U.S. patent application number 13/032362 was filed with the patent office on 2012-06-07 for surgical repair kit and its method of use.
This patent application is currently assigned to Kwan-Ho Chan. Invention is credited to Kwan-Ho Chan.
Application Number | 20120143224 13/032362 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 28677811 |
Filed Date | 2012-06-07 |
United States Patent
Application |
20120143224 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Chan; Kwan-Ho |
June 7, 2012 |
SURGICAL REPAIR KIT AND ITS METHOD OF USE
Abstract
A suture passer including a longitudinally-extending hollow
cannula having a central passage slidingly receivable of a surgical
suture; a manually graspable handle connected to the hollow cannula
for manipulation thereof, the handle having an upper surface; first
guide means, connected to the upper surface of the handle,
proximate a distal end of the handle, for releasably, guidingly
holding the surgical suture; and second guide means, connected to
the upper surface of the handle, proximate to the first guide
means, for releasably, guidingly holding the surgical suture. The
suture passer can be provided in a kit, for use in the suturing of
internal tissue, along with a cannula bender, various hollow
surgical needles and surgical suture material. The suture passer
finds particular use in the suturing of internal tissues which are
at least partially accessible through a body cavity, e.g.
arthroscopic surgery.
Inventors: |
Chan; Kwan-Ho; (North Logan,
UT) |
Assignee: |
Chan; Kwan-Ho
North Logan
UT
|
Family ID: |
28677811 |
Appl. No.: |
13/032362 |
Filed: |
February 22, 2011 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10680079 |
Oct 7, 2003 |
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13032362 |
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09400162 |
Sep 21, 1999 |
6629984 |
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10680079 |
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09111237 |
Jul 7, 1998 |
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09400162 |
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08727027 |
Oct 8, 1996 |
5776151 |
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09111237 |
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08234840 |
Apr 28, 1994 |
5562683 |
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08727027 |
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08090651 |
Jul 12, 1993 |
5562687 |
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08234840 |
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60101162 |
Sep 21, 1998 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
606/148 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61B 17/0482 20130101;
A61B 17/0483 20130101; A61B 2017/061 20130101; A61B 2017/3411
20130101; A61B 2017/00526 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
606/148 |
International
Class: |
A61B 17/04 20060101
A61B017/04 |
Claims
1. A method for passing suture through tissue, comprising:
providing at least one length of suture; providing a suture passer,
wherein the suture passer comprises: a cannula, wherein the cannula
comprises a distal end; and a retriever slidably insertable in the
cannula, wherein the retriever comprises a distal receiver;
inserting the retriever into the cannula so that the distal
receiver is inside the distal end of the cannula; inserting the
distal end of the cannula through the tissue; advancing the
retriever so that the distal receiver protrudes from the distal end
of the cannula; receiving a first portion of the at least one
length of suture in the distal receiver; and withdrawing the suture
passer from the tissue.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first portion of the at least
one length of suture comprises an end portion of the at least one
length of suture.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one length of suture
is folded to form a loop portion, wherein the first portion of the
at least one length of suture comprises the loop portion.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one length of suture
is folded to bring together opposite end portions of the at least
one length of suture, wherein the first portion of the at least one
length of suture comprises the end portions.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the distal receiver comprises a
loop, wherein receiving the first portion of the at least one
length of suture in the distal receiver comprises receiving the
first portion of the at least one length of suture within the
loop.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the distal receiver comprises a
hook, wherein receiving the first portion of the at least one
length of suture in the distal receiver comprises grappling the
first portion of the at least one length of suture with the
hook.
7. The method of claim 1, comprising: withdrawing the first portion
of the at least one length of suture from the distal receiver after
withdrawing the at least one length of suture passer from the
tissue.
8. The method of claim 1, comprising: retracting the retriever
after receiving the first portion of the at least one length of
suture in the distal receiver.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein retracting the retriever binds
the at least one length of suture to the suture passer.
10. The method of claim 8, comprising: advancing the retriever
after withdrawing the suture passer from the tissue so that the
distal receiver protrudes from the distal end of the cannula; and
withdrawing the first portion of the at least one length of suture
from the distal receiver.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the distal receiver expands when
the distal receiver protrudes from the distal end of the
cannula.
12. A method for passing suture through tissue, comprising:
providing at least one length of suture; providing a suture passer,
wherein the suture passer comprises: a cannula, wherein the cannula
comprises a distal end; and a retriever slidably insertable in the
cannula, wherein the retriever comprises a distal receiver;
inserting the retriever into the cannula so that the distal
receiver protrudes from the distal end of the cannula; receiving a
first portion of the at least one length of suture in the distal
receiver; inserting the distal end of the cannula through the
tissue; withdrawing the first portion of the at least one length of
suture from the distal receiver; and withdrawing the suture passer
from the tissue.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the first portion of the at
least one length of suture comprises an end portion of the at least
one length of suture.
14. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one length of
suture is folded to form a loop portion, wherein the first portion
of the at least one length of suture comprises the loop
portion.
15. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one length of
suture is folded to bring together opposite end portions of the at
least one length of suture, wherein the first portion of the at
least one length of suture comprises the end portions.
16. The method of claim 12, wherein the distal receiver comprises a
loop, wherein receiving the first portion of the at least one
length of suture in the distal receiver comprises receiving the
first portion of the at least one length of suture within the
loop.
17. The method of claim 12, comprising: retracting the retriever so
that the distal receiver is inside the distal end of the cannula
before withdrawing the suture passer from the tissue.
18. The method of claim 12, comprising: retracting the retriever
after receiving the first portion of the at least one length of
suture in the distal receiver.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the distal receiver comprises a
hook, wherein receiving the first portion of the at least one
length of suture in the distal receiver comprises grappling the
first portion of the at least one length of suture with the
hook.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein retracting the retriever binds
the at least one length of suture to the suture passer.
21. The method of claim 20, comprising: advancing the retriever so
that the distal receiver protrudes from the distal end of the
cannula before withdrawing the first portion of the at least one
length of suture from the distal receiver.
22. The method of claim 12, wherein the distal receiver expands
when the distal receiver protrudes from the distal end of the
cannula.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of:
[0002] Pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/680,079, filed
Oct. 7, 2003 by Kwan-Ho Chan for SURGICAL REPAIR KIT AND ITS METHOD
OF USE, Attorney's Docket No. CHAN-33 CON, which is a continuation
of:
[0003] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/400,162, filed Sep. 21,
1999 by Kwan-Ho Chan for SURGICAL REPAIR KIT AND ITS METHOD OF USE,
Attorney's Docket No. CHAN-33, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,629,984, which
claims the benefit of:
[0004] U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/101,162, filed
Sep. 21, 1998 by Kwan-Ho Chan for SUTURE PASSER AND RETRIEVER
SYSTEM, Attorney's Docket No. CHANPROV, now expired.
[0005] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/400,162 is also a
continuation-in-part of:
[0006] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/111,237, filed July 7,
1998 by Kwan-Ho Chan for SURGICAL REPAIR KIT AND ITS METHOD OF USE,
Attorney's Docket No. MIT-53CON2, now abandoned, which is a
continuation of:
[0007] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/727,027, filed Oct. 8,
1996 by Kwan-Ho Chan for SURGICAL REPAIR KIT AND ITS METHOD OF USE,
Attorney's Docket No. MIT-53, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,151, which is
a continuation of:
[0008] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/234,840, filed Apr. 28,
1994 by Kwan-Ho Chan for SURGICAL REPAIR KIT AND ITS METHOD OF USE,
Attorney's Docket No. MIT53, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,562,683, which is
a continuation-in-part of:
[0009] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/090,651, filed Jul. 12,
1993 by Kwan-Ho Chan for SURGICAL REPAIR KIT AND ITS METHOD OF USE,
Attorney's Docket No. CHAN-1, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,562,687.
[0010] All of the above documents are hereby incorporated herein by
reference in their entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0011] The present invention relates to medical devices for
performing surgery and a surgical repair kit containing the same.
More particularly, the present invention is directed to a surgical
repair kit useful for performing arthroscopic meniscal repairs and
other surgical procedures.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0012] Menisci are tough rubbery C shaped cartilage cushions that
are attached by ligaments to the top plateau of the tibia. They
prevent the surfaces of the tibia and femur from grinding against
each other and act as shock absorbers in the knee.
[0013] Menisci are also located in the shoulder, generally known as
labrum.
[0014] Meniscal tears are a common problem, especially among
amateur and professional athletes. The most common meniscus injury
occurs in the knee. Each year, tens of thousands of people suffer
meniscal tears, particularly in or at the site of one or both
knees. If these tears are not repaired, there may be a progressive
deterioration of the cartilage, leading to the painful rubbing and
wearing of bones which had previously been covered by cartilage.
This, in turn, leads to inflammatory synovitis, arthritis and other
debilitating ailments. Consequently, at least 30,000 to 40,000
meniscal excisions or repairs are performed to the knee and
shoulder each year.
[0015] Men and women between the ages of 18 and 45 experience the
majority of meniscal tears, usually during athletic activity, such
as when twisting, cutting, pivoting, decelerating or when being
tackled. When torn, the meniscus may have a longitudinal,
horizontal or radial (parrot beak) tear.
[0016] The damaged meniscus may be diagnosed with the assistance or
use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or an arthroscopic
examination. Arthroscopy enables a surgeon to look into the joint
using a miniature video camera. In many cases, torn fragments of
the meniscus are removed arthroscopically. In other cases, a small
tear at the periphery of the meniscus, with a very swollen knee
joint, may be treated by draining the joint, temporarily
restricting the use of the knee, and slowly having the patient
begin rehabilitative exercises.
[0017] However, in still other cases, the tears in the meniscus do
require surgical repair, normally by sewing the torn sections of
the meniscus together. The use of the arthroscope greatly aids in
the surgical repair of the meniscus by allowing the surgeon to
better visualize the small areas between which the torn meniscus
lies. The arthroscope enables the surgeon to visualize the interior
of the joint and to perform surgery through small puncture holes
without having to open the joint as has been done in the past.
[0018] A number of surgical tools have been developed to assist in
suturing. In some cases these tools have been developed for use in
arthroscopic and/or endoscopic surgery.
[0019] In addition to the foregoing, many surgical procedures are
currently performed on the shoulder.
[0020] More particularly, a group of four muscles around the
shoulder joint is called the rotator muscles of the shoulder. The
tendonous portion of the muscles that insert into the bony
tuberosities of the humeral head is known as the rotator cuff. The
rotator cuff is frequently torn at or close to its bony insertion
due to trauma or due to degenerative changes associated with aging.
Weakness and pain are indications for the surgical repair of
rotator cuffs. The surgical procedure consists of re-attachment of
the rotator to its bony bed.
[0021] Another type of tear in the shoulder that requires attention
relates to instability of the shoulder joint after the shoulder has
been previously dislocated. The instability is the result of
tearing of the joint capsule and its labrum (a fibrocartilaginous
structure) from the anterior aspect of the glenoid. This deficiency
is commonly known as a Bankart lesion. One method to correct the
instability associated with a Bankart lesion is to re-attach the
torn capsule and labrum to bone on the anterior aspect of the
glenoid.
[0022] Both of the above procedures involve re-attaching soft
tissues to bone. The arthroscope enables the surgeon to visualize
the interior of the joint and to perform surgery through small
puncture holes without having to open the joint as has been done in
the past. Improvements in instrumentation and in suture anchors
have made it possible for surgeons skilled in arthroscopy to
perform the above surgical procedures arthroscopically.
[0023] The basic steps in arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs and
arthroscopic Bankart repairs involve embedding a suture anchor into
a bony bed, passing a suture through the soft tissue and tying the
soft tissue to the suture anchor, thus coapting the torn tissue to
the bony bed. At other times torn or lax tissues are repaired or
tightened by passing sutures through two points in the soft tissue,
and then tying the sutures together.
[0024] U.S. Pat. No. 2,808,055 (Thayer) discloses a surgical
stitching instrument which accommodates a bobbin of suture material
and includes means to feed the suture material to a needle. A
slidable thread-moving member is provided for advancing the suture
material through the needle.
[0025] U.S. Pat. No. 3,476,114 (Shannon et al.) discloses a
ligating implement comprising an elongated instrument through which
a ligature passes to form a loop at one end with a disc. The disc
provides a means whereby the loop may be drawn tight about a
severed vessel or the like.
[0026] U.S. Pat. No. 3,476,115 (Graeff et al.) discloses a ligating
implement as in Shannon et al., and includes severing means to
prevent overstressing of the locking disc during tightening of the
noose.
[0027] U.S. Pat. No. 4,493,323 (Albright et al.) discloses a
suturing device and a method for its use in arthroscopic surgery.
The suturing device comprises an elongated tube and plunger which
are used to hold and advance a pair of needles united by a length
of suture material.
[0028] U.S. Pat. No. 4,641,652 (Hutterer et al.) discloses an
applicator for tying sewing threads which comprises a helical
tubular coil connected to a shaft having an axial passage. A
catcher loop is extendable through the shaft to catch a sewing
thread inserted manually into the coil passage.
[0029] U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,027 (Yoon) discloses surgical
instruments and methods for effecting suturing of tissue controlled
from a position remote from the suture site. The invention provides
for the continuous feeding of suture material through opposed
forcep jaw members between which the tissue segments are
interposed.
[0030] U.S. Pat. No. 5,112,308 (Olsen et al.) discloses a medical
device for and a method of endoscopic surgery. The device includes
a dilator having a tapered end and a central passage which
accommodates a guidewire for directing the dilator. This device
does not include any means whereby the guidewire may be secured to
the dilator or otherwise manipulated in conjunction therewith.
[0031] U.S. Pat. No. 4,779,616 (Johnson) discloses a method for
snagging an end of a surgical suture during arthroscopic surgery,
comprising deploying a distal end of a cylindrical cannula adjacent
to the end of the suture within the body and passing a resilient
loop through the cannula to snag the suture.
[0032] U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,890,615, 4,923,461 and 4,957,498 (Caspari
et al.) disclose a suturing instrument and method of use in
arthroscopic surgery. The suturing instrument includes a hollow
needle for penetrating tissue to be sutured within the body while
the tissue is clamped between relatively movable jaws and a suture
feed mechanism for feeding suture material through the hollow
needle. The jaws can be opened and the suturing instrument
withdrawn from the body, pulling the free end segment of the suture
material with the instrument.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0033] It is an object of the present invention to provide a
surgical repair kit. In particular, it is an object of the present
invention to provide a surgical repair kit which is particularly
suited for the repair of torn menisci.
[0034] It is another object of the present invention to provide a
suture passer having means for positioning of the suture.
[0035] It is another object of the present invention to provide a
parallel needle guide to allow for an easier and more successful
placement of a second needle in close proximity to a first needle
that has been previously inserted in the area of a tissue tear.
[0036] Another object of the present invention is to provide a
modular suture passer assembly of the sort comprising a handle and
a cannula, wherein the handle is adapted to releasably and
lockingly hold the cannula for manipulation by a surgeon so that a
length of suture may be passed through tissue.
[0037] Still another object of the present invention is to provide
a surgical kit for use in passing a length of suture through
tissue, wherein the kit comprises a handle and various
interchangeable cannulas, with each cannula being adapted to be
releasably and lockingly held by the handle during a surgical
procedure.
[0038] Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a
surgical cannula having a sharp distal tip which is adapted to
pierce tissue.
[0039] And another object of the present invention is to provide a
surgical cannula having a sharp distal tip which is adapted to
pierce tissue while at least one strand of suture extends out of
the cannula's sharp distal tip, wherein the sharp distal tip of the
cannula is specially configured so as to minimize the possibility
of damaging or severing the suture during the tissue-piercing
operation.
[0040] Still another object of the present invention is to provide
a modular suture passer assembly which is relatively simple to
manufacture and relatively easy to use.
[0041] Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a
new method for passing suture through tissue.
[0042] While the present invention is primarily concerned with the
repair of torn menisci, the repair kit, the parallel needle guide,
and the suture passer may be used in other surgical procedures,
e.g., for suturing internal tissue at least partially accessible
through a body cavity.
[0043] The invention also is suitable for various shoulder surgery
repairs such as a Bankart repair and a rotator cuff repair, and
other arthroscopic and laparoscopic procedures.
[0044] The suture passer of the invention comprises a
longitudinally-extending hollow cannula having a central passage
slidingly receivable of a surgical suture and a manually graspable
handle connected to the hollow cannula for manipulation thereof.
The suture passer has a first guide means connected to an upper
surface of the handle, proximate to a distal end of the handle, for
releasably, guidingly holding the surgical suture, and a second
guide means connected to the upper surface of the handle, proximal
to the first guide means, for releasably, guidingly holding the
surgical suture.
[0045] In one embodiment of the invention, the hollow cannula is
connected to the upper surface of the handle and the hollow cannula
terminates at a rearward opening between the first and second guide
means.
[0046] In another embodiment of the invention, the hollow cannula
is received within a bore formed in the handle, with the bore
terminating at an opening in the upper surface of the handle
between the first and second guide means.
[0047] The guide means may be loops which are either parallel or
transverse to the longitudinally-extending hollow cannula. In an
alternative embodiment, the second guide means may consist of a
plurality of bent fingers lying in parallel planes.
[0048] The guide means serve as means about which the suture is
passed so it may be manipulated longitudinally with respect to the
cannula. The diameter of the central passage of the cannula is such
that the tip of a spinal epidural or similar needle into which the
suture is directed may fit into the cannula and is large enough to
allow the sliding passage of two surgical sutures (i.e., the two
limbs of a single surgical suture).
[0049] In the method of use, the suture passer is used in surgical
manipulations, and in particular meniscal repairs or other
arthroscopic procedures, to direct a suture within a joint space
with a greater degree of precision than available by current
methods.
[0050] When the two limbs of a surgical suture are within the
cannula, the guide means can function to separate the two limbs.
Separation of the two limbs of the surgical suture allows
independent manipulation of the suture limbs. Digital manipulation
of the surgical suture between the first and second guide means
causes longitudinal passage of one limb of the surgical suture
within the cannula, i.e., friction between the digit and the said
suture will cause the said suture to slide along the top surface of
the handle, into or out of the cannula, when manipulated
digitally.
[0051] In one surgical repair kit formed in accordance with the
present invention, the kit comprises a suture passer, as previously
described, at least two surgical needles of predetermined length
and at least one stylet for each surgical needle. Preferably, the
surgical repair kit includes three surgical needles, with one of
the surgical needles having a length greater than that of the other
needles.
[0052] In one preferred embodiment, the suture passer is provided
with a metal cannula, and the surgical repair kit includes a
cannula bender for bending the metal cannula in a desired manner.
The cannula bender comprises a base and a pair of upwardly-stepped,
symmetrical bolsters positioned on top of the base, allowing the
cannula to be bent to the right or to the left, each step of each
bolster having a predetermined radius of curvature wherein the
radius of curvature of each step is smaller than the radius of
curvature of the step immediately below.
[0053] Additionally, in one surgical repair kit formed in
accordance with the present invention, the kit may further include
a parallel needle guide for guiding the surgical needles for
desired placement relative to each other. The parallel needle guide
comprises at least three longitudinally-extending, hollow
tube-shaped units longitudinally adhered to each other, in a plane,
parallel to one another, each of the tube-shaped units slidingly
receivable of a surgical needle therethrough.
[0054] The present invention also provides methods for the suturing
of internal tissue which is at least partially accessible through a
body cavity.
[0055] A first method comprises the steps of:
[0056] (a) providing at least one suture having a first limb and a
second limb;
[0057] (b) providing a suture passer comprising a
longitudinally-extending hollow cannula having a distal opening, a
proximal opening and a central passage slidingly receivable of a
surgical suture;
[0058] (c) introducing the distal end of the cannula into a body
cavity at least partially accessing internal tissue to be
sutured;
[0059] (d) identifying a first insertion site for passing a first
limb of a suture through the internal tissue to be sutured;
[0060] (e) inserting a first hollow needle through the first
insertion site, the hollow needle extending from outside the body
through the first insertion site into the body cavity;
[0061] (f) identifying a second insertion site for passing a second
limb of the suture through the internal tissue to be sutured;
[0062] (g) inserting a second hollow needle through the second
insertion site, the hollow needle extending from outside the body
through the second insertion site into the body cavity;
[0063] (h) passing the second limb of the suture through the first
hollow needle into the distal opening of the cannula until it exits
the proximal opening of the cannula;
[0064] (i) feeding the second limb of the suture back into the
cannula through the proximal opening;
[0065] (j) passing the second limb of the suture through the hollow
cannula into the second hollow needle until it exits the needle
external of the body;
[0066] (k) drawing the suture through the cannula into the body
cavity;
[0067] (l) removing the first and second needles by drawing them
outwardly of the body cavity;
[0068] (m) tying the limbs of the suture; and
[0069] (n) repeating steps (d)-(m) until a surgically sufficient
number of sutures have been tied.
[0070] A second method comprises the steps of:
[0071] (a) providing at least one suture having a first limb and a
second limb;
[0072] (b) providing a suture passer comprising a
longitudinally-extending hollow cannula having a distal opening, a
proximal opening and a central passage slidingly receivable of a
surgical suture;
[0073] (c) loading the suture passer with a surgical suture such
that an end of the first limb of the suture and an end of the
second limb of the suture each protrude from the distal end of the
cannula;
[0074] (d) introducing the distal end of the cannula into a body
cavity at least partially accessing internal tissue to be
sutured;
[0075] (e) identifying a first insertion site for passing the first
limb of the suture through the internal tissue to be sutured;
[0076] (f) inserting a first hollow needle through the first
insertion site, the hollow needle extending from outside the body
through the first insertion site into the body cavity;
[0077] (g) identifying a second insertion site for passing a second
limb of the suture through the internal tissue to be sutured;
[0078] (h) inserting a second hollow needle through the second
insertion site, the hollow needle extending from outside of the
body through the second insertion site into the body cavity;
[0079] (i) introducing the end of the first limb of the suture into
the first hollow needle until it exits the first hollow needle
outside the body;
[0080] (j) introducing the end of the second limb of the suture
into the second hollow needle until it exits the second hollow
needle outside the body;
[0081] (k) drawing the suture through the cannula into the body
cavity;
[0082] (l) removing the first and second hollow needles by drawing
them outwardly of the body cavity;
[0083] (m) tying the limbs of the suture; and
[0084] (n) repeating steps (c)-(m) until a surgically sufficient
number of sutures have been tied.
[0085] In a further modification of the invention, the suture
passer may be formed in a modular fashion so that a variety of
different cannulas can be attached to its handle. These cannulas
may be blunt or sharply pointed, and they may be straight or
curved, as required for a particular surgical procedure. In this
form of the invention, the suture passer's handle includes a female
lock portion which is configured to receive and lockingly hold a
cannula which is provided with a corresponding male lock
portion.
[0086] In a preferred form of the modular suture passer, each of
the interchangeable cannulas is provided with a radial fin which is
attached to the cannula adjacent to the cannula's proximal end.
This fin includes a main portion and a tab portion. The tab portion
of the fin extends proximally from the main portion of the fin. The
tab portion of the fin includes an upper tab projection defining an
upper, distally-facing tab shoulder and a lower tab projection
defining a lower, distally-facing tab shoulder. The tab portion's
upper and lower tab projections are located between the main
portion of the fin and the proximal end of the tab portion. The tab
portion's upper and lower tab shoulders are aligned with one
another.
[0087] The modular handle includes first and second suture guide
means generally of the sort disclosed above.
[0088] The modular handle also comprises a first bore which extends
proximally and axially into the handle from the distal end thereof.
The first bore includes a stop at its proximal end. The first bore
is sized and positioned so that it can receive the proximal portion
of a selected cannula, with the proximal end of the cannula's
central lumen opening onto the upper surface of the handle between
the first and second guide means when the cannula's proximal end is
in engagement with the first bore's stop. A slot extends proximally
and axially into the handle from the distal end thereof. The slot
communicates with the handle's first bore and is sized to receive
the main portion of the fin of a cannula when that cannula is
mounted to the handle.
[0089] A cavity is formed in the handle immediately proximal to the
slot. This cavity is sized to receive the tab portion of a cannula
when that cannula is mounted to the handle. An upper sidewall
projection extends inwardly into the cavity from one of the
sidewalls of the cavity, and a lower sidewall projection extends
inwardly into the cavity from the same sidewall of the cavity. The
upper sidewall projection defines an upper, proximally-facing
sidewall shoulder, and the lower sidewall projection defines a
lower, proximally-facing sidewall shoulder. The upper and lower
sidewall shoulders are aligned with one another. The upper and
lower sidewall projections are located such that as the tab portion
of a given cannula enters the handle's cavity, the cannula's upper
and lower tab projections will snap over and lockingly engage the
handle's upper and lower sidewall projections when the cannula is
fully inserted into the handle's first bore. In particular, when
the assembly is in this locked condition, the cannula's
distally-facing upper tab shoulder will engage the handle's
proximally-facing upper sidewall shoulder, and the cannula's
distally-facing lower tab shoulder will engage the handle's
proximally-facing lower sidewall shoulder.
[0090] When a given cannula has been mounted to the handle in the
foregoing manner, rotational movement of the cannula relative to
the handle is precluded by the engagement of the cannula's main fin
portion with the sidewalls of the handle's slot. In addition, axial
movement of the cannula relative to the handle is precluded (i) in
the proximal direction by the engagement of the proximal end of the
cannula with the stop located at the proximal end of the handle's
first bore, and (ii) in the distal direction by the engagement of
the cannula's two distally-facing tab shoulders with the handle's
two proximally-facing sidewall shoulders.
[0091] The handle of the modular suture passer also includes means
for releasing a cannula from its locking engagement with the
handle. More particularly, when a given cannula has been mounted to
the handle in the foregoing manner, the proximal-most portion of
the cannula's tab portion will extend proximally into a second bore
formed in the handle.
[0092] The second bore extends axially through the handle, from the
proximal end of the handle's cavity to the proximal end of the
handle. A release rod is positioned within the second bore for
reciprocal movement therein, between (i) a proximalmost position in
which the release rod is withdrawn from engagement with a cannula
mounted to the handle, and (ii) a distalmost position in which the
release rod is in engagement with a cannula mounted to the handle.
Spring means are provided for yieldably biasing the release rod
into its proximalmost position. The release rod has a beveled
distal end terminating in a drive surface. A cannula is dismounted
from the handle by urging the release rod from its proximalmost
position to its distalmost position. As the release rod begins to
move from its proximalmost position to its distalmost position, the
rod's beveled distal end will first engage the proximal end of the
cannula's tab portion and deflect the tab portion laterally,
whereby the cannula's two distally-facing tab shoulders will be
disengaged from the handle's two proximally-facing sidewall
shoulders. Thereafter, as the release rod continues to move from
its proximalmost position to its distalmost position, the release
rod's drive surface will engage the proximal end of the cannula's
tab portion, whereby the entire cannula will be driven distally so
that the cannula's two tab projections will clear the handle's two
sidewall projections. This will unlock the cannula from the handle.
The cannula may thereafter be manually withdrawn from the handle by
pulling the cannula in a distal direction.
[0093] In another form of the invention, there is provided a
cannula having a proximal end, a distal end, and a passage
therethrough, comprising a plurality of hollow cylinders that are
interconnected.
[0094] In another form of the invention, there is provided an
apparatus for receiving and passing one or more sutures, one or
more tools, and combinations thereof, comprising a handle having a
proximal end and a distal end; and a cannula mounted on the distal
end of the handle; wherein the proximal end of the handle is
configured to receive one or more sutures for passage into the
cannula.
[0095] In another form of the invention, there is provided an
apparatus for receiving and passing one or more sutures, one or
more tools, and combinations thereof, comprising a handle; and a
suture guide, having a suture entrance, mounted on said handle;
wherein the suture entrance is observable from a transverse
projection thereof.
[0096] In another form of the invention, there is provided an
apparatus for receiving and passing one or more sutures, one or
more tools, and combinations thereof, comprising a handle having a
first proximal end; a suture guide, having a second proximal end,
mounted on the handle; wherein the second proximal end is distal of
the first proximal end.
[0097] In another form of the invention, there is provided an
apparatus for receiving and passing one or more sutures, one or
more tools, and combinations thereof, comprising a handle; a
cannula mounted on the handle; and a proximal suture guide mounted
on the handle; the cannula and the proximal suture guide defining a
gap therebetween; wherein the gap is optimized to provide maximum
suture exposure with limited suture buckling during advancement of
the suture.
[0098] In another form of the invention, there is provided an
apparatus for receiving and passing one or more sutures, one or
more tools, and combinations thereof, comprising a handle having a
shape that facilitates orientation thereof.
[0099] In another form of the invention, there is provided an
apparatus for receiving and passing one or more sutures, one or
more tools, and combinations thereof, comprising a handle; and a
cannula mounted on the handle; the handle having a surface for
slidingly advancing suture into the cannula; wherein the cannula is
aligned with the surface.
[0100] In another form of the invention, there is provided an
apparatus for receiving and passing one or more sutures, one or
more tools, and combinations thereof, comprising a cannula having a
distal end; wherein at least a portion of the distal end is
configured to drive a suture against tissue without severing the
suture.
[0101] In another form of the invention, there is provided an
apparatus for receiving and passing one or more sutures, one or
more tools, and combinations thereof, comprising a handle including
a suture retainer.
[0102] In another form of the invention, there is provided an
apparatus for receiving and passing one or more sutures, one or
more tools, and combinations thereof, comprising a handle; and a
cannula, configured to receive the one or more tools, mounted on
the handle.
[0103] In another form of the invention, there is provided a suture
retrieving tool comprising a handle having a distal end and a
proximal end; a cannula having a distal end and a proximal end, the
proximal end of the cannula being attached to the distal end of the
handle, and the cannula having a slot opening on its distal end and
extending toward its proximal end; a hook retriever having a distal
end and a proximal end, the distal end being configured in the
shape of a hook, and the proximal end being attached to the distal
end of the handle, the hook retriever having a bend intermediate of
its distal and proximal ends; and a sleeve having a distal end and
a proximal end, the sleeve being disposed around the hook retriever
and within the cannula, the sleeve being slidably attached to the
handle such that (1) the sleeve can be positioned in a first
retracted position wherein the distal end of the sleeve is disposed
proximal to the bend, such that the hook retriever can extend out
the slot in the cannula, and (2) the sleeve can be positioned in a
second extended position wherein the distal end of the sleeve is
disposed distal to the bend, such that the hook retriever will be
withdrawn inboard of the slot.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0104] FIG. 1 is a side view of the suture passer;
[0105] FIG. 2 is a top view of another embodiment of the suture
passer;
[0106] FIG. 3 is a side view of the suture passer of FIG. 2;
[0107] FIG. 4 is a frontal view of the handle of the embodiment of
the surgical suture passer of FIG. 3;
[0108] FIG. 5 is a cross-section of the handle of the surgical
suture passer;
[0109] FIG. 6 is a side view of another embodiment of the surgical
suture passer;
[0110] FIG. 7A is a side view, and FIG. 7B is a top view, of
another embodiment of the surgical suture passer;
[0111] FIG. 8A is an enlarged side view of a tip of a spinal
needle, and FIG. 8B is an enlarged side view of a tip of an
epidural needle;
[0112] FIG. 9 is a side view of a parallel needle guide;
[0113] FIG. 10 is a frontal view of a parallel needle guide;
[0114] FIG. 11 is a side sectional view of a needle containing a
stylet;
[0115] FIG. 12 is a frontal view of a cannula bender;
[0116] FIG. 13 is a frontal view illustrating the use of the
cannula bender;
[0117] FIGS. 14-26 are cross-sectional top views at various stages
of an operation where the middle third of the meniscus is being
repaired;
[0118] FIG. 27A, FIG. 27B, and FIGS. 28-31 are cross-sectional top
views at various stages of an operation where the posterior region
of the meniscus is being repaired;
[0119] FIG. 32 is a left side view of a modular suture passer
formed in accordance with the present invention;
[0120] FIG. 33 is a right side view of the modular suture passer
shown in FIG. 32;
[0121] FIG. 34 is a top view of the modular suture passer shown in
FIG. 32;
[0122] FIG. 35 is a bottom view, with portions broken away, of the
modular suture passer shown in FIG. 32;
[0123] FIG. 36 is a left side view similar to that of FIG. 32,
except that the modular suture passer's handle is shown in section
so as to reveal how the cannula is in locking engagement with the
handle;
[0124] FIG. 37 is a bottom view similar to that of FIG. 35, except
that the modular suture passer's handle is shown in section so as
to reveal how the cannula is in locking engagement with the
handle;
[0125] FIG. 37A is an enlarged bottom view showing selected
portions of FIG. 37 in greater detail;
[0126] FIG. 38 is a left side view similar to that of FIG. 36,
except that the cannula is shown released from its locking
engagement with the handle, with the handle's release rod having
moved from its proximalmost position to its distalmost
position;
[0127] FIG. 39 is a bottom view similar to that of FIG. 37, except
that the cannula is shown released from its locking engagement with
the handle, with the handle's release rod having moved from its
proximalmost position to its distalmost position;
[0128] FIG. 39A is an enlarged bottom view showing selected
portions of FIG. 39 in greater detail;
[0129] FIG. 40 is an enlarged left side view, partially cut away,
of a cannula suitable for use with the modular suture passer shown
in FIGS. 32-39;
[0130] FIG. 41 is a rear view of the cannula shown in FIG. 40;
[0131] FIG. 42 is a top view, partially cut away, of the cannula
shown in FIG. 40;
[0132] FIG. 43 is an enlarged top view of the pointed distal end of
the cannula shown in FIG. 40;
[0133] FIG. 44 is an enlarged left side view, partially cut away,
of another cannula suitable for use with the modular suture passer
shown in FIGS. 32-39;
[0134] FIG. 45 is an enlarged left side view, partially cut away,
of still another cannula suitable for use with the modular suture
passer shown in FIGS. 32-39;
[0135] FIG. 46 is an enlarged left side view, partially cut away,
of yet another cannula suitable for use with the modular suture
passer shown in FIGS. 32-39;
[0136] FIG. 47 is an enlarged left side view, partially cut away,
of still another cannula suitable for use with the modular suture
passer shown in FIGS. 32-39;
[0137] FIG. 48 is an enlarged left side view, partially cut away,
of yet another cannula suitable for use with the modular suture
passer shown in FIGS. 32-39;
[0138] FIG. 49 is an enlarged left side view, partially cut away,
of still another cannula suitable for use with the modular suture
passer shown in FIGS. 32-39;
[0139] FIG. 50 is an illustrative side view showing the modular
suture passer of FIGS. 32-39 adjacent to a piece of tissue, wherein
a length of suture extends through the suture passer's cannula, and
further wherein the suture end extending out of the distal end of
the cannula engages the handle's distal suture guide, and the
suture end extending out of the proximal end of the cannula engages
the handle's proximal suture guide;
[0140] FIG. 51 is an illustrative side view similar to that of FIG.
50, except that the distal end of the cannula has been inserted
through the piece of tissue, carrying the length of suture with
it;
[0141] FIG. 52 is an illustrative side view similar to that of FIG.
51, except that the cannula has been withdrawn from the piece of
tissue, leaving a loop of suture extending through the tissue, with
the suture end extending from the distal end of the cannula having
been disengaged from the handle's distal suture guide;
[0142] FIGS. 53-55 illustrate how a simple stitch can be
established across two pieces of tissue using the present
invention;
[0143] FIGS. 56-58 illustrate how a suture loop can be passed
across two pieces of tissue using the present invention;
[0144] FIGS. 59-61 illustrate two different ways a folded suture
loop can be passed across two pieces of tissue using the present
invention;
[0145] FIGS. 62-64 illustrate how a simple stitch can be converted
to a mattress stitch with a suture loop using the present
invention;
[0146] FIG. 65 is a side view of another embodiment of suture
passer;
[0147] FIG. 66 is a top view of the embodiment of FIG. 65;
[0148] FIG. 67 is a frontal view of the handle of the embodiment of
FIG. 65;
[0149] FIG. 68 is a side view of an additional embodiment of suture
passer including a suture retainer;
[0150] FIG. 69 is a side view of a further embodiment of suture
passer including a suture retainer;
[0151] FIG. 70 is a side view of yet another embodiment of suture
passer including a suture retainer;
[0152] FIG. 71 is a side view of yet another embodiment of suture
passer;
[0153] FIG. 72 is a top view of a loop retriever;
[0154] FIG. 73 is a side view of the embodiment of FIG. 72;
[0155] FIG. 74 is a top view of the suture passer of FIG. 65
receiving the loop retriever of
[0156] FIG. 72, the loop retriever being articulated into a closed
loop configuration;
[0157] FIG. 75 is a top view of the suture passer of FIG. 65
receiving the loop retriever of FIG. 72, the loop retriever being
articulated into an open loop configuration;
[0158] FIG. 76 is a side view of a hook retriever;
[0159] FIG. 77 is a top view of the embodiment of FIG. 76;
[0160] FIG. 78 is a side view of the suture passer of FIG. 65
receiving the hook retriever of FIG. 76, the loop retriever being
articulated into a closed configuration;
[0161] FIG. 79 is a side view of the suture passer of FIG. 65
receiving the hook retriever of FIG. 76, the loop retriever being
articulated into an open configuration;
[0162] FIG. 80 is an enlarged side view of an alternative form of
suture passer-and-hook retriever tool, with the hook retriever
being in a closed configuration;
[0163] FIG. 81 is an enlarged top view of the suture
passer-and-hook retriever tool of FIG. 80; and
[0164] FIG. 82 is an enlarged side view of the suture
passer-and-hook retriever tool of FIG. 80, but with the hook
retriever being in an open configuration.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0165] FIGS. 1-7 illustrate the meniscal suture passer 1, used for
the passage of a suture in a confined area of the body during
surgery. The suture passer 1 comprises a longitudinally-extending
hollow cannula 2 having a central passage slidingly receivable of a
surgical suture, and a manually graspable handle 3 connected to the
hollow cannula 2 for manipulation thereof. A first guide means is
connected to the upper surface of the handle 3 for releasably,
guidingly holding the surgical suture. A second guide means for
guidingly holding the suture is also connected to the upper surface
of the handle 3. The second guide means is proximal to the first
guide means. The suture passer 1 in FIGS. 1-6 comprises the cannula
2, the handle 3, a rearward opening 4 near the distal end of the
handle 3, a distal loop 5, and a proximal loop 6. The distal loop 5
serves as the first guide means, and the proximal loop 6 serves as
the second guide means. Distal loop 5 preferably comprises a single
turn open wire loop having a first axis of rotation of the loop,
and proximal loop 6 is preferably a 11/2 pigtail open wire loop
having a second axis of rotation of the loop. The loops 5, 6 are
preferably parallel to one another. In one embodiment, the wire
loops 5 and 6 are preferably perpendicular to the handle 3, with
the first axis of rotation and the second axis of rotation
transverse to said longitudinally-extending hollow cannula 2. In
another embodiment, the axes of rotation of loops 5 and 6 are
parallel to the longitudinally-extending cannula 3. Near the distal
end of the handle is the opening 4 which leads from the handle 3 to
the cannula 2. The handle preferably is provided with gripping
means, and is preferably knurled at 7, so that the surgeon has a
better grip on the suture passer 1.
[0166] The cannula 2 may be attached and enter through an opening
at the concentric center of the handle 3 as shown in FIG. 1. The
hollow cannula 2 is received within a bore 8 formed in the handle
3, with the bore 8 terminating at the opening 4 in an upper surface
of the handle 3 intermediate the first and second guide means. In
an alternative embodiment, the cannula may be connected to the
upper surface of the handle 3, as shown in FIG. 3. In this
embodiment of the invention, there is no opening into or through
the handle 3. Instead, the hollow cannula 2 terminates at a
rearward opening 10 between the first and second guide means
directly on top of the handle 3. Additionally, in the embodiment of
FIG. 1, the handle of the suture passer is rounded, whereas in the
embodiment of FIGS. 3 and 4, the suture passer handle 3 is
flattened on the side upon wherein the proximal end 10 of the
cannula 2 resides. Additionally in the embodiment of FIG. 3, the
distal loop 5 resides on the cannula 2 just prior to the proximal
opening 4 of the cannula 2.
[0167] The central passage of the cannula should have a diameter
large enough to allow sliding passage of two surgical suture
strands therethrough. A distal opening 11 of the cannula should
also have a diameter large enough to allow engagement with the tip
of a spinal or epidural needle for the purpose of passage of the
suture between the cannula and the needle.
[0168] In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the cannula 2, from its distal
opening 11 to the point at which it enters the handle, ranges in
length from about 6.0 cm to about 20.0 cm, and more preferably is
about 12.0 cm in length. The opening of the cannula 2 is preferably
from about 0.08 cm to about 0.32 cm in width, and more preferably
is about 0.16 cm in width. The wall of the cannula 2 is preferably
from about 0.01 cm to about 0.05 cm in thickness, and more
preferably is about 0.0254 cm in thickness. The handle preferably
has a width ranging from about 0.64 cm to about 1.28 cm, and more
preferably is about 0.96 cm in width.
[0169] The wire of the wire loops as shown in FIG. 5 ranges from
about 0.10 to about 0.14 cm in diameter a and is preferably
attached to the handle by a mounting structure 12 which is about
0.1 to about 0.4 cm in height h.
[0170] In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 6,
the suture passer 1 is similar to the invention illustrated in FIG.
3; however, the cannula 2 is flush with the flattened surface of
the handle 1 bearing the wire loops 5 and 6. A segmented piece 13,
upon which the distal loop 5 resides, attaches the cannula 2 to the
handle 3. The proximal opening 10 of the cannula opens near the
proximal side of the segmented piece 13.
[0171] In all of the aforementioned embodiments of the meniscus
suture passer 1, the proximal loop 6 may be fitted anywhere along
the length of the handle. However, in some cases it is preferable
that the proximal loop 6 be fitted about halfway between the ends
of the handle of the suture passer.
[0172] In yet another embodiment of the invention, shown in FIG. 7A
and FIG. 7B, the first guide means comprise a single turn open loop
5 lying in a first plane, with the first plane disposed
perpendicularly to the longitudinally-extending hollow cannula, and
the second guide means comprise a plurality of bent fingers lying
in parallel planes. The planes are parallel to each other and are
perpendicular to the longitudinally-extending hollow cannula. The
bent fingers may be alternately bent in opposite directions. As
shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B, the second guide means may have 3 bent
fingers 14, 15, 16.
[0173] The suture passer 1 may be made out of either plastic or
metal, or a combination thereof, with the handle, loops, or cannula
being plastic, metal or any combination thereof. The cannula of the
meniscal suture passer may be semi-rigid. The cannula should be
rigid enough to stabilize the inner tear of the meniscus during the
insertion of the spinal or epidural needle. Additionally, if made
of plastic, the cannula should be malleable enough that it can be
bent by hand without the need of a special bender. After the
cannula is bent, it should not spring back. Because of its
malleable characteristics, the plastic material is less likely to
damage the articular surface. If the suture passer is entirely made
out of plastic, the entire suture passer device can be injection
molded as a single unit. If the handle is made out of plastic
material, the loop or the finger projections may be molded as an
integral part of the handle.
[0174] If the suture passer is made out of metal, however, the
loops may be screwed, riveted, or soldered onto the handle of the
suture passer.
[0175] Frequently, surgical instruments and suturing devices must
be adaptable to the environment or conditions in which they are
being used. More specifically, because of the location of the
menisci in the shoulder and in the knee, or because there is
limited space in that part of the body being repaired for the
placement of surgical tools, especially during suturing, it is
frequently advisable to adjust the shape of the cannula of the
suture passer or to bend the needles being used during suturing to
allow for the positioning of the instruments into or through the
surgical incision to allow for maximum visibility on the part of
the operating team, and to avoid crowding of the incision area
which would hinder the operating team.
[0176] Preferably included in the surgical repair kit, when the
cannula is made out of metal, is a cannula bender. The cannula
bender may be used to bend the cannula without kinking the
cannula.
[0177] A cannula bender 30 shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 is designed to
bend a cannula to a desired curvature. It is different from the
existing tube or cannula benders in that it allows the cannula be
bent to various radii of curvature. The cannula bender 30 can also
bend the cannula in more than one plane.
[0178] The cannula bender 30 consists of a base 31 with an
approximate diameter of from about 1.25 cm to about 8 cm, with a
preferred diameter of about 3.8 cm. The base, which is preferably
curved, circular, or oval in shape, serves as a handle by which the
cannula bender is grasped. The base 31 may be knurled or striated
to provide for a better grip.
[0179] There are symmetrical curved bolsters having steps 33, 34,
35, and 36 on top of the base. The stepped configuration provides
the higher steps 34, 35 with a smaller radius of curvature. The
steps range from about 0.6 cm to about 4 cm in height, with a
preferred height of about 1 cm. Two steps are illustrated, but more
can be provided.
[0180] The cannula 2 is bent against the bolsters 33 or 36 to
create the desired curvature. If a greater degree of curvature is
required, the cannula may be bent against the higher bolsters 34 or
35 that have a smaller radius. The symmetry of the bolsters allows
the cannula to be bent to the right or to the left without having
to rotate the cannula bender. This allows for a faster, easier use
of the cannula bender should the need arise during surgery.
[0181] The cannula can be bent again in a different plane by
rotating the cannula while maintaining the cannula bender in the
same orientation. The pre-bent cannula can be contoured against the
bolster in a second plane as long as the curvature is less than the
height of the step of the bolster.
[0182] The entire cannula does not have to be bent, if at all. The
purpose of bending the cannula is for the convenience of the
surgeon in passing the suture to and from the needle(s) to the
suture passer, and to manipulate the suture passer so as to reach
an area in the cavity or joint that would otherwise be inaccessible
by a straight cannula.
[0183] In addition to the suture passer device, the surgical repair
kit preferably also contains at least two and preferably three
needles. These needles can be either epidural needles or spinal
needles. It is preferred that the needles be epidural needles 18,
two of which are of the same length, e.g., about 3.5 inches in
length, and one of which is longer, e.g., about 4.75 inches in
length. It is also preferred that the needles be 18 gauge needles.
As seen in FIG. 8A, a spinal needle 17 has a beveled tip which,
during repair of the meniscus, may accidentally lacerate the
articular cartilage. In contrast, as seen in FIG. 8B, the epidural
needle 18 has a Huber tip. With the epidural needle it is easier to
advance the needle through tough tissue by using a twisting motion.
The rounded tip of the epidural needle is less likely to lacerate
the articular surface.
[0184] The surgical repair kit preferably comes with at least two
needles of the same length because the needle which is inserted
first becomes blunt after several insertions. The insertion of the
second, generally longer, epidural needle is easier with the use of
the parallel needle guide 19 as shown in FIGS. 9 and 10. Longer and
shorter needles are utilized to prevent the hubs 29A of adjacent
needles from interfering with one another by staggering the hub
distance from the patient's body. The parallel needle guide 19
allows for the proper alignment of the needles through which the
suture will pass. The parallel needle guide 19 is a series of at
least three, and preferably four to five, hollow tube-shaped units
20 longitudinally adhered to each other, one on top of the other,
in a parallel formation. The opening or diameter of each
tube-shaped unit should be large enough to allow for the passage of
an 18 or 21 gauge needle therethrough. The parallel needle guide
may be made out of plastic, paper or metal. The parallel needle
guide may be made from a mold, or the individual tubes may be
individually formed and bonded to each other. Any method of forming
the structure is acceptable.
[0185] Additionally, at least one stylet, typified by the stylet 29
shown in FIG. 11, is provided in the surgical repair kit for each
needle included in the repair kit. The stylet is kept on the needle
until the needle is passed through the meniscus. This prevents the
needle(s) from being clogged with tissue and cartilage as it is
pushed through the cartilage. A needle clogged with tissue will, of
course, not allow the suture to be passed through the needle to the
suture passer.
[0186] A template (not shown) is preferably included in the
surgical repair kit. This template may be printed on the back of
the surgical repair kit container, or it may be printed on a paper
guide inside the meniscal repair kit, or it may be provided on, or
as, a plastic guide. The template is used as a guide for the
bending of the cannula.
[0187] Each of the items included in the surgical repair kit is
sterile. Additionally, each item in the surgical repair kit is
preferably individually packaged in sterile plastic, paper, metal
foil, or combinations thereof. The packaging should be easy to
open, so that the contents thereof are not damaged or do not fall
on the operating floor while opening. The contents of the package
and the packaging may be sterilized with ethylene oxide or by
radiation, or by any other conventional method for the
sterilization of packaged elements.
[0188] The surgical repair kit which includes the suture passer, at
least two surgical needles of predetermined length, and at least
one stylet for each needle, may also contain an optional third
needle of greater length than the other two needles, the parallel
needle guide, and a template. If the cannula is made of metal, a
cannula bender may also be included in the repair kit.
[0189] While the foregoing repair kit may be used for any surgery,
the repair kit is extremely useful in meniscal repair.
[0190] In repairing the middle third of the meniscus, an
arthroscope 37 should enter through the ipsilateral portal 38, as
shown in FIG. 14. The suture passer 1 should enter through the
contralateral portal 39. The epidural needle 18 is loaded through
the hole on one end of the needle guide 19 using a one-handed
technique so as to avoid accidental puncture of the surgeon's
opposite hand.
[0191] There are three methods for identifying the insertion points
for the needles.
[0192] The first method is to view the meniscal tear with the
arthroscope, with the synovial meniscal junction in view, and then
advance the arthroscope to the synovial meniscal junction. The
light from the arthroscope will transilluminate the skin. The point
of insertion of the epidural needle should be slightly distal to
this light.
[0193] The second method for determining where to insert the
needles is to view the meniscal tear and to keep the synovial
meniscal junction in view. Palpate along the joint line with the
tip of a finger or a meniscal probe. The area of maximal wall
motion at the synovial meniscal junction indicates the point at
which the epidural needle should be inserted.
[0194] The third method is the easiest method in determining the
needle insertion point, if the synovial meniscal junction is
accessible to the suture passer. The tip of the suture passer is
pushed against the synovial meniscal junction and the skin is
palpated with the finger. The area of the tip of the suture passer
will indicate the approximate location where the needle should be
inserted.
[0195] The needles may be advanced with a twisting motion if
difficulty is encountered in penetrating the tough meniscal tissue.
As shown in FIG. 15, an inner rim 40 of a meniscal tear 41 may be
buttressed with the tip of the cannula 2 of the suture passer so as
to stabilize it against the advancing needle 18.
[0196] Using the parallel needle guide, two epidural needles are
inserted through the guide and across the meniscal tear, with a
long epidural needle 42 being inserted through the needle guide at
a desired separation distance from the shorter needle (as shown in
FIG. 16). This longer needle is inserted through the meniscal
tissue, preferably behind the shorter needle. The stylets are
removed from the needles. A suture is passed through the first
needle. The tip of the cannula of the suture passer is introduced
into the joint cavity through a small incision. The distal opening
of the cannula is placed at or near the opening of the needle
through which the suture has been passed. There are areas in the
joint cavity, although visible through the arthroscope, which are
not accessible with a straight cannula. Consequently, prior to the
introduction of the suture passer, the cannula of the suture passer
may be bent on the cannula bender. The curved cannula allows the
surgeon to reach remote areas where the meniscus is being
repaired.
[0197] In a preferred method for passing the suture from the
cannula to the needle, the needle, preferably an epidural needle
with a Huber tip, engages the opening of the cannula (FIG. 17). The
more posterior needle is advanced into the joint and the surgeon
captures the tip of the needle with the tip of the cannula. For
ease of passage, it is preferable that the cannula and needle meet
at about a 15.degree.-20.degree, angle. The opening of the needle
should be facing away from the apex of engagement between the
cannula and the needle. The suture is passed directly from the
cannula into the tip of the needle or vice versa.
[0198] By careful manipulation, a suture 43 is fed through the
needle and into the cannula. With the tip of the cannula and the
needle securely engaged, the suture is fed (FIG. 18) into the hub
of the needle until it exits the proximal end of the cannula at the
handle of the suture passer. It is advisable to pull the suture
three-quarters of the way through. The suture is then looped onto
the distal guide and is threaded back into the cannula. The suture
is then engaged onto the proximal guide (FIG. 19).
[0199] The first needle is removed, and with the two limbs of the
suture held separately by the proximal and distal guides, one limb
of the suture is advanced by sliding the suture with the index
finger over the top surface of the handle so that the suture
emerges from the tip of the cannula (FIG. 20). The suture, via the
suture passer, is now fully controllable with one hand. The tip of
the second needle and the tip of the cannula are brought into close
proximity and the suture is passed from the loaded suture passer
into the opening of the second needle and through the second
needle. The suture is advanced until it exits from the hub of the
second needle (FIG. 21). The second needle is partially removed so
that the tip of the second needle is buried within the soft tissue
44 (FIG. 22). The suture is disengaged from the guides on the
handle of the suture passer.
[0200] While grabbing both ends of the suture, the suture is pulled
through the cannula into the joint 45 (FIG. 23). With the second
needle still in place, a stab incision is made along the shaft of
the second needle down to the level of a joint capsule 47 but not
beyond (FIG. 24). The second needle is removed and the soft tissue
is dissected all the way down to the joint capsule by spreading the
soft tissue with a pair of small forceps 48 (FIG. 25). The other
limb of the suture is then retrieved through this stab incision
with a meniscal probe 49 (FIG. 26), and the sutures are tied after
all of the sutures have been put into place.
[0201] For a meniscal tear in the more posterior position, the
straight cannula can enter through the ipsilateral portal to reach
the posterior horn of the meniscus (FIG. 27A). The cannula can also
be contoured to reach a specific zone of the meniscus with the use
of the cannula bender and the template for the various zones (FIG.
27B).
[0202] During repair of the meniscus, if the tip of the cannula
cannot engage the tip of the needle during initial passage of the
suture, the suture may be fed through the posterior needle into the
joint. The suture may then be retrieved with a snap or a suture
retriever 50 (FIG. 28). The first needle is removed and the suture
is fed into the cannula in a retrograde direction (FIG. 29). The
cannula is advanced into the joint along the suture. The suture is
then looped onto the distal guide and threaded back into the
cannula until it reaches the tip of the cannula. The suture is then
engaged onto the proximal guide (FIG. 30).
[0203] The suture is then advanced into the tip of the second
needle under arthroscopic visualization (FIG. 31). The suture is
advanced until it exits from the hub of the second needle. The
second needle is slightly pulled back so that the tip of the needle
is buried within the soft tissue. The suture is disengaged from the
guides on the handle of the suture passer and the suture is pulled
through the cannula into the joint.
[0204] The suture passer can also be used to pass the suture from
the suture passer to the hollow needles, instead of vice versa. The
suture passer is loaded with a suture so that the suture engages
the first and second guide means, with the beginning and terminal
ends of the suture protruding from the distal opening of the hollow
cannula. The beginning end of the suture is fed from the distal
opening of the hollow cannula through the opening of the first
hollow needle until it exits the first hollow needle. The terminal
end of the suture is passed from the distal opening of the hollow
cannula through the opening of the second hollow needle until it
exits the second hollow needle. The suture is then completely
disengaged from the suture passer, the suture passer is removed,
both hollow needles removed, and the suture is tightened and
tied.
[0205] By maneuvering the tip of the needle with one hand and the
cannula in the other when both tips are in close proximity, the
suture may be advanced.
[0206] In another method, the suture protrudes from the cannula by
about 1/2 to 1 centimeter. By manipulating the tip of the cannula
with the tip of the needle, one can engage the suture into the tip
of the needle and advance the suture.
[0207] An arthroscopic video camera may be used to visualize the
suturing. The surgeon manipulates the suture preferably while
viewing a video monitor connected to the camera.
[0208] A recommended suture for use is the Ethicon O PDS suture.
The length of the suture should be at least 27 inches, and
preferably 36 inches, in length. With other types of monofilament
suture, the strand tends to be curled when removed from the
packaging. It is necessary to straighten out the suture prior to
use, as the ends of the suture must be straight for ease of passage
of the suture between the cannula and the needle.
[0209] It is preferable that the suture being used have distinct
markings to give an enhanced visual indication of the movement of
the suture. Different types and colors of markings along the length
of the suture will indicate how much suture has been advanced. It
is preferred that the suture has distinct markings at the beginning
and terminal ends of the suture, which could indicate the length of
the suture which has been advanced.
[0210] If the meniscal tear is large, the repair operation should
begin at the anterior portion of the tear. After the placement of
the anterior suture, it will be easier to work along the anterior
joint line to the posterior part of the tear. The medial meniscus
is repaired with the knee in near extension or slight flexion. The
lateral meniscus is repaired with the knee in 45.degree, to
90.degree. flexion.
[0211] In a further modification of the invention, a suture passer
may be formed in a modular fashion so that a variety of different
cannulas can be attached to its handle. These cannulas may be blunt
(in the manner shown in FIGS. 1-3, 6, 7A, 7B, 14-23, 27A, 27B and
29-31) or sharply pointed, and they may be pre-formed straight (in
the manner shown in FIGS. 1-3, 6, 7A, 7B, 14-23, 27A and 29-31) or
already curved.
[0212] More particularly, and looking now at FIGS. 32-43, a modular
suture passer 100 is shown. Suture passer 100 generally comprises a
cannula 200 and a handle 300. Cannula 200 and handle 300 are
configured for releasable locked engagement with one another.
[0213] More particularly, and still looking now at FIGS. 32-43,
cannula 200 comprises an elongated tubular member 202 and a thin,
outwardly extending radial fin 204. Fin 204 is attached to tubular
member 202 adjacent to the tubular member's proximal end 206 (see
FIGS. 36, 38 and 40).
[0214] Tubular member 202 may be formed out of a single piece of
tubing if desired. Alternatively, it may be formed out of a
plurality of concentric tubes so as to increase the rigidity of
tubular member 202, e.g., to assist in penetrating tough tissue. In
the specific embodiment shown in FIGS. 32-43, tubular member 202 is
shown formed out of three concentric tubes 202A, 202B and 202C (see
FIGS. 40 and 42). The inner diameter of tube 202C is selected so as
to engage the outer diameter of tube 202B, and the inner diameter
of tube 202B is selected so as to engage the outer diameter of tube
202A. In addition, tube 202A is sized so as to have the longest
length, tube 202C is sized so as to have the shortest length, and
tube 202B is sized so as to have an intermediate length. The
proximal ends of tubes 202A, 202B and 202C are aligned with one
another so that tube 202B projects out of tube 202C and tube 202A
projects out of tube 202B, and then the resulting structure is
secured in place by welding or some other suitable process. It will
be appreciated that a cannula 200 comprising the foregoing
structure will be quite strong.
[0215] The cannula's fin 204 comprises a main portion 208 and a tab
portion 210 (see FIGS. 36, 38, 40 and 41).
[0216] Main portion 208 has a proximal edge 212 (see FIG. 40) which
is substantially aligned with the proximal end 206 of the cannula's
tubular member 202. Main portion 208 also has a bottom edge 214
which is spaced from the outer surface of tubular member 202 by a
distance which is slightly less than the height of handle 300 (see
FIG. 36). Main portion 208 also has a distal edge 216 (see FIG. 40)
which extends between the main portion's bottom edge 214 and the
outer surface of tubular member 202.
[0217] Tab portion 210 extends centrally and proximally from
proximal edge 212 of the fin's main portion 208 (see FIG. 40). Tab
portion 210 is located in the same plane as main portion 208 (see
FIG. 41) and is preferably generally rectangular in shape, although
other tab shapes may also be used without departure from the
present invention. Tab portion 210 includes an upper tab projection
218 (see FIG. 40) which projects upwardly out of the tab portion's
upper edge 220, and a lower tab projection 222 which projects
downwardly out of the tab portion's lower edge 224. Upper tab
projection 218 defines an upper, distally-facing tab shoulder 226,
and lower tab projection 222 defines a lower, distally-facing tab
shoulder 230. Tab projections 218 and 222 are located between the
proximal edge 212 of the fin's main portion 208 and the proximal
edge 232 of tab portion 210 (see FIG. 40). Tab shoulders 226 and
230 are aligned with one another.
[0218] Looking next at FIGS. 32-39 and 39A, handle 300 comprises a
first suture guide 302 and a second suture guide 304.
[0219] First suture guide 302 includes an eyelet 306 (see FIGS. 32
and 33). A passageway 308 is provided to permit a length of suture
(not shown in FIGS. 32-39 and 39A) to be slid transversely into
eyelet 306.
[0220] Still looking now at FIGS. 32-39 and 39A, second suture
guide 304 comprises a generally semi-cylindrical member extending
upwardly out of the handle's top side, between the handle's distal
upper surface 310 (see FIGS. 32-34) and its proximal upper surface
312. An axial bore 314 (see FIGS. 36 and 38) extends longitudinally
through second suture guide 304. A top slot 316 (see FIGS. 32-34
and 36) extends down into second suture guide 304, transverse to
the longitudinal axis of the handle. A right side slot 318 (see
FIGS. 33 and 36) extends between the second suture guide's distal
end 320 and its top slot 316. A left side slot 322 (see FIG. 32)
extends between the second suture guide's proximal end 324 and its
top slot 316. Top slot 316, right side slot 318 and left side slot
322 effectively bifurcate second suture guide 304 into a pair of
closely-spaced, oppositely-extending fingers. These fingers can be
considered to be somewhat analogous to the fingers 14-16 shown in
FIGS. 7A and 7B and described above. In view of the foregoing
construction, a length of suture (not shown in FIGS. 32-39 and 39A)
may be aligned parallel to the second suture guide's top slot 316,
then dropped into the top slot, and thereafter rotated 90.degree,
into the right side slot 318 and 900 into the left side slot 322,
so that the suture enters the interior bore 314 of second suture
guide 304.
[0221] Still looking now at FIGS. 32-39 and 39A, handle 300 also
comprises a first bore 326 (see FIGS. 36 and 38) which extends
proximally and axially from the distal end of the handle toward the
proximal end of the handle. First bore 326 includes a stop 327 (see
FIGS. 36 and 38) at its proximal end. First bore 326 is sized so as
to be able to receive the proximal portion of a cannula's tubular
member 202. First bore 326 is positioned so that when the cannula's
tubular member 202 is received in the handle's first bore 326, the
central lumen of the tubular member will open onto the handle's
distal upper surface 310, between first suture guide 302 and second
suture guide 304 (see FIG. 36).
[0222] A vertical slot 328 (see FIGS. 35-37, 37A, 38, 39 and 39A)
extends downwardly from first bore 326. Vertical slot 328 opens on
the handle's bottom surface 330 (see FIG. 36), and is sized to
receive the main portion 208 of a fin 204 when a cannula 200 is
mounted to handle 300.
[0223] Still looking now at FIGS. 32-39 and 39A, a snap lock 332
(see FIGS. 35-37, 37A, 38, 39 and 39A) is formed at the proximal
end of vertical slot 328. Snap lock 332 comprises a cavity 333
formed in handle 300 immediately proximal to slot 328 (see FIGS.
35-37, 37A and 38). Cavity 333 is sized to receive the tab portion
210 of a fin 204 when a cannula 200 is mounted to handle 300. The
right sidewall of cavity 333 comprises a proximally-extending
continuation 334 (see FIGS. 37A and 39A) of the right sidewall of
vertical slot 328. Continuation 334 has a length substantially
equal to the distance between the proximal edge 212 of the
cannula's main fin portion 208 and the distally-facing tab
shoulders 226 and 230 of the cannula's tab portion 210 (see FIG.
40). The left sidewall of cavity 333 comprises an outward tapering
336 (see FIGS. 37A and 39A) of the left sidewall of vertical slot
328.
[0224] Snap lock 332 also comprises a sloping upper sidewall
projection 338 (see FIGS. 36 and 38) extending inwardly into cavity
333 from the continuation 334 of the right sidewall of vertical
slot 328, and a sloping lower sidewall projection 340 (see FIGS.
37, 38 and 39A) extending inwardly into cavity 333 from the same
continuation 334. Upper sidewall projection 338 defines an upper,
proximally-facing sidewall shoulder 342 (see FIG. 38) and lower
sidewall projection 340 defines a lower, proximally-facing sidewall
shoulder 344 (see FIGS. 37A, 38 and 39A). Upper sidewall shoulder
342 is aligned with lower sidewall shoulder 344.
[0225] Upper and lower sidewall projections 338 and 340 are located
such that as the tab portion 210 of a given cannula 200 enters the
handle's cavity 333, the cannula's upper and lower tab projections
218 and 222 will snap over and lockingly engage the handle's upper
and lower sidewall projections 338 and 340 when the cannula is
fully inserted into the handle's first bore 328. In particular,
when the assembly is in this locked condition, the cannula's
distally-facing upper tab shoulder 226 will engage the handle's
proximally-facing upper sidewall shoulder 342, and the cannula's
distally-facing lower tab shoulder 230 will engage the handle's
proximally-facing lower sidewall shoulder 344 (see FIG. 36).
[0226] When a given cannula 200 has been mounted to the handle 300
in the foregoing manner, rotational movement of the cannula
relative to the handle is precluded by the engagement of the
cannula's main fin portion 208 with the sidewalls of the handle's
slot 328. In addition, axial movement of the cannula relative to
the handle is precluded (i) in the proximal direction by the
engagement of the proximal end 206 of the cannula 200 with the stop
327 located at the proximal end of the handle's first bore 326, and
(ii) in the distal direction by the engagement of the cannula's two
distally-facing tab shoulders 226 and 230 with the handle's two
proximally-facing sidewall shoulders 342 and 344.
[0227] The handle of the modular suture passer 100 also includes
means for releasing a cannula from its locking engagement with the
handle. More particularly, and still looking now at FIGS. 32-39 and
39A, a second longitudinal bore 348 (see FIGS. 36, 37, 37A, 38, 39
and 39A) extends between the proximal end 350 (see FIG. 36) of
cavity 333 to the proximal end 352 (see FIGS. 36 and 38) of handle
300. Second bore 348 includes a distal portion 354 (see FIGS. 36
and 38) communicating with cavity 333, an enlarged intermediate
portion 356, and a proximal portion 358 opening on the handle's
proximal end 352. A proximally-facing annular shoulder 360 (see
FIGS. 36 and 38) is formed at the intersection of the bore's distal
portion 354 with its intermediate portion 356, and a
distally-facing annular shoulder 362 is formed at the intersection
of the bore's proximal portion 358 with its intermediate portion
356. The bore's distal portion 354 is sized so that the
proximalmost portion of cannula tab 210 may be contained therein
(see FIG. 36).
[0228] A release rod 364 (see FIGS. 36, 37, 37A, 38, 39 and 39A) is
slidably disposed in second bore 348. More particularly, release
rod 364 comprises a distal portion 366 (see FIGS. 36 and 38), an
enlarged intermediate portion 368, and a proximal portion 370. A
distally-facing annular shoulder 372 (see FIGS. 36 and 38) is
formed at the intersection of the rod's distal portion 366 and its
intermediate portion 368, and a proximally-facing annular shoulder
374 is formed at the intersection of the rod's proximal portion 370
and its intermediate portion 368. A spring 376 (see FIGS. 36 and
38) is captivated between bore shoulder 360 and rod shoulder 372 so
as to bias release rod 364 proximally (see FIGS. 36 and 37). The
engagement of rod shoulder 374 with bore shoulder 362 limits
proximal movement of release rod 364. Release rod 364 can be urged
distally against the power of spring 376 by pressing on the rod's
proximal end 378 (see FIGS. 38 and 39). The distal end of release
rod 364 is beveled so as to form an end surface 380, a deflection
surface 382, and a drive surface 384 (see FIG. 37A).
[0229] To release a cannula 200 from handle 300, the proximal end
378 (see FIGS. 36 and 37) of release rod 364 is forced distally so
as to move the release rod against the biasing force of spring 376.
As release rod 364 moves distally through handle bore 348, the
release rod's deflection surface 382 (see FIG. 37A) will engage the
proximal edge 232 (see FIG. 40) of the cannula's tab portion 210
and deflect the tab portion 210 laterally so as to disengage the
cannula's distally-facing tab shoulders 226 and 230 (see FIG. 40)
from the housing's proximally-facing sidewall shoulders 342 and 344
(see FIGS. 36 and 38). As release rod 364 continues to move
distally through handle bore 348, the release rod's drive surface
384 (see FIG. 37A) will engage the cannula's proximal edge 232 (see
FIG. 40), whereby the entire cannula will be driven distally so
that the cannula's two tab projections 218 and 222 will clear the
housing's two sidewall projections 338 and 340 (see FIGS. 38, 39
and 39A). This will unlock the cannula from the handle. Cannula 200
may thereafter be manually withdrawn from the handle by pulling the
cannula in a distal direction.
[0230] Thus, it will be seen that a variety of different cannulas
200 can be releasably attached to the handle 300. These cannulas
can be blunt or sharply pointed, and they may be straight or
curved, as required for a particular surgical procedure.
[0231] For example, a straight, sharply pointed cannula 200 is
shown in FIGS. 32-43. Preferably, the pointed distal end of this
cannula is formed by cutting the distal end of the cannula at a
first, relatively sharp angle so as to form a sharp penetrating
edge at 270 (see FIGS. 40, 42 and 43), and then at a second,
somewhat less severe angle so as to form a shallower tapering edge
at 272. The cannula is preferably blunted or rounded off at 274
(see FIGS. 42 and 43) so as to minimize the possibility of damaging
a suture during a tissue piercing operation, as will hereinafter be
discussed in further detail.
[0232] FIGS. 44 to 49 exemplify some of the other cannula
configurations which may be utilized with handle 300. Specifically,
these exemplary configurations include a curved, sharply pointed
cannula 200 (FIG. 44); another curved, sharply pointed cannula 200
(FIG. 45); still another curved, sharply pointed cannula 200 (FIG.
46); a corkscrew, sharply pointed cannula 200 (FIG. 47); a
straight, blunt cannula 200 (FIG. 48); and a curved, blunt cannula
200 (FIG. 49). If desired, a reinforcing tube 202D (see FIGS. 45,
46, 47 and 49) can be added to the tubular member 202 so as to
further strengthen the tube against undesirable bending during
tissue penetration.
[0233] Still other possible cannula configurations will be well
known to those skilled in the art.
[0234] It is anticipated that a surgeon will select a particular
cannula 200 depending on the particular surgical procedure which is
to be carried out. For example, if the surgical procedure of FIGS.
14-26 or the surgical procedure of FIGS. 27A, 27B and 28-31 is to
be carried out, the surgeon might select the straight, blunt
cannula of FIG. 48 or the straight, sharply pointed cannula of
FIGS. 40-43.
[0235] It will also be appreciated that modular suture passer 100
can be used in many different ways, in the context of many
different surgical procedures, to pass a length of suture through
tissue. For example, FIGS. 50-52 illustrate one possible way in
which a straight, sharply pointed cannula 200 might be used to pass
suture through a piece of tissue 500.
[0236] More particularly, and looking now at FIG. 50, a length of
suture 400 may be attached to the suture passer 100 by threading
the suture through the suture passer's proximal guide member 304,
through its cannula 200 and then back around its distal suture
guide 302. This will allow the surgeon to adequately control the
two ends of the suture during the tissue penetration operation.
[0237] The pointed distal end of the suture passer's cannula 200 is
then driven into and through the piece of tissue 500 (see FIG. 51).
As this occurs, the suture extending out of the cannula's sharp
distal tip will be forced against the blunt heel 274 (see FIG. 43)
of the cannula. The cannula's blunt heel 274 will support the
suture during tissue penetration and prevent the cannula from
cutting or otherwise damaging the suture as the suture is carried
through the tissue. Then the loop of suture residing at the far
side of tissue 500 may be grasped by another tool (not shown), one
or both of the suture ends freed from the suture passer 100, and
suture passer 100 withdrawn from tissue 500 (see FIG. 52). At this
point the suture will have been passed through tissue 500, with a
loop of suture positioned on one side of the tissue and the two
free suture ends positioned on the other side of the tissue.
[0238] FIGS. 53-55 illustrate how a simple stitch can be
established across two pieces of tissue using the present
invention. More particularly, a length of suture 400 is first
loaded onto suture passer 100 by feeding one end 400A of the suture
into the suture passer's cannula 200. Suture end 400A is left
sitting within the length of cannula 200. Suture length 400B is
loaded onto the suture passer's proximal suture guide 304. The
intermediate portion of suture 400 will extend along the handle's
distal upper surface 310. Then the distal end of the suture
passer's cannula 200 is forced through two pieces of tissue 500A
and 500B until the distal end of the cannula exits the tissue.
Next, the surgeon urges suture 400 distally through the cannula
until suture end 400A exits the tip of the cannula (see FIG. 53).
Then the suture passer is withdrawn from tissue 500A and 500B,
paying out the suture as it goes, so that suture 400 extends
through both pieces of tissue (see FIG. 54). Next, suture 400 is
withdrawn from the suture passer and suture ends 400A and 400B are
tied off into a knot (see FIG. 55).
[0239] FIGS. 56-58 illustrate how a suture loop can be passed
across two pieces of tissue using the present invention. More
particularly, a length of suture 400 is first loaded onto suture
passer 100 by feeding one end 400A of the suture into the suture
passer's cannula 200. Suture end 400A is extended all the way out
the distal end of the cannula (see FIG. 56). Suture end 400A is
then brought back to the suture passer's handle, so that the length
of the suture will engage the blunted needle heel 274 as it exits
from the cannula (see FIG. 57). Alternatively, suture end 400A
could be left dangling until the force of tissue penetration brings
suture end 400A back against the blunted needle heel 274. Suture
length 400B is loaded onto the suture passer's proximal suture
guide 304. The intermediate portion of suture 400 will extend along
the handle's distal upper surface 310. Then the distal end of the
suture passer's cannula 200 is forced through two pieces of tissue
500A and 500B until the distal end of the cannula exits the tissue.
As this occurs, the suture will be carried through the tissue so
that a loop of suture will reside on the far side of the tissue
(see FIG. 58). Then the suture passer is withdrawn from tissue 500A
and 500B, paying out the suture as it goes, so that both suture
ends 400A and 400B will reside on the near side of the tissue, with
a loop of suture remaining on the far side of the tissue.
[0240] FIGS. 59-61 illustrate two different ways a folded suture
loop can be passed across two pieces of tissue using the present
invention. More particularly, a portion of suture (i.e., either the
two suture ends 400A and 400B, or the intermediate portion of
suture extending between the two suture ends 400A and 400B) is
placed inside the cannula 200 (see FIG. 59). Then the cannula is
inserted through tissue 500A and 500B so that the distal end of the
cannula emerges on the far side of the tissue. Next, the portion of
suture previously held in the cannula (i.e., either the two suture
ends 400A and 400B, or the intermediate portion of suture extending
between the two suture ends 400A and 400B) is pushed outside the
distal end of the cannula (see FIG. 60). Finally, the cannula is
withdrawn from the tissue, leaving a loop of tissue residing on one
side of the tissue and the two suture ends residing on the other
side of the tissue (see FIG. 61).
[0241] FIGS. 62-64 illustrate how a simple stitch can be converted
to a mattress stitch with a suture loop using the present
invention. More particularly, a loop of suture 402 is first
positioned on the far side of the tissue using the technique of
FIGS. 56-58, and a single strand of suture 404 is passed through
the tissue using the technique of FIGS. 53 and 54 (see FIG. 62).
Then the end of suture 404 is drawn through the loop of suture 402
(see FIG. 63). Finally, the loop of suture 402 is withdrawn back
through tissue 500A, 500B, carrying the strand of suture 404 with
it (see FIG. 64).
[0242] Referring next to FIGS. 65-67, another embodiment of the
invention is shown which may be formed consistent with many of the
principles described above. This further embodiment also provides
many additional new features, in addition to sharing and refining
features of the foregoing embodiments. The embodiment shown in
FIGS. 65-67 is believed to be particularly advantageous in various
shoulder surgery repairs such as a Bankart repair and a rotator
cuff repair, and other arthroscopic and laparoscopic
procedures.
[0243] More particularly, a suture passer 600 is shown which
generally comprises an elongated cannula 602 and a handle 604.
Cannula 602 and handle 604 are not shown as being configured for
releasable locked engagement with one another, although they may be
if the same should be desired.
[0244] Cannula 602 comprises a hollow tubular member 606 that may
be formed out of a single piece of tubing if desired.
Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 71 and discussed in more detail
below, the cannula 602 may be formed out of a plurality of
concentric tubes so as to increase the rigidity of cannula 602,
e.g. to assist in penetrating tough tissue.
[0245] Still referring now to FIGS. 65-67, handle 604 comprises a
cannula connector 608 and a proximal suture guide 610. Notably
absent from this and other embodiments of the present invention is
a proximal spool for delivering suture or thread-like material to
the cannula, such as the spool disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
3,840,017, issued Oct. 8, 1974 to Violante for SURGICAL INSTRUMENT.
The construction of the present invention is significant because it
permits surgeons to feed single, multiple or differently-sized
strands of suture (and/or various tools, as will be discussed in
detail below) unencumbered into second suture guide 610.
[0246] Suture passer 600 includes an entrance 612 for introducing
suture into the cannula 602. More particularly, with this
embodiment of the invention, cannula connector 608 can be
configured so as to leave the proximal end of cannula 602 exposed,
such that suture entrance 612 comprises the proximal end of cannula
602; alternatively, cannula connector 608 can also be configured so
as to provide a body around the proximal end of cannula 602, and
suture entrance 612 can be defined by the body of the cannula
connector 608. In either case, suture entrance 612 is configured so
as to aid surgeons in observing the feeding of suture (and/or
tools) into the proximal end of cannula 602. To this end, the
entrance 612 is oriented and/or configured so as to be oblique to
the suture axis when the suture is received in the cannula 602.
This oblique entrance feature is especially helpful when the suture
passer 600 is in use such that the entrance 612 is positioned at an
awkward location for the surgeon. For example, when in use, the
suture passer 600 may be positioned relatively parallel to, and at
a chest-high level relative to, the standing surgeon. This
positioning makes it difficult for the surgeon to observe and feed
suture into cannula 602, since the surgeon is effectively oriented
transverse to the axis of cannula 602. The oblique entrance 612
enhances visibility of the entrance 612 and reduces some of the
difficulties associated with locating and feeding suture into
cannula 602.
[0247] Proximal suture guide 610 includes a boss 614 upstanding
from the handle 604. The boss 614 has an interior bore 616 for
receiving suture. As with the earlier embodiments, to aid in
feeding suture into the proximal suture guide 610, the boss 614
terminates distally of the proximal end 618 of the handle 604.
Accordingly, the handle provides a proximal upper surface 620. This
stepped entry into the proximal suture guide 610 facilitates
passage of suture into the proximal suture guide 610. The stepped
proximal upper surface 620 aids in locating the entrance 622 of
proximal suture guide 610, so as to facilitate introducing suture
into the guide's interior bore 616.
[0248] This embodiment of the suture passer refines the
stepped-entry feature with readily-visible entrances into the
proximal suture guide 610. Each entrance 622 and 624 of the boss
614 occurs on surfaces 626 and 628, respectively, that are oblique
to the axis of the interior bore 616. The surface 626, and entrance
622 thereon, enhance the ability of a surgeon to observe and
advance suture through the interior bore 616. The surface 628, and
entrance 624 thereon, enhance the ability of a surgeon to advance
suture through the cannula 602, as will be described in more detail
below.
[0249] Cannula connector 608 and proximal suture guide 610 define a
gap 630 therebetween. The handle 604 provides a top surface 632,
for advancing suture, corresponding to the gap 630. The gap 630 is
optimized so as to provide the surgeon with as much exposure to the
suture as possible on the top surface 632, while limiting the
amount of suture that is not sufficiently supported between suture
entrance 612 and proximal suture guide 610. If the suture is not
sufficiently supported by these elements, the suture may buckle or
skid sideways. The gap 630, preferably, ranges between about 3/8
and about 31/2 inches in length, depending on the characteristics
of the suture being used with the tool.
[0250] In addition to an optimized gap 630, surface 628 (and
entrance 624 thereon) enhance the ability of a surgeon to advance
suture along the top surface 632 of the handle 604. This is because
the oblique surface 628 exposes more of the suture exiting the
interior bore 616 for contact with the surgeon's thumb or
forefinger than if the surface 628 were set at a right angle to the
top surface 632. This feature affords the surgeon greater contact,
and hence control, of the suture while advancing the suture through
cannula 602.
[0251] Referring now to FIG. 67, the invention also enhances suture
advancement and control with a shaped handle. This body shape
facilitates gripping the handle 604 with the thumb and middle
finger. The shape also aids in maintaining the orientation of the
handle 604 so that the suture is readily accessible for
advancement. The shape also provides for positive orientation of
the suture passer 600 with respect to the meniscus or other tissue
to be repaired. This orientation feature is especially helpful
where the cannula attached to the handle 604 is shaped or curved in
a particular manner, such as those cannulas shown in FIGS. 44-49.
Although the triangular handle shape shown in FIG. 67 amply
provides these benefits, the invention may also incorporate other
handle shapes that promote these benefits.
[0252] The suture passer 600, as with earlier embodiments, provides
facile suture advancement because the suture and cannula are
located on the top surface of the handle, not aligned with the
central axis of the handle. As a result, suture may be threaded
into the suture passer 600 more readily and is more accessible once
threaded. This is especially true in light of the optimized gap 630
and specially-configured entrances 612, 622 and 624.
[0253] In one form of the invention, the invention employs a
straight, sharply pointed cannula 602. Referring also to FIG. 43,
preferably, the pointed distal end of the cannula is formed by
cutting the distal end of the cannula at a first, relatively sharp
angle so as to form a sharp penetrating edge 634, and then at a
second, somewhat less severe angle so as to form a shallower
tapering edge 636. The cannula is preferably blunted or rounded off
at its heel 638 so as to minimize the possibility of damaging a
suture during a tissue-piercing operation, as discussed above in
connection with the blunt heel 274 shown in FIG. 43. This blunt
heel feature allows the surgeon to drive the cannula, out of which
suture is advanced, into hard tissue without damaging the
suture.
[0254] In addition to providing for passing and advancing single or
multiple sutures, the invention also provides for retaining one or
more suture strands. Retaining one or more suture strands allows a
surgeon to pass a selected one of multiple suture strands while
maintaining the other suture strand(s).
[0255] Referring next to FIG. 68, a first embodiment of a suture
retainer 640 is shown. In this embodiment of the invention, the
suture retainer 640 is in the form of an aperture 642 that receives
suture therethrough. When the suture S is under tension, because it
is drawn through the aperture 642, the suture rubs against the
handle 604 and is restrained from freely running through the
cannula 602.
[0256] Referring next to FIG. 69, a second embodiment of the suture
retainer 640 is shown. In this embodiment of the invention, the
suture retainer 640 is in the form of a notch 644 in the handle 604
that receives and cleats suture. When the suture S is under
tension, it is drawn into the notch 644, more firmly cleating and
restraining the suture from freely running through the cannula
602.
[0257] Referring next to FIG. 70, a third embodiment of the suture
retainer 640 is shown. In this embodiment of the invention, the
suture retainer 640 is in the form of a grommet 646 mounted on the
handle 604 that receives and cleats suture. When the suture S is
under tension, the suture is restrained from freely running through
the cannula 602.
[0258] As noted above, cannula 602 may comprise a single piece of
tubing. Alternatively, cannula 602 may comprise a plurality of
concentric tubes so as to increase the rigidity of the cannula, in
a manner similar to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 40 and 42. More
particularly, and looking now at FIG. 71, tubular member 606 is
shown formed out of three concentric tubes 606A, 606B and 606C. The
inner diameter of tube 606C is selected so as to engage the outer
diameter of tube 606B, and the inner diameter of tube 606B is
selected so as to engage the outer diameter of tube 606A. In
addition, tube 606A is sized so as to have the longest length, tube
606C is sized so as to have the shortest length, and tube 606B is
sized so as to have an intermediate length. The proximal ends of
tubes 606A, 606B and 606C are aligned with one another so that tube
606B projects out of tube 606C and tube 606A projects out of tube
606B, and then the resulting structure is secured in place by
welding or some other suitable process.
[0259] It will be appreciated that a cannula 602 comprising the
foregoing structure will be quite strong. The stepped construction
increases cannula strength without increasing the size of the
distal portion of the cannula. And because this stepped
construction significantly enhances cannula strength, the cannula
may be fairly long yet strong. This aids in performing arthroscopic
surgical procedures. In order to access damaged areas
arthroscopically, surgeons often must advance tools to relatively
remote locations within the body. To do so, surgeons need
sufficiently long cannulas to reach damaged areas. The present
stepped cannula provides a surgeon with a sufficiently long, yet
strong, cannula to reach damaged areas.
[0260] In addition to passing one or more sutures through tissue,
the suture passer 600 also may be used in combination with various
tools.
[0261] Referring now to FIGS. 72-75, the suture passer 600 may be
used in conjunction with a loop retriever 700. As shown in FIGS. 72
and 73, the loop retriever 700 may include a handle 702 secured to
a shaft 704, with the shaft terminating in a distal loop 706. The
shaft 704 is preferably constructed from flexible wire or fine
hypodermic tubing, and loop 706 is preferably constructed from
flexible stainless steel wire or a superelastic material such as
Nitinol.
[0262] The gap 630 between cannula entrance 612 and the proximal
suture guide 610 provides sufficient access for inserting the loop
706 and shaft 704 into the cannula 602. The gap 630 is optimally
configured so that the loop 706 may be retained in the cannula 602,
as shown FIG. 74, allowing the cannula 602 to be driven through
tissue with minimal profile. The gap 630 is also optimally
configured so that, once the cannula 602 is positioned, the loop
706 of the loop retriever 700 may be advanced out of the cannula
602 so that it expands, as shown in FIG. 75, in anticipation of
receiving suture. Once suture is received within the loop, the loop
retriever 700 may be retracted back into the cannula 602 so as to
bind the suture to the suture passer. In this respect it will be
appreciated that the cannula's blunt heel 638 will avoid cutting
the suture as the suture is pulled into the cannula.
[0263] Referring next to FIGS. 76-79, the invention also may be
used with a hook retriever 708. As shown in FIGS. 76 and 77, the
hook retriever 708 may include a handle 710 secured to a shaft 712,
with the shaft terminating in a distal hook 714. The shaft 712 is
preferably constructed from flexible wire or fine hypodermic
tubing, and hook 714 is preferably constructed from flexible
stainless steel wire. Alternatively, shaft 712 and hook 714 may be
formed out of a superelastic material such as Nitinol or the
like.
[0264] The gap 630 between the cannula entrance 612 and the
proximal suture guide 610 provides sufficient access for inserting
the hook 714 and shaft 712 into the cannula 602. The gap 630 is
optimally configured so that the hook 714 of the hook retriever 708
may be withdrawn into the cannula 602, as shown in FIG. 78, so that
the cannula 602 may be advanced smoothly into tissue and located
proximate to a suture to be retrieved. Once properly positioned,
the hook retriever 708 may be advanced out of the cannula 602 so
that it expands, as shown in FIG. 77, for grappling a suture. Once
suture is grappled, hook 714 may be withdrawn back into cannula 602
so as to capture the suture to the tool. Again, it will be
appreciated that the cannula's blunt heel 638 will avoid cutting
the suture as the suture is pulled into the cannula.
[0265] If desired, handle 702 (and/or handle 710) might include a
lock feature for releasably locking the loop retriever (and/or the
hook retriever) relative to handle 602.
[0266] It should also be appreciated that with the embodiment of
FIGS. 72-75, the loop retriever 700 may be loaded into suture
passer 600 so that shaft 704 extends through both cannula 602 and
proximal suture guide 610, and so that handle 702 sits proximal to
proximal suture guide 610; and with the embodiment of FIGS. 76-79,
the hook retriever 708 may be loaded onto suture passer 600 so that
shaft 712 extends through both cannula 602 and proximal suture
guide 610, and so that handle 710 sits proximal to proximal suture
guide 610.
[0267] Referring next to FIGS. 80-82, an alternative form of suture
passer-and-hook retriever tool 900 is shown. The suture passer
portion of the tool includes a handle (not shown), preferably
similar to the handle 604 described above, and a cannula 602
mounted on the handle. A sleeve 902 is slidingly received in the
bore 648 of the cannula 602, and the distal end of cannula 602
includes a slot 650.
[0268] The suture passer-and-hook retriever tool 900 also includes
a hook retriever 904 fixed relative to the handle and cannula 602.
The hook retriever 904 includes a shaft 906 terminating in a distal
hook 908. Shaft 906 is bent at an angle intermediate its length.
Hook retriever 904 is flexible, and is preferably constructed from
a superelastic material such as Nitinol.
[0269] The sleeve 902 has a bore 910 that receives shaft 906. The
sleeve 902 is configured to slide relative to the cannula 602
between distal (FIGS. 80 and 81) and proximal (FIG. 82) positions.
When the sleeve 902 is in its distal position, the hook 908 of the
hook retriever 904 is substantially retained in the passage 648 of
the cannula 602 so that the cannula 602 may be advanced smoothly
into tissue and located proximate to a suture which is to be
retrieved. Once the cannula 602 is properly positioned relative to
the target suture, the sleeve 902 may be articulated into its
proximal position, as shown in FIG. 82, so that the hook 908
springs outwardly, through cannula slot 650, for capturing a
suture. Once a suture is captured, the sleeve 902 may be
articulated back into its distal position, thereby urging the hook
908 back into the passage 648 so as to bind a suture to the tool.
Again, by forming cannula 602 with a blunt heel 638, cutting of the
suture will be avoided as the suture is captured to the
cannula.
[0270] The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of
the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration
and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit
the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications
and variations are possible in light of the above teachings and are
considered to be within the scope of the present invention.
* * * * *