U.S. patent application number 13/245716 was filed with the patent office on 2012-08-30 for compositions and methods of generating reprogrammed adipocyte cells and methods of use therefore.
This patent application is currently assigned to The General Hospital Corporation. Invention is credited to Tim D. Ahfeldt, Chad Cowan, David H. Lum.
Application Number | 20120219530 13/245716 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 27758924 |
Filed Date | 2012-08-30 |
United States Patent
Application |
20120219530 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Lum; David H. ; et
al. |
August 30, 2012 |
COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF GENERATING REPROGRAMMED ADIPOCYTE CELLS
AND METHODS OF USE THEREFORE
Abstract
The invention provides therapeutic compositions comprising
reprogrammed adipocyte cells for use as disease models, therapeutic
compositions comprising reprogrammed adipocyte cells for the
treatment of conditions characterized by a reduction in cell number
or tissue mass, and methods of generating such cells.
Inventors: |
Lum; David H.; (Arlington,
MA) ; Ahfeldt; Tim D.; (Cambridge, MA) ;
Cowan; Chad; (Boston, MA) |
Assignee: |
The General Hospital
Corporation
Boston
MA
|
Family ID: |
27758924 |
Appl. No.: |
13/245716 |
Filed: |
September 26, 2011 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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13121401 |
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PCT/US09/58869 |
Sep 29, 2009 |
|
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13245716 |
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61100946 |
Sep 29, 2008 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/93.7 ;
435/14; 435/252.33; 435/254.23; 435/320.1; 435/366; 435/7.92;
506/9 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B81B 2203/0384 20130101;
B81B 2203/0353 20130101; B81C 1/00103 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/93.7 ;
435/366; 506/9; 435/7.92; 435/14; 435/320.1; 435/252.33;
435/254.23 |
International
Class: |
A61K 35/12 20060101
A61K035/12; C40B 30/04 20060101 C40B030/04; C12N 1/19 20060101
C12N001/19; C12Q 1/54 20060101 C12Q001/54; C12N 15/63 20060101
C12N015/63; C12N 1/21 20060101 C12N001/21; C12N 5/077 20100101
C12N005/077; G01N 33/566 20060101 G01N033/566 |
Claims
1-46. (canceled)
47. A method for generating a reprogrammed adipocyte, the method
comprising exogenously expressing in a pluripotent stem cell one or
more adipogenic transcription factor polypeptides; and contacting
the cell with one or more of insulin, rosiglitazone, dexamethasone
and isobutylmethylxanthine, thereby generating a reprogrammed
adipocyte.
48. The method of claim 47, wherein the adipogenic transcription
factor polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of
PPAR.gamma.2, CREB1, SREBF1, KLF5, KLF15, KROX20, C/EBP.beta.,
C/EBP.delta., C/EBP.alpha. and CDEC.
49. The method of claim 48, wherein the pluripotent stem cell is
selected from the group consisting of induced pluripotent stem
cell, human embryonic stem cell, mesenchymal stem cell,
adipocyte-derived mesenchymal stem cell, bone marrow derived stem
cell and other mesenchymal stem cell.
50. The method of claim 47, wherein the induced pluripotent stem
cell is derived from a somatic cell.
51. The method of claim 50, wherein the somatic cell is selected
from the group consisting of adipocyte, keratinocyte, epidermal
cell, fibroblast, hematopoietic cell, peripheral blood mononuclear
cell and their progenitor cells.
52. The method of claim 47, wherein pluripotency is induced by
expression of one or more of OCT4, SOX2 and either cMYC and KLF4 or
NANOG and LIN28 in a somatic cell.
53. The method of claim 47, wherein the pluripotent stem cell is
contacted in vitro.
54. The method of claim 47, wherein the method further comprises
identifying an adipocyte phenotype by detecting an increase in an
adipocyte marker, an adipocyte morphology, or adipocyte function
that is not detectably expressed or expressed only nominally in a
corresponding control cell.
55. The method of claim 47, wherein the reprogrammed adipocyte
expresses one or more adipocyte markers selected from the group
consisting of CIDEC, FABP4, PPAR.gamma.2, adiponectin, leptin, and
perilipin.
56. The method of claim 47, wherein the reprogrammed adipocyte
comprises lipid droplets.
57. The method of claim 47, wherein the reprogrammed adipocyte
responds to insulin, has lipolytic activity, displays de novo
synthesis of fatty acids and/or incorporates free fatty acids.
58. A reprogrammed adipocyte generated according to the method of
claim 47.
59. The reprogrammed adipocyte of claim 58, wherein the cell
comprises a genetic alteration associated with a disease selected
from the group consisting of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin
resistance, obesity, lipodystrophy, metabolic disorders, cardiac
disease, early-onset myocardial infarction and laminopathies.
60. The reprogrammed adipocyte of claim 58, wherein the cell
comprises a single nucleotide polymorphism listed in Table 1, Table
2, or Table 3.
61. The reprogrammed adipocyte of claim 58, wherein the cell is
derived from an FPLD2 patient, a patient with type 2 diabetes, or a
patient with early onset myocardial infarction.
62. The reprogrammed adipocyte of claim 58, wherein the cell from
the FPLD2 subject has a LMNA mutation at R482W, H506D, R399H,
R582H, T655fxX49, or L387V L421P.
63. A reprogrammed adipocyte that exogenously expresses an
adipogenic transcription factor polypeptide selected from the group
consisting of PPAR.gamma., CREB1, SREBF1, KLF5, KLF15, KROX20,
C/EBP.beta., C/EBP.delta. C/EBP.alpha., and CDEC, wherein the
expression confers adipocyte-marker expression, adipocyte
morphology and/or adipocyte function.
64. A reprogrammed adipocyte that exogenously expresses a
PPAR.gamma.2 or C/EBP.alpha. polypeptide, wherein the expression
confers adipocyte-marker expression, adipocyte morphology and/or
adipocyte function.
65. A reprogrammed adipocyte that exogenously expresses a
polypeptide selected from the group consisting of C/EBP.alpha.,
C/EBP.beta. and C/EBP.delta., wherein the expression confers
adipocyte-marker expression, adipocyte morphology and/or adipocyte
function.
66. A method for identifying a therapeutic agent, the method
comprising contacting the reprogrammed adipocyte of claim 65 with a
candidate agent and identifying an alteration in a disease
marker.
67. A method of ameliorating cell or tissue loss in a subject in
need thereof, the method comprising delivering to the subject a
cell generated according to the method of claim 47.
68. The method of claim 67, wherein the cell or tissue loss is
associated with trauma, cell death, or a congenital defect.
69. A collection of at least two expression vectors, wherein each
vector comprises a distinct nucleic acid sequence encoding a
polypeptide selected from the group consisting of PPAR.gamma.2,
C/EBP.alpha., C/EBP.beta., C/EBP.delta., SREBP1c, CREB1 and
KROX20.
70. A host cell comprising one or more of the expression vectors of
claim 69.
71. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a reprogrammed
adipocyte according to claim 58 in a pharmaceutically acceptable
excipient.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims the benefit of the following U.S.
Provisional Application No. 61/100,946, filed Sep. 29, 2008, the
entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Obesity is a disease in which the natural energy reserve,
stored in the adipose tissue of humans and other mammals, is
increased to a point where it is associated with adverse health
effects and mortality. Obesity is a complex, multi-factorial
disease involving environmental, genetic, and behavioral
components. It is also the second leading cause of preventable
death in the U.S. Adipose tissue secretes exocrine mediators that
lead to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Increased
triglycerides, decreased HDL levels and abnormal LDL composition
characterize the primary dyslipidemia related to obesity and no
doubt play a major role in the development of atherosclerosis and
cardiovascular disease in obese individuals. Obesity is also
associated with type 2 diabetes, metabolic disorders, and premature
mortality.
[0003] Despite recognition of the risks associated with obesity,
methods for preventing or treating obesity and associated metabolic
disorders are inadequate. Obesity continues to pose a significant
public health problem. The identification of effective compositions
for the prevention or treatment of obesity requires a better
understanding of adipocyte biology. While mouse models for obesity
exist, they represent rare single gene deletions that do not
adequately recapitulate human disease processes, in part due to
differences in mouse and human metabolism. Research into adipocyte
biology has also been limited by the fact that a renewable source
of adipocytes is unavailable. Although human adipose tissue is
easily obtained, primary adipocytes are difficult to maintain in
culture and are not amenable to expansion. As a consequence, in
vitro systems for understanding mature primary adipocyte function
do not exist.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] As described below, the present invention features methods
for generating reprogrammed adipocyte cells, compositions
comprising the reprogrammed adipocyte cells, and methods of using
such cells.
[0005] In one aspect, the invention generally provides a method for
generating a reprogrammed adipocyte, the method involving
exogenously expressing in a pluripotent stem cell one or more
adipogenic transcription factor polypeptides (e.g., PPAR.gamma.,
CREB1, SREBF1, KLF5, KLF15, KROX20, C/EBP.beta., C/EBP.delta.
C/EBP.alpha. and CDEC); and contacting the cell with one or more of
insulin, rosiglitazone, dexamethasone and isobutylmethylxanthine,
thereby generating a reprogrammed adipocyte.
[0006] In another aspect, the invention features a method for
generating a reprogrammed adipocyte, the method involving
exogenously expressing in a pluripotent stem cell a PPAR.gamma.2
polypeptide; and
contacting the cell with one or more of insulin, rosiglitazone,
dexamethasone and isobutylmethylxanthine, thereby generating a
reprogrammed adipocyte. In one embodiment, the cell is contacted
with insulin and rosiglitazone.
[0007] In another aspect, the invention features a method for
generating a reprogrammed adipocyte, the method involving
exogenously expressing in a pluripotent stem cell a C/EBP.alpha.
polypeptide; and contacting the cell with one or more of insulin,
rosiglitazone, dexamethasone and isobutylmethylxanthine, thereby
generating a reprogrammed adipocyte. In one embodiment, the cell is
contacted with insulin.
[0008] In another aspect, the invention features a reprogrammed
adipocyte generated according to any previous aspect or any method
delineated herein. In one embodiment, the cell comprises a genetic
alteration associated with a disease selected from the group
consisting of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance,
obesity, lipodystrophy, metabolic disorders, cardiac disease,
early-onset myocardial infarction and laminopathies. In one
embodiment, the cell is characterized for a single nucleotide
polymorphism listed in Table 1, Table 2, or Table 3. In another
embodiment, the cell is derived from an FPLD2 patient, a patient
with type 2 diabetes, or a patient with early onset myocardial
infarction In another embodiment, the cell from the FPLD2 subject
has a LMNA mutation at R482W, H506D, R399H, R582H, T655fxX49, or
L387V L421P. In yet another embodiment, the cell comprises a
homologous recombination event, inhibitory nucleic acid molecule,
or other genetic alteration that disrupts the function or activity
of a polypeptide associated with the disease.
[0009] In another aspect, the invention features a reprogrammed
adipocyte that exogenously expresses an adipogenic transcription
factor polypeptide selected from the group consisting of
PPAR.gamma., CREB1, SREBF1, KLF5, KLF15, KROX20, C/EBP.beta.,
C/EBP.delta. C/EBP.alpha., and CDEC, wherein the expression confers
adipocyte-marker expression, adipocyte morphology and/or adipocyte
function.
[0010] In yet another aspect, the invention features a reprogrammed
adipocyte that exogenously expresses a PPAR.gamma.2 or C/EBP.alpha.
polypeptide, wherein the expression confers adipocyte-marker
expression, adipocyte morphology and/or adipocyte function.
[0011] In still another aspect, the invention features a
reprogrammed adipocyte that exogenously expresses a polypeptide
selected from the group consisting of C/EBP.alpha., C/EBP.beta. and
C/EBP.delta., wherein the expression confers adipocyte-marker
expression, adipocyte morphology and/or adipocyte function. In one
embodiment, the adipocyte exogenously expresses C/EBP.alpha. and
further expresses C/EBP.beta. and/or C/EBP.delta..
[0012] In another aspect, the invention features a reprogrammed
adipocyte that exogenously expresses a C/EBP.alpha. and a
C/EBP.beta. polypeptide.
[0013] In yet another aspect, the invention features a method for
identifying a therapeutic agent, the method involving contacting
the reprogrammed adipocyte of any previous aspect with a candidate
agent and identifying an alteration in a disease marker.
[0014] In another aspect, the invention features a method of
ameliorating cell or tissue loss in a subject (e.g., human) in need
thereof, the method involving delivering to the subject a cell
generated according to a method of a previous aspect or any other
method delineated herein.
[0015] In one embodiment, the cell or tissue loss is associated
with trauma, cell death, or a congenital defect.
[0016] In another aspect, the invention features a collection of at
least two (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) expression vectors, wherein each
vector comprises a distinct nucleic acid sequence encoding a
polypeptide selected from the group consisting of PPAR.gamma.2,
C/EBP.alpha., C/EBP.beta., C/EBP.delta., SREBP1c, CREB1 and KROX20.
In one embodiment, one of the expression vectors encodes
PPAR.gamma.2 and the other encodes C/EBP.alpha.. In another
embodiment, one of the expression vectors encodes C/EBP.alpha. and
the other encodes C/EBP.beta.. In another embodiment, one vector
encodes PPAR.gamma.2 and the other encodes a polypeptide that is
any one or more of C/EBP.alpha., C/EBP.beta. and/or C/EBP.delta..
In one embodiment, each vector further comprises a promoter
operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence. In another
embodiment, the promoter is positioned for expression in a
mammalian cell.
[0017] In another aspect, the invention features a host cell (e.g.,
human) comprising one or more of the expression vectors of a
previous aspect or otherwise delineated herein. In one embodiment,
the cell is a pluripotent or multipotent cell. In another
embodiment, the cell is an adipocyte derived mesenchymal stem cell,
human embryonic stem cell or induced pluripotent stem cell.
[0018] In another aspect, the invention features a pharmaceutical
composition comprising a reprogrammed adipocyte according to any
previous aspect in a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0019] In another aspect, the invention features a kit comprising
one or more polynucleotides encoding one or more adipogenic
transcription factor polypeptides and instructions for generating a
reprogrammed adipocyte in accordance with any previous aspect.
[0020] In one embodiment, the adipogenic transcription factor
polypeptides are encoded by an expression vector.
[0021] In another aspect, the invention features a kit comprising a
reprogrammed adipocyte according to any previous aspect, and
instructions for engraft went of the reprogrammed adipocyte in a
subject.
[0022] In one embodiment of any of the above aspects or any other
aspect of the invention delineated herein, the pluripotent stem
cell is contacted with one or more of insulin, rosiglitazone and
dexamethasone. In another embodiment, a pluripotent stem cell is
contacted with insulin, rosiglitazone, dexamethasone and
isobutylmethylxanthine. In various embodiments of any of the above
aspects, the pluripotent stem cell is any one or more of an induced
pluripotent stem cell, human embryonic stem cell, mesenchymal stem
cell, adipocyte-derived mesenchymal stem cell, bone marrow derived
stem cell and other mesenchymal stem cell. In one embodiment, an
induced pluripotent stem cell is derived from a somatic cell (e.g.,
adipocyte, keratinocyte, epidermal cell, fibroblast, hematopoietic
cell, peripheral blood mononuclear cell and their progenitor
cells). In various embodiments of any of the above aspects,
pluripotency is induced by expression of one or more of OCT4, SOX2
and either cMYC and KLF4 or NANOG and LIN28 in a somatic cell. For
example, pluripotency is induced by expression of Oct4 and KLF4. In
one embodiment of any of the above aspects, the pluripotent stem
cell is contacted in vitro. In various embodiments of any of the
above aspects, the method further comprises identifying an
adipocyte phenotype by detecting an increase in an adipocyte
marker, an adipocyte morphology, or adipocyte function that is not
detectably expressed or expressed only nominally in a corresponding
control cell. In other embodiments of any of the above aspects, the
reprogrammed adipocyte expresses one or more adipocyte markers
selected from the group consisting of CIDEC, FABP4, PPAR.gamma.2,
adiponectin, leptin, and perilipin. In still other embodiments of
any of the above aspects, the reprogrammed adipocyte comprises
lipid droplets. In still other embodiments of any of the above
aspects, the reprogrammed adipocyte responds to insulin, has
lipolytic activity, displays de novo synthesis of fatty acids
and/or incorporates free fatty acids. In still other embodiments of
any of the above aspects, the adipogenic transcription factor
polypeptide is any one (two, three, four, five, six) or more of an
PPAR.gamma.2, C/EBP.alpha., C/EBP.beta., C/EBP.delta., SREBP1c,
CREB1 and KROX20. In one embodiment of any of the above aspects,
the adipogenic transcription factor protein is PPAR.gamma.2,
C/EBP.alpha., C/EBP.beta. and/or C/EBP.delta..
[0023] The invention provides therapeutic compositions comprising
reprogrammed adipocyte cells, methods of generating such cells, and
methods of using them to treat conditions characterized by a
reduction in cell number or tissue mass. Compositions and articles
defined by the invention were isolated or otherwise manufactured in
connection with the examples provided below. Other features and
advantages of the invention will be apparent from the detailed
description, and from the claims.
DEFINITIONS
[0024] By "OCT4 polypeptide" is meant a polypeptide having at least
85% amino acid sequence identity to OCT4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
Q01860 (PO5F1_HUMAN) and having DNA binding activity. An exemplary
Oct 4 sequence is provided below:
TABLE-US-00001 1 maghlasdfa fspppggggd gpggpepgwv dprtwlsfqg
ppggpgigpg vgpgsevwgi 61 ppcpppyefc ggmaycgpqv gvglvpqggl
etsqpegeag vgvesnsdga spepctvtpg 121 avklekekle qnpeesqdik
alqkeleqfa kllkqkritl gytqadvglt lgvlfgkvfs 181 qtticrfeal
qlsfknmckl rpllqkwvee adnnenlqei ckaetlvgar krkrtsienr 241
vrgnlenlfl qcpkptlqqi shiaqqlgle kdvvrvwfcn rrqkgkrsss dyaqredfea
301 agspfsggpv sfplapgphf gtpgygsphf talyssvpfp egeafppvsv
ttlgspmhsn
[0025] By "Oct4 polynucleotide" is meant a polynucleotide encoding
an Oct4 polypeptide. Exemplary Oct 4 polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA)
are provided at DQ486513 NCBI Accession Nos. NM.sub.--002701 and
NM.sub.--203289.
[0026] By "Sox2 polypeptide" is meant a polypeptide having at least
85% amino acid sequence identity to Sox2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot P48431 and having DNA binding activity. An
exemplary Sox2 amino acid sequence follows:
TABLE-US-00002 1 mynmmetelk ppgpqqtsgg gggnstaaaa ggnqknspdr
vkrpmnafmv wsrgqirkma 61 qenpkmhnse iskrlgaewk llsetekrpf
ideakrlral hmkehpdyky rprrktktlm 121 kkdkytlpgg llapggnsma
sgvgvgaglg agvnqrmdsy ahmngwsngs ysmmqdqlgy 181 pqhpglnahg
aaqmqpmhry dvsalqymsn tssqtymngs ptysmsysqq gtpgmalgsm 241
gsvvkseass sppvvtsssh srapcgagdl rdmismylpg aevpepaaps rlhmsqhyqs
301 gpvpgtaing tiplshm
[0027] By "Sox2 polynucleotide" is meant a polynucleotide encoding
a Sox2 polypeptide. An exemplary Sox2 polynucleotide sequence is
provided at NCBI Accession No. NM.sub.--003106.
[0028] By "cMYC polypeptide" is meant a polypeptide having at least
85% amino acid sequence identity to cMYC UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
P01106 (MYC_HUMAN) and having DNA binding activity. An exemplary
cMyc amino acid sequence follows:
TABLE-US-00003 1 mpinvsftnr nydldydsvq pyfycdeeen fyqqqqqsel
qppapsediw kkfellptpp 61 lspsrrsglc spsyvavtpf slrgdndggg
gsfstadqle mvtellggdm vngsficdpd 121 detfikniii qdcmwsgfsa
aaklvsekla syqaarkdsg spnparghsv cstsslylqd 181 lsaaasecid
psvvfpypin dssspkscas qdssafspss dsllsstess pqgspeplvl 241
heetppttss dseeeqedee eidvvsvekr qapgkrsesg spsagghskp phsplvlkrc
301 hvsthqhnya appstrkdyp aakrvkldsv rvlrqisnnr kctsprssdt
eenvkrrthn 361 vlerqrrnel krsffalrdq ipelenneka pkvvilkkat
ayi1svgaee qkliseedll 421 rkrreqlkhk leqlrnsca
[0029] By "cMYC polynucleotide" is meant a polynucleotide encoding
a cMYC polypeptide. An exemplary cMYC polynucleotide sequence is
provided at NCBI Accession No. NM.sub.--002467
[0030] By "KLF4 polypeptide" is meant a polypeptide having at least
85% amino acid sequence identity to UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot 043474
(KLF4_HUMAN) and having DNA binding activity. An exemplary KLF4
amino acid sequence follows:
TABLE-US-00004 1 mrqppgesdm aysdallpsf stfasgpagr ektlrqagap
nnrwreelsh mkrlppvlpg 61 rpydlaaatv atdlesggag aacggsnlap
lprreteefn dlldldfils nslthppesv 121 aatvsssasa ssssspsssg
pasapstcsf typiragndp gvapggtggg llygresapp 181 ptapfnladi
ndvspsggfv aellrpeldp vyippqqpqp pggglmgkfv lkaslsapgs 241
eygspsvisv skgspdgshp vvvapynggp prtcpkikqe aysscthlga gpplsnghrp
301 aandfplgrq lpsrttptlg leevlssrdc hpalplppgf hphpgpnyps
flpdqmqpqv 361 pplhyqgqsr gfvaragepc vcwphfgthg mmltppsspl
elmppgscmp eepkpkrgrr 421 swprkrtath tcdyagcgkt ytksshlkah
lrthtgekpy hcdwdgcgwk farsdeltrh 481 yrkhtghrpf qcqkcdrafs
rsdhlalhmk rhf
[0031] By "KLF4 polynucleotide" is meant a polynucleotide encoding
a KLF4polypeptide. An exemplary KLF4 polynucleotide sequence is
provided at NCBI Accession No.--NM.sub.--004235.
[0032] By "Nanog polypeptide" is meant a polypeptide having at
least 85% amino acid sequence identity to UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
Q9H9S0 (NANOG_HUMAN) and having DNA binding activity. An exemplary
Nanog amino acid sequence follows:
TABLE-US-00005 1 msvdpacpqs lpcfeasdck esspmpvicg peenypslqm
ssaemphtet vsplpssmdl 61 liqdspdsst spkgkqptsa eksvakkedk
vpvkkqktrt vfsstqlcvl ndrfqrqkyl 121 slqqmqelsn ilnlsykqvk
twfqnqrmks krwqknnwpk nsngvtqkas aptypslyss 181 yhqgclvnpt
gnlpmwsnqt wnnstwsnqt qniqswsnhs wntqtwctqs wnnqawnspf 241
yncgeeslqs cmqfqpnspa sdleaaleaa geglnviqqt tryfstpqtm dlflnysmnm
301 qpedv
[0033] By "Nanog polynucleotide" is meant a polynucleotide encoding
a KLF4polypeptide. An exemplary Nanog polynucleotide sequence is
provided at NCBI Accession No. NM.sub.--024865.
[0034] By "Lin28 polypeptide" is meant a polypeptide having at
least 85% amino acid sequence identity to UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
Q9H9Z2 (LN28A_HUMAN) and having DNA binding activity. An exemplary
Lin28 amino acid sequence follows:
TABLE-US-00006 1 mgsysnqqfa ggcakaaeea peeapedaar aadepqllhg
agickwfnvr mgfgflsmta 61 ragvaldppv dvfvhqsklh megfrslkeg
eaveftfkks akglesirvt gpggvfcigs 121 errpkgksmq krrskgdrcy
ncggldhhak ecklppqpkk chfcqsishm vascplkaqq 181 gpsaqgkpty
freeeeeihs ptllpeagn
[0035] By "Lin28 polynucleotide" is meant a polynucleotide encoding
a Lin28 polypeptide. An exemplary Lin28 polynucleotide sequence is
provided at NCBI Accession No. NM.sub.--024674.
[0036] By "PPAR.gamma.2 polypeptide" is meant a polypeptide having
at least 85% amino acid sequence identity to UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
P37231 (PPARG_HUMAN) and having DNA binding activity. An exemplary
PPAR.gamma.2 amino acid sequence follows:
TABLE-US-00007 1 mgetlgdspi dpesdsftdt lsanisqemt mvdtempfwp
tnfgissvdl svmedhshsf 61 dikpfttvdf ssistphyed ipftrtdpvv
adykydlklq eyqsaikvep asppyysekt 121 qlynkpheep snslmaiecr
vcgdkasgfh ygvhacegck gffrrtirlk liydrcdlnc 181 rihkksrnkc
qycrfqkcla vgmshnairf grmpqaekek llaeissdid qlnpesadlr 241
alakhlydsy iksfpltkak arailtgktt dkspfviydm nslmmgedki kfkhitplqe
301 qskevairif qgcqfrsvea vqeiteyaks ipgfvnldln dqvtllkygv
heiiytmlas 361 lmnkdgvlis egqgfmtref lkslrkpfgd fmepkfefav
kfnaleldds dlaifiavii 421 lsgdrpglln vkpiediqdn llqalelqlk
lnhpessqlf akllqkmtdl rqivtehvql 481 lqvikktetd mslhpllgei
ykdly
[0037] By "PPAR.gamma.2 polynucleotide" is meant a polynucleotide
encoding a PPAR.gamma.2 polypeptide. An exemplary PPAR.gamma.2
polynucleotide sequence is provided at NCBI Accession No.
NM.sub.--015869
[0038] By "CEBP.alpha._polypeptide" is meant a polypeptide having
at least 85% amino acid sequence identity to UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
P49715 (CEBP.alpha._HUMAN) and having DNA binding activity. An
exemplary CEBP.alpha. amino acid sequence follows:
TABLE-US-00008 1 mesadfyeae prppmsshlq spphapssaa fgfprgagpa
qppappaape piggicehet 61 sidisayidp aafndeflad lfqhsrqqek
akaavgptgg ggggdfdypg apagpggavm 121 pggahgpppg ygcaaagyld
grleplyery gapairpivi kqepreedea kqlalaglfp 181 yqppppppps
hphphpppah laaphlqfqi ahcgqttmhl qpghptpppt pvpsphpapa 241
lgaaglpgpg salkglgaah pdlrasggsg agkakksvdk nsneyrvrre rnniavrksr
301 dkakqrnvet qqkvleltsd ndrlrkrveq lsreldtlrg ifrqlpessl
vkamgnca
[0039] By "CEBP.alpha. polynucleotide" is meant a polynucleotide
encoding a CEBP.alpha. polypeptide. An exemplary CEBP.alpha.
polynucleotide sequence is provided at NCBI Accession No.
NM.sub.--004364
[0040] By "CEBP.beta. polypeptide" is meant a polypeptide having at
least 85% amino acid sequence identity to UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
P17676 (CEBP.beta._HUMAN) and having DNA binding activity. An
exemplary CEBP.beta. amino acid sequence follows:
TABLE-US-00009 1 mqrlvawdpa clplpppppa fksmevanfy yeadclaaay
ggkaapaapp aarpgprppa 61 gelgsigdhe raidfspyle plgapqapap
atatdtfeaa ppapapapas sgqhhdflsd 121 lfsddyggkn ckkpaeygyv
slgrlgaakg alhpgcfapl hppppppppp aelkaepgfe 181 padckrkeea
gapgggagma agfpyalray lgygavpsgs sgslstssss sppgtpspad 241
akapptacya gaapapsqvk skakktvdkh sdeykirrer nniavrksrd kakmrnletq
301 hkvleltaen erlqkkveql srelstlrnl fkglpeplla ssghc
[0041] By "CEBP.beta. polynucleotide" is meant a polynucleotide
encoding a CEBP.beta. polypeptide. An exemplary CEBP.beta.
polynucleotide sequence is provided at NCBI Accession No.
NM.sub.--005194.
[0042] By "CEBP.delta. polypeptide" is meant a polypeptide having
at least 85% amino acid sequence identity to UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
P49716 (CEBPD_HUMAN) and having DNA binding activity. An exemplary
CEBP.delta. amino acid sequence follows:
TABLE-US-00010 1 msaalfsldg pargapwpae papfyepgra gkpgrgaepg
algepgaaap amyddesaid 61 fsayidsmaa vptlelchde lfadlfnsnh
kaggagplel lpggparplg pgpaaprllk 121 repdwgdgda pgsllpaqva
acaqtvvsla aaggptppts pepprssprq tpapgparek 181 sagkrgpdrg
speyrqrrer nniavrksrd kakrrnqemq qklvelsaen eklhqrveql 241
trdlaglrqf fkqlpsppfl paagtadcr
[0043] By "CEBP.delta. polynucleotide" is meant a polynucleotide
encoding a CEBP.delta. polypeptide. An exemplary CEBP.delta.
polynucleotide sequence is provided at NCBI Accession No.
NM.sub.--005195.
[0044] By "SREBP1c polypeptide" is meant a polypeptide having at
least 85% amino acid sequence identity to UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
P36956 (SRBP1_HUMAN) and having DNA binding activity. An exemplary
SREBP1c amino acid sequence follows:
TABLE-US-00011 1 mdeppfseaa legalgepcd ldaalltdie dmlqlinnqd
sdfpglfdpp yagsgaggtd 61 paspdtsspg slspppatls ssleaflsgp
qaapsplspp qpaptplkmy psmpafspgp 121 gikeesvpls ilqtptpqpl
pgallpcisf apappqfsst pvlgypsppg gfstgsppgn 181 tqqplpglpl
asppgvppvs lhtqvqsvvp qqlltvtaap taapvtttvt sqiqqvpvll 241
gphfikadsl lltamktdga tvkaaglspl vsgttvqtgp lptivsggti latvplvvda
301 eklpinrlaa gskapasaqs rgekrtahna iekryrssin dkiielkdlv
vgteaklnks 361 avlrkaidyi rflqhsnqkl kgenlslrta vhkskslkdl
vsacgsggnt dvlmegvkte 421 vedtltppps dagspfqssp lslgsrgsgs
ggsgsdsepd spvfedskak peqrpslhsr 481 gmldrsrlal ctivflclsc
nplasllgar glpspsdtts vyhspgrnvl gtesrdgpgw 541 aqwllppvvw
llngllvlvs lvllfvygep vtrphsgpav yfwrhrkqad ldlargdfaq 601
aaqqlwlalr algrplptsh ldlacsllwn lirhllqrlw vgrwlagrag glqqdcalry
661 dasasardaa lvyhklhqlh tmgkhtgghl tatnlalsal nlaecagdav
svatlaeiyv 721 aaalrvktsl pralhfltrf flssarqacl aqsgsvppam
qwlchpvghr ffvdgdwsvl 781 stpweslysl agnpvdplaq vtqlfrehll
eralncvtqp npspgsadgd kefsdalgyl 841 qllnscsdaa gapaysfsis
ssmatttgvd pvakwwaslt avvihwlrrd eeaaerlcpl 901 vehlprvlqe
serplpraal hsfkaarall gcakaesgpa slticekasg ylqdslattp 961
asssidkavq lflcdlllvv rtslwrqqqp papapaaqgt ssrpqasale lrgfqrdlss
1021 lrrlaqsfrp amrrvflhea tarlmagasp trthqlldrs lrrragpggk
ggavaelepr 1081 ptrrehaeal llascylppg flsapgqrvg mlaeaartle
klgdrrllhd cqqmlmrlgg 1141 gttvtss
[0045] By "SREBP1c polynucleotide" is meant a polynucleotide
encoding a SREBP1c polypeptide. An exemplary SREBP1c polynucleotide
sequence is provided at NCBI Accession No. NM.sub.--001005291.
[0046] By "CREB1 polypeptide" is meant a polypeptide having at
least 85% amino acid sequence identity to UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
P16220 (CREB1_HUMAN) and having DNA binding activity. An exemplary
CREB1 amino acid sequence follows:
TABLE-US-00012 1 mtmesgaenq qsgdaavtea enqqmtvqaq pqiatlaqvs
mpaahatssa ptvtivqlpn 61 gqtvqvhgvi qaaqpsviqs pqvqtvqssc
kdlkrlfsgt qistiaesed sqesvdsvtd 121 sqkrreilsr rpsyrkilnd
lssdapgvpr ieeekseeet sapaittvtv ptpiyqtssg 181 qyiaitqgga
iqlanngtdg vqglqtltmt naaatqpgtt ilqyaqttdg qqilvpsnqv 241
vvqaasgdvq tyqirtapts tiapgvvmas spalptqpae eaarkrevrl mknreaarec
301 rrkkkeyvkc lenrvavlen qnktlieelk alkdlychks d
[0047] By "CREB1polynucleotide" is meant a polynucleotide encoding
a CREB1polypeptide. An exemplary CREB1polynucleotide sequence is
provided at NCBI Accession No. BC010636.
[0048] By "KROX20(EGR2) polypeptide" is meant a polypeptide having
at least 85% amino acid sequence identity to UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
P11161 (EGR2_HUMAN) and having DNA binding activity. An exemplary
KROX20 amino acid sequence follows:
TABLE-US-00013 1 mmtakavdki pvtlsgfvhq lsdniypved laatsvtifp
naelggpfdq mngvagdgmi 61 nidmtgekrs ldlpypssfa pvsaprnqtf
tymgkfsidp qypgascype giinivsagi 121 lqgvtspast tasssvtsas
pnplatgplg vctmsqtqpd ldhlyspppp pppysgcagd 181 lyqdpsafls
aattstsssl ayppppsyps pkpatdpglf pmipdypgff psqcqrdlhg 241
tagpdrkpfp cpldtlrvpp pltplstirn ftlggpsagv tgpgasggse gprlpgsssa
301 aaaaaaaaay nphhlplrpi lrprkypnrp sktpvherpy pcpaegcdrr
fsrsdeltrh 361 irihtghkpf qcricmrnfs rsdhltthir thtgekpfac
dycgrkfars derkrhtkih 421 lrqkerkssa psasvpapst ascsggvqpg
gticssnsss lgggplapcs srtrtp
[0049] By "KROX20 polynucleotide" is meant a polynucleotide
encoding a KROX20 polypeptide. An exemplary KROX20 polynucleotide
sequence is provided at NCBI Accession No.--BC35625.
[0050] By "KLF5 polypeptide" is meant a polypeptide having at least
85% amino acid sequence identity to UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Q13887
(KLF5_HUMAN) and having DNA binding activity. An exemplary KLF5
amino acid sequence follows:
TABLE-US-00014 1 matrvasmsa rlgpvpqppa pqdepvfaql kpvlgaanpa
rdaalfpgee lkhahhrpqa 61 qpapaqapqp aqppatgprl ppedlvqtrc
emekyltpql ppvpiipehk kyrrdsasvv 121 dqfftdtegl pysinmnvfl
pdithlrtgl yksqrpcvth iktepvaifs hqsettappp 181 aptqalpeft
sifsshqtaa pevnnifikq elptpdlhls vptqqghlyq llntpdldmp 241
sstnqtaamd tlnvsmsaam aglnthtsav pqtavkqfqg mppctytmps qflpqqatyf
301 ppsppssepg spdrqaemlq nitpppsyaa tiasklaihn pnlpttlpvn
sqniqpvryn 361 rrsnpdlekr rihycdypgc tkvytksshl kahlrthtge
kpykctwegc dwrfarsdel 421 trhyrkhtga kpfqcgvcnr sfsrsdhlal
hmkrhqn
[0051] By "KLF5 polynucleotide" is meant a polynucleotide encoding
a KLF5 polypeptide. An exemplary KLF5 polynucleotide sequence is
provided at NCBI Accession No.--NM.sub.--001730.
[0052] By "KLF15 polypeptide" is meant a polypeptide having at
least 85% amino acid sequence identity to UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
Q9UIH9 (KLF15_HUMAN) and having DNA binding activity. An exemplary
KLF15 amino acid sequence follows:
TABLE-US-00015 1 mvdhllpvde nfsspkcpvg ylgdrlvgrr ayhmlpspvs
eddsdasspc scsspdsqal 61 cscyggglgt esqdsildfl lsgatlgsgg
gsgssigass gpVawgpwrr aaapvkgehf 121 clpefplgdp ddvprpfqpt
leeieeflee nmepgvkevp egnskdldac sqlsagphks 181 hlhpgssgre
rcspppggas aggaqgpggg ptpdgpipvl lqiqpvpvkg esgtgpaspg 241
qapenvkvaq llvniqgqtf alvpqvvpss nlnlpskfvr iapvpiaakp vgsgplgpgp
301 agllmgqkfp knpaaelikm hkctfpgcsk mytksshlka hlrrhtgekp
factwpgcgw 361 rfsrsdelsr hrrshsgvkp yqcpvcekkf arsdhlskhi
kvhrfprssr svrsvn
[0053] By "KLF15 polynucleotide" is meant a polynucleotide encoding
a KLF15 polypeptide. An exemplary KLF15 polynucleotide sequence is
provided at NCBI Accession No. NM.sub.--014079
[0054] By "CIDEC polypeptide" is meant a polypeptide having at
least 85% amino acid sequence identity to UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
Q96AQ7 (CIDEC_HUMAN) and having DNA binding activity. An exemplary
CIDEC amino acid sequence follows:
TABLE-US-00016 1 meyamkslsl lypkslsrhv svrtsvvtqq llsepspkap
rarpervsta drsvrkgima 61 ysledlllkv rdtlmladkp fflvleedgt
tveteeyfqa lagdtvfmvl qkgqkwqpps 121 eqgtrhplsl shkpakkidv
arvtfdlykl npqdfigcln vkatfydtys lsydlhccga 181 krimkeafrw
alfsmqatgh vllgtscylq qlldateegq ppkgkassli ptclkilq
[0055] By "CIDEC polynucleotide" is meant a polynucleotide encoding
a CIDEC polypeptide. An exemplary CIDEC polynucleotide sequence is
provided at NCBI Accession No. NM.sub.--022094.
[0056] By "adipogenic" is meant inducing one or more of an
adipocyte marker, adipocyte function, or adipocyte morphology in a
multipotent or pluripotent stem cell.
[0057] By "induced pluripotent stem cell" is meant a differentiated
somatic cell that acquires pluripotency by the exogenous expression
of one or more transcription factors in the cell.
[0058] By "reprogrammed adipocyte" is meant a pluripotent cell that
is induced to express one or more of an adipocyte marker, adipocyte
function, or adipocyte morphology by the exogenous expression of
one or more transcription factors in the cell.
[0059] By "adipocyte marker" is meant one or more of Glut4, PPARy,
C/EBP.alpha., C/EBP.beta., C/EBP.delta., leptin, adiponectin,
SREBP1c, FABP4, CIDEC and/or perilipin.
[0060] By "adipocyte morphology" is meant the presence of lipid
droplets.
[0061] By "adipocyte function" is meant the ability to respond to
insulin, have lipolytic activity, display de novo synthesis of
fatty acids, and or incorporate free fatty acids. In one
embodiment, the adipocyte is engrafted in a host.
[0062] By "alteration" is meant a change (increase or decrease) in
the expression levels of a gene or polypeptide as detected by
standard art known methods such as those described above. As used
herein, an alteration includes a 10% change in expression levels,
preferably a 25% change, more preferably a 40% change, and most
preferably a 50% or greater change in expression levels.
[0063] By "analog" is meant a structurally related polypeptide or
nucleic acid molecule having the function of a reference
polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule.
[0064] By "autologous" is meant cells from the same subject.
[0065] By "compound" is meant any small molecule chemical compound,
antibody, nucleic acid molecule, or polypeptide, or fragments
thereof.
[0066] In this disclosure, "comprises," "comprising," "containing"
and "having" and the like can have the meaning ascribed to them in
U.S. Patent law and can mean "includes," "including," and the like;
"consisting essentially of" or "consists essentially" likewise has
the meaning ascribed in U.S. Patent law and the term is open-ended,
allowing for the presence of more than that which is recited so
long as basic or novel characteristics of that which is recited is
not changed by the presence of more than that which is recited, but
excludes prior art embodiments.
[0067] By "detectable label" is meant a composition that when
linked to a molecule of interest renders the latter detectable, via
spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, or
chemical means. For example, useful labels include radioactive
isotopes, magnetic beads, metallic beads, colloidal particles,
fluorescent dyes, electron-dense reagents, enzymes (for example, as
commonly used in an ELISA), biotin, digoxigenin, or haptens.
[0068] The term "engraft" as used herein refers to the process of
stem cell incorporation into a tissue of interest in vivo through
contact with existing cells of the tissue.
[0069] By "exogenously expressed" is meant expressing a polypeptide
or polynucleotide that is not naturally expressed at a functionally
significant level in the cell. For example, a recombinant
polypeptide that is introduced into the cell using an expression
vector is an example of an exogenously expressed polypeptide. In
other example, the cell expresses a heterologous polypeptide or
polynucleotide.
[0070] A "labeled nucleic acid or polypeptide" is one that is
bound, either covalently, through a linker or a chemical bond, or
noncovalently, through ionic bonds, van der Waals forces,
electrostatic attractions, hydrophobic interactions, or hydrogen
bonds, to a label such that the presence of the nucleic acid or
probe may be detected by detecting the presence of the label bound
to the nucleic acid or probe.
[0071] By "fragment" is meant a portion of a polypeptide or nucleic
acid molecule. This portion contains, preferably, at least 10%,
20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the entire length of
the reference nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide. A fragment may
contain 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100, 200, 300, 400,
500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000 nucleotides or amino acids.
[0072] By "fusion protein" is meant a protein that combines at
least two amino acid sequence that are not naturally
contiguous.
[0073] By "identity" is meant the amino acid or nucleic acid
sequence identity between a sequence of interest and a reference
sequence. Sequence identity is typically measured using sequence
analysis software (for example, Sequence Analysis Software Package
of the Genetics Computer Group, University of Wisconsin
Biotechnology Center, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wis. 53705,
BLAST, BESTFIT, GAP, or PILEUP/PRETTYBOX programs). Such software
matches identical or similar sequences by assigning degrees of
homology to various substitutions, deletions, and/or other
modifications. Conservative substitutions typically include
substitutions within the following groups: glycine, alanine;
valine, isoleucine, leucine; aspartic acid, glutamic acid,
asparagine, glutamine; serine, threonine; lysine, arginine; and
phenylalanine, tyrosine. In an exemplary approach to determining
the degree of identity, a BLAST program may be used, with a
probability score between e.sup.-3 and e.sup.-100 indicating a
closely related sequence.
[0074] By "hybridize" is meant pair to form a double-stranded
molecule between complementary polynucleotide sequences (e.g.,
genes listed in Tables 1 and 2), or portions thereof, under various
conditions of stringency. (See, e.g., Wahl, G. M. and S. L. Berger
(1987) Methods Enzymol. 152:399; Kimmel, A. R. (1987) Methods
Enzymol. 152:507).
[0075] For example, stringent salt concentration will ordinarily be
less than about 750 mM NaCl and 75 mM trisodium citrate, preferably
less than about 500 mM NaCl and 50 mM trisodium citrate, and most
preferably less than about 250 mM NaCl and 25 mM trisodium citrate.
Low stringency hybridization can be obtained in the absence of
organic solvent, e.g., formamide, while high stringency
hybridization can be obtained in the presence of at least about 35%
formamide, and most preferably at least about 50% formamide.
Stringent temperature conditions will ordinarily include
temperatures of at least about 30.degree. C., more preferably of at
least about 37.degree. C., and most preferably of at least about
42.degree. C. Varying additional parameters, such as hybridization
time, the concentration of detergent, e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate
(SDS), and the inclusion or exclusion of carrier DNA, are well
known to those skilled in the art. Various levels of stringency are
accomplished by combining these various conditions as needed. In a
preferred: embodiment, hybridization will occur at 30.degree. C. in
750 mM NaCl, 75 mM trisodium citrate, and 1% SDS. In a more
preferred embodiment, hybridization will occur at 37.degree. C. in
500 mM NaCl, 50 mM trisodium citrate, 1% SDS, 35% formamide, and
100 .mu.g/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA (ssDNA). In a most
preferred embodiment, hybridization will occur at 42.degree. C. in
250 mM NaCl, 25 mM trisodium citrate, 1% SDS, 50% formamide, and
200 .mu.g/ml ssDNA. Useful variations on these conditions will be
readily apparent to those skilled in the art.
[0076] For most applications, washing steps that follow
hybridization will also vary in stringency. Wash stringency
conditions can be defined by salt concentration and by temperature.
As above, wash stringency can be increased by decreasing salt
concentration or by increasing temperature. For example, stringent
salt concentration for the wash steps will preferably be less than
about 30 mM NaCl and 3 mM trisodium citrate, and most preferably
less than about 15 mM NaCl and 1.5 mM trisodium citrate. Stringent
temperature conditions for the wash steps will ordinarily include a
temperature of at least about 25.degree. C., more preferably of at
least about 42.degree. C., and most preferably of at least about
68.degree. C. In a preferred embodiment, wash steps will occur at
25.degree. C. in 30 mM NaCl, 3 mM trisodium citrate, and 0.1% SDS.
In a more preferred embodiment, wash steps will occur at 42.degree.
C. in 15 mM NaCl, 1.5 mM trisodium citrate, and 0.1% SDS. In a most
preferred embodiment, wash steps will occur at 68.degree. C. in 15
mM NaCl, 1.5 mM trisodium citrate, and 0.1% SDS. Additional
variations on these conditions will be readily apparent to those
skilled in the art. Hybridization techniques are well known to
those skilled in the art and are described, for example, in Benton
and Davis (Science 196:180, 1977); Grunstein and Hogness (Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 72:3961, 1975); Ausubel et al. (Current
Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley Interscience, New York,
2001); Berger and Kimmel (Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques,
1987, Academic Press, New York); and Sambrook et al., Molecular
Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,
New York.
[0077] By "increases or decreases" is meant a positive or negative
alteration. Such alterations are by 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 85%,
90% or even by 100% of a reference value.
[0078] By "isolated" is meant a material that is free to varying
degrees from components which normally accompany it as found in its
native state. "Isolate" denotes a degree of separation from
original source or surroundings.
[0079] By "isolated nucleic acid molecule" is meant a nucleic acid
(e.g., a DNA) that is free of the genes which, in the
naturally-occurring genome of the organism from which the nucleic
acid molecule of the invention is derived, flank the gene. The term
therefore includes, for example, a recombinant DNA that is
incorporated into a vector; into an autonomously replicating
plasmid or virus; or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or
eukaryote; or that exists as a separate molecule (for example, a
cDNA or a genomic or cDNA fragment produced by PCR or restriction
endonuclease digestion) independent of other sequences. In
addition, the term includes an RNA molecule which is transcribed
from a DNA molecule, as well as a recombinant DNA which is part of
a hybrid gene encoding additional polypeptide sequence.
[0080] By an "isolated polypeptide" is meant a polypeptide of the
invention that has been separated from components that naturally
accompany it. Typically, the polypeptide is isolated when it is at
least 60%, by weight, free from the proteins and
naturally-occurring organic molecules with which it is naturally
associated. In one embodiment, the preparation is at least 75%,
85%, 90%, 95%, or at least 99%, by weight, a polypeptide of the
invention. An isolated polypeptide of the invention may be
obtained, for example, by extraction from a natural source, by
expression of a recombinant nucleic acid encoding such a
polypeptide; or by chemically synthesizing the protein. Purity can
be measured by any appropriate method, for example, column
chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or by HPLC
analysis.
[0081] By "marker" is meant any protein or polynucleotide having an
alteration in expression level or activity that is associated with
a disease or disorder.
[0082] By "matrix" is meant a medium that provides for the
survival, proliferation, or growth of one or more cells. In one
embodiment, a matrix is a cell scaffold comprising a biodegradable
medium.
[0083] By "naturally occurs" is meant is endogenously expressed in
a cell of an organism.
[0084] By "obtaining" as in "obtaining the polypeptide" is meant
synthesizing, purchasing, or otherwise acquiring the
polypeptide.
[0085] By "operably linked" is meant that a first polynucleotide is
positioned adjacent to a second polynucleotide that directs
transcription of the first polynucleotide when appropriate
molecules (e.g., transcriptional activator proteins) are bound to
the second polynucleotide.
[0086] By "polypeptide" is meant any chain of amino acids,
regardless of length or post-translational modification.
[0087] By "positioned for expression" is meant that the
polynucleotide of the invention (e.g., a DNA molecule) is
positioned adjacent to a DNA sequence that directs transcription
and translation of the sequence (i.e., facilitates the production
of, for example, a recombinant polypeptide of the invention, or an
RNA molecule).
[0088] By "promoter" is meant a polynucleotide sufficient to direct
transcription. Exemplary promoters include nucleic acid sequences
of lengths 100, 250, 300, 400, 500, 750, 900, 1000; 1250, and 1500
nucleotides that are upstream (e.g., immediately upstream) of the
translation start site.
[0089] The term "self renewal" as used herein refers to the process
by which a stem cell divides to generate one (asymmetric division)
or two (symmetric division) daughter cells with development
potentials that are indistinguishable from those of the mother
cell. Self renewal involves both proliferation and the maintenance
of an undifferentiated state.
[0090] The term "stem cell" is meant a pluripotent cell or
multipotent stem cell having the capacity to self-renew and to
differentiate into multiple cell lineages.
[0091] By "stem cell generation" is meant any biological process
that gives rise to stem cells. Such processes include the
differentiation or proliferation of a stem cell progenitor or stem
cell self-renewal.
[0092] By "stem cell progenitor" is meant a cell that gives rise to
stem cells.
[0093] By "subject" is meant a mammal, including, but not limited
to, a human or non-human mammal, such as a bovine, equine, canine,
ovine, or feline.
[0094] By "syngeneic," as used herein, refers to cells of a
different subject that are genetically identical to the cell in
comparison.
[0095] As used herein, the terms "treat," treating," "treatment,"
and the like refer to reducing or ameliorating a disorder and/or
symptoms associated therewith. It will be appreciated that,
although not precluded, treating a disorder or condition does not
require that the disorder, condition or symptoms associated
therewith be completely eliminated.
[0096] As used herein, the terms "prevent," "preventing,"
"prevention," "prophylactic treatment" and the like refer to
reducing the probability of developing a disorder or condition in a
subject, who does not have, but is at risk of or susceptible to
developing a disorder or condition.
[0097] By "reference" is meant a standard or control condition.
[0098] Ranges provided herein are understood to be shorthand for
all of the values within the range. For example, a range of 1 to 50
is understood to include any number, combination of numbers, or
sub-range from the group consisting 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,
45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50.
[0099] Unless specifically stated or obvious from context, as used
herein, the term "or" is understood to be inclusive. Unless
specifically stated or obvious from context, as used herein, the
terms "a", "an", and "the" are understood to be singular or
plural.
[0100] Unless specifically stated or obvious from context, as used
herein, the term "about" is understood as within a range of normal
tolerance in the art, for example within 2 standard deviations of
the mean. About can be understood as within 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%,
5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01% of the stated
value. Unless otherwise clear from context, all numerical values
provided herein are modified by the term about.
[0101] Any compositions or methods provided herein can be combined
with one or more of any of the other compositions and methods
provided herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0102] FIGS. 1A and 1B provide vector maps of the following
lentiviral constructs: TRE-PPAR.gamma.2 based on FUGW vector (FIG.
1A) and ubiquitin rtTA M2 (FIG. 1B).
[0103] FIGS. 2A-2C are micrographs showing results from viral
efficiency assays. ADMSC were infected with supernatant eGFP/rtTA
M2 in a 1:2 ratio. Micrographs were generated 24 hours after
doxycycline induction. FIG. 2A shows an overlay of FIGS. 2B and 2C.
FIG. 2B shows cells in brightfield. FIG. 2C shows GFP
expression.
[0104] FIG. 3A-3F are micrographs showing the morphology of
adipocytes derived from human ES cells: Pictures A-B taken in
200.times., C-D in 40.times., E-F 100.times.--magnification. FIGS.
3A-D show cells from the HUES 8 line that were infected with
C/EBP.alpha. and differentiated for 21 days in adipogenic
differentiation medium. FIGS. 3E-3F show cells from the HUES 8 line
that were infected with control rtTA virus and differentiated for
21 days in adipogenic differentiation medium. FIGS. 3A, 3C, and 3E
are bright field images. FIGS. 3B, 3D, and 3F are corresponding
images stained with Bodipy, a fluorescent marker of neutral
lipids.
[0105] FIGS. 4A-4H are micrographs showing the morphology of
adipocytes derived from human ES cells. Pictures were taken in
200.times. magnification. All lines were infected with PPAR.gamma.2
and rtTA M2 and differentiated for 14 days in adipogenic
differentiation medium. FIGS. 4A-4D show the morphology of human
embryonic stem cell HUES-6 line infected with PPAR.gamma.-rtTA).
FIGS. 4E-4H the morphology of human embryonic stem cell ADMSC
infected with PPAR.gamma.-rtTA. FIGS. 4A and 4B show cells in
bright field and corresponding immunostaining for Fatty acid
binding protein 4 (FABP4). FIGS. 4C and 4D show bright field and
corresponding immunostaining for perilipin. FIGS. 4E and 4F show
brightfield and corresponding immunostaining for FABP4; FIGS. 4G
and 4H show brightfield and corresponding immunostaining for
perilipin.
[0106] FIG. 5 provides graphs showing the relative expression of
key adipogenic genes depicted as fold change normalized to HPRT.
Expression was assayed by qRT-PCR of human induced pluripotent stem
cells (BJ#8, blue bars) transduced HUES 8 with either C/EBP.alpha.
left panel), C/EBP.beta. and .delta., or PPAR.gamma. and
C/EBP.beta. and .delta. (right panel), differentiated for 21 days
in adipogenic differentiation medium.
[0107] FIGS. 6A-6G illustrate the generation and characterization
of human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells. FIG. 6A is a
schematic diagram illustrating the experimental scheme for the
generation of hiPS cells. FIG. 6B includes 3 micrographs showing
the morphology of primary human somatic cells from skin biopsy,
hair follicle pull, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)
fraction. FIG. 6C shows the morphology and marker expression in
hiPS colonies. FIG. 6D illustrates results obtained using bisulfite
sequencing of the NANOG and the OCT4 promoter regions containing
differentially methylated CpGs in BJ fibroblasts, BJ
fibroblast-derived hiPS, and WA09 hES cells. Open circles represent
unmethylated CpGs; closed circles denote methylated CpGs. FIG. 6E
shows a microarray analysis of gene expression in hiPS cells. Genes
with greater than two-fold expression level between HUES8 hES cells
and BJ fibroblasts were analyzed. Shown are BJ fibroblasts, HUES8
hES cells, and BJ fibroblast-derived hiPS clones. FIG. 6F provides
micrographs showing the in vitro differentiation of fibroblast and
keratinocyte-derived hiPS cells into lineages from all three germ
layers. Immunostaining for (i) Tuj1 (neuronal), (ii) cardiac
troponin T (cTnT; cardiac muscle) or myosin heavy chain (MF20;
skeletal muscle), and (iii) alpha-fetoprotein (AFP; epithelial,
early endodermal). FIG. 6G provides micrographs showing hematoxylin
and eosin staining of teratomas generated from fibroblast-derived
hiPS cells. Differentiated structures from all three germ layers
were present. (i) Pigmented epithelium (ectoderm), (ii) cartilage
(mesoderm), (iii) gut-like epithelium (endoderm), and (iv) muscle
(mesoderm).
[0108] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating the
differentiation of human ES cells into adipocytes. The images show
ES-derived adipocytes with 20.times. brightfield (top) and DAPI
(blue), perilipin (red) antibody staining.
[0109] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating the directed
differentiation of human pluripotent cells to adipocytes using
adipogenic transcription factors. Depicted above is the strategy to
inducibly express transcription factors in combination with an
adipogenic media cocktail. Along the timeline of differentiation
are gene expression and morphological changes that are expected to
occur as human pluripotent cells adopt an adipocyte cell fate.
[0110] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating the
transcriptional events leading to adipocyte formation. This figure
shows how transcriptional events and protein interactions could
lead a human embryonic stein cell to differentiate to an adipocyte.
It shows some important pathways that are known to play a role in
adipocyte differentiation in mouse and human systems. It also
portrays the mechanisms by which growth factors and chemical
compounds interact with these pathways. The underlying network of
effectors is highly complex; for example, there are more than 100
specific transcription factors active in adipocytes and many of
them form complexes with different co-activators and
histone-remodeling complexes.
[0111] FIG. 10 describes the 9p21.3 DM and MI loci, with
superimposed HapMap CEU (European) linkage disequilibrium map and
local genes/transcripts.
[0112] FIGS. 11A-11B show the strategy for performing homologous
recombination in HUES or iPS cells. FIG. 11B is a photograph of an
agarose gel with PCR products, which confirm that successful
recombination occurred in a HUES-8 clone (#3) with dual PCR
screening at 5' and 3' ends [primer positions indicated in
(A)].
[0113] FIGS. 12A-E document the generation and characterization of
human induced pluripotent stem (human iPS) cells. FIG. 12A is a
schematic diagram illustrating an experimental scheme for the
generation of human iPS cells. FIG. 12B provides micrographs of
primary human somatic cells from skin biopsy, hair follicle pull,
and PBMC fraction. FIG. 12C shows morphology and marker expression
in human iPS colonies.
[0114] FIG. 12D shows the in vitro differentiation of fibroblast
and keratinocyte-derived human iPS cells into lineages from all
three germ layers. Immunostaining for (i) Tuj1 (neuronal), (ii)
cardiac troponin T (cTnT; cardiac muscle) or myosin heavy chain
(MF20; skeletal muscle), and (iii) alpha-fetoprotein (AFP;
epithelial, early endodermal). (E) Hematoxylin and eosin stain of
teratomas generated from fibroblast-derived human iPS cells.
Differentiated structures from all three germ layers were present.
(i) Pigmented epithelium (ectoderm), (ii) cartilage (mesoderm),
(iii) gut-like epithelium (endoderm), and (iv) muscle
(mesoderm).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0115] The invention provides therapeutic compositions comprising
reprogrammed adipocyte cells for use as disease models, therapeutic
compositions comprising reprogrammed adipocyte cells for the
treatment of conditions characterized by a reduction in cell number
or tissue mass, and methods of generating such cells.
[0116] The invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery
of a method for the directed differentiation of human pluripotent
cells into adipocytes. Known regulators of adipogenesis were cloned
into a doxycycline-inducible lentiviral backbone (e.g.
PPAR.gamma.2, C/EBP.alpha., C/EBP.beta., C/EBP.delta., SREBP-1c,
CREB1, and KROX20). As reported herein, the adipogenic activity of
PPAR.gamma.2, C/EBP.alpha., C/EBP.beta. or C/EBP.delta. was
demonstrated by ectopically expressing them in human pluripotent
cells. The viral transduction and inducible expression of
PPAR.gamma.2 and C/EBP factors in human pluripotent cells combined
with the addition of insulin, rosiglitazone, dexamethasone, and
isobutylmethylxanthine to the cells' growth medium resulted in the
appearance of lipid filled cells with large monolocular lipid
droplets. These characteristics are hallmarks of human adipose
tissue. Importantly, these cells were positive for the mature
adipocyte markers CIDEC, FABP4 and perilipin.
[0117] Accordingly, the invention provides a renewable source of
reprogrammed adipocyte cells (also termed reprogrammed adipocytes).
Using this protocol, pluripotent cell derived adipocytes were
routinely generated at an efficiency of .about.20%. Such cells are
useful not only for in therapeutic applications, but also for the
study of diseases associated with adipose dysfunction. Somatic
cells may be obtained from subjects having a genetic disorder of
interest or genetic mutations may be introduced, for example, by
homologous recombination. Adipocytes or reprogrammed adipocyte
cells are then generated from these genetically altered cells
according to the methods of the invention. Cells having one or more
genetic alterations are useful for the study of diseases. In
particular, the invention provides cellular disease models for all
diseases related to metabolic syndrome, including metabolic
syndrome, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, obesity,
lipodystrophy, metabolic disorders, cardiac disease, early-onset
myocardial infarction, and laminopathies.
Obesity
[0118] Obesity is a disease in which natural energy reserves that
are stored in the fatty (adipose) tissue of humans and other
mammals is substantially increased to a point where it is
associated with adverse health effects and mortality. Obesity is a
complex, multi-factorial disease'involving environmental, genetic,
and behavioral components. It is also the second leading cause of
preventable death in the U.S. Obesity substantially increases the
risk of developing a number of related diseases, such as
cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. Current
estimates suggest that as many as 60 million Americans are obese (1
in every 3), and 9 million are severely obese. Alarmingly, the
prevalence of obesity has almost tripled in adults and children
over the past 50 years. Each year, obesity causes at least 300,000
excess deaths in the U.S., and healthcare costs associated with
obesity are approximately $100 billion. Statistics such as these
have caused many to view obesity as a national pandemic.
Adipose Tissue and Adipogensis.
[0119] Adipose tissue is present in all mammals, as well as in a
variety of non-mammalian species. Adipocytes play a central role in
energy homeostasis, and they act as an integrator of various
physiological pathways. Adipocytes store and release energy and
regulate the balance of nutrients in the blood. Through the release
of adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, adipose tissue
communicates with other regulators of energy homeostasis like the
central nervous system, pancreas, and liver. Adipose tissues differ
from many other tissues in that they occur in multiple, dispersed
sites around the body. In general, there are two types of adipose
tissue, brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue. Brown
adipose tissue is only present in significant amounts
peri-naturally in humans, where its primary function is to
dissipate energy in the form of heat. White adipose tissue (WAT)
consists of deposits of fat cells (adipocytes) and supporting
tissue types that are located principally in three anatomical
areas--subcutaneous, dermal, and intraperitoneal. It is the last of
these depots, also known as visceral adipose tissue that poses the
greatest health risk when enlarged. The combination of various
adipose tissue depots is often referred to as the `adipose
organ`.
[0120] In general, adipose depots are comprised of five cell types:
adipocytes, endothelia, fibroblast/stromal vascular cells, immune
cells and nerves. Adipocytes are the primary cellular component of
adipose tissue. Adipocytes comprise as much as 80% of the adipose
depot. Each adipocyte is in close proximity to a blood vessel
(capillary) and the adipose tissue is surrounded by and often
interlaced with fibroblast/stromal vascular cells and a number of
immune cells such as macrophages. Adipose tissue is innervated by
sympathetic and sensory nerves. White adipose tissue is the only
tissue in the body that can markedly change its mass after adult
size is reached. In fact, fat mass can range from 2-3% of body
weight to as much as 60-70% of body weight in humans. In obesity,
fat mass typically exceeds 22% of body weight in males and 32% in
females. The development of obesity is thought to be dependent on
both an increase in fat cell size (hypertrophy) and fat cell number
(hyperplasia).
Lipodystrophy
[0121] Lipodystrophy is a disorder of adipose tissue characterized
by the selective loss of body fat. Patients with lipodystrophy have
a tendency to develop insulin resistance, diabetes, high
triglyceride levels (hypertriglyceridemia), and fatty liver. There
are numerous forms of lipodystrophy. These forms may be
characterized as genetic or acquired forms of the disease. The
genetic forms of lipodystrophy include congenital generalized
lipodystrophy (the Berardinelli-Seip syndrome) and several types of
familial partial lipodystrophy (the Dunnigan type, the Kobberling
type, and the mandibuloacral dysplasia type). The acquired forms of
lipodystrophy include acquired generalized lipodystrophy (the
Lawrence syndrome), acquired partial lipodystrophy (the
Barraquer-Simons syndrome), and lipodystrophy induced by protease
inhibitors used to treat HIV.
[0122] By far the most common form of lipodystrophy is
HIV-associated lipodystrophy. This syndrome occurs in individuals
with HIV infection who are being treated with antiretroviral
medications. Although the term HIV-associated lipodystrophy refers
to abnormal central fat accumulation (lipohypertrophy) and
localized loss of fat tissue (lipoatrophy), some patients have only
lipohypertrophy, some have only lipoatrophy, and, less commonly, a
subset of patients exhibits a mixed clinical presentation.
Lipohypertrophy in this syndrome is characterized by the presence
of an enlarged dorsocervical fat pad, circumferential expansion of
the neck, breast enlargement, and abdominal visceral fat
accumulation. Lipoatrophy is exemplified by peripheral fat wasting
with loss of subcutaneous tissue in the face, arms, legs, and
buttocks. Involvement of the face is most common and carries a
social stigma that may negatively affect the quality of life of
patients with HIV disease and may pose a barrier to treatment and
reduce medical adherence. Other features of HIV lipodystrophy
syndrome include hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance,
hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia. Patients with HIV
lipodystrophy syndrome are at increased risk for the development of
atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus.
Laminopathy and Dunnigan-Type Familial Partial Lipodystrophy
Syndrome Type 2
[0123] A group of human genetic disorders, referred to as
laminopathies, are associated with defects in A-type lamins (lamin
A/C, or LMNA) and their binding partners. The lamin protein is
found at the inner surface of the nuclear envelope where it
supports the structural stability of the nucleus and binds to
numerous nuclear proteins. Mutations in LMNA are responsible for
nine distinct clinical syndromes (e.g., Hutchinson-Guilford
progeria, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, and dilated
cardiomyopathy). It is still unclear how mutations in LMNA promote
particular disease phenotypes, and why certain mutations can give
rise to tissue-specific effects. It has been proposed that the
different phenotypes are due to the different influences on each
mutation in LMNA: 1) structural integrity of nuclear envelope, 2)
interaction with nuclear proteins, and 3) regulation of the
expression of transcription factors.
[0124] Dunnigan-type familial partial lipodystrophy syndrome type 2
(FPLD2) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by a
number of mutations in LMNA gene. Interestingly, mutations
associated with FPLD2 are clustered in the C-terminal domain of the
protein, which has been implicated in DNA binding as well as
binding to nuclear scaffold proteins and transcription factors such
as SREBP1, which is an adipogenic transcription factor. The major
clinical feature of FPLD2 is fat loss in the limbs and trunk, with
elevated fat storage in the neck and face. Patients with FPLD2 have
normal peripheral adipose tissue but experience fat loss at the
onset of puberty. Due to the selective fat loss, they exhibit
metabolic dysfunction such as insulin resistance, glucose
intolerance, lowered plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol,
and accumulation of plasma triglycerides. They often develop
diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, and early-onset
atherosclerosis. While the physiological consequences of LMNA
mutations have been described, very little about the molecular
events underlying the disease is known because of the absence of an
accurate model system. Although animal models have informed our
understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying human
diseases, they often fail to produce relevant and informative
phenotypes. Indeed, Lamin A null mice do not phenocopy human FPLD2.
Reprogrammed adipocyte cells may be generated according to the
methods of the invention from subjects identified as having an LMNA
mutations.
Stem Cells
[0125] As reported herein stem cells are generated from any of a
variety of sources. As reported herein below, induced pluripotent
stem cells are generated from somatic cells by introducing a
combination of two, three or four of the following transcription
factors (OCT4, SOX2, and either cMYC and KLF4 or NANOG and L1N28).
In one embodiment, OCT4 and KLF4 are used to induce pluripotency.
Virtually any somatic cell known in the art can be induced to
become a pluripotent cell. Somatic cells particularly useful in the
methods of the invention include but are not limited to cells
(fibroblasts, keratinocytes) obtained in skin punch biopsies, hair
follicles, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) fractions
from blood draws. Such cells can be induced to become stem cells
using the methods described herein. Other cells useful in the
methods of the invention include embryonic stem cells, adipose stem
cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and hematopoietic stem cells, and
all those known in the art that have been identified in mammalian
organs or tissues.
[0126] The hematopoietic stem cell, isolated from bone marrow,
blood, cord blood, fetal liver and yolk sac, is the progenitor cell
that generates blood cells or following transplantation reinitiates
multiple hematopoietic lineages and can reinitiate hematopoiesis
for the life of a recipient. (See Fei, R., et al., U.S. Pat. No.
5,635,387; McGlave, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,460,964; Simmons, P.,
et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,136; Tsukamoto, et al., U.S. Pat. No.
5,750,397; Schwartz, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,793; DiGuisto, et
al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,599; Tsukamoto, et al., U.S. Pat. No.
5,716,827; Hill, B., et al. 1996.)
[0127] It is well known in the art that hematopoietic cells include
pluripotent stem cells and multipotent progenitor cells.
Hematopoietic stem cells can be obtained from blood products. A
"blood product" as used in the present invention defines a product
obtained from the body or an organ of the body containing cells of
hematopoietic origin. Such sources include unfractionated bone
marrow, umbilical cord, peripheral blood, liver, thymus, lymph and
spleen. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art
that all of the aforementioned crude or unfractionated blood
products can be enriched for cells having "hematopoietic stem cell"
characteristics in a number of ways. For example, the blood product
can be depleted from the more differentiated progeny.
[0128] The embryonic stem (ES) cell has unlimited self-renewal and
pluripotent differentiation potential (Thomson, J. et al. 1995;
Thomson, J. A. et al. 1998; Shamblott, M. et al. 1998; Williams, R.
L. et al. 1988; Orkin, S. 1998; Reubinoff, B. E., et al. 2000).
These cells are derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the
pre-implantation blastocyst (Thomson, J. et al. 1995; Thomson, J.
A. et al. 1998; Martin, G. R. 1981), or can be derived from the
primordial germ cells from a post-implantation embryo (embryonal
germ cells or EG cells). ES and/or EG cells have been derived from
multiple species, including mouse, rat, rabbit, sheep, goat, pig
and more recently from human and human and non-human primates (U.S.
Pat. Nos. 5,843,780 and 6,200,806).
[0129] Embryonic stem cells are well known in the art. For example,
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,200,806 and 5,843,780 refer to primate, including
human, embryonic stem cells. U.S. Patent Applications Nos.
20010024825 and 20030008392 describe human embryonic stem cells.
U.S. Patent Application No. 20030073234 describes a clonal human
embryonic stem cell line. U.S. Pat. No. 6,090,625 and U.S. Patent
Application No. 20030166272 describe an undifferentiated cell that
is stated to be pluripotent. U.S. Patent Application No.
20020081724 describes what are stated to be embryonic stem cell
derived cell cultures.
[0130] Stem cells of the present invention also include mesenchymal
stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells, or "MSCs" are well known in the
art. MSCs, originally derived from the embryonal mesoderm and
isolated from adult bone marrow, can differentiate to form muscle,
bone, cartilage, fat, marrow stroma, and tendon. During
embryogenesis, the mesoderm develops into limb-bud mesoderm, tissue
that generates bone, cartilage, fat, skeletal muscle and
endothelium. Mesoderm also differentiates to visceral mesoderm,
which can give rise to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or blood
islands consisting of endothelium and hematopoietic progenitor
cells. Primitive mesodermal or MSCs, therefore, could provide a
source for a number of cell and tissue types. A number of MSCs have
been isolated. (See, for example, Caplan, A., et al., U.S. Pat. No.
5,486,359; Young, H., et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,735; Caplan, A.,
et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,094; Bruder, S., et al., U.S. Pat. No.
5,736,396; Caplan, A., et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,539; Masinovsky,
B., U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,670; Pittenger, M., U.S. Pat. No.
5,827,740; Jaiswal, N., et al., (1997). J. Cell Biochem.
64(2):295-312; Cassiede P., et 4 (1996). J Bone Miner Res.
9:1264-73; Johnstone, B., et al., (1998) Exp Cell Res. 1:265-72;
Yoo, et 4 (1998) J Bon Joint Surg Am. 12:1745-57; Gronthos, S., et
al., (1994). Blood 84:4164-73); Pittenger, et al., (1999). Science
284:143-147.
[0131] Mesenchymal stem cells are believed to migrate out of the
bone marrow, to associate with specific tissues, where they will
eventually differentiate into multiple lineages. Enhancing the
growth and maintenance of mesenchymal stem cells, in vitro or ex
vivo will provide expanded populations that can be used to generate
new tissue, including breast, skin, muscle, endothelium, bone,
respiratory, urogenital, gastrointestinal connective or
fibroblastic tissues.
[0132] Adipocyte stem cells are isolated from adipose tissue.
Adipose tissue has been shown to contain a population of cells that
retain a high proliferation capacity in vitro and the ability to
undergo differentiation into multiple cell lineages in vitro. These
cells are referred to as adipose stem cells and are biologically
similar, although not identical, to mesenchymal stem cells derived
from the bone marrow. Differentiation causes stem cells to adopt
the phenotypic, biochemical, and functional properties of more
terminally differentiated cells. Such differentiation is achieved
using the methods described herein.
[0133] Biological samples may comprise mixed populations of cells,
which can be purified to a degree sufficient to produce a desired
effect. Those skilled in the art can readily determine the
percentage of stem cells or their progenitors in a population using
various well-known methods, such as fluorescence activated cell
sorting (FACS). Purity of the stem cells can be determined
according to the genetic marker profile within a population.
[0134] In several embodiments, it will be desirable to purify the
cells before, during, or after the differentiation protocol. Cells
of the invention (e.g., induced pluripotent stem cells, embryonic,
mesenchymal, hematopoietic, adipose stem cells, differentiated
adipocytes or reprogrammed adipocyte cells) preferably comprise a
population of cells that have about 50-55%, 55-60%, 60-65% and
65-70% purity (e.g., non-stem and/or non-progenitor cells have been
removed or are otherwise absent from the population). More
preferably the purity is about 70-75%, 75-80%, 80-85%; and most
preferably the purity is about 85-90%, 90-95%, and 95-100%.
Methods of Characterizing Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
[0135] A number of standard analyses are used to determine whether
human iPS cells are completely reprogrammed to a stable pluripotent
state. At a molecular level, human iPS cells are tested for the
expression of pluripotency marker genes (e.g., SSEA-3/4,
Tra-1-60/-81) and the down-regulation of lineage-specific genes
associated with fibroblasts. Such alterations in gene expression
may be confirmed by qRT-PCR and/or immunostaining. Epigenetic
profiling is performed to determine whether the human iPS cells
from FPLD2 patients are similar to hES cells. Pluripotency is also
assessed by gene expression analysis and compared to similar
analysis of human embryonic stem cell lines. At a functional level,
human iPS cells are tested for the ability to differentiate into
all three germ layers in vitro via embryoid body formation and in
vivo by the formation of teratomas when injected into nude mice. To
ensure that the cells have acquired genetic aberrations during in
vitro culture, karyotyping and DNA fingerprinting is carried out.
Fully reprogrammed human iPS are expanded and stocks are frozen for
subsequent use.
Reprogrammed Adipocyte Cells
[0136] Once obtained from a desired source, a stem cell or stem
progenitor cell is maintained in culture. Employing the culture
conditions described in greater detail in the Examples, it is
possible to preserve stem cells of the invention and to stimulate
the expansion of stem cell number in their undifferentiated state.
Differentiation is accomplished by reprogramming pluripotent (e.g.
human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and human induced pluripotent
stem cells (hIPS)) or multipotent cells (e.g. adipose
tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs)) into adipocytes. In
general, the method involves the ectopic expression of an
adipogenic transcription factors that is any one or more of KROX20,
C/EBPalpha, C/EBPbeta C/EBPdelta, CREB1, PPARg2 and SREBP1. These
transcription factors are associated with adipocyte differentiation
and adipocyte identity. Overexpression of one or more of these
factors reprograms the pluripotent or multipotent cells into a fat
storing, reprogrammed adipocyte cell fate. In addition to the
expression of one or more of the genes listed above, donor cells
are cultured in adipogenic differentiation media. In specific
embodiments, the adipogenic differentiation media includes KO
(knockout)-DMEM, KO-DMEM, Plasmanate, antibiotics (e.g.,
Penicillin/Streptomycin), Gluta-Max.TM., 2-Mercaptoethanol,
non-essential amino acids, insulin (e.g., 10 .mu.g/ml),
dexamethasone (e.g., 1.2 .mu.M), rosiglitazone (e.g., 0.5 .mu.M)
and IBMX (e.g., 0.5 mM).
[0137] Cells have been transduced with a virus that allows the
inducible over-expression of PPAR.gamma.2. This results in the
generation of large lipid filled structures (as determined by Oil
Red O staining) and the production of adipocyte specific proteins
such as Perilipin and FABP4/aP2 (as demonstrated by
immunocytochemistry).
[0138] In certain embodiments, except as otherwise provided, the
media used is that which is conventional for culturing cells.
Appropriate culture media can be a chemically defined serum-free
media such as the chemically defined media RPMI, DMEM, Iscove's,
etc or so-called "complete media". Typically, serum-free media are
supplemented with human or animal plasma or serum. Such plasma or
serum can contain small amounts of growth factors. The media used
according to the present invention, however, can depart from that
used conventionally in the prior art.
[0139] The cells are treated with agents to induce differentiation.
Treatment of the stem cells or support cells of the invention may
involve variable parameters depending on the particular type of
agent used. In one embodiment, known regulators of adipogenesis are
expressed in the stem cells. Such regulators include any one or
more of PPAR.gamma.2, C/EBP.alpha., C/EBP.beta., C/EBP.delta.,
SREBP1c, CREB1, and KROX20. In one embodiment, PPAR.gamma.2,
C/EBP.alpha., C/EBP.beta. and/or C/EBP.delta. are expressed in
human stem cells where they induce adipogenesis. In yet another
embodiment, inducible forms of PPAR.gamma.2 and C/EBP factors are
expressed in the stem cells. The stem cells are contacted with any
one or more of insulin, rosiglitazone, dexamethasone, and
isobutylmethylxanthine. It is well within the level of ordinary
skill in the art for practitioners to vary the parameters
accordingly.
[0140] Cells of the invention are cultured on a commercially
available extracellular matrix, such as Mantel.
Methods of Characterizing Reprogrammed Adipocyte Cells
[0141] Adipocytes display a number of morphological and molecular
hallmarks.
[0142] Characteristic adipocyte features are assayed in
reprogrammed adipocyte cells by characterizing general cell
morphology by microscopy using immunostainings, BODIPY neutral
lipid dye, Oil-Red-O staining and/or electron microscopy.
Reprogrammed adipocyte cells may also be characterized using
qRT-PCR assays, global transcriptional profiling, and Western blot
analysis of key adipose proteins.
[0143] In one embodiment, reprogrammed adipocyte cells are assayed
for the expression of one or more of the following adipocyte
markers: PPARy, C/EBPa, C/EBPb, C/EBPd, leptin, adiponectin,
SREBP1c, FABP4, CIDEC. Each of these adipocyte markers is
normalized to the housekeeping gene HPRT. Levels of these markers
can be assayed at the polypeptide or polynucleotide level.
[0144] In another embodiment, immunocytochemistry is used to assay
for any one or more of the following adipocyte markers: FABP4,
CIDEC, PPARy, and/or Glut4.
[0145] Clinical features of particular diseases or conditions are
characterized in reprogrammed adipocyte cells having a desired
genetic alteration. In one embodiment, such cells are generated
from patient's having the disease or condition. Adipocyte pathology
may be assayed by detecting any one or more of the following:
alterations in lipid droplet size within a cell, alterations in the
accumulation of triglyceride as an indication of lipogenesis,
alterations in the release of glycerol as an indication of
lipolysis. An increase or decrease in any of the aforementioned
parameters is detected by comparing normal adipocytes to adipocytes
obtained from a subject having a particular disease or condition,
or to adipocytes containing a desired genetic mutation. Patients
affected with FPLD2 often present with metabolic complications such
as glucose intolerance, insulin resistant, and fatty liver.
Reprogrammed adipocyte cells derived from such patients may be
characterized for glucose uptake. Of particular interest are cells
comprising a L387V and L421P mutations.
[0146] In other embodiments, reprogrammed adipocyte cells of the
invention are analyzed for the response to insulin by measuring
(U-.sup.14C)-D-glucose uptake (Kashiwagi et al., J. Clin Invest 72
(4), 1246-1254 (1983)1983), lipolytic activity by inducing
lipolysis using .beta.-adrenergic receptor agonists and measuring
glycerine concentration using a glycerol assay kit that employs an
ELISA-based coupled enzymatic reaction, de novo synthesis of fatty
acids using (1-.sup.14C) acetate and incorporation of free fatty
acids using (.sup.3H) oleate or (.sup.14C) palmitate.
[0147] In other embodiments, reprogrammed adipocyte cellular
function is evaluated by transplanting the reprogrammed adipocyte
cells into an immunocompromised mouse, sectioning the implanted fat
pads, and looking at vascularization by the host, and/or assaying
the blood for human leptin using an immunoassay (e.g., ELISA).
Tissue Repair
[0148] The invention features methods of repairing damaged tissues
using reprogrammed adipocytes. Reprogrammed adipocytes are cultured
and expanded in vitro. Therapeutic compositions comprising the
cells are administered to a damaged or diseased tissue. For
example, adipocytes of the invention are useful for the treatment
of congenital deformities, posttraumatic repair, cancer
rehabilitation, and other soft tissue defects. Cosmetic surgery
often requires the application of adipose tissue. Traditional
methods of soft tissue reconstruction, as described in U.S. Pat.
No. 5,716,404, can be improved by administering reprogrammed
adipocytes. For example, engineered soft tissue is useful for
cosmetic surgery or for reconstruction of the breast, face, or
other body part after cancer surgery or trauma.
Clinical Correction of Malnutrition
[0149] Patients with profound malnutrition often require a source
of metabolic energy, which has been traditionally provided by
enteral or venous administration of lipids. These are damaging
procedures with known complications including, fat emboli syndrome,
TPN-induced hepatitis, and cholestatis. The present invention
provides transplantable cells, which can contribute metabolic
energy.
Administration of Reprogrammed Adipocyte Cells
[0150] An reprogrammed adipocyte cell of the invention is
administered according to methods known in the art. Such
compositions may be administered by any conventional route,
including injection or by gradual infusion over time. The
administration may, depending on the composition being
administered, for example, be, intravenous, intraperitoneal,
intramuscular, intracavity, subcutaneous, or transdermal. The stem
cells are administered in "effective amounts", or the amounts that
either alone or together with further doses produces the desired
therapeutic response.
[0151] Administered cells of the invention can be autologous
("self") or non-autologous ("non-self," e.g., allogeneic, syngeneic
or xenogeneic). Generally, administration of the cells can occur
within a short period of time following differentiation in culture
(e.g. 1, 2, 5, 10, 24 or 48 hours after treatment) and according to
the requirements of each desired treatment regimen.
Stem Cell Related Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0152] An reprogrammed adipocyte cell of the invention may be
combined with pharmaceutical excipients known in the art to enhance
preservation and maintenance of the cells prior to administration.
In some embodiments, cell compositions of the invention can be
conveniently provided as sterile liquid preparations, e.g.,
isotonic aqueous solutions, suspensions, emulsions, dispersions, or
viscous compositions, which may be buffered to a selected pH.
Liquid preparations are normally easier to prepare than gels, other
viscous compositions, and solid compositions. Additionally, liquid
compositions are somewhat more convenient to administer, especially
by injection. Viscous compositions, on the other hand, can be
formulated within the appropriate viscosity range to provide longer
contact periods with specific tissues. Liquid or viscous
compositions can comprise carriers, which can be a solvent or
dispersing medium containing, for example, water, saline, phosphate
buffered saline, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol,
liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like) and suitable mixtures
thereof.
[0153] Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by
incorporating the cells utilized in practicing the present
invention in the required amount of the appropriate solvent with
various amounts of the other ingredients, as desired. Such
compositions may be in admixture with a suitable carrier, diluent,
or excipient such as sterile water, physiological saline, glucose,
dextrose, or the like. The compositions can also be lyophilized.
The compositions can contain auxiliary substances such as wetting,
dispersing, or emulsifying agents (e.g., methylcellulose), pH
buffering agents, gelling or viscosity enhancing additives,
preservatives, flavoring agents, colors, and the like, depending
upon the route of administration and the preparation desired.
Standard texts, such as "REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE", 17th
edition, 1985, incorporated herein by reference, may be consulted
to prepare suitable preparations, without undue
experimentation.
[0154] Various additives which enhance the stability and sterility
of the compositions, including antimicrobial preservatives,
antioxidants, chelating agents, and buffers, can be added.
Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be ensured by
various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens,
chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like. The compositions
can be isotonic, i.e., they can have the same osmotic pressure as
blood and lacrimal fluid. The desired isotonicity of the
compositions of this invention may be accomplished using sodium
chloride, or other pharmaceutically acceptable agents such as
dextrose, boric acid, sodium tartrate, propylene glycol or other
inorganic or organic solutes. Sodium chloride is preferred
particularly for buffers containing sodium ions.
[0155] A method to potentially increase cell survival when
introducing the cells into a subject in need thereof is to
incorporate stem cells of interest into a biopolymer or synthetic
polymer. Depending on the subject's condition, the site of
injection might prove inhospitable for cell seeding and growth
because of scarring or other impediments. Examples of biopolymer
include, but are not limited to, cells mixed with fibronectin,
fibrin, fibrinogen, thrombin, collagen, and proteoglycans. This
could be constructed with or without included expansion or
differentiation factors. Additionally, these could be in
suspension, but residence time at sites subjected to flow would be
nominal. Another alternative is a three-dimensional gel with cells
entrapped within the interstices of the cell biopolymer admixture.
Again, expansion or differentiation factors could be included with
the cells. These could be deployed by injection via various routes
described herein.
[0156] Those skilled in the art will recognize that the components
of the compositions should be selected to be chemically inert and
will not affect the viability or efficacy of the stem cells or
their progenitors as described in the present invention. This will
present no problem to those skilled in chemical and pharmaceutical
principles, or problems can be readily avoided by reference to
standard texts or by simple experiments (not involving undue
experimentation), from this disclosure and the documents cited
herein.
[0157] One consideration concerning the therapeutic use of stem
cells is the quantity of cells necessary to achieve an optimal
effect. Different scenarios may require optimization of the amount
of cells injected into a tissue of interest. Thus, the quantity of
cells to be administered will vary for the subject being treated.
The precise determination of what would be considered an effective
dose may be based on factors individual to each patient, including
their size, age, sex, weight, and condition of the particular
patient. As few as 100-1000 cells can be administered for certain
desired applications among selected patients. Therefore, dosages
can be readily ascertained by those skilled in the art from this
disclosure and the knowledge in the art.
[0158] The skilled artisan can readily determine the amount of
cells and optional additives, vehicles, and/or carrier in
compositions and to be administered in methods of the invention. Of
course, for any composition to be administered to an animal or
human, and for any particular method of administration, it is
preferred to determine therefore: toxicity, such as by determining
the lethal dose (LD) and LD.sub.50 in a suitable animal model e.g.,
rodent such as mouse; and, the dosage of the composition(s),
concentration of components therein and timing of administering the
composition(s), which elicit a suitable response. Such
determinations do not require undue experimentation from the
knowledge of the skilled artisan, this disclosure and the documents
cited herein. And, the time for sequential administrations can be
ascertained without undue experimentation.
Methods for Creating Genetically Altered Stem Cells
[0159] Genetic alteration of a stem cell includes all transient and
stable changes of the cellular genetic material relative to a
wild-type reference sequence. In one embodiment, stem cells having
genetic alterations of interest are isolated from subjects that
have the genetic alteration. In another embodiment, stem cells
having a desired mutation are generated by homologous
recombination. In still other embodiments, genetic alterations are
created by the addition of exogenous genetic material. In one
embodiment, a population of cells that includes stem cells are
transfected with an inhibitory nucleic acid molecule (e.g., siRNA,
shRNA, antisense oligonucleotides). Such nucleic acid molecules
inhibit the expression of a gene of interest (e.g., a gene
associated with metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes mellitus,
insulin resistance, obesity, lipodystrophy, metabolic disorders,
cardiac disease, early-onset myocardial infarction, and
laminopathies). In one approach, an inhibitory nucleic acid
molecule is introduced directly into a target cell, such as an
induced pluripotent stem cell, human embryonic stem cell or other
stem cell, such that the inhibitory nucleic acid molecule reduces
expression of a gene of interest in the cell. In another approach,
the target cell is transduced with an expression vector that
encodes an inhibitory nucleic acid molecule. Expression of the
inhibitory nucleic acid molecule in the target cell reduces target
gene expression. Other exemplary genetic alterations include any
gene therapy procedure, such as introduction of a mutated gene to
replace an wild-type gene or introduction of a vector that encodes
a dominant negative gene product. Exogenous genetic material
includes nucleic acids or oligonucleotides, either natural or
synthetic, that are introduced into the stem cells.
[0160] In particular, the invention provides adipocyte cellular
disease models having genetic alterations in genes associated with
metabolic syndrom, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance,
obesity, lipodystrophy, metabolic disorders, cardiac disease,
early-onset myocardial infarction, and laminopathies.
Exogenous Polypeptide Expression
[0161] As described herein, pluripotency is induced by expressing
in a somatic cell a lentiviral vector encoding OCT4, SOX2, and
either cMYC and KLF4 or NANOG and LIN28. In one embodiment, Oct4
and KLF4 are introduced. The stem cells and induced pluripotent
cells described herein are then modified to express transcription
factor polypeptides (e.g., PPAR.gamma.2, C/EBP.alpha., C/EBP.beta.,
C/EBP.delta., SREBP1c, CREB1, and KROX20). If desired, cells of the
invention can be further modified to express any other polypeptide
of interest. Expression of these polypeptides is not limited to the
vectors and methods described herein. Various techniques may be
employed for introducing nucleic acids into cells. Such techniques
include transfection of nucleic acid-CaPO.sub.4 precipitates,
transfection of nucleic acids associated with DEAE, transfection
with a retrovirus including the nucleic acid of interest, liposome
mediated transfection, and the like.
[0162] One method of introducing exogenous genetic material into
cells involves transducing the cells in situ using
replication-deficient retroviruses. Replication-deficient
retroviruses are capable of directing synthesis of all virion
proteins, but are incapable of making infectious particles.
Accordingly, these genetically altered retroviral vectors have
general utility for high-efficiency transduction of genes in
cultured cells, and specific utility for use in the method of the
present invention. Retroviruses have been used extensively for
transferring genetic material into cells. Standard protocols for
producing replication-deficient retroviruses (including the steps
of incorporation of exogenous genetic material into a plasmid,
transfection of a packaging cell line with plasmid, production of
recombinant retroviruses by the packaging cell line, collection of
viral particles from tissue culture media, and infection of the
target cells with the viral particles) are provided in the art.
[0163] Because viruses insert efficiently a single copy of the gene
encoding the agent into the host cell genome, retroviruses permit
the exogenous genetic material to be passed on to the progeny of
the cell when it divides. In addition, gene promoter sequences in
the LTR region have been reported to enhance expression of an
inserted coding sequence in a variety of cell types. Delivery of an
effective amount of an agent via a retrovirus can be efficacious if
the efficiency of transduction is high and/or the number of target
cells available for transduction is high.
[0164] Yet another viral candidate useful as an expression vector
for transformation of cells is the adenovirus, a double-stranded
DNA virus. Like the retrovirus, the adenovirus genome is adaptable
for use as an expression vector for gene transduction, i.e., by
removing the genetic information that controls production of the
virus itself. Because the adenovirus functions usually in an
extrachromosomal fashion, the recombinant adenovirus does not have
the theoretical problem of insertional mutagenesis. On the other
hand, adenoviral transformation of a target cell may not result in
stable transduction. However, more recently it has been reported
that certain adenoviral sequences confer intrachromosomal
integration specificity to carrier sequences, and thus result in a
stable transduction of the exogenous genetic material.
[0165] Other viral vectors that can be used include, for example, a
vaccinia virus, a bovine papilloma virus, or a herpes virus, such
as Epstein-Barr Virus (also see, for example, the vectors of
Miller, Human Gene Therapy 15-14, 1990; Friedman, Science
244:1275-1281, 1989; Eglitis et al., BioTechniques 6:608-614, 1988;
Tolstoshev et al., Current Opinion in Biotechnology 1:55-61, 1990;
Sharp, The Lancet 337:1277-1278, 1991; Cornetta et al., Nucleic
Acid Research and Molecular Biology 36:311-322, 1987; Anderson,
Science 226:401-409, 1984; Moen, Blood Cells 17:407-416, 1991;
Miller et al., Biotechnology 7:980-990, 1989; Le Gal La Salle et
al., Science 259:988-990, 1993; and Johnson, Chest 107:77 S-83S,
1995).
[0166] Thus, as will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the
art, a variety of suitable vectors are available for transferring
exogenous genetic material into cells. The selection of an
appropriate vector to deliver an agent and the optimization of the
conditions for insertion of the selected expression vector into the
cell, are within the scope of one of ordinary skill in the art
without the need for undue experimentation. The promoter
characteristically has a specific nucleotide sequence necessary to
initiate transcription. Optionally, the exogenous genetic material
further includes additional sequences (i.e., enhancers) required to
obtain the desired gene transcription activity. For the purpose of
this discussion an "enhancer" is simply any nontranslated DNA
sequence which works contiguous with the coding sequence (in cis)
to change the basal transcription level dictated by the promoter.
Preferably, the exogenous genetic material is introduced into the
cell genome immediately downstream from the promoter so that the
promoter and coding sequence are operatively linked so as to permit
transcription of the coding sequence. A preferred retroviral
expression vector includes an exogenous promoter element to control
transcription of the inserted exogenous gene. Such exogenous
promoters include both constitutive and inducible promoters.
[0167] Naturally-occurring constitutive promoters control the
expression of essential cell functions. As a result, a gene under
the control of a constitutive promoter is expressed under all
conditions of cell growth. Exemplary constitutive promoters include
the promoters for the following genes which encode certain
constitutive or "housekeeping" functions: hypoxanthine
phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)
(Scharfmann et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
88:4626-4630), adenosine deaminase, phosphoglycerol kinase (PGK),
pyruvate kinase, phosphoglycerol mutase, the actin promoter (Lai et
al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86:10006-10010), and other
constitutive promoters known to those of skill in the art. In
addition, many viral promoters function constitutively in
eukaryotic cells. These include: the early and late promoters of
SV40; the long terminal repeats (LTRS) of Moloney Leukemia Virus
and other retroviruses; and the thymidine kinase promoter of Herpes
Simplex Virus, among many others. Accordingly, any of the
above-referenced constitutive promoters can be used to control
transcription of a heterologous gene insert.
[0168] Genes that are under the control of inducible promoters are
expressed only or to a greater degree, in the presence of an
inducing agent, (e.g., transcription under control of the
metallothionein promoter is greatly increased in presence of
certain metal ions). Inducible promoters include responsive
elements (REs) which stimulate transcription when their inducing
factors are bound. For example, there are REs for serum factors,
steroid hormones, retinoic acid and cyclic AMP. Promoters
containing a particular RE can be chosen in order to obtain an
inducible response and in some cases, the RE itself may be attached
to a different promoter, thereby conferring inducibility to the
recombinant gene. Thus, by selecting the appropriate promoter
(constitutive versus inducible; strong versus weak), it is possible
to control both the existence and level of expression of an agent
in the genetically modified cell. Selection and optimization of
these factors for delivery of an is deemed to be within the scope
of one of ordinary skill in the art without undue experimentation,
taking into account the above-disclosed factors.
[0169] In addition to at least one promoter and at least one
heterologous nucleic acid, the expression vector preferably
includes a selection gene, for example, a neomycin resistance gene,
for facilitating selection of cells that have been transfected or
transduced with the expression vector. Alternatively, the cells are
transfected with two or more expression vectors, at least one
vector containing the gene(s) encoding the therapeutic agent(s),
the other vector containing a selection gene. The selection of a
suitable promoter, enhancer, selection gene and/or signal sequence
is deemed to be within the scope of one of ordinary skill in the
art without undue experimentation.
[0170] A variety of expression systems exist for the production of
the polypeptides of the invention. Expression vectors useful for
producing such polypeptides include, without limitation,
chromosomal, episomal, and virus-derived vectors, e.g., vectors
derived from bacterial plasmids, from bacteriophage, from
transposons, from yeast episomes, from insertion elements, from
yeast chromosomal elements, from viruses such as baculoviruses,
papova viruses, such as SV40, vaccinia viruses, adenoviruses, fowl
pox viruses, pseudorabies viruses and retroviruses, and vectors
derived from combinations thereof.
[0171] One particular bacterial expression system for polypeptide
production is the E. coli pET expression system (e.g., pET-28)
(Novagen, Inc., Madison, Wis.). According to this expression
system, DNA encoding a polypeptide is inserted into a pET vector in
an orientation designed to allow expression. Since the gene
encoding such a polypeptide is under the control of the T7
regulatory signals, expression of the polypeptide is achieved by
inducing the expression of T7 RNA polymerase in the host cell. This
is typically achieved using host strains that express T7 RNA
polymerase in response to IPTG induction. Once produced,
recombinant polypeptide is then isolated according to standard
methods known in the art, for example, those described herein.
[0172] Another bacterial expression system for polypeptide
production is the pGEX expression system (Pharmacia). This system
employs a GST gene fusion system that is designed for high-level
expression of genes or gene fragments as fusion proteins with rapid
purification and recovery of functional gene products. The protein
of interest is fused to the carboxyl terminus of the glutathione
S-transferase protein from Schistosoma japonicum and is readily
purified from bacterial lysates by affinity chromatography using
Glutathione Sepharose 4B. Fusion proteins can be recovered under
mild conditions by elution with glutathione. Cleavage of the
glutathione S-transferase domain from the fusion protein is
facilitated by the presence of recognition sites for site-specific
proteases upstream of this domain. For example, proteins expressed
in pGEX-2T plasmids may be cleaved with thrombin; those expressed
in pGEX-3X may be cleaved with factor Xa.
[0173] Alternatively, recombinant polypeptides of the invention are
expressed in Pichia pastoris, a methylotrophic yeast. Pichia is
capable of metabolizing methanol as the sole carbon source. The
first step in the metabolism of methanol is the oxidation of
methanol to formaldehyde by the enzyme, alcohol oxidase. Expression
of this enzyme, which is coded for by the AOX1 gene is induced by
methanol. The AOX1 promoter can be used for inducible polypeptide
expression or the GAP promoter for constitutive expression of a
gene of interest.
[0174] Once the recombinant polypeptide of the invention is
expressed, it is isolated, for example, using affinity
chromatography. In one example, an antibody (e.g., produced as
described herein) raised against a polypeptide of the invention may
be attached to a column and used to isolate the recombinant
polypeptide. Lysis and fractionation of polypeptide-harboring cells
prior to affinity chromatography may be performed by standard
methods (see, e.g., Ausubel et al., supra). Alternatively, the
polypeptide is isolated using a sequence tag, such as a
hexahistidine tag, that binds to nickel column.
[0175] Once isolated, the recombinant protein can, if desired, be
further purified, e.g., by high performance liquid chromatography
(see, e.g., Fisher, Laboratory Techniques In Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, eds., Work and Burdon, Elsevier, 1980).
Polypeptides of the invention, particularly short peptide
fragments, can also be produced by chemical synthesis (e.g., by the
methods described in Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2nd ed., 1984
The Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill.). These general techniques
of polypeptide expression and purification can also be used to
produce and isolate useful peptide fragments or analogs (described
herein).
Adipogenic Polypeptides and Analogs
[0176] The Examples herein describe the expression of adipogenic
polypeptides (e.g., PPAR.gamma.2, C/EBP.alpha., C/EBP.beta.,
C/EBP.delta., SREBP1c, CREB1, and KROX20) in stem cells (iPS,
HUES). Also included in the invention are polypeptides or fragments
thereof that are modified in ways that enhance their ability to
reprogram a cell. In other embodiments, variations in the sequence
increase protein solubility or yield. For example, the invention
provides a modified adipogenic transcription factor polypeptide
having an enhanced ability to reprogram a stem cell to an
reprogrammed adipocyte cell. The invention provides methods for
optimizing an adipogenic amino acid sequence or nucleic acid
sequence by producing an alteration in the sequence. Such
alterations may include certain mutations, deletions, insertions,
or post-translational modifications. The invention further includes
analogs of any naturally-occurring polypeptide of the invention.
Analogs can differ from a naturally-occurring polypeptide of the
invention by amino acid sequence differences, by post-translational
modifications, or by both. Analogs of the invention will generally
exhibit at least 85%, more preferably 90%, and most preferably 95%
or even 99% identity with all or part of a naturally-occurring
amino, acid sequence of the invention. The length of sequence
comparison is at least 5, 10, 15 or 20 amino acid residues,
preferably at least 25, 50, or 75 amino acid residues, and more
preferably more than 100 amino acid residues. Again, in an
exemplary approach to determining the degree of identity, a BLAST
program may be used, with a probability score between e.sup.-3 and
e.sup.-100 indicating a closely related sequence. Modifications
include in vivo and in vitro chemical derivatization of
polypeptides, e.g., acetylation, carboxylation, phosphorylation, or
glycosylation; such modifications may occur during polypeptide
synthesis or processing or following treatment with isolated
modifying enzymes. Analogs can also differ from the
naturally-occurring polypeptides of the invention by alterations in
primary sequence. These include genetic variants, both natural and
induced (for example, resulting from random mutagenesis by
irradiation or exposure to ethanemethylsulfate or by site-specific
mutagenesis as described in Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis,
Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed.), CSH Press, 1989,
or Ausubel et al., supra). Also included are cyclized peptides,
molecules, and analogs which contain residues other than L-amino
acids, e.g., D-amino acids or non-naturally occurring or synthetic
amino acids, e.g., .beta. or .gamma. amino acids.
[0177] In addition to full-length polypeptides, the invention also
provides fragments of any one of the polypeptides or peptide
domains of the invention. As used herein, the term "a fragment"
means at least 5, 10, 13, or 15 amino acids. In other embodiments a
fragment is at least 20 contiguous amino acids, at least 30
contiguous amino acids, or at least 50 contiguous amino acids, and
in other embodiments at least 60 to 80, 100, 200, 300 or more
contiguous amino acids. Fragments of the invention can be generated
by methods known to those skilled in the art or may result from
normal protein processing (e.g., removal of amino acids from the
nascent polypeptide that are not required for biological activity
or removal of amino acids by alternative mRNA splicing or
alternative protein processing events).
[0178] Adipogenic polypeptide analogs have a chemical structure
designed to mimic the naturally-occurring adipogenic transcription
factor polypeptide's functional activity. Such analogs are
administered according to methods of the invention. Adipogenic
transcription factor polypeptide analogs may exceed the
physiological activity of the original polypeptide. Methods of
analog design are well known in the art, and synthesis of analogs
can be carried out according to such methods by modifying the
chemical structures such that the resultant analogs increase the
reprogramming activity of a reference adipogenic polypeptide. These
chemical modifications include, but are not limited to,
substituting alternative R groups and varying the degree of
saturation at specific carbon atoms of a reference adipogenic
polypeptide. Assays for measuring adipocyte morphology, phenotype,
or functional activity include, but are not limited to, those
described in the Examples below.
Test Compounds and Extracts
[0179] Reprogrammed adipocyte cells having a genetic alteration are
particularly useful in methods of drug screening. In the field of
pharmaceutical research, the use of high-throughput screening has
been an essential tool used to identify therapeutics. Prior to the
present invention, a source of human adipocytes that can generate
the large number of cells necessary for screening has been lacking.
Furthermore, metabolic syndrome and adipose-related diseases, such
as obesity and obesity induced diabetes, are sporadic and
multifactorial. The present invention provides a cellular model for
such diseases, which exhibits the morphological and functional
disease phenotypes useful for disease modeling. Pluripotent or
multipotent (e.g., hESCs/hIPS) that carry a disease genotype are
differentiated into reprogrammed adipocyte cells thus permitting
the in vitro modeling of adipose-related diseases.
[0180] In one embodiment, hESC and/or hIPS that carry a disease
genotype can be differentiated into adipocytes thus permitting the
in vitro modeling of adipose related diseases. Adipocytes derived
from hESC/hIPS provide a system for the discovery of therapeutics
to treat metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin
resistance, obesity, lipodystrophy, metabolic disorders, cardiac
disease, early-onset myocardial infarction, and laminopathies and
other disorders involving adipose tissue. Functional adipocytes can
be differentiated in quantities that allow high-throughput
screening of small compounds, siRNAs or proteins with desirable
pharmacotherapeutic effects. The availability of hESC/hIPS derived
adipocytes will also allow for the genome wide analysis of gene
transcription, epigenetic status and protein synthesis as well as
metabolic activity for varying genetic backgrounds and disease
states.
[0181] Compounds that ameliorate a symptom of a disease delineated
herein (e.g., metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin
resistance, obesity, lipodystrophy, metabolic disorders, cardiac
disease, early-onset myocardial infarction, and laminopathies) are
identified from large libraries of natural product or synthetic (or
semi-synthetic) extracts or chemical libraries according to methods
known in the art. The compounds are then screened for the desired
activity. Those skilled in the field of drug discovery and
development will understand that the precise source of test
extracts or compounds is not critical to the screening procedure(s)
of the invention. Agents used in screens may include known
compounds (for example, known therapeutics used for other diseases
or disorders). Alternatively, virtually any number of unknown
chemical extracts or compounds can be screened using the methods
described herein. Examples of such extracts or compounds include,
but are not limited to, plant-, fungal-, prokaryotic- or
animal-based extracts, fermentation broths, and synthetic
compounds.
[0182] Libraries of natural agents in the form of bacterial,
fungal, plant, and animal extracts are commercially available from
a number of sources, including Biotics (Sussex, UK), Xenova
(Slough, UK), Harbor Branch Oceangraphics Institute (Ft. Pierce,
Fla.), and PharmaMar, U.S.A. (Cambridge, Mass.). Such agents can be
modified using methods known in the art and described herein. In
addition, natural and synthetically produced libraries are
produced, if desired, according to methods known in the art, e.g.,
by standard extraction and fractionation methods. Examples of
methods for the synthesis of molecular libraries can be found in
the art, for example in: DeWitt et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
U.S.A. 90:6909, 1993; Erb et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
91:11422, 1994; Zuckermann et al., J. Med. Chem. 37:2678, 1994; Cho
et al., Science 261:1303, 1993; Carrell et al., Angew. Chem. Int.
Ed. Engl. 33:2059, 1994; Carrell et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
Engl. 33:2061, 1994; and Gallop et al., J. Med. Chem. 37:1233,
1994. Furthermore, if desired, any library or compound is readily
modified using standard chemical, physical, or biochemical
methods.
[0183] Numerous methods are also available for generating random or
directed synthesis (e.g., semi-synthesis or total synthesis) of any
number of chemical compounds, including, but not limited to,
saccharide-, lipid-, peptide-, and nucleic acid-based compounds.
Synthetic compound libraries are commercially available from
Brandon Associates (Merrimack, N.H.) and Aldrich Chemical
(Milwaukee, Wis.). Alternatively, chemical compounds to be used as
candidate compounds can be synthesized from readily available
starting materials using standard synthetic techniques and
methodologies known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group
methodologies (protection and deprotection) useful in synthesizing
the compounds identified by the methods described herein are known
in the art and include, for example, those such as described in R.
Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers
(1989); T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in
Organic Synthesis, 2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons (1991); L. Fieser
and M. Fieser, Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis,
John Wiley and Sons (1994); and L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of
Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995), and
subsequent editions thereof.
[0184] Libraries of compounds may be presented in solution (e.g.,
Houghten, Biotechniques 13:412-421, 1992), or on beads (Lam, Nature
354:82-84, 1991), chips (Fodor, Nature 364:555-556, 1993), bacteria
(Ladner, U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409), spores (Ladner U.S. Pat. No.
5,223,409), plasmids (Cull et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
89:1865-1869, 1992) or on phage (Scott and Smith, Science
249:386-390, 1990; Devlin, Science 249:404-406, 1990; Cwirla et al.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87:6378-6382, 1990; Felici, J. Mol. Biol.
222:301-310, 1991; Ladner supra.).
[0185] In addition, those skilled in the art of drug discovery and
development readily understand that methods for dereplication
(e.g., taxonomic dereplication, biological dereplication, and
chemical dereplication, or any combination thereof) or the
elimination of replicates or repeats of materials already known for
their activity should be employed whenever possible.
When a crude extract is found to have a desired activity further
fractionation of the positive lead extract is necessary to isolate
molecular constituents responsible for the observed effect. Thus,
the goal of the extraction, fractionation, and purification process
is the careful characterization and identification of a chemical
entity within the crude extract that reprograms a cell (e.g., an
adult cell or embryonic stem cell) or that enhances regeneration.
Methods of fractionation and purification of such heterogenous
extracts are known in the art. If desired, compounds shown to be
useful as therapeutics are chemically modified according to methods
known in the art.
Kits
[0186] The invention provides kits for promoting reprogrammed
adipocyte cell differentiation, as well as kits for the engraft
went of a reprogrammed adipocyte cell into a tissue of a subject.
In one embodiment, the kit includes a therapeutic composition
containing an effective amount of an reprogrammed adipocyte cell in
unit dosage form. In one embodiment, the kit comprises a sterile
container which contains a number of multipotent or induced
pluripotent stem cells or reprogrammed adipocyte cells; such
containers can be boxes, ampules, bottles, vials, tubes, bags,
pouches, blister-packs, or other suitable container forms known in
the art. Such containers can be made of plastic, glass, laminated
paper, metal foil, or other materials suitable for holding
medicaments.
[0187] If desired an multipotent or induced pluripotent stem cell
is provided together with compositions and instructions for
differentiating it in vitro. In another embodiment, the kit
includes instructions for administering an reprogrammed adipocyte
cell to a tissue of a subject. The instructions will generally
include information about the use of the composition or the
engraftment of the reprogrammed adipocyte cell in a tissue. In
other embodiments, the instructions include at least one of the
following: description of the adipogenic vectors; dosage schedule
and administration; precautions; warnings; indications;
counter-indications; overdosage information; adverse reactions;
animal pharmacology; clinical studies; and/or references. The
instructions may be printed directly on the container (when
present), or as a label applied to the container, or as a separate
sheet, pamphlet, card, or folder supplied in or with the
container.
[0188] In another aspect, the invention provides kits that feature
expression vectors useful for the differentiation of an
reprogrammed adipocyte cell.
[0189] The practice of the present invention employs, unless
otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of molecular biology
(including recombinant techniques), microbiology, cell biology,
biochemistry and immunology, which are well within the purview of
the skilled artisan. Such techniques are explained fully in the
literature, such as, "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual",
second edition (Sambrook, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold
Spring Harbor, N.Y. 1989); "Oligonucleotide Synthesis" (Gait, IRL
Press, Oxford 1984); "Animal Cell Culture" (Freshney, Alan R. Liss,
Inc., N.Y. 1987); "Methods in Enzymology" "Handbook of Experimental
Immunology" (Weir, Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, 1996);
"Gene Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells" (Miller and Calos, Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1987); "Current Protocols in Molecular
Biology" (Ausubel, 1987); "PCR: The Polymerase Chain Reaction",
(Mullis, Birkhauser Boston, Cambridge, Mass. 1994); "Current
Protocols in Immunology" (Coligan, Current Protocols in Immunology
Wiley/Greene, NY1991). These techniques are applicable to the
production of the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the
invention, and, as such, may be considered in making and practicing
the invention. Particularly useful techniques for particular
embodiments will be discussed in the sections that follow.
[0190] The following examples are put forth so as to provide those
of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and
description of how to make and use the assay, screening, and
therapeutic methods of the invention, and are not intended to limit
the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Reprogrammed Adipocyte Cells were Obtained by the Directed
Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells
[0191] Known regulators of adipogenesis were cloned into a
doxycycline-inducible lentiviral backbone (e.g. PPAR.gamma.2,
C/EBP.alpha., C/EBP.beta., C/EBP.delta., SREBP1c, CREB1, and
KROX20) (FIG. 1). To test viral titers human adipocyte-derived
mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) and human embryonic stem cells were
transduced with enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and
reverse tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activator M2
(rtTA-M2) expressing lentiviruses. Fluoresence microscopy of ADMSCs
followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) revealed a
transfection efficiency of 93% (FIGS. 2A-2C) with a similar
efficiency in human embryonic stem cells.
[0192] The adipogenic potential of lentiviral PPAR.gamma.2
overexpression in ADMSCs and human embyronic stem cells was tested.
In both cases there was differentiation into adipocytes at high
efficiency. Of note, discernible differences in cellular morphology
was observed between adipocytes derived from ADMSCs and those
derived from human embryonic stem cells. The ADMSC-derived
adipocytes show numerous small-sized lipid droplets. In contrast,
the adipocytes derived from stem cells showed a mainly monolocular
morphology, characteristic of mature adipocytes.
[0193] Ectopic expression of PPAR.gamma.2, C/EBP.alpha.,
C/EBP.beta. or C/EBP.delta. showed that each of these has
adipogenic activity in human pluripotent cells. In particular, the
viral transduction and inducible expression of PPAR.gamma.2 and
C/EBP factors in human pluripotent cells combined with the addition
of insulin, rosiglitazone, dexamethasone, and
isobutylmethylxanthine to the cells' growth medium resulted in the
appearance of lipid filled cells with large monolocular lipid
droplets reminiscent of cells found in human adipose tissue (FIGS.
3A-3F).
[0194] Importantly, these cells expressed the mature adipocyte
markers CIDEC, FABP4 and perilipin (FIGS. 4A-4H). These methods
provide for the generation of pluripotent cell derived adipocytes
at an efficiency of .about.20%.
[0195] The analysis of 3 hES lines infected with C/EBP.alpha. (no
rtTA), PPAR.gamma.--C/EBP.beta.-C/EBP.delta. and
C/EBP.beta.-C/EBP.delta. is shown in comparison to a control line
BJ-iPS without a transgene. As shown in FIG. 3 C, almost no lipid
accumulation was found in the Bj-IPS. However endogenous
PPAR.gamma. and C/EBP.beta., is found in cells cultured in the
differentiation medium. This did not lead to the formation of
adipocytes and subsequently very low levels of the maturation
marker FABP4, or the mature marker CIDEC were found in quantitative
RT-PCR. The best results were achieved when C/EBP.alpha., was
transduced, but expressed at a relatively low level, due to the
transgene expression via the viral LTRs, independent of doxycycline
induction. PPAR.gamma.transgene expression on the other hand
resulted in robust differentiation when PPAR gamma was strongly
expressed using the rtTA doxycycline induction, as shown in FIG. 2
and corresponding qRT-PCR (FIG. 5).
[0196] Differentiated reprogrammed adipocyte cells are compared to
primary human adipocytes using microarrays for gene expression
analysis. Comparison will be made between cells from primary fat
tissue, adipocytes derived from iPS cells and ADMSCs, and the
starting populations of undifferentiated iPS and ADMSCs. These
cells will also be functionally characterized by assaying (1) the
response to insulin by measuring (U-.sup.14C)-D-glucose uptake
(Kashiwagi, supra), (2) lipolytic activity by inducing lipolysis
using .beta.-adrenergic receptor agonists and measuring glycerine
concentration using a glycerol assay kit that employs an
ELISA-based coupled enzymatic reaction, (3) de novo synthesis of
fatty acids using (1-.sup.14C) acetate and (4) incorporation of
free fatty acids using (.sup.3H) oleate or (.sup.14C) plamitate.
Finally, it will be of interest to assess whether the in vitro
differentiated adipocytes can be maintained in culture without
further induction with doxycyline and standard adipogenic
differentiation medium, or whether these cells will be similarly
difficult to propagate as primary adipocytes.
Example 2
Reprogrammed Adipocyte Cells are Useful for Identifying Genetic
Alterations Associated with Cardiac Pathology
[0197] The methods of the invention provide for the generation of
subject-specific tissues for genetic profiling and other studies
through the use of reprogrammed induced pluripotent stem (iPS)
cells. iPS cell lines can be generated from patient-derived
fibrobasts using methods described by (Park et al., Cell. 2008;
134:877-886; Maherali et al., Cell Stem Cell 3, 340-345).
Fibroblasts suitable for reprogramming have been obtained from
three different sources: skin punch biopsies, hair follicles, and
peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) fractions from blood
draws (FIG. 6B). The cells are transduced with a single
doxycycline-inducible lentivirus that transiently expresses all of
the four genes needed for fibroblast programming into iPS cells
(FIGS. 6A-6D). Vectors and methods for generating induced
pluripotent stem cells are known in the art and described, for
example, in Maherali et al., Cell Stem Cell 3, 340-345, which is
incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. FIG. 6F provides
micrographs showing the in vitro differentiation of fibroblast and
keratinocyte-derived hiPS cells into lineages from all three germ
layers. Pluripotency was also analysed by a microarray analysis of
gene expression in hiPS cells (FIGS. 6E and 6F). Genes with greater
than two-fold expression level between HUES8 hES cells and BJ
fibroblasts were analyzed. Shown are BJ fibroblasts, HUES8 hES
cells, and BJ fibroblast-derived hiPS clones. Immunostaining for
(i) Tuj1 (neuronal), (ii) cardiac troponin T (cTnT; cardiac muscle)
or myosin heavy chain (MF20; skeletal muscle), and (iii)
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP; epithelial, early endodermal) (FIG. 6F).
FIG. 6G provides micrographs showing hematoxylin and eosin staining
of teratomas generated from fibroblast-derived hiPS cells.
Differentiated structures from all three germ layers were present.
(i) Pigmented epithelium (ectoderm), (ii) cartilage (mesoderm),
(iii) gut-like epithelium (endoderm), and (iv) muscle
(mesoderm).
[0198] The lentivirus harbors loxP sites that allow for the use of
Cre recombinase to remove the four genes from cells after
reprogramming is complete. These cells can be used to generate
adipocytes using a doxycycline-inducible, lentivirus-based
differentiation protocol that involves the addition of insulin,
rosiglitazone, dexamethasone, and isobutylmethylxanthine to the
cells' growth medium, along with viral transduction of the reverse
tetracycline transactivator (rtTA) and inducible forms of
PPAR.gamma.2 and C/EBP factors (FIG. 7).
[0199] This provides for the comparison of molecular profiles
obtained from iPS-derived adipocytes to eQTL, analyses of
surgically derived adipose tissue samples. The medical history of
the subjects from which the cells are isolated is defined according
to the following characteristics: body mass index, history of
smoking, age of myocardial infarction, age, gender, blood pressure,
cholesterol level, history of diabetes, or any other medical
condition that may affect adipocyte cellular function.
[0200] Adipocytes having alterations at genetic loci associated
with early-onset myocardial infarction are of particular interest.
In one approach, SNPs in MI-associated genetic loci, for example,
rs4977574 in the 9p21.3 locus are associated with alterations in
the expression of nearby transcripts.
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 1 Replication evidence for four previously
reported common variants associated with premature myocardial
infarction. Studies (maximum available effective Previously
reported SNPs with sample size) convincing replication evidence SNP
rs4977574 rs646776 rs17465637 rs1746048 Chr 9p21 1p13 1q41 10q11
Position 22,088,574 109,530,572 220,890,152 44,095,830 NCBI35 (bp)
Non-risk allele A C A T Risk allele G T C C Risk allele 0.56 0.81
0.72 0.84 frequency Gene(s) of CDKN2A CELSR2 MIA3 CXCL12 interest
in CDKN2B PSRC1 associated SORT1 Studies (maximum interval
TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 2 Five new common variants associated with
early-onset myocardial infarction. Studies (maximum available
Newly-identified effective sample common variants at size)
Newly-identified loci previously reported loci SNP rs9982601
rs12526453 rs6725887.sup.c rs1122608 rs11206510 Chr 21q22 6p24 2q33
19p13 1p32 Position NCBI35 34,520,998 13,035,530 203,454,130
11,024,601 55,268,627 (bp) Non-risk C G T T C allele Risk allele T
C C G T Risk allele 0.13 0.65 0.14 0.75 0.81 frequency Gene(s) of
SLC5A3 PHACTR1 WDR12 LDLR PCSK9 interest in MRPS6 associated KCNE2
interval
[0201] While studies of genomic variation can identify novel
genetic contributors to cardiac disease and myocardial infarction,
such studies fail to address how particular genetic loci affect
gene expression in tissue types relevant to myocardial infarction
(MI). Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analyses of
genotype vs. gene expression can be carried out using adipose and
liver tissue samples surgically obtained from patients; however,
these studies are limited by the number of samples available and,
more importantly, by the samples being obtained from patients
undergoing surgical procedures unrelated to cardiovascular disease.
The present invention provides a renewable source of adipose tissue
that can be readily obtained from subjects who have suffered
premature MI.
Example 3
PPAR.gamma.2 Expression is Sufficient for Adipocyte Differentiation
In Vitro from both hEs Cells and ADMSCs
[0202] As described above, human somatic cells can be directly
reprogrammed in vitro into a pluripotent embryonic stem cell-like
state by introducing a combination of four transcription factors
(OCT4, SOX2, and either cMYC and KLF4 or NANOG and LIN28)
(Takahashi et al., Nat Protoc, 2007. 2(12):3081-9, Yu et al.,
Science, 2007. 318(5858): 1917-20, Lowry et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA, 2008. 105(8): p. 2883-8). These induced pluripotent stem (iPS)
cells are nearly identical to embryonic stem (ES) cells in gene
expression, DNA methylation and chromatin modifications (Takahashi
et al., Nat Protoc, 2007. 2(12):3081-9, Yu et al., Science, 2007.
318(5858): 1917-20, Maherali supra). Using a retroviral system,
human iPS cells have successfully been generated from patients with
a variety of genetic diseases, including Parkinson disease,
Huntington disease, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. A tetracycline
regulatable lentivirus containing each of the four transcription
factors, OCT4, SOX2, cMYC, and KLF4, has been successfully used to
generate human iPS cells from human fibroblasts and keratinocytes.
These methods are also useful to generate human iPS cells from
FPLD2 patient fibroblasts in order to build a cell-based model of
lipodystrophy to address the molecular events involved in
adipogenesis and obesity.
[0203] Fibroblasts cell lines with LMNA mutations from FPLD2
patients were obtained from Dr. Corinne Vigouroux at the University
Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris in Paris, France. The initial phenotype
and genotype characterization was carried out as described (Lowry
et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2008. 105(8): p. 2883-8). The
following cell lines were obtained: LMNA mutation at 1) R482W,
typical FPLD2 mutation found most of patients, 2) H506D, 3) R399H,
4) R582H, and 5) T655fxX49, those mutations exhibit partial
lipodystrophy, 6) L387V with insulin-resistant diabetes, 7) L421P,
patient with obesity (BMI 40.5) and diabetes. These cell lines are
reprogrammed by introducing four transcription factors (OCT4, SOX2,
KLF4, and cMYC) using both a floxed lentiviral system and piggyBac
transposon/transposase system (Soldner, et al., Cell, 2009. 136(5):
964-77, Kaji et al., Nature, 2009. 458(7239):771-5, Woltjen et al.,
Nature, 2009. 458(7239): p. 766-70, Yusa et al., Nat Methods, 2009.
6(5):363-9). After transgene expression, cells are cultured in
human embryonic stem cell conditions as previously described
(Cowan, et al., N Engl J Med, 2004. 350(13): p. 1353-6). The
generation of human iPS cells using these systems takes advantage
of current retrovirus or lentivirus systems. It has been
demonstrated that the delivery of four factors by these system are
relatively efficient in order to generate human iPS cells. More
importantly, transgene expression can be removed from the genome
once cells have achieved a pluripotent state.
[0204] The foxed lentiviral system is based on a polycistronic
lentiviral vector that allows expression of OC4, SOX2, KLF4, and
cMYC which are flanked by two loxP sites. This cassette can be
efficiently excised by the transient expression of Cre recombinase
after successful human iPS cell generation. The piggyBac transposon
is a mobile genetic unit originally found in insects that has been
modified for use in human cells. This transposon can efficiently
integrate into the genome to express multiple transgenes. Our
piggyBac system is designed to express OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and cMYC
and can be removed by the expression of transposase leaving an
unmarked genome. Using these vector technologies, iPS colonies are
isolated and expanded from FPLD2 patient fibroblasts.
[0205] To differentiate human pluripotent (iPS and hES) cells into
adipocytes, transcription factors involved in adipogenesis are
overexpressed, in combination with an adipose differentiation
protocol originally developed for mouse preadipocytes (3T3-L1
cells) (Jessen, Gene, 2002. 299(1-2):95-100). FIG. 8 provides a
schematic diagram illustrating this strategy. Using a
doxycycline-inducible lentivirus system, the genes in the
transcriptional network demonstrated to control terminal adipocyte
differentiation (e.g. PPAR.gamma., CREB1, SREBF1, KLF5, KLF15,
KROX20, C/EBP.beta., C/EBP.delta. and C/EBP.alpha.) (FIG. 9) will
be transduced into human pluripotent cells. The infected cells were
cultured for three days under standard human embryonic stem cell
conditions (Cowan supra). Three days following infection, the cells
were cultured in standard adipocyte differentiation cocktail
containing insulin, dexamethasone, isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX),
and rosiglitazone, a synthetic agonist for PPAR.gamma., and
lentiviral gene expression were induced by the addition of
doxycycline.
[0206] After the cells have achieved a morphology consistent with
mature adipocytes (large unioccular fat droplets) doxycycline will
be removed from the media to ascertain whether this cell state can
be stably maintained without the overexpression of adipogenic
transcription factors. While the initial molecular events of
adipogenesis remain unclear, it is widely accepted that the
transcription factor PPARG is the "master regulator" of terminal
adipocyte differentiation. Indeed, viral overexpression of PPARG2
is sufficient for adipocyte differentiation in vitro from both hES
cells and ADMSCs. However, it is likely that concomitant expression
of other factors will increase the efficiency of adipocyte
differentiation and generate a more robust adipocyte phenotype. A
combinatorial approach will be taken to overexpress the set of
adipogenic transcription factors listed above (FIG. 9).
Example 4
HUES Cells and iPS are Used to Generate an Allelic Series of Cell
Lines on 9p21.3
[0207] Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is rapidly becoming a leading
cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with hundreds of
millions of people projected to develop the disease in the coming
decades. Although much of this increase in incidence is attributed
to environmental factors, e.g., the "Western lifestyle" comprising
increase caloric intake and decreased physical activity, there is a
strong genetic component to the disease as well. Genome-wide
association studies (GWAS) of common single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) have been reported for both type 1 DM (Barrett
et al., Nat. Genet. 2009; 41:703-707) and type 2 DM (Frayling, Nat
Rev Genet. 2007; 8:657-662; Zeggini et al., Nat. Genet. 2008;
40:638-645; Yasuda et al., Nat. Genet. 2008; 40:1092-1097; Unoki et
al., Nat. Genet. 2008; 40:1098-1102; Lyssenko et al., Nat. Genet.
2009; 41:82-88; Bouatia-Naji et al., Nat. Genet. 2009; 41:89-94),
with more than 20 genetic loci identified for the latter. Achieving
an understanding of how these genetic loci contribute to the
pathogenesis of type 2 DM may identify molecular pathways for which
novel antidiabetic therapeutics can be developed to curb the
incidence of the disease and better treat those already with the
disease.
TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 3 SNPs associated with type 2 DM identified in
GWAS. Odds ratio per allele SNP Closest gene P value (95% CI)
rs7901695 TCF7L2 1 .times. 10.sup.-48 1.37 (1.31-1.43) rs10811661
CDKN2A-CDKN2B 8 .times. 10.sup.-15 1.20 (1.14-1.25) rs8050136 FTO 1
.times. 10.sup.-12 1.17 (1.12-1.22) rs13266634 SLC30A8 1 .times.
10.sup.-19 1.15 (1.12-1.19) rs1111875 HHEX-IDE 7 .times. 10.sup.-17
1.15 (1.10-1.19) rs10946398 CDKAL1 2 .times. 10.sup.-18 1.14
(1.11-1.17) rs4402960 IGF2BP2 9 .times. 10.sup.-16 1.14
(1.11-1.18)
[0208] Among the most highly associated genetic loci for type 2 DM
is a region on chromosome 9p21.3 harboring the SNP rs10811661
(P=8.times.10.sup.-15, odds ratio=1.4 for homozygotes for the risk
allele compared to homozygotes for the protective allele). Of the
common genetic variants identified in GWAS to date, this SNP is the
second largest genetic influence on the incidence of type 2 DM
(Table 3) by odds ratio. Linkage disequilibrium defines a minimal
region of =10 kb containing rs10811661, flanked by recombination
hotspots and presumably containing the causal DNA variant(s) (FIG.
10). Remarkably, in an independent set of GWAS studies with
myocardial infarction (MI), SNPs on chromosome 9p21.3 were also
identified as being strongly associated with DM. However, these
SNPs do not coincide with the DM-associated SNPs (Helgadottir et
al., 2008), and they define a .about.60 kb region just proximal to
the DM locus, separated by a recombination hotspot (FIG. 10)
[0209] Neither the DM locus nor the MI locus harbors any known
genes, although the MI locus does harbor predicted exons of a
non-coding RNA, termed ANRIL, of unknown significance. The closest
genes are two cell cycle regulators, the cyclin-dependent kinase
inhibitors CDKN2A and CDKN2B, which lie more than 120 kb upstream
of rs10811661 in the DM locus, and the 5'-methylthioadenosine
phosphorylase (MTAP) gene, which lies even further upstream. It is
unclear whether the causal DNA variants in the diabetes and MI loci
affect the activity of one or more of these genes, or whether they
work through a different mechanism, and how the loci are able to
independently contribute to two very different diseases. Of
relevance may be a study in mice demonstrating that overexpression
of CDKN2A results in decreased pancreatic beta cell proliferation,
whereas knockout of the gene increases beta cell proliferation
(Krishnamurthy et al., 2006).
[0210] Human embryonic stem (HUES) cells offer a powerful model in
which the functional consequences of human genetic variation at the
9p21.3 locus confers risk for DM can be analysed. Human embryonic
stem (HUES) cells offer a more faithful model in which the
functional consequences of human genetic variation can be measured
at the cellular level. By virtue of being pluripotent, HUES cells
can in principal serve as a renewable source of differentiated
cells of any tissue type for analysis. HUES cells and iPS approach
are useful to create an allelic series of cell lines (such as
adipocytes and pancreatic beta cells) at the 9p21.3 DM locus,
offering a novel and unique tool with which to study the
pathogenesis of DM.
[0211] Recognizing that rs10811661 may be in linkage disequilibrium
with the causal variant related to DM--somewhere in the .about.10
kb locus--rather than being the causal variant itself, two
complementary strategies are used to establish that DNA variants in
the DM locus affect local genes in cis--CDKN2A, CDKN2B, MTAP,
ANRIL--or other genes in trans in such a way as to contribute to
disease. Such cells are developed using human embryonic stem (HUES)
cell lines and/or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell lines with
deletion of either the entire .about.10 kb DM locus or with
naturally-occurring differing genotypes at rs10811661 and (2)
perform gene expression profiling in these pluripotent cell lines
as well as HUES/iPS-derived adipose and pancreatic beta cells.
[0212] Homologous recombination in a human embryonic stem (HUES)
cell line (HUES-8) was successfully performed to knock out the
entire .about.10 kb DM locus on one of the chromosomes 9 in the
cell clone. The homologous recombination strategy and confirmation
of the recombinant clone is shown in FIG. 11. Genome-wide
genotyping of a Wide array of HUES cells and identified cell lines
of various genotypes was performed at rs10811661. Induced
pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are derived from patient samples by a
virus-based reprogramming of patient-derived fibroblasts.
Fibroblasts suitable for reprogramming were obtained from three
different sources: skin punch biopsies, hair follicles, and
peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) fractions from blood
draws (FIG. 12). A single doxycycline-inducible lentivirus was
developed that transiently expresses all of the four genes needed
for fibroblast programming into iPS cells. The lentivirus harbors
loxP sites that allow for the use of Cre recombinase to
subsequently remove the four genes.
[0213] The results reported herein were obtained using the
following materials and methods.
[0214] Cell culture media can be made as follows:
Adipogenic Differentiation Media
TABLE-US-00020 [0215] Volume: 651 ml 325.5 ml KO-DMEM 500 ml 250 ml
KO-Serum replacer 65 ml 32.5 ml Plasmanate (human) 65 ml 32.5 ml
Penicillin-Streptomycin 100x Solution 6.5 ml 3.3 ml Gluta-Max .TM.
6.5 ml 3.3 ml 2-Mercaptoethanol Sol. (13.8M) 3.5 .mu.l 1.8 .mu.l
Non-essential Amino Acids Solution 6.5 ml 3.3 ml Insulin 50 nM-25
.mu.g (e.g., 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 .mu.g/ml) Dexamethasone 500 nM-5
.mu.M (e.g., 500 nM, 1.2 .mu.M, 2 .mu.M, 5 .mu.M) Rosiglitazone 100
nM-20 .mu.M (e.g., 100 nM, 5 .mu.M, 10 .mu.M, 20 .mu.M) If desired,
IBMX 500 nM-500 .mu.M (e.g., 500 nm, 100 .mu.M, 250 .mu.M, 500
.mu.M)
hESC Cell Culture Media
TABLE-US-00021 KO-DMEM 500 mL KO serum replacement 65 mL Human
Plasmanate 65 mL Penicillin-Streptomycin 100x Solution 6.5 mL
Gluta-Max .TM. 6.5 mL 2-Mercaptoethanol 1000x (or 3.5uL of 13.8M
solution) 0.65 mL Non-essential Amino Acids Solution 6.5 mL bFGF
~10 ng/mL Alternatively, mTESR culture media (Stem Cell
Technologies) may be used.
ADMSC Cell Culture Media
TABLE-US-00022 [0216] DMEM media 500 mL Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) 55
mL Penicillin-Streptomycin 100x Solution 5.5 mL
Maintenance and Expansion of ADMSCs
[0217] Before transduction cells were expanded until passage four
and were kept at less than 85% confluence. ADMSC Medium was changed
every day 2 days. Passaging was carried out at ratios of 1:3 to
1:4.
Maintenance and Expansion of Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Human
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells on Feeder Conditions
[0218] hESCs and KIPS were cultured as previously described (Cowan,
et al., N Engl J Med, 2004. 350(13): p. 1353-6). Specifically,
cultures were maintained on mitotically inactive MEFs plated on
0.1% gelatin-coated cell culture plates. Cells were passaged upon
reaching confluency while still maintaining phase-bright colonies
and sharp borders. To passage, cells were rinsed twice in DPBS, and
then incubated in 0.05% trypsin at room temperature. Using culture
media, cells were gently rinsed off the plate and briefly
triturated to break up large colonies. Cells were then split
directly onto a new feeder layer. WA09 cells were routinely
passaged every 3-4 days at ratios of 1:6 to 1:8.
Propagation of hES Cells on Matrigel or Geltrex in Chemical Defined
Medium (mTESR, Nutristem, Chem-D)
[0219] To transfer cells hESC from feeder conditions to chemical
defined medium, cells were trypsinized and replated on gelatin
coated dishes in MEF medium. Cells were allowed to settle for 30
minutes to subtract MEF cells. The supernatant and the floating
cells were collected and transferred on matrigel coated TC plates
(6 mg Matrigel for a 15 cm plate) and maintained in the chemical
defined medium. Passaging was carried out before cells reached
confluency. To passage, cells were washed with DMEM, Dispase 1
mg/ml was added and cells were incubated at room temperature until
white ring appears at the outside of colonies. Cells were washed
twice with DMEM and detached from the plates using a cell scraper.
Cells were passaged 1:3 or 1:4 onto new Matrigel coated dishes.
Transduction of ADMSCs and hESCs
[0220] hESC/hIPS or ADMSC were transduced in 6 well format at
sub-confluency by applying equal amounts of rtTA and
Tet-(Transcription factor) virus supernatant. Plates were
centrifuged at 1000 RPM for 50 min at RT. Plates were incubated for
additional 6 hours. Viral supernatant was removed and cells were
cultured until confluency to continue propagation of transduced
cells or to begin differentiation.
Maintenance and Expansion of Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Human
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells on Feeder Conditions
[0221] hESCs and KIPS were cultured as previously described (Cowan,
supra). Specifically, cultures were maintained on mitotically
inactive MEFs plated on 0.1% gelatin-coated cell culture plates.
Cells were passaged upon reaching confluency while still
maintaining phase-bright colonies and sharp borders. To passage,
cells were rinsed twice in DPBS, and then incubated in 0.05%
trypsin at room temperature. Using culture media, cells were gently
rinsed off the plate and briefly triturated to break up large
colonies. Cells were then split directly onto a new feeder layer.
WA09 cells were routinely passaged every 3-4 days at ratios of 1:6
to 1:8.
Propagation of hES Cells on Matrigel or Geltrex in chemical defined
medium (mTESR, Nutristem, Chem-D)
[0222] To transfer cells hESC from feeder conditions to chemical
defined medium, cells were trypsinized and replated on gelatin
coated dishes in MEP medium. Cells were allowed to settle for 30
minutes to subtract MEF cells. The supernatant and the floating
cells were collected and transferred on matrigel coated tissue
culture plates (6 mg Matrigel for a 15 cm plate) and maintained in
the chemical defined medium. Passaging was carried out before cells
reached confluency. To passage, cells were washed with DMEM,
Dispase 1 mg/ml was added and cells were incubated at room
temperature until white ring appears at the outside of colonies.
Cells were washed twice with DMEM and detached from the plates
using a cell scraper. Cells were passaged 1:3 or 1:4 onto new
Matrigel coated dishes.
Transduction of ADMSCs and hESCs
[0223] hESC/hIPS or ADMSC were transduced in 6 well format at
sub-confluency by applying equal amounts of rtTA and
Tet-(Transcription factor) virus supernatant. Plates were
centrifuged at 1000 RPM for 50 min at RT. Plates were incubated for
additional 6 hours. Viral supernatant was removed and cells were
cultured until confluency to continue propagation of transduced
cells or begin of differentiation.
[0224] Following differentiation, cells are assayed for any one or
more of the following adipogenic marker polypeptides or
polynucleotides: PPARy, C/EBPa, C/EBPb, C/EBPd, leptin,
adiponectin, SREBP1c, FABP4, CIDEC, and Glut4.
Staining of Adipocytes with Oil-Red-O
[0225] Media was removed from the culture dishes, and cells were
fixed with 10% formalin. Wells were then washed with 60%
isopropanol followed by air-drying. Oil-Red-O working solution was
applied for 10 minutes. The wells were washed repeatedly using dH2O
and were then imaged.
Adipocyte Staining with BODIPY
[0226] The cell medium was removed and replaced with PBS containing
BODIPY dye (used as a 10 000.times. stock). The staining solution
was removed after 30 minutes and replaced by cell culture medium.
Imaging was done using a fluorescence scope in the GFP channel.
[0227] Nuclear Staining with DAPI
[0228] A DAPI stock solution (1 mg/ml) was used in a 1:1000
dilution. DAPI solution was re-moved after 10 minutes and cells
washed with dH2O.
Other Embodiments
[0229] From the foregoing description, it will be apparent that
variations and modifications may be made to the invention described
herein to adopt it to various usages and conditions. Such
embodiments are also within the scope of the following claims.
[0230] The recitation of a listing of elements in any definition of
a variable herein includes definitions of that variable as any
single element or combination (or subcombination) of listed
elements. The recitation of an embodiment herein includes that
embodiment as any single embodiment or in combination with any
other embodiments or portions thereof.
[0231] All patents and publications mentioned in this specification
are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each
independent patent and publication was specifically and
individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
Sequence CWU 1
1
171360PRTHomo sapiens 1Met Ala Gly His Leu Ala Ser Asp Phe Ala Phe
Ser Pro Pro Pro Gly1 5 10 15Gly Gly Gly Asp Gly Pro Gly Gly Pro Glu
Pro Gly Trp Val Asp Pro 20 25 30Arg Thr Trp Leu Ser Phe Gln Gly Pro
Pro Gly Gly Pro Gly Ile Gly 35 40 45Pro Gly Val Gly Pro Gly Ser Glu
Val Trp Gly Ile Pro Pro Cys Pro 50 55 60Pro Pro Tyr Glu Phe Cys Gly
Gly Met Ala Tyr Cys Gly Pro Gln Val65 70 75 80Gly Val Gly Leu Val
Pro Gln Gly Gly Leu Glu Thr Ser Gln Pro Glu 85 90 95Gly Glu Ala Gly
Val Gly Val Glu Ser Asn Ser Asp Gly Ala Ser Pro 100 105 110Glu Pro
Cys Thr Val Thr Pro Gly Ala Val Lys Leu Glu Lys Glu Lys 115 120
125Leu Glu Gln Asn Pro Glu Glu Ser Gln Asp Ile Lys Ala Leu Gln Lys
130 135 140Glu Leu Glu Gln Phe Ala Lys Leu Leu Lys Gln Lys Arg Ile
Thr Leu145 150 155 160Gly Tyr Thr Gln Ala Asp Val Gly Leu Thr Leu
Gly Val Leu Phe Gly 165 170 175Lys Val Phe Ser Gln Thr Thr Ile Cys
Arg Phe Glu Ala Leu Gln Leu 180 185 190Ser Phe Lys Asn Met Cys Lys
Leu Arg Pro Leu Leu Gln Lys Trp Val 195 200 205Glu Glu Ala Asp Asn
Asn Glu Asn Leu Gln Glu Ile Cys Lys Ala Glu 210 215 220Thr Leu Val
Gln Ala Arg Lys Arg Lys Arg Thr Ser Ile Glu Asn Arg225 230 235
240Val Arg Gly Asn Leu Glu Asn Leu Phe Leu Gln Cys Pro Lys Pro Thr
245 250 255Leu Gln Gln Ile Ser His Ile Ala Gln Gln Leu Gly Leu Glu
Lys Asp 260 265 270Val Val Arg Val Trp Phe Cys Asn Arg Arg Gln Lys
Gly Lys Arg Ser 275 280 285Ser Ser Asp Tyr Ala Gln Arg Glu Asp Phe
Glu Ala Ala Gly Ser Pro 290 295 300Phe Ser Gly Gly Pro Val Ser Phe
Pro Leu Ala Pro Gly Pro His Phe305 310 315 320Gly Thr Pro Gly Tyr
Gly Ser Pro His Phe Thr Ala Leu Tyr Ser Ser 325 330 335Val Pro Phe
Pro Glu Gly Glu Ala Phe Pro Pro Val Ser Val Thr Thr 340 345 350Leu
Gly Ser Pro Met His Ser Asn 355 3602317PRTHomo sapiens 2Met Tyr Asn
Met Met Glu Thr Glu Leu Lys Pro Pro Gly Pro Gln Gln1 5 10 15Thr Ser
Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Asn Ser Thr Ala Ala Ala Ala Gly Gly 20 25 30Asn
Gln Lys Asn Ser Pro Asp Arg Val Lys Arg Pro Met Asn Ala Phe 35 40
45Met Val Trp Ser Arg Gly Gln Arg Arg Lys Met Ala Gln Glu Asn Pro
50 55 60Lys Met His Asn Ser Glu Ile Ser Lys Arg Leu Gly Ala Glu Trp
Lys65 70 75 80Leu Leu Ser Glu Thr Glu Lys Arg Pro Phe Ile Asp Glu
Ala Lys Arg 85 90 95Leu Arg Ala Leu His Met Lys Glu His Pro Asp Tyr
Lys Tyr Arg Pro 100 105 110Arg Arg Lys Thr Lys Thr Leu Met Lys Lys
Asp Lys Tyr Thr Leu Pro 115 120 125Gly Gly Leu Leu Ala Pro Gly Gly
Asn Ser Met Ala Ser Gly Val Gly 130 135 140Val Gly Ala Gly Leu Gly
Ala Gly Val Asn Gln Arg Met Asp Ser Tyr145 150 155 160Ala His Met
Asn Gly Trp Ser Asn Gly Ser Tyr Ser Met Met Gln Asp 165 170 175Gln
Leu Gly Tyr Pro Gln His Pro Gly Leu Asn Ala His Gly Ala Ala 180 185
190Gln Met Gln Pro Met His Arg Tyr Asp Val Ser Ala Leu Gln Tyr Asn
195 200 205Ser Met Thr Ser Ser Gln Thr Tyr Met Asn Gly Ser Pro Thr
Tyr Ser 210 215 220Met Ser Tyr Ser Gln Gln Gly Thr Pro Gly Met Ala
Leu Gly Ser Met225 230 235 240Gly Ser Val Val Lys Ser Glu Ala Ser
Ser Ser Pro Pro Val Val Thr 245 250 255Ser Ser Ser His Ser Arg Ala
Pro Cys Gln Ala Gly Asp Leu Arg Asp 260 265 270Met Ile Ser Met Tyr
Leu Pro Gly Ala Glu Val Pro Glu Pro Ala Ala 275 280 285Pro Ser Arg
Leu His Met Ser Gln His Tyr Gln Ser Gly Pro Val Pro 290 295 300Gly
Thr Ala Ile Asn Gly Thr Leu Pro Leu Ser His Met305 310
3153439PRTHomo sapiens 3Met Pro Leu Asn Val Ser Phe Thr Asn Arg Asn
Tyr Asp Leu Asp Tyr1 5 10 15Asp Ser Val Gln Pro Tyr Phe Tyr Cys Asp
Glu Glu Glu Asn Phe Tyr 20 25 30Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln Ser Glu Leu Gln
Pro Pro Ala Pro Ser Glu Asp 35 40 45Ile Trp Lys Lys Phe Glu Leu Leu
Pro Thr Pro Pro Leu Ser Pro Ser 50 55 60Arg Arg Ser Gly Leu Cys Ser
Pro Ser Tyr Val Ala Val Thr Pro Phe65 70 75 80Ser Leu Arg Gly Asp
Asn Asp Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Phe Ser Thr Ala 85 90 95Asp Gln Leu Glu
Met Val Thr Glu Leu Leu Gly Gly Asp Met Val Asn 100 105 110Gln Ser
Phe Ile Cys Asp Pro Asp Asp Glu Thr Phe Ile Lys Asn Ile 115 120
125Ile Ile Gln Asp Cys Met Trp Ser Gly Phe Ser Ala Ala Ala Lys Leu
130 135 140Val Ser Glu Lys Leu Ala Ser Tyr Gln Ala Ala Arg Lys Asp
Ser Gly145 150 155 160Ser Pro Asn Pro Ala Arg Gly His Ser Val Cys
Ser Thr Ser Ser Leu 165 170 175Tyr Leu Gln Asp Leu Ser Ala Ala Ala
Ser Glu Cys Ile Asp Pro Ser 180 185 190Val Val Phe Pro Tyr Pro Leu
Asn Asp Ser Ser Ser Pro Lys Ser Cys 195 200 205Ala Ser Gln Asp Ser
Ser Ala Phe Ser Pro Ser Ser Asp Ser Leu Leu 210 215 220Ser Ser Thr
Glu Ser Ser Pro Gln Gly Ser Pro Glu Pro Leu Val Leu225 230 235
240His Glu Glu Thr Pro Pro Thr Thr Ser Ser Asp Ser Glu Glu Glu Gln
245 250 255Glu Asp Glu Glu Glu Ile Asp Val Val Ser Val Glu Lys Arg
Gln Ala 260 265 270Pro Gly Lys Arg Ser Glu Ser Gly Ser Pro Ser Ala
Gly Gly His Ser 275 280 285Lys Pro Pro His Ser Pro Leu Val Leu Lys
Arg Cys His Val Ser Thr 290 295 300His Gln His Asn Tyr Ala Ala Pro
Pro Ser Thr Arg Lys Asp Tyr Pro305 310 315 320Ala Ala Lys Arg Val
Lys Leu Asp Ser Val Arg Val Leu Arg Gln Ile 325 330 335Ser Asn Asn
Arg Lys Cys Thr Ser Pro Arg Ser Ser Asp Thr Glu Glu 340 345 350Asn
Val Lys Arg Arg Thr His Asn Val Leu Glu Arg Gln Arg Arg Asn 355 360
365Glu Leu Lys Arg Ser Phe Phe Ala Leu Arg Asp Gln Ile Pro Glu Leu
370 375 380Glu Asn Asn Glu Lys Ala Pro Lys Val Val Ile Leu Lys Lys
Ala Thr385 390 395 400Ala Tyr Ile Leu Ser Val Gln Ala Glu Glu Gln
Lys Leu Ile Ser Glu 405 410 415Glu Asp Leu Leu Arg Lys Arg Arg Glu
Gln Leu Lys His Lys Leu Glu 420 425 430Gln Leu Arg Asn Ser Cys Ala
4354513PRTHomo sapiens 4Met Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Glu Ser Asp Met Ala
Val Ser Asp Ala Leu1 5 10 15Leu Pro Ser Phe Ser Thr Phe Ala Ser Gly
Pro Ala Gly Arg Glu Lys 20 25 30Thr Leu Arg Gln Ala Gly Ala Pro Asn
Asn Arg Trp Arg Glu Glu Leu 35 40 45Ser His Met Lys Arg Leu Pro Pro
Val Leu Pro Gly Arg Pro Tyr Asp 50 55 60Leu Ala Ala Ala Thr Val Ala
Thr Asp Leu Glu Ser Gly Gly Ala Gly65 70 75 80Ala Ala Cys Gly Gly
Ser Asn Leu Ala Pro Leu Pro Arg Arg Glu Thr 85 90 95Glu Glu Phe Asn
Asp Leu Leu Asp Leu Asp Phe Ile Leu Ser Asn Ser 100 105 110Leu Thr
His Pro Pro Glu Ser Val Ala Ala Thr Val Ser Ser Ser Ala 115 120
125Ser Ala Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Pro Ser Ser Ser Gly Pro Ala Ser Ala
130 135 140Pro Ser Thr Cys Ser Phe Thr Tyr Pro Ile Arg Ala Gly Asn
Asp Pro145 150 155 160Gly Val Ala Pro Gly Gly Thr Gly Gly Gly Leu
Leu Tyr Gly Arg Glu 165 170 175Ser Ala Pro Pro Pro Thr Ala Pro Phe
Asn Leu Ala Asp Ile Asn Asp 180 185 190Val Ser Pro Ser Gly Gly Phe
Val Ala Glu Leu Leu Arg Pro Glu Leu 195 200 205Asp Pro Val Tyr Ile
Pro Pro Gln Gln Pro Gln Pro Pro Gly Gly Gly 210 215 220Leu Met Gly
Lys Phe Val Leu Lys Ala Ser Leu Ser Ala Pro Gly Ser225 230 235
240Glu Tyr Gly Ser Pro Ser Val Ile Ser Val Ser Lys Gly Ser Pro Asp
245 250 255Gly Ser His Pro Val Val Val Ala Pro Tyr Asn Gly Gly Pro
Pro Arg 260 265 270Thr Cys Pro Lys Ile Lys Gln Glu Ala Val Ser Ser
Cys Thr His Leu 275 280 285Gly Ala Gly Pro Pro Leu Ser Asn Gly His
Arg Pro Ala Ala His Asp 290 295 300Phe Pro Leu Gly Arg Gln Leu Pro
Ser Arg Thr Thr Pro Thr Leu Gly305 310 315 320Leu Glu Glu Val Leu
Ser Ser Arg Asp Cys His Pro Ala Leu Pro Leu 325 330 335Pro Pro Gly
Phe His Pro His Pro Gly Pro Asn Tyr Pro Ser Phe Leu 340 345 350Pro
Asp Gln Met Gln Pro Gln Val Pro Pro Leu His Tyr Gln Gly Gln 355 360
365Ser Arg Gly Phe Val Ala Arg Ala Gly Glu Pro Cys Val Cys Trp Pro
370 375 380His Phe Gly Thr His Gly Met Met Leu Thr Pro Pro Ser Ser
Pro Leu385 390 395 400Glu Leu Met Pro Pro Gly Ser Cys Met Pro Glu
Glu Pro Lys Pro Lys 405 410 415Arg Gly Arg Arg Ser Trp Pro Arg Lys
Arg Thr Ala Thr His Thr Cys 420 425 430Asp Tyr Ala Gly Cys Gly Lys
Thr Tyr Thr Lys Ser Ser His Leu Lys 435 440 445Ala His Leu Arg Thr
His Thr Gly Glu Lys Pro Tyr His Cys Asp Trp 450 455 460Asp Gly Cys
Gly Trp Lys Phe Ala Arg Ser Asp Glu Leu Thr Arg His465 470 475
480Tyr Arg Lys His Thr Gly His Arg Pro Phe Gln Cys Gln Lys Cys Asp
485 490 495Arg Ala Phe Ser Arg Ser Asp His Leu Ala Leu His Met Lys
Arg His 500 505 510Phe5305PRTHomo sapiens 5Met Ser Val Asp Pro Ala
Cys Pro Gln Ser Leu Pro Cys Phe Glu Ala1 5 10 15Ser Asp Cys Lys Glu
Ser Ser Pro Met Pro Val Ile Cys Gly Pro Glu 20 25 30Glu Asn Tyr Pro
Ser Leu Gln Met Ser Ser Ala Glu Met Pro His Thr 35 40 45Glu Thr Val
Ser Pro Leu Pro Ser Ser Met Asp Leu Leu Ile Gln Asp 50 55 60Ser Pro
Asp Ser Ser Thr Ser Pro Lys Gly Lys Gln Pro Thr Ser Ala65 70 75
80Glu Lys Ser Val Ala Lys Lys Glu Asp Lys Val Pro Val Lys Lys Gln
85 90 95Lys Thr Arg Thr Val Phe Ser Ser Thr Gln Leu Cys Val Leu Asn
Asp 100 105 110Arg Phe Gln Arg Gln Lys Tyr Leu Ser Leu Gln Gln Met
Gln Glu Leu 115 120 125Ser Asn Ile Leu Asn Leu Ser Tyr Lys Gln Val
Lys Thr Trp Phe Gln 130 135 140Asn Gln Arg Met Lys Ser Lys Arg Trp
Gln Lys Asn Asn Trp Pro Lys145 150 155 160Asn Ser Asn Gly Val Thr
Gln Lys Ala Ser Ala Pro Thr Tyr Pro Ser 165 170 175Leu Tyr Ser Ser
Tyr His Gln Gly Cys Leu Val Asn Pro Thr Gly Asn 180 185 190Leu Pro
Met Trp Ser Asn Gln Thr Trp Asn Asn Ser Thr Trp Ser Asn 195 200
205Gln Thr Gln Asn Ile Gln Ser Trp Ser Asn His Ser Trp Asn Thr Gln
210 215 220Thr Trp Cys Thr Gln Ser Trp Asn Asn Gln Ala Trp Asn Ser
Pro Phe225 230 235 240Tyr Asn Cys Gly Glu Glu Ser Leu Gln Ser Cys
Met Gln Phe Gln Pro 245 250 255Asn Ser Pro Ala Ser Asp Leu Glu Ala
Ala Leu Glu Ala Ala Gly Glu 260 265 270Gly Leu Asn Val Ile Gln Gln
Thr Thr Arg Tyr Phe Ser Thr Pro Gln 275 280 285Thr Met Asp Leu Phe
Leu Asn Tyr Ser Met Asn Met Gln Pro Glu Asp 290 295
300Val3056209PRTHomo sapiens 6Met Gly Ser Val Ser Asn Gln Gln Phe
Ala Gly Gly Cys Ala Lys Ala1 5 10 15Ala Glu Glu Ala Pro Glu Glu Ala
Pro Glu Asp Ala Ala Arg Ala Ala 20 25 30Asp Glu Pro Gln Leu Leu His
Gly Ala Gly Ile Cys Lys Trp Phe Asn 35 40 45Val Arg Met Gly Phe Gly
Phe Leu Ser Met Thr Ala Arg Ala Gly Val 50 55 60Ala Leu Asp Pro Pro
Val Asp Val Phe Val His Gln Ser Lys Leu His65 70 75 80Met Glu Gly
Phe Arg Ser Leu Lys Glu Gly Glu Ala Val Glu Phe Thr 85 90 95Phe Lys
Lys Ser Ala Lys Gly Leu Glu Ser Ile Arg Val Thr Gly Pro 100 105
110Gly Gly Val Phe Cys Ile Gly Ser Glu Arg Arg Pro Lys Gly Lys Ser
115 120 125Met Gln Lys Arg Arg Ser Lys Gly Asp Arg Cys Tyr Asn Cys
Gly Gly 130 135 140Leu Asp His His Ala Lys Glu Cys Lys Leu Pro Pro
Gln Pro Lys Lys145 150 155 160Cys His Phe Cys Gln Ser Ile Ser His
Met Val Ala Ser Cys Pro Leu 165 170 175Lys Ala Gln Gln Gly Pro Ser
Ala Gln Gly Lys Pro Thr Tyr Phe Arg 180 185 190Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu
Ile His Ser Pro Thr Leu Leu Pro Glu Ala Gln 195 200 205Asn
7505PRTHomo sapiens 7Met Gly Glu Thr Leu Gly Asp Ser Pro Ile Asp
Pro Glu Ser Asp Ser1 5 10 15Phe Thr Asp Thr Leu Ser Ala Asn Ile Ser
Gln Glu Met Thr Met Val 20 25 30Asp Thr Glu Met Pro Phe Trp Pro Thr
Asn Phe Gly Ile Ser Ser Val 35 40 45Asp Leu Ser Val Met Glu Asp His
Ser His Ser Phe Asp Ile Lys Pro 50 55 60Phe Thr Thr Val Asp Phe Ser
Ser Ile Ser Thr Pro His Tyr Glu Asp65 70 75 80Ile Pro Phe Thr Arg
Thr Asp Pro Val Val Ala Asp Tyr Lys Tyr Asp 85 90 95Leu Lys Leu Gln
Glu Tyr Gln Ser Ala Ile Lys Val Glu Pro Ala Ser 100 105 110Pro Pro
Tyr Tyr Ser Glu Lys Thr Gln Leu Tyr Asn Lys Pro His Glu 115 120
125Glu Pro Ser Asn Ser Leu Met Ala Ile Glu Cys Arg Val Cys Gly Asp
130 135 140Lys Ala Ser Gly Phe His Tyr Gly Val His Ala Cys Glu Gly
Cys Lys145 150 155 160Gly Phe Phe Arg Arg Thr Ile Arg Leu Lys Leu
Ile Tyr Asp Arg Cys 165 170 175Asp Leu Asn Cys Arg Ile His Lys Lys
Ser Arg Asn Lys Cys Gln Tyr 180 185 190Cys Arg Phe Gln Lys Cys Leu
Ala Val Gly Met Ser His Asn Ala Ile 195 200 205Arg Phe Gly Arg Met
Pro Gln Ala Glu Lys Glu Lys Leu Leu Ala Glu 210 215 220Ile Ser Ser
Asp Ile Asp Gln Leu Asn Pro Glu Ser Ala Asp Leu Arg225 230 235
240Ala Leu Ala Lys His Leu Tyr Asp Ser Tyr Ile Lys Ser Phe Pro Leu
245 250 255Thr Lys Ala Lys Ala Arg Ala Ile Leu Thr Gly Lys Thr Thr
Asp Lys 260 265 270Ser Pro Phe Val Ile Tyr Asp Met Asn Ser Leu Met
Met Gly Glu Asp 275 280 285Lys Ile Lys Phe Lys His Ile Thr Pro Leu
Gln Glu Gln Ser Lys Glu 290 295 300Val Ala Ile Arg Ile Phe Gln Gly
Cys Gln Phe Arg Ser Val Glu Ala305 310 315
320Val Gln Glu Ile Thr Glu Tyr Ala Lys Ser Ile Pro Gly Phe Val Asn
325 330 335Leu Asp Leu Asn Asp Gln Val Thr Leu Leu Lys Tyr Gly Val
His Glu 340 345 350Ile Ile Tyr Thr Met Leu Ala Ser Leu Met Asn Lys
Asp Gly Val Leu 355 360 365Ile Ser Glu Gly Gln Gly Phe Met Thr Arg
Glu Phe Leu Lys Ser Leu 370 375 380Arg Lys Pro Phe Gly Asp Phe Met
Glu Pro Lys Phe Glu Phe Ala Val385 390 395 400Lys Phe Asn Ala Leu
Glu Leu Asp Asp Ser Asp Leu Ala Ile Phe Ile 405 410 415Ala Val Ile
Ile Leu Ser Gly Asp Arg Pro Gly Leu Leu Asn Val Lys 420 425 430Pro
Ile Glu Asp Ile Gln Asp Asn Leu Leu Gln Ala Leu Glu Leu Gln 435 440
445Leu Lys Leu Asn His Pro Glu Ser Ser Gln Leu Phe Ala Lys Leu Leu
450 455 460Gln Lys Met Thr Asp Leu Arg Gln Ile Val Thr Glu His Val
Gln Leu465 470 475 480Leu Gln Val Ile Lys Lys Thr Glu Thr Asp Met
Ser Leu His Pro Leu 485 490 495Leu Gln Glu Ile Tyr Lys Asp Leu Tyr
500 5058358PRTHomo sapiens 8Met Glu Ser Ala Asp Phe Tyr Glu Ala Glu
Pro Arg Pro Pro Met Ser1 5 10 15Ser His Leu Gln Ser Pro Pro His Ala
Pro Ser Ser Ala Ala Phe Gly 20 25 30Phe Pro Arg Gly Ala Gly Pro Ala
Gln Pro Pro Ala Pro Pro Ala Ala 35 40 45Pro Glu Pro Leu Gly Gly Ile
Cys Glu His Glu Thr Ser Ile Asp Ile 50 55 60Ser Ala Tyr Ile Asp Pro
Ala Ala Phe Asn Asp Glu Phe Leu Ala Asp65 70 75 80Leu Phe Gln His
Ser Arg Gln Gln Glu Lys Ala Lys Ala Ala Val Gly 85 90 95Pro Thr Gly
Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Asp Phe Asp Tyr Pro Gly Ala Pro 100 105 110Ala
Gly Pro Gly Gly Ala Val Met Pro Gly Gly Ala His Gly Pro Pro 115 120
125Pro Gly Tyr Gly Cys Ala Ala Ala Gly Tyr Leu Asp Gly Arg Leu Glu
130 135 140Pro Leu Tyr Glu Arg Val Gly Ala Pro Ala Leu Arg Pro Leu
Val Ile145 150 155 160Lys Gln Glu Pro Arg Glu Glu Asp Glu Ala Lys
Gln Leu Ala Leu Ala 165 170 175Gly Leu Phe Pro Tyr Gln Pro Pro Pro
Pro Pro Pro Pro Ser His Pro 180 185 190His Pro His Pro Pro Pro Ala
His Leu Ala Ala Pro His Leu Gln Phe 195 200 205Gln Ile Ala His Cys
Gly Gln Thr Thr Met His Leu Gln Pro Gly His 210 215 220Pro Thr Pro
Pro Pro Thr Pro Val Pro Ser Pro His Pro Ala Pro Ala225 230 235
240Leu Gly Ala Ala Gly Leu Pro Gly Pro Gly Ser Ala Leu Lys Gly Leu
245 250 255Gly Ala Ala His Pro Asp Leu Arg Ala Ser Gly Gly Ser Gly
Ala Gly 260 265 270Lys Ala Lys Lys Ser Val Asp Lys Asn Ser Asn Glu
Tyr Arg Val Arg 275 280 285Arg Glu Arg Asn Asn Ile Ala Val Arg Lys
Ser Arg Asp Lys Ala Lys 290 295 300Gln Arg Asn Val Glu Thr Gln Gln
Lys Val Leu Glu Leu Thr Ser Asp305 310 315 320Asn Asp Arg Leu Arg
Lys Arg Val Glu Gln Leu Ser Arg Glu Leu Asp 325 330 335Thr Leu Arg
Gly Ile Phe Arg Gln Leu Pro Glu Ser Ser Leu Val Lys 340 345 350Ala
Met Gly Asn Cys Ala 3559345PRTHomo sapiens 9Met Gln Arg Leu Val Ala
Trp Asp Pro Ala Cys Leu Pro Leu Pro Pro1 5 10 15Pro Pro Pro Ala Phe
Lys Ser Met Glu Val Ala Asn Phe Tyr Tyr Glu 20 25 30Ala Asp Cys Leu
Ala Ala Ala Tyr Gly Gly Lys Ala Ala Pro Ala Ala 35 40 45Pro Pro Ala
Ala Arg Pro Gly Pro Arg Pro Pro Ala Gly Glu Leu Gly 50 55 60Ser Ile
Gly Asp His Glu Arg Ala Ile Asp Phe Ser Pro Tyr Leu Glu65 70 75
80Pro Leu Gly Ala Pro Gln Ala Pro Ala Pro Ala Thr Ala Thr Asp Thr
85 90 95Phe Glu Ala Ala Pro Pro Ala Pro Ala Pro Ala Pro Ala Ser Ser
Gly 100 105 110Gln His His Asp Phe Leu Ser Asp Leu Phe Ser Asp Asp
Tyr Gly Gly 115 120 125Lys Asn Cys Lys Lys Pro Ala Glu Tyr Gly Tyr
Val Ser Leu Gly Arg 130 135 140Leu Gly Ala Ala Lys Gly Ala Leu His
Pro Gly Cys Phe Ala Pro Leu145 150 155 160His Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro
Pro Pro Pro Pro Ala Glu Leu Lys Ala Glu 165 170 175Pro Gly Phe Glu
Pro Ala Asp Cys Lys Arg Lys Glu Glu Ala Gly Ala 180 185 190Pro Gly
Gly Gly Ala Gly Met Ala Ala Gly Phe Pro Tyr Ala Leu Arg 195 200
205Ala Tyr Leu Gly Tyr Gln Ala Val Pro Ser Gly Ser Ser Gly Ser Leu
210 215 220Ser Thr Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Pro Pro Gly Thr Pro Ser Pro
Ala Asp225 230 235 240Ala Lys Ala Pro Pro Thr Ala Cys Tyr Ala Gly
Ala Ala Pro Ala Pro 245 250 255Ser Gln Val Lys Ser Lys Ala Lys Lys
Thr Val Asp Lys His Ser Asp 260 265 270Glu Tyr Lys Ile Arg Arg Glu
Arg Asn Asn Ile Ala Val Arg Lys Ser 275 280 285Arg Asp Lys Ala Lys
Met Arg Asn Leu Glu Thr Gln His Lys Val Leu 290 295 300Glu Leu Thr
Ala Glu Asn Glu Arg Leu Gln Lys Lys Val Glu Gln Leu305 310 315
320Ser Arg Glu Leu Ser Thr Leu Arg Asn Leu Phe Lys Gln Leu Pro Glu
325 330 335Pro Leu Leu Ala Ser Ser Gly His Cys 340 34510269PRTHomo
sapiens 10Met Ser Ala Ala Leu Phe Ser Leu Asp Gly Pro Ala Arg Gly
Ala Pro1 5 10 15Trp Pro Ala Glu Pro Ala Pro Phe Tyr Glu Pro Gly Arg
Ala Gly Lys 20 25 30Pro Gly Arg Gly Ala Glu Pro Gly Ala Leu Gly Glu
Pro Gly Ala Ala 35 40 45Ala Pro Ala Met Tyr Asp Asp Glu Ser Ala Ile
Asp Phe Ser Ala Tyr 50 55 60Ile Asp Ser Met Ala Ala Val Pro Thr Leu
Glu Leu Cys His Asp Glu65 70 75 80Leu Phe Ala Asp Leu Phe Asn Ser
Asn His Lys Ala Gly Gly Ala Gly 85 90 95Pro Leu Glu Leu Leu Pro Gly
Gly Pro Ala Arg Pro Leu Gly Pro Gly 100 105 110Pro Ala Ala Pro Arg
Leu Leu Lys Arg Glu Pro Asp Trp Gly Asp Gly 115 120 125Asp Ala Pro
Gly Ser Leu Leu Pro Ala Gln Val Ala Ala Cys Ala Gln 130 135 140Thr
Val Val Ser Leu Ala Ala Ala Gly Gln Pro Thr Pro Pro Thr Ser145 150
155 160Pro Glu Pro Pro Arg Ser Ser Pro Arg Gln Thr Pro Ala Pro Gly
Pro 165 170 175Ala Arg Glu Lys Ser Ala Gly Lys Arg Gly Pro Asp Arg
Gly Ser Pro 180 185 190Glu Tyr Arg Gln Arg Arg Glu Arg Asn Asn Ile
Ala Val Arg Lys Ser 195 200 205Arg Asp Lys Ala Lys Arg Arg Asn Gln
Glu Met Gln Gln Lys Leu Val 210 215 220Glu Leu Ser Ala Glu Asn Glu
Lys Leu His Gln Arg Val Glu Gln Leu225 230 235 240Thr Arg Asp Leu
Ala Gly Leu Arg Gln Phe Phe Lys Gln Leu Pro Ser 245 250 255Pro Pro
Phe Leu Pro Ala Ala Gly Thr Ala Asp Cys Arg 260 265111147PRTHomo
sapiens 11Met Asp Glu Pro Pro Phe Ser Glu Ala Ala Leu Glu Gln Ala
Leu Gly1 5 10 15Glu Pro Cys Asp Leu Asp Ala Ala Leu Leu Thr Asp Ile
Glu Asp Met 20 25 30Leu Gln Leu Ile Asn Asn Gln Asp Ser Asp Phe Pro
Gly Leu Phe Asp 35 40 45Pro Pro Tyr Ala Gly Ser Gly Ala Gly Gly Thr
Asp Pro Ala Ser Pro 50 55 60Asp Thr Ser Ser Pro Gly Ser Leu Ser Pro
Pro Pro Ala Thr Leu Ser65 70 75 80Ser Ser Leu Glu Ala Phe Leu Ser
Gly Pro Gln Ala Ala Pro Ser Pro 85 90 95Leu Ser Pro Pro Gln Pro Ala
Pro Thr Pro Leu Lys Met Tyr Pro Ser 100 105 110Met Pro Ala Phe Ser
Pro Gly Pro Gly Ile Lys Glu Glu Ser Val Pro 115 120 125Leu Ser Ile
Leu Gln Thr Pro Thr Pro Gln Pro Leu Pro Gly Ala Leu 130 135 140Leu
Pro Gln Ser Phe Pro Ala Pro Ala Pro Pro Gln Phe Ser Ser Thr145 150
155 160Pro Val Leu Gly Tyr Pro Ser Pro Pro Gly Gly Phe Ser Thr Gly
Ser 165 170 175Pro Pro Gly Asn Thr Gln Gln Pro Leu Pro Gly Leu Pro
Leu Ala Ser 180 185 190Pro Pro Gly Val Pro Pro Val Ser Leu His Thr
Gln Val Gln Ser Val 195 200 205Val Pro Gln Gln Leu Leu Thr Val Thr
Ala Ala Pro Thr Ala Ala Pro 210 215 220Val Thr Thr Thr Val Thr Ser
Gln Ile Gln Gln Val Pro Val Leu Leu225 230 235 240Gln Pro His Phe
Ile Lys Ala Asp Ser Leu Leu Leu Thr Ala Met Lys 245 250 255Thr Asp
Gly Ala Thr Val Lys Ala Ala Gly Leu Ser Pro Leu Val Ser 260 265
270Gly Thr Thr Val Gln Thr Gly Pro Leu Pro Thr Leu Val Ser Gly Gly
275 280 285Thr Ile Leu Ala Thr Val Pro Leu Val Val Asp Ala Glu Lys
Leu Pro 290 295 300Ile Asn Arg Leu Ala Ala Gly Ser Lys Ala Pro Ala
Ser Ala Gln Ser305 310 315 320Arg Gly Glu Lys Arg Thr Ala His Asn
Ala Ile Glu Lys Arg Tyr Arg 325 330 335Ser Ser Ile Asn Asp Lys Ile
Ile Glu Leu Lys Asp Leu Val Val Gly 340 345 350Thr Glu Ala Lys Leu
Asn Lys Ser Ala Val Leu Arg Lys Ala Ile Asp 355 360 365Tyr Ile Arg
Phe Leu Gln His Ser Asn Gln Lys Leu Lys Gln Glu Asn 370 375 380Leu
Ser Leu Arg Thr Ala Val His Lys Ser Lys Ser Leu Lys Asp Leu385 390
395 400Val Ser Ala Cys Gly Ser Gly Gly Asn Thr Asp Val Leu Met Glu
Gly 405 410 415Val Lys Thr Glu Val Glu Asp Thr Leu Thr Pro Pro Pro
Ser Asp Ala 420 425 430Gly Ser Pro Phe Gln Ser Ser Pro Leu Ser Leu
Gly Ser Arg Gly Ser 435 440 445Gly Ser Gly Gly Ser Gly Ser Asp Ser
Glu Pro Asp Ser Pro Val Phe 450 455 460Glu Asp Ser Lys Ala Lys Pro
Glu Gln Arg Pro Ser Leu His Ser Arg465 470 475 480Gly Met Leu Asp
Arg Ser Arg Leu Ala Leu Cys Thr Leu Val Phe Leu 485 490 495Cys Leu
Ser Cys Asn Pro Leu Ala Ser Leu Leu Gly Ala Arg Gly Leu 500 505
510Pro Ser Pro Ser Asp Thr Thr Ser Val Tyr His Ser Pro Gly Arg Asn
515 520 525Val Leu Gly Thr Glu Ser Arg Asp Gly Pro Gly Trp Ala Gln
Trp Leu 530 535 540Leu Pro Pro Val Val Trp Leu Leu Asn Gly Leu Leu
Val Leu Val Ser545 550 555 560Leu Val Leu Leu Phe Val Tyr Gly Glu
Pro Val Thr Arg Pro His Ser 565 570 575Gly Pro Ala Val Tyr Phe Trp
Arg His Arg Lys Gln Ala Asp Leu Asp 580 585 590Leu Ala Arg Gly Asp
Phe Ala Gln Ala Ala Gln Gln Leu Trp Leu Ala 595 600 605Leu Arg Ala
Leu Gly Arg Pro Leu Pro Thr Ser His Leu Asp Leu Ala 610 615 620Cys
Ser Leu Leu Trp Asn Leu Ile Arg His Leu Leu Gln Arg Leu Trp625 630
635 640Val Gly Arg Trp Leu Ala Gly Arg Ala Gly Gly Leu Gln Gln Asp
Cys 645 650 655Ala Leu Arg Val Asp Ala Ser Ala Ser Ala Arg Asp Ala
Ala Leu Val 660 665 670Tyr His Lys Leu His Gln Leu His Thr Met Gly
Lys His Thr Gly Gly 675 680 685His Leu Thr Ala Thr Asn Leu Ala Leu
Ser Ala Leu Asn Leu Ala Glu 690 695 700Cys Ala Gly Asp Ala Val Ser
Val Ala Thr Leu Ala Glu Ile Tyr Val705 710 715 720Ala Ala Ala Leu
Arg Val Lys Thr Ser Leu Pro Arg Ala Leu His Phe 725 730 735Leu Thr
Arg Phe Phe Leu Ser Ser Ala Arg Gln Ala Cys Leu Ala Gln 740 745
750Ser Gly Ser Val Pro Pro Ala Met Gln Trp Leu Cys His Pro Val Gly
755 760 765His Arg Phe Phe Val Asp Gly Asp Trp Ser Val Leu Ser Thr
Pro Trp 770 775 780Glu Ser Leu Tyr Ser Leu Ala Gly Asn Pro Val Asp
Pro Leu Ala Gln785 790 795 800Val Thr Gln Leu Phe Arg Glu His Leu
Leu Glu Arg Ala Leu Asn Cys 805 810 815Val Thr Gln Pro Asn Pro Ser
Pro Gly Ser Ala Asp Gly Asp Lys Glu 820 825 830Phe Ser Asp Ala Leu
Gly Tyr Leu Gln Leu Leu Asn Ser Cys Ser Asp 835 840 845Ala Ala Gly
Ala Pro Ala Tyr Ser Phe Ser Ile Ser Ser Ser Met Ala 850 855 860Thr
Thr Thr Gly Val Asp Pro Val Ala Lys Trp Trp Ala Ser Leu Thr865 870
875 880Ala Val Val Ile His Trp Leu Arg Arg Asp Glu Glu Ala Ala Glu
Arg 885 890 895Leu Cys Pro Leu Val Glu His Leu Pro Arg Val Leu Gln
Glu Ser Glu 900 905 910Arg Pro Leu Pro Arg Ala Ala Leu His Ser Phe
Lys Ala Ala Arg Ala 915 920 925Leu Leu Gly Cys Ala Lys Ala Glu Ser
Gly Pro Ala Ser Leu Thr Ile 930 935 940Cys Glu Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr
Leu Gln Asp Ser Leu Ala Thr Thr Pro945 950 955 960Ala Ser Ser Ser
Ile Asp Lys Ala Val Gln Leu Phe Leu Cys Asp Leu 965 970 975Leu Leu
Val Val Arg Thr Ser Leu Trp Arg Gln Gln Gln Pro Pro Ala 980 985
990Pro Ala Pro Ala Ala Gln Gly Thr Ser Ser Arg Pro Gln Ala Ser Ala
995 1000 1005Leu Glu Leu Arg Gly Phe Gln Arg Asp Leu Ser Ser Leu
Arg Arg 1010 1015 1020Leu Ala Gln Ser Phe Arg Pro Ala Met Arg Arg
Val Phe Leu His 1025 1030 1035Glu Ala Thr Ala Arg Leu Met Ala Gly
Ala Ser Pro Thr Arg Thr 1040 1045 1050His Gln Leu Leu Asp Arg Ser
Leu Arg Arg Arg Ala Gly Pro Gly 1055 1060 1065Gly Lys Gly Gly Ala
Val Ala Glu Leu Glu Pro Arg Pro Thr Arg 1070 1075 1080Arg Glu His
Ala Glu Ala Leu Leu Leu Ala Ser Cys Tyr Leu Pro 1085 1090 1095Pro
Gly Phe Leu Ser Ala Pro Gly Gln Arg Val Gly Met Leu Ala 1100 1105
1110Glu Ala Ala Arg Thr Leu Glu Lys Leu Gly Asp Arg Arg Leu Leu
1115 1120 1125His Asp Cys Gln Gln Met Leu Met Arg Leu Gly Gly Gly
Thr Thr 1130 1135 1140Val Thr Ser Ser 114512341PRTHomo sapiens
12Met Thr Met Glu Ser Gly Ala Glu Asn Gln Gln Ser Gly Asp Ala Ala1
5 10 15Val Thr Glu Ala Glu Asn Gln Gln Met Thr Val Gln Ala Gln Pro
Gln 20 25 30Ile Ala Thr Leu Ala Gln Val Ser Met Pro Ala Ala His Ala
Thr Ser 35 40 45Ser Ala Pro Thr Val Thr Leu Val Gln Leu Pro Asn Gly
Gln Thr Val 50 55 60Gln Val His Gly Val Ile Gln Ala Ala Gln Pro Ser
Val Ile Gln Ser65 70 75 80Pro Gln Val Gln Thr Val Gln Ser Ser Cys
Lys Asp Leu Lys Arg Leu 85 90 95Phe Ser Gly Thr Gln Ile Ser Thr Ile
Ala Glu Ser Glu Asp Ser Gln 100 105 110Glu Ser Val Asp Ser Val Thr
Asp Ser Gln Lys Arg Arg Glu Ile Leu 115 120 125Ser Arg Arg Pro Ser
Tyr Arg Lys Ile Leu Asn Asp Leu Ser Ser Asp 130 135 140Ala Pro Gly
Val Pro Arg Ile Glu Glu Glu Lys Ser Glu Glu Glu Thr145
150 155 160Ser Ala Pro Ala Ile Thr Thr Val Thr Val Pro Thr Pro Ile
Tyr Gln 165 170 175Thr Ser Ser Gly Gln Tyr Ile Ala Ile Thr Gln Gly
Gly Ala Ile Gln 180 185 190Leu Ala Asn Asn Gly Thr Asp Gly Val Gln
Gly Leu Gln Thr Leu Thr 195 200 205Met Thr Asn Ala Ala Ala Thr Gln
Pro Gly Thr Thr Ile Leu Gln Tyr 210 215 220Ala Gln Thr Thr Asp Gly
Gln Gln Ile Leu Val Pro Ser Asn Gln Val225 230 235 240Val Val Gln
Ala Ala Ser Gly Asp Val Gln Thr Tyr Gln Ile Arg Thr 245 250 255Ala
Pro Thr Ser Thr Ile Ala Pro Gly Val Val Met Ala Ser Ser Pro 260 265
270Ala Leu Pro Thr Gln Pro Ala Glu Glu Ala Ala Arg Lys Arg Glu Val
275 280 285Arg Leu Met Lys Asn Arg Glu Ala Ala Arg Glu Cys Arg Arg
Lys Lys 290 295 300Lys Glu Tyr Val Lys Cys Leu Glu Asn Arg Val Ala
Val Leu Glu Asn305 310 315 320Gln Asn Lys Thr Leu Ile Glu Glu Leu
Lys Ala Leu Lys Asp Leu Tyr 325 330 335Cys His Lys Ser Asp
34013476PRTHomo sapiens 13Met Met Thr Ala Lys Ala Val Asp Lys Ile
Pro Val Thr Leu Ser Gly1 5 10 15Phe Val His Gln Leu Ser Asp Asn Ile
Tyr Pro Val Glu Asp Leu Ala 20 25 30Ala Thr Ser Val Thr Ile Phe Pro
Asn Ala Glu Leu Gly Gly Pro Phe 35 40 45Asp Gln Met Asn Gly Val Ala
Gly Asp Gly Met Ile Asn Ile Asp Met 50 55 60Thr Gly Glu Lys Arg Ser
Leu Asp Leu Pro Tyr Pro Ser Ser Phe Ala65 70 75 80Pro Val Ser Ala
Pro Arg Asn Gln Thr Phe Thr Tyr Met Gly Lys Phe 85 90 95Ser Ile Asp
Pro Gln Tyr Pro Gly Ala Ser Cys Tyr Pro Glu Gly Ile 100 105 110Ile
Asn Ile Val Ser Ala Gly Ile Leu Gln Gly Val Thr Ser Pro Ala 115 120
125Ser Thr Thr Ala Ser Ser Ser Val Thr Ser Ala Ser Pro Asn Pro Leu
130 135 140Ala Thr Gly Pro Leu Gly Val Cys Thr Met Ser Gln Thr Gln
Pro Asp145 150 155 160Leu Asp His Leu Tyr Ser Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro
Pro Pro Tyr Ser Gly 165 170 175Cys Ala Gly Asp Leu Tyr Gln Asp Pro
Ser Ala Phe Leu Ser Ala Ala 180 185 190Thr Thr Ser Thr Ser Ser Ser
Leu Ala Tyr Pro Pro Pro Pro Ser Tyr 195 200 205Pro Ser Pro Lys Pro
Ala Thr Asp Pro Gly Leu Phe Pro Met Ile Pro 210 215 220Asp Tyr Pro
Gly Phe Phe Pro Ser Gln Cys Gln Arg Asp Leu His Gly225 230 235
240Thr Ala Gly Pro Asp Arg Lys Pro Phe Pro Cys Pro Leu Asp Thr Leu
245 250 255Arg Val Pro Pro Pro Leu Thr Pro Leu Ser Thr Ile Arg Asn
Phe Thr 260 265 270Leu Gly Gly Pro Ser Ala Gly Val Thr Gly Pro Gly
Ala Ser Gly Gly 275 280 285Ser Glu Gly Pro Arg Leu Pro Gly Ser Ser
Ser Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala 290 295 300Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Tyr Asn Pro
His His Leu Pro Leu Arg Pro Ile305 310 315 320Leu Arg Pro Arg Lys
Tyr Pro Asn Arg Pro Ser Lys Thr Pro Val His 325 330 335Glu Arg Pro
Tyr Pro Cys Pro Ala Glu Gly Cys Asp Arg Arg Phe Ser 340 345 350Arg
Ser Asp Glu Leu Thr Arg His Ile Arg Ile His Thr Gly His Lys 355 360
365Pro Phe Gln Cys Arg Ile Cys Met Arg Asn Phe Ser Arg Ser Asp His
370 375 380Leu Thr Thr His Ile Arg Thr His Thr Gly Glu Lys Pro Phe
Ala Cys385 390 395 400Asp Tyr Cys Gly Arg Lys Phe Ala Arg Ser Asp
Glu Arg Lys Arg His 405 410 415Thr Lys Ile His Leu Arg Gln Lys Glu
Arg Lys Ser Ser Ala Pro Ser 420 425 430Ala Ser Val Pro Ala Pro Ser
Thr Ala Ser Cys Ser Gly Gly Val Gln 435 440 445Pro Gly Gly Thr Leu
Cys Ser Ser Asn Ser Ser Ser Leu Gly Gly Gly 450 455 460Pro Leu Ala
Pro Cys Ser Ser Arg Thr Arg Thr Pro465 470 47514457PRTHomo sapiens
14Met Ala Thr Arg Val Leu Ser Met Ser Ala Arg Leu Gly Pro Val Pro1
5 10 15Gln Pro Pro Ala Pro Gln Asp Glu Pro Val Phe Ala Gln Leu Lys
Pro 20 25 30Val Leu Gly Ala Ala Asn Pro Ala Arg Asp Ala Ala Leu Phe
Pro Gly 35 40 45Glu Glu Leu Lys His Ala His His Arg Pro Gln Ala Gln
Pro Ala Pro 50 55 60Ala Gln Ala Pro Gln Pro Ala Gln Pro Pro Ala Thr
Gly Pro Arg Leu65 70 75 80Pro Pro Glu Asp Leu Val Gln Thr Arg Cys
Glu Met Glu Lys Tyr Leu 85 90 95Thr Pro Gln Leu Pro Pro Val Pro Ile
Ile Pro Glu His Lys Lys Tyr 100 105 110Arg Arg Asp Ser Ala Ser Val
Val Asp Gln Phe Phe Thr Asp Thr Glu 115 120 125Gly Leu Pro Tyr Ser
Ile Asn Met Asn Val Phe Leu Pro Asp Ile Thr 130 135 140His Leu Arg
Thr Gly Leu Tyr Lys Ser Gln Arg Pro Cys Val Thr His145 150 155
160Ile Lys Thr Glu Pro Val Ala Ile Phe Ser His Gln Ser Glu Thr Thr
165 170 175Ala Pro Pro Pro Ala Pro Thr Gln Ala Leu Pro Glu Phe Thr
Ser Ile 180 185 190Phe Ser Ser His Gln Thr Ala Ala Pro Glu Val Asn
Asn Ile Phe Ile 195 200 205Lys Gln Glu Leu Pro Thr Pro Asp Leu His
Leu Ser Val Pro Thr Gln 210 215 220Gln Gly His Leu Tyr Gln Leu Leu
Asn Thr Pro Asp Leu Asp Met Pro225 230 235 240Ser Ser Thr Asn Gln
Thr Ala Ala Met Asp Thr Leu Asn Val Ser Met 245 250 255Ser Ala Ala
Met Ala Gly Leu Asn Thr His Thr Ser Ala Val Pro Gln 260 265 270Thr
Ala Val Lys Gln Phe Gln Gly Met Pro Pro Cys Thr Tyr Thr Met 275 280
285Pro Ser Gln Phe Leu Pro Gln Gln Ala Thr Tyr Phe Pro Pro Ser Pro
290 295 300Pro Ser Ser Glu Pro Gly Ser Pro Asp Arg Gln Ala Glu Met
Leu Gln305 310 315 320Asn Leu Thr Pro Pro Pro Ser Tyr Ala Ala Thr
Ile Ala Ser Lys Leu 325 330 335Ala Ile His Asn Pro Asn Leu Pro Thr
Thr Leu Pro Val Asn Ser Gln 340 345 350Asn Ile Gln Pro Val Arg Tyr
Asn Arg Arg Ser Asn Pro Asp Leu Glu 355 360 365Lys Arg Arg Ile His
Tyr Cys Asp Tyr Pro Gly Cys Thr Lys Val Tyr 370 375 380Thr Lys Ser
Ser His Leu Lys Ala His Leu Arg Thr His Thr Gly Glu385 390 395
400Lys Pro Tyr Lys Cys Thr Trp Glu Gly Cys Asp Trp Arg Phe Ala Arg
405 410 415Ser Asp Glu Leu Thr Arg His Tyr Arg Lys His Thr Gly Ala
Lys Pro 420 425 430Phe Gln Cys Gly Val Cys Asn Arg Ser Phe Ser Arg
Ser Asp His Leu 435 440 445Ala Leu His Met Lys Arg His Gln Asn 450
45515416PRTHomo sapiens 15Met Val Asp His Leu Leu Pro Val Asp Glu
Asn Phe Ser Ser Pro Lys1 5 10 15Cys Pro Val Gly Tyr Leu Gly Asp Arg
Leu Val Gly Arg Arg Ala Tyr 20 25 30His Met Leu Pro Ser Pro Val Ser
Glu Asp Asp Ser Asp Ala Ser Ser 35 40 45Pro Cys Ser Cys Ser Ser Pro
Asp Ser Gln Ala Leu Cys Ser Cys Tyr 50 55 60Gly Gly Gly Leu Gly Thr
Glu Ser Gln Asp Ser Ile Leu Asp Phe Leu65 70 75 80Leu Ser Gln Ala
Thr Leu Gly Ser Gly Gly Gly Ser Gly Ser Ser Ile 85 90 95Gly Ala Ser
Ser Gly Pro Val Ala Trp Gly Pro Trp Arg Arg Ala Ala 100 105 110Ala
Pro Val Lys Gly Glu His Phe Cys Leu Pro Glu Phe Pro Leu Gly 115 120
125Asp Pro Asp Asp Val Pro Arg Pro Phe Gln Pro Thr Leu Glu Glu Ile
130 135 140Glu Glu Phe Leu Glu Glu Asn Met Glu Pro Gly Val Lys Glu
Val Pro145 150 155 160Glu Gly Asn Ser Lys Asp Leu Asp Ala Cys Ser
Gln Leu Ser Ala Gly 165 170 175Pro His Lys Ser His Leu His Pro Gly
Ser Ser Gly Arg Glu Arg Cys 180 185 190Ser Pro Pro Pro Gly Gly Ala
Ser Ala Gly Gly Ala Gln Gly Pro Gly 195 200 205Gly Gly Pro Thr Pro
Asp Gly Pro Ile Pro Val Leu Leu Gln Ile Gln 210 215 220Pro Val Pro
Val Lys Gln Glu Ser Gly Thr Gly Pro Ala Ser Pro Gly225 230 235
240Gln Ala Pro Glu Asn Val Lys Val Ala Gln Leu Leu Val Asn Ile Gln
245 250 255Gly Gln Thr Phe Ala Leu Val Pro Gln Val Val Pro Ser Ser
Asn Leu 260 265 270Asn Leu Pro Ser Lys Phe Val Arg Ile Ala Pro Val
Pro Ile Ala Ala 275 280 285Lys Pro Val Gly Ser Gly Pro Leu Gly Pro
Gly Pro Ala Gly Leu Leu 290 295 300Met Gly Gln Lys Phe Pro Lys Asn
Pro Ala Ala Glu Leu Ile Lys Met305 310 315 320His Lys Cys Thr Phe
Pro Gly Cys Ser Lys Met Tyr Thr Lys Ser Ser 325 330 335His Leu Lys
Ala His Leu Arg Arg His Thr Gly Glu Lys Pro Phe Ala 340 345 350Cys
Thr Trp Pro Gly Cys Gly Trp Arg Phe Ser Arg Ser Asp Glu Leu 355 360
365Ser Arg His Arg Arg Ser His Ser Gly Val Lys Pro Tyr Gln Cys Pro
370 375 380Val Cys Glu Lys Lys Phe Ala Arg Ser Asp His Leu Ser Lys
His Ile385 390 395 400Lys Val His Arg Phe Pro Arg Ser Ser Arg Ser
Val Arg Ser Val Asn 405 410 41516238PRTHomo sapiens 16Met Glu Tyr
Ala Met Lys Ser Leu Ser Leu Leu Tyr Pro Lys Ser Leu1 5 10 15Ser Arg
His Val Ser Val Arg Thr Ser Val Val Thr Gln Gln Leu Leu 20 25 30Ser
Glu Pro Ser Pro Lys Ala Pro Arg Ala Arg Pro Cys Arg Val Ser 35 40
45Thr Ala Asp Arg Ser Val Arg Lys Gly Ile Met Ala Tyr Ser Leu Glu
50 55 60Asp Leu Leu Leu Lys Val Arg Asp Thr Leu Met Leu Ala Asp Lys
Pro65 70 75 80Phe Phe Leu Val Leu Glu Glu Asp Gly Thr Thr Val Glu
Thr Glu Glu 85 90 95Tyr Phe Gln Ala Leu Ala Gly Asp Thr Val Phe Met
Val Leu Gln Lys 100 105 110Gly Gln Lys Trp Gln Pro Pro Ser Glu Gln
Gly Thr Arg His Pro Leu 115 120 125Ser Leu Ser His Lys Pro Ala Lys
Lys Ile Asp Val Ala Arg Val Thr 130 135 140Phe Asp Leu Tyr Lys Leu
Asn Pro Gln Asp Phe Ile Gly Cys Leu Asn145 150 155 160Val Lys Ala
Thr Phe Tyr Asp Thr Tyr Ser Leu Ser Tyr Asp Leu His 165 170 175Cys
Cys Gly Ala Lys Arg Ile Met Lys Glu Ala Phe Arg Trp Ala Leu 180 185
190Phe Ser Met Gln Ala Thr Gly His Val Leu Leu Gly Thr Ser Cys Tyr
195 200 205Leu Gln Gln Leu Leu Asp Ala Thr Glu Glu Gly Gln Pro Pro
Lys Gly 210 215 220Lys Ala Ser Ser Leu Ile Pro Thr Cys Leu Lys Ile
Leu Gln225 230 235176PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic 6xHis tag 17His His His His His His1
5
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