U.S. patent application number 13/001080 was filed with the patent office on 2012-05-24 for surgical instrumentation and methods of use for implanting a prosthesis.
This patent application is currently assigned to SMALL BONE INNOVATIONS, INC.. Invention is credited to Victor Chan, Michael Coughlin, Michael Daniels, James K. Deorio, Stephen Gilbert, Gregory Horton, Thomas Loring, Chulho Pak, Keith Wapner.
Application Number | 20120130376 13/001080 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 41444955 |
Filed Date | 2012-05-24 |
United States Patent
Application |
20120130376 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Loring; Thomas ; et
al. |
May 24, 2012 |
SURGICAL INSTRUMENTATION AND METHODS OF USE FOR IMPLANTING A
PROSTHESIS
Abstract
A tissue resection guide for use with a datum includes a base
releasably engagable with the datum. The tissue resection guide has
a first frame fixed relative to the base and the first frame has at
least one integral first guide path that is sized and configured to
at least partially capture and guide a first tissue resection tool
relative to the first frame.
Inventors: |
Loring; Thomas; (Englewood,
NJ) ; Gilbert; Stephen; (West Chester, PA) ;
Chan; Victor; (Landing, NJ) ; Pak; Chulho;
(Ewing, NJ) ; Daniels; Michael; (Warsaw, IN)
; Horton; Gregory; (Kansas City, KS) ; Deorio;
James K.; (Durham, NC) ; Coughlin; Michael;
(Boise, ID) ; Wapner; Keith; (Philadelphia,
PA) |
Assignee: |
SMALL BONE INNOVATIONS,
INC.
New York
NY
|
Family ID: |
41444955 |
Appl. No.: |
13/001080 |
Filed: |
June 25, 2009 |
PCT Filed: |
June 25, 2009 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US09/48699 |
371 Date: |
February 10, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61133186 |
Jun 25, 2008 |
|
|
|
61178343 |
May 14, 2009 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
606/80 ; 606/102;
606/83; 606/87; 606/90 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61B 17/025 20130101;
A61F 2/46 20130101; A61B 17/1775 20161101; A61F 2/4202 20130101;
A61B 17/1739 20130101; A61B 17/15 20130101; A61B 17/1682
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
606/80 ; 606/90;
606/87; 606/102; 606/83 |
International
Class: |
A61F 2/46 20060101
A61F002/46; A61B 17/88 20060101 A61B017/88; A61B 17/16 20060101
A61B017/16; A61B 17/90 20060101 A61B017/90 |
Claims
1. A distractor comprising: a handle adjustable between an
insertion position and a distraction position; a datum securement
attached to the handle and releasably engagable with a datum; and a
tissue engaging portion attached to the handle and movable with
respect to the datum securement as the handle is adjusted between
the insertion position and the distraction position.
2. The distractor of claim 1, wherein the handle includes a first
handle portion that extends from the datum securement and a second
handle portion that extends from the tissue engaging portion.
3. The distractor of claim 2, wherein the second handle portion is
pivotable with respect to the first handle portion.
4. The distractor of claim 2, wherein the first handle portion is
releasably attached to the second handle portion.
5. The distractor of claim 2, further comprising a proximal end and
distal end, wherein the first handle portion is generally planar
from the distal end to the proximal end.
6. (canceled)
7. The distractor of claim 2, wherein the second handle portion
further comprises a grip portion opposite a tissue engaging portion
and an inflection point between the tissue engaging portion and the
grip portion wherein the second handle portion is attachable to the
first handle portion proximate the inflection point.
8. The distractor of claim 2, wherein the second handle portion
includes a distal portion that is generally parallel the first
handle portion when the distractor is in the insertion position and
is not generally parallel to the first handle portion when the
distractor is in the distraction position.
9. The distractor of claim 2, further comprising: a ratchet
extending between the first handle portion and the second handle
portion.
10. (canceled)
11. The distractor of claim 9, wherein the ratchet is pivotably
attached to the first handle portion.
12. The distractor of claim 9, wherein the ratchet is detachable
from the second handle portion.
13. The distractor of claim 1, wherein the tissue engaging portion
includes a paddle pivotably attached to the second handle
portion.
14. The distractor of claim 13, wherein the paddle is generally
parallel with the handle in the insertion position.
15. The distractor of claim 13, wherein the paddle is generally
flush with the handle in the insertion position.
16. The distractor of claim 13, wherein at least a portion of the
paddle is sized and configured to extend over the datum and between
a plurality of projections extending from the datum when the datum
securement is engaged with the datum.
17. The distractor of claim 13, wherein a proximal end of the
paddle is heavier than the distal end of the paddle.
18. The distractor of claim 1, wherein the datum securement
includes an abutment member, the abutment member engagable with the
datum and movable from a secured position to a released
position.
19. The distractor of claim 1, further comprising a datum lock
configured to move the datum securement from a secured position to
a released position.
20. The distractor of claim 19, wherein the datum lock includes a
rotatable nut that threadably engages a shaft extending from the
datum securement.
21. The distractor of claim 1, wherein the handle further comprises
a grip portion having a plurality of indentations separated by
columns that are oriented perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of
the handle.
22. A tissue resection guide for use with a datum comprising: a
base releasably engagable with the datum and having a first frame
fixed relative to the base, the first frame having at least one
integral first guide path sized and configured to at least
partially capture and guide a first tissue resection tool relative
to the first frame.
23. The tissue resection guide of claim 22, wherein the base
further includes a second frame fixed relative to the base, the
second frame having at least one integral second guide path sized
and configured to at least partially capture and guide a second
tissue resection tool relative to the first frame.
24. The tissue resection guide of claim 23, wherein the second
frame has an at least partially open sidewall.
25. The tissue resection guide of claim 24, wherein the at least
partially open sidewall includes two tapered and spaced apart side
wall segments.
26. The tissue resection guide of claim 23, wherein the base has a
bottom surface engagable with the datum and a top surface opposite
the bottom surface of the base, the at least one second guide path
is at least partially closed proximate the top surface of the base
and substantially open proximate the bottom surface of the
base.
27. The tissue resection guide of claim 23, wherein the at least
one first guide path is raised upwardly further from the base in a
direction generally normal to the top of the base than the at least
one second guide path.
28. The tissue resection guide of claim 23, wherein at least one of
the first and second frames is oriented at an oblique angle
relative a bottom surface of the base.
29. The tissue resection guide of claim 23, wherein the second
frame has an angle of inclination with respect to a bottom surface
of the base greater than an angle of inclination of the first frame
relative to the bottom surface of the base.
30. The tissue resection guide of claim 23, wherein the at least
one second guide path and a surface of the datum define a resection
plane when the base is engaged with the datum.
31. The tissue resection guide of claim 22, wherein the at least
one guide path includes an enlarged end.
32. The tissue resection guide of claim 31, wherein at least two
enlarged ends are on opposite lateral sides of the first frame.
33. The tissue resection guide of claim 22, wherein the at least
one first guide path includes two substantially parallel
longitudinal guide paths.
34. The tissue resection guide of claim 33, wherein each of the two
substantially parallel longitudinal guide paths has a longitudinal
axis and an enlarged end, and wherein the longitudinal axes of
adjacent longitudinal guide paths are spaced apart from one another
by a distance that is less than a diameter of one of the enlarged
ends.
35. The tissue resection guide of claim 22, wherein the base has a
bottom surface engagable with the datum and a top surface opposite
the bottom surface of the base, the at least one first guide path
is at least partially closed proximate the top surface of the base
and substantially open proximate the bottom surface of the
base.
36. The tissue resection guide of claim 35, wherein the at least
one first guide path is raised upwardly from the top surface of the
base in a direction generally normal to the top surface of the
base.
37. The tissue resection guide of claim 22, wherein the first frame
includes at least one viewing window extending through an outer
surface of the first frame.
38. The tissue resection guide of claim 37, wherein the first frame
includes an alignment line on the outer surface that intersects
with the at least one viewing window.
39. The tissue resection guide of claim 22, wherein the at least
one first guide path and a surface of the datum define a resection
plane along which the tissue resection tool is guided when the base
is engaged with the datum.
40. A datum engagable with at least one tissue resection guide, the
datum comprising: a bottom surface engagable with a tissue surface;
a first side surface extending upwardly from the bottom surface to
define a first acute angle with the bottom surface; a second side
surface extending upwardly from the bottom surface to define a
second acute angle with the bottom surface; and a top surface
connected to the first and second side surfaces and having a
securement releasably engagable with the at least one tissue
resection guide.
41. The datum of claim 40, further comprising a third side surface
extending upwardly from the bottom surface to define a third acute
angle with the bottom surface.
42. The datum of claim 41, further comprising a fourth side surface
extending upwardly from the bottom surface to define an obtuse
angle with the bottom surface.
43. The datum of claim 42, wherein a width of the bottom surface
measured between the first and fourth side surfaces is smaller than
the length of the bottom surface measured between the first and
second side surfaces.
44. The datum of claim 41, wherein the third acute angle is smaller
than the first and second acute angles.
45. The datum of claim 41, wherein a fourth angle between the first
side surface and the third side surface is less than a fifth angle
between the second side surface and the third side surface.
46. The datum of claim 41, wherein the third side surface is
between the first and second side surfaces.
47. The datum of claim 41, wherein the top surface is generally
parallel to the bottom surface.
48. The datum of claim 41, wherein the securement includes a
threaded aperture.
49. A method of implanting a prosthesis between first and second
bones, the method comprising the steps of: resecting tissue from
the first bone to expose a first resected tissue surface; resecting
tissue from the second bone to expose a second resected tissue
surface; attaching a datum to the second resected tissue surface;
attaching to the datum a first tissue resection guide configured to
guide the first tissue resection tool; further resecting tissue
from the second bone with the first tissue resection tool while the
first tissue resection tool is guided by the first tissue resection
guide to expose a third resected tissue surface; and placing the
prosthesis in contact with the first and second resected tissue
surfaces to operatively connect the first and second bones.
50. The method of claim 49, further comprising: attaching a second
tissue resection guide on the datum; and forming a fourth resected
tissue surface by further resecting tissue from the second bone
using the second tissue resection guide to guide a second tissue
resection tool.
51. The method of claim 50, wherein the third resected tissue
surface is adjacent to a first side of the datum and the fourth
resected tissue surface is adjacent to a second side of the
datum.
52. The method of claim 51, wherein the third resected tissue
surface is generally aligned with the first side of the datum and
the fourth resected tissue surface is generally aligned with the
second side of the datum.
53. The method of claim 49, wherein resecting the first bone
further comprises: applying a second tissue resection tool to the
first bone along a second tissue resection guide fixed relative to
the first bone.
54. The method of claim 53, further comprising: determining the
position of the second tissue resection guide based upon the
position of a spacer guide attached to the second tissue resection
guide.
55. The method of claim 49, further comprising: fixing the second
bone relative to the first bone prior to resecting tissue from the
second bone to expose the second resected tissue surface.
56. The method of claim 49, further comprising: aligning a feature
of the first tissue resection tool with a feature of the first
tissue resection guide to achieve a predetermined resection
depth.
57. The method of claim 49, further comprising: positioning the
datum on the second resected tissue surface with a distractor; and
moving the first bone away from the second bone with the
distractor.
58. The method of claim 49, further comprising: placing a window
trial over the second resected tissue surface and third resected
tissue surfaces to evaluate the size and shape of the second
resected tissue surface and the third resected tissue surface.
59. The method of claim 49, further comprising: positioning a
barrel cut guide against the first resected tissue surface;
inserting a drill bit through an aperture in the barrel cut guide;
and drilling a cavity into the first bone using the drill bit, the
cavity receiving a portion of the prosthesis.
60. The method of claim 49, wherein the first bone is the tibia and
the second bone is the talus.
61. The method of claim 49, wherein the first and second resected
tissue surfaces are comprised of bone.
62. A tissue resection kit comprising: a datum engagable with a
tissue surface; and a first tissue resection guide having: a first
base releasably engagable with the datum and having a first frame
fixed relative to the first base, the first frame having at least
one integral first guide path sized and configured to at least
partially capture and guide a first tissue resection tool relative
to the first frame.
63. The tissue resection kit of claim 62, wherein the first base
includes a third frame fixed relative to the first base, the third
frame having at least one integral third guide path sized and
configured to at least partially capture and guide a third tissue
resection tool relative to the first frame.
64. The tissue resection kit of claim 62, wherein the at least one
first guide path and a surface of the datum define a resection
plane along which the tissue resection tool is guided when the
first base is engaged with the datum.
65. The tissue resection kit of claim 62, further comprising: a
second tissue resection guide having: a second base releasably
engagable with the datum and having a second frame fixed relative
to the second base, the second frame having at least one integral
second guide path sized and configured to at least partially
capture and guide a second tissue resection tool relative to the
second frame.
66. The tissue resection kit of claim 62, further comprising: a
distractor releasably engagable with the datum, the distractor
configured to displace a first bone relative to a second bone while
positioning the datum onto a surface of the first bone.
67. The tissue resection kit of claim 62, further comprising: a
window trial engagable with the tissue surface, the window trial
having the general shape and configuration of a prosthesis and
having one or more apertures for viewing the tissue surface.
68. An alignment guide for attaching one or resection guides to a
bone, the alignment guide comprising: an elongated member having a
first end, a second end and a longitudinal axis extending between
the first and second ends; a first securement proximate the first
end and configured to releasably connect with the bone; an
attachment block proximate the second end and having a second
securement configured to releasably connect to the bone; and a grip
tool releasably connectable to the attachment block and generally
perpendicular to the attachment block in an engaged position.
69. The alignment guide of claim 68, further comprising: an
elongated alignment member attached to the elongated member and
spaced laterally from and generally parallel to the longitudinal
axis.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Patent Application No. 61/133,186 filed Jun. 25, 2008 and entitled
"Instrumentation for Prosthesis" and U.S. Provisional Patent
Application No. 61/178,343 filed May 14, 2009 and entitled
"Surgical Instrumentation and Methods of Use for Implanting an
Endoprothesis" both of which are incorporated by reference herein
in their entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention generally relates to surgical
instrumentation and methods for such procedures such as, for
example, a total joint replacement within a patient.
[0003] Various endoprosthetic devices are known for repairing or
replacing joints in a patient. Specifically, it is known to use an
endoprosthesis to replace a damaged ankle joint. The ankle joint is
a comparatively small joint relative to the weight bearing and
torque the joint must withstand. These factors have made the design
of total ankle joint replacements technically challenging. Total
ankle replacement has been investigated since the 1970's with
initially promising results, but the procedure was essentially
abandoned in the 1980's due to a high long-term failure rate, both
in terms of pain control and improved function. However,
researchers have continued to investigate new designs, which can be
broadly subdivided into constrained and unconstrained designs.
Constrained designs offer the advantage of greater stability, but
with decreased mobility and increased stress at the bone implant
interface, potentially leading to a greater risk of early loosening
and failure. Unconstrained designs provide improved range of motion
in multiple planes, but at the expense of stability. Early devices
investigated were implanted with cement fixation, which in recent
years has given way to cementless designs. One such cementless,
non-constrained mobile bearing device that has proven to be
successful is a total ankle replacement. An example of the total
ankle replacement, shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, is further described in
U.S. Pat. No. 6,852,130 and is commercially known as the
S.T.A.R..RTM. or the Scandinavian Total Ankle Replacement
System.
[0004] Total joint replacements, such as the S.T.A.R..RTM., have
been implanted to repair damaged joints using a combination of cut
guides and free hand cutting and shaping to sufficiently prepare
the bone contacting the total joint replacement.
[0005] It would be desirable to reduce the amount of measuring,
free hand cutting and/or re-mounting of cut guides to the remaining
healthy bone structure to efficiently and accurately prepare the
resected tissue surface receiving the total joint replacement with
repeatable results and minimum bone removal.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] In one embodiment, there is a distractor that includes a
handle that is adjustable between an insertion position and a
distraction position, a datum securement that is attached to the
handle and releasably engagable with a datum, and a tissue engaging
portion that is attached to the handle and movable with respect to
the datum securement as the handle is adjusted between the
insertion position and the distraction position. In another
embodiment, the handle includes a first handle portion that extends
from the datum securement and a second handle portion that extends
from the tissue engaging portion. In another embodiment the second
handle portion is pivotable with respect to the first handle
portion. In another embodiment, the first handle portion is
releasably attached to the second handle portion. In a further
embodiment, the first handle portion is generally planar from the
distal end to the proximal end. In another embodiment, the second
handle has an angular orientation between a distal end and a
proximal end. In another embodiment, the second handle portion
further comprises a grip portion opposite a tissue engaging portion
and an inflection point between the tissue engaging portion and the
grip portion wherein the second handle portion is attachable to the
first handle portion proximate the inflection point. In another
embodiment, the second handle portion includes a distal portion
that is generally parallel the first handle portion when the
distractor is in the insertion position and is not generally
parallel to the first handle portion when the distractor is in the
distraction position. In a further embodiment, a ratchet extends
between the first handle portion and the second handle portion. In
another embodiment, the ratchet is positioned at the proximal end
of the distractor. In another embodiment, the ratchet is pivotably
attached to the first handle portion. In another embodiment, the
ratchet is detachable from the second handle portion. In another
embodiment, the tissue engaging portion includes a paddle pivotably
attached to the second handle portion. In another embodiment, the
paddle is generally parallel with the handle in the insertion
position. In another embodiment, the paddle is generally flush with
the handle in the insertion position. In another embodiment, at
least a portion of the paddle is sized and configured to extend
over the datum and between a plurality of projections extending
from the datum. In another embodiment, a proximal end of the paddle
is heavier than the distal end of the paddle. In another
embodiment, the datum securement includes an abutment member, the
abutment member engagable with the datum and movable from a secured
position to a released position. In a further embodiment, a datum
lock is configured to move the datum datum securement from a
secured position to a released position. In another embodiment, the
datum lock includes a rotatable nut that threadably engages a shaft
extending from the datum securement. In another embodiment, the
handle further comprises a grip portion having a plurality of
indentations separated by columns that are oriented perpendicular
to a longitudinal axis of the handle.
[0007] In one embodiment, there is a tissue resection guide for use
with a datum that includes a base releasably engagable with the
datum and having a first frame fixed relative to the base and the
first frame having at least one integral first guide path sized and
configured to at least partially capture and guide a first tissue
resection tool relative to the first frame. In another embodiment,
the base further includes a second frame fixed relative to the
base, the second frame having at least one integral second guide
path sized and configured to at least partially capture and guide a
second tissue resection tool relative to the first frame. In
another embodiment, the second frame has an at least partially open
sidewall. In another embodiment, the at least partially open
sidewall includes two tapered and spaced apart side wall segments.
In another embodiment, the base has a bottom surface engagable with
the datum and a top surface opposite the bottom surface of the
base, the at least one second guide path is at least partially
closed proximate the top surface of the base and substantially open
proximate the bottom surface of the base. In another embodiment,
the at least one first guide path is raised upwardly further from
the base in a direction generally normal to the top of the base
than the at least one second guide path. In another embodiment, at
least one of the first and second frames are angled inwardly toward
the base. In another embodiment, the second frame has an angle of
inclination relative to the base greater than an angle of
inclination between the base and the first frame. In another
embodiment, the at least one second guide path and a surface of the
datum define a resection plane when the base is engaged with the
datum. In another embodiment, the at least one guide path includes
an enlarged end. In another embodiment, at least two enlarged ends
are on opposite lateral sides of the first frame. In another
embodiment, the at least one first guide path includes two
substantially parallel longitudinal guide paths. In one embodiment,
the two substantially parallel longitudinal guide paths has a
longitudinal axis and an enlarged end, and wherein the longitudinal
axes of adjacent longitudinal guide paths are spaced apart from one
another by a distance that is less than a diameter of one of the
enlarged ends. In one embodiment, the at least one first guide path
and a surface of the datum define a resection plane along which the
tissue resection tool is guided when the base is engaged with the
datum. In one embodiment, the base has a bottom surface engagable
with the datum and a top surface opposite the bottom surface of the
base, the at least one first guide path is at least partially
closed proximate the top surface of the base and substantially open
proximate the bottom surface of the base. In one embodiment, the at
least one first guide path is raised upwardly from the top surface
base in a direction generally normal to the top of the base. In one
embodiment, the first frame includes at least one viewing window
extending through an outer surface of the first frame. In one
embodiment, the first frame includes an alignment line intersecting
with the at least one viewing window.
[0008] In one embodiment there is a datum engagable with at least
one tissue resection guide, the datum includes a bottom surface
engagable with a tissue surface, a first side surface that extends
upwardly from the bottom surface to define a first acute angle with
the bottom surface, a second side surface that extends upwardly
from the bottom surface to define a second acute angle with the
bottom surface, and a top surface that is connected to the first
and second side surfaces and has a securement releasably engagable
with the at least one tissue resection guide. In another
embodiment, a surface extends upwardly from the bottom surface to
define a third acute angle with the bottom surface. In another
embodiment, a fourth side surface extends upwardly from the bottom
surface to define an obtuse angle with the bottom surface. In
another embodiment, a width of the bottom surface measured between
the first and fourth side surfaces is smaller than the length of
the bottom surface measured between the first and second side
surfaces. In another embodiment, the third acute angle is smaller
than the first and second acute angles. In another embodiment, a
fourth angle between the first side surface and the third side
surface is less than a fifth angle between the second side surface
and the third side surface. In another embodiment, the third side
surface is between the first and second side surfaces. In another
embodiment the top surface is generally parallel to the bottom
surface. In another embodiment, the securement includes a threaded
aperture.
[0009] In one embodiment, there is a method of implanting a
prosthesis between first and second bones, the method includes the
steps of: resecting tissue from the first bone to expose a first
resected tissue surface; resecting tissue from the second bone to
expose a second resected tissue surface; attaching a datum to the
second resected tissue surface; attaching to the datum a first
tissue resection guide configured to guide the first tissue
resection tool; further resecting tissue from the second bone with
the first tissue resection tool while the first tissue resection
tool is guided by the first tissue resection guide to expose a
third resected tissue surface; and placing the prosthesis in
contact with the first and second resected tissue surfaces to
operatively connect the first and second bones. In a further
embodiment, the method includes attaching a second tissue resection
guide on the datum; and forming a fourth resected tissue surface by
further resecting tissue from the second bone using the second
tissue resection guide to guide a second tissue resection tool. In
another embodiment, the third resected tissue surface is adjacent
to a first side of the datum and the fourth resected tissue surface
is adjacent to a second side of the datum. In another embodiment,
the third resected tissue surface is generally aligned with the
first side of the datum and the fourth resected tissue surface is
generally aligned with the second side of the datum. In another
embodiment, resecting the first bone further includes applying a
second tissue resection tool to the first bone along a second
tissue resection guide fixed relative to the first bone. In a
further embodiment, the method includes determining the position of
the second tissue resection guide based upon the position of a
spacer guide attached to the second tissue resection guide. In a
further embodiment, the method includes fixing the second bone
relative to the first bone prior to resecting tissue from the
second bone to expose the second resected tissue surface. In a
further embodiment, the method includes aligning a feature of the
first tissue resection tool with a feature of the first tissue
resection guide to achieve a predetermined resection depth. In a
further embodiment, the method includes positioning the datum on
the second resected tissue surface with a distractor; and moving
the first bone away from the second bone with the distractor. In a
further embodiment, the method includes placing a window trial over
the second resected tissue surface and third resected tissue
surfaces to evaluate the size and shape of the second resected
tissue surface and the third resected tissue surface. In a further
embodiment, the method includes positioning a barrel cut guide
against the first resected tissue surface; inserting a drill bit
through an aperture in the barrel cut guide; and drilling a cavity
into the first bone using the drill bit, the cavity receiving a
portion of the prosthesis. In another embodiment, the first bone is
the tibia and the second bone is the talus. In another embodiment,
the first and second resected tissue surfaces are comprised of
bone.
[0010] In one embodiment, there is a tissue resection kit including
a datum that is engagable with a tissue surface, and a first tissue
resection guide having a first base releasably engagable with the
datum and having a first frame fixed relative to the first base,
the first frame having at least one integral first guide path sized
and configured to at least partially capture and guide a first
tissue resection tool relative to the first frame. In another
embodiment, the first base includes a third frame fixed relative to
the first base, the third frame having at least one integral third
guide path sized and configured to at least partially capture and
guide a third tissue resection tool relative to the first frame. In
another embodiment, the at least one first guide path and a surface
of the datum define a resection plane along which the tissue
resection tool is guided when the first base is engaged with the
datum. In a further embodiment, the tissue resection kit includes a
second tissue resection guide having a second base releasably
engagable with the datum and having a second frame fixed relative
to the second base, the second frame having at least one integral
second guide path sized and configured to at least partially
capture and guide a second tissue resection tool relative to the
second frame. In a further embodiment, the tissue resection kit
includes a distractor releasably engagable with the datum. In a
further embodiment, the tissue resection kit includes a window
trial engagable with the tissue surface, the window trial having
the general shape and configuration of a prosthesis and having one
or more apertures for viewing the tissue surface.
[0011] In one embodiment there is an alignment guide for attaching
one or resection guides to a bone and includes an elongated member
having a first end, a second end and a longitudinal axis extending
between the first and second ends, a first securement proximate the
first end and configured to releasably connect with the bone, an
attachment block proximate the second end and having a second
securement configured to releasably connect to the bone and a grip
tool releasably connectable to the attachment block and generally
perpendicular to the attachment block in an engaged position. In a
further embodiment, the alignment guide includes an elongated
alignment member attached to the elongated member and spaced
laterally from and generally parallel to the longitudinal axis.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed
description of embodiments of the surgical instrumentation and
methods of use for implanting a total joint replacement will be
better understood when read in conjunction with the appended
drawings of exemplary embodiments. It should be understood,
however, that the invention is not limited to the precise
arrangements and instrumentalities shown.
[0013] In the drawings:
[0014] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a total joint replacement
implanted between first and second bones;
[0015] FIG. 2 is a side, partially cross-section, partially
transparent side view of the implanted total joint replacement of
FIG. 1;
[0016] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an alignment guide in
accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present
invention;
[0017] FIG. 4 is a top view of the alignment guide shown in FIG. 3
with the positioning tool removed;
[0018] FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a first tissue resection
guide in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present
invention;
[0019] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a spacer guide in accordance
with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;
[0020] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a second tissue resection
guide in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present
invention;
[0021] FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the second tissue resection
guide shown in FIG. 7 having a tab extension;
[0022] FIG. 9A is a perspective view of a datum in accordance with
an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;
[0023] FIG. 9B is a top plan view of the datum shown in FIG.
9A;
[0024] FIG. 9C is a bottom perspective front view of the datum
shown in FIG. 9A.
[0025] FIG. 10A is a perspective view of a distractor in accordance
with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention shown in an
insertion position and securing the datum of FIG. 9A;
[0026] FIG. 10B is an enlarged view of a datum lock of the
distractor shown in FIG. 10A;
[0027] FIG. 10C an enlarged top view of a paddle of the distractor
shown in FIG. 10A being pivoted for demonstrative purposes;
[0028] FIG. 10D a perspective view of the distractor shown in FIG.
10A with the upper handle removed, the ratchet pivoted downwardly
and the datum shown in phantom;
[0029] FIG. 10E is a bottom plan view of the distractor shown in
FIG. 10D;
[0030] FIG. 11A is a top plan view of a third tissue resection
guide in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present
invention;
[0031] FIG. 11B is a bottom perspective view of the third tissue
resection guide shown in FIG. 11A;
[0032] FIG. 12A is a top plan view of a fourth tissue resection
guide in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present
invention;
[0033] FIG. 12B is a front elevational view of the fourth tissue
resection guide shown in FIG. 12A;
[0034] FIG. 12C is a side elevational view of the fourth tissue
resection guide shown in FIG. 12A;
[0035] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a window trial in
accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present
invention;
[0036] FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a barrel cut guide in
accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present
invention;
[0037] FIG. 15 is a perspective view of a fin cutter in accordance
with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
[0038] FIG. 16 is a perspective view of an incision in an ankle
exposing the ankle joint;
[0039] FIG. 17 a side elevational view of a lower leg of a patient
with the alignment guide shown in FIG. 3 attached to the first
bone;
[0040] FIG. 18 is a top plan view of the alignment guide shown in
FIG. 4 attached to the first bone and outlining two resection
paths;
[0041] FIG. 19 is a top plan view of the alignment guide shown in
FIG. 18 with the first tissue resection guide of FIG. 5
attached;
[0042] FIG. 20 is a side view of the alignment guide and first
tissue resection guide shown in FIG. 19 with the spacer guide of
FIG. 6 attached;
[0043] FIG. 21 is a side view of the alignment guide shown if FIG.
4 with the second tissue resection guide of FIG. 8 attached to the
alignment guide and the second bone;
[0044] FIG. 22 is a side view of a space evaluator positioned
between the first and second resected tissue surfaces;
[0045] FIG. 23 is a perspective view of a sizer on top of the
second resected tissue surface;
[0046] FIG. 24 is a perspective view of the distractor shown in
FIG. 10A in the insertion position;
[0047] FIG. 25 is a perspective view of the distractor shown in
FIG. 10A in the distracted position;
[0048] FIG. 26 is a perspective view of the datum attached to the
second resected tissue surface;
[0049] FIG. 27 is a rear perspective view of a second tissue
resection tool being guided by the third tissue resection guide
shown in FIG. 11A;
[0050] FIG. 28 is a side elevational view of a third tissue
resection tool being guided by the third tissue resection guide
shown in FIG. 11A;
[0051] FIG. 29 is a front perspective view of the second tissue
resection tool being guided by the third tissue resection guide
shown in FIG. 11A;
[0052] FIG. 30 is a perspective view of the second resected tissue
surface after use of the second and third tissue resection guides
shown in FIGS. 8 and 11A respectively;
[0053] FIG. 31 is a perspective view of a fourth tissue resection
tool being guided by the fourth tissue resection guide shown in
FIG. 12A;
[0054] FIG. 32 is a perspective view of the fourth tissue resection
guide shown in FIG. 31 showing the resected surface created by the
fourth tissue resection tool;
[0055] FIG. 33 is a perspective view of the resected tissue
surfaces after use of the second, third and fourth tissue resection
guides shown in FIGS. 8, 11A and 12A respectively;
[0056] FIG. 34 is a perspective view of the window trial shown in
FIG. 13 on the resected tissue surfaces shown in FIG. 33; and
[0057] FIG. 35 is a side elevational partially transparent view of
the barrel cut guide shown in FIG. 14 and the window trial on the
resected tissue surfaces shown in FIG. 34.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0058] Referring to the drawings in detail, wherein like reference
numerals indicate like elements throughout, there is shown in FIGS.
1-35 surgical instrumentation and methods of use for installing a
prosthesis or endoprosthesis such as, for example, a total joint
replacement, generally designated 10, between first and second
bones 12, 14, in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the
present invention.
[0059] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, in one embodiment, the total
joint replacement 10 may be an ankle joint and the first and second
bones 12, 14 may be the tibia and the talus respectively. A third
bone 16, such as the fibula, may also contact the total joint
replacement 10. In one embodiment, the total joint replacement 10
is a total ankle replacement such as described in U.S. Pat. No.
6,852,130 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its
entirety, and is commercially known as the S.T.A.R..RTM. or the
Scandinavian Total Ankle Replacement System. However, the present
invention may be used for resecting tissue surfaces in implanting
any prosthetic device.
[0060] In one an embodiment, the total joint replacement 10
includes a first endoprosthetic component 18 that engages the first
bone 12 and a second endoprosthetic component 20 that engages the
second bone 14. In one embodiment, the second endoprosthetic
component 20 includes projections 20a that are slidable into
resected cavities 12a in the first bone 12. In one embodiment, the
total joint replacement 10 further includes a middle endoprosthetic
component 22 that is positioned between the first and second
endoprosthetic components 18, 20 to provide a three piece total
joint replacement 10. The first endoprosthetic component 18 may
include a rib 18a for preventing lateral movement of the middle
endoprosthetic component 22 relative to the first endoprosthetic
component 18. The first endoprosthetic component 18 may also
include a fin 18b for extending into the second bone 14 and
stabilizing the total joint replacement 10 relative to the second
bone 14.
[0061] In one embodiment, the first endoprosthetic component 18 has
the approximate dimensions set forth in Table 1 below.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 First Endoprosthetic Component Dimensions
(in mm) XX-Small X-Small Small Medium Large ML Dimension (Width) 28
30 34 36 38 AP Dimension (Depth) 29 31 35 35 35
[0062] In one embodiment the second endoprosthetic component 20 has
the approximate dimensions set forth in Table 2 below.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Second Endoprosthetic Component Dimensions
(in mm) X-Small Small Medium Large X-Large ML Dimension (Width) 30
32 32.5 33 33.5 AP Dimension (Depth) 30 30 35 40 45
[0063] Though further description herein of the first and second
bones 12, 14 may refer to the tibia 12 and talus 14 and respective
anatomical directions, the instrumentation and methods disclosed
herein are not limited to the tibia 12, talus 14, fibula 16 and
respective anatomical directions. The first, second and third bones
12, 14, 16 as disclosed herein may be any jointed bones such as the
elbow, knee, shoulder or knuckle or a portion thereof that are
prepared for the installation or implantation of the total joint
replacement 10 or an endoprosthetic component from any direction.
The various instrumentation and methods described below may be used
in different orientations depending on the application and
reference to anatomical orientation as used herein is for exemplary
purposes. Additionally, though a left ankle 24 and foot 26 are
shown and described, the various instrumentation and methods
described below may be used in conjunction with and/or oriented for
use with the right ankle (not shown or illustrated) or another
applicable joint.
[0064] Alignment Guide
[0065] Referring to the embodiment of FIG. 3, an alignment guide 30
may be used to assist in implanting the total joint replacement 10.
The alignment guide 30 may be used to orient one or more
instruments, such as first and second tissue resection guides 66,
90 relative to the first bone 12 as described further below. The
alignment guide 30 includes a first end 30a and a second end 30d.
The alignment guide 30 may include a first body 30b proximate the
first end 30a and a second body 30c proximate the second end 30d.
In one embodiment, the first and second bodies 30b, 30c are each
comprised of one or more generally cylindrical elongated rods.
However, the first and second bodies 30b, 30c may have any suitable
configuration and shape such as a tube that encloses a leg 84 (see
FIG. 17). The alignment guide 30 may include a pin receiver 32. The
pin receiver 32 may be proximate the first end 30a. The pin
receiver 32 may include a slot 32a and/or a plurality of apertures
(not shown) for receiving one or more pins 34 at a plurality of
lateral positions. The pin receiver 32 may also move up and down
the pin 34 as described further below. In one embodiment, the pin
receiver 32 includes a first securement 36 such as a manually
adjustable screw that secures the pin receiver 32 to the pin 34 and
prevents the alignment guide 30 from moving relative to the pin 32.
In one embodiment, the pin 32 is a self drilling pin and is
approximately 3.2 mm in diameter. However, the pin 32 may have any
suitable configuration and size.
[0066] An attachment block 38 may be connected to the second body
30c of the alignment guide 30. The attachment block 38 may be
configured to secure the second end 30d of the alignment guide 30
to the first bone 12. The attachment block 38 may serve as a datum
for one or more resections as described further below. In one
embodiment, the second body 30c of the alignment guide 30 is
telescopically connected to the first body 30b of the alignment
guide 30. In one an embodiment, the second body 30c of the
alignment guide 30 may be fixed with respect to the first body 30a
of the alignment guide 30 through use of a second securement 40.
The second securement 40 may be a manually adjustable screw.
Alternatively, the length of the alignment guide 30 may be fixed
and the attachment block 38 may adjust relative to the alignment
guide 30. The attachment block 38 may include one or more apertures
38a each for receiving a pin 42. In one embodiment, the pins 42 may
be inserted through the attachment block 38 at an angle such as an
oblique angle as shown in FIG. 3. The pins 42 may be comprised of
Kirschner or K-wire. In one embodiment the pins are approximately
2.4 mm in diameter. However, the pins 42 may have any suitable
configuration and diameter. Though the same reference number is
used for the additional pins 42 described below, the additional
pins 42 described below may be generally identical or different
than the pins 42 used to secure the attachment block 38 relative to
the first bone 12.
[0067] The attachment block 38 may include one or more space
adjustments 48 that may be threadably received in a respective
aperture 38b. One or more space adjustments 48, such as a manually
adjustable screw, may be provided to stabilize the attachment block
38 relative to the first bone 12. The space adjustment 48 may
alternatively or in addition help to position the attachment block
38 a distance normal to the first bone 12 by extending below the
attachment block 38 an adjustable distance.
[0068] An alignment rod 44 is optionally spaced laterally from the
alignment guide 30 and is configured to be positionable alongside
the first bone 12. In one embodiment, the alignment rod 44 is
generally parallel with the first body 30b of the alignment guide
30. An X-ray image intensifier, such as a C-arm or other imaging
device (not shown), may be used to align the alignment rod 44
generally parallel with a feature 12f of the first bone 12. In one
embodiment the alignment rod 44 is aligned to be generally parallel
to the longitudinal axis of the first bone 12. The alignment rod 44
may be attached to the first body 30b of the alignment guide 30 by
an arm 44a. A grip member or positioning tool 46 such as a T-grip
may releaseably connect or attach to the attachment block 38 to
assist in orienting the attachment block 38 relative to the first
bone 12. In one embodiment, the grip member 46 is generally
perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the alignment guide 30 in
an engaged position.
[0069] Referring to the embodiment of FIG. 4, the attachment block
38 may include a first positioning block 50. In one embodiment, the
attachment block 38 is fixed relative to the first bone 12 and the
first positioning block 50 is movable relative to the attachment
block 38. In one embodiment, the first positioning block 50 is
adjustable relative to the attachment block 38 in first and second
directions, e.g. superior and inferior anatomical directions, that
are generally parallel to the length of the alignment guide 30. The
attachment block 38 may include a first key adjustment 52 that may
be configured to set the distance between the attachment block 38
and the first positioning block 50. In one embodiment, the first
key adjustment 52 engages a first rack 54 that extends from the
first positioning block 50 and into the attachment block 38.
Alternatively, the first rack 54 may extend from the attachment
block 38 and extend into the first positioning block 50. The first
key adjustment 52 may be turned using a tool such as a gear key or
screw driver (not shown). Alternatively, the key adjustment 52 may
be a manually adjustable screw. The attachment block 38 optionally
includes a first position lock 56 that releasably fixes the
distance between the attachment block 38 and the first positioning
block 50. In one embodiment, the first position lock 56 is a set
screw. However, the first position lock 56 may be any locking
device such as projection extending into the first key adjustment
52.
[0070] The first positioning block 50 may include one or more pin
apertures 50a each for receiving a pin 42 that extends into the
first bone 12. In one embodiment, the first positioning block 50
includes a first plurality of pin apertures 50a. The first
plurality of apertures 50a may be provided to move the first
positioning block 50 a predetermined distance with respect to the
one or more pins 42 for measuring additional resection of the first
bone 12 if necessary as described further below. The first
plurality of pin apertures 50a may include a first pin aperture 50b
spaced a predetermined distance from a second pin aperture 50c in a
direction generally parallel to the length of the alignment guide
30, e.g. in an inferior anatomical direction. In one embodiment, a
third pin aperture 50d is spaced a predetermined distance from the
second pin aperture 50c in a direction generally parallel to the
length of the alignment guide 30, e.g. in an inferior anatomical
direction. The first plurality of pin apertures 50a may include
additional apertures 50a.
[0071] In one embodiment, the first and second pin apertures 50b,
50c are spaced from each other a distance equal to the space
between the second and third pin apertures 50c, 50d. In one
embodiment, the first positioning block 50 includes a second
plurality of pin apertures 50a'. The second plurality of pin
apertures 50a' may include first, second and third pin apertures
50b', 50c', 50d' that each correspond in placement along the first
positioning block to respective first, second and third pin
apertures 50b, 50c, 50d of the first plurality of pin apertures
50a. In one embodiment, the predetermined intervals between
adjacent pin apertures 50a, 50a' are each generally 0.5 mm to
generally 5 mm such that the positioning block may be moved
relative to the pins 42 the predetermined distance and 0.5 mm to 5
mm of additional tissue can be resected from the end of the first
bone 12 in one or more additional resections. In one embodiment,
the predetermined intervals between adjacent pin apertures 50a are
approximately 2 mm. Alternatively, the first positioning block 50
is movable relative to the pins 42 such as having expanding and
contracting ends (not shown) or the positioning block 50 may
include a slot (not shown) that releasably engages one or more pins
42 to adjust the position of the first positioning block 50
relative to the first bone 12.
[0072] The attachment block 38 may include a second positioning
block 58 that is movable relative to the portion of the attachment
block 38 fixed relative to the first bone 12. In one embodiment,
the second positioning block 58 is movable relative to the first
positioning block 50. Alternatively, the first and second
positioning blocks 50, 58 are integral. The second positioning
block 58 may be adjustable relative to the attachment block 38 in
third and fourth directions, e.g. lateral and medial anatomical
directions, that may be generally perpendicular to the length of
the alignment guide 30. The first positioning block 50 may include
a second key adjustment 60 that is used to adjust the position of
the second positioning block 58 relative to the attachment block
38.
[0073] In one embodiment, the second key adjustment 60 engages a
second rack (not visible) that extends along the second positioning
block 58. The second key adjustment 60 may be turned using a tool
such as a gear key or screw driver (not shown) to move the second
positioning block 58 relative to the first positioning block 50.
Alternatively, the second key adjustment 60 may be a manually
adjustable screw. The second rack may be alternatively attached to
the first positioning block 50. The first positioning block 50
optionally includes a second position lock 62 that releasably fixes
the lateral alignment between the second positioning block 58 and
the first positioning block 50 to prevent unintentional movement
between the first and second positioning blocks 50, 58. In one
embodiment, the second position lock 62 is a set screw. However,
the second position lock 62 may be any locking device such as
projection extending into the second key adjustment 60.
[0074] In one embodiment, the second positioning block 58 includes
first and second grooves 58a, 58b on opposing lateral sides of the
second positioning block 58. The first and second grooves 58a, 58b
may be receive and mate with the positioning tool 46 and additional
instrumentation as described below to prevent movement between the
second positioning block 58 and the positioning tool 46 or
additional instrumentation. The positioning tool 46 may be used to
assist in positioning the attachment block 38 relative to the first
bone 12. The second positioning block 58 may include a threaded
aperture 58d for securing to additional instrumentation as
described below. The second positioning block 58 may include one or
more apertures 58c each for viewing the first bone 12 during
positioning of the attachment block 38 using a C-arm or other
imaging device. In one embodiment, the apertures 58c show up on the
imaging device as circular if the attachment block 38 is correctly
positioned with respect to the first bone 12 and oval shaped if the
attachment block 38 is misaligned with respect to the first bone
12. The apertures 58c may generally align with where the cavities
12a (FIG. 1) are to be drilled.
[0075] First Tissue Resection Guide
[0076] Referring to the embodiment of FIG. 5, a first tissue
resection guide 66 may be provided for resecting the first bone 12
and exposing a first resected tissue surface 100 as described
below. In one embodiment, the first resected tissue surface 100 is
bone tissue. In alternative embodiments, the first resected tissue
surface 100 is another tissue such as cartilage and/or a
combination of different tissue. The first tissue resection guide
66 may removably attach to the second positioning block 58. The
first tissue resection guide 66 may include a fastener 68 that
releasably attaches the first tissue resection guide 66 to the
aperture 58d (see FIG. 4) in the second positioning block 58. In
one embodiment, the fastener 68 is an Allen screw. However, the
fastener 68 may be any attachment device such as a snap or magnet.
The first tissue resection guide 66 may include first and second
projections 66a, 66b (see FIGS. 7 and 8 for the second projection
66b) that may be received in the first and second grooves 58a, 58b,
respectively of the second positioning block 58. The first and
second projections 66a, 66b may help to prevent the first tissue
resection guide 66 from moving or rotating with respect to the
second positioning block 58.
[0077] In one embodiment, the first tissue resection guide 66
includes a first guide path 70 for resecting the first bone 12. The
first guide path 70 may be a slot 70a such that the guide path
captures a tissue resection tool such as a blade (not shown). The
slot 70a may be generally rectangular and oriented such the blade
is captured and guided in a direction generally perpendicular to
the length of the first bone 12, e.g. the medial and lateral
anatomical directions. The blade may be guided at a slight angle
relative the longitudinal axis of the first bone 12 as described
further below. An end surface 58e of the second positioning block
58 (see FIG. 4) and the first guide path 70 may define a resection
plane. In an alternative embodiment, the first guide path 70 is
open toward one lateral side (not shown) such that the first tissue
resection tool is guided on only one side. The slot 70a may include
pin apertures 70b, 70c at the ends of the slot 70a for inserting
pins 42 (not shown). The pins 42 may be used to protect features of
the first and third bones 12, 16 such as medial and lateral
malleolus 12e, 16a. The first bone 12 may be cut until the first
tissue resection tool contacts the pins 42. The pins 42 may prevent
over or notched cuts in the first bone 12.
[0078] In one embodiment, the first tissue resection guide 66
includes a second guide path 72. The second guide path 72 is
optionally provided to guide the tissue resection tool for a second
resection. The second guide path 72 may be generally perpendicular
to the blade guard 70. In one embodiment, the second guide path 72
is open toward one lateral side and defines only one side of a
resection plane. In an alternative embodiment, the second guide
path 72 is closed similar to the first guide path 70 to capture the
blade on two opposing sides (not shown).
[0079] The first tissue resection guide 66 may include indicia 74
indicating which foot (i.e. left or right) 26 the first tissue
resection guide 66 is to be used on. The indicia 74 may also, or in
the alternative, indicate a size of the first tissue resection
guide 66. The first tissue resection guide 66 may include an indent
66c on each lateral side of the first tissue resection guide 66 to
aide in gripping the first tissue resection guide 66 during
insertion and removal from the second positing block 58.
[0080] Spacer Guide
[0081] Referring to the embodiment of FIG. 6, a spacer guide 78 may
be provided for positioning the first and second positioning blocks
50, 58 relative to the attachment block 38 and a feature 12c of the
first bone 12 (FIGS. 17-20). Because the attachment block 38 may be
attached to the first bone 12 proximate the feature 12c, the spacer
guide 78 may be used to adjust the first and second positioning
blocks 50, 58 and position the end surface 58e of the second
positioning block 58 in the appropriate position. The spacer guide
78 may be used in conjunction with a C-arm or other imaging device
to position the end surface 58e of the second positioning block 58
a predetermined distance from the feature 12c of the first bone 12.
In one embodiment, the feature 12c is a superior aspect of the
tibial plafond of the tibia (see FIG. 20).
[0082] The spacer guide 78 may include an extension arm 80
extending downwardly from a body 78a of the spacer guide 78. In one
embodiment, the extension arm 80 is curved inwardly toward the body
78a during use of the spacer guide 78 such that the extension arm
80 curves around the outside of the patient's anatomy, e.g. leg 84.
However, the extension arm 80 may be straight or outwardly curved
and have any shape.
[0083] The spacer guide 78 may include a projection or mount 82
extending downwardly from the body 78a and spaced laterally from
the extension arm 80. The mount 82 may be configured to snugly fit
within the slot 70a of the first guide path 70. The body 78a
optionally includes a grip 78b such as an aperture extending
through the body 78a to aid in grasping the spacer guide 78 between
two fingers. The extension arm 80, the body 78a and the mount 82
may be generally planar and parallel to one another.
[0084] The extension arm 78 may include one or more projections 86
extending from the extension arm 80 and spaced a predetermined
distance from the mount 82 in order to measure the distance from
the slot 70a of the first guide path 70. In one embodiment, the
projections 86 are pins. The projections 86 may extend through the
extension arm 80 such that the projections 86 extend from either
side of the extension arm 78 allowing the spacer guide 78 to be
used on either lateral side of the ankle 24. In one embodiment, the
predetermined distance, i.e. the length of each projection from
each side of the extension arm 80 is approximately 1 mm to
approximately 10 mm. In one embodiment, the projections 86 extend
approximately 5 mm from the extension arm 80. In one embodiment,
there are 6-8 projections 86. However, their may be any number of
projections 86 having any configuration. The projections 86 may
each include a plurality of distance markings such as ribs or
include projections 86 having different lengths so that multiple
predetermined distances can be ascertained using a single spacer
guide 78. Alternatively, the extension arm 80 and/or body 78a may
be curved or spaced from the mount 82 in the normal direction from
the body 78a such that the extension arm 80 is spaced from the
mount 82 the predetermined distance in the normal direction from
the body 78a without the need for projections 86. The extension arm
80 may alternatively be adjustable relative to the mount 82 such
that the predetermined distance may be altered by adjusting a
feature or adjusting the orientation of the extension arm 80
relative to the body 78a. The extension arm 80 may alternatively
have a thickness equal to the predetermined distance from the mount
82 for measuring the predetermined distance.
[0085] Second Tissue Resection Guide
[0086] Referring to the embodiment of FIG. 7, a second tissue
resection guide 90 may be provided to resect tissue from the second
bone 14 using, for example, the first tissue resection tool (not
shown). The second tissue resection guide 90 may be mounted to the
second bone 14 relative to the placement of the attachment block
38. In one embodiment, the second tissue resection guide 90 is
configured to mount over the first tissue resection guide 66 such
that the second bone 14 is resected relative to the first resected
tissue surface 100 (FIG. 21). The second tissue resection guide 90
may include a mount 92 for securing the second tissue resection
guide 90 to first tissue resection guide 66. The mount 92 may be
configured to receive the fastener 68 used to secure the first
tissue resection guide 66 to the second positioning block 58.
[0087] In one embodiment, a tab 98 extends downwardly from the
second tissue resection guide 90 to contact the first bone 12. The
tab 98 may contact the first resected tissue surface 100 of the
first bone 12 to help stabilize the second tissue resection guide
90 relative to the first bone 12. In an alternative embodiment of
the second tissue resection guide 90, the second tissue resection
guide 90 includes an integral component that is shaped and
configured similar to the first tissue resection guide 66 such that
after using the first tissue resection guide 90, the first tissue
resection guide 66 is removed from the second positioning block 58
and the second tissue resection guide 90 with the integral first
tissue resection guide 66 is mountable directly to the second
positioning block 58.
[0088] The second tissue resection guide 90 may include a guide
path 94 for guiding and capturing a tissue resection tool such as
the first tissue resection tool, e.g. a blade (not shown). The
second tissue resection guide 90 may be configured to guide a
tissue resection tool that is different or the same from the tissue
resection tool used with the first tissue resection guide 66. The
first tissue resection tool may be used to used with the second
tissue resection guide 90 expose a resected or second surface 104
(see FIG. 22) of the second bone 14. In one embodiment, the second
resected tissue surface 104 is bone. In alternative embodiments,
the second resected tissue surface 104 is another tissue such as
cartilage and/or a combination of different tissue.
[0089] In one embodiment, the second tissue resection guide 90 may
be configured such that one side of the guide path 94 is generally
flush or parallel with an outer end 66d (FIG. 5) of the first
tissue resection guide 66 such that the guide path 94 and the outer
end 66d of the first tissue resection guide 66 define a resection
plane. In one embodiment, the first and second tissue resection
guides 66, 90 are configured so that when engaged with each other,
the guide path 94 is spaced from the slot 70a of the first guide
path 70 a predetermined distance. In one embodiment, the
predetermined distance between the guide path 94 and the slot 70a
of the first guide path 70 is approximately 1 mm to approximately 8
mm. In one embodiment, the predetermined distance between the guide
path 94 and the slot 70a of the first guide path 70 is
approximately 4 mm. The predetermined distance between the guide
path 94 and the slot 70a of the first guide path 70 may be
generally equal to the thickness of the first guide path 70. The
guide path 94 may include one or more recesses 94a each for
receiving pins (not shown) to adjust the length of the guide path
94 and limit the amount that the second bone 14 is resected.
[0090] The second tissue resection guide 90 may include one or more
pin mounts 96. The pin mounts 96 may be used to support pins 42
that secure the second tissue resection guide 90 to the second bone
14 (see FIG. 20). In such an embodiment, the second bone 14 is held
relative to the attachment block 38. In an alternative embodiment,
the guide path 94 may include a generally open side such that the
first tissue resection tool is only supported or guided on one
side.
[0091] Referring to the embodiment of FIG. 8, a second tissue
resection guide 90' may include a tab extension 102 that extends
further downwardly from the tab 98' such that the tab extension 102
is sandwiched between and contacts both the first resected tissue
surface 100 and the not yet resected second bone 14 when initially
in place on the first tissue resection guide 66 (see FIG. 21). In
one embodiment, the second tissue resection guide 90 is used for
normal to tight joints and the second tissue resection guide 90'
with the tab extension 102' is used for lax joints. In one
embodiment, the tab extensions 102 are approximately 1 mm to
approximately 10 mm thick depending on how lax the joint is. In one
embodiment, the second tissue resection guides 94' are provided
with tab extensions 102 in approximately 2 mm, 4 mm or 6 mm
thicknesses. In one embodiment, the tab extension 102 is generally
flat and bulbous shaped such that the tab extension 102
sufficiently contacts the first resected tissue surface 100.
However, the tab extension 102 may be any shape such as
rectangular, triangular or square.
[0092] Datum
[0093] Referring to the embodiment of FIG. 9A-9C, a datum 108 may
be provided for releasably engaging at least one tissue resection
guide as described further below. The datum 108 may provide a fixed
reference point on the second bone 14 to make one or more
resections to the second bone 14 relative or in reference to the
datum 108. The datum 108 may also include one or more surfaces
and/or one or more edges that are aligned with a feature of the
tissue resection guide (e.g. a guide path) to form a resection
plane an example of which is described in more detail below. The
datum 108 may assist in directly guiding and supporting the various
resection tools. In one embodiment, the datum 108 allows for
multiple resections adjacent to the datum using two or more
resections guides while only attaching one device to the second
bone 14, e.g, the datum 108.
[0094] In one embodiment, the datum 108 is a parallelepiped.
However, the datum 108 may be generally shaped and sized such that
resections guided at least partially by the datum 108 conform to an
upper interior (not shown) of the first endoprosthetic component
18. Though the datum 108 may have planar sides, the datum 108 may
alternatively have one or more curved or stepped sides. The shape
of the datum 108 may generally correspond to the shape required to
fully resect an end of the second bone 14 using a predetermined
number of generally planar resection planes. In one embodiment, the
datum 108 includes four generally planar resection planes. The use
of the datum 108 may help to minimize the amount of tissue that is
resected from the second bone 14 by reducing recutting, reshaping
and over resection caused by free-hand cutting, miss-measurements,
measuring off of other cuts and/or misplacement of resection
guides.
[0095] In one embodiment, the datum 108 includes first, second,
third and forth sides 108a, 108b, 108c, 108e. In one embodiment, a
bottom 108d of the datum 108 is sized and configured to contact a
tissue surface (e.g., the second resected tissue surface 104). In
one embodiment, the datum 108 has at least one side (e.g., one of
sides 108a, 108b, 108c, 108e) that is generally in-line or parallel
to a resected tissue surface such as a tissue surface (e.g. one of
surfaces 104a, 104b, 104c, 104d) such as in a manner described
below after the resections to the second bone 14 are made. The
first second and third sides 108a, 108b, 108c of the datum 108 may
each be angled inwardly such that they each extend at an acute
angle from the base or bottom 108d (FIG. 9C). In one embodiment,
the top of the fourth side 108e may extend outwardly such that the
fourth side 108e extends at an obtuse angle from the bottom 108d.
The second and third sides 108b, 108c may be angled inwardly toward
each other proximate the first side 108a about an axis
perpendicular to the bottom 108d such that the second and third
sides 108b, 108c each extend from the fourth side 108e at an acute
angle measured on a plane parallel to the bottom 108d. In one
embodiment, the first side 108a is generally ninety degrees from
the fourth side 108e as measured on a plane parallel to the bottom
108d. In one embodiment, the third side 108c is angled inwardly
proximate the first side 108a about an axis perpendicular to the
bottom 108d. An angle of inclination defined by the intersection of
the third side 108c and a plane normal to the bottom 108d may be
greater than an angle of inclination defined by the intersection of
the second side 108b and a plane normal to the bottom 108d as
illustrated in FIG. 9B. At least one side 108a, 108b, 108c, 108e of
the datum 108 may be sized and configured to at least partially
contact and guide a tissue resection tool as described further
below. In one embodiment, the first, second, third and forth sides
108a, 108b, 108c, 108e of the datum 108 are posterior, medial,
lateral and anterior sides respectively.
[0096] The datum 108 optionally includes a datum mount 110. The
datum mount 110 may include a threaded aperture 110a. The datum
mount 110 may include a recessed section 110b for further engaging
at least one tissue resection guide and for receiving a datum
securement 122 of a distractor 120 (see, e.g., FIG. 10D). The
recessed section 110b may have a generally cube-like shape.
However, the recessed section 110b may have any shape such as
pyramid, spherical-like or approximations thereof.
[0097] The datum 108 may include at least one pin aperture 112 for
receiving a pin 42 or a shoulder pin 114. The pin aperture 112 may
include a shoulder 112a to limit depth of the shoulder pins 114
(FIG. 25). The pins 114 may be received at an angle relative to the
bottom 108d such that the pins 114 extend upwardly from the datum
108 toward the fourth side 108e of the datum 108. In one
embodiment, the datum 114 includes a pair of pin apertures 120
spaced on medial/lateral sides of the datum mount 110 such that
when pinned to the second resected tissue surface 104, the datum
108 does not rotate relative to the second resected tissue surface
104.
[0098] The datum 108 may include indicia 116 such as a colored
polymeric plug that indicates the size and/or shape of the datum
108. In one embodiment, the indicia 116 is positioned on a
non-tissue contacting surface. In one embodiment, the indicia 116
is located on a surface opposite a surface that is a tissue
contacting surface such as, for example, the bottom 108 in the
embodiment illustrated in FIG. 9C.
[0099] Distractor
[0100] FIGS. 10A-10C illustrates one embodiment of a distractor
120. The distractor 120 may be sized and configured to place,
orient and/or insert the datum 108 onto a tissue surface, e.g. the
second resected tissue surface 104. The distractor 120 may
additionally be used to distract or separate the first resected
tissue surface 100 from the second resected tissue surface 104 and
provide sufficient space to place the datum 108 and attach
resection guides thereto. The distractor 120 may include a handle
129 and a datum securement 122 and a tissue engaging portion 134
attached to the handle 129. At least a portion of the handle 129
may extend along a handle axis 120a. In one embodiment, the handle
129 includes a first or lower handle 130 and a second or upper
handle 136.
[0101] The datum securement 122 may be configured to releasably
engage the datum 108. The datum securement 122 may releasably
engage the datum 108 in an insertion position (FIG. 10A) and or
during positioning of the datum 108 on the second resected tissue
surface 104 (FIGS. 24 and 25). In one embodiment, the datum
securement 122 includes at least one projection 122a. The
projection 122a may be oriented to project from the datum
securement 122 at an angle relative to the axis 120a. Projections
122a may be sized, configured and oriented to extend into the datum
mount 110 of the datum 108. However, the datum securement 122 may
include any suitable device for releasably engaging or securing the
datum 108 such as a threaded attachment or a magnet.
[0102] In one embodiment, the distractor 120 includes an abutment
member 124 proximate the datum securement 122. The abutment member
124 may be fork shaped such that the datum 108 is engaged by ends
124a on either sides of the projection 122a to provide at least
three points of contact with the datum 108 such that the datum 108
is securely held and does not move relative to the distractor 120.
However, the abutment member 124 may have any suitable shape
including one or more surface or point of contact end 124a. The
ends 124a of the abutment member 124 may be slanted or otherwise
shaped and configured to be generally parallel to the fourth side
108e of the datum 108. The abutment member 124 may be slidable
relative to a lower handle 130 extending from the datum securement
122. The abutment member 124 may be slid toward the datum
projection 122a to pinch the datum 108 between the datum projection
122a and the abutment member 124. Alternatively, the datum
projection 122a may be moved relative to the abutment member 124.
The abutment member 124 may have a recessed or stepped distal
bottom surface 124b (FIG. 10D) such that the abutment member 124 is
generally flush or parallel with the bottom surface 108d of the
datum 108. The remainder of the abutment member 124 may be thicker
than the distal bottom surface 124b to strengthen the abutment
member 124.
[0103] In one embodiment, the abutment member 124 includes a datum
lock 126 configured to move the datum datum securement 124 from a
secured position to a released position. The datum lock 126 may
include a rotatable nut 126a that threadably engages a shaft 124c.
In one embodiment, the shaft 126c is integral with the abutment
member 124. In an alternative embodiment, the shaft 124c is
integral with the nut 126a and the threaded shaft 124c extends into
the abutment member 124. The datum securement 122 may include a
stop 128 (FIG. 10E) that engages with the abutment member 124 when
the datum 108 has been secured with the distractor 120 to prevent
over extending the abutment member 124 and exerting a pinching
force on the datum 108 that may damage the datum projection 122a
and/or the datum 108.
[0104] In one embodiment, the lower handle 130 extends from the
datum securement 122. The lower handle may be generally aligned
with the handle axis 120a. The lower handle 130 may include a grip
132. In one embodiment, the grip 132 is integral with the lower
handle 128 and may include a plurality of indentations 132a.
Alternatively, the grip 132 may be a separate component and/or have
a textured surface.
[0105] The distractor 122 may include a tissue engaging portion
134. In one embodiment, the upper handle 136 extends from the
tissue engaging portion 134. The upper handle 136 may include a
distal portion 136e attached to the tissue engaging portion 134 and
a grip portion 136f attached to the distal portion 136e. The grip
portion 136f of the upper handle 136 may include a plurality of
grips 136a. In one embodiment, the grips 136a include a plurality
indentations 136a separated by columns that are oriented
perpendicular to a longitudinal axis 120a of the handle 130. The
grips 136a may have any suitable shape such as scalloped or
cylindrical.
[0106] The distal portion 136e and the grip portion 136f may be
joined at an inflection or pivot point 136d. In one embodiment, the
grip portion 136f of the upper handle 136 extends from the
inflection point 136f at an angle relative to the lower handle 130
as shown in FIG. 10A. The distal portion 136e may be generally
parallel with the axis 120a in an insertion position. The upper
handle 136 may extend from the inflection point between a range of
angles that allows a user to grip the upper and lower handles 136,
130 with one hand while allowing sufficient movement of the tissue
engaging portion 134 relative to the datum 108. In one embodiment,
the upper handle 136 may extend from the inflection point at
approximately 30 degrees as shown in FIG. 10A. The upper handle 136
may be convexly shaped away from the lower handle 130 so as to make
the upper handle 136 closer to being parallel with the lower handle
130 to make gripping of the distractor 120 easier. In one
embodiment, the upper handle 136 is pivotable with respect to the
lower handle 130 such that squeezing the upper and lower handles
130, 136 together spaces the tissue engaging portion 134 from the
datum securement 122. In one embodiment, the lower handle 130 is
releasably attached to the upper handle 136. The lower handle 130
may include a socket 130a that rotatably supports an axle (not
visible) on the upper handle 136. In one embodiment, the socket
130a is partially open, e.g. C-shaped, such that the upper handle
136 is removable proximally from the lower handle 130. The axle of
the upper handle 136 may be spring biased within the socket 130a by
a first biasing member 138. The first biasing member 138 may be a
cantilever spring. In an alternative embodiment, the lower and
upper handles 130, 136 have a scissor orientation such that the
lower handle 130 extends from the tissue engaging portion 134 and
the upper handle 136 extends from the datum securement 122.
[0107] In one embodiment, the tissue engaging portion 134 includes
a paddle 140 configured to engage the first resected tissue surface
100. The paddle 140 may be pivotably attached to the upper handle
136 such that the paddle 140 remains at a generally constant angle
during separation of the first and second bones 12, 14 to maintain
contact with the first resected tissue surface 100 during
distraction of the first and second bones 12,14. In one embodiment,
the paddle 140 may remain generally parallel to the second resected
tissue surface 100 as the tissue engaging portion 134 is pivoted
from the datum securement 122. The paddle 140 and upper handle 136
may be pivotable about axes that are generally parallel to one
another.
[0108] In one embodiment, a portion of the paddle 140 may be at
least partially narrower than the space between the pin apertures
112 of the datum 108 such that the paddle 140 can be slid out
between the shoulder pins 114 after securing the datum 108 to the
second resected tissue surface 104. In one embodiment, the paddle
140 includes an enlarged end 140a. In one embodiment, the enlarged
end 140a is wider than the space between the pin apertures 112 of
the datum 108 to provide, for example, increased surface area for
contacting the first resected tissue surface 100 and keeping
surrounding tissue clear from the second resected tissue surface
104. The paddle 140 may also be enlarged toward the enlarged end
140a to provide more weight proximal to the axis of rotation such
that paddle 140 tends to lay parallel with the extending upper
handle 136 when released. The paddle 140 may be partially recessed
within the extending upper handle 136 such that the paddle 140 is
nearly flush and/or parallel with the upper handle 136 in the
insertion position. In one embodiment, the paddle 140 may include
one or more ribs 140c (FIG. 10C) that extends downwardly from the
paddle 140 into a recess 136b of the upper handle in the insertion
position. In one embodiment, the ribs 140c may be provided to
generally stiffen and minimize bending of the enlarged end 140a
while allowing the paddle 140 to be generally flush or parallel
with the upper handle 136.
[0109] The proximal ends 136c, 130b of the upper and lower handles
136, 130 may be connected by a ratchet 142 such that distractor 120
can be held in a distracted position (FIG. 25) without a user
having to continually squeeze the handles 130, 136. The ratchet 142
may include a plurality of teeth 142a that engage a projection (not
shown) of the upper handle 136 and prevent the upper handle 136
from returning to the insertion position. The ratchet 140 may be
spring biased via a second biasing member 144. In one embodiment,
the second biasing member 144 is a cantilever spring secured to the
lower handle 130.
[0110] In one embodiment, the upper handle 136 may be removed from
the lower handle 130 if distraction of the first and second
resected tissue surfaces 100, 104 is not necessary (e.g. for a lax
joint) and/or to disengage and the ratchet 142 such that the upper
handle 136 is freely pivotable relative to the lower handle 130.
The ratchet 142 may be disengaged from the upper handle 136 by
pulling back on the ratchet, removing the upper handle 136 from the
lower handle 130 and pivoting the ratchet 142 downwardly so that it
lies on the lower handle 130 (FIG. 10D). Once the ratchet 142 has
been disengaged from the upper handle 136, the upper handle 136
re-attached to the lower handle 130 such that the distractor 120
functions without the ratchet 142. The ratchet 142 optionally
includes a grip 142b that extends upwardly past or through the
upper handle 136 such that the ratchet 142 may be gripped and
pulled rearwardly or proximally to disengage the ratchet 140 from
the upper handle 136. In one embodiment, the grip 142b is an
indent. The grip 142b of the ratchet 142 may receive a portion of
the datum lock 126 in the folded position (FIG. 10D) such that the
ratchet 142b may lie flat against the lower handle 130.
Alternatively, the ratchet 142 may have a shorter length than shown
such that the datum lock 126 may be used while the ratchet 142 lies
against the lower handle portion 130.
[0111] Third Tissue Resection Guide
[0112] Referring to the embodiment of FIGS. 11A-11B, a third tissue
resection guide 146 may be provided for resecting, for example, the
second bone 14. The third tissue resection guide 146 may be sized
and configured to releasably attach to the top side 108f of the
datum 108 and guide one or more tissue resection tools. In one
embodiment, the third tissue resection guide 146 is an
anterior/posterior tissue resection guide for resecting the second
bone 14 anterior and posterior to the datum 108. The third tissue
resection guide 146 may be used to resect the second bone 14 in any
direction relative to the datum 108. The third tissue resection
guide 146 includes a base 148 that releasably engages the datum
108. The base 148 may include a datum projection 148a that extends
from the base 148 and fits within the recessed section 108d of the
datum 108 to prevent the third tissue resection guide 146 from
rotating with respect to the datum 108. The datum projection 148a
may include an aperture 148b for receiving a fastener 150
configured to secure the third tissue resection guide 146 to the
datum 108. In one embodiment, the fastener 150 is an Allen screw.
However, the fastener 150 may be any securement device such as a
snap. The base 148 may include pin apertures 148c for fitting over
the shoulder pins 114 extending from the datum 108. The pin
apertures 148c may be angled away from the base 148 such that the
pins 42 remain out of the way and provide a more stable support
from the second bone 14.
[0113] The third tissue resection guide 146 may include a first
frame 152 attached to the base 148. In one embodiment, the first
frame 152 is integral with the base 148. In one embodiment, the
first frame 152 is adjacent to the fourth side 108e of the datum
108 when the third tissue resection guide 146 is engaged with the
datum 108 (e.g., FIG. 28).
[0114] The first frame 152 may include or define one or more guide
paths (e.g., first and second guide paths 154, 156). In one
embodiment, guide paths 154, 156 are apertures within a frame
(e.g., the first frame 152). In one embodiment, the guide paths
154, 156 are elongate apertures. For example, in one embodiment,
the guide paths 154, 156 are defined by an inner wall 152a of a
frame (e.g., the first frame 152). In the embodiment of FIG. 11A,
for example, the guide paths 154, 156 are defined by a continuous
inner wall 152a. In one embodiment, guide paths such as guide path
166 is defined a discontinuous inner wall 160a. Also as illustrated
in FIG. 11A, guide paths, such as guide paths 154, 156 may extend
through a frame (e.g., first frame 152) such that there is no
restriction to a correctly sized tool passing though such a guide
path from one side of a frame to another. As will be illustrated in
more detail below, a guide path (such as guide path 180c of FIG.
12B may include a closed upper surface 180a to restrict the
movement of a resection tool when the resection tool is being
guided in the guide path 180c.
[0115] In one embodiment, the first and second guide paths 154, 156
each include an enlarged end 154a, 156a. The enlarged ends 154a,
156a (e.g., of adjacent guide paths) are optionally on opposite
lateral sides of the first frame 152. In one embodiment, the
enlarged end 154a of first guide path 154 is proximate the lateral
side of the ankle 24 and the enlarged end 156 of the second guide
path 156 is proximate the medial side of the ankle 24 during use as
shown in the embodiment of FIGS. 28 and 29 such that a resection
tool (e.g. a milling bit) 168 spinning clockwise tends to pull away
from the base 148 caused by the contact between the resection tool
and the second bone 14. In one embodiment, the orientation of the
enlarged ends 145a, 156a may be reversed (not shown) for a
resection tool 168 spinning in a counterclockwise direction. The
first and second guide paths 154, 156 may be generally parallel to
each other. The first and second guide paths 154, 156 may be
generally parallel to the fourth side 114e of the datum. In one
embodiment, the centers 154b, 156b of the first and second guide
paths 154, 156 are spaced a distance D.sub.1 that is less than a
diameter D.sub.2 of the enlarged end 154a of the first guide path
154. In one embodiment, the spacing of the guide paths 154, 156
allows for an overlapping resection path as discussed further
below. The center 154b of the first guide path 154 may be spaced
from the fourth side 108e of the datum 108 a distance approximately
equal to half of the diameter D.sub.2 of the enlarged end 154a of
the first guide path 154 such that the resection path nearly abuts
the fourth side 108e of the datum 108. The first frame 152 may
include one or more pin supports 158 each configured to receive a
pin 42 (see FIG. 27) for further stabilizing the third tissue
resection guide 146 relative to the second bone 14.
[0116] In one embodiment, each of the first and second guide paths
154, 156 are configured to receive and guide a tissue resection
tool such as a second tissue resection tool 168. (See FIG. 27). The
second tissue resection tool 168 may be a milling bit though the
second tissue resection tool 168 may be any tissue resection tool
such as a blade. The second tissue resection tool 168 may include
an enlarged cutting head 168a. In one embodiment, the cutting head
168a fits through the enlarged ends 154a, 156a of the first and
second guide paths 154, 156 respectively but does not fit through
the remainder of the first and second guide paths 154, 156. The
remainder of the first and second guide paths 154, 156 may be
narrowed from the enlarged ends 154a, 156a to more closely fit
another feature of a resection tool such as the diameter of a shaft
168b of the second tissue resection tool 168.
[0117] In one embodiment, the second tissue resection tool 168
includes a stop 168c that abuts a top surface of the first frame
152 to limit the distance the second tissue resection tool 168
extends through the first frame 152 as shown in FIG. 28. In one
embodiment, the stop 168c is rotatable with respect to the shaft
168b thereby significantly reducing the amount that the stop 168c
rotates against and wears the top surface of the first frame
152.
[0118] The third tissue resection guide 146 is sized and configured
to guide the second tissue resection tool 168 proximate the fourth
side 108e of the datum 108. In one embodiment, third tissue
resection guide 146 is sized and configured to guide the second
tissue resection tool 168 to resect the second bone 14 and to
further expose the second resected tissue surface 104 in a
direction away from the fourth side 108e of the datum 108. In one
embodiment, the further exposed second resected tissue surface 104
is a second resected tissue surface expansion 104b (best
illustrated in FIGS. 30 and 33). In one embodiment, the second
resected tissue surface 104 is expanded in the anterior direction.
The fourth resected tissue surface 104b may be generally normal to
the fourth side 108e of the datum 108. In one embodiment, each
guide path 154, 156 is used to expose the fourth resected tissue
surface 104b. (See FIGS. 28 and 29). The first and second guide
paths 154, 156 may be configured to allow for overlapping
resections by the second tissue resection tool 168 such that the
first and second guide paths 154, 156 create a planar fourth
resected tissue surface 104b (See FIGS. 28 and 30). Alternatively,
the first frame 152 includes a single guide path 154 or more than
two guide paths 154, 156.
[0119] With continued reference to the embodiment shown in FIGS.
11A and 11B, the third tissue resection guide 146 optionally
includes a second frame 160 adjacent to the first side 108a of the
datum 108. The third tissue resection guide 146 may be sized and
configured to receive and guide a third tissue resection tool 170.
The third tissue resection tool 170 may further expose or expand
the second resected tissue surface 104 in a direction away from the
datum 108. (See FIG. 26). In one embodiment, the further exposed
second resected tissue surface 104 is a third resected tissue
surface 104a (best illustrated in FIGS. 30 and 33). Referring to
the embodiment of FIG. 27, the third tissue resection tool 170 may
be a blade with a cutting end 170a. The third tissue resection tool
170 is configured to slide back and forth within the guide path 166
such that the cutting end 170a resects tissue and expands the
second resected tissue surface 104 to further expose the third
resected tissue surface 104a.
[0120] The second frame 160 may include a guide path 166. In one
embodiment, the guide path 166 includes a partially open sidewall
160c defined by sidewall segments 162, 164. In one embodiment, each
sidewall 162, 164 extends from the base 148 and wraps around toward
each other to define the guide path 166. Sidewall 162, 164 may
taper to a center point 162a, 164a. In one embodiment, a benefit of
an at least partially open sidewall 160c includes permitting a user
to view a tissue resection tool within the guide path 166. In one
embodiment, the partially open sidewall 160c permits viewing of the
third tissue resection tool 170 and/or the third resected tissue
surface 104a (FIG. 27) while the third tissue resection tool 170 is
resecting tissue.
[0121] In one embodiment, a guide path 166 is defined by inner
walls 162b, 164b. In one embodiment, a first side 108a of the datum
108 and a feature (e.g. an edge 148f) of the base 148 are aligned
with at least one inner wall of the frame 160 when the third tissue
resection guide 146 is engaged with the datum 108.
[0122] In one embodiment, the guide path 166 may be generally
aligned in a plane with the first side 108a of the datum 108 when
the third tissue resection guide 146 is engaged with the datum. For
example, in FIGS. 27 and 29, the third tissue resection guide 146
and datum 108 may define a template or resection plane that is
aligned with the third resected tissue surface 104a and in which
the third tissue resection tool 170 is moved along. In one
embodiment, the resection plane corresponds to a desired cut
surface of a bone to match a feature of the total joint replacement
10. In one embodiment, the resection plane may be defined by a
feature (e.g., inner wall 162b) of the second frame 160 or by a
combination of one or more features of the second frame 160 and a
feature of the base 148. In one embodiment, sidewalls 162, 164
define a slot with inner edge 148f that is slightly larger than a
preselected thickness of the third resection tool 170 and wider
than a preselected thickness of the third resection tool 170 to
allow the third resection tool 170 to slide from side to side
within the guide path 166 but small enough to constrain undesirable
movement away from the base 178.
[0123] In one embodiment, there are no sidewalls 162, 164 on the
second frame 160 such that the guide path 166 is entirely open
toward one side. In such an embodiment, care should be taken not to
contact the medial and lateral malleolus 12e, 16a rather than rely
on the sidewalls 162, 164 to stop the second tissue resection tool
170. In one embodiment, the second frame 160 of the third tissue
resection guide 146 has an entirely closed perimeter wall (not
shown). In one embodiment, the third resection guide 146 does not
include a second frame 160 and the third resected tissue surface
104a is exposed by sliding the third tissue resection tool 170
against the first side 108a of the datum 108. The third tissue
resection guide 146 may include indicia 172 such as a colored
polymeric plug that indicates the size and/or right or left foot
26.
[0124] Fourth Tissue Resection Guide
[0125] Referring to the embodiment of FIGS. 12A-12C, a fourth
tissue resection guide 176 may be provided for resecting the second
bone 14. The fourth tissue resection guide 176 is sized and
configured to releasably attach to the top side 108f of the datum
108 (see FIGS. 31 and 32). The fourth tissue resection guide 176 is
also configured to receive and guide one or more resection tools to
resect tissue at predetermined orientation and location. In one
embodiment, a resection using the fourth tissue resection guide 176
is made while fourth tissue resection guide 176 is attached to the
datum 108 and while the datum 108 is attached to tissue (e.g., the
second resected tissue surface 104). In one embodiment, the fourth
tissue resection guide 176 is configured to guide one or more
tissue resection tools adjacent to the datum 108. In one
embodiment, the fourth resection tool 182 is guided adjacent to one
or more sides of the datum 108. In one embodiment, the fourth
resection tool 182 is guided adjacent to different sides of the
datum 108 than the sides of the datum 108 that are adjacent to the
resections made when the third tissue resection guide 146 is used
as described above. In one embodiment, the fourth tissue resection
guide 176 is a medial/lateral tissue resection guide for resecting
the second bone 14 medial and lateral to the datum 108. However,
the fourth tissue resection guide 176 may be used to resect the
second bone 14 in any direction relative to the datum 108.
[0126] The fourth tissue resection guide 176 includes a base 178
that releasably engages the datum 108. The base 178 may include a
datum projection 178a that extends from the base 178 and fits
within the recessed section 108d of the datum 108 to prevent the
fourth tissue resection guide 176 from rotating with respect to the
datum 108. The datum projection 178a may include an aperture 178b
for receiving a fastener 150 configured to secure the fourth tissue
resection guide 176 to the datum 108. In one embodiment, the
fastener 150 is an Allen screw. However, the fastener 150 may by
any securement device such as a snap or magnet. The fastener 150
may be the same fastener 150 used to secure the third tissue
resection guide 146 to the datum 108. In one embodiment, each of
the third and fourth tissue resection guides 146, 176 may include
its own fastener 150. The base 178 may include pin apertures 178c
for fitting over the shoulder pins 114 extending from the datum
108. In one embodiment, the fourth tissue resection guide 176 is
integral with the third tissue resection guide 146. The base 178
may include one or more grips 178d (see FIG. 12A) that are
configured to engage an insertion tool (not shown) such as forceps.
In one embodiment, the grips 178d may be apertures as shown.
[0127] The fourth tissue resection guide 176 may include a first
frame 180 attached to the base 178 (e.g., such that the first frame
180 is integral with the base 178 or a separate component that is
combined with the base 178). In one embodiment, the first frame 180
is adjacent to the second side 108b of the datum 108 when the
fourth tissue resection guide 176 is engaged with the datum 108 and
is configured to receive and guide a tissue resection tool such as
the fourth tissue resection tool 182. (See FIG. 31).
[0128] The first frame 180 may include a guide path 180c for
capturing and guiding the fourth tissue resection tool 182. In one
embodiment, the guide path 180c is a generally planar elongated
slot. In one embodiment, the guide path 180c is defined at least in
part by an inner surface 180g of the first frame 180 and an outer
surface 178g of the base 178. When the fourth tissue resection
guide 176 is engaged with the datum 108 the guide path 180c may be
further defined, at least in part, by the second side 108b of the
datum 108.
[0129] In one embodiment, the guide path 180c of the first frame
180 is at least partially closed proximate a top 178f of the base
178 via a closed top 180a. In one embodiment, the guide path 180c
is substantially open proximate the bottom 178e of the base 178. In
one embodiment, the closed top 180a and open bottom of the guide
path 180c permit the resection tool to move freely in a direction
toward the second bone 12 but restricts the resection tool in a
direction normal to the base 178 such that the resection tool may
be slid downwardly out of the fourth resection guide 176 but not
upwardly out of the fourth resection guide 176. The closed top 180a
may be provided so that the fourth tissue resection tool 182 can be
pivoted up against the closed top 180a during use. The closed top
180a may include a rounded inner edge 180b to contact the fourth
tissue resection tool 182 and prevent a pointed contact between the
first frame 180 and the fourth tissue resection tool 182. The first
frame 180 may be open toward the bottom 178e of the base 178 such
that the fourth tissue resection tool 182 may extend downwardly
past the base 178 and resect the second bone 14 to further expose a
fifth resected tissue surface 104c. The guide path 180c may be
generally parallel to the second side 108b of the datum 108 when
the fourth tissue resection guide 176 is engaged with the datum
108. Alternatively, the guide path 180c may be defined solely by
the first frame 180 or solely between the first frame 180 and the
base 178. In one embodiment, the guide path 180c of the first frame
180 is a generally rectangular slot.
[0130] In one embodiment, the fourth tissue resection tool 182 is a
saw blade. However, the fourth tissue resection tool 182 may be any
suitable resection device such as any one of the first, second and
third tissue resection tools 168, 170 described above (the first
tissue resection tool is not shown).
[0131] The first frame 180 of the fourth tissue resection guide 176
may include at least one viewing window 186 extending through an
outer side 180d of the first frame 180. In one embodiment, the
first cut guide 180 includes two viewing windows 186a, 186b. The
outer side 180d of the first frame 180 may include an alignment
feature such as an alignment line 188 (best shown in FIG. 31) that
extends across or intersects the at least one viewing window 186
such that during use the depth of the fourth tissue resection tool
182 can be determined by aligning a feature 182a of the fourth
tissue resection tool 182 such as the top edge of the fourth tissue
resection tool 182 with the alignment line 188. (See FIG. 31). In
one embodiment, the alignment line 188 is cut or etched into the
outer side 180d of the first frame 180. Alternatively, the
alignment line 188 may be printed or otherwise affixed to the outer
side 180d of the first cut guide 180. The first frame 180 may be
used to resect or expose the fifth resected tissue surface 104c.
(See FIGS. 31 and 32).
[0132] Referring to FIGS. 31 and 32, in one embodiment, the fifth
resected tissue surface 104c extends medially from the second
resected tissue surface 104. In one embodiment, the fifth resected
tissue surface 104c is generally parallel with the second side 108b
of the datum 108. In one embodiment, approximately 0.5 mm to
approximately 6 mm of tissue may be removed from second bone 14 to
expose the fifth resected tissue surface 104c. In one embodiment,
approximately 2 mm to approximately 3 mm of tissue is removed from
second bone 14 proximal the second side 108b of the datum 108. The
inferior extending length of the fifth resected tissue surface 104c
may be approximately 5 mm to approximately 15 mm. In one
embodiment, the inferior extending length of the medial extension
106c is approximately 10 mm.
[0133] The fourth tissue resection guide 176 may include a second
frame 190 attached to the base 178. In one embodiment, the second
frame 190 is a general mirror image of the first frame 180. In one
embodiment, the second frame 190 and the first frame 180 are
attached to the base 178 in a general symmetrical configuration
(see, e.g., FIGS. 12A and 12B). In one embodiment, the second frame
190 and the first frame 180 are oriented to provide guides that
facilitate serial medial and lateral resections while the fourth
tissue resection guide 176 is attached to the datum 108 and the
datum 108 is attached to the second bone 14 (e.g., without the need
to detach and attach a cut guide to the second bone 14 between
medial and lateral resections).
[0134] In one embodiment, the second frame 190 is adjacent to the
third side 108c of the datum 108 when the fourth tissue resection
guide 176 is engaged with the datum 108 and is configured to
receive and guide a tissue resection tool such as the fourth tissue
resection tool 182 (similar to the first frame 180 shown in FIG.
31). In one embodiment, the second frame 190 is integral with the
base 178 or a separate component that is combined with the base
178. The second frame 190 may include a guide path 190c for
capturing and/or guiding the fourth tissue resection tool 182. In
one embodiment, the guide path 190c is defined at least in part by
an inner surface 190g of the first frame 190 and an outer surface
178h of the base 178. When the fourth tissue resection guide 176 is
engaged with the datum 108. The guide path 180c may be further
defined, at least in part, by a third side 108c of the datum
108.
[0135] In one embodiment, the guide path 190c of the second frame
190 is at least partially covered or closed proximate a top 178f of
the base 178 via a closed top 190a. In one embodiment, the guide
path 190c is substantially open proximate the bottom 178e of the
base 178. In one embodiment, the closed top 190a and open bottom
permit the resection tool to move freely in a direction toward the
second bone 12 but restricts the resection tool in a direction
normal to the base 178 such that the resection tool may be slid
downwardly out of the fourth resection guide 176 but not upwardly.
The closed top 190a may be provided so that the fourth tissue
resection tool 182 can be pivoted up against the closed top 190a
during use. The closed top 190a of the second frame 190 may include
a rounded inner edge 190b to contact the fourth tissue resection
tool 182 and prevent a pointed contact between the first frame 190
and the fourth tissue resection tool 182. The second frame 190 may
be open toward the bottom 178e of the base 178 such that the fourth
tissue resection tool 182 may extend downwardly past the base 178
and resect the second bone 14 to further expose a sixth resected
tissue surface 104d. The guide path 190c may be generally parallel
to the third side 108c of the datum 108 when the fourth tissue
resection guide 176 is engaged with the datum 108. Alternatively,
the guide path 190c may be defined solely by the second frame 190
or solely between the second frame 190 and the base 178. In one
embodiment, the guide path 190c of the second frame 190 is a
generally rectangular slot.
[0136] The second frame 190 of the fourth tissue resection guide
176 may include at least one viewing window 192 extending through
an outer side 190d of the second frame 190. In one embodiment, the
second frame 190 includes two viewing windows 192a, 192b. The outer
side 190d of the second frame 190 may include an alignment line 194
(best shown in FIG. 12A) that extends across the at least one
viewing window 192 such that during use the depth of the fourth
tissue resection tool 182 can be determined by aligning a feature
182a of the fourth tissue resection tool 182 such as the top edge
of the fourth tissue resection tool 182 with the alignment line
194. In one embodiment, the alignment line 194 is cut or etched
into the outer side 180d of the second frame 190. Alternatively,
the alignment line 194 may be printed or otherwise affixed to the
outer side 190d of the second frame 190. The second frame 190 may
be used to resect or expose a sixth resected tissue surface 104d.
(See FIG. 32).
[0137] Referring to FIG. 32, in one embodiment, the sixth resected
tissue surface 104d extends laterally from the second resected
tissue surface 104. In one embodiment, the sixth resected tissue
surface 104d is generally parallel with the second side 108b of the
datum 108. Approximately 0.5 mm to approximately 6 mm of tissue may
be removed from second bone 14 to expose the sixth resected tissue
surface 104d. In one embodiment, approximately 2 mm to
approximately 3 mm of tissue is removed from second bone 14
proximal the third side 108c of the datum 108. The inferior
extending length of the sixth resected tissue surface 104d is
approximately 10 mm to approximately 25 mm. In one embodiment, the
inferior extending length of the sixth resected tissue surface 104d
is approximately 17 mm.
[0138] In one embodiment, (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 12A) the
second frame 190 is angled about an axis that is generally
perpendicular to the top 178f of the base 178 such that the front
edge 190e is angled inwardly toward the base 178. In one
embodiment, the first frame 180 is angled about an axis that is
generally perpendicular to the top 178f of the base 178 such that
the front edge 180e is angled inwardly toward the base 178 (not
illustrated). In one embodiment (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 12B),
the first frame 180 and/or second frame 190 are angled toward each
other such that the closed tops 180a, 190a extend inwardly. In one
embodiment, the angle of inclination of the first frame 180 and the
second frame 190 are different. In one embodiment, the angles of
inclination of the first and second frames 180, 190 are
approximately equal to the angles of inclination of the respective
second and third sides 108b, 108c of the datum 108.
[0139] In one embodiment, the ends 180e, 190e extend outwardly from
the body 178 and generally taper to a point to protect surrounding
tissue from the fourth tissue resection tool 182. However, the ends
180e, 190e of the first and second frames 180, 190 may have any
shape and may or may not extend outwardly further from the body
178. In one embodiment, the top 180a of the first cut guide 180
extends further from the base 178 than the top 190a of the second
cut guide 190 to allow for a deeper resection proximate the third
side 108c of the datum 108 than the resection proximate the second
side 108b of the datum 108. However, the first and second cut
guides 180, 190 may be configured to make a similar depth cut or be
oriented to make any desired resections proximate and relative to
the datum 108. In one embodiment, the fourth tissue resection tool
182 includes vertically extending teeth 182c such that the teeth
182c do not contact the first or second cut guides 180, 190 during
use.
[0140] Window Trial
[0141] Referring to the embodiment of FIG. 13, there is shown a
window trial 198. The window trial 198 may include one or openings
200 to evaluate the resected second bone 14. The window trial 198
may be used to evaluate the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth
resected tissue surface tissues 104, 104a, 104b, 104c, 104d. (See
FIGS. 33 and 34). The window trial 198 may have an inner surface
198a that generally has the shape of an inner surface of the second
endoprosthetic component 18 of the total joint replacement 10. The
window trial 198 may have an outer surface 198b that generally has
the shape of an outer surface of the first endoprosthetic component
18 of the total joint replacement 10. In one embodiment, the window
trial 198 has the same shape and configuration as the first
endoprosthetic component 18 of the total joint replacement 10.
[0142] In one embodiment, the window trial 198 includes the one or
more openings 200 for viewing and evaluating the shape of one or
more of the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth resected tissue
surfaces 104, 104a, 104b, 104c, 104d, 104e. The window trial 198
may include side openings 200a, 200b proximate the fifth and sixth
resected tissue surface 104c, 104d respectively. In one embodiment,
the side openings 200a, 200b are generally aligned or parallel with
the fifth and sixth resected tissue surface 104c, 104d respectively
such that the fifth and sixth resected tissue surfaces 104c, 104d
are not visible if the resections are proper when viewing the fifth
and sixth resected tissue surfaces 104c, 104d at a viewing angle
that is parallel and in-line with the fifth and sixth resected
tissue surfaces 104c, 104d respectively. In one embodiment, first
and second top openings 200c, 200d expose the second and fourth
resected tissue surfaces 104, 104b respectively. The first and
second top openings 200c, 200d may each expose the second resected
tissue surface 104 proximate the third resected tissue surface 104a
such that the inner surface 198a of the window trial 198 proximate
the third resected tissue surface 104a is visible.
[0143] The window trial 198 may include a fin aperture 200e. In one
embodiment, a keel mill or wire driver (not shown) is used to cut a
keel slot (not shown) into the second 14 using the fin aperture
200e as a guide. The keel slot may be made for receiving the fin
18b of the first endoprosthetic component 18. The window trial 198
may include one or more pin apertures 204 for securing the window
trial 198 to the second bone 14 using one or more pins 42. The
window trial 198 optionally includes a handle 202 to assist in
installing and removing the window trial 198 from the second bone
14 using a tool such as forceps (not shown). The window trial 198
may include indicia (not shown) such as a colored polymeric plug or
printed graphic that indicates the size and/or right or left foot
26.
[0144] Barrel Cut Guide
[0145] Referring to the embodiment of FIG. 17, a barrel cut guide
208 may be provided. The barrel cut guide 208 may be configured to
guide a fifth tissue resection tool 210 used to form the resected
cavities 12a that receive the projections 20a of the second
endoprosthetic component 20. (See FIGS. 1 and 2). In one
embodiment, the fifth tissue resection tool 210 is a drill bit. In
one embodiment, the barrel cut guide 208 includes a support plate
212. The support plate 212 may contact the first resected tissue
surface 100 during use. The support plate 212 may also be used to
measure the first resected tissue surface 100 for the appropriately
sized second endoprosthetic component 20. In one embodiment,
various support plates 212 are provided that correspond to the size
of the second endoprosthetic component 20. In an alternative
embodiment, the support plate 212 is partially transparent and
includes various size markings for determining the size of the
second endoprosthetic component 20.
[0146] The barrel cut guide 208 may be fixed to the first bone 12
by one or more pins 42. The barrel cut guide 208 may include a
height adjuster 214 that may be used to space the barrel cut guide
208 an appropriate distance from the first bone 12. The space
between the barrel cut guide 208 may be adjusted using the height
adjuster 214 after the pins 42 are set if the pins 42 are inserted
generally parallel with the height adjuster 214 or the length of
height adjuster 214 extending from the barrel cut guide 208 may be
set prior to inserting the pins 42 if the pins are inserted at an
angle as shown. In one embodiment, the height adjuster 214 is a
manually adjustable screw. However, the height adjuster 214 may be
any device suitable to space the barrel cut guide 208 from the
first bone 12.
[0147] The barrel cut guide 208 may include a body 216 that extends
generally perpendicular from the support plate 212 such that the
body 216 extends at least partially over the top of the first bone
12. The body 216 may include two apertures 216a (only one shown in
FIG. 35) that are generally sized and shaped similar to the
projections 20a of the second endoprosthetic component 20 and guide
the fifth tissue resection tool 210. The fifth tissue resection
tool 210 may include a shoulder 210a that contacts the body 216 and
a maximum drilling depth to limit the depth of the resected
cavities 12a a predetermined distance.
[0148] Referring to the embodiment of FIG. 15, the resected
cavities 12a may be opened or exposed through the first resected
tissue surface 100 using a fin cutter 218 that is inserted through
the apertures 216a, 216b of the barrel cut guide 208. In one
embodiment, the fin cutter 218 includes a pair of fins 220 that are
generally parallel and spaced apart from one another. The fins 220
may be configured to cut perpendicularly through the first resected
tissue surface 100 through the resected cavities 12a. The support
plate 212 may include slots 212a, 212b for receiving the fins 220
and the bone that is cut out by the fins 220. The fin cutter 218
may include a shaft 218a that is generally equal in size to the
resected cavities 12a and a limit stop 218b that contacts the body
216 once the fins 220 have reached the end of the resected cavities
12a.
[0149] Method of Use
[0150] Referring to FIGS. 16-35, there are shown exemplary
embodiments of using the various instrumentation disclosed above
for implanting the total joint replacement 10. Referring to FIG.
16, after the foot 26 and ankle 24 have been correctly positioned,
the foot 26 and ankle 24 are preferably elevated. The foot 26 and
ankle 24 are elevated for approximately two minutes. A high thigh
tourniquet (not shown) may be inflated or tightened with an
appropriate amount of pressure for the size of the leg 84 and foot
26. An incision 224 may be made along the anterior side of the
ankle 24 parallel to the leg 84 to expose the joint between the
tibia 12 and the talus 14. The incision 224 may be approximately 5
cm to approximately 30 cm in length. In one embodiment, the
incision 224 is approximately 20 cm in length. The incision 224 may
be centered over the ankle 24 immediately lateral to an anterior
tibial tendon (not shown). The incision 224 may be deepened into
the ankle 224 while moving the extensor hallucis longus (not shown)
and the neurovascular bundle laterally. The incision 224 may expose
the superficial dorsal peroneal nerve (not shown) and should be
retracted carefully to the lateral side. In one embodiment, it may
be necessary to sacrifice one branch of the superficial dorsal
peroneal nerve that goes to the first metatarsal. The incision 224
may open the tendon sheath of the extensor hallucis longus (not
shown) inline with the incision 224. In one embodiment, every
effort is made not to open the anterior tibial tendon sheath (not
shown) as such action might cause bolstering of the tendon during
closing of the incision 224.
[0151] After the extensor hallucis longus tendon sheath is opened,
the deep peroneal nerve and artery (not shown) which are just
beneath the tendon sheath, may be retracted laterally in a gentle
manner. The capsular tissues (not shown) in the ankle 24 may be
incised in line with the incision 224 and then elevated and
mobilized to expose the medial malleolus 12b (see FIG. 1) and the
entire ankle joint. Care should be taken not to release the
anterior talofibular ligament (not shown) as this will produce
ankle instability.
[0152] The ankle joint may be distracted slightly using any
suitable tool and excess synovium (not shown) and any loose bodies
or bone spurs are removed using any suitable technique. In one
embodiment, the anterior osteophytes (not shown) are excised so the
tibial plafond 12c can be visualized. Retractors 226 are optionally
used to hold the incision 224 open. In one embodiment, manually
positioned retractors 226 are used over self retaining retractors.
The retractors 226 may be frequently repositioned to minimize the
risk of tissue trauma.
[0153] Referring to FIG. 17, the alignment guide 30 may be secured
to the first bone 12 by inserting the pin 34 into a first end 12d
of the first bone 12. In one embodiment, the first end 12d is the
anterior tibial tubercle of the tibia. The pin 34 may be oriented
approximately perpendicular to first bone 12. In one embodiment,
the alignment guide 30 is positioned relative to the pin 34, both
anteriorly and laterally, and secured to the pin 34 using the first
securement 36.
[0154] In one embodiment, the attachment block 38 is positioned
proximate a second end 12c of the first bone 12. In one embodiment,
the second end 12c is the tibial plafond of the tibia. The
positioning tool 46 may be secured to the second positioning block
54 to assist in positioning the attachment block 38 relative to the
first bone 12. The attachment block 38 may be secured to the first
bone 12 using one or more pins 42. The second securement 40 may be
tightened to fix the length between the attachment block 38 and the
first end 30a of the alignment guide 30.
[0155] In one embodiment, an osteotome (not shown), placed within
the medial gutter, is used for additional visualization and setting
proper orientation of the attachment block 38. The space
adjustments 48 may be used to stabilize the attachment block 38
with respect to the first bone 12. In one embodiment, the distance
between the attachment block 38 and the first bone 12 is as small
as possible. In one embodiment, the attachment block 38 is
positioned the approximate distance from the feature 12c of the
first bone 12 such as the tibial plafond. A C-arm or other imaging
device may be used to align the alignment rod 44 generally parallel
with the longitudinal axis of the first bone 12. In one embodiment,
the alignment rod 44 is generally aligned with a bone feature 12f
in the anterior/posterior and lateral views (lateral view shown).
In one embodiment, the bone feature 12f is the tibial crest of the
tibia.
[0156] Referring to FIG. 18, once the attachment block 38 has be
secured to the first bone 12, the first tissue resection guide 66
is attached to the second positioning block 58.
[0157] Referring to FIGS. 19 and 20, the spacer guide 78 may be
attached to the first tissue resection guide 66 by inserting the
mount 82 into the first guide path 70 of the first tissue resection
guide 66. The C-arm or other imaging device may be used to view the
ankle 24 from the lateral side proximate the extension arm 80 of
the spacer guide 78. In one embodiment, the projections 86 are used
to set the position first positioning block 50. In one embodiment,
a single spacer guide 78 may be used for viewing the ankle 24 from
either the medial or lateral side (FIG. 20). The spacer guide 78
may be removed and the C-arm or other imaging device may be used
from the anterior side of the ankle 24. In one embodiment, the
first tissue resection guide 66 is positioned by using the second
positioning block 58 and by aligning the first guide path 70
between the between the medial and lateral malleolus 12e, 16a.
[0158] Once the position of the first tissue resection guide 66 is
determined, pins 42 are inserted into the superior-most pin
apertures 50b, 50b' of the respective plurality of pin apertures
50a, 50a' in the first positioning block 50. In one embodiment,
pins 42 may be placed within the pin apertures 70a, 70b in the
first tissue resection guide 66 to protect the medial and lateral
malleolus 12e, 16a. In one embodiment, the first tissue resection
tool such as a blade (not shown) is inserted within the first guide
path 70 to resect or cut the distal end of the first bone 12 along
a first cut line 228 (FIG. 18). The blade may be placed against the
second guide path 72 to resect or cut a second cut line 230 (FIG.
18).
[0159] In one embodiment, when the alignment rod 44 is aligned with
the feature 12f of the first bone 12, the top of the guide path 94
is angled back toward the alignment guide 30 such that the guide
path 94 is at an approximately 87 degree angle with respect to the
first bone 12. This allows for an angled first resected tissue
surface 100 as best shown by the angle of the spacer guide 78 in
FIG. 20 and the angle of the second endoprosthetic component 20 in
FIG. 2. The angle of the guide path 94 relative to the first bone
12 may be altered by raising or dropping the first end 30a of the
alignment guide 30 along the pin 34. The angle of the guide path 94
relative to the first bone 12 may be approximately 85 degrees to
approximately 95 degrees and may have any orientation when the
alignment rod 44 is generally parallel to longitudinal axis of the
first bone 12. Once the guide path 94 is set to the desired
positioned, the first resection tool is used to resect the first
bone 12 along the first and second cut lines 228, 230. The
resections along the first and second cut lines 228, 230 expose the
first resected tissue surface 100 (FIG. 20).
[0160] Referring to FIG. 21, after the first resected tissue
surface 100 is exposed, a second tissue resection guide 90 is
inserted onto the first tissue resection guide 66. The foot 26 may
be moved to a general plantigrade position (shown) such that the
top of the second bone 14 engages the first resected tissue surface
100 or the tab extension 102'. The spacer guide 78 may be used to
verify neutral positioning of the second bone 14. In one
embodiment, the second tissue resection guide 90 is secured to the
second bone 14 by pins 42 extending through the pin mounts 92. In
such an embodiment, the second bone 14 is now fixed relative to the
alignment guide 30. The first tissue resection tool may be inserted
within the guide path 94 of the second tissue resection guide 90 to
resect or cut the second bone 14 exposing the second resected
tissue surface 104.
[0161] Referring to FIG. 22, once the first and second resected
tissue surfaces 100, 104 have been exposed, a space evaluator 234
may be inserted between the first and second resected tissue
surfaces 100, 104 to ensure that the proper amount of tissue from
the first and second bones 12, 14 has been resected. In one
embodiment, the space evaluator 234 includes a plurality of finger
grips 234c. The finger grips 234c may be inwardly extending grooves
positioned on at least one side or lateral edge of the space
evaluator 234.
[0162] The space evaluator 234 may have a predetermined thickness
toward a first end 234a and a predetermined thickness toward a
second end 234b. In one embodiment, the thickness of the first end
234a is approximately 6 mm to approximately 20 mm. In one
embodiment, the thickness of the first end 234a is approximately 12
mm. For example, the first end 234a having a 12 mm thickness may
include 3 mm of space for the second endoprosthetic component 20, 6
mm of space for the middle endoprosthetic component 22 and 3 mm of
space for the first endoprosthetic component 18. If the space
evaluator 234 does not fit between the first and second resected
tissue surfaces 100, 104, the first bone 12 may be further
resected. In one embodiment, the space evaluator 234 has a thinner
thickness (e.g. approximately 9 mm) toward a second end 234b in the
event that the distance measured using the spacer guide 78 is off,
the measurement included cartilage or other non-bone tissue or if a
joint is lax. In one an embodiment, if the final distance between
the first and second resected tissue surfaces 100, 104 is thinner
than the thickness of the first end 234a of the space evaluator
234, the second end 234b of the space evaluator 234 may be inserted
between the first and second resected tissue surfaces 100, 104 to
gauge the additional space needed. For example, if the second end
234b of the space evaluator 234 fits snugly between the first and
second resected tissue surfaces 100, 104 then an additional
distance, such as 2 mm, can be resected from the first bone 12. The
first bone 12 may be further resected by removing the pins 42 from
first positioning block 50, moving the first positioning block 50
one or more predetermined length increments (e.g. 2 mm) such that
the original pin holes 50b, 50b' in the first bone 12 align with
the adjacent pin holes 50c, 50c' and then reinserting the pins 42
into the first positioning block 50 through the pin holes 50c,
50c'.
[0163] Referring to FIG. 23, once there is sufficient space for
implanting the total joint replacement 10 between the first and
second bones 12, 14 the foot 26 may be plantar flexed (shown) to
achieve better access to the second resected tissue surface 104. In
one embodiment, a sizer 236 is inserted over the second resected
tissue surface 104. The sizer 236 may be used to measure the size
of the second resected tissue surface 104 such as the
anterior/posterior depth and the medial/lateral width. In one
embodiment, the sizer 236 has a general shape and size of the datum
108. The appropriately sized datum 108 may be determined by adding,
or leaving, a predetermined distance (e.g. 3 mm) to each
medial/lateral side of the sizer 234. In one embodiment, a
different sizer 234 is provided for each datum size. In one
embodiment, the size of the sizer 234 and right or left foot 26
being measured is indicated by indicia 238 such as printed words
(e.g. left ankle, size small). The sizer 234 may included a handle
240 that is color coded to the size of the sizer 234. In an
alternative embodiment, the sizer 234 is at least partially
transparent with nested outlines (not shown) of differently sized
datum 108 that allow a user to select the appropriate size. In one
embodiment, the size of the first endoprosthetic component 18 is
verified by measuring the distance between the medial and lateral
malleolus 12e, 16a. In one embodiment, the sizer 234 is outlined or
traced on the second resected tissue surface 104 using a marking
material such as a skin marker to help indicate the position the
datum 108. The sizer 234 may be properly positioned by aligning the
handle 240 with a second metatarsal 26a of the foot 26.
[0164] Referring to FIGS. 24 and 25, once the appropriately sized
datum 108 is selected, the datum 108 is attached and secured to the
distractor 120. In one embodiment, the datum 108 is positioned
relative to the alignment block 38 using a guide (not shown). The
datum 108 may be inserted onto the second resected tissue surface
104 using the distractor 120 and may be generally positioned within
the outline previously marked on the second resected tissue surface
104. In one embodiment, the datum 108 is positioned on the second
resected tissue surface 104 by aligning the distractor 122 with the
second metatarsal 26a. In one embodiment, the C-arm or other
imaging device is used to further verify the position of the datum
108 with respect to the second surface 104. In one embodiment, the
paddle 140 engages the first resected tissue surface 100 in the
insertion position (FIG. 24) and the upper handle 136 is squeezed
toward the lower handle 130 to separate the first resected tissue
surface 100 from the second resected tissue surface 104. The
ratchet 142 may hold the upper and lower handles 136, 130 in
position with respect to each other such that the distractor 120
can be held in a distracted position without having to continually
squeeze the handles 130, 136. Alternatively, the ratchet 142 may be
disengaged and is folded inwardly to lay on the lower handle 130
(see FIG. 10D).
[0165] With the first resected tissue surface 100 distracted from
the second resected tissue surface in the distraction position
(FIG. 25), the datum 108 may be secured to the second resected
tissue surface 104 by inserting the shoulder pins 114 through the
pin apertures 112 of the datum 108. Once the datum 108 is
sufficiently secured to the second resected tissue surface 104, the
distractor may be returned to the insertion position (FIG. 24), the
datum lock 126 is released and the distractor 120 is removed from
the ankle 24 leaving the datum 108 in place on the second resected
tissue surface 104 (FIG. 26).
[0166] Referring to FIG. 27, once the datum 108 has been secured to
the second resected tissue surface 104, the third tissue resection
guide 146 is releasably secured to the datum 108. A second tissue
resection tool 170 may be inserted within the second frame 160 and
guided by the guide path 166 of the second frame 160 to resect the
second bone 14 relative to the datum 108 and expose the third
resected tissue surface 104a. In one embodiment, the second tissue
resection tool 170 is slid back and forth within the second frame
160 and along the first side 108a of the datum 108 such that the
cutting end 170a resects tissue proximate the datum 108. The second
tissue resection tool 170 may be viewed through the open perimeter
160c. In one embodiment, the second tissue resection tool 170 is
removed from the third tissue resection guide 146 to inspect the
third resected tissue surface 104a.
[0167] Referring to FIG. 28, the third tissue resection tool 168
may be inserted within the enlarged end 154a of first guide path
154 of the third tissue resection guide 146. In one embodiment, the
third tissue resection tool 168 is inserted until the stop 168c of
the third tissue resection tool 168 abuts the first frame 152. The
third tissue resection tool 168 may be guided proximate the fourth
side 108e of the datum 108 to resect or cut the second bone 14 and
expand the second resected tissue surface 104 away from the fourth
side 108e of the datum 108. In one embodiment, the fourth side 108e
of the datum 108 nearly contacts the head 170a of the third tissue
resection tool 170. The third tissue resection tool 168 may be
guided back along the first guide path 154 and the cutting head
168a may be removed from the first guide path 154 through the
enlarged end 154a.
[0168] Referring to FIG. 29, in one embodiment, the third tissue
resection tool 168 is inserted within the enlarged end 156a of
second guide path 156. The third tissue resection tool 168 may be
inserted until the stop 168b of the third tissue resection tool 168
abuts the first frame 152 of the third tissue resection guide 146.
The third tissue resection tool 168 is guided proximate the fourth
side 108e of the datum 108 to resect or cut the second bone 14 and
expand the second resected tissue surface 104 away from the fourth
side 108e of the datum 108. The third tissue resection tool 168 is
guided back along the second guide path 156 and the cutting head
168a is removed from the second guide path 156 through the enlarged
end 156a.
[0169] Referring to FIG. 30, the third tissue resection guide 146
may be removed from the datum 114 revealing the third and fourth
resected tissue surfaces 104a, 104b left after use of the third
tissue resection guide 146.
[0170] Referring to FIGS. 31 and 32, the fourth tissue resection
guide 176 may be releasably secured to the datum 108. In one
embodiment, the datum 108 remains in the same position on the
second resected tissue surface 104 for use with both the third and
fourth tissue resection guides 146, 176. Once the fourth tissue
resection guide 176 is secured to the datum 114, the fourth tissue
resection tool 182 may be inserted into the first guide path 180c
of the first frame 180. In one embodiment, the fourth tissue
resection tool 182 is inserted into the first guide path 180c of
the first frame 180 in the posterior anatomical direction until a
feature such as the depth marking 182a of the fourth tissue
resection tool 182 aligns with a feature of the first frame 180
such as an edge 180f. The fourth tissue resection tool 182 may be
slid and/or pivoted downwardly though the first guide path 180c
until the upper edge 182b of the fourth tissue resection tool 182
aligns with the alignment line 188. The proximal end of the fourth
tissue resection tool 182 may be pulled upwardly to contact the
edge 180b of the first frame 180 to thereby pivot the distal end of
the fourth tissue resection tool 182 downwardly toward and into the
second bone 14.
[0171] In one embodiment, the fourth tissue resection tool 182 is
inserted into the second guide path 190c of the second frame 190.
In one embodiment, the fourth tissue resection tool 182 is inserted
into the second guide path 190c in the posterior anatomical
direction until a feature such as the depth marking 182a of the
fourth tissue resection tool 182 aligns with a feature of the
second frame 190 such as an edge 190f. The fourth tissue resection
tool 182 may be slid and/or pivoted downwardly though the second
guide path 190c until the upper edge 182b of the fourth tissue
resection guide 182 aligns with the alignment line 194. The
proximal end of the fourth tissue resection guide 182 may be pulled
upwardly to contact the edge 190b to thereby pivot the distal end
of the fourth tissue resection guide 182 downwardly toward and into
the second bone 14.
[0172] Referring to FIG. 33, the fourth tissue resection guide 176
and the datum 108 may be removed from the second bone 14 to expose
the second third, fourth, fifth and sixth resected tissue surfaces
104, 104a, 104b, 104c, 104d. In one embodiment, the resected tissue
surfaces 104, 104a, 104b, 104c, 104d are inspected for any burrs
and/or missed or miss cut portions. The resected tissue surfaces
104, 104a, 104b, 104c, 104d may be resected further if necessary
using the instrumentation above and/or through free hand
resection.
[0173] Referring to FIG. 34, the window trial 198 may be used to
further evaluate the second resected tissue surface 104 and the
various cuts made to the second bone 14. The window trial 198 may
be installed or inserted over the second resected tissue surface
104 using a tool, such as forceps, attached to the handle 202. If
the resections made to the second bone 14 are off, the inner
surface 198a of the window trial 198 will be at least partially
raised off of the second resected tissue surface 104 and/or tissue
will be visible through one or more of the openings 200. In one
embodiment, if the window trial 198 does not fit and/or if excess
tissue is visible through the openings 200, a bone rasp (not shown)
or other resection device is used to clean up the resections and
provide a better fit with the window trial 198 and ultimately the
first endoprosthetic component 18. The window trial 198 may be
pinned to the second bone 14 using one or more pins 42. A keel mill
or wire driver (not shown) may be used to cut a keel slot (not
shown) into the second bone 14 using the fin aperture 200e as a
guide. In one embodiment, a keel broach (not shown) is used to
clean any remaining tissue in the keel slot.
[0174] Referring to FIG. 35, the barrel cut guide 208 may be
attached to the first bone 12. In one embodiment, the barrel cut
guide 208 is configured to utilize the same pins 42 and/or pin
holes in the first bone 12 that were used to secure the first
positioning block 50 to the first bone 12. In one embodiment, the
support plate 212 is generally flush against the first resected
tissue surface 100. The position of the barrel cut guide 208 toward
and away from the first bone 12 may be adjusted with the height
adjuster 214. The window trial 198 may be left on the second
resected tissue surface 104 to protect the second resected tissue
surface 104 during installation and use of the barrel cut guide
208. In one embodiment, a joint spacer 242 having the general shape
and size of the middle endoprosthetic component 22 of the total
joint replacement 10 is inserted between the window trial 198 and
the support plate 212 to keep the support plate 212 in contact with
the first resected tissue surface 100. The joint spacer 242 may
also be used to determine the appropriate size and shape of the
middle endoprosthetic component 22.
[0175] A fifth tissue resection tool 210 may be inserted into the
apertures 216a of the barrel cut guide 208 to create the resected
cavities 12a. (See FIG. 1). A barrel broach (not shown) may be used
to clean the cavities 12a of remaining bone. The resected cavities
12a may be opened or exposed through the first resected tissue
surface 100 by using the fin cutter 218. The fin cutter 218 is
inserted into the apertures of the barrel cut guide 208 to remove
the section of bone between the resected cavities 12a and the first
resected tissue surface 100 such that the projections 20a may
extend from the second endoprosthetic component 20 into the
resected cavities 12a. The resected bone may be removed from the
ankle 24 by any suitable technique.
[0176] In one embodiment, the size of the resected cavities 12a is
assessed using a trial bearing 244. (See FIG. 14). The window trial
198, the joint spacer 242 and the barrel cut guide 208 may be
removed from the ankle 24. The first endoprosthetic component 18
may be inserted over the second resected tissue surface 104. In one
embodiment, an impactor (not shown) is used to seat the first
endoprosthetic component 18 on the second resected tissue surface
104. A notched end 234d of the space evaluator 234 (see FIG. 10)
may be used to lift an anterior edge of the first endoprosthetic
component 18 and drive the posterior of the first endoprosthetic
component 18 inferiorly in an effort to seat the first
endoprosthetic component 18 on the second resected tissue surface
104. In one embodiment, the second endoprosthetic component 20 is
implanted or mounted using an insertion device (not shown). The
projections 20a may be aligned with the resected cavities 12a. In
one embodiment, a mallet (not shown) is used to gently drive the
second endoprosthetic component 20 downwardly and into position on
the first bone 12. An anterior edge of the second endoprosthetic
component 20 may be flush with the anterior tibial cortex. In one
embodiment, a sponge (not shown) is placed over the first
endoprosthetic component 18 to protect the first endoprosthetic
component 18 while the second endoprosthetic component 20 is being
inserted. Variously sized and shaped joint trials or spacers 242
may be inserted between the first and second endoprosthetic
components 18, 20 to evaluate desired joint tension and position.
After a satisfactory reduction is accomplished, the joint spacer
242 may be replaced with the appropriate middle endoprosthetic
component 22. The incision 24 may then be closed.
[0177] The bone removed from the first and second bones 12, 14
using the above instrumentation and methods may be kept to a
minimum. In one embodiment, the reduced amount of bone resection
achieved as a result of the above procedures means that if the
total joint replacement 10 needs to be removed and a salvage ankle
joint fusion performed, the patient will not have a noticeable
leg-length discrepancy.
[0178] Tissue Resection Kit
[0179] In one embodiment, a tissue resection kit (not explicitly
shown) for implanting the total joint replacement 10 is provided
and includes any combination of the above instrumentation. In one
embodiment, the tissue resection kit includes the datum 108 and one
or more tissue resection guides (e.g., the third and fourth
resection guides 146, 176) that are size and configured to
releasably engage the datum 108 and guide a tissue resection tool.
In one embodiment, the tissue resection guide of the tissue
resection kit includes the third tissue resection guide 146. In one
embodiment, tissue resection guide of the tissue resection kit
includes the fourth tissue resection guide 176. The tissue
resection kit may include the first tissue resection guide 66. The
tissue resection kit may include the spacer guide 78. The tissue
resection kit may includes the second tissue resection guide 90.
The tissue resection kit may include the sizer 236. The tissue
resection kit may include the distractor 120. The tissue resection
kit may include the window trial 198. The tissue resection kit may
include the barrel cut guide 208. The tissue resection kit may
include the fin cutter 218. In one embodiment, the tissue resection
kit includes more than one of the same instrument or component but
of various sizes. The tissue resection kit may include
instrumentation for one of the left and right ankle 24. The tissue
resection kit optionally includes instrumentation for both left and
right ankle 24.
[0180] It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that
changes could be made to the exemplary embodiments shown and
described above without departing from the broad inventive concept
thereof. It is understood, therefore, that this invention is not
limited to the exemplary embodiments shown and described, but it is
intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the
present invention as defined by the appended claims. For example,
specific features of the exemplary embodiments may or may not be
part of the claimed invention and combinations of disclosed
embodiments may be combined. The words "right", "left", "lower" and
"upper" designate directions in the drawings to which reference is
made. The words "inwardly" and "outwardly" refer to directions
toward and away from, respectively, the geometric center of the
device. Unless specifically set forth herein, the terms "a", "an"
and "the" are not limited to one element but instead should be read
as meaning "at least one".
[0181] Further, to the extent that the methods do not rely on the
particular order of steps set forth herein, the particular order of
the steps should not be construed as limitation on the claims. The
claims directed to the method of the present invention should not
be limited to the performance of their steps in the order written,
and one skilled in the art can readily appreciate that the steps
may be varied and still remain within the spirit and scope of the
present invention.
* * * * *