U.S. patent application number 13/296155 was filed with the patent office on 2012-05-24 for compounds derived from artesunate, preparation process, pharmaceutical composition and use of the respective medicine.
This patent application is currently assigned to Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ. Invention is credited to N bia Boechat, Marcus Vinicius Nora de Souza, Antoniana Ursine Krettli, Alessandra Leda Valverde.
Application Number | 20120129887 13/296155 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 38124001 |
Filed Date | 2012-05-24 |
United States Patent
Application |
20120129887 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Boechat; N bia ; et
al. |
May 24, 2012 |
COMPOUNDS DERIVED FROM ARTESUNATE, PREPARATION PROCESS,
PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION AND USE OF THE RESPECTIVE MEDICINE
Abstract
The present invention refers to new compounds represented by the
general formula (I) where X is represented by the general formula
(II) and Y is represented by the general formula (III). The
relation X to Y may vary from 1:1 to 1:7. The radicals R.sub.1,
R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, and R.sub.6 in formula (II) are
represented by: R.sub.1.dbd.H, CF.sub.3, CH.sub.3, OCH.sub.3,
NH.sub.2, halogen; R.sub.2.dbd.H, CH.sub.3, NH.sub.2, halogen,
NH--CHCH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3N(C.sub.2H.sub.5)(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH),
CH(OH)-2(C.sub.5H.sub.11N), NH--R.sub.7--N--(C.sub.2H.sub.5).sub.2;
R.sub.3.dbd.H, m-OC.sub.6H.sub.4CF.sub.3, NH.sub.2; R.sub.4.dbd.H,
CH.sub.3, OCH.sub.3, NH.sub.2, halogen; R.sub.5.dbd.H, CH.sub.3,
CF.sub.3, NH.sub.2, halogen; R.sub.6.dbd.H, CF.sub.3, CH.sub.3,
NH.sub.2, halogen, NH--R.sub.8--N--(C.sub.2H.sub.5).sub.2,
NHCH(CH.sub.3)(CH.sub.2).sub.3NH.sub.2;
R.sub.7.dbd.(CH.sub.2).sub.2, (CH.sub.2).sub.3, CHCH.sub.3CH.sub.2,
(CH.sub.2).sub.4, (CH.sub.2).sub.5, CHCH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3,
(CH.sub.2).sub.6, (CH.sub.2).sub.8, (CH.sub.2).sub.10,
(CH.sub.2).sub.12; R.sub.8.dbd.CHCH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3,
CHCH.sub.3(CH.sub.2)CHCH.sub.3, (CH.sub.2).sub.2, (CH.sub.2).sub.3,
(CH.sub.2).sub.6, (CH.sub.2).sub.3O(CH.sub.2).sub.3. This invention
also refers to a process of preparation of these compounds (formula
I), and antiparasitic pharmaceutical compositions thereof.
Inventors: |
Boechat; N bia; (Niteroi,
BR) ; de Souza; Marcus Vinicius Nora; (Minas Gerais,
BR) ; Valverde; Alessandra Leda; (Rio de Janeiro,
BR) ; Krettli; Antoniana Ursine; (Minas Gerais,
BR) |
Assignee: |
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz -
FIOCRUZ
|
Family ID: |
38124001 |
Appl. No.: |
13/296155 |
Filed: |
November 14, 2011 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
11578530 |
Jul 25, 2007 |
8071777 |
|
|
PCT/BR2005/000049 |
Apr 12, 2005 |
|
|
|
13296155 |
|
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
514/311 ;
546/171 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07D 215/14 20130101;
Y02A 50/30 20180101; Y02A 50/486 20180101; A61K 31/35 20130101;
Y02A 50/423 20180101; Y02A 50/491 20180101; Y02A 50/414 20180101;
C07D 215/46 20130101; C07D 493/18 20130101; Y02A 50/411 20180101;
A61P 33/02 20180101; Y02A 50/409 20180101; C07D 493/22 20130101;
A61P 33/06 20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
514/311 ;
546/171 |
International
Class: |
A61K 31/4706 20060101
A61K031/4706; A61P 33/06 20060101 A61P033/06; C07D 493/18 20060101
C07D493/18 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Apr 13, 2004 |
BR |
PI 0401107-4 |
Claims
1. A compound derived from artesunate salts, characterized by the
fact that it is represented by the general formula 1:
X.sup.+Y.sup.- where X is represented by the general formula II:
##STR00005## and Y is represented by the general formula III:
##STR00006## wherein
R.sub.1.dbd.R.sub.2.dbd.R.sub.3.dbd.R.sub.5.dbd.H;
R.sub.4.dbd.OCH.sub.3 and
R.sub.6.dbd.NHCH(CH.sub.3)(CH.sub.2).sub.3NH.sub.2; and X to Y
equals 1:1.
2. Preparation process of the artesunate derived compound, as
defined by claim 1, characterized by the fact it comprises the
following stages: a) solubilization of primaquine, represented by
the general formula II, wherein
R.sub.1.dbd.R.sub.2=R.sub.3.dbd.R.sub.5=H; R.sub.4.dbd.OCH.sub.3
and R.sub.6.dbd.NHCH(CH.sub.3)(CH.sub.2).sub.3NH.sub.2, as a free
base form in organic solvents; b) solubilization of artesunate,
represented by the general formula III, in organic solvents; c)
addition of the artesunate solution (stage b) to the primaquine
solution (stage a) in order to obtain derivatives of artesunate
salts of primaquine; d) solvent evaporation for salt precipitation;
e) salt filtration in order to obtain derivatives of artesunate
salts of primaquine as a solid product.
3. Preparation process according to claim 2, characterized by the
fact that base-free primaquine may be obtained through the
following stages: i) solubilization of primaquine salt in selected
polar solvents such as water, water/aliphatic alcohol from C.sub.1
to C.sub.6 and ether; ii) primaquine conversion into base-free
salt, using a saturated aqueous solution of inorganic base; iii)
extraction of primaquine in base-free form using organic solvents;
iv) drying of the organic phase with desiccant agents; v) organic
solvent evaporation to obtain primaquine in base-free form.
4. Preparation process according to claim 3, characterized by the
fact that stage (i) ether may be selected among diethylether,
t-butylmethylether, tetrahydrofuran, and 1,2-dimetoxyethane.
5. Preparation process according to claim 3, characterized by the
fact that in the conversion of primaquine in its base-free form,
stage (ii), it is employed an inorganic base selected among sodium
hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium
hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate.
6. Preparation process of compounds derived from artesunate and
primaquine according to claim 3 characterized by the fact that in
the organic phase drying, stage (iv), desiccant agents may be
selected among anhydrous sodium sulphate, anhydrous magnesium
sulphate, and calcium chloride.
7. Preparation process of compounds derived from artesunate and
primaquine according to claim 2 characterized by the fact that the
organic solvents of stages (a), (b) and (iii) are selected among
ethers, halogenide solvent and alcohols.
8. Preparation process of compounds derived from artesunate
according to claim 7, characterized by the fact that ethers may be
selected among diethylether, t-butylmethylether, tetrahydrofuran
and 1,2-dimetoxyethanol.
9. Preparation process of compounds derived from artesunate
according to claim 7, characterized by the fact that halogenide
solvents may be either dichlorometan or chloroform.
10. Preparation process of compounds derived from artesunate
according to claim 7, characterized by the fact that alcohols may
be aliphatic from C.sub.1 to C.sub.6.
11. Pharmaceutical composition characterized by an active
ingredient, present in an effective amount of one of the
derivatives of artesunate salts with primaquine as defined in claim
1 and an acceptable pharmaceutical vehicle.
12. Pharmaceutical composition according to claim 11, characterized
by the fact that the active ingredient ranges from 0.1 to 99% of
composition weight.
13. Pharmaceutical composition according to claim 12, characterized
by the fact that the active ingredient may be in a concentration
that ranges from 0.25 to 99% of the composition weight.
14. Pharmaceutical composition according to claim 13, characterized
by the fact that it is employed in the treatment or prevention of
malaria.
15. Method of treatment, prevention or inhibition of malaria
characterized by the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a
general formula I compound of claim 1 for the human being, who
needs the referred treatment, prevention or inhibition.
16. A compound according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that
the compounds are employed in the treatment or prevention from
malaria.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 11/578,530, filed Jul. 25, 2007, which is the U.S.
National Stage of International Application No. PCT/BR2005/000049,
filed Apr. 12, 2005, which was published in English under PCT
Article 21(2), and claims benefit of priority of Brazilian Patent
Application No. PI 0401107-4, filed Apr. 13, 2004, all of which are
incorporated herein in their entirety.
[0002] The present invention refers to new compounds derived from
artesunate salts with quinolines represented by the general formula
I:
X.sup.+.Y.sup.-
where X is represented by the general formula II:
##STR00001##
and Y is represented by the general formula III:
##STR00002##
[0003] Depending on the radicals substituted in X (formula II), the
relation X to Y (formula III) may vary from 1:1 to 1:7, because the
amount of Y depends on the amount of N available in X for the
formation of the salt.
[0004] The radicals R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 e
R.sub.6 in the general formula II are represented by:
R.sub.1.dbd.H, CF.sub.3, CH.sub.3, OCH.sub.3, NH.sub.2, halogen;
R.sub.2.dbd.H, CH.sub.3, NH.sub.2, halogen,
NH--CHCH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3N(C.sub.2H.sub.5)(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH),
CH(OH)-2-(C.sub.5H.sub.11N), NH--R.sub.7--N--(C2H5).sub.2;
R.sub.3.dbd.H, m-OC.sub.6H.sub.4CF.sub.3, NH.sub.2; R.sub.4.dbd.H,
CH.sub.3, OCH.sub.3, NH.sub.2, halogen; R.sub.5.dbd.H, CH.sub.3,
CF.sub.3, NH.sub.2, halogen; R.sub.6.dbd.H, CF.sub.3, CH.sub.3,
NH.sub.2, halogen, NH--R.sub.8--N--(C.sub.2H.sub.5).sub.2,
NHCH(CH.sub.3)(CH.sub.2).sub.3NH.sub.2;
R.sub.7.dbd.(CH.sub.2).sub.2, (CH.sub.2).sub.3, CHCH.sub.3CH.sub.2,
(CH.sub.2).sub.4, (CH.sub.2).sub.5, CHCH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3,
(CH.sub.2).sub.6, (CH.sub.2).sub.8, (CH.sub.2).sub.10,
(CH.sub.2).sub.12; R.sub.8.dbd.CHCH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3,
CHCH.sub.3(CH.sub.2)CHCH.sub.3, (CH.sub.2).sub.2, (CH.sub.2).sub.3,
(CH.sub.2).sub.6, (CH.sub.2).sub.3O(CH.sub.2).sub.3.
[0005] The present invention also refers to a process of
preparation of these general formula I compounds, and the
pharmaceutical compositions containing said compounds, and
especially their use as medicine for treatment or prevention or
inhibition of malaria or other parasitic diseases such as:
kaodzera, Chagas' disease, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, giardiasis,
trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis, schistosomiasis, as well as other
helminthiases. Moreover, the present invention provides a method of
treatment, prevention or inhibition of malaria or other parasitic
diseases, including the use of a therapeutical effective amount of
a general formula I compound for the human being, who needs the
referred treatment, prevention or inhibition.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0006] Malaria, also called maleita, palustre fever, impaludism,
terca fever or sezao, is a parasitic disease that, according to
data from World Health Organization, affects about 300 million
people in the world. It is considered to be, besides Aids, a world
health problem. Malaria causes approximately 1 to 1.5 million
deaths a year. It is one of the most important health problems
nowadays, since its transmission occurs in almost 100 countries, in
tropical and subtropical regions, inhabited by more than one third
of the world population.
[0007] The distribution of the risk of malaria acquisition is not
uniform within the same country and it is often unequal in areas
situated in the same region, in addition, it is variable according
to the seasons of the year and as time passes. In general, the risk
is high in Africa (sub-Saharian area), South America (Amazon
basin), Irian Jaia, Madagascar, Papua New Guine, Southeast Asia and
Vanuatu. It is sort of low in Afghanistan (East), Central America,
South America (except in the Amazon basin), North America (rural
areas of Mexico), China (north), Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iraq,
Iran, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, South Iraq, Middle East, Paquistan and
Arabian Peninsula (southeast). In Africa there are 90% of the cases
of malaria, affecting, most of all, children under five years old,
especially those who live in distant rural areas with little health
assistance available. Malaria is endemic in Brazil where, annually,
more than 400 thousand infected people are registered, the majority
in the Amazon region.
[0008] Malaria is caused by a protozoan genus Plasmodium, which has
about 100 species. Among these species only four of them affect
humans, P. vivax, responsible for 80% of the current cases in
Brazil, P. malariae which hardly ever occurs, P. falciparum
responsible for a lethal and serious malaria if not rapidly and
correctly treated, and P. ovale, not present in Brazil. Malaria is
transmitted to mammals by insects: order Diptera, family Culicidae,
and genus Anopheles. This genus comprehends about 400 species, but
only a reduced number are important to the epidemiology of malaria
in each region. In Brazil, five species are considered to be the
main vectors: Anopheles darlingi, A. aquasalis, A. albitarsis, A.
cruzi and A. bellator.
[0009] The parasite is transmitted by the bite of the infected
insect that inoculates the sporozoans, which get lodged in the
hepatic tissue, when it comes to the human Plasmodium, they
multiply intensively (a sporozoan generates from 10 thousand to 40
thousand schizonts within the hepatocyte). Released from the host
cell, the parasites fall into the blood stream, invading and
multiplying themselves in the red cells, provoking clinical
manifestations of the disease, mainly intermittent fever, chronic
headache, myalgia, anemia, breathing difficulties, convulsions and
coma. In some regions of Africa a serious anemia is the common
cause of infant mortality for some reason or another.
[0010] There are many classes of active antimalarial medicines
against blood forms of the parasite. Among the more used
antimalarials are: (a) the antifolates type I and II (e.g.
pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine), which inhibit the parasite
dihydrofolate reductase; (b) the aminoquinolines (e.g. chloroquine
and amodiaquine); (c) the artemisinin derivatives (e.g. artesunate
and arteeter) have as their most important site of action the
digestive vacuole of the parasite. Primaquine acts against the
hepatic forms of slow development common in P. vivax and
responsible for relapses.
[0011] In the last decades the use of some blood schizonticides, in
determined areas, became inefficient due to the emergence of
resistance to them. Resistance to chloroquine, detected initially
in the 1960's in Magdalena Valley, Colombia, and later in Vietnam
and Brazil, is widely spread and will continue to appear in new
areas, as it happened in Africa in the 1980's. As a solution to
this problem, it was used again the quinine, a drug with high
toxicity, and mefloquine, described by the American Armed Forces
based on a selection of thousands of drugs derived from
chloroquine. It was believed that mefloquine was a medicine 100%
efficient against chloroquine-resistant parasites. However, P.
falciparum developed resistance to mefloquine very fast, this fact
was first observed in 1990, as well as other drugs commonly used.
In the last 20 years, besides mefloquine, some drugs, such as
halofantrine and artemisinin derivatives were developed to treat
chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum.
[0012] The combination of drugs have been employed successfully in
different classes of diseases, AIDS, cancer, and tuberculosis, for
instance. This strategy of combination of drugs has also been
employed with promising results against malaria. As an example, it
can be cited the combination of artemisin derivatives with
lumefantrine or doxycycline, as well as the combination of
mefloquine with tetracycline or doxycycline (Wilairatana, P. et al.
Archives of Medical Research, 2002, 33, 416). The combination of
quinine and Fansidar (pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine) is employed to
treat chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum.
[0013] It is known that suppositories of artesunate provide fast
response to fighting the parasite and fever in severe cases of P.
Falciparum; however, the recrudescence rate is high. Mefloquine
(1250 mg) is administered in order to prevent and reduce
recrudescence [Looareeswan et al., Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol 89,
1995, 469-475; Looareeswan et al., Jpn. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 24
(Suppl. 1) 1996, 13-15].
[0014] However, as for the presence of multidrug-resistant P.
Falciparum in many countries, the treatment of malaria with the
drugs available nowadays is not always effective, the same happens
to the chemoprophylaxis, not used in Brazil anymore.
[0015] It is noticed through patent documents WO9425436 and
WO02083641, that research is being done in order to obtain amino
derivatives. In the document WO02083641 these compounds may be
combined with antimalarial compounds, such as quinolines
(mefloquine) and antimalarial peroxides (artesunate).
[0016] This form of treatment, in which is used more than one
medicine active in malaria treatment, even if one of them is new as
previously reported, is susceptible of failure due to the
resistance developed by the P. falciparum in relation to well-known
drugs.
[0017] Hence, according to the increase in the resistance of this
parasite, the research is absolutely necessary to develop new
chemotherapeutic agents capable of fighting malaria effectively,
which tends to aggravate with the planet global warmth and the
deteriorating health system in many countries in tropic regions,
where the disease is endemic.
[0018] The artesunate was developed in 1982 in China and the
mefloquine in 1971, in the USA. According to what was previously
presented, it is applied a combination of antimalarial drugs or
polytherapy, e.g. the use of mefloquine and artesunate.
[0019] However, it has never been proposed to develop artesunate
salts with quinolines, as it is described in the present invention,
with antimalarial activity or against other diseases caused by
other protozoans in order to overcome the difficulties pointed out.
It is important to highlight that, since they are water soluble
salts, the compounds of the invention allow a simplification in its
formulation.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0020] The objective of the present invention is to provide new
compounds derived from artesunate salts with general formula I
quinolines.
[0021] Another objective of the present invention is the process or
preparation of new compounds derived from artesunate salts with
general formula I quinolines.
[0022] Another result brought out by the present invention is the
new pharmaceutical composition comprising one of the new compounds
derived from artesunate with general formula I quinolines and an
acceptable pharmaceutical vehicle.
[0023] The present invention also aims at using new compounds
derived from artesunate salts with general formula I quinolines for
the treatment, prevention and inhibition of malaria or other
parasitic diseases.
[0024] Another result of this invention is the method of treatment,
prevention or inhibition of malaria or other parasitic diseases,
comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount
of a compound derived from artesunate salts with general formula I
quinolines to the human being who needs the referred treatment,
prevention or inhibition.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0025] The present invention refers to new compounds derived from
artesunate salts with quinolines represented by the general formula
I:
X.sup.+.Y.sup.-
where X is represented by the general formula II:
##STR00003##
and Y represented by the general formula III:
##STR00004##
[0026] Depending on the radicals substituted in X (formula II), the
relation X to Y (formula III) may vary from 1:1 to 1:7, because the
amount of Y depends on the amount of N available in X for the
formation of the salt.
[0027] The radicals R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 e
R.sub.6 in the general formula II are represented by:
R.sub.1.dbd.H, CF.sub.3, CH.sub.3, OCH.sub.3, NH.sub.2, halogen;
R.sub.2.dbd.H, CH.sub.3, NH.sub.2, halogen,
NH--CHCH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3N(C.sub.2H.sub.5)(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH),
CH(OH)-2-(C.sub.5H.sub.11N),
NH--R.sub.7--N--(C.sub.2H.sub.5).sub.2; R.sub.3.dbd.H,
m-OC.sub.6H.sub.4CF.sub.3, NH.sub.2; R.sub.4.dbd.H, CH.sub.3,
OCH.sub.3, NH.sub.2, halogen; R.sub.5.dbd.H, CH.sub.3, CF.sub.3,
NH.sub.2, halogen; R.sub.6.dbd.H, CF.sub.3, CH.sub.3, NH.sub.2,
halogen, NH--R.sub.8--N--(C.sub.2H.sub.5).sub.2,
NHCH(CH.sub.3)(CH.sub.2).sub.3NH.sub.2;
R.sub.7.dbd.(CH.sub.2).sub.2, (CH.sub.2).sub.3, CHCH.sub.3CH.sub.2,
(CH.sub.2).sub.4, (CH.sub.2).sub.5, CHCH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3,
(CH.sub.2).sub.6, (CH.sub.2).sub.8, (CH.sub.2).sub.10,
(CH.sub.2).sub.12; R.sub.8.dbd.CHCH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3,
CHCH.sub.3(CH.sub.2)CHCH.sub.3, (CH.sub.2).sub.2, (CH.sub.2).sub.3,
(CH.sub.2).sub.6, (CH.sub.2).sub.3O(CH.sub.2).sub.3.
[0028] The new compounds derived from artesunate salts with
quinolines, represented by the general formula I, present proven
antimalarial activity, they may be employed in the treatment or
prevention from diseases caused by a variety of protozoans.
[0029] Besides that, the compounds of the present invention have
been of great advantage in terms of effectiveness when compared to
a combination of drugs or polytherapy, as for example, the use of
mefloquine and artesunate, the way it is known as the state of the
art.
[0030] Administering more than one medicine active in the treatment
of malaria, either in combination or polytherapy, is susceptible to
failure because of the resistance developed by the P. falciparum to
well-known drugs.
[0031] Another advantage of the compounds described in the current
invention, represented by the general formula I, is the fact that
they are more water soluble than mefloquine and artesunate, what
allows the simplification of its formulation.
[0032] The present invention also refers to a simple and original
process to obtain the derivatives of artesunate salts with
quinolines represented by the general formula I.
[0033] The general process to prepare the compounds derived from
artesunate salts and quinolines comprises the following stages:
[0034] a) solubilization of quinoline, represented by the general
formula II, as a free base form in organic solvents;
[0035] b) solubilization of artesunate, represented by the general
formula III, in organic solvents;
[0036] c) addition of the artesunate solution (stage b) to the
quinoline solution (stage a) in order to obtain derivatives of
artesunate salts of quinolines;
[0037] d) solvent evaporation for salt precipitation;
[0038] e) salt filtration in order to obtain derivatives of
artesunate salts of quinolines as a solid product. Its
effectiveness ranges from 80 to 96%.
[0039] When the quinoline becomes a salt it can be converted into
quinoline base-free form through the following stages:
[0040] i) solubilization of quinoline salt in selected polar
solvents such as water, water/aliphatic alcohol from C.sub.1 to
C.sub.6 and ether;
[0041] ii) quinoline conversion into base-free salt, using a
saturated aqueous solution of inorganic base;
[0042] iii) extraction of quinoline in base-free form using organic
solvents;
[0043] iv) drying of the organic phase with desiccant agents;
[0044] v) organic solvent evaporation to obtain quinoline in its
base-free form.
[0045] The stage (i) ether may be selected among diethylether,
t-butylmethylether, tetrahydrofuran and 1,2-dimetoxyethane.
[0046] In the conversion of quinoline in base-free form, stage
(ii), it is employed an inorganic base selected among sodium
hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium
hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate.
[0047] Among organic solvents used in the extraction of quinoline
into a base-free drug form, stage (iii) as well as in the
solubilization of quinolines and artesunate stages (a) and (b),
respectively, it is employed ether, halogenide solvents and
alcohol. Ether may be selected among The stage (i) ether may be
selected among diethylether, t-butylmethylether, tetrahydrofuran
and 1,2-dimetoxyethane. Halogenide Solvents may be dichlorometan
and chloroform, and the alcohol may be an aliphatic alcohol from
C.sub.1 to C.sub.6.
[0048] In the drying process of the organic phase (stage iv) the
desiccant agents may be anhydrous sodium sulphate, anhydrous
magnesium sulphate and calcium chloride.
[0049] The compounds of the current invention may be used mainly in
the treatment or prevention from malaria or other parasitic
diseases, such as, kaodzera, Chagas' disease, leishmaniasis,
amoebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis,
schistosomiasis, as well as other helminthiases.
[0050] The application of the compound of this invention in the
treatment of prevention from these diseases, caused by a variety of
protozoans, is evident to an expert in the field that recognizes a
substantial structural homology and superposition of activity and
particularity of the substrate among the enzymes of P. falciparum
and another protozoan.
[0051] The pharmaceutical composition of the current invention
comprises, as an active ingredient, an effective amount of one of
the derivatives of artesunate salts with quinolines and an
acceptable pharmaceutical vehicle.
[0052] The acceptable pharmaceutical vehicle must be any type of
material, inert and non-toxic, to allow the formulation of the
active ingredient, in order to permit its administration. These
vehicles are well-known by the experts.
[0053] Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of the
current invention may be administered through the digestive tract
(orally or through the use of suppositories), or via parenteral
(cutaneous or intracutaneous).
[0054] To be administered by mouth, the medicine may come in
tablets, pills, capsules, emulsion, solution or suspension. The
inactive components in this case comprise excipients, ligands,
disintegrants, diluents, lubricants, etc.
[0055] Solid compositions include the active ingredient mixed with
non-toxic excipients suitable to manufacture tablets, such as
starch, lactose, certain types of carbonates e bicarbonates,
phosphates, talc etc. The tablets may be coated or not, depending
on the point of the gastrointestinal tract where the disintegration
and the absorption of the drug must occur.
[0056] In case of suspensions or aqueous solutions, excipients such
as methyl-cellulose, sodium alginate, acacia gum, lecytin etc. and
one or more additives, such as preservers, colorants, flavouring
agents, thickners, polyols, saccharose, glucose etc. may be
used.
[0057] The medicine in the form of a suppository contains
conventional excipients, water soluble or not, for example,
polyethylene, glycols, fat (cocoa-butter) or mixtures of these
substances, natural oils or hydrogenated oils, liquid or semiliquid
polyols, fatty acids (fat), waxes.
[0058] For parenteral (subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous)
route of administration, the medicine must be injectable. The
inactive components used in this case include acceptable parenteral
diluents and solvents and other non-toxic components such as
suspension agents, oils, water, polyols, alcohols, glycerines,
vegetable oils, lectins, liposomes etc.
[0059] The quantity of the active principle, which will be combined
with the acceptable pharmaceutical vehicle, in order to produce the
final dosage form will depend on the organism to be treated as well
as on the chosen way to administer it. The active ingredient will
preferably range from 0.1 to 99% of the formulation weight. The
concentration of the active principle should be most of all within
0.25 and 99% of the formulation weight.
[0060] However, it must be clear that the specific level of the
dose for any patient will depend on a variety of factors including
the activity of the employed compound, age, body weight, general
clinical picture, sex, diet, time and via of administration,
excretion rate, combination with other drugs, resistance and
severity of the disease to be treated.
[0061] The present invention is described in details through the
examples presented below. It is necessary to point out that the
invention is not limited to these examples but it also includes
variations and modifications within the limits in which it
works.
Example 1
[0062] Compound represented by the general formula I
X.sup.+.Y.sup.-, where R.sub.1.dbd.CF.sub.3;
R.sub.2.dbd.CH(OH)-2-(C.sub.5H.sub.11N);
R.sub.3.dbd.R.sub.4.dbd.R.sub.5.dbd.H; R.sub.6.dbd.CF.sub.3; and
the relation X to Y equals 1:1.
[0063] In order to obtain the derivative of artesunate salt with
mefloquine, it is employed a solution of mefloquine hydrochloride
(2.00 g) in 50 ml of water/methanol (8:3). Then, it is added to
this solution the same volume of ethyl ether at room temperature
and under constant agitation. After that, it is added sodium
bicarbonate until the effervescence ceases. The two formed phases
are separated. The organic phase is dried with anhydrous sodium
sulphate and the evaporated solvent. It is obtained 1.48 g of base
free, which is again solubilized in 40 ml of ethyl ether. 1.50 g of
artesunate is added to this solution.
[0064] The reacting mixture is kept in agitation for one night,
then it is observed a white solid formation which is filtered (2.38
g, returning 80%). .sup.1H-RMN (400 MHz, c), .delta.: 8.73 (d,
J=8.8 Hz, 1H); 8.40 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H); 8.08 (s, 1H); 7.93 (t, J=7.9
Hz, 1H); 5.66 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H); 5.55 (s, 1H); 5.43 (d, J=4.5 Hz,
1H); 2.48 (m, 4H, --COCH.sub.2CH.sub.2CO--); 1.28 (s, 3H); 0.89 (d,
J=6.2 Hz, 3H) and 0.76 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H).
Example 2
[0065] Compound represented by the general formula X.sup.+.Y.sup.-,
where R.sub.1.dbd.H;
R.sub.2.dbd.NHCHCH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3N(C.sub.2H.sub.5).sub.2;
R.sub.3.dbd.R.sub.4=R.sub.6.dbd.H; R.sub.5=Cl; and the relation X
to Y equals 1:1.
[0066] To obtain the referred salt of artesunate and chloroquine,
it was performed the same procedure described in the example 1,
starting from the chloroquine diphosphate. The salt was obtained
with 86% of efficiency. .sup.1H-RMN (200 MHz, MeOH-d.sub.4),
.delta.: 8.35 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H); 8.23 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H); 7.79 (d,
J=2.0 Hz, 1H); 7.44 (dd, J=8.0 and 2.0 Hz, 1H); 6.64 (d, J=6.0 Hz,
1H); 5.70 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H); 5.42 (s, 1H); 1.36 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H);
1.33 (s, 3H); 1.23 (m, 6H); 0.93 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H) and 0.84 (d,
J=6.0 Hz, 3H).
Example 3
[0067] Compound represented by the general formula X.sup.+.Y.sup.-,
where R.sub.1.dbd.R.sub.2=R.sub.3.dbd.R.sub.5=H;
R.sub.4.dbd.OCH.sub.3;
R.sub.6.dbd.NHCHCH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3NH.sub.2; and the relation
X to Y equals 1:2.
[0068] The disalt of artesunate and primaquine was obtained
performing the same procedure described in the example 1, starting
from primaquine diphosphate. The disalt was obtained with 88% of
efficiency. .sup.1H-RMN (200 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6), .delta.: 8.52 (dd,
J=4.0 and 2.0 Hz, 1H); 8.06 (dd, J=4.0 and 2.0 Hz, 1H); 7.41 (dd,
J=10.0 and 5.0 Hz, 1H); 6.47 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H); 5.63 (d, J=10.0 Hz,
2H); 5.51 (s, 2H); 3.81 (s, 3H, OCH.sub.3); 1.27 (s, 6H); 1.19 (d,
J=6.0 Hz, 3H); 0.84 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 6H) and 0.74 (d, J=6.0 Hz,
6H).
Example 4
Pharmacological Evaluation
[0069] The pharmacological evaluation of the compounds of the
current invention, in order to prove the respective therapeutic
efficiency, may be demonstrated in the following tests where 3
samples were used, labeled "A", "B" and "C", and all the tests were
done with samples that followed the same codes. Sample "A" is
constituted of salt of artesunate and mefloquine (compound of
artesunate salt according to the current invention), sample "B" is
constituted of artesunate, while sample "C" is represented by
mefloquine. The description of the tests is done in 3 stages:
methodology, results and conclusions.
Test Methodology
[0070] To evaluate the antimalarial activity the following tests
were carried out in different experiments in vivo using groups of
Swiss female albino mice, weighing between 18 and 22 g. These mice
were inoculated with 100,000 red cells infected with strain NK 65
of Plasmodium berghei (cause of malaria in rodents) according to
the scheme previously proposed (Peters et al., Annals of Tropical
Medicine and Parasitology, 1993, 87, 547). After inoculating the
parasite via intraperitoneal, the animals were divided at random
into groups of five. The treatment of the mice were initiated the
day after the inoculation, for 4 days in sequence, applying samples
"A", "B" e "C" administered via oral. The different groups of mice,
represented by groups treated and not treated (group control) were
kept in the same conditions, in polyacetylene cages, water and
ration was offered ad libitum. A group was treated with
chloroquine, an antimalarial of reference. The development of the
infection was verified in all groups through blood samples
collected for parasitaemia on the 5th and 7th day after the
infection, and the parasitaemia was measured based on double blind
tests, in codified slides, in order to minimize occasional
bias.
[0071] The tests in vitro to evaluate the antimalarial activity
were carried out with P. falciparum cultivated in red cells in 10%
of human serum, in slabs of 96 wells, using Rieckman et al.'s
traditional method, modified by Carvalho et al. Braz J. Med. Biol.
Research, 1991. The parasites were incubated for 72 hours in
culture medium having samples "A", "B" and "C" in different
dilutions in ideal atmospheric conditions at 37.degree. C.; drugs
and the culture medium was changed every 24 hours. After this
period, blood samples were collected for evaluation of the activity
of each compound. As to control wells with complete culture medium
were maintained, but with no addition of drugs, and wells in which
chloroquine was present in different tested concentrations in
triplicate.
Obtained Results
[0072] Not only in vivo but also in vitro, the activity of drugs
was evaluated in relation to the group control without any drugs.
The results are shown in table 1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Antimalarial effect of samples "A" (salt of
artesunate and mefloquine), "B" (artesunate) and "C" (mefloquine)
with a dose of 12 mg/kg in mice infected by Plasmodium berghei and
treated via oral for 4 days in sequence. Average parasitaemia (%)
.+-. SD on days Cumulative mortality on (% Inhibition of different
days parasitaemia)* of infection Sample 5.degree. 7.degree.
10.degree. 19.degree. 23.degree. 35.degree. 48.degree. A 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 (100%) (100%) B 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 (100%) (100%) C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(100%) (100%) Control not treated 4.3 .+-. 2.6 23.6 .+-. 10.7 1 5 5
5 5 Sd = standard deviation of averages of 5 mice in each group.
*In relation to the group control not treated.
[0073] Not only the artesunate, but also the mefloquine and the new
salt of artesunate with quinoline, tested with a dose of 12 mg/kg
via oral suppressed 100% the acute parasitaemia of treated animals,
in evaluations carried out on the 5th and 7.sup.th day after the
infection. We usually follow the evolution of treatment for 30 days
but the animals were anemic and mortality occurred in one of the
groups, the one treated with sample "B" (which was later decoded as
pure artesunate). Because of this, we restarted collecting new
blood samples.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Recrudescence of the parasitaemia in animals
infected by P. berghei and treated with sample "B" (pure artesunate
in a dose of 12 mg/kg). % Individual parasitaemia on different days
Sample 30.degree. 33.degree. 36.degree. 48.degree. B 0 0 0 0 42 48
.dagger. 0.6 5 14 30 24 40 53 .dagger. .dagger. Average .+-. Sd
16.6 .+-. 20.4 23.3 .+-. 24.3 33.5 .+-. 27.4 30 .+-. 21.2 Sd =
standard deviation; .dagger. = Animal death
[0074] Meanwhile groups treated with sample "A" (new compound, salt
of mefloquine artesunate) and "C" (mefloquine) remained negative,
the animals of the group treated with sample "B" (pure artesunate)
showed recrudescency of the parasitaemia. Therefore, in animals
treated with salt of artesunate with quinolines (sample "A") the
cure of malaria was observed.
[0075] The results of tests in vitro with P. falciparum are
depicted in Table 3 showing that artesunate and the salt of
artesunate with quinolines presented similar activity in vitro, but
higher than pure mefloquine. The variations observed in the
activity of the compounds in these two different experiments are
expected and take place due to limitations of the methodology which
makes use of a microscopic for evaluations. This methodology is
little accurate.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Inhibiting concentrations (IC) approximated
for the increasing of P. falciparum (W2) in vitro to the
chloroquine (QC) and to samples "A", "B" and "C" against P.
falciparum, in two distinct experiments. IC in ng/ml Experiment 2
Experiment 1 95%- Sample 40% 50% 80% 95%-100% 40% 50% 80% 100% A
0.83 1.03 1.85 4.07 0.46 0.8 1.5 .gtoreq.5 B 0.37 0.46 0.99 1.54
0.33 0.43 1.3 .gtoreq.5 C 0.93 1.24 12.9 .gtoreq.50 2.8 3.4
.gtoreq.5 .gtoreq.5 QC 41.1 51.3 82.3 277.7 48.2 55.5 133.4
.gtoreq.200
CONCLUSIONS
[0076] Artesunate and artesunate salt with quinolines demonstrated
similar activities in vitro, while artesunate was not able to cure
malaria in animals treated with a dose of 12 mg/kg. The best tested
compound against malaria was the artesunate salt with
quinolines.
* * * * *