U.S. patent application number 13/157093 was filed with the patent office on 2012-06-07 for alcohol resistant dosage forms.
This patent application is currently assigned to Euro-Celtique S.A.. Invention is credited to Helen Kathleen Danagher, Wolfgang Fleischer, Udo Hahn, Geoffrey Gerard Hayes, Christian Leuner, Richard O. Mannion, William H. Mckenna, Hassan Mohammad, Edward P. O'Donnell, Derek Allan Prater, Christof Spitzley, Harjit Tamber, Malcom Walden, Steve Whitelock.
Application Number | 20120141583 13/157093 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 34889127 |
Filed Date | 2012-06-07 |
United States Patent
Application |
20120141583 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Mannion; Richard O. ; et
al. |
June 7, 2012 |
ALCOHOL RESISTANT DOSAGE FORMS
Abstract
Opioid controlled release formulation resistant to alcohol
extraction of the opioid.
Inventors: |
Mannion; Richard O.;
(Furlons, PA) ; Mckenna; William H.; (Yonkers,
NY) ; O'Donnell; Edward P.; (Basking Ridge, NJ)
; Danagher; Helen Kathleen; (Cambridge, GB) ;
Hayes; Geoffrey Gerard; (Saffron Walden, GB) ;
Mohammad; Hassan; (Littleport, GB) ; Prater; Derek
Allan; (Cambridge, GB) ; Tamber; Harjit;
(Hitchin, GB) ; Walden; Malcom; (Cambridge,
GB) ; Whitelock; Steve; (Cambridge, GB) ;
Fleischer; Wolfgang; (Ingelheim, DE) ; Hahn; Udo;
(Nentershausen, DE) ; Spitzley; Christof;
(Elbgrund, DE) ; Leuner; Christian; (Frankfurt,
DE) |
Assignee: |
Euro-Celtique S.A.
Luxembourg
LU
|
Family ID: |
34889127 |
Appl. No.: |
13/157093 |
Filed: |
June 9, 2011 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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11574778 |
Mar 6, 2007 |
|
|
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PCT/EP2006/000727 |
Jan 27, 2006 |
|
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13157093 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/457 ;
264/141; 424/468; 424/486; 424/488; 514/282 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 9/16 20130101; B29K
2105/0085 20130101; A61K 9/20 20130101; A61K 9/2077 20130101; B29K
2033/12 20130101; A61P 23/00 20180101; A61K 9/2054 20130101; A61P
25/04 20180101; A61P 25/26 20180101; A61K 9/1635 20130101; A61K
9/1652 20130101; A61K 9/1694 20130101; A61K 9/2027 20130101; A61P
25/24 20180101; A61P 25/36 20180101; A61K 9/2086 20130101; A61K
9/2095 20130101; B29B 9/06 20130101; A61K 31/485 20130101; A61K
9/0053 20130101; A61K 9/2013 20130101; A61P 29/00 20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/457 ;
424/468; 424/486; 424/488; 514/282; 264/141 |
International
Class: |
A61K 9/52 20060101
A61K009/52; A61P 29/00 20060101 A61P029/00; B29B 9/06 20060101
B29B009/06; A61K 31/46 20060101 A61K031/46; A61P 25/36 20060101
A61P025/36; A61K 9/22 20060101 A61K009/22; A61K 9/00 20060101
A61K009/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Feb 12, 2004 |
EP |
PCT/EP2005/050014 |
Feb 12, 2004 |
GB |
0403100.1 |
Jan 28, 2005 |
GB |
0501638.1 |
Claims
1. Use of a sparingly water permeable thermoplastic polymer or a
hydrophobic polymer as controlled release matrix material in the
manufacture of an opioid controlled release matrix formulation to
impart resistance to alcohol extraction of the opioid, wherein said
formulation having the sparingly water permeable thermoplastic
polymer or hydrophobic polymer as controlled release matrix
material releases less opioid in an alcohol extraction test
compared to the same formulation but with the sparingly water
permeable thermoplastic polymer or hydrophobic polymer substituted
entirely or partly by other matrix materials.
2. Use of a sparingly water permeable thermoplastic polymer as
controlled release matrix material in the manufacture of an opioid
salt controlled release matrix formulation to impart resistance to
alcohol extraction of the opioid salt, wherein said formulation
after 15 minutes shaking in 40% ethanol at room temperature
releases less than 35% of opioid salt.
3. Use according to claim 2, wherein said formulation releases less
than 30%, more preferred less than 25% of opioid salt, or from 15
to 25% opioid salt.
4. Use of a hydrophobic material as controlled release matrix
material in the manufacture of an opioid salt controlled release
matrix formulation to impart resistance to alcohol extraction of
the opioid salt, wherein less than 25% of the opioid salt is
released after 1 hour of in-vitro dissolution of a dosage form
comprising said formulation in 900 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid
with 20% ethanol using USP Apparatus I (basket) operating at 100
rpm at 37.degree. C.
5. Use of a hydrophobic material as controlled release matrix
material in the manufacture of an opioid salt controlled release
matrix formulation to impart resistance to alcohol extraction of
the opioid salt, wherein less than 25% of the opioid salt is
released after 1 hour of in-vitro dissolution of a dosage form
comprising said formulation in 500 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid
with 20% ethanol using USP Apparatus I (basket) operating at 100
rpm at 37.degree. C.
6. Use according claim 4 or 5, wherein less than 20% opioid salt,
more preferred less than 10% opioid salt, even more preferred less
than 5% opioid salt or between 10% and 25% opioid salt is released
after 1 hour.
7. Use of a hydrophobic material as controlled release matrix
material in the manufacture of an opioid salt controlled release
matrix formulation to impart resistance to alcohol extraction of
the opioid salt, wherein the ratio of the amount of opioid salt
released after 1 hour of in-vitro dissolution of the dosage form
comprising said formulation in 900 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid
with 20% ethanol using a USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100
rpm at 37.degree. C., to the amount of opioid salt released after 1
hour of in-vitro dissolution of the dosage form comprising said
formulation in 900 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid with 0% ethanol
using an USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at
37.degree. C., is less than about 2:1.
8. Use of a hydrophobic material as controlled release matrix
material in the manufacture of an opioid salt controlled release
matrix formulation to impart resistance to alcohol extraction of
the opioid salt, wherein the ratio of the amount of opioid salt
released after 1 hour of in-vitro dissolution of the dosage form
comprising said formulation in 500 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid
with 20% ethanol using a USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100
rpm at 37.degree. C., to the amount of opioid salt released after 1
hour of in-vitro dissolution of the dosage form comprising said
formulation in 500 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid with 0% ethanol
using an USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at
37.degree. C., is less than about 2:1.
9. Use according to claim 7 or 8, wherein the ratio is less than
1.5:1, preferably less than 1:1.
10. Use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the
hydrophobic material or the sparingly permeable thermoplastic
polymer is an alkyl cellulose.
11. Use according to claim 10, wherein the alkyl cellulose is ethyl
cellulose.
12. Use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the
opioid salt is selected from opioid agonists, opioid antagonists in
combination with opioid agonists the combination providing an
analgesic effect, and mixed opioid agonist/antagonists partial
opioid agonists or mixtures thereof in the form of the
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
13. Use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the
opioid salt is selected from alfentanil, allylprodine,
alphaprodine, anileridine, benzylmorphine, bezitramide,
buprenorphine, butorphanol, clonitazene, codeine, desomorphine,
dextromoramide, dezocine, diampromide, diarnorphone, dihydro
codeine, dihydromorphine, dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol,
dimethylthiambutene, dioxaphetyl butyrate, dipipanone, eptazocine,
ethoheptazine, ethylmethylthiambutene, ethylmorphine, etonitazene,
etorphine, dihydroetorphine, fentanyl and derivatives, hydroco
done, hydromorphone, hydroxypethidine, isomethadone, ketobemidone,
levorphanol, levophenacylmorphan, lofentanil, meperidine,
meptazinol, metazocine, methadone, metopon, morphine, myrophine,
narceine, nicomorphine, norlevorphanol, normethadone, nalorphine,
nalbuphene, normorphine, norpipanone, opium, oxycodone,
oxymorphone, papavereturn, pentazocine, phenadoxone, phenomorphan,
phenazocine, phenoperidine, piminodine, piritramide, propheptazine,
promedol, properidine, propoxyphene, sufentanil, tilidine,
tramadol, in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof;
and mixtures of any of the foregoing, and the like, preferably from
pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of codeine, morphine,
oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, or oxymorphone.
14. Use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the
opioid salt is a combination of an opioid agonist salt and an
opioid antagonist salt, the combination providing an analgesic
effect, wherein the opioid antagonist is selected form the group of
naloxone, naltrexone and nalorphine in the form of pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof.
15. Use according to claims 10 to 14, wherein the alkyl cellulose,
preferably ethyl cellulose, is used in an amount from 5 to 60% (by
wt) of the matrix formulation, preferably from 10 to 50% (by wt),
most preferably from 20 to 45% (by wt) of the matrix formulation,
or in an amount of at least 40% (by wt), at least 45% (by wt), at
least 50% (by wt), at least 55% (by wt) or at least 60% (by wt) of
the matrix formulation.
16. Use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the
ethyl cellulose is combined with at least a second controlled
release matrix material selected from a polymethacrylate polymer,
preferably a neutral water-insoluble poly (ethyl acrylate, methyl
methacrylate) copolymer.
17. Use according to claim 16, wherein the polymethacrylate
polymer, preferably the neutral water-insoluble poly(ethyl
acrylate, methyl acrylate) copolymer is used in an amount of 5% to
66% (by wt), preferably 15% to 50% (by wt), more preferred 20% to
45% (by wt) and most preferred 25% to 45% (by wt) or in a weight
amount of at least 5% (by wt), at least 10% (by wt), at least 15%
(by wt), at least 20% (by wt) or at least 25% (by wt) of the matrix
formulation.
18. Use according to claims 10 to 17, wherein the opioid salt is
oxycodone hydrochloride or hydromorphone hydrochloride.
19. Use according to any one of the previous claims, wherein at
least one binder, preferably hydroxy alkyl cellulose, is included
in the matrix formulation.
20. Use according to claims 10 to 14, wherein the amount of the
alkyl cellulose, preferably ethyl cellulose, is less than 20% (by
wt), preferably less than 15% (by wt), most preferred less than 10%
(by wt) of the matrix formulation.
21. Use according to claim 20, wherein the alkylcellulose,
preferable ethylcellulose is combined with at least one plasticizer
or second controlled release matrix material selected from C.sub.12
to C.sub.36 aliphatic alcohols or corresponding aliphatic acids,
preferably stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol,
stearic acid or palmitic acid or mixtures thereof.
22. Use according to claim 21, wherein the alkyl cellulose,
preferably the amount of C.sub.12 to C.sub.36 aliphatic alcohol is
at least 5%, more preferred at least 10% (by wt), more preferred at
least 15% (by wt) and most preferred 20% to 25% (by wt) of the
matrix formulation.
23. Use according to claims 20 to 22, wherein the opioid salt is a
mixture of oxycodone hydrochloride and naloxone hydrochloride in an
amount ratio of 2:1.
24. Use according to claims 19 to 23, wherein the matrix
formulation does not comprise a neutral water-insoluble poly (ethyl
acrylate methyl acrylate) copolymer.
25. Use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the
matrix formulation does not comprise a poly(meth)acrylate
trimethylammoniummethylacrylate chloride copolymer.
26. Use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the
matrix formulations is prepared in a melt extrusion process.
27. Use according to any of the preceding claims wherein the
controlled release matrix formulations after 15 minutes shaking in
water at room temperature releases less than 15%, less than 10% of
opioid salt, preferably less than 7.5% opioid salt, more preferably
less than 5% opioid salt.
28. Use according to any of the preceding claims wherein the
controlled release matrix formulation after 5 minutes standing in
water at 50.degree. C. followed by 15 minutes shaking at the same
temperature releases less than 20% opioid salt, preferably less
than 15% opioid salt, more preferably less than 12% opioid
salt.
29. Use according to any of the preceding claims wherein the
controlled release matrix formulation after 5 minutes standing at
75.degree. C. followed by 15 minutes shaking at the same
temperature releases less than 25% of opioid salt, preferably less
than 20% of opioid salt, more preferably less than 15% of opioid
salt.
30. Use according to any of the preceding claims wherein the
controlled release matrix formulation after 5 minutes standing at
100.degree. C. followed by 15 minutes shaking at the same
temperature releases less than 30% opioid salt, preferably less
than 25% opioid salt, more preferably less than 20% opioid
salts.
31. Use according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the
ratio of the weight % amount of the opioid salt released at
50.degree. C., 120 minutes shaking of the controlled release matrix
formulation to the weight % amount of opioid salt released at RT
120 minutes shaking of the controlled release matrix formulation is
1.2 or less, preferably 1 or less or 0.9 or less.
32. Use according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the
ratio of the weight % amount of the opioid salt released at
75.degree. C., 15 minutes shaking of the controlled release matrix
formulation to the weight % amount of opioid analgesic released at
RT 15 minutes shaking of the controlled release matrix formulation
is 1.2 or less, preferably 1 or less or 0.9 or less.
33. Use according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the
ratio of the weight % amount of the opioid salt released at
100.degree. C., 15 minutes shaking of the controlled release matrix
formulation to the weight % amount of opioid salt released at RT 15
minutes shaking of the controlled release matrix formulation is 1.3
or less, preferably 1.2 or less or 0.9 or less.
34. Use according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the
ratio of the weight % amount of the opioid salt released at
100.degree. C., 120 minutes shaking of the controlled release
matrix formulation to the weight % amount of opioid salt released
at RT 120 minutes shaking of the controlled release matrix
formulation is less than 2, preferably 1.5 or less or 1 or less or
0.9 or less.
35. Use according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the
controlled release matrix formulation after grinding in a mortar
and pestle with 24 rotations of the pestle and extracting in 900 ml
water at 37.degree. C. for 45 minutes less than 12.5% opioid salt,
preferably less than 10% opioid salt, more preferably less than
7.5% opioid salt are released.
36. Use according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the
controlled release matrix formulation after crushing between two
spoons or in a pill crusher and extracting in 2 ml water heated to
boiling on a spoon less than 27.5% opioid salt, preferably less
than 15% opioid salt, more preferably less than 5% opioid salt are
released.
37. A controlled release dosage form comprising: a matrix
comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an opioid
analgesic in a controlled release material; wherein less than 25%
of the opioid salt is released after 1 hour of in-vitro dissolution
of the dosage form in 900 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid with 20%
ethanol using a USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at 37
degrees C..degree..
38. A controlled release dosage form comprising: a matrix
comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an opioid
analgesic in a controlled release material; wherein less than 25%
of the opioid salt is released after 1 hour of in-vitro dissolution
of the dosage form in 500 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid with 20%
ethanol using a USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at 37
degrees C..degree..
39. The dosage form of claim 37 or 38 comprising a plurality of
matrices comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an opioid
analgesic in a controlled release material.
40. The dosage form of claim 37 or 38 comprising a matrix
comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an opioid
analgesic in a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; and a layer
comprising a controlled release material disposed about the
matrix.
41. The dosage form of claim 37 or 38 comprising a plurality of
matrices comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an opioid
analgesic in a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; and a layer
comprising a controlled release material disposed about each of the
matrices.
42. The dosage form of any of claims 37 to 41, wherein the
controlled release material is a hydrophobic material.
43. The dosage form of claim 42, wherein the hydrophobic material
is ethylcellulose.
44. The dosage form of claim 43, wherein ethylcellulose in a weight
amount of at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55% or
at least 60% of the matrix or matrices.
45. The dosage form of claim 44, wherein the ethylcellulose is in a
weight amount of at most 70%, at most 80% or at most 90% of the
matrix or matrices.
46. The dosage form of claim 44, wherein the controlled release
material further comprises a polymethacrylate polymer in a weight
amount of at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20% or
at least 25% of the matrix or matrices.
47. The dosage form of claim 46, wherein the polymethacrylate
polymer is in a weight amount of at most 25% or at most 30%, or at
most 35% of the matrix or matrices.
48. The dosage form according to claims 37 to 47, wherein the
matrix or matrices do not contain a water-insoluble neutral poly
(ethylacrylate methyl methacrylate) copolymer.
49. The dosage form of any of claims 37 to 38, wherein the dosage
form further comprises a binder in a weight amount of at least 1%,
at least 3%, or at least 5% of the matrix or matrices.
50. The dosage form of claim 49, wherein the binder is in a weight
amount of at most 7%, or at most 10% of the matrix or matrices.
51. The dosage form of claim 49 or 50, wherein the binder is a
hydroxyalkylcellulose.
52. The dosage form of any of claims 37 to 51, wherein the dosage
form further comprises a plasticizer in a weight amount of at least
5%, at least 15%, or at least 25% of the matrix or matrices.
53. The dosage form of claim 52, wherein the plasticizer is in a
weight amount of at most 30%, or at most 40% of the matrix or
matrices.
54. The dosage form of claim 52 or 53, wherein the plasticizer has
a melting point of at least 80.degree. C.
55. The dosage form of claim 54, wherein the plasticizer is
hydrogenated castor oil.
56. The dosage form of claim 42, wherein the hydrophobic material
is an enteric polymer.
57. The dosage form of any of claims 37-41, wherein the matrix or
matrices are extruded.
58. The dosage form of claim 37 or 39, wherein the matrix is a
compressed granulation.
59. The dosage form of any of claims 37 to 41, wherein the dosage
form releases less than 20% opioid salt after 1 hour of in-vitro
dissolution of the dosage form in 900 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid
with 20% ethanol using a USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100
rpm at 37 degrees C..degree..
60. The dosage form of any of claims 37 to 41, wherein the dosage
form releases more than 5% or more than 10% opioid salt after 1
hour of in-vitro dissolution of the dosage form in 900 ml of
Simulated Gastric Fluid with 20% ethanol using a USP Apparatus I
(basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at 37 degrees C..degree..
61. The dosage form of any of claims 37 to 60, wherein the opioid
salt is hydromorphone hydrochloride, and the dosage form comprises:
2 mg hydromorphone hydrochloride, 4 mg hydromorphone hydrochloride,
8 mg hydromorphone hydrochloride, 12 mg hydromorphone
hydrochloride, 16 mg hydromorphone hydrochloride, 24 mg
hydromorphone hydrochloride, 32 mg hydromorphone hydrochloride, 48
mg hydromorphone hydrochloride or 64 mg hydromorphone
hydrochloride.
62. The dosage form of any of claims 37 to 60, wherein the opioid
salt is oxycodone hydrochloride and the dosage form comprises: 5 mg
oxycodone hydrochloride, 10 mg oxycodone hydrochloride, 15 mg
oxycodone hydrochloride 20 mg oxycodone hydrochloride, 30 mg
oxycodone hydrochloride, 40 mg oxycodone hydrochloride, 45 mg
oxycodone hydrochloride 60 mg oxycodone hydrochloride, 80 mg
oxycodone hydrochloride, 90 mg oxycodone hydrochloride 120 mg
oxycodone hydrochloride or 160 mg oxycodone hydrochloride
63. A method of treating pain comprising administering to a patient
in need thereof a dosage form of any of claims 37 to 62.
64. A method of deterring abuse of an opioid agonist comprising
preparing a dosage form according to any of claims 37 to 62.
65. A method of manufacturing a controlled release dosage form of
any of claims 37 to 62 comprising extruding the pharmaceutically
acceptable salt of the opioid analgesic and the controlled release
material.
66. The method of claim 65, comprising cutting the extrudate into a
plurality of particles, optionally compressing the particles into a
tablet, or filling the particles into a pharmaceutically acceptable
capsule.
67. A controlled release dosage form comprising an opioid analgesic
salt and a controlled release material: wherein the ratio of the
amount of opioid analgesic salt released after 1 hour of in-vitro
dissolution of the dosage form in 500 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid
with 20% ethanol using a USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100
rpm at 37 degrees C..degree. to the amount of opioid analgesic salt
released after 1 hour of in-vitro dissolution of the dosage form in
500 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid with 0% ethanol using a USP
Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at 37 degrees C..degree.
is less than about 2:1.
68. A controlled release dosage form comprising an opioid analgesic
salt and a controlled release material: wherein the ratio of the
amount of opioid analgesic salt released after 1 hour of in-vitro
dissolution of the dosage form in 900 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid
with 20% ethanol using a USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100
rpm at 37 degrees C..degree. to the amount of opioid analgesic salt
released after 1 hour of in-vitro dissolution of the dosage form in
900 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid with 0% ethanol using a USP
Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at 37 degrees C..degree.
is less than about 2:1.
69. The dosage form of claim 67 or 68, comprising a matrix
comprising the opioid analgesic salt and the controlled release
material.
70. The dosage form of claim 67 or 68, comprising a plurality of
matrices comprising the opioid analgesic salt and the controlled
release material.
71. A controlled release dosage form of claim 69 or 70, wherein the
opioid analgesic salt is not a combination of oxycodone salt and
naloxone salt wherein the matrix comprises ethyl cellulose and
stearyl alcohol.
72. The dosage form of claim 67 or 68, comprising a matrix
comprising the opioid analgesic salt and a pharmaceutically
acceptable excipient; and a layer comprising a controlled release
material disposed about the matrix.
73. The dosage form of claim 67 or 68, comprising a plurality of
matrices comprising the opioid analgesic and a pharmaceutically
acceptable excipient; and a layer comprising a controlled release
material disposed about each of the matrices.
74. The dosage form of any of claims 67 to 73, wherein the
controlled release material is a hydrophobic material.
75. The dosage form of claim 74, wherein the hydrophobic material
is ethylcellulose.
76. The dosage form of claim 75, wherein ethylcellulose in a weight
amount of at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55% or
at least 60% of the matrix or matrices.
77. The dosage form of claim 76, wherein the ethylcellulose is in a
weight amount of at most 70%, at most 80% or at most 90% of the
matrix or matrices.
78. The dosage form of claim 77, wherein the controlled release
material further comprises a polymethacrylate polymer in a weight
amount of at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20% or
at least 25% of the matrix or matrices.
79. The dosage form of claim 78, wherein the polymethacrylate
polymer is in a weight amount of at most 30%, or at most 35% of the
matrix or matrices.
80. The dosage form of any of claims 37 to 79, wherein the dosage
form further comprises a binder in a weight amount of at least 1%,
at least 3%, or at least 5% of the matrix or matrices.
81. The dosage form of claim 80, wherein the binder is in a weight
amount of at most 7%, or at most 10% of the matrix or matrices.
82. The dosage form of claim 80 or 81, wherein the binder is a
hydroxyalkylcellulose.
83. The dosage form of any of claims 37 to 82, wherein the dosage
form further comprises a plasticizer in a weight amount of at least
5%, at least 15%, or at least 25% of the matrix or matrices.
84. The dosage form of claim 83, wherein the plasticizer is in a
weight amount of at most 30%, or at most 40% of the matrix or
matrices.
85. The dosage form of claim 83 or 84, wherein the plasticizer
which has a melting point of at least 80.degree. C.
86. The dosage form of claim 85, wherein the plasticizer is
hydrogenated castor oil.
87. The dosage form of claim 74 wherein the hydrophobic material is
an enteric polymer.
88. The dosage form of any of claims 67 to 73 wherein the matrix or
matrices are extruded.
89. The dosage form of claims 67 to 73, wherein the matrix is a
compressed granulation.
90. The dosage form of any of claims 67 to 73, wherein the ratio of
the amount of opioid analgesic released after 1 hour of in-vitro
dissolution of the dosage form in 500 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid
with 20% ethanol using a USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100
rpm at 37 degrees C..degree. to the amount of opioid analgesic
released after 1 hour of in-vitro dissolution of the dosage form in
500 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid with 0% ethanol using a USP
Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at 37 degrees C..degree.
is less than about 1.5:1 or less than about 1:1.
91. The dosage form of any of claims 37 to 90, wherein the opioid
salt is hydromorphone hydrochloride, and comprises: 2 mg
hydromorphone hydrochloride, 4 mg hydromorphone hydrochloride, 8 mg
hydromorphone hydrochloride, 12 mg hydromorphone hydrochloride, 16
mg hydromorphone hydrochloride, 24 mg hydromorphone hydrochloride,
32 mg hydromorphone hydrochloride, 48 mg hydromorphone
hydrochloride, or 64 mg hydromorphone hydrochloride.
92. The dosage form of any of claims 37 to 90, wherein the opioid
salt is oxycodone hydrochloride, and comprises: 5 mg oxycodone
hydrochloride, 10 mg oxycodone hydrochloride, 15 mg oxycodone
hydrochloride, 20 mg oxycodone hydrochloride, 30 mg oxycodone
hydrochloride, 40 mg oxycodone hydrochloride, 45 mg oxycodone
hydrochloride, 60 mg oxycodone hydrochloride, 80 mg oxycodone
hydrochloride, 90 mg oxycodone hydrochloride, 120 mg oxycodone
hydrochloride, or 160 mg oxycodone hydrochloride.
93. A controlled release dosage form comprising a plurality of
matrices comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt of hydromorphone dispersed in a
controlled release material; wherein the ratio of the amount of the
pharmaceutically acceptable salt of hydromorphone released after 1
hour of in-vitro dissolution of the dosage form in 500 ml of
Simulated Gastric Fluid with 20% ethanol using a USP Apparatus I
(basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at 37 degrees C..degree. to the
amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of hydromorphone
released after 1 hour of in-vitro dissolution of the dosage form in
500 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid with 0% ethanol using a USP
Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at 37 degrees C..degree.
is less than about 2:1.
94. The dosage form of claim 93 comprising a plurality of extruded
matrices comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt of hydromorphone dispersed in an
alkylcellulose.
95. The dosage form of claim 93 comprising a plurality of extruded
matrices comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt of hydromorphone dispersed in an
ethylcellulose.
96. The dosage form of claim 93 comprising a plurality of extruded
matrices comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt of hydromorphone dispersed in an
alkylcellulose, the alkylcellulose being at least 50%, w/w of the
matrices.
97. The dosage form of claim 93 comprising a plurality of extruded
matrices consisting essentially of a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt of hydromorphone dispersed in an alkylcellulose.
98. The dosage form of claim 93 comprising a plurality of extruded
matrices consisting essentially of a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt of hydromorphone dispersed in an alkylcellulose, an optional
binder, and an optional plasticizer.
99. The dosage form of claim 93 comprising a plurality of extruded
matrices comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of
hydromorphone dispersed in an alkylcellulose, wherein the matrices
do not comprise an acrylic polymer.
100. The dosage form of any of claims 27 to 89 comprising a
controlled release matrix formulation which does not contain more
than 15% (by wt) preferably more than 20% (by wt) C.sub.12 to
C.sub.36 aliphatic alcohol selected from the group consisting of
stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol and cetostearyl alcohol.
101. The dosage form according to any of the preceding claims
wherein the dosage form after 15 minutes shaking in water at room
temperature releases less than 15%, less than 10% of opioid salt,
preferably less than 7.5% opioid salt, more preferably less than 5%
opioid salt.
102. The dosage form according to any of the preceding claims
wherein the dosage form after 5 minutes standing in water at
50.degree. C. followed by 15 minutes shaking at the same
temperature releases less than 20% opioid salt, preferably less
than 15% opioid salt, more preferably less than 12% opioid
salt.
103. The dosage form according to any of the preceding claims
wherein the dosage form after 5 minutes standing at 75.degree. C.
followed by 15 minutes shaking at the same temperature releases
less than 25% of opioid salt, preferably less than 20% of opioid
salt, more preferably less than 15% of opioid salt.
104. The dosage form according to any of the preceding claims
wherein the dosage form after 5 minutes standing at 100.degree. C.
followed by 15 minutes shaking at the same temperature releases
less than 30% opioid salt, preferably less than 25% opioid salt,
more preferably less than 20% opioid sal.
105. The dosage form according to any one of the preceding claims
wherein the ratio of the weight % amount of the opioid salt
released at 50.degree. C., 120 minutes shaking of the dosage form
to the weight % amount of opioid salt released at RT 120 minutes
shaking of the dosage form is 1.2 or less, preferably 1 or less or
0.9 or less.
106. The dosage form according to any one of the preceding claims
wherein the ratio of the weight % amount of the opioid salt
released at 75.degree. C., 15 minutes shaking of the dosage form to
the weight % amount of opioid analgesic released at RT 15 minutes
shaking of the dosage form is 1.2 or less, preferably 1 or less or
0.9 or less.
107. The dosage form according to any one of the preceding claims
wherein the ratio of the weight % amount of the opioid salt
released at 100.degree. C., 15 minutes shaking of the dosage form
to the weight % amount of opioid salt released at RT 15 minutes
shaking of the dosage form is 1.3 or less, preferably 1.2 or less
or 0.9 or less.
108. The dosage form according to any one of the preceding claims
wherein the ratio of the weight % amount of the opioid salt
released at 100.degree. C., 120 minutes shaking of the dosage form
to the weight % amount of opioid salt released at RT 120 minutes
shaking of the dosage form is less than 2, preferably 1.5 or less,
1 or less or 0.9 or less.
109. The dosage form according to any one of the preceding claims
wherein after grinding in a mortar and pestle with 24 rotations of
the pestle and extracting in 900 ml water at 37.degree. C. for 45
minutes less than 12.5% opioid salt, preferably less than 10%
opioid salt, more preferably less than 7.5% opioid salt are
released.
110. Use according to any one of the preceding claims wherein after
crushing between two spoons or in a pill crusher and extracting in
2 ml water heated to boiling on a spoon less than 27.5% opioid
salt, preferably less than 15% opioid salt, more preferably less
than 5% opioid salt are released.
111. A method of treating pain comprising administering to a
patient in need thereof a dosage form of any of claims 37 to
109.
112. Use of a dosage form according to claims 37 to 109 in the
manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of pain.
113. A method of deterring abuse of an opioid agonist comprising
preparing a dosage form according to any of claims 37 to 109.
114. A method of manufacturing a controlled release dosage form of
any of claims 69 to 109 comprising extruding the pharmaceutically
acceptable salt of the opioid analgesic and the controlled release
material.
115. The method of claim 114, comprising cutting the extrudate into
a plurality of particles, optionally comprising compressing the
particles into a tablet or filling the particles into a
pharmaceutically acceptable capsule.
Description
[0001] This application claims the benefit of GB patent application
no. 0501638.1, filed on Jan. 28, 2005, of PCT patent application
no. PCT/GB2005/050014 filed on Feb. 11, 2005, of U.S. provisional
application No. 60/670,506, filed on Apr. 12, 2005 and of U.S.
provisional application No. 60/730,339, filed on Oct. 26, 2005.
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to controlled release
formulations resistant to alcohol extraction, in particular opioid
controlled release formulations resistant to alcohol
extraction.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Pharmaceutical products are sometimes the subject of abuse.
For example, a particular dose of opioid agonist may be more potent
when administered parenterally as compared to the same dose
administered orally. Some formulations can be tampered with to
provide the opioid agonist contained therein for illicit use.
Controlled release opioid agonist formulations are sometimes
crushed, or subject to extraction with solvents (e.g., ethanol) by
drug abusers to provide the opioid contained therein for immediate
release upon oral or parenteral administration.
[0004] Controlled release opioid agonist dosage forms which can
liberate a portion of the opioid upon exposure to ethanol, can also
result in a patient receiving the dose more rapidly than intended
if a patient disregards instructions for use and concomitantly uses
alcohol with the dosage form.
[0005] Purdue Pharma L.P. currently markets sustained-release
oxycodone in dosage forms containing 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg oxycodone
hydrochloride under the tradename OxyContin.
[0006] U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,266,331; 5,508,042; 5,549,912 and 5,656,295
disclose sustained release oxycodone formulations.
[0007] Purdue Pharma L.P. is the NDA holder of sustained-release
hydromorphone in dosage forms containing 12, 16, 24 and 32 mg
hydromorphone hydrochloride under the tradename Palladone.RTM..
[0008] During the development of Palladone.RTM., in-vitro
extraction and dissolution studies indicated that exposure of the
formulation to ethanol increased the release of hydromorphone, as
compared to release in water. Subsequent pharmacokinetic studies in
healthy subjects have shown that the concomitant intake of ethanol
with Palladone.RTM. Capsules can result in the rapid release and
absorption of hydromorphone from the formulation.
[0009] U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,958,452; 5,965,161; 5,968,551; 6,294,195;
6,335,033; 6,706,281; and 6,743,442 disclose sustained release
hydromorphone formulations.
[0010] U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2003/0118641 and 2005/0163856
to Maloney et al. describe an opioid formulation which employs an
ion exchange resin in conjunction with a hydrophobic matrix that is
purportedly resistant to extraction of the opioid with commonly
available solvents.
[0011] U.S Patent Publication No. 2004/0052731 to Hirsh et al.
describes a pharmaceutical composition which can purportedly be
used to reduce the likelihood of improper administration of
drugs.
[0012] There continues to exist a need in the art for an oral
dosage form comprising an opioid agonist with reduced opioid
release upon exposure to alcohol.
[0013] All references cited herein, including the foregoing
patents, patent applications and priority documents, are hereby
incorporated by reference in their entireties.
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0014] It is an object of certain embodiments of the present
invention to provide an oral controlled release dosage form
comprising an opioid analgesic which is resistant to common
extraction methods, in particular with ethanolic solutions,
intended to liberate the opioid analgesic for illicit use.
[0015] It is an object of certain embodiments of the present
invention to provide an oral controlled release dosage form
comprising an opioid analgesic which is resistant to the release of
the opioid analgesic when concomitantly used with alcohol.
[0016] It is an object of certain embodiments of the present
invention to provide an oral controlled release dosage form
comprising an opioid analgesic which has increased hardness and is
resistant to crushing.
[0017] In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to
a controlled release dosage form comprising an opioid analgesic and
a controlled release material; wherein the ratio of the amount of
opioid analgesic released after 1 hour of in-vitro dissolution of
the dosage form in 500 ml and/or 900 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid
with 20% ethanol using a USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100
rpm at 37 degrees C..degree. to the amount of opioid analgesic
released after 1 hour in-vitro dissolution of the dosage form in
500 ml and/or 900 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid with 0% ethanol
using a USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at 37 degrees
C..degree. is 2:1 or less or less than about 2:1; 1.5:1 or less or
less than about 1.5:1; or 1:1 or less or less than about 1:1. In
certain such embodiments, the lower limit of this ratio is 0.5:1 or
1:1.
[0018] In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to
a controlled release dosage form comprising an opioid analgesic and
a controlled release material; wherein the ratio of the amount of
opioid analgesic released after 1 hour of in-vitro dissolution of
the dosage form in 500 ml and/or 900 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid
with 30% ethanol using a USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100
rpm at 37 degrees C..degree. to the amount of the opioid analgesic
released after 1 hour of in-vitro dissolution of the dosage form in
500 ml and/or 900 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid with 0% ethanol
using a USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at 37 degrees
C..degree. is 4:1 or less or less than about 4:1; 3:1 or less or
less than about 3:1; or 2:1 or less or less than about 2:1. In
certain such embodiments, the lower limit of this ratio is 0.5:1 or
1:1; or 1.7:1.
[0019] In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to
a controlled release dosage form comprising an opioid analgesic and
a controlled release material; wherein the ratio of the amount of
opioid analgesic released after 1 hour of in-vitro dissolution of
the dosage form in 500 ml and/or 900 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid
with 40% ethanol using a USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100
rpm at 37 degrees C..degree. to the amount of the opioid analgesic
released after 1 hour of in-vitro dissolution of the dosage form in
500 ml and/or 900 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid with 0% ethanol
using a USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at 37 degrees
C..degree. is 5:1 or less or less than about 5:1; 4:1 or less or
less than about 4:1; or 3:1 or less or less than about 3:1. In
certain such embodiments, the lower limit of this ratio is 0.5:1 or
1:1; or 2.6:1.
[0020] In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to
a controlled release dosage form comprising a plurality of matrices
comprising a therapeutically effective amount of hydromorphone or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, dispersed in a controlled
release material; wherein the ratio of the amount of hydromorphone
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof released after 1 hour
of in-vitro dissolution of the dosage form in 500 ml and/or 900 ml
of Simulated Gastric Fluid with 20% ethanol using a USP Apparatus I
(basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at 37 degrees C..degree. to the
amount of hydromorphone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof released after 1 hour of in-vitro dissolution of the dosage
form in 500 ml and/or 900 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid with 0%
ethanol using a USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at 37
degrees C..degree. is less than about 2:1. In more detail: In
certain such embodiments, the present invention is directed to a
controlled release dosage form comprising a plurality of extruded
matrices comprising a therapeutically effective amount of
hydromorphone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
dispersed in an alkylcellulose. In certain such embodiments, the
present invention is directed to a controlled release dosage form
comprising a plurality of extruded matrices comprising a
therapeutically effective amount of hydromorphone or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, dispersed in an
ethylcellulose. In certain such embodiments, the present invention
is directed to a controlled release dosage form comprising a
plurality of extruded matrices comprising a therapeutically
effective amount of hydromorphone or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt thereof, dispersed in an alkylcellulose, the alkylcellulose
being at least 50%, w/w of the matrices. In certain such
embodiments, the present invention is directed to a controlled
release dosage form comprising a plurality of extruded matrices
consisting essentially of hydromorphone or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, dispersed in an alkylcellulose. In certain
such embodiments, the present invention is directed to a controlled
release dosage form comprising a plurality of extruded matrices
consisting essentially of hydromorphone or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, dispersed in an alkylcellulose, an
optional binder, and an optional plasticizer. In certain such
embodiments, the present invention is directed to a controlled
release dosage form comprising a plurality of extruded matrices
comprising hydromorphone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, dispersed in an alkylcellulose, wherein the matrices do
not comprise an acrylic polymer.
[0021] In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to
a controlled release dosage form comprising a matrix comprising a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an opioid analgesic in a
controlled release material; wherein less than 25% of the opioid
salt is released after 1 hour of in-vitro dissolution of the dosage
form in 500 ml and/or 900 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid with 20%
ethanol using a USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at 37
degrees C..degree.. In more detail: In certain such embodiments,
the present invention is directed to a controlled release dosage
form comprising a plurality of matrices comprising a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an opioid analgesic in a
controlled release material. In certain such embodiments, the
present invention is directed to a controlled release dosage form
comprising a matrix comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
of an opioid analgesic in a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient;
and a layer comprising a controlled release material disposed about
the matrix, e.g. In certain such embodiments, the present invention
is directed to a controlled release dosage form comprising a
plurality of matrices comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
of an opioid analgesic in a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient;
and a layer comprising a controlled release material disposed about
each of the matrices.
[0022] In certain embodiments the present invention is directed to
the use of a sparingly water permeable thermoplastic polymer or a
hydrophobic polymer as controlled release matrix material in the
manufacture of an opioid controlled release matrix formulation to
impart resistance to alcohol extraction of the opioid, wherein said
formulation having the sparingly water permeable thermoplastic
polymer or hydrophobic polymer as controlled release matrix
material releases less opioid in an alcohol extraction test
compared to the same formulation but with the sparingly water
permeable thermoplastic polymer or hydrophobic polymer substituted
entirely or partly by other matrix materials.
[0023] In certain embodiments the present invention is directed to
the use of a sparingly water permeable thermoplastic polymer as
controlled release matrix material in the manufacture of an opioid
controlled release matrix formulation to impart resistance to
alcohol extraction, wherein said formulation after 15 minutes
shaking in 40% ethanol at room temperature using a Stuart
Scientific Flask Shaker Model SF1 set at 500 to 600 oscillations
per minute releases less than 35% of opioid. In certain such
embodiments said formulation releases less than 30%, more preferred
less than 25% of opioid salt, or from 15 to 25 opioid salt.
[0024] In certain embodiments the present invention is directed to
the use of a hydrophobic material polymer as controlled release
matrix material in the manufacture of an opioid controlled release
matrix formulation to impart resistance to alcohol extraction,
wherein less than 25% of the opioid is released after 1 hour of
in-vitro dissolution of a dosage form comprising said formulation
in 500 ml and/or 900 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid with 20% ethanol
using USP Apparatus I (basket) operating at 100 rpm at 37.degree.
C.
[0025] In certain embodiments the present invention is directed to
the use of a hydrophobic material as controlled release matrix
material in the manufacture of an opioid controlled release matrix
formulation to impart resistance to alcohol extraction, wherein the
ratio of the amount of opioid released after 1 hour of in-vitro
dissolution of the dosage form comprising said formulation in 900
and/or 500 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid with 20% ethanol using a
USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at 37.degree. C., to
the amount of opioid released after 1 hour of in-vitro dissolution
of the dosage form comprising said formulation in 900 and/or 500 ml
of Simulated Gastric Fluid with 0% ethanol using an USP Apparatus I
(basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at 37.degree. C., is less than about
2:1.
[0026] In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to
a method of treating pain comprising administering to a patient in
need thereof a dosage form as disclosed herein.
[0027] In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to
a method of deterring abuse of an opioid agonist comprising
preparing a dosage form as disclosed herein.
[0028] The formulations disclosed herein are intended to release
the drug over an extended period of time to provide a therapeutic
effect. In certain embodiments, the controlled release formulations
provide a at least a 12 hour or 24 hour therapeutic effect.
[0029] The term "controlled release" as it applies to an opioid
agonist is defined for purposes of the present invention as the
release of the opioid from the formulation at a rate which will
provide a longer duration of action than a single dose of the
normal (i.e., immediate release) formulation. For example, an
immediate release oral formulation may release the drug over a
1-hour interval, compared to a controlled release oral formulation
which may release the drug over a 4 to 24 hour interval.
[0030] For purposes of the present invention, the tell "opioid
analgesic" is interchangeable with the term "opioid" and includes
one agonist or a combination of more than one opioid agonist, and
also includes the use of a mixed agonist-antagonist; a partial
agonist and combinations of an opioid agonist and an opioid
antagonist, wherein the combination provides an analgesic effect,
stereoisomers thereof; an ether or ester thereof; or a mixture of
any of the foregoing. With respect to certain embodiments of the
present invention, the term "opioid agonist" is interchangeable
with the term "opioid analgesic" and includes one agonist or a
combination of more than one opioid agonist, and also includes the
use of a mixed agonist-antagonist; a partial agonist; stereoisomers
thereof; an ether or ester thereof; or a mixture of any of the
foregoing.
[0031] The present invention disclosed herein is meant to encompass
the use of any pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the opioid. The
term "opioid salt" refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of
the opioid. Any embodiment of the invention referring to opioid is
also meant to refer to opioid salt.
[0032] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not
limited to, metal salts such as sodium salt, potassium salt, secium
salt and the like; alkaline earth metals such as calcium salt,
magnesium salt and the like; organic amine salts such as
triethylamine salt, pyridine salt, picoline salt, ethanolamine
salt, triethanolamine salt, dicyclohexylamine salt,
N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine salt and the like; inorganic acid
salts such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, phosphate and
the like; organic acid salts such as formate, acetate,
trifluoroacetate, maleate, tartrate and the like; sulfonates such
as methanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and the
like; amino acid salts such as arginate, asparginate, glutamate and
the like.
[0033] The opioids used according to the present invention may
contain one or more asymmetric centers and may give rise to
enantiomers, diastereomers, or other stereoisomeric forms. The
present invention is also meant to encompass the use of all such
possible forms as well as their racemic and resolved forms and
mixtures thereof. When the compounds described herein contain
olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, it
is intended to include both E and Z geometric isomers. All
tautomers are intended to be encompassed by the present invention
as well.
[0034] In certain embodiments, the matrix or plurality of matrices
of the dosage form disclosed herein consist essentially of an
opioid analgesic dispersed in an alkylcellulose; an optional
binder, and an optional plasticizer.
[0035] In certain embodiments, the dosage form as disclosed herein
does not comprise an acrylic polymer. In certain embodiments, the
matrix or plurality of matrices of the dosage form disclosed herein
do not comprise an acrylic polymer.
[0036] As used herein, the term "stereoisomers" is a general term
for all isomers of individual molecules that differ only in the
orientation of their atoms is space. It includes enantiomers and
isomers of compounds with more than one chiral center that are not
mirror images of one another (diastereomers).
[0037] The term "chiral center" refers to a carbon atom to which
four different groups are attached.
[0038] The term "enantiomer" or "enantiomeric" refers to a molecule
that is nonsuperimposeable on its mirror image and hence optically
active wherein the enantiomer rotates the plane of polarized light
in one direction and its mirror image rotates the plane of
polarized light in the opposite direction.
[0039] The term "racemic" refers to a mixture of equal parts of
enantiomers and which is optically inactive.
[0040] The term "resolution" refers to the separation or
concentration or depletion of one of the two enantiomeric forms of
a molecule.
[0041] The term "layer" means a material disposed about a substrate
(which can include itself and one or more optional intermediate
layers such e.g., a seal coat), which can be applied, e.g., as a
coating. Layering of substrates can be performed by procedures
known in the art including, e.g., spray coating, dipping or
enrobing.
[0042] The term "disposed about" means that the layer material
disposed about the particle covers at least a portion of the
particle, with or without an intermediate layer or layers between
the substance and the particle. In certain embodiments, the
material covers an average of at least 50% of the surface area of
the particle. In certain other embodiments, the material completely
covers the particle.
[0043] The term "resistance to alcohol extraction" in the broadest
sense refers to the ability of a formulation to release less opioid
when subjected to a solution comprising ethanol than a comparative
formulation, notwithstanding the fact that "resistance to alcohol
extraction" can be alternatively or further defined with respect to
specific embodiments of the invention. Within the meaning of the
present invention resistance to alcohol extraction can be tested
and defined by various "alcohol extraction tests" which involve
subjecting the formulation to a solution comprising ethanol as
described herein.
[0044] The term "controlled release matrix formulation" refers to
the composition including the controlled release materials and the
opioid. Unless specifically indicated the term "controlled release
matrix formulation" refers to said formulation in intact form.
[0045] The term "controlled release dosage form" refers to the
administration form comprising the opioid in controlled release
form as e.g. in form of the "controlled release matrix formulation"
or in any other controlled release form as referred to herein.
Unless specifically indicated the term "controlled release dosage
form" refers to said dosage form in intact form. The dosage form
can e.g. be a tablet comprising the compressed controlled release
matrix formulation or a capsule comprising the controlled release
matrix formulation in the form of multi particulates.
[0046] Resistance to alcohol extraction can e.g. be tested by
subjecting the formulation to Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF) with
20% ethanol. A typical manner in order to obtain "900 ml of
Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF) with 20% ethanol" is by mixing 800 ml
of SGF with 210 ml of 95% ethanol/water (which provides 200 ml
ethanol) and taking 900 ml of the mixture. The effect of the
additional 10 ml of water from the 95% ethanol will be minimal in
the percentages of SGF and ethanol in the 900 ml mixture.
Resistance to alcohol extraction can also be tested using an
aqueous solution comprising 40% ethanol.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0047] FIG. 1 depicts the in-vitro dissolution results of
compositions A-F of Example 5.
[0048] FIGS. 2 and 3 depict the in-vitro dissolution results of
Example 9.
[0049] FIG. 4 depicts the crushing test results using a Pill
Crusher or Spoons of Example 14
[0050] FIG. 5 depicts the crushing test results using Mortar and
Pestle of Example 14
[0051] FIG. 6 depicts the alcohol extraction test results of
Example 14.
[0052] FIG. 7 depicts the alcohol extraction test results of
Examples 15 to 21 described in Example 25.
[0053] FIG. 8 depicts the dissolution profiles in Simulated Gastric
Fluid with 40% alcohol of Examples 15 to 21 described in Example
25
[0054] FIG. 9 depicts the dissolution profiles in Simulated Gastric
Fluid of Examples 15 to 20 described in Example 25
[0055] FIG. 10 depicts the dissolution profiles in Simulated
Gastric Fluid 40% alcohol of Examples 22 to 24 described in Example
25
[0056] FIG. 11 depicts the dissolution profiles in Simulated
Gastric Fluid of Examples 22 to 24 described in Example 25
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0057] Drug abusers sometimes try to achieve euphoric effects by
manipulating drug formulations to quicken the onset.
[0058] The most rudimentary way of accomplishing this is by
crushing the dosage form into a fine powder in an attempt to make
the active ingredient more available. Oral abusers chew and/or
swallow the material, and nasal abusers crush the formulations for
snorting.
[0059] For parenteral or intravenous tampering, crushed material is
sometimes dissolved in water with heating and filtered into a
syringe for injection.
[0060] In addition to the aforementioned "direct tampering"
techniques, more determined abusers can also use various kinds of
"kitchen chemistry" in an attempt to completely isolate the active
ingredient from a formulation matrix. One method involves one-step
extractions into commonly available media such as water or ethanol
and mixtures thereof.
[0061] In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to
a controlled release dosage form comprising a matrix comprising a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an opioid analgesic in a
controlled release material; wherein less than 25%, or less than
20% of the opioid salt is released after 1 hour of in-vitro
dissolution of the dosage form in 500 ml and/or 900 ml of Simulated
Gastric Fluid with 20% ethanol using a USP Apparatus I (basket)
apparatus at 100 rpm at 37 degrees C..degree.. In certain such
embodiments, at least 5%, or 10% opioid analgesic is released under
these dissolution conditions. In more detail: In certain such
embodiments, the present invention is directed to a controlled
release dosage form comprising a plurality of matrices comprising a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an opioid analgesic in a
controlled release material. In certain such embodiments, the
present invention is directed to a controlled release dosage form
comprising a matrix comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
of an opioid analgesic in a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient;
and a layer comprising a controlled release material disposed about
the matrix. In certain such embodiments, the present invention is
directed to a controlled release dosage form comprising a plurality
of matrices comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an
opioid analgesic in a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; and a
layer comprising a controlled release material disposed about each
of the matrices.
[0062] In certain such embodiments the controlled release dosage
form comprises a controlled release matrix formulation which does
not contain more than 15% (by wt), preferably which does not
contain more than 20% (by wt) C.sub.12 to C.sub.36 aliphatic
alcohol selected from the group consisting of stearyl alcohol,
cetyl alcohol and cetostearyl alcohol.
[0063] In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to
a controlled release dosage form comprising an opioid analgesic and
a controlled release material; wherein the ratio of the amount of
opioid analgesic released after 1 hour of in-vitro dissolution of
the dosage form in 500 ml and/or 900 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid
with 20% ethanol using a USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100
rpm at 37 degrees C..degree. to the amount of opioid analgesic
released after 1 hour in-vitro dissolution of the dosage form in
500 ml and/or 900 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid with 0% ethanol
using a USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at 37 degrees
C..degree. is 2:1 or less or less than about 2:1; 1.5:1 or less or
less than about 1.5:1; or 1:1 or less or less than about 1:1. In
certain such embodiments, the lower limit of this ratio is 0.5:1 or
1:1.
[0064] In certain such embodiments the controlled release dosage
form comprises a controlled release matrix formulation which does
not contain more than 15% (by wt), preferably which does not
contain more than 20% (by wt) C.sub.12 to C.sub.36 aliphatic
alcohol selected from the group consisting of stearyl alcohol,
cetyl alcohol and cetostearyl alcohol.
[0065] In certain embodiments the present invention is directed to
the use of a sparingly water permeable thermoplastic polymer as
controlled release matrix material in the manufacture of an opioid
controlled release matrix formulation to impart resistance to
alcohol extraction, wherein said formulation after 15 minutes
shaking in 40% ethanol at room temperature using a Stuart
Scientific Flask Shaker Model SF1 set at 500 to 600 oscillations
per minute releases less than 35% of opioid. In certain such
embodiments said formulation releases less than 30%, more preferred
less than 25% of opioid salt, or from 15 to 25% opioid salt.
[0066] In certain embodiments the present invention is directed to
the use of a hydrophobic material polymer as controlled release
matrix material in the manufacture of an opioid controlled release
matrix formulation to impart resistance to alcohol extraction,
wherein less than 25% of the opioid is released after 1 hour of
in-vitro dissolution of a dosage form comprising said formulation
in 500 ml and/or 900 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid with 20% ethanol
using USP Apparatus I (basket) operating at 100 rpm at 37.degree.
C.
[0067] In certain embodiments the present invention is directed to
the use of a hydrophobic material as controlled release matrix
material in the manufacture of an opioid controlled release matrix
formulation to impart resistance to alcohol extraction, wherein the
ratio of the amount of opioid released after 1 hour of in-vitro
dissolution of the dosage form comprising said formulation in 900
and/or 500 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid with 20% ethanol using a
USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at 37.degree. C., to
the amount of opioid released after 1 hour of in-vitro dissolution
of the dosage form comprising said formulation in 900 and/or 500 ml
of Simulated Gastric Fluid with 0% ethanol using an USP Apparatus I
(basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at 37.degree. C., is less than about
2:1.
[0068] In any of the embodiments disclosed herein, the dosage form
can comprise a matrix comprising the opioid analgesic and the
controlled release material; a plurality of matrices comprising the
opioid analgesic and the controlled release material; a matrix
comprising the opioid analgesic and a pharmaceutically acceptable
excipient and a layer comprising a controlled release material
disposed about the matrix; or a plurality of matrices comprising
the opioid analgesic and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient
and a layer comprising a controlled release material disposed about
each of the matrices. This list is not meant to be exclusive.
[0069] In certain embodiments, the dosage form can comprise an
opioid analgesic in an osmotic core with a semipermeable membrane
surrounding the core. The dosage form can have an optional
passageway for osmotic delivery of the opioid analgesic upon
administration.
[0070] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the
controlled release material comprises a hydrophobic material,
preferably an alkylcellulose, and most preferably ethylcellulose.
In certain embodiments of the present invention, the controlled
release material comprises a sparingly water permeable
thermoplastic polymer, preferably an alkylcellulose, and most
preferably ethylcellulose.
[0071] In certain embodiments of the invention the above said
hydrophobic material or said sparingly water permeable
thermoplastic polymer is used to impart resistance to alcohol
extraction as described herein. The embodiments described below
provide a more detailed description of the use of said hydrophobic
material or said sparingly water permeable thermoplastic polymers
to impart resistance to alcohol extraction.
[0072] In certain embodiments, the ethylcellulose is present in a
weight amount of at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least
55% or at least 60% of the matrix or matrices. In other
embodiments, the ethylcellulose is present in a weight amount of at
most 70%, at most 80% or at most 90% of the matrix or matrices.
[0073] In certain embodiments the present invention is directed to
the use of alkyl cellulose, preferably ethyl cellulose, in an
amount from 5 to 60% (by wt) of the controlled release matrix
formulation, preferably from 10 to 50% (by wt), most preferably
from 20 to 45% (by wt) of the controlled release matrix
formulation.
[0074] In certain embodiments the present invention is directed to
the use of ethyl cellulose in combination with at least a second
controlled release matrix material selected from a polymethacrylate
polymer, preferably a neutral water-insoluble poly (ethyl acrylate,
methyl methacrylate) copolymer.
[0075] In certain embodiments, comprising an alkylcellulose, the
controlled release material further comprises a polymethacrylate
polymer in a weight amount of at least 5%, at least 10%, at least
15%, at least 20% or at least 25% of the matrix or matrices. In
other embodiments, the polymethacrylate polymer is present in a
weight amount of at most 30%, or at most 35% of the matrix or
matrices.
[0076] In certain embodiments comprising alkyl cellulose,
preferably ethyl cellulose, the controlled release matrix
formulation further comprises a polymethacrylate polymer,
preferably a neutral water-insoluble poly(ethyl acrylate, methyl
acrylate) copolymer in an amount of 5% to 66% (by wt), preferably
15% to 50% (by wt), more preferred 20% to 45% (by wt) and most
preferred 25% to 45% (by wt) of the controlled release matrix
formulation.
[0077] In one aspect, the controlled release pharmaceutical
formulation may be obtained or is obtainable by melt extrusion and
may include a neutral poly(ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate)
copolymer and an active ingredient. The rubber-like characteristics
of this polymer provide multi particulates which typically are
elastic and compressible without breaking, and are preferably
resilient.
[0078] In one preferred form, the multi particulates may be
compressed by hand between two rigid surfaces, for example a coin
and a tabletop or between two spoons, without breaking. The multi
particulates may be distorted but may not break or shatter and may
ideally reassume more or less their original shape.
[0079] Rubbery characteristics help impart resistance to tamper.
Tamper resistance is of especial importance for products containing
opioid analgesics or other active ingredients which are subject to
abuse. The tamper resistance of preferred multi particulates of the
invention can be demonstrated by shaking a dosage amount of multi
particulates in water and/or ethanol, for example 40% ethanol.
[0080] When tested in this way, preferred multi particulates will
show at least one of the following release characteristics of
active agent:
15 minutes shaking in water at room temperature: less than 15, less
than 10% release of active agent, preferably less than 7.5% release
of active agent, more preferably less than 5% release of active
agent, for example 1.5 to 4% release of active agent. 5 minutes
standing in water at 50.degree. C. followed by 15 minutes shaking
at the same temperature: less than 20% release of the active agent,
preferably less than 15% release of active agent, more preferably
less than 12% release of active agent, for example 4 to 12% release
of active agent. 5 minutes standing at 75.degree. C. followed by 15
minutes shaking at the same temperature: less than 25% release of
active agent, preferably less than 20% release of active agent,
more preferably less than 15% release of active agent, for example
10 to 15% release of active agent. 5 minutes standing at
100.degree. C. followed by 15 minutes shaking at the same
temperature: less than 30'% release of active agent, preferably
less than 25% release of active agent, more preferably less than
20% release of active agent, for example 12 to 20% release of
active agent. 15 minutes shaking in 40% ethanol at room
temperature: less than 35% release of active agent, preferably less
than 30% release of active agent, more preferably less than 25%
release of active agent, for example 15 to 20% release of active
agent.
[0081] Alternatively, the tamper resistance of preferred multi
particulates of the invention can be demonstrated by subjecting a
dosage amount of multi particulates to grinding in a mortar and
pestle with 24 rotations of the pestle and the product placed in
900 ml water at 37.degree. C. for 45 minutes. The amounts of active
agent extracted can then be determined by HPLC and detection UV for
instance at 210 nm wavelength.
[0082] When tested using this method, preferred multi particulates
according to the invention will show the following release
characteristics of active agent; less than 12.5% release agent,
preferably less than 10% release of active agent, more preferably
less than 7.5% release of active agent, for example 2 to 7.5%
release of active agent.
[0083] In a further method, the tamper resistance of preferred
multi particulates of the invention can be demonstrated by crushing
a dosage amount of multi particulates between two spoons or in a
pill crusher, such as a Pill Pulverizer as sold by Apex Healthcare
Products, and then extracting in 2 ml water heated to boiling on a
spoon and filtered off. The amounts of active agent extracted can
then be determined by HPLC and detection by UV for instance at 210
mm wavelength.
[0084] When tested using this method, preferred multi particulates
according to the invention will show the following release
characteristics of active agent; less than 27.5% release of active
agent, preferably less than 15% release of active agent, more
preferably less than 5% release of active agent, for example 1 to
5% release of active agent.
[0085] For imparting such tamper resistance, the present invention
may include the use of a neutral poly(ethyl acrylate,
methylacrylate) copolymer in the preparation of a pharmaceutical
formulation to provide resistance to tamper. A neutral poly(ethyl
acrylate, methyl methacrylate) copolymer may be incorporated with
the active ingredient in the formulation.
[0086] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the dosage
form further comprises a binder in a weight amount of at least 1%,
at least 3%, or at least 5% of the matrix or matrices. In other
embodiments, the binder is in a weight amount of at most 7%, or at
most 10% of the matrix or matrices. In certain embodiments, the
binder is a hydroxyalkylcellulose such as hydroxypropylcellulose or
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose.
[0087] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the dosage
form further comprises a plasticizer in a weight amount of at least
3%, at least 5%, at least 15%, or at least 25% of the matrix or
matrices. In other embodiments, the plasticizer is in a weight
amount of at most 30%, or at most 40% of the matrix or
matrices.
[0088] In certain embodiments, the plasticizer has a melting point
of at least 80.degree. C. This helps to minimize the dissolution of
the dosage form in hot water in an attempt to liberate the opioid
analgesic contained therein. In certain embodiments, the
plasticizer is hydrogenated castor oil.
[0089] A hot water extraction test may be performed as follows:
Place one dosage unit of each drug product into two separate glass
scintillation vials and label the vials 1 and 2. Add 10 mL of
extraction solvent to each vial. If specified, place the vials in a
water bath set to a specified temperature (50, 75 or 100.degree.
C.) for 5 minutes. Place both vials on a laboratory wrist-action
shaker and remove vial 1 after 15 minutes and vial 2 after 120
minutes. Samples at room temperature are placed directly onto the
shaker.
[0090] In certain such embodiments the ratio of the weight % amount
of the opioid analgesic released at 50.degree. C., 120 minutes
shaking, based on the total amount of opioid in the tested
controlled release formulation or dosage form, to the weight %
amount of opioid analgesic released at RT 120 minutes shaking,
based on the total amount of opioid in the tested controlled
release formulation or dosage form is 1.2 or less, preferably 1 or
less or 0.9 or less.
[0091] In certain such embodiments the ratio of the weight % amount
of the opioid analgesic released at 75.degree. C., 15 minutes
shaking, based on the total amount of opioid in the tested
controlled release formulation or dosage form, to the weight %
amount of opioid analgesic released at RT 15 minutes shaking, based
on the total amount of opioid in the tested controlled release
formulation or dosage form is 1.2 or less, preferably 1 or less or
0.9 or less.
[0092] In certain such embodiments the ratio of the weight % amount
of the opioid analgesic released at 100.degree. C., 15 minutes
shaking, based on the total amount of opioid in the tested
controlled release formulation or dosage form, to the weight %
amount of opioid analgesic released at RT 15 minutes shaking, based
on the total amount of opioid in the tested controlled release
formulation or dosage form is 1.3 or less, preferably 1.2 or less
or 0.9 or less.
[0093] In certain such embodiments the ratio of the weight % amount
of the opioid analgesic released at 100.degree. C., 120 minutes
shaking, based on the total amount of opioid in the tested
controlled release formulation or dosage form, to the weight %
amount of opioid analgesic released at RT 120 minutes shaking,
based on the total amount of opioid in the tested controlled
release formulation or dosage form is less than 2, preferably 1.5
or less or 1 or less or 0.9 or less.
[0094] In certain embodiments the amount of the alkyl cellulose,
preferably ethyl cellulose, is less than 20% (by wt), preferably
less than 15% (by wt), most preferred less than 10% (by wt) but
more than 5% (by wt) of the controlled release matrix
formulation.
[0095] In more detail: In such certain embodiments preferably the
alkyl cellulose, especially ethyl cellulose, is used in the form of
particles or aqueous alkyl cellulose dispersions.
[0096] In case of ethyl cellulose particles, the ethyl cellulose
has preferably a viscosity in the range of 3 to 110 cP, when
measured in a 5% solution at 25.degree. C. in an Ubbelohde
viscosimeter with a solvent of 80% toluene and 20% alcohol.
Preferably, the viscosity is in the range of 18 to 110 cP and most
preferred in the range of 41-49 cP. A suitable ethyl cellulose is
provided by Dow Chemical Company under the trade name Ethocel.TM.
Standard 45. An alternative ethyl cellulose is Ethocel.TM. Standard
7.
[0097] In case of aqueous ethyl cellulose dispersions, a dispersion
of ethyl cellulose 20 eP with dibutyl/sebacate, ammoniumhydroxide,
oleic acid and colloidal anhydrous silica is preferred, which is
available under the trade name Surlease.TM. E-7-7050.
[0098] In certain embodiments the present invention is directed to
the use of ethyl cellulose in combination with at least one
plasticizer or second controlled release matrix material selected
from C.sub.12 to C.sub.36 aliphatic alcohols and the corresponding
aliphatic acids, preferably stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol and
cetostearyl alcohol and the corresponding stearic and palmitic
acids and mixtures thereof, wherein the amount of C.sub.12 to
C.sub.36 aliphatic alcohol or aliphatic acid is preferably at least
5%, more preferred at least 10% (by wt), more preferred at least
15% (by wt) and most preferred 20% to 25% (by wt) of the controlled
release matrix formulation.
[0099] In such certain embodiments of the invention, the dosage
form may comprise, besides the alkyl (ethyl) cellulose and/or the
fatty alcohol, fillers and additional substances, such as
granulating aids, lubricants, dyes, flowing agents and
plasticizers.
[0100] Lactose, glucose or saccharose, starches and their
hydrolysates, microcrystalline cellulose, cellatose, sugar alcohols
such as sorbitol or mannitol, polysoluble calcium salts like
calciumhydrogenphosphate, dicalcium- or tricalciumphosphat may be
used as fillers.
[0101] Povidone may be used as granulating aid.
[0102] Highly-dispersed silica (Aerosil.RTM.), talcum, corn starch,
magnesium oxide and magnesium- or calcium stearate may preferably
be used as flowing agents or lubricants.
[0103] Magnesium stearate and/or calcium stearate can be preferably
be used as lubricants. Fats like hydrogenated castor oil can also
preferably be used.
[0104] According to such certain embodiments, a formulation is
especially preferred which comprises ethylcellulose, stearyl
alcohol, magnesium stearate as lubricant, lactose as filler and
providone as a granulating aid.
[0105] In certain such embodiments the present invention the
controlled release matrix formulation does not comprise a neutral
water insoluble poly (ethyl acrylate methyl acrylate) copolymer
and/or a poly(meth)acrylate trimethylammoniummethylacrylate
chloride copolymer.
[0106] In certain such embodiments of the present invention, the
hydrophobic material is an enteric polymer. Examples of suitable
enteric polymers include cellulose acetate phthalate,
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, polyvinylacetate phthalate,
methacrylic acid copolymer, shellac, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
succinate, cellulose acetate trimellitate, and mixtures of any of
the foregoing.
[0107] The dosage form of the present invention can be prepared by
extrusion or by granulation in accordance with the teachings of,
e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,266,331; 5,958,452; and 5,965,161.
[0108] In certain embodiments, in particular embodiments comprising
alkyl cellulose, e.g. ethyl cellulose, in combination with fatty
alcohols or fatty acids as described above (i.e. the C.sub.12 to
C.sub.36 aliphatic alcohols and the corresponding aliphatic acids),
the production of pharmaceutical formulations or preliminary stages
thereof, which are in accordance with the invention, by extrusion
technology is especially advantageous. In one preferred embodiment,
pharmaceutical formulations or preliminary stages thereof are
produced by melt extrusion with co- or counter-rotating extruders
comprising two screws. Another such preferred embodiment is the
production by means of extrusion, with extruders comprising one or
more screws. These extruders may also comprise kneading
elements.
[0109] Extrusion is also a well-established production process in
pharmaceutical technology and is well known to the person skilled
in the art. The person skilled in the art is well aware that during
the extrusion process, various parameters, such as the feeding
rate, the screw speed, the heating temperature of the different
extruder zones (if available), the water content, etc. may be
varied in order to produce products of the desired
characteristics.
[0110] The aforementioned parameters will depend on the specific
type of extruder used. During extrusion the temperature of the
heating zones, in which the components of the inventive formulation
melt, may be between 40 to 120.degree. C. or between 40 to
160.degree. C., preferably between 50 to 100.degree. C. or
preferably between 50 to 135.degree. C., more preferably between 50
to 90.degree. C., even more preferably between 50 to 70.degree. C.
and most preferably between 50 to 65.degree. C., particularly if
counter-rotating twin screw extruders (such as a Leistritz Micro 18
GGL) are used. The person skilled in the art is well aware that not
every heating zone has to be heated. Particularly behind the feeder
where the components are mixed, cooling at around 25.degree. C. may
be necessary. The screw speed may vary between 100 to 500
revolutions per minute (rpm), preferably between 100 to 250 rpm,
more preferably between 100 to 200 rpm and most preferably around
150 rpm, particularly if counter-rotating twin screw extruders
(such as a Leistritz Micro 18 GGL) are used. The geometry and the
diameter of the nozzle may be selected as required. The diameter of
the nozzle of commonly used extruders typically is between 1 to 10
mm, preferably between 2 to 8 mm and most preferably between 3 to 5
mm. The ratio of length versus diameter of the screw of extruders
that may be used for production of inventive preparations is
typically around 40:1.
[0111] Generally, the temperatures of the heating zones have to be
selected such that no temperatures develop that may destroy the
pharmaceutically active compounds. The feeding rate and screw speed
will be selected such that the pharmaceutically active compounds
are released from the preparations produced by extrusion in a
sustained, independent and invariant manner. If e.g. the feeding
rate is increased, the screw speed may have to be increased
correspondingly to ensure the same retardation.
[0112] The person skilled in the art knows that all the
aforementioned parameters depend on the specific production
conditions (extruder type, screw geometry, number of components
etc.) and may have to be adapted such that the preparations
produced by extrusion provide for the required release.
[0113] According to such certain embodiments the C.sub.12 to
C.sub.36 aliphatic alcohol or aliphatic acid melts and the
ethylcellulose can be dissolved in said C.sub.12 to C.sub.36
aliphatic alcohol or aliphatic acid during the melt extrusion
process.
[0114] Opioid agonists salts useful in the present invention
include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable salts
of any of alfentanil, allylprodine, alphaprodine, anileridine,
benzylmorphine, bezitramide, buprenorphine, butorphanol,
clonitazene, codeine, desomorphine, dextromoramide, dezocine,
diampromide, diamorphone, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine,
dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol, dimethylthiambutene, dioxaphetyl
butyrate, dipipanone, eptazocine, ethoheptazine,
ethylmethylthiambutene, ethylmorphine, etonitazene, etorphine,
dihydroetorphine, fentanyl and derivatives, hydrocodone,
hydromorphone, hydroxypethidine, isomethadone, ketobemidone,
levorphanol, levophenacylmorphan, lofentanil, meperidine,
meptazinol, metazocine, methadone, metopon, morphine, myrophine,
narceine, nicomorphine, norlevorphanol, normethadone, nalorphine,
nalbuphene, normorphine, norpipanone, opium, oxycodone,
oxymorphone, papavereturn, pentazocine, phenadoxone, phenomorphan,
phenazocine, phenoperidine, piminodine, piritramide, propheptazine,
promedol, properidine, propoxyphene, sufentanil, tilidine,
tramadol, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates and solvates
thereof, mixtures of any of the foregoing, and the like. In certain
embodiments, the amount of the opioid agonist in the dosage form
may be about 75 ng to 750 mg.
[0115] Opioid antagonist or pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof useful in combination with opioid agonists or
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof as described above are
naloxone, naltrexone and nalorphine or pharmaceutically acceptable
salts thereof. Preferred is the combination of oxycodone HCl and
naloxone HCl in an amount ratio of 2:1.
[0116] In certain embodiments, the opioid is selected from codeine,
morphine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, or oxymorphone or
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
[0117] In certain other embodiments other therapeutically active
agents/actives may be used in accordance with the present
invention, either in combination of opiods or instead of opioids.
Examples of such therapeutically active agents include
antihistamines (e.g., dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine,
chlorpheniramine and dexchlorpheniramine maleate), non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., naproxen, diclofenc, indomethacin,
ibuprofen, sulindac), anti-emetics (e.g., metoclopramide,
methylnaltrexone), anti-epileptics (e.g., phenyloin, meprobmate and
nitrazepam), vasodilators (e.g., nifedipine, papaverine, diltiazem
and nicardipine), anti-tussive agents and expectorants (e.g.
codeine phosphate), anti-asthmatics (e.g. theophylline), antacids,
anti-spasmodics (e.g. atropine, scopolamine), antidiabetics (e.g.,
insulin), diuretics (e.g., ethacrynic acid, bendrofluthiazide),
anti-hypotensives (e.g., propranolol, clonidine), antihypertensives
(e.g., clonidine, methyldopa), bronchodilatiors (e.g., albuterol),
steroids (e.g., hydrocortisone, triamcinolone, prednisone),
antibiotics (e.g., tetracycline), antihemorrhoidals, hypnotics,
psychotropics, antidiarrheals, mucolytics, sedatives,
decongestants, laxatives, vitamins, stimulants (including appetite
suppressants such as phenylpropanolamine), as well as
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates of the
same.
[0118] The present invention is also directed to the dosage forms
utilizing active agents such as for example, benzodiazepines,
barbiturates or amphetamines. These may be combined with the
respective antagonists
[0119] The term "benzodiazepines" refers to benzodiazepines and
drugs that are derivatives of benzodiazepine that are able to
depress the central nervous system. Benzodiazepines include, but
are not limited to, alprazolam, bromazepam, chlordiazepoxied,
clorazepate, diazepam, estazolam, flurazepam, halazepam, ketazolam,
lorazepam, nitrazepam, oxazepam, prazepam, quazepam, temazepam,
triazolam, methylphenidate as well as pharmaceutically acceptable
salts, hydrates, and solvates and mixtures thereof. Benzodiazepine
antagonists that can be used in the present invention include, but
are not limited to, flumazenil as well as pharmaceutically
acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates.
[0120] Barbiturates refer to sedative-hypnotic drugs derived from
barbituric acid (2, 4, 6,-trioxohexahydropyrimidine). Barbiturates
include, but are not limited to, amobarbital, aprobarbotal,
butabarbital, butalbital, methohexital, mephobarbital, metharbital,
pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital and as well as
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates mixtures
thereof. Barbiturate antagonists that can be used in the present
invention include, but are not limited to, amphetamines as well as
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates.
[0121] Stimulants refer to drugs that stimulate the central nervous
system. Stimulants include, but are not limited to, amphetamines,
such as amphetamine, dextroamphetamine resin complex,
dextroamphetamine, methamphetamine, methylphenidate as well as
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates and
mixtures thereof. Stimulant antagonists that can be used in the
present invention include, but are not limited to, benzodiazepines,
as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and
solvates as described herein.
[0122] In certain embodiments, the opioid is hydromorphone
hydrochloride in an amount, e.g., of 2 mg, 4 mg, 8 mg, 12 mg, 16
mg, 24 mg, 32 mg, 48 mg or 64 mg hydromorphone hydrochloride.
[0123] In certain embodiments, the opioid is oxycodone
hydrochloride in an amount, e.g., of 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, 30,
mg, 40 mg, 45 mg, 60 mg, or 80 mg, 90 mg, 120 mg or 160 mg
oxycodone hydrochloride. In certain embodiments, in particular
embodiments comprising alkyl cellulose e.g. ethylcellulose in
combination with fatty alcohol oxycodone hydrochloride is combined
in the above amounts with naloxone hydrochloride in an amount ratio
of 2:1.
[0124] The present invention will now be more fully described with
reference to the accompanying examples. It should be understood,
however, that the following description is illustrative only and
should not be taken in any way as a restriction of the
invention.
EXAMPLES OF THE INVENTION
Example 1
Comparative Example
[0125] Example 1 is the approved Palladone (sustained release
hydromorphone hydrochloride) formulation and contains the following
ingredients:
TABLE-US-00001 Hydromorphone HCl 12.0 mg Eudragit RSPO* 76.5 mg
Ethylcellulose 4.5 mg Stearyl alcohol 27.0 mg *(poly(meth)acrylate
with 5% trimethylammoniummethacrylate chloride)
[0126] The formulation was prepared by the following procedure:
[0127] 1. Mill the stearyl alcohol. [0128] 2. Blend the
Hydromorphone HCl, ethylcellulose, Eudragit RSPO and milled stearyl
alcohol on a v-blender [0129] 3. Extrude the blend from (1) using a
ZSE-218 extruder fitted with counter-rotating screws, and a 1 mm
die plate. Using a pelletizer, cut the strands to create
cylindrical pellets approximately 1 mm long and 1 mm in
diameter.
Example 2.1
Example 2.1
[0130] The composition of Example 2.1 is summarized below.
TABLE-US-00002 Amt/unit Amt/batch Ingredient (Trade Name) (mg) (g)
Hydromorphone HCl 12.0 221.1* Ethycellulose (Ethocel Std. Premium
7) 61.0 1,118.3 Glyceryl palmitostearate (Precirol ATO 5) 27.0
495.0 Hydroxypropyl Cellulose (Klucel EF) 20.0 366.7 Total 120.0
2201.1 *Weigh corrected for water and impurities (99.5% based on
Certificate of Analysis)
[0131] The processing conditions at the time of sampling are
summarized below.
Extruder: Leistritz ZSE 27
Screw Configuration: Counter-rotation
TABLE-US-00003 [0132] Heating Zone 1 2 3-6 7-8 9-10 11-12
Temperature (.degree. C.) 15 40 125 125 125 124-125
Condition #1
Torque (%): 25
[0133] Melt Pressure (psi): 480 Feed rate (kg/hour): 2.9 Screw
speed (rpm): 90 Die Plate Hole diameter (mm): 1.0 (8-hole die
plate)
Condition #2
Torque (%): 25
[0134] Melt Pressure (psi): 520
[0135] Feed rate (kg/hour): 4.2
Screw speed (rpm): 90 Die Plate Hole diameter (mm): 1.0 (8-hole die
plate)
[0136] The processing steps for manufacturing the Hydromorphone HCl
12 mg melt extruded multi particulates are as follows: [0137] 1.
Screening: The Ethylcellulose, Hydromorphone HCl, Hydroxypropyl
Cellulose and Glyceryl Palmitostearate were screened through a #20
US mesh screen (in that order). [0138] 2. Blending: The materials
screened in Step 1 were loaded into an 8 qt. V-blender with
intensifier bar and blended for 10 minutes at ambient temperature.
[0139] 3. Extrusion: Materials blended in Step 2 were metered into
a twin screw extruder fitted with a die and processed into
approximately 1 mm strands. The extruder was set on
counter-rotation with zone (barrel) temperatures ranged from
15.degree. C. to 125.degree. C. [0140] 4. Cooling: The strands were
cooled on a conveyor at ambient temperature. [0141] 5. Pelletizing:
The cooled strands were cut into pellets approximately 1 mm in
length using a pelletizer. [0142] 6. Screening: The pellets were
screened through a #16 US mesh screen and a #20 US mesh screen. The
pellets retained on the #20 US mesh screen were collected.
Example 2.2
[0143] Example 2.2 compares the impact of various concentrations of
ethanol in simulated gastric fluid (500 ml in Example 1; 900 ml in
Example 2.1) using a USP Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100 rpm
at 37 degrees C..degree. on the dissolution of the current
Palladone formulation and the formulation of Example 2.1 containing
the same concentration of hydromorphone (19% w/w). The current
Palladone formulation contains an ammonio methacrylate copolymer as
the primary release-rate controlling excipient whereas the
formulation of Example 2.1 contains ethylcellulose. The results are
summarized below.
TABLE-US-00004 Bath Vessel 60 minutes Example 1 1 (SGF Media) 11% 2
(10% EtOH in SGF) 39% 3 (15% EtOH in SGF) 64% 4 (20% EtOH in SGF)
88% 5 (40% EtOH in SGF) 97% Example 2.1 1 (SGF Media, pH = 1.27)
13% 2 (11% EtOH in SGF) 15% 3 (20% EtOH in SGF) 19% 4 (25% EtOH in
SGF) 23% 5 (35% EtOH in SGF) 33% 6 (SIF Media, pH = 7.43) 13%
[0144] The data show that the formulation of Example 2.1 is more
resistant to increases in the drug release in the presence of
ethanol. For example, for the current Palladone formulation,
concentrations of 20% ethanol in SGF resulted in 8.times. the
amount of hydromorphone to be released in one hour compared to the
amount released in SGF. The same concentration of ethanol results
in an increase of approximately 1.5.times. the amount of
hydromorphone release for the formulation of Example 2.1 containing
ethylcellulose as the rate limiting polymer.
Example 3
Example 3.1
[0145] The composition of Example 3.1 is summarized below.
TABLE-US-00005 Amt/unit Ingredient (Trade Name) (mg) Batch (gm)
Hydromorphone HCl 12.0 168.84* Ethycellulose (Ethocel Std. Premium
7) 61.0 854.0 Hydrogenated Castor Oil 27.0 378.0 Hydroxypropyl
Cellulose (Klucel EF) 20.0 280.0 Total 120.0 1680.84 *weight
corrected for water and impurities--99.5% based on Certificate of
Analysis
[0146] The processing conditions at the time of sampling are
summarized below.
Extruder: Leistritz ZSE 27
Screw Configuration: Counter-rotation
TABLE-US-00006 [0147] Heating Zone 1 2 3-6 7-8 9-10 11-12
Temperature (.degree. C.) 15 45 100-125 100-125 100-125 100-125
Condition #1 (Barrel temp 100 C)
Torque (%): 46
[0148] Melt Pressure (psi): 2000 Feed rate (kg/hour): 2.9 Screw
speed (rpm): 90 Die Plate Hole diameter (mm): 1.0 (8-hole die
plate) Condition #2 (Barrel temp 125 C)
Torque (%): 25
[0149] Melt Pressure (psi): 690 Feed rate (kg/hour): 2.9 Screw
speed (rpm): 90 Die Plate Hole diameter (mm): 1.0 (8-hole die
plate)
[0150] The processing steps for manufacturing the Hydromorphone HCl
12 mg melt extruded multi particulates are as follows: [0151] 7.
Screening: The Ethylcellulose, Hydromorphone HCl, Hydroxypropyl
Cellulose and Hydrogenated Castor Oil were screened through a #20
US mesh screen (in that order). [0152] 8. Blending: The materials
screened in Step 1 were loaded into an 8 qt. V-blender with
intensifier bar and blended for 10 minutes at ambient temperature.
[0153] 9. Extrusion: Materials blended in Step 2 were metered into
a twin screw extruder fitted with a die and processed into
approximately 1 mm strands. The extruder was set on
counter-rotation with zone (barrel) temperatures ranged from
15.degree. C. to 125.degree. C. [0154] 10. Cooling: The strands
were cooled on a conveyor at ambient temperature. [0155] 11.
Pelletizing: The cooled strands were cut into pellets approximately
1 mm in length using a pelletizer. [0156] 12. Screening: The
pellets were screened through a #16 US mesh screen and a #20 US
mesh screen. The pellets retained on the #20 US mesh screen were
collected. [0157] Testing--Extraction in water at RT and Elevated
Temperature Procedure
Example 3.2
[0158] Example 3.2 compares the resistance to hot water extraction.
Place one dosage unit of each drug product into two separate glass
scintillation vials and label the vials 1 and 2. Add 10 mL of
extraction solvent to each vial. If specified, place the vials in a
water bath set to a specified temperature (50, 75 or 100.degree.
C.) for 5 minutes. Place both vials on a laboratory wrist-action
shaker and remove vial 1 after 15 minutes and vial 2 after 2 hours.
Samples at room temperature are placed directly onto the shaker.
The experimental set-up is listed below.
TABLE-US-00007 Exper- Extraction Extraction Heating iment: Solvent
Temperature Time Shaking Times A Water Room N/A 15 minutes & 2
hours Temperature B Water 50.degree. C. 5 minutes 15 minutes &
2 hours C Water 75.degree. C. 5 minutes 15 minutes & 2 hours D
Water 100.degree. C. 5 minutes 15 minutes & 2 hours
[0159] The results of the extraction tests are presented below.
TABLE-US-00008 % hydromorphone HCl released (multiple of RT in
parentheses) Temperature Time Example 2.1 Example 3.1 RT 15 mins
6.6 11.2 120 mins 6.3 12.9 50 C. 15 mins 4.9 (<1) 9.0 (<1)
120 mins 7.9 (1.3) 9.6 (<1) 75 C. 15 mins 8.9 (1.3) 9.5 (<1)
120 mins 6.2 (<1) 11.0 (<1) 100 C. 15 mins 9.1 (1.4) 12.4
(1.1) 120 mins 12.9 (2.0) 11.8 (<1)
Example 4
[0160] Example 4 is directed to formulations comprising
ethylcellulose and poylmethacrylate.
Example 4.1
Prophetic
[0161] In Example 4.1, the following formulation can be prepared.
The formulation may consist of a combination of the following
ingredients: drug, ethylcellulose, polymethacrylate, and
hydroxypropyl cellulose. An example formulation is presented
below.
TABLE-US-00009 g per % per Ingredient batch batch Ingredient
Function Examples Drug 120 g 13.6% Active Opioids Pharmaceutical
Ingredient Ethylcellulose 520 g 59.1% Hydrophobic film Ethocel
forming agent, control release agent Polymethacrylate .sup. 200 g
.sup.1 22.7% Permeable, flexible Eudragit (aqueous (500 g) film
forming agent, NE40D dispersion) control release agent
Hydroxypropyl 40 g 4.6% Granulating binder Klucel Cellulose .sup.1
200 g of solids from an aqueous dispersion containing 40% solids.
The range of materials that could be used within this formulation
may include other control release agents such as methacrylic acid
copolymers (Eudragits), and other cellulose based binding agents
such as methylcellulose (Methocel) or hydroxyethyl cellulose
(Natrosol)..
[0162] The manufacturing process utilizes standard/conventional
pharmaceutical processes: wet granulation, drying, milling, and
compression. The granulation process produces a typical granulation
(i.e., it resembles a free flowing granular powder); however, when
the granulation is compressed, the granules fuse together creating
a hard tablet which is resistant to tampering. The manufacturing
process is described below. [0163] a. Dry mix the ethylcellulose,
API (or spray dried lactose for placebo evaluation) and
hydroxypropyl cellulose in a low/high shear mixer. [0164] b. While
mixing, add the polymethacrylate (aqueous dispersion) and continue
mixing in the low/high shear mixer until a granulation forms.
[0165] c. Dry the wet granulation in a fluid bed dryer (or screen
on oven trays and dry). [0166] d. Based on the required need, the
dried granulation can be: [0167] compressed directly using a tablet
press. [0168] sieved to provide specific particle size fractions
for compression or for further blending (e.g., lubricant,
additional binder). [0169] milled to reduce the particle size
(creating a more uniform particle size profile) that could be
directly compressed, blended with other ingredients (e.g.,
lubricant, additional binder), or screened to provide specific
particle size fractions for compression or for further blending.
[0170] Milling can be achieved using a screening mill (such as a
rotating impeller or oscillating bar). [0171] e. Compress tablets
to target weight on a rotary tablet press.
[0172] Further examples 4.2 to 4.8 including ethylcellulose and
polymethacrylate.are presented below.
Example 4.2
[0173] The composition for EXAMPLE 4.2 is below.
TABLE-US-00010 g per % per Ingredient batch batch Hydromorphone HCl
150 g 10% Microcrystalline 150 g 10% Cellulose, Avicel PH 101
Ethylcellulose, Ethocel 600 g 40% Standard 7 Polymethacrylate .sup.
450 g .sup.1 30% (aqueous dispersion) (1125 g) Eudragit NE40D
Hydroxypropyl 150 g 10% Cellulose Klucel EF .sup.1 450 g of solids
from an aqueous dispersion containing 40% solids.
[0174] The processing steps for manufacturing the Hydromorphone HCl
tablets are as follows: [0175] f. Dry mix the Ethylcellulose,
Hydromorphone HCl, Microcrystalline Cellulose and Hydroxypropyl
Cellulose in a low/high shear mixer. [0176] g. While mixing, add
the Polymethacrylate (aqueous dispersion) and continue mixing in
the low/high shear mixer until a granulation fo ms. [0177] h. Dry
the wet granulation in a fluid bed dryer (or screen onto oven trays
and dry). [0178] i. Mill the dried granulation using a screening
mill (such as a rotating impeller or oscillating bar). [0179] j.
Compress the milled granulation to target weight on a rotary tablet
press.
[0180] Tablets were compressed to a weight of 120 mg to target a 12
mg dose. The resultant tablet composition is provided below.
TABLE-US-00011 mg/unit Hydromorphone HCl 12 MCC (Avicel 101) 12
Ethocel Standard 7 48 Eudragit NE40D 36 HPC (Klucel EF) 12 120
mg
[0181] The tablets were tested in vitro using USP Apparatus 2
(paddle) in simulated gastric fluid, simulated intestinal fluid, in
11% Ethanol and 35% Ethanol. The results are presented below.
TABLE-US-00012 11% 35% SGF SIF EtOH EtOH 1 hr 43 40 42 35 2 hr 60
56 59 47
Examples 4.3 to 4.5
[0182] Compositions of Examples 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5 are summarized
below.
TABLE-US-00013 EXAMPLE 4.3 4.4 4.5 g per % per g per % per g per %
per Ingredient batch batch batch batch batch batch Hydromorphone
HCl 100 g 11.8% 100 g 11.8% 100 g 11.8% Ethylcellulose 600 g 70.6%
500 g 58.8% 400 g 47.1% Polymethacrylate .sup. 100 g .sup.1 11.8%
.sup. 200 g .sup.1 23.5% .sup. 300 g .sup.1 35.3% (aqueous
dispersion) (250 g) (500 g) (750 g) Hydroxypropyl 50 g 5.9% 50 g
5.9% 50 g 5.9% Cellulose .sup.1 Amount of solids from an aqueous
dispersion containing 40% solids.
[0183] The processing steps for manufacturing the Hydromorphone HCl
tablets are as follows: [0184] a. Dry mix the Ethylcellulose,
Hydromorphone HCl, and Hydroxypropyl Cellulose in a low/high shear
mixer. [0185] b. While mixing, add the Polymethacrylate (aqueous
dispersion) and continue mixing in the low/high shear mixer until a
granulation forms. [0186] c. Dry the wet granulation in a fluid bed
dryer (or screen onto oven trays and dry). [0187] d. Mill the dried
granulation using a screening mill (such as a rotating impeller or
oscillating bar). [0188] e. Compress the milled granulation to
target weight on a single station tablet press. [0189] f. Cure the
tablets in an oven.
[0190] Tablets were compressed to a weight of 102 mg to target a 12
mg dose as presented below.
TABLE-US-00014 EXAMPLE 4.3 4.4 4.5 Granulation Tablet Granulation
Tablet Granulation Tablet Ingredient mg/unit mg/unit mg/unit
mg/unit mg/unit mg/unit Hydromorphone HCl 10 12 10 12 10 12
Ethylcellulose 60 72 50 60 40 48 Polymethacrylate 10 12 20 24 30 36
(aqueous dispersion) Hydroxypropyl 5 6 5 6 5 6 Cellulose Total 85
102 85 102 85 102
[0191] The tablets were tested in vitro using a USP Apparatus 2
(paddle) at 50 rpm at 37 degrees C. in 900 ml of simulated gastric
fluid to evaluate drug release. Drug release data was collected
using a UV spectrometer flow through system at a wavelength of 280
nm. The results are presented below.
TABLE-US-00015 Time (hours) 4.3 4.4 4.5 0.5 15% 17% 16% 1 20% 24%
23% 1.5 24% 29% 28% 2 28% 34% 33% 2.5 31% 39% 37%
[0192] Compositions of Examples 4.6, 4.7 and 4.8 are summarized
below.
TABLE-US-00016 EXAMPLE 4.6 4.7 4.8 g per % per g per % per g per %
per Ingredient batch batch batch batch batch batch Oxycodone HCl
100 g 10% 100 g 10% 100 g 10% Ethylcellulose 550 g 55% 350 g 35%
150 g 15% Polymethacrylate .sup. 250 g .sup.1 25% .sup. 250 g
.sup.1 25% .sup. 250 g .sup.1 25% (aqueous dispersion) (625 g) (625
g) (625 g) Hydroxypropyl 100 g 10% 300 g 30% 500 g 50% Cellulose
.sup.1 Amount of solids from an aqueous dispersion containing 40%
solids.
[0193] The processing steps for manufacturing the Oxycodone HCl
tablets are as follows: [0194] a. Dry mix the Ethylcellulose,
Oxycodone HCl, and Hydroxypropyl Cellulose in a low/high shear
mixer. [0195] b. While mixing, add the Polymethacrylate (aqueous
dispersion) and continue mixing in the low/high shear mixer until a
granulation forms. [0196] c. Dry the wet granulation in a fluid bed
dryer (or screen onto oven trays and dry). [0197] d. Mill the dried
granulation using a screening mill (such as a rotating impeller or
oscillating bar). [0198] e. Compress the milled granulation to
target weight on a single station tablet press.
[0199] Tablets were compressed to a weight of 100 mg to target a 10
mg dose as presented below.
TABLE-US-00017 Example 4.6 4.7 4.8 Tablet Tablet Tablet Ingredient
mg/unit mg/unit mg/unit Hydromorphone HCl 10 10 10 Ethylcellulose
55 35 15 Polymethacrylate 25 25 25 (aqueous dispersion)
Hydroxypropyl 10 30 50 Cellulose Total 100 100 100
[0200] The tablets were tested in vitro using a USP Apparatus 2
(paddle) at 50 rpm at 37 degrees C. in 900 ml of simulated gastric
fluid to evaluate drug release. Drug release data was collected
using a UV spectrometer flow through system at a wavelength of 230
nm. In addition, Example 4.8 was tested in 40% Ethanol/SGF to
evaluate the impact of ethanol on drug release. The results are
presented below.
TABLE-US-00018 Time 4.8 in 40% (hours) 4.6 4.7 4.8 Ethanol/SGF 1
43% 55% 36% 45% 2 71% 77% 50% 66% 4 94% 92% 67% n/a 6 95% 97% 79%
n/a 8 95% 98% 87% n/a 12 95% 99% 96% n/a
Example 5
[0201] Compositions A through F of Example 5 are summarized
below.
TABLE-US-00019 A B C D E F Ingredient (Trade Name) (mg) (mg) (mg)
(mg) (mg) (mg) Hydromorphone HCI 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0
Ethycellulose (Ethocel Std. 70.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 62.0 60.0 Premium
7) Hydrogenated Castor Oil 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
Hydroxypropyl Cellulose 23.0 25.0 27.0 29.0 31.0 33.0 (Klucel EF)
Total 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0
[0202] The processing conditions at the time of sampling are
summarized below:
Extruder: Leistritz ZSE 27
Screw Configuration Counter-rotation
TABLE-US-00020 [0203] Heating Zone 1 2 3-6 7-8 9-10 11-12
Temperature (.degree. C.) 15 40 125 125 125 135
Conditions.
[0204] Feed rate (kg/hour): 4.2 Screw speed (rpm): 90 Die Plate
Hole diameter (mm): 1.0 (8-hole die plate)
[0205] The processing steps for manufacturing the Hydromorphorphone
HCl 12 mg melt extruded multi particulates are as follows: [0206]
1. Screening: The Ethylcellulose, Hydromorphone HCl and
Hydroxypropylcellulose were screened though a #20 US mesh screen.
[0207] 2. Blending: The materials screened in Step 1 were loaded
into an 8 qt. V-blender with intensifier bar and blended for 10
minutes at ambient temeperature. [0208] 3. Extrusion: Materials
blended in Step 2 were metered into a twin screw extruder fitted
with a die and processed in to approximately 1 mm strands. The
extruder was set on counter-rotation with zone (barrel)
set-temperatures ranged from 15.degree. C. to 135.degree. C. [0209]
4. Cooling: The strands were cooled on a conveyor at ambient
temperature. [0210] 5. Pelletizing: The cooled strands were cut
into pellets approximately 1 mm in length using a pelletizer.
[0211] 6. Screening: The pellets were screened through a #16 US
mesh screen and a #20 US mesh screen. The pellets retained on the
#20 US mesh screen were collected.
[0212] Formulations A, C and F were tested in vitro using a USP
Apparatus I (basket) apparatus at 100 rpm at 37 degrees .degree. C.
in various concentrations of ethanol in 500 ml simulated gastric
fluid in order to determine the impact of ethanol on drug release.
The results are presented below.
TABLE-US-00021 % Hydromorphone Released in 60 minutes (ratio to
Ethanol amount released in SGF) concentration (%) A C F Example 1 0
15 14 20 11 5 14 16 20 18* (1.6) 10 14 15 22 39 (3.5) 20 14 (0.9)
17 (1.2) 20 (1) 88 (8.0) 30 27 (1.8) 30 (2.1) 34 (1.7) -- 40 39
(2.6) 45 (3.2) 55 (2.8) 97 (8.8)
[0213] The results above show that hydromorphone release from
formulations A, C, and F was unchanged in ethanol concentrations up
to and including 20% v/v. This is an improvement on Example 1 (the
current Palladone formulation) which has an eight-fold increase in
hydromorphone release under these conditions. At 30% and 40% v/v
ethanol there was an increase in release for formulations A, C and
F but the increases relative to release in SGF were lower than
those obtained with Example 1 (the current Palladone
formulation).
Example 6
[0214] Oxycodone/naloxone dosage form comprising 10 mg oxycodone
hydrochloride and 5 mg naloxone hydrochloride
TABLE-US-00022 Component weight [mg/tablet] Oxycodone
hydrochloride.sup.1) 10.50 corresponding to Oxycodone hydrochloride
anhydrous 10.00 naloxone hydrochloride dihydrate 5.45 corresponding
to Naloxone hydrochloride anhydrous 5.00 Povidone K30 5.00 Ethyl
cellulose 45 cp 10.00 Stearyl alcohol 25.00 Lactose monohydrate
64.25 Talc 2.50 Magnesium-Stearate 1.25 film coating opadry II HP
white-- 3.72 85F18422.degree. .sup.1)calculated based on expected
moisture content .degree.qualitative composition: see below
Example 7
[0215] Oxycodone/naloxone dosage form comprising 20 mg oxycodone
hydrochloride and 10 mg naloxone hydrochloride
TABLE-US-00023 Component weight [mg/tablet] Oxycodone
hydrochloride.sup.1) 21.00 corresponding to Oxycodone hydrochloride
anhydrous 20.00 naloxone hydrochloride 10.90 corresponding to
Naloxone hydrochloride anhydrous 10.00 Povidone K30 7.25 Ethyl
cellulose 45 cp 12.00 Stearyl alcohol 29.50 Lactose monohydrate
54.50 Talc 2.50 Magnesium-Stearate 1.25 film coating opadry II HP
pink 85F24151.degree. 4.17 .sup.2)calculated based on expected
moisture content .degree.qualitative composition: see below
Example 8
[0216] Oxycodone/naloxone dosage form comprising 40 mg oxycodone
hydrochloride and 20 mg naloxone hydrochloride
TABLE-US-00024 Component weight [mg/tablet] Oxycodone
hydrochloride.sup.1) 42.00 corresponding to Oxycodone hydrochloride
anhydrous 40.00 naloxone hydrochloride dihydrate 21.80
corresponding to Naloxone hydrochloride anhydrous 20.00 Povidone
K30 14.50 Ethyl cellulose 45 cp 24.00 Stearyl alcohol 59.00 Lactose
monohydrate 109.00 Talc 5.00 Magnesium-Stearate 2.5 film coating
opadry II HP yellow 8.33 85F32109.degree. .sup.3)calculated based
on expected moisture content .degree.qualitative composition: see
below
Qualitative Composition of the Film Coat
TABLE-US-00025 [0217] white pink yellow Reference to Opadry II HP
85F18422 85F24151 85F32109 Standard Polyvinylalcohol part. + + +
Ph. Eur. * hydrolized Titanium dioxide + + + Ph. Eur. * (E 171)
Macrogol 3350 + + + Ph. Eur. * Talcum + + + Ph. Eur. * Iron oxide
red (E 172) + NF */EC Directive Iron oxide yellow + NF */EC (E 172)
Directive * current Edition
[0218] The above described dosage forms were prepared by melt
extrusion.
[0219] Oxycodone hydrochloride and naloxone hydrochloride are
blended with povidone, ethylcellulose, stearyl alcohol and lactose,
the blend is screened to remove agglomerates and further blended.
The blend is melt extruded utilizing a heated twin screw extruder,
to form strands which are milled to produce granules. The granules
are blended with talc and magnesium stearate, compressed into
capsule shaped tablets, which are then film coated.
Example 9
Dissolution Test
[0220] The dissolution apparatus was assembled in accordance with
the USP basket/100 rpm/900 ml dissolution media method as described
e.g. in USP 23. The specified dissolution media were transferred
into each vessel with the bath temperature set to
37.0.+-.0.5.degree. C. All ethanolic media were prepared by
transferring the appropriate amount of ethanol in USP Simulated
Gastric Fluid (SGF) without pepsin (i.e. 9 mL of ethanol with 891
mL of SGF for a 1% ethanol media).
[0221] A single tablet was transferred into each vessel. A sample
was drawn from each vessel at four time points: 10, 30, 60 and 120
minutes. Using the HPLC test method samples and (corresponding)
standards were injected onto the column to determine the amount of
oxycodone HCl and naloxone HCl dissolved.
[0222] Twelve different concentrations of ethanol were tested, 0%,
2%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, 20%, 24%, 28%, 32%, 36% and 40%.
[0223] Example 9/dissolution results of Example 6
TABLE-US-00026 dissolution (%) oxycodone dissolution (%) naloxone
HCl (ratio to HCl (ratio to amount released amount released in SGF
0% alcohol) in SGF 0% alcohol) % 10 30 60 120 10 30 60 120 ethanol
min. min. min. min. min. min. min. min. 0 17 29 40 53 16 28 39 53 2
17 29 39 53 15 28 38 52 4 18 29 39 52 15 27 37 51 8 16 27 37 50 14
26 36 49 12 16 27 36 52 13 25 34 47 16 14 27 38 50 12 24 33 45 20
15 25 34(0.9) 45 12 23 32(0.8) 44 24 13 25 34 45 10 23 32 44 28 14
25 34 45 11 22 32 44 32 13 24 33 44 10 22 32 44 36 13 24 33 45 11
22 31 44 40 13 24 33(0.8) 45 10 22 31(0.8) 44
[0224] Example 9/dissolution results of Example 7
TABLE-US-00027 dissolution (%) oxycodone dissolution (%) naloxone
HCl(ratio to HCl(ratio to amount released amount released in SGF)
in SGF) % 10 30 60 120 10 30 60 120 ethanol min. min. min. min.
min. min. min. min. 0 16 28 39 52 16 28 39 53 2 16 28 39 52 15 28
38 52 4 16 28 38 52 15 28 38 52 8 14 26 36 51 14 25 36 49 12 16 26
37 49 13 25 34 47 16 15 26 36 49 13 24 34 47 20 15 24 33(0.8) 45 13
23 32(0.8) 43 24 14 23 33 45 12 22 32 44 28 14 24 33 45 13 23 32 44
32 13 24 32 44 12 22 31 43 36 14 24 33 44 12 22 32 44 40 14 24
34(0.9) 46 12 23 33(0.9) 45
[0225] Example 9/dissolution results of Example 8
TABLE-US-00028 dissolution (%) oxycodone dissolution (%) naloxone
HCl(ratio to HCl (ratio to amount released amount released in SGF)
in SGF) % 10 30 60 120 10 30 60 120 ethanol min. min. min. min.
min. min. min. min. 0 13 23 34 45 13 24 33 46 2 13 23 33 46 13 23
33 46 4 13 23 32 44 12 23 32 44 8 13 23 32 43 12 22 31 43 12 12 22
30 42 11 21 29 40 16 11 21 30 41 10 20 28 40 20 11 20 28(0.8) 39 11
19 27(0.8) 38 24 11 20 28 38 11 19 27 38 28 12 20 27 38 11 19 27 38
32 11 20 28 38 10 19 27 37 36 11 19 28 38 11 19 27 38 40 11 19
27(0.8) 38 10 19 27(0.8) 37
[0226] The dissolution results of Example 6 to 8 are shown in FIGS.
2 and 3. FIG. 2 shows the dissolution (%) of oxycodone after two
hours for example 6 (OX/N 10/5 PR), example 7 (OX/N 20/10 PR) and
example 9 (OX/N 20/40 PR). FIG. 3 shows the corresponding
dissolution (%) of naloxone after two hours.
[0227] Between 0 and 20% ethanol, the amount of released active
even decreases, while between 20 and 40% ethanol the release is
stable. This can be observed for oxycodone hydrochloride and
naloxone hydrochloride with respect to all three dosage forms of
examples 6 to 8.
Examples 10 to 13
[0228] The compositions of Examples 10 to 13 are below.
TABLE-US-00029 Examples (% w/w) Example Example Example Example
Material 10 11 12 13 Oxycodone HCl 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Ethyl
cellulose N10 41.8 nil 32.0 nil Eudragit RS PO* nil 41.8 nil 22.0
Eudragit RL PO* nil nil 10.0 20.0 Stearyl alcohol 14.0 14.0 14.0
14.0 Eudragit NE 40 D* 34.2 (S), 34.2 (S), 34.0 (S), 34.0 (S),
[85.5 (D)] [85.5 (D)] [85.0 (D)] [85.0 (D)] Total 100 100 100 100 S
= solid weight D = dispersion weight *Eudragit RS PO: poly(meth)
acrylate with 5% trimethylammoniummethacrylate chloride *Eudragit
RL PO: poly(meth) acrylate with 10% trimethylammoniummethacrylate
chloride *Eudragit NE 40 40% dispersion (% w/w), water lost by
evaporation neutral poly(ethylacrylate methyl methacrylate)
copolymer
[0229] A procedure for preparing multi particulates of Examples 10
to 13 in the form of pellets is approximately:
[0230] Step 1. The oxycodone was blended for 5 minutes with ethyl
cellulose and/or Eudragit RS PO/RL PO and stearyl alcohol in the
Gral 10 high shear mixer
[0231] Step 2. Eudragit NE 40 D dispersion was slowly added by aid
of a peristaltic pump onto the blended materials from Step 1 in the
Gral 10 mixing bowl, pre-warmed for Examples 12 and 13 to
29.degree. C., whilst maintaining mixing/chopping.
[0232] Step 3. The application of Eudragit NE 40 D was continued
until granule formation occurred--all the Eudragit NE 40 D was
added.
[0233] Step 4. The application of Eudragit NE 40 D was periodically
halted to permit scraping of the sides of the mixing bowl.
[0234] Step 5. After all the Eudragit NE 40 D had been added, the
wet granules were extruded through a conventional extruder and then
dried in a fluid bed dryer at approximately 44.degree. C.
[0235] Step 6. The dried granules were cooled to room temperature
and collected.
[0236] Step 7. The granules were then fed at a controlled rate to a
Leistritz Micro 18 extruder equipped with a 1.0 mm die-plate, a
conveyor and pelletiser and heated stations (zones) torque and melt
pressure as follows;
TABLE-US-00030 Temperature (.degree. C.) Example Zones 3-8 Zones
9-10 Melt Pressure (bar) Torque (%) 10 115-120 115-120 63-72 59-62
11 110-115 110-115 70-72 50-60 12 80-105 90-100 73-86 64-72 13
90-100 100-110 76-96 67-85
[0237] The feed rate was 2.0 to 2.6 kg/hr and the screw speed 100
to 141 rpm. The extruded strands were carried away from the
die-head on a conveyer and cut into cylindrical multi
particulates.
[0238] Hypothetically, an alternate cutting procedure can be
considered. Extrudate emerges from the orifices of the die-head of
a Leistritz extruder. A rotary cutter with two blades would be used
to cut the extruded mix as it emerges under pressure and still
molten from the orifices of the die plate. The blades would sweep
over the surface of the die-head to pass the orifices. As they
expand and cool, the cut extrudate particles would tend to form
rounded surfaces.
[0239] Hypothetically, although in the above Examples a Leistritz
Micro 18 extruder could be used, a larger extruder, for example a
Leistritz Micro 27, may be preferred to handle materials requiring
a higher torque for processing.
Example 14
[0240] The multi particulates from Examples 10 to 13 were tested to
determine their potential for tamper resistance as follows:
1) 400 mg of the multi particulates from Examples 10 to 13 were
either crushed between two spoons or in a pill crusher, such as a
Pill Pulverizer as sold by Apex Healthcare Products, and then
extracted in 2 ml water heated to boiling on a spoon and filtered
off. The amounts of oxycodone extracted were then determined by
HPLC and detection by UV at 210 nm wavelength and are shown in the
chart of FIG. 4 and below.
TABLE-US-00031 Mean Oxycodone Released (mg)* Example 10 Example 11
Example 12 Example 13 Intact 1.54 2.91 17.97 12.04 Pill Crusher
1.54 2.31 18.90 13.91 Spoons 1.25 2.75 24.42 15.07 *Values are the
mean of two repetitions of the test.
2) 400 mg of the multi particulates from Examples 10 to 13 were
subjected to grinding in a mortar and pestle with 24 rotations of
the pestle and the product placed in 900 ml water at 37.degree. C.
for 45 minutes. The amount of oxycodone dissolved was then
determined by the method described in 1) above and the results are
represented in the bar chart of FIG. 5 and below.
TABLE-US-00032 Mean Oxycodone Released (mg)* Example 10 Example 11
Example 12 Example 13 Intact 1.92 0.62 13.74 5.30 24x Mortar 1.32
0.81 9.53 4.02 & Pestle *Values are the mean of two repetitions
of the test.
3) In each of extractions a) to e) 400 mg of the multi particulates
from one of Examples 10 to 13 were treated respectively as follows:
the multi particulates were placed in the solvent indicated in a
glass flask which was then heated (if heating is indicated) over a
water bath. The flask was then subjected to shaking for the time
indicated using a Stuart Scientific Flask Shaker Model SF1 set at
500 to 600 oscillations per minute. After extraction the amount of
oxycodone dissolved was then determined by the method used in 1).
[0241] a) 15 minutes shaking in 10 ml water at room temperature;
[0242] b) heating for 5 minutes in 10 ml water at 50.degree. C.
followed by 15 minutes shaking; [0243] e) heating for 5 minutes in
10 ml water at 75.degree. C. followed by 15 minutes shaking. [0244]
d) heating for 5 minutes in 10 ml water at 100.degree. C. followed
by 15 minutes shaking. [0245] e) 15 minutes shaking in 10 ml 40%
ethanol at room temperature.
[0246] The test results are shown in the attached bar chart of FIG.
6 and below.
TABLE-US-00033 Example 10 Example 11 Example 12 Example 13 40%
ethanol 8.54 mg 28.26 mg 23.91 mg 31.85 mg room temp. (21.4% by wt)
(71.7% by wt) (59.8% by wt) (79.6% by wt) 15 min shake Water 1.22
mg 1.39 mg 3.47 mg 3.11 mg room temp. (3.0% by wt) (3.5% by wt)
(8.7% by wt) (7.8% by wt) 15 min shake Water 4.08 2.71 22.94 16.02
50.degree. C. for 5 min (10.2% by wt) (6.8% by wt) (57.4% by wt)
(40.1% by wt) 15 min shake Water 5.34 5.28 37.09 35.78 75.degree.
C. for 5 min (13.3% by wt) (13.2% by wt) (72.3% by wt) (89.5% by
wt) 15 min shake Water 6.60 33.18 37.92 35.36 100.degree. C. for 5
min (16.5% by wt) (82.9% by wt) (94.8% by wt) (88.4% by wt) 15 min
shake
Examples 15 to 24
[0247] Further Examples 15 to 24 are presented in Table 1
below.
Example 25
Alcohol Extraction Test and Dissolution Profiles
[0248] 400 mg of the multi particulates from one of Examples 15 to
21 were placed in 10 ml 40% ethanol at room temperature and
subjected to shaking for 15 minutes using a Stuart Scientific Flask
Shaker Model SF1 set at 500 to 600 oscillations per minute. After
extraction the amount of oxycodone dissolved was then determined
with detection by HPLC with UV at 206 mm wavelength. The extraction
results are presented in Table 2 and FIG. 7. The dissolution
profiles are determined using the Ph. Eur. Basket Apparatus at 100
rpm at 37.degree. C. in 900 ml SGF optionally with 40% ethanol and
detection by HPLC with UV at 206 nm wavelength. The dissolution
results of Examples 15 to 21 in SGF with 40% ethanol are presented
in Table 3 and FIG. 8. The dissolution profiles of Examples 15 to
21 in SGF are provided in Table 4 and of Examples 15 to 20 also in
FIG. 9. The dissolution results in SGF with 40% ethanol and in SGF
for Examples 22 to 24 are provided in Tables 5 and 6 and FIGS. 10
and 11, respectively.
TABLE-US-00034 TABLE 1 Extruded Percent Content (w/w) Product Batch
Oxycodone Ethylcellulose Kollidon Avicel Eudragit NE Stearyl
Stearic Glycerol No. HCl N10 SR PH101 (from NE 40 D) Alcohol Acid
Dibehenate Total (%) 15 30 24.67 34.66 8.67 2 100 16 30 30 32 6 2
100 17 30 26 30 12 2 100 18 30 22 40 6 2 100 19 30 30 30 8 2 100 20
30 20 36 12 2 100 21 30 26 30 12 2 100 22 30 35 24 9 2 100 23 30 20
7 32 9 2 100 24 30 27 32 9 2 100
TABLE-US-00035 TABLE 2 Extraction Results for Examples 15 to 21
(40% ethanol at room temperature with shaking for 15 minutes)
Mean.sup.1) Oxcodone Mean.sup.1) Percentage Example Recovered (mg)
Oxycodone recovered (%) 15 8.3 20.8 16 7.7 19.3 17 7.6 18.9 18 7.5
18.8 19 6.6 16.4 20 7.1 17.8 21 18.8 46.9 .sup.1)Mean values are
taken from two runs of the test for each of Examples 15 to 21
TABLE-US-00036 TABLE 3 Dissolution Results for Examples 15 to 21 in
SGF with 40% ethanol % Oxycodone Released.sup.1) Time Ex. Ex. Ex.
Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. (hours) 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5
35.80 33.43 39.21 34.78 30.64 43.04 76.65 1 54.08 50.60 59.54 52.55
47.51 66.22 97.08 1.5 64.96 60.04 70.47 63.28 57.41 77.97 97.78 2
73.42 68.88 78.38 71.80 65.13 85.89 97.70 3 85.00 81.07 89.12 84.02
77.03 94.65 98.32 .sup.1)Mean values are taken from two runs of the
test for each of Examples 15 to 21
TABLE-US-00037 TABLE 4 Dissolution Results for Examples 15 to 21 in
SGF % Oxycodone Released Time Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. (hours)
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 18.88 14.54 25.6 18.79 13.5
34.18 57.2 2 26.43 20.46 38.3 27.25 19.52 51.44 86.51 3 32.38 25.05
46.83 34.04 24.11 63.47 96.59 4 37.36 28.92 54.31 39.56 28.16 72.51
98.77 5 41.38 32.34 60.32 45.14 31.62 78.84 99.12 6 45.47 35.46
67.94 48.82 34.54 83.79 99.01 7 48.53 37.91 70.05 52.39 37.49 87.99
98.82 8 51.68 40.86 74.41 56.22 40.14 91.46 99.03 9 54.23 43.06
78.81 59.2 42.56 93.75 99.02 10 56.51 44.83 80.81 61 44.76 95.73
98.9 11 59.33 47.08 83.64 64.68 47.06 96.79 98.9 12 61.14 48.89
85.61 68.2 48.74 97.92 99.14 13 63.54 50.95 88.43 70.76 51.06 98.97
98.81 14 65.14 52.43 89.84 71.7 52.54 98.41 98.53 15 66.99 53.83
92.51 72.51 54.22 98.87 98.72 16 68.67 55.13 94.51 77.03 55.7 98.38
98.9 17 70.52 56.67 93.8 78.96 57.49 99.04 99.09 18 73.18 58.21
96.81 79.48 58.71 98.91 98.89 19 74.36 59.83 96 81.41 59.88 98.89
98.77 20 74.78 60.41 96.94 82.94 61.24 98.65 98.67 21 76.73 61.74
98.68 84.18 62.72 99.13 99.09 22 75.76 61.26 97.7 83.56 64.19 99.17
98.81 23 78.34 63.46 98.07 86.81 65.06 98.92 98.51 24 79.53 64.69
98.16 86.55 66.13 99.07 98.66
TABLE-US-00038 TABLE 5 Dissolution Results for Examples 22 to 24 in
SGF with 40% ethanol % Oxycodone Released.sup.1) Time (hours)
Example 22 Example 23 Example 24 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.5 31.30 37.19
36.42 1 45.54 55.37 52.68 1.5 56.76 67.51 64.38 2 64.17 75.64 72.97
3 78.00 89.44 86.11 4 86.70 95.30 92.40 .sup.1)Mean values are
taken from two runs of the test for each of Examples 22 to 24
TABLE-US-00039 TABLE 6 Dissolution Results for Examples 22 to 24 in
SGF % Oxycodone Released Time (hours) Example 22 Example 23 Example
24 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 13.74 26.51 17.78 2 19.69 38.41 24.93 3 23.65
46.41 30.09 4 28.11 54.57 34.76 5 31.24 60.16 38.05 6 34.13 65.26
40.83 7 37.03 68.13 44.12 8 39.44 72.59 46.91 9 42.10 75.59 48.75
10 43.90 77.98 51.41 11 46.19 80.38 53.71 12 48.07 82.83 55.40 13
50.14 86.18 57.33 14 51.83 86.98 59.20 15 53.49 88.72 60.43 16
55.29 90.37 61.72 17 57.05 91.94 64.22 18 57.92 91.96 64.85 19
59.25 93.98 65.38 20 61.25 94.20 67.30 21 61.78 95.19 68.81 22
63.75 96.57 70.63 23 64.30 96.91 71.91 24 65.85 97.28 72.65
* * * * *