U.S. patent application number 13/348214 was filed with the patent office on 2012-07-12 for serially connected inverters.
This patent application is currently assigned to SOLAREDGE TECHNOLOGIES LTD.. Invention is credited to Yoav Galin, Meir Gazit, Tzachi Glovinsky, Ilan Yoscovich.
Application Number | 20120175964 13/348214 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 43664101 |
Filed Date | 2012-07-12 |
United States Patent
Application |
20120175964 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Yoscovich; Ilan ; et
al. |
July 12, 2012 |
SERIALLY CONNECTED INVERTERS
Abstract
A photovoltaic power generation system, having a photovoltaic
panel, which has a direct current (DC) output and a micro-inverter
with input terminals and output terminals. The input terminals are
adapted for connection to the DC output. The micro-inverter is
configured for converting an input DC power received at the input
terminals to an output alternating current (AC) power at the output
terminals. A bypass current path between the output terminals may
be adapted for passing current produced externally to the
micro-inverter. The micro-inverter is configured to output an
alternating current voltage significantly less than a grid
voltage.
Inventors: |
Yoscovich; Ilan; (Ramat Gan,
IL) ; Gazit; Meir; (Ashkelon, IL) ; Glovinsky;
Tzachi; (Petah Tikva, IL) ; Galin; Yoav;
(Raanana, IL) |
Assignee: |
SOLAREDGE TECHNOLOGIES LTD.
Hod Hasharon
IL
|
Family ID: |
43664101 |
Appl. No.: |
13/348214 |
Filed: |
January 11, 2012 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
307/82 ;
363/131 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H02J 3/381 20130101;
H02J 3/00 20130101; H02J 2300/24 20200101; H02M 7/49 20130101; Y02E
10/56 20130101; H02M 2001/0077 20130101; H02J 3/38 20130101; H02M
2001/325 20130101; H02M 1/00 20130101; H02J 3/383 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
307/82 ;
363/131 |
International
Class: |
H02J 1/00 20060101
H02J001/00; H02M 7/537 20060101 H02M007/537 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jan 12, 2011 |
GB |
1100450.4 |
Claims
1. A micro-inverter comprising: input terminals and output
terminals; wherein the micro-inverter is adapted for inverting an
input direct current power received at said input terminals to an
output alternating current power at said output terminals having an
output voltage significantly less than a grid voltage; and a bypass
current path between said output terminals adapted for passing
current produced externally to the micro-inverter.
2. The micro-inverter according to claim 1, further comprising: a
synchronization module adapted for synchronizing said output AC
power to said grid voltage.
3. The micro-inverter according to claim 1, further comprising a
control loop configured to set said input DC power received at said
input terminals according to a previously determined criterion
4. The micro-inverter according to claim 3, wherein said control
loop is configured to set said input DC power received at said
input terminals to a maximum input power.
5. A photovoltaic power generation system comprising: a plurality
of photovoltaic panels with direct current outputs; a plurality of
micro-inverters, each micro-inverter including input terminals
connected to said direct current outputs of one of said plurality
of photovoltaic panels, respectively, and output terminals, wherein
each of said micro-inverters is configured for inverting input
direct current power received at its input terminals to an output
alternating current at its output terminals with an output voltage
substantially less than a grid voltage, wherein said output
terminals of said plurality of micro-inverters are connectible in
series into a serial string and an output voltage of said serial
string is substantially equal to said grid voltage, wherein each
micro-inverter includes a bypass current path between its output
terminals adapted for passing current produced externally in said
serial string.
6. The photovoltaic power generation system of claim 5 wherein each
micro-inverter has a control loop configured to set said input
direct current power received at said input terminals according to
a previously determined criterion.
7. The photovoltaic power generation system of claim 5 further
comprising: a central control unit operatively attached to said
serial string and said grid voltage.
8. The photovoltaic power generation system of claim 7, wherein
said central control unit is adapted for monitoring synchronization
of said output voltage of said serial string with said grid
voltage.
9. The photovoltaic power generation system of claim 8, wherein
said central control unit is adapted for disconnecting the system
from the grid or disabling said micro-inverters upon detecting at
least one condition selected from the group consisting of: said
output voltage of said serial string being less than said grid
voltage and a lack of said synchronization between said output
voltage of said serial string and said grid voltage.
10. A method for photovoltaic power generation in a system
including a plurality of photovoltaic panels each having direct
current outputs and a plurality of micro-inverters each including
input terminals and output terminals, the method comprising:
connecting the input terminals respectively to said DC outputs;
connecting the output terminals serially to a serial voltage
output; inverting, with said micro-inverters, input direct current
power received at said input terminals to output
alternating-current power at said output terminals while
maintaining said serial voltage output substantially equal to a
grid voltage; and upon a failure of said inverting then bypassing
said output terminals thereby maintaining said serial voltage
output.
11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: upon said
connecting the input terminals and said connecting the output
terminals, enabling said inverting input DC power after a
previously determined time delay.
12. The method of claim 10, further comprising: synchronizing the
serial voltage output to said grid voltage.
13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: upon a failure of
said synchronizing then bypassing said output terminals thereby
maintaining said serial voltage output.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application claims priority to patent
application GB1100450.4, filed Jan. 12, 2011, in the United Kingdom
Intellectual Property Office. Application GB1100450.4 is herein
incorporated by reference
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Aspects generally relate to distributed power system and
more particularly to the use of multiple micro-inverters.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Recent increased interest in renewable energy has led to
research and development of distributed power generation systems
including photovoltaic cells and fuel cells. Various topologies
have been proposed for connecting these power sources to the load,
taking into consideration various parameters, such as
voltage/current requirements, operating conditions, reliability,
safety, costs. These sources provide low voltage direct current
output (normally below 3 Volts), so they are connected serially to
achieve the required voltage. Conversely, a serial connection may
fail to provide the required current, so that several strings of
serial connections may be connected in parallel to provide the
required current.
[0004] Power generation from each of these sources typically
depends on manufacturing, operating, and environmental conditions
of the power sources, e.g. photovoltaic panels. For example,
various inconsistencies in manufacturing may cause two identical
sources to provide different output characteristics. Similarly, two
identical sources may react differently to operating and/or
environmental conditions, such as load, temperature, etc. In
practical installations, different source may also experience
different environmental conditions, e.g. in solar power
installations some panels may be exposed to full sun, while others
be shaded, thereby delivering different power output.
[0005] Islanding is a condition where a power generation system is
severed from the utility network, but continues to supply power to
portions of the utility network after the utility power supply is
disconnected from those portions of the network. Photovoltaic
systems must have anti-islanding detection in order to comply with
safety regulations. Otherwise, the photovoltaic installation may
electrically shock or electrocute repairpersons after the grid is
shut down from the photovoltaic installation generating power as an
island downstream. The island condition poses a hazard also to
equipment. Thus, it is important for an island condition to be
detected and eliminated.
[0006] The process of connecting an alternating current (AC)
generator or power source (e.g. alternator, inverter) to other AC
power sources or the power grid is known as synchronization and is
crucial for the generation of AC electrical power. There are five
conditions that are met for the synchronization process. The power
source must have equal line voltage, frequency, phase sequence,
phase angle, and waveform to that of the power grid. Typically,
synchronization is performed and controlled with the aid of synch
relays and micro-electronic systems.
[0007] The term "grid voltage" as used herein is the voltage of the
electrical power grid usually 110V or 220V at 60 Hz or 220V at 50
Hz.
BRIEF SUMMARY
[0008] According to various aspects there is provided a
micro-inverter having input terminals and output terminals. The
micro-inverter may be adapted for inverting an input DC power
received at the input terminals to an output alternating current
(AC) power at the output terminals, which have a voltage
significantly less than a grid voltage. A bypass current path
between the output terminals may be adapted for passing current
produced externally to the micro-inverter. An optional
synchronization module may be adapted for synchronizing the output
AC power to the grid voltage. A control loop may be configured to
set the input DC power received at the input terminals according to
a previously determined criterion. The previously determined
criterion typically sets a maximum input power.
[0009] According to various aspects there is provided a
photovoltaic power generation system having multiple photovoltaic
panels with direct current (DC) outputs connectible to multiple
micro-inverters. Each micro-inverter has input terminals
connectible to the DC outputs and output terminals. The
micro-inverters are configured for inverting input DC power
received at the input terminals to an output alternating current
(AC) at the output terminals with an output voltage substantially
less than a grid voltage. The output terminals are connectible in
series into a serial string and an output voltage of the serial
string may be substantially equal to the grid voltage. Each
micro-inverter includes a bypass current path between the output
terminals for passing current produced externally in the serial
string. The alternating current (AC) micro-inverter may have a
control loop configured to set the input DC power received at the
input terminals according to a previously determined criterion. An
optional central control unit may be operatively attached to the
serial string and the grid voltage. The central control unit may be
adapted for disconnecting the system from the grid upon detecting a
less than minimal grid voltage. The central control unit optionally
monitors the synchronization of the voltage of the serial string to
the grid voltage and disconnects the serially connected
micro-inverters from the grid or disables the micro-inverters upon
a lack of synchronization between the grid voltage and the output
voltage of the serially connected micro-inverters.
[0010] According to various aspects there is provided a method for
photovoltaic power generation in a system having multiple of
photovoltaic panels with direct current (DC) outputs and multiple
micro-inverters each including input terminals and output
terminals. The input terminals of the micro-inverters are
connectible to respective DC outputs of the photovoltaic panels.
The output terminals are connected serially to a serial voltage
output. The DC power received at the input terminals may be
inverted to an output alternating current (AC) power at the output
terminals while maintaining the serial voltage output substantially
equal to a grid voltage. The output terminals preferably have a
current bypass in the event of failure of inverting the DC power
received at the input terminals to the output alternating current
(AC) power at the output terminals or upon the micro-inverter being
shut down in the event of a failure to maintain the serial voltage
output at the level of the grid voltage.
[0011] Upon connecting the input terminals and the output
terminals, inversion of input DC power to output power may be
enabled after a previously determined time delay. The serial
voltage output may be synchronized to the grid voltage. The output
terminals preferably have a current bypass in the event of failure
of inverting the DC power received at the input terminals to the
output alternating current (AC) power at the output terminals or
upon the micro-inverter being shut down in the event of a failure
to maintain the serial voltage output at the level of the grid
voltage.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] Various embodiments are described, by way of example only,
with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
[0013] FIG. 1 shows a conventional installation of a solar power
system.
[0014] FIG. 2 illustrates one serial string of DC sources.
[0015] FIG. 3 illustrates a power harvesting system.
[0016] FIG. 4a illustrates a power harvesting system in accordance
with one or more embodiments of the disclosure.
[0017] FIG. 4b illustrates a power harvesting system in accordance
with one or more embodiments of the disclosure.
[0018] FIG. 4c illustrates further details of a bypass in
accordance with one or more embodiments of the disclosure.
[0019] FIG. 5a illustrates a method of operation of a power
harvesting system in accordance with one or more embodiments of the
disclosure.
[0020] FIG. 5b shows further details of connection and wake-up of a
power harvesting system in accordance with one or more embodiments
of the disclosure.
[0021] FIG. 5c shows further details of operation in accordance
with one or more embodiments of the disclosure.
[0022] The foregoing and/or other aspects will become apparent from
the following detailed description when considered in conjunction
with the accompanying drawing figures.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0023] Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments,
examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings,
wherein like reference numerals refer to the like elements
throughout. Various aspects are described below with reference to
the figures.
[0024] A conventional installation of a solar power system 10 is
illustrated in FIG. 1. Since the voltage provided by each
individual photovoltaic panel 100 is low, several panels 100 are
connected in series to form a string 102 of panels 100. For a large
installation, in order to achieve higher current, several strings
102 may be connected in parallel. Photovoltaic panels 100 are
mounted outdoors, and are connected to a maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) module 106 and to an inverter 104. MPPT 106 is
typically implemented in the same housing as inverter 104.
[0025] Harvested power from the DC sources is delivered to inverter
104, which converts the fluctuating direct-current (DC) into
alternating-current (AC) having a desired voltage and frequency,
which, for residential application, is usually 110V or 220V at 60
Hz or 220V at 50 Hz. AC current from inverter 104 may then be used
for operating electric appliances or fed to the power grid.
Alternatively, if the installation is not tied to the grid, the
power extracted from inverter 104 may be directed to store the
excess power in batteries.
[0026] FIG. 2 illustrates one serial string of DC sources according
to conventional art, photovoltaic panels 100, connected to MPPT
circuit 106 and inverter 104 to form a power harvesting system 20
connected to load 108. The current versus voltage (IV)
characteristics are plotted to the left of each photovoltaic panel
100. For each photovoltaic panel 100, the current decreases as the
output voltage increases. At some voltage value the current goes to
zero, and in some applications may assume a negative value, meaning
that some photovoltaic panels 100 instead of being sources of power
become sinks of power. Bypass diodes (not shown) connected in
parallel across each photovoltaic panel 100 output are used to
prevent any photovoltaic panel 100 from becoming a sink of power.
The power output of each photovoltaic panel 100 is equal to the
product of current and voltage (P=I*V) and varies depending on the
voltage drawn from the panel 100. At a certain current and voltage,
the power reaches its maximum (represented by the dot on the IV
curve for each graph). It is desirable to operate a panel 100 at
this maximum power point (MPP). The purpose of the maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) module 106 is to find a suitable "average"
maximum power point (MPP) for all panels 100. The maximum power
point of the string selected by MPPT module 106 is shown using a
dotted line with label MPP. The maximum power point of the string
of panels 100 is generally not the maximum power of all panels 100.
The dots indicating maximum power point of the individual panels
100 do not fall on the dotted line marked MPP.
[0027] FIG. 3 illustrates another power harvesting system 30
according to conventional art, which combines power of multiple
photovoltaic panels 100. Each photovoltaic panel 100 has a direct
current (DC) output connected to the input of an inverter 104. A
bypass diode 310 is connected in parallel across the direct current
(DC) output panel 100 for safety requirements. Inverter 104
receives the direct current (DC) output of photovoltaic panel 100
and converts the direct current (DC) to give an alternating current
(AC) at the output of inverter 104. Maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) module 106 is typically implemented as part of the inverter
104. The outputs of multiple inverters 104 (with inputs attached to
multiple photovoltaic panels 100) are connected in parallel to
produce an alternating current (AC) output 304. Alternating current
(AC) output 304 supplies load 108. Load 108 typically is an
alternating current (AC) power grid, alternating current (AC) motor
or a battery charging circuit.
[0028] Before explaining various aspects in detail, it is to be
understood that embodiments are not limited to the details of
design and the arrangement of the components set forth in the
following description and illustrated in the drawings. Other
embodiments are capable of being practiced and carried out in
various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and
terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and
should not be regarded as limiting.
[0029] By way of introduction, aspects are directed to serially
connected inverters in a grid connected photovoltaic system. In a
system with serially connected inverters, as opposed to
conventional system 30 which illustrates parallel connected
inverters, each inverter is required to output a low voltage, for
instance 24 volts AC root mean square (RMS) for ten serially
connected inverters. Low output voltage of the micro-inverter is
suitable for efficient and low cost micro-inverter topologies. One
such topology is discussed in IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, Vol. 22, No. 5, September 2007, entitled "A
Single-Stage Grid Connected Inverter Topology for Solar PV Systems
With Maximum Power Point Tracking, this paper proposes a high
performance, single-stage inverter topology for grid connected PV
systems.
[0030] The term "bypass" as used herein refers to an alternate low
impedance current path around or through a circuit, equipment or a
system component. The bypass is used to continue operation when the
bypassed circuit is inoperable or unavailable.
[0031] The terms "wake-up" and "shut-down" as used herein refer to
processes during, which a photovoltaic system is activated or
de-activated respectively. A criterion for "wake-up", i.e.
activation of a photovoltaic panel, for instance, is that a
photovoltaic panel is exposed to sufficient light such as at dawn A
criterion for "shut-down", i.e. de-activation of a photovoltaic
panel, is that a photovoltaic panel is not exposed to sufficient
light, for example at dusk.
[0032] Reference is now made to FIG. 4a, which illustrates a power
harvesting system 41 according to some embodiments. Photovoltaic
inverting modules 410 each have panel 100, bypass diode 310, a
control loop 404 and micro-inverter 402. Micro-inverters 402 may
have optional synchronization units 408 and current bypass paths
422. Photovoltaic panels 100 have direct current (DC) outputs,
which are connected respectively to the input of inverters 402.
Bypass diodes 310 may connected in parallel across the direct
current (DC) outputs of each panel 100 for safety requirements
(e.g. IEC61730-2 solar safety standards). Control loops 404 are
configured according to a predetermined criterion, typically to
maintain maximum power at the inputs of micro-inverters 402, i.e.
from the direct current (DC) outputs of photovoltaic panels 100.
Bypass paths 422 are optionally normally-closed relays, which open
during operation, and which are connected respectively to the
outputs of photovoltaic inverting modules 410. Photovoltaic
inverting modules 410 have alternating current (AC) outputs with
voltage V.sub.a and current I.sub.a from module 410a; voltage
V.sub.b and current I.sub.b from module 410b; voltage V.sub.n and
current I.sub.n from module 410n. Outputs of modules 410 are
connected in series to give a voltage output V.sub.out, which is
applied to a load 406 via switch 414. Switch 414 is preferably
controlled by control unit 418. Load 406 typically is an
alternating current (AC) power grid, alternating current (AC) motor
or a battery charging circuit. Control units 408 typically provide
control signals to synchronization units 408 in order to achieve
synchronization with load or grid 406. Synchronization units 408 or
control unit 418 provide anti-islanding functionality for power
harvesting system 41.
[0033] Additionally, the outputs of photovoltaic inverting modules
410a-410n are bypassed (i.e. the output of modules 410a-410n are
short circuited) by bypass 422 in the event of under voltage
production by micro inverter modules 402 or the bypass is opened
(i.e. modules 410a-410n are open circuit) in the event of over
voltage by micro inverter modules 402 or during a situation of
anti-islanding.
[0034] Reference is now made to FIG. 4c, which illustrates further
details of bypass 422 according to various embodiments. Bypass 422
is controlled by control logic module 460, e.g. a microprocessor
460 controlling micro-inverter 402. Microprocessor 460 has a
sensing input connected to the output voltage (V.sub.microinverter)
of micro inverter 402. Control logic module 460 has other inputs
connected across the bypass path at nodes A and B. Control logic
module 460 has two outputs; one output connects to the gate of a
metal oxide semi-conductor field effect transistor (MOSFET)
Q.sub.1, the other output connects to the gate of MOSFET Q.sub.2.
The drain of MOSFET Q.sub.1 is connected to node A and the source
of MOSFET Q.sub.1 is connected to the source of MOSFET Q.sub.2, the
drain of MOSFET Q.sub.2 is connected to node B. MOSFET Q.sub.1 has
a diode with an anode connected to the drain and a cathode
connected to the source. MOSFET Q.sub.2 has a diode with an anode
connected to the drain and a cathode connected to the source. The
bypass current (I.sub.bypass) path is identified between nodes A
and B.
[0035] A high impedance path is provided between nodes A and B when
micro inverter 402 is producing an alternating current (AC) voltage
synchronized to grid voltage 406. The high impedance path is
provided between nodes A and B when MOSFETs Q.sub.1 and Q.sub.2 are
turned off by control logic unit 460. When the high impedance path
is provided between nodes A and B currents I.sub.b, I.sub.X,
I.sub.in, I.sub.a, I.sub.Y and I.sub.out are equal according to
Kirchhoffs current law. A low impedance path is provided between
nodes A and B when micro inverter 402 is not producing an AC
voltage and another serially-connected micro inverter 402 is
producing an AC voltage. A low impedance path is provided between
nodes A and B by alternately switching MOSFETs Q.sub.1 and Q.sub.2
on and off alternately via control logic unit 406. When the load
406 is a grid voltage Q.sub.1 and Q.sub.2 are turned alternately on
and off according to the frequency of the grid voltage. When the
load 406 is a load, Q.sub.1 and Q.sub.2 are turned alternately on
and off according to the frequency of synchronized inverters
402a-402n. In the case of low impedance path being provided between
nodes A and B in the embodiment according to FIG. 4a; switching
MOSFETs Q.sub.1 and Q.sub.2 on and off by control logic unit 460 is
achieved via communication signals between central control unit 408
and control units 408a-408n. In the case of low impedance path
being provided between nodes A and B in the embodiment according to
FIG. 4b; switching MOSFETs Q.sub.1 and Q.sub.2 on and off
alternately by control logic unit 460 is achieved via communication
signals between control units 408a-408n and information of grid
voltage 406 via sensor 416. A low impedance path provided between
nodes A and B means that currents I.sub.b, I.sub.bypass and
I.sub.out are substantially equal according to Kirchhoffs current
law. A low impedance path provided between nodes A and B means that
current I.sub.bypass flows alternately from drain to source of
Q.sub.2 and the diode of Q.sub.1 for one half cycle and for the
other half cycle I.sub.bypass flows alternately through from drain
to source of Q.sub.1 and the diode of Q.sub.2.
[0036] Reference is now made to FIG. 4b, which illustrates a power
harvesting system 42 according to further embodiments. As in power
harvesting system 41 photovoltaic inverting modules 410a-410n each
has a photovoltaic panel 100, bypass diode 310, control loops 404
and inverters 402 having synchronization units 408 and current
bypasses 422. Modules 410a-410n have outputs connected in series to
give a voltage output V.sub.out, which is applied to load 406.
Sensor 416 preferably senses the live voltage applied to load 406
optionally via electromagnetic pickup on the power line connected
to load 406 or directly by having visibility of the grid by virtue
of bypasses 422. Sensor unit 412 transfers details of the load
voltage (e.g. amplitude, phase, and frequency) to synchronization
unit 408a via control line 420. Control signals are optionally sent
over power line communications, wireless or over a separate
interface.
[0037] Although only one control line 420 is shown, optionally
multiple or all synchronization units 422 receive synchronization
signals from sensor 412.
[0038] Reference is now made to FIG. 5a, which shows a flow chart
of a method 50 illustrating operation of power harvesting systems
41 and 42 according to various aspects. Method steps include
installation (step 500) wake-up (step 501), normal operation (step
503), and shut down (step 505).
500 Installation and 501 Wake-Up
[0039] During installation (step 500), photovoltaic modules 410 are
preferably not producing power so as not to be a safety hazard to
the installers. Optionally, a "keep-alive" signal is transmitted
for instance by control unit 418 over the AC power lines. When the
"keep-alive" signal is not received by micro-inverters 402, AC
output power is disabled or not produced. Alternatively, if the
grid is "visible" to micro-inverters 402, then in the absence of
grid voltage, (e.g. switch 414 in FIG. 4a is open) micro-inverters
402 do not produce AC power. Reference is now made to FIG. 5b,
which illustrates an installation method 500 according to certain
aspects. In step 500a, input terminals of micro-inverters 402 are
connected to the output of photovoltaic panels 100. In step 500b,
the output terminals of photovoltaic panels 100 are connected
serially to give a serial voltage output. After an optional
predetermined time delay (step 501a), power inversion is enabled
(step 501b).The enabling (step 501b) of power inversion may be
performed by synchronization modules 408 when grid voltage is
sensed or by control unit 418 when switch 414 is closed.
503 Operation and 505 Shutdown
[0040] Reference is now made again to FIG. 5c, which shows a flow
chart of a method 503 for operating serially connected
micro-inverter module according to various embodiments.
Micro-inverters 402 invert (step 503b) the direct current (DC)
power output of photovoltaic panels 100 to alternating current (AC)
power at the outputs of micro-inverters 402 while maintaining
output voltage equal to the grid voltage. Synchronization (step
503a) between the voltage outputs of micro-inverters 402a-402n and
the grid voltage is maintained. Control unit 418 optionally
monitors AC synchronization between output voltage V.sub.out and
load 406, e.g. grid. Control unit 418 also may provide
anti-islanding functionality for power harvesting system 41. If
either synchronization and/or voltage of power harvesting system 41
is incompatible with the grid, control unit 418 disconnects power
harvesting system from the grid by signaling switch 414.
Alternatively, synchronization (step 503a) including maintenance of
grid voltage is achieved using synchronization units 422 which can
sense the grid by virtue of bypass paths 422. Upon failure of
either synchronization (step 503a) or inverting power at grid
voltage (step 503b) by any of the serially connected micro-inverter
modules 402, then current bypass occurs (step 503d). Current bypass
is optionally an active current bypass using active switches as
shown in FIG. 4c or preferably a passive current bypass. Shutdown
(step 505) occurs for instance at dusk when light levels are two
low to maintain the grid voltage at any current level. During
shutdown, the photovoltaic system is optionally disconnected from
the grid using switch 414 in system 41 or in system 42 each of
micro inverter modules 402 stop and present high impedance to the
grid.
[0041] According to yet further embodiments, the regulation of
output voltage of photovoltaic inverting modules 410a-410n is
achieved directly by the grid 406. The regulation does not require
control unit 418 and switch 414 as shown in FIG. 4a and relies on
the fact that grid 406 is almost infinitely greater in terms of
potential supply of power by comparison to the AC power produced by
photovoltaic inverting modules 410a-410n. The greater power of grid
06 forces photovoltaic inverting modules 410a-410n to adjust to the
grid voltage and as such, photovoltaic inverting modules 410a-410n
are preferably operated to give as much voltage as possible at
their outputs. Typically, photovoltaic inverting modules 410a-410
are capable of sensing grid voltage 406 so as to provide
anti-islanding.
[0042] The definite articles "a", "an" is used herein, such as "a
photovoltaic panel", have the meaning of "one or more" that is "one
or more photovoltaic panels".
[0043] Although selected embodiments have been shown and described,
it is to be appreciated that changes may be made to these
embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the
invention.
* * * * *