary to add other substances so that the
pesticide can be used at the required concentration and in an
appropriate form, permitting ease of application, handling,
transportation, storage, and maximum pesticide activity. Thus,
pesticides are formulated into, for example, baits, concentrated
emulsions, dusts, emulsifiable concentrates, fumigants, gels,
granules, microencapsulations, seed treatments, suspension
concentrates, suspoemulsions, tablets, water soluble liquids, water
dispersible granules or dry flowables, wettable powders, and ultra
low volume solutions.
[0095] For further information on formulation types see "Catalogue
of pesticide formulation types and international coding system"
Technical Monograph n.degree. 2, 5th Edition by CropLife
International (2002).
[0096] Pesticides are applied most often as aqueous suspensions or
emulsions prepared from concentrated formulations of such
pesticides. Such water-soluble, water-suspendable, or emulsifiable
formulations, are either solids, usually known as wettable powders,
or water dispersible granules, or liquids usually known as
emulsifiable concentrates, or aqueous suspensions. Wettable
powders, which may be compacted to form water dispersible granules,
comprise an intimate mixture of the pesticide, a carrier, and
surfactants. The concentration of the pesticide is usually from
about 10% to about 90% by weight. The carrier is usually chosen
from among the attapulgite clays, the montmorillonite clays, the
diatomaceous earths, or the purified silicates. Effective
surfactants, comprising from about 0.5% to about 10% of the
wettable powder, are found among sulfonated lignins, condensed
naphthalenesulfonates, naphthalenesulfonates,
alkylbenzenesulfonates, alkyl sulfates, and nonionic surfactants
such as ethylene oxide adducts of alkyl phenols.
[0097] Emulsifiable concentrates of pesticides comprise a
convenient concentration of a pesticide, such as from about 50 to
about 500 grams per liter of liquid dissolved in a carrier that is
either a water miscible solvent or a mixture of water-immiscible
organic solvent and emulsifiers. Useful organic solvents include
aromatics, especially xylenes and petroleum fractions, especially
the high-boiling naphthalenic and olefinic portions of petroleum
such as heavy aromatic naphtha. Other organic solvents may also be
used, such as the terpenic solvents including rosin derivatives,
aliphatic ketones such as cyclohexanone, and complex alcohols such
as 2-ethoxyethanol. Suitable emulsifiers for emulsifiable
concentrates are chosen from conventional anionic and nonionic
surfactants.
[0098] Aqueous suspensions comprise suspensions of water-insoluble
pesticides dispersed in an aqueous carrier at a concentration in
the range from about 5% to about 50% by weight. Suspensions are
prepared by finely grinding the pesticide and vigorously mixing it
into a carrier comprised of water and surfactants. Ingredients,
such as inorganic salts and synthetic or natural gums, may also be
added, to increase the density and viscosity of the aqueous
carrier. It is often most effective to grind and mix the pesticide
at the same time by preparing the aqueous mixture and homogenizing
it in an implement such as a sand mill, ball mill, or piston-type
homogenizer.
[0099] Pesticides may also be applied as granular compositions that
are particularly useful for applications to the soil. Granular
compositions usually contain from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight
of the pesticide, dispersed in a carrier that comprises clay or a
similar substance. Such compositions are usually prepared by
dissolving the pesticide in a suitable solvent and applying it to a
granular carrier which has been pre-formed to the appropriate
particle size, in the range of from about 0.5 to about 3 mm Such
compositions may also be formulated by making a dough or paste of
the carrier and compound and crushing and drying to obtain the
desired granular particle size.
[0100] Dusts containing a pesticide are prepared by intimately
mixing the pesticide in powdered form with a suitable dusty
agricultural carrier, such as kaolin clay, ground volcanic rock,
and the like. Dusts can suitably contain from about 1% to about 10%
of the pesticide. They can be applied as a seed dressing or as a
foliage application with a dust blower machine.
[0101] It is equally practical to apply a pesticide in the form of
a solution in an appropriate organic solvent, usually petroleum
oil, such as the spray oils, which are widely used in agricultural
chemistry.
[0102] Pesticides can also be applied in the form of an aerosol
composition. In such compositions the pesticide is dissolved or
dispersed in a carrier, which is a pressure-generating propellant
mixture. The aerosol composition is packaged in a container from
which the mixture is dispensed through an atomizing valve.
[0103] Pesticide baits are formed when the pesticide is mixed with
food or an attractant or both. When the pests eat the bait they
also consume the pesticide. Baits may take the form of granules,
gels, flowable powders, liquids, or solids. They are used in pest
harborages.
[0104] Fumigants are pesticides that have a relatively high vapor
pressure and hence can exist as a gas in sufficient concentrations
to kill pests in soil or enclosed spaces. The toxicity of the
fumigant is proportional to its concentration and the exposure
time. They are characterized by a good capacity for diffusion and
act by penetrating the pest's respiratory system or being absorbed
through the pest's cuticle. Fumigants are applied to control stored
product pests under gas proof sheets, in gas sealed rooms or
buildings or in special chambers.
[0105] Pesticides can be microencapsulated by suspending the
pesticide particles or droplets in plastic polymers of various
types. By altering the chemistry of the polymer or by changing
factors in the processing, microcapsules can be formed of various
sizes, solubility, wall thicknesses, and degrees of penetrability.
These factors govern the speed with which the active ingredient
within is released, which in turn, affects the residual
performance, speed of action, and odor of the product.
[0106] Oil solution concentrates are made by dissolving pesticide
in a solvent that will hold the pesticide in solution. Oil
solutions of a pesticide usually provide faster knockdown and kill
of pests than other formulations due to the solvents themselves
having pesticidal action and the dissolution of the waxy covering
of the integument increasing the speed of uptake of the pesticide.
Other advantages of oil solutions include better storage stability,
better penetration of crevices, and better adhesion to greasy
surfaces.
[0107] Another embodiment is an oil-in-water emulsion, wherein the
emulsion comprises oily globules which are each provided with a
lamellar liquid crystal coating and are dispersed in an aqueous
phase, wherein each oily globule comprises at least one compound
which is agriculturally active, and is individually coated with a
monolamellar or oligolamellar layer comprising: (1) at least one
nonionic lipophilic surface-active agent, (2) at least one nonionic
hydrophilic surface-active agent and (3) at least one ionic
surface-active agent, wherein the globules having a mean particle
diameter of less than 800 nanometers. Further information on the
embodiment is disclosed in U.S. patent publication 20070027034
published Feb. 1, 2007, having patent application Ser. No.
11/495,228. For ease of use this embodiment will be referred to as
"OIWE".
[0108] For further information consult "Insect Pest Management" 2nd
Edition by D. Dent, copyright CAB International (2000).
Additionally, for more detailed information consult "Handbook of
Pest Control--The Behavior, Life History, and Control of Household
Pests" by Arnold Mattis, 9th Edition, copyright 2004 by GIE Media
Inc.
Other Formulation Components
[0109] Generally, the invention disclosed in this document when
used in a formulation, such formulation can also contain other
components. These components include, but are not limited to, (this
is a non-exhaustive and non- mutually exclusive list) wetters,
spreaders, stickers, penetrants, buffers, sequestering agents,
drift reduction agents, compatibility agents, anti-foam agents,
cleaning agents, and emulsifiers. A few components are described
forthwith.
[0110] A wetting agent is a substance that when added to a liquid
increases the spreading or penetration power of the liquid by
reducing the interfacial tension between the liquid and the surface
on which it is spreading. Wetting agents are used for two main
functions in agrochemical formulations: during processing and
manufacture to increase the rate of wetting of powders in water to
make concentrates for soluble liquids or suspension concentrates;
and during mixing of a product with water in a spray tank to reduce
the wetting time of wettable powders and to improve the penetration
of water into water-dispersible granules. Examples of wetting
agents used in wettable powder, suspension concentrate, and
water-dispersible granule formulations are: sodium lauryl sulfate;
sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate; alkyl phenol ethoxylates; and
aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates.
[0111] A dispersing agent is a substance which adsorbs onto the
surface of a particles and helps to preserve the state of
dispersion of the particles and prevents them from reaggregating.
Dispersing agents are added to agrochemical formulations to
facilitate dispersion and suspension during manufacture, and to
ensure the particles redisperse into water in a spray tank. They
are widely used in wettable powders, suspension concentrates and
water-dispersible granules. Surfactants that are used as dispersing
agents have the ability to adsorb strongly onto a particle surface
and provide a charged or steric barrier to reaggregation of
particles. The most commonly used surfactants are anionic,
nonionic, or mixtures of the two types. For wettable powder
formulations, the most common dispersing agents are sodium
lignosulfonates.
[0112] For suspension concentrates, very good adsorption and
stabilization are obtained using polyelectrolytes, such as sodium
naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensates. Tristyrylphenol
ethoxylate phosphate esters are also used. Nonionics such as
alkylarylethylene oxide condensates and EO-PO block copolymers are
sometimes combined with anionics as dispersing agents for
suspension concentrates. In recent years, new types of very high
molecular weight polymeric surfactants have been developed as
dispersing agents. These have very long hydrophobic `backbones` and
a large number of ethylene oxide chains forming the `teeth` of a
`comb` surfactant. These high molecular weight polymers can give
very good long-term stability to suspension concentrates because
the hydrophobic backbones have many anchoring points onto the
particle surfaces. Examples of dispersing agents used in
agrochemical formulations are: sodium lignosulfonates; sodium
naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensates; tristyrylphenol
ethoxylate phosphate esters; aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates; alkyl
ethoxylates; EO-PO block copolymers; and graft copolymers.
[0113] An emulsifying agent is a substance which stabilizes a
suspension of droplets of one liquid phase in another liquid phase.
Without the emulsifying agent the two liquids would separate into
two immiscible liquid phases. The most commonly used emulsifier
blends contain alkylphenol or aliphatic alcohol with twelve or more
ethylene oxide units and the oil-soluble calcium salt of
dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid. A range of hydrophile-lipophile
balance ("HLB") values from 8 to 18 will normally provide good
stable emulsions. Emulsion stability can sometimes be improved by
the addition of a small amount of an EO-PO block copolymer
surfactant.
[0114] A solubilizing agent is a surfactant which will form
micelles in water at concentrations above the critical micelle
concentration. The micelles are then able to dissolve or solubilize
water-insoluble materials inside the hydrophobic part of the
micelle. The type of surfactants usually used for solubilization
are nonionics: sorbitan monooleates; sorbitan monooleate
ethoxylates; and methyl oleate esters.
[0115] Surfactants are sometimes used, either alone or with other
additives such as mineral or vegetable oils as surfactants to
spray-tank mixes to improve the biological performance of the
pesticide on the target. The types of surfactants used for
bioenhancement depend generally on the nature and mode of action of
the pesticide. However, they are often nonionics such as: alkyl
ethoxylates; linear aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates; aliphatic amine
ethoxylates.
[0116] A carrier or diluent in an agricultural formulation is a
material added to the pesticide to give a product of the required
strength. Carriers arc usually materials with high absorptive
capacities, while diluents are usually materials with low
absorptive capacities. Carriers and diluents are used in the
formulation of dusts, wettable powders, granules and
water-dispersible granules.
[0117] Organic solvents are used mainly in the formulation of
emulsifiable concentrates, ultra low volume formulations, and to a
lesser extent granular formulations. Sometimes mixtures of solvents
are used. The first main groups of solvents are aliphatic
paraffinic oils such as kerosene or refined paraffins. The second
main group and the most common comprises the aromatic solvents such
as xylene and higher molecular weight fractions of C9 and C10
aromatic solvents. Chlorinated hydrocarbons are useful as
cosolvents to prevent crystallization of pesticides when the
formulation is emulsified into water. Alcohols are sometimes used
as cosolvents to increase solvent power.
[0118] Thickeners or gelling agents are used mainly in the
formulation of suspension concentrates, emulsions and
suspoemulsions to modify the rheology or flow properties of the
liquid and to prevent separation and settling of the dispersed
particles or droplets. Thickening, gelling, and anti-settling
agents generally fall into two categories, namely water-insoluble
particulates and water-soluble polymers. It is possible to produce
suspension concentrate formulations using clays and silicas.
Examples of these types of materials, include, but are limited to,
montmorillonite, e.g. bentonite; magnesium aluminum silicate; and
attapulgite. Water-soluble polysaccharides have been used as
thickening-gelling agents for many years. The types of
polysaccharides most commonly used are natural extracts of seeds
and seaweeds or are synthetic derivatives of cellulose. Examples of
these types of materials include, but are not limited to, guar gum;
locust bean gum; carrageenam; alginates; methyl cellulose; sodium
carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC); hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). Other
types of anti-settling agents are based on modified starches,
polyacrylates, polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene oxide. Another
good anti-settling agent is xanthan gum.
[0119] Microorganisms cause spoilage of formulated products.
Therefore preservation agents are used to eliminate or reduce their
effect. Examples of such agents include, but are not limited to:
propionic acid and its sodium salt; sorbic acid and its sodium or
potassium salts; benzoic acid and its sodium salt; p-hydroxybenzoic
acid sodium salt; methyl p-hydroxybenzoate; and
1,2-benzisothiazalin-3-one (BIT).
[0120] The presence of surfactants, which lower interfacial
tension, often causes water-based formulations to foam during
mixing operations in production and in application through a spray
tank. In order to reduce the tendency to foam, anti-foam agents are
often added either during the production stage or before filling
into bottles. Generally, there are two types of anti-foam agents,
namely silicones and non-silicones. Silicones are usually aqueous
emulsions of dimethyl polysiloxane while the non-silicone anti-foam
agents are water-insoluble oils, such as octanol and nonanol, or
silica. In both cases, the function of the anti-foam agent is to
displace the surfactant from the air-water interface.
[0121] For further information, see "Chemistry and Technology of
Agrochemical Formulations" edited by D. A. Knowles, copyright 1998
by Kluwer Academic Publishers. Also see "Insecticides in
Agriculture and Environment--Retrospects and Prospects" by A. S.
Perry, I. Yamamoto, I. Ishaaya, and R. Perry, copyright 1998 by
Springer-Verlag.
Applications
[0122] The actual amount of pesticide to be applied to loci of
pests is generally not critical and can readily be determined by
those skilled in the art. In general, concentrations from about
0.01 grams of pesticide per hectare to about 5000 grams of
pesticide per hectare are expected to provide good control.
[0123] The locus to which a pesticide is applied can be any locus
inhabited by an pest, for example, vegetable crops, fruit and nut
trees, grape vines, ornamental plants, domesticated animals, the
interior or exterior surfaces of buildings, and the soil around
buildings. Controlling pests generally means that pest populations,
activity, or both, are reduced in a locus. This can come about
when: pest populations are repulsed from a locus; when pests are
incapacitated, partially or completely, temporarily or permanently,
in or around a locus; or pests are exterminated, in whole or in
part, in or around a locus. Of course a combination of these
results can occur. Generally, pest populations, activity, or both
are desirably reduced more than fifty percent, preferably more than
90 percent, even more preferably 99 percent.
[0124] Generally, with baits, the baits are placed in the ground
where, for example, termites can come into contact with the bait.
Baits can also be applied to a surface of a building, (horizontal,
vertical, or slant surface) where, for example, ants, termites,
cockroaches, and flies, can come into contact with the bait.
[0125] Because of the unique ability of the eggs of some pests to
resist pesticides repeated applications may be desirable to control
newly emerged larvae.
[0126] Systemic movement of pesticides in plants may be utilized to
control pests on one portion of the plant by applying the
pesticides to a different portion of the plant, or to a location
where the root system of a plant can uptake pesticides. For
example, control of foliar-feeding insects can be controlled by
drip irrigation or furrow application, or by treating the seed
before planting. Seed treatment can be applied to all types of
seeds, including those from which plants genetically transformed to
express specialized traits will germinate. Representative examples
include those expressing proteins toxic to invertebrate pests, such
as Bacillus thuringiensis or other insecticidal toxins, those
expressing herbicide resistance, such as "Roundup Ready" seed, or
those with "stacked" foreign genes expressing insecticidal toxins,
herbicide resistance, nutrition-enhancement or any other beneficial
traits. Furthermore, such seed treatments with the invention
disclosed in this document can further enhance the ability of a
plant to better withstand stressful growing conditions. This
results in a healthier, more vigorous plant, which can lead to
higher yields at harvest time.
[0127] It should be readily apparent that the invention can be used
with plants genetically transformed to express specialized traits,
such as Bacillus thuringiensis or other insecticidal toxins, or
those expressing herbicide resistance, or those with "stacked"
foreign genes expressing insecticidal toxins, herbicide resistance,
nutrition-enhancement or any other beneficial traits. An example of
such a use is spraying such plants with the invention disclosed in
this document.
[0128] The invention disclosed in this document is suitable for
controlling endoparasites and ectoparasites in the veterinary
medicine sector or in the field of animal keeping. Compounds
according to the invention are applied here in a known manner, such
as by oral administration in the form of, for example, tablets,
capsules, drinks, granules, by dermal application in the form of,
for example, dipping, spraying, pouring on, spotting on, and
dusting, and by parenteral administration in the form of, for
example, an injection.
[0129] The invention disclosed in this document can also be
employed advantageously in livestock keeping, for example, cattle,
sheep, pigs, chickens, and geese. Suitable formulations are
administered orally to the animals with the drinking water or feed.
The dosages and formulations that are suitable depend on the
species.
[0130] Before a pesticide can be used or sold commercially, such
pesticide undergoes lengthy evaluation processes by various
governmental authorities (local, regional, state, national,
international). Voluminous data requirements are specified by
regulatory authorities and must be addressed through data
generation and submission by the product registrant or by another
on the product registrant's behalf. These governmental authorities
then review such data and if a determination of safety is
concluded, provide the potential user or seller with product
registration approval. Thereafter, in that locality where the
product registration is granted and supported, such user or seller
may use or sell such pesticide.
[0131] The headings in this document are for convenience only and
must not be used to interpret any portion thereof.
* * * * *
References