U.S. patent application number 13/335870 was filed with the patent office on 2012-05-24 for computer-implemented system and method for providing gun shot detection through a centralized parking services server.
This patent application is currently assigned to XEROX CORPORATION. Invention is credited to Alan G. Bell, David Preston Cummins, Craig Eldershaw, Lance E. Good, Daniel H. Greene, Mark Jeffrey Stefik, Francisco Eduardo Torres, Serdar Uckun.
Application Number | 20120127308 13/335870 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 46064022 |
Filed Date | 2012-05-24 |
United States Patent
Application |
20120127308 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Eldershaw; Craig ; et
al. |
May 24, 2012 |
Computer-Implemented System And Method For Providing Gun Shot
Detection Through A Centralized Parking Services Server
Abstract
A computer-implemented system and method for providing gun shot
detection through a centralized parking services server is
provided. Smart parking devices are physically proximate parking
spaces. Acoustic sensors are deployed with at least one acoustic
sensor in a smart parking device. Vehicle occupancy sensors and
parking availability indicators are associated with the parking
spaces. Parking space occupancy is sensed through the nearest
vehicle occupancy sensor. Use of the parking space is processed
based on an identity of a driver. Potential gunshots are detected
by aurally monitoring ambient sounds in the service region through
the acoustic sensors. The potential gunshots are identified by
evaluating the ambient sounds for sound characteristics of gunfire
and triangulating the ambient sounds relative to the locations of
the acoustic sensor comprised in one of the smart parking devices
and at least one other of the acoustic sensors. Finally, an alert
is generated for the potential gunshot.
Inventors: |
Eldershaw; Craig; (Belmont,
CA) ; Stefik; Mark Jeffrey; (Portola Valley, CA)
; Bell; Alan G.; (Los Altos, CA) ; Good; Lance
E.; (Gaithersburg, MD) ; Greene; Daniel H.;
(Sunnyvale, CA) ; Torres; Francisco Eduardo; (San
Jose, CA) ; Uckun; Serdar; (Palo Alto, CA) ;
Cummins; David Preston; (Washington, DC) |
Assignee: |
XEROX CORPORATION
Norwalk
CT
PALO ALTO RESEARCH CENTER INCORPORATED
Palo Alto
CA
|
Family ID: |
46064022 |
Appl. No.: |
13/335870 |
Filed: |
December 22, 2011 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
13161100 |
Jun 15, 2011 |
|
|
|
13335870 |
|
|
|
|
61393337 |
Oct 14, 2010 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
348/143 ;
340/932.2; 348/E7.085 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G08B 13/1672 20130101;
G08G 1/147 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
348/143 ;
340/932.2; 348/E07.085 |
International
Class: |
H04N 7/18 20060101
H04N007/18; B60Q 1/48 20060101 B60Q001/48 |
Claims
1. A computer-implemented system for providing gunshot detection
through a centralized parking services server, comprising: a server
managing a multiplicity of motor vehicle parking spaces, the server
comprising a memory and a processor operatively coupled to the
memory and configured to execute computer executable program
modules; a plurality of smart parking devices interfacing to the
server that are each physically proximate to least one of the
parking spaces; a plurality of acoustic sensors interfacing to the
server with at least one such acoustic sensor comprised in one of
the smart parking devices; a plurality of vehicle occupancy sensors
interfacing to the server that are also each physically proximate
to least one of the parking spaces; a plurality of parking
availability indicators interfacing to the server that are each
associated with at least one of the parking spaces; a parking
management module executed by the server managing use of the
parking spaces, comprising: an activation module activating the
parking availability indicator associated with each of the parking
spaces based on parking availability; an occupancy module sensing
occupancy of each of the parking spaces by a motor vehicle through
the nearest vehicle occupancy sensor; and a processing module
processing use of the parking space based on an identity of a
driver of the motor vehicle through the nearest smart parking
device; and a gunshot detection module executed by the server
detecting potential gunshots, comprising: a sound monitoring module
aurally monitoring ambient sounds in the service region through the
acoustic sensors; an evaluation module identifying the potential
gunshots by evaluating the ambient sounds for sound characteristics
of gun fire and triangulating the ambient sounds relative to the
locations of the acoustic sensor comprised in one of the smart
parking devices and at least one other of the acoustic sensors; and
an alert module generating an alert through the server for the
potential gunshot.
2. A system according to claim 1, further comprising: a muzzle
blast module determining whether the ambient sounds comprise
characteristics particular to a muzzle blast, which originate from
a single location; identifying the single location through the
triangulation; and providing the single location in the alert.
3. A system according to claim 1, further comprising: a bullet bow
shockwave module determining whether the ambient sounds comprise
characteristics particular to a bullet bow shockwave, which travel
across the service region; identifying a possible location from
which the bullet bow shockwave originated and possible bullet
trajectory through the triangulation; and providing the possible
location in the alert.
4. A system according to claim 1, further comprising: a filter
module filtering out the ambient sounds comprising a duration
exceeding that of a gunshot, which lack sufficient volume, or that
are in the wrong sound frequency.
5. A system according to claim 1, further comprising: a propagation
module determining propagation of the ambient sounds between the at
least two of the smart parking devices; temporally ordering the
locations of at least two of the smart parking devices relative to
propagation of the ambient sounds; and identifying the smart
parking device occurring earliest in the temporal ordering in the
alert as the location likely to be nearest to the source of the
potential gunshot.
6. A system according to claim 1, wherein each smart parking device
further comprises a visual sensor, further comprising: a flash
monitoring module visually monitoring the area surrounding the
locations of at least two of the smart parking devices through
their respective visual sensors for muzzle flashes; and
additionally identifying the potential gunshots by evaluating
images of the areas for visual indications characteristics of a
muzzle flash.
7. A system according to claim 6, further comprising at least one
of: a corroboration module corroborating the visual indications
characteristics of a muzzle flash with the sound characteristics of
gun fire; and a documentation module requesting one or more of the
visual sensors located in the area surrounding the locations of at
least two of the visual sensors but which did not capture the
muzzle flashes to capture images of the surrounding area and to
provide the captured images in the alert.
8. A system according to claim 6, further comprising: a capture
module capturing images of the area surrounding the locations of at
least two of the smart parking devices through their respective
visual sensors as triggered by the muzzle flashes or the detected
sound of a gunshot; and providing the captured images in the
alert.
9. A system according to claim 8, wherein the captured images in
the alert are temporally ordered relative to a time at which the
ambient sounds were first monitored.
10. A system according to claim 1, further comprising: a forwarding
module contacting emergency services through the server by
forwarding the alert
11. A computer-implemented method for providing gunshot detection
through a centralized parking services server, comprising: managing
a multiplicity of motor vehicle parking spaces that are all located
in a service region through a server, comprising: interfacing a
plurality of smart parking devices that are each physically
proximate to least one of the parking spaces; interfacing a
plurality of acoustic sensors with at least one such acoustic
sensor comprised in one of the smart parking devices; interfacing a
plurality of vehicle occupancy sensors that are also each
physically proximate to least one of the parking spaces; and
interfacing a plurality of parking availability indicators that are
each associated with at least one of the parking spaces; managing
use of the parking spaces, comprising: activating the parking
availability indicator associated with each of the parking spaces
based on parking availability; sensing occupancy of each of the
parking spaces by a motor vehicle through the nearest vehicle
occupancy sensor; and processing use of the parking space based on
an identity of a driver of the motor vehicle through the nearest
smart parking device; and detecting potential gunshots, comprising:
aurally monitoring ambient sounds in the service region through the
acoustic sensors; identifying the potential gunshots by evaluating
the ambient sounds for sound characteristics of gun fire and
triangulating the ambient sounds relative to the locations of the
acoustic sensor comprised in one of the smart parking devices and
at least one other of the acoustic sensors; and generating an alert
through the server for the potential gunshot.
12. A method according to claim 11, further comprising: determining
whether the ambient sounds comprise characteristics particular to a
muzzle blast, which originate from a single location; identifying
the single location through the triangulation; and providing the
single location in the alert.
13. A method according to claim 11, further comprising: determining
whether the ambient sounds comprise characteristics particular to a
bullet bow shockwave, which travel across the service region;
identifying a possible location from which the bullet bow shockwave
originated and possible bullet trajectory through the
triangulation; and providing the possible location in the
alert.
14. A method according to claim 11, further comprising: filtering
out the ambient sounds comprising a duration exceeding that of a
gunshot, which lack sufficient volume, or that are in the wrong
sound frequency.
15. A method according to claim 11, further comprising: determining
propagation of the ambient sounds between the at least two acoustic
sensors; temporally ordering the locations of at least two acoustic
sensors relative to propagation of the ambient sounds; and
identifying the acoustic sensor occurring earliest in the temporal
ordering in the alert as the location likely to be nearest to the
source of the potential gunshot.
16. A method according to claim 11, further comprising: interfacing
a plurality of visuals with at least one such visual sensor
comprised in one of the smart parking device; visually monitoring
the area surrounding the locations of at least two of the visual
sensors for muzzle flashes; and additionally identifying the
potential gunshots by evaluating images of the areas for visual
indications characteristics of a muzzle flash.
17. A method according to claim 16, further comprising at least one
of: corroborating the visual indications characteristics of a
muzzle flash with the sound characteristics of gun fire; and
requesting one or more of the visual sensors located in the area
surrounding the locations of at least two of the visual sensors but
which did not capture the muzzle flashes to capture images of the
surrounding area and to provide the captured images in the
alert.
18. A method according to claim 16, further comprising: capturing
images of the area surrounding the locations of at least two of the
visual sensors as triggered by the muzzle flashes or the detected
sound of a gunshot; and providing the captured images in the
alert.
19. A method according to claim 17, further comprising: temporally
ordering the captured images in the alert relative to a time at
which the ambient sounds were first monitored.
20. A method according to claim 11, further comprising: contacting
emergency services through the server by forwarding the alert.
21. A computer-implemented apparatus for providing gunshot
detection through a centralized parking services server,
comprising: means for managing a multiplicity of motor vehicle
parking spaces that are all located in a service region,
comprising: means for interfacing a plurality of smart parking
devices that are each physically proximate to least one of the
parking spaces; means for interfacing a plurality of acoustic
sensors with at least one such acoustic sensor comprised in one of
the smart parking devices; means for interfacing a plurality of
vehicle occupancy sensors that are also each physically proximate
to least one of the parking spaces; and means for interfacing a
plurality of parking availability indicators that are each
associated with at least one of the parking spaces; means for
managing use of the parking spaces, comprising: means for
activating the parking availability indicator associated with each
of the parking spaces based on parking availability; means for
sensing occupancy of each of the parking spaces by a motor vehicle
through the nearest vehicle occupancy sensor; and means for
processing use of the parking space based on an identity of a
driver of the motor vehicle through the nearest smart parking
device; and means for detecting potential gunshots, comprising:
means for aurally monitoring ambient sounds in the service region
through the acoustic sensors; means for identifying the potential
gunshots by means for evaluating the ambient sounds for sound
characteristics of gun fire and means for triangulating the ambient
sounds relative to the locations of the acoustic sensor comprised
in one of the smart parking devices and at least one other of the
acoustic sensors; and means for generating an alert through the
server for the potential gunshot.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This patent application is a continuation-in-part of U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 13/161,100, filed Jun. 15, 2011,
pending, which is a non-provisional patent application that claims
priority under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent
Application, Ser. No. 61/393,337, filed Oct. 14, 2010, the
disclosures of which are incorporated by reference.
FIELD
[0002] This application relates in general to motor vehicle parking
control and management and, in particular, to a
computer-implemented system and method for providing gun shot
detection through a centralized parking services server.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Public roads primarily facilitate motor vehicle traffic.
Vehicle parking is ordinarily offered as a secondary benefit
incident to vehicle throughway. Consequently, parking is an
inherently limited public resource. Within an urban environment,
local government generally regulates parking at curbside on public
roads, in municipal parking lots, and on other public property
through a regulatory scheme that both provides revenue generation
and promotes public safety and health. Commonly, public parking is
regulated through a scheme of fees assessed through parking meters
for fixed time period parking, by issuance of permits for
residential, commercial, or special use parking, and through zoning
that regulates permissible uses of property, including parking.
Parking on privately-owned property is often offered through hourly
fees or some form of parking contract.
[0004] Meeting the parking needs of motorists requires more than
simply finding a balance between supply and demand, yet the
capability to efficiently allocate and manage on-street parking
remains elusive, even when parking needs are significant,
recurring, and known ahead of time. For instance, urban parking
spaces characteristically undergo periods of widely skewed demand
and utilization, with low demand and light use in some periods,
often during the night, and heavy demand and use at other times. As
well, merely finding available parking is only the start, as
subsequent occupancy of a parking space must also be permissible
under applicable rules. Parking regulations, though, are often
complex and confusing, with time limits on parking in residential
and business zones, parking enforcement undertaken during working
hours in neighborhood zones, parking enforcement of loading zone
rules and rules governing parking near fire hydrants occurring at
all hours, and exceptions to parking regulations made to
accommodate select holidays or events, depending upon the
municipality.
[0005] Consequently, the impact of regulated control over on-street
parking affects all motorists, as well as urban residents, local
businesses, and other parties that use or rely upon on-street
parking. Drivers seeking a place to park their motor vehicle are
most immediately impacted by regulated parking control. Looking for
a parking space wastes time, contributes to traffic congestion,
creates frustration, and generates pollution, while violating
parking rules, such as by allowing a parking meter to expire, can
result in parking tickets, fines, wheel clamping ("booting"), or
towing and impoundment. These motorists need both to readily
determine on-street parking availability and ensure parking
regulation compliance once parked.
[0006] Urban residents are a subclass of motorists with special
recurring needs. Urban residents often lack garages and must park
on the street at night, on the weekends, and at other times when
they are at home. Regular on-street parking requires particular
care. For instance, urban residents may be expected to feed
payments regularly into parking meters or continually re-park their
vehicles when they are home during the day, which can be
impractical and unduly burdensome. As well, they may be expected to
remember to park off-street when street cleaning or other scheduled
street work occurs. As a result, urban residents need to know more
than just parking availability; they need to have parking
predictability, which can be crucial to ensuring their personal
safety, for instance, when arriving home late at night, and for
convenience as needed, for example, when unloading shopping bags
from their car or in inclement weather.
[0007] The parking needs of local businesses are complementary to
the needs of drivers and urban residents. Many local businesses
depend on the availability of customer parking for their success.
In some locales, tourists and out-of-town visitors may constitute a
large percentage of local business' customers, and a lack of
on-street parking, or overly-complex parking regulations, can
discourage these potential customers, thereby harming the
opportunities for local businesses to flourish. Local businesses
also often need to ensure that parking is available for the
delivery of goods or for the use of commercial vendors.
[0008] U.S. Pat. No. RE40,013, reissued Jan. 22, 2008, to Quinn,
discloses a method and apparatus for detection and remote
notification of vehicle parking space. Local detector devices sense
the presence or absence of a vehicle in a particular parking space
and communicate space identification and status information to a
computer network. The information is integrated with electronic
street maps of the area. The street maps, annotated with the
parking space status identifiers, are electronically communicated
to any number of networks.
[0009] U.S. Pat. No. 7,791,501, issued Sep. 7, 2010, to Ioli,
discloses a vehicle identification, tracking, and parking
enforcement system. The system includes a meter system that
generates image data of a vehicle in a parking space, public
roadway, and highway entrances and exits. In operation, the system
allows license tags, special parking permits, handicapped tags, or
other suitable tags to be readily identified, which allows parking
areas that have been reserved for handicapped or other personnel to
be monitored. Unauthorized individuals that have parked in those
locations can thereby be determined. An enforcement and tracking
system receives the vehicle image data and generates a vehicle
license number, vehicle tag identification number, and facial
image. From the image date acquired, monitoring of parking spaces
is performed and violation citations or notices are generated.
[0010] U.S. Pat. No. 7,768,426, issued Aug. 3, 2010, to Groft,
discloses a parking system employing remote asset management
techniques. A vehicle detection system and smart meter identify all
information as to a parking space, including when a vehicle enters
or leaves, how long the vehicle has been in the space, whether the
parking meter associated with the space is in good operating order,
whether the requested charge for parking has been paid, whether the
vehicle is in compliance with regulations regarding the space,
whether a violation has occurred or is about to occur, and status
of usage of the collection mechanism. This information is
collected, stored, and transmitted to a central command and control
interface, which collates, analyses, and transmits reports to a
display. Thus, all parties involved in parking, from whatever point
of view, are able to monitor the status of all parking spaces in
near real time and make use of the information developed on an
interactive basis, thereby enabling the highest degree of
efficiency in management of parking spaces through real time
parking information collection.
[0011] U.S. Pat. No. 7,579,964, issued Aug. 25, 2009, to Nath et
al., discloses a method for intelligent parking, pollution, and
surveillance control. Parking meters sense the presence of a
vehicle parked in a metered zone by emitting a narrow signal beam
around an area where a vehicle can park. Two pairs of miniature
surveillance cameras are included in the housing of an intelligent
parking enforcement device, such as a parking meter. The presence
of a vehicle parked nearby is sensed by a sensor beacon and, on the
successful acknowledgement of a vehicle's presence, the system
transmits a unique identifier to the parked vehicle and
continuously monitors the vehicle for idling. The intelligent
parking enforcement device communicates with a automobile
registration control system, which is informed of impending parking
violations and, when appropriate, a violation summons is
issued.
[0012] U.S. Pat. No. 7,393,134, issued Jul. 1, 2008, to Mitschele,
discloses a parking meter that includes a micro-controller coupled
with a vehicle detector that is focused at associated parking
space. A payment acceptance mechanism is coupled with the
micro-controller to receive payment for pre-paid parking. Operation
of the parking meter is initiated by an interrogation station
directing an interrogation signal at an associated parking space
and the presence of a vehicle is detected by a vehicle detector. A
parking violation occurs when the operator of the vehicle either
fails to make payment within a pre-determined standby interval or
when the pre-paid parking interval expires.
[0013] U.S. Pat. No. 7,237,716, issued Jul. 3, 2007, to Silberberg,
discloses a parking system for sending messages. The parking system
has a parking meter in close proximity to a parking space, in which
a user's vehicle is able to be parked. The parking meter receives
payment and thereafter establishes a parking period, during which
the vehicle is able to legitimately park in the space. A
communication means sends a message to the user's mobile phone
prior to the expiry of the parking.
[0014] U.S. Pat. No. 7,019,670, issued Mar. 28, 2006, to Bahar,
discloses an enhanced meter utilizing user identification
technology. A user or vehicle is identified by communication of
user data into the parking meter system. If the meter becomes
expired with the vehicle remaining in the parking space, a citation
is electronically processed and thereafter delivered to the user or
vehicle owner. A vehicle presence detector utilizes infrared,
ultrasonic, sonar, photoelectric, or other technology to detect the
presence of a vehicle in a metered parking space. Recognition of
the user or vehicle further enables the system to limit the
individual's or vehicle's parking time to help regulate traffic
within a municipality district, as well as prevent people from
parking on a metered location for excessive periods of time.
[0015] U.S. Pat. No. 7,014,355, issued Mar. 21, 2006, to Potter,
Sr. et al., discloses an electronic parking meter system.
Electronically operated parking meters are coupled with a sensor
for positively and unobtrusively sensing the presence or absence of
a vehicle in a specified parking space. An induction coil mounted
below the surface of a parking area provides positive signals to
the electronically operated parking meter upon both the entrance
and movement of a vehicle into and from the parking space. A
transaction record can be stored showing exact dates and times of
the arrival and departure of the vehicle. This data, when combined
with other records, can provide a variety of real time management
information to a parking manager, including an electronic citation
issuance system.
[0016] U.S. Pat. No. 6,823,317, issued Nov. 23, 2004, to Ouimet et
al., discloses an urban parking system. A wireless network covering
a large local geographic area is linked to a large number of
payment terminals, which are located near a plurality of parking
spaces, either at curbside or in municipal lots. Parking data is
gathered from motorists at the payment terminals, including vehicle
or parking space identification data. The parking data is sent to
the wireless network in response to payment. A plurality of
portable terminals is provided for use by parking wardens. The
wireless network is used to transmit the parking data to the
portable terminals of the parking wardens upon receipt.
[0017] U.S. Pat. No. 6,493,676, issued Dec. 10, 2002, to Levy,
discloses a system and method for charging for vehicle parking. A
parking system includes a plurality of mobile parking units that
each has a unique identification for installation in a vehicle, and
a parking control center for communicating with each of the mobile
parking units. Each mobile parking unit checks its location
whenever the vehicle is not moving and, if the location coincides
with a known parking area, a charge for parking is activated until
the vehicle resumes travel.
[0018] U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,782, issued Jun. 8, 1999, to Schmitt et
al., discloses an on-board vehicle parking space finder service.
When a vehicle enters a parking space, a parking meter, equipped
with an ultrasonic, sonar, or other sensor device, senses the
presence of the vehicle and changes its internal state to
"occupied." When the vehicle leaves, the parking meter senses the
departure and changes its internal space to "available." As soon as
the parking meter detects a change of state, a data message
containing the parking meter identifier or location information and
parking availability status is sent to a nearby central site. When
a driver in the vehicle desires to locate available on-street
parking, a request is initiated from the on-board navigation
computer to the central site. Upon receipt of the request, the
central site computer transmits a parking space availability
message to the vehicle. The vehicle on-board computer displays the
parking space availability to the requester.
[0019] In addition to providing parking services to motorists,
local governments have a strong interest in ensuring public safety
by preventing crime. For instance, over the last few decades,
government has been taking an increasingly strong position on gun
control in an effort to curb violent crime. As part of this effort,
many local governments have deployed gunshot detection systems
throughout urban areas. These systems detect and relay the
suspected location of gunfire to law enforcement through sensors
geographically distributed throughout a municipality. While police
departments have traditionally had to rely on citizens calling in
reports of gunshots, several minutes can elapse between gunshots
being heard and the police being notified. Gunshot detection
systems effectively eliminate the delay in reporting gunfire, as
well as the inaccuracy in pinpointing the location of gunshots,
thereby allowing law enforcement to react effectively.
[0020] Current gunshot detection systems require a local government
to incur a two-fold expense in installing physical infrastructure
to monitor urban areas for suspicious sights and sounds, and in
deploying data analysis components to identify gunshots and notify
the proper authorities. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 7,474,589
issued Jan. 6, 2009 to Showen et al. discloses acoustic location of
gunshots using combined arrival and time of arrival measurements
provided by acoustic sensors as deployed in an urban environment,
the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. Each sensor
calculates an angular uncertainty from sound impulses received at
four or more microphones having rotational symmetry. An
intersection of one or more time-of-arrival hyperbolas with one or
more angle-of-arrival beams is used to determine candidate gunshot
location.
[0021] Even in an average sized-city, the cost of physical
infrastructure can be substantial, as networks of microphones and
cameras need to be installed in sufficient number with adequate
dispersion to enable accurate gunshot triangulation. Also,
encumbrance of private property for placement of microphones and
cameras may require reimbursement of the property owners, thereby
adding further to the overall cost of infrastructure. Alternatives
to dedicated physical infrastructure exist. For instance, U.S. Pat.
No. 7,855,935 issued Dec. 21, 2010 to Lauder et al. discloses a
weapon fire location system and method involving mobile devices,
the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. The system
obtains information about a cellular phone, whose location can be
determined using 9-1-1 location information. The system may then
present gunshot location, including displaying the positional
information of the source location of the weapon fire and the
mobile device. However, the system relies upon the serendipitous
presence of and access to a mobile device at the time of gunfire,
which implies that some gunshot events go unnoticed, and must also
adjust triangulation calculations for post-gunfire dispersal of the
mobile device.
[0022] Therefore, a need remains for providing cost effective
gunshot detection and notification, particularly in an urban
environment.
SUMMARY
[0023] Real-time and account-based parking services are provided
through a network of smart parking devices and parking services
kiosks, which provide physical infrastructure for gunshot
detection. Each parking device or kiosk is physically located at
nearby one or more motor vehicle parking spaces and has an acoustic
sensor, such as a microphone and, in a further embodiment, a visual
sensor, such as a camera. Sensors are also physically located at
each parking space for determining whether a vehicle is parked.
Each parking space has a parking availability status indicator that
is visible to motorists in vehicles from afar in a manner akin to a
traffic light for a parking space. The parking services execute on
one or more servers and maintain real time information about
parking spaces, parking policies, parking events, and accounts.
Additionally, the acoustic sensors report suspicious noises to the
parking services for analysis as potential gunfire, after which law
enforcement is notified if appropriate. Information from the
parking devices, kiosks, and the sensors is collected into the
parking services, which can change the status and other internal
state of the parking devices. The parking services also interact
with drivers, urban residents, local merchants, parking enforcement
and law enforcement personnel, and other stake holders through
on-line services. Drivers can have parking accounts and can
establish a parking identity for a parking event by allowing the
parking services to read a parking identification card, driver's
license, or credit card, or by reading a license plate or other
vehicle identifier.
[0024] One embodiment provides a computer-implemented system and
method for providing gun shot detection through a centralized
parking services server. A plurality of smart parking devices are
physically proximate parking spaces. A plurality of acoustic
sensors, such as microphones, are deployed with at least one
acoustic sensor in a smart parking device. A plurality of vehicle
occupancy sensors that are also each physically proximate to least
one of the parking spaces are interfaced. A plurality of parking
availability indicators that are each associated with at least one
of the parking spaces are interfaced. Use of the parking spaces is
managed. The parking availability indicator associated with each of
the parking spaces is activated based on parking availability.
Occupancy of each of the parking spaces by a motor vehicle is
sensed through the nearest vehicle occupancy sensor. Use of the
parking space is processed based on an identity of a driver of the
motor vehicle through the nearest smart parking device. Potential
gunshots are detected by first aurally monitoring ambient sounds in
the service region through the acoustic sensors. The potential
gunshots are identified by evaluating the ambient sounds for sound
characteristics of gunfire and triangulating the ambient sounds
relative to the locations of the acoustic sensor comprised in one
of the smart parking devices and at least one other of the acoustic
sensors. Finally, an alert is generated through the server for the
potential gunshot.
[0025] Still other embodiments of the present invention will become
readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following
detailed description, wherein is described embodiments of the
invention by way of illustrating the best mode contemplated for
carrying out the invention. As will be realized, the invention is
capable of other and different embodiments and its several details
are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all
without departing from the spirit and the scope of the present
invention. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are
to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as
restrictive.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0026] FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a computer-implemented
system for providing gun shot detection through a centralized
parking services server in accordance with one embodiment.
[0027] FIG. 2 is an illustration showing, by way of example, a
smart parking device with a vehicle sensor and parking indicator
for use in the system of FIG. 1.
[0028] FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram showing the parking
services of FIG. 1.
[0029] FIG. 4 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a show
parking availability service for use in the parking services of
FIG. 1.
[0030] FIGS. 5A-5B are flow diagrams showing a routine for a "log
occupancy" service for use in the parking services of FIG. 1.
[0031] FIG. 6 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a "check-in"
service for use in the parking services of FIG. 1.
[0032] FIG. 7 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a "Hold This
Space" service for use in the parking services of FIG. 1.
[0033] FIG. 8 is a flow diagram showing a routine for determining
parking terms for use in the routine of FIG. 7.
[0034] FIG. 9 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a reservation
service for use in the parking services of FIG. 1.
[0035] FIG. 10 is a flow diagram showing a routine for an extend
reservation service for use in the parking services of FIG. 1.
[0036] FIG. 11 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a "Find My
Car" service for use in the parking services of FIG. 1.
[0037] FIG. 12 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a recurring
reservations service for use in the parking services of FIG. 1.
[0038] FIGS. 13A-13B are flow diagrams showing a routine for a
guest reservation service for use in the parking services of FIG.
1.
[0039] FIG. 14 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a space
renting service for use in the parking services of FIG. 1.
[0040] FIG. 15 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a validate
parking service for use in the parking services of FIG. 1.
[0041] FIG. 16 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a parking
coupons service for use in the parking services of FIG. 1.
[0042] FIG. 17 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a customer
priority parking service for use in the parking services of FIG.
1.
[0043] FIG. 18 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a tourist
privileges service for use in the parking services of FIG. 1.
[0044] FIG. 19 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a scheduled
deliveries service for use in the parking services of FIG. 1.
[0045] FIG. 20 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a valet
parking service for use in the parking services of FIG. 1.
[0046] FIG. 21 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a guided
enforcement service for use in the parking services of FIG. 1.
[0047] FIG. 22 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a schedule
street event service for use in the parking services of FIG. 1.
[0048] FIG. 23 is a block diagram showing, by way of example, a gun
shot characteristics as detected through the smart parking devices
of FIG. 1.
[0049] FIG. 24 is a flow diagram showing a routine for detecting
gunshots for use in the parking services of FIG. 1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Infrastructure
[0050] Real-time and account-based parking services can be provided
through a network of smart parking devices for controlling and
managing all manner of motor vehicle parking, which also provides
the physical infrastructure and analytic components for gunshot
detection. FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a computer-implemented
system 10 for providing gun shot detection through a centralized
parking services server in accordance with one embodiment. For
simplicity, parking, whether controlled by local government or
privately owned, and regardless of whether curbside, on a driveway,
in cutouts in front of a driveway, within a parking lot, or in
other physical locations will henceforth be called "on-street
parking" or simply "parking."
[0051] A suite of parking services 12 is provided through one or
more servers 11, which are located within a network of smart
parking devices 13a-c, sensors 14a-c, and parking services kiosks
19. The parking services 12 are account-based and enable motorists
and other users to determine the availability of reserve, and
efficiently use parking, as further described below in detail
beginning with reference to FIG. 3. The parking services 12 also
allow potential gunshots to be detected and processed, as further
described below beginning with reference to FIG. 23.
[0052] The parking devices 13a-c and parking services kiosks 19 are
associated with one or more parking spaces and allow motorists to
reserve or transact on-street parking through the parking services
server 11. Each parking device 13a-c includes an acoustic sensor
(not shown), such as a microphone, and, in a further embodiment, a
visual sensor, such as a camera (also not shown). Additionally,
each parking device 13a-c can include a physical parking
availability indicator (not shown), either directly interfaced with
the parking device 13a-c or remotely connected through the parking
services server 11. Physical parking availability indicators
audibly or visually signal parking availability to motorists. In a
further embodiment, the parking availability indicators are virtual
and are provided electronically to motorists using their mobile
devices, including notebook or tablet computers 15, smart
telephones 16 and similar personal electronic devices, and on-board
navigational or informational devices 17. Finally, each parking
space has a sensor 14a-c that determines whether a parking space is
occupied by a motor vehicle, either directly interfaced with the
parking device 13a-c or remotely connected through the parking
services server 11.
[0053] The parking services 12 and associated parking devices 13a-c
and parking services kiosks 19, as well as mobile devices 15, 16,
17, where applicable, implement network security protocols to
ensure secure communications. As necessary different secure
communications schemes and levels can be applied over all
communications. For example, public key cryptography could be used
in various secure protocols to protect communications between all
system elements.
[0054] The specific components will now be discussed in detail.
[0055] Multi-Function Smart Parking Devices
[0056] Smart parking devices are located at or near parking spaces.
FIG. 2 is an illustration 20 showing, by way of example, a smart
parking device 21 with a vehicle sensor 22 and parking availability
indicator 23 for use in the system 10 of FIG. 1. Each parking
device 21 is interconnected over a network with the parking
services server 11. The parking device 21 can be networked into the
parking services 12 through a wired or wireless connection. Each
parking device 21 includes an acoustic sensor 27, which is
typically a microphone that allows a motorist to verbally interface
with parking services personnel and the parking services server 11
using voice recognition. In collaboration with the parking services
server 11, the acoustic sensor 27 can also be used for gunshot
detection. Similarly, in a further embodiment, each parking device
21 can include a visual sensor (not shown), which is typically a
video or still camera, that can allow the parking services
personnel to inspect and possibly record the area near a parking
space 24 and enable the parking services server 11 to visually
perceive the license plate or other indicia of the motorist's
vehicle as part of the check-in process. In a still further
embodiment, the acoustic sensors 27 and, if applicable, the visual
sensors included in the parking devices 21 and kiosks 19, described
infra, can be augmented with dedicated acoustic and optionally
visual sensors (not shown) that are deployed specifically for the
purpose of gunshot detection.
[0057] In the simplest case, each parking device 21 serves a single
parking space 24 in a one-to-one relationship. Alternatively, each
parking device 21 could serve a plurality of parking spaces 24 in a
one-to-many relationship. For instance, at curbside, one parking
device 21 could serve two adjacent parking spaces 24. In a parking
lot with facing parking spaces, a parking device 21 could serve two
pairs of facing parking spaces 24. Finally, several parking devices
21 could serve a multiplicity of parking spaces 24 in a
many-to-many relationship; motorists would enter a number painted
on the pavement or other identifier that identifies the parking
space 24 that they plan to use into one of the parking devices
21.
[0058] In a further embodiment, parking services kiosks 19 (shown
in FIG. 1) are located nearby to support interactive transactions
for one or more parking spaces 24. The kiosks 19 need not be
assigned to a specific set of parking spaces and can instead be
conveniently distributed to maximize usage within a municipality. A
user can simply use any available kiosk 19 to reserve parking, so
if a line of waiting users forms at one kiosk 19, the user can move
to another available kiosk 19 and avoid further delay. Like the
parking devices 21, each kiosk 19 can include an acoustic sensor 27
and, in a further embodiment, a visual sensor. Parking sensor 22
connected to the kiosk could be remotely housed, for instance, in
low-profile curbside devices and acoustic and visual feedback could
be provided to the driver at the kiosk to interactively transaction
parking services. The kiosk could operate through dedicated
software, or execute Web-based applications remotely served from
the parking services server 11. Other forms of kiosks and
kiosk-based functionality are possible.
[0059] Each parking space 24 is also equipped with a sensor 22 for
determining whether a parking space 24 is occupied by a vehicle.
The sensor 22 could be locally connected to a nearby parking device
21 or parking services kiosk 19, or remotely connected to the
parking services server 11, which then facilitates communication
between the sensor 22 and the nearby parking device 21. The sensor
22 can be networked through a wired or wireless connection. The
sensor 22 could be located in a puck or similar robust enclosure
fixed onto the surface of the street inside of or proximate to the
parking space 24, or could be attached to the street curb.
Alternatively, each sensor 22 could be incorporated into a parking
device 21 using, for instance, an acoustic- or video-based sensor.
Further, like the parking devices 21, the sensors 22 can be
configured in a one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many
relationship with a set of parking spaces 24. For instance, one
video-based sensor 22 could be positioned to simultaneously monitor
several parking spaces 24.
[0060] Finally, each parking space 24 is equipped with a parking
availability indicator 23. The parking indicator 23 could be
locally connected to a nearby parking device 21 or remotely
connected to the parking services server 11, which then facilitates
communication between the parking indicator 23 and the nearby
parking device 21. The parking indicator 23 can be networked
through a wired or wireless connection. Analogous to traffic lights
that indicate when vehicles may enter into intersections, parking
indicators 23 indicate when vehicles may use parking spaces 24.
Like the parking devices 21 and sensors 22, the parking indicators
23 can be configured in a one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many
relationship with a set of parking spaces 24.
[0061] Parking indicators 23 can provide physical, typically
audible or visual, or digital "virtual" parking availability
indications. A physical parking indicator 23 can be in a standalone
enclosure or located on a parking device 21 or on a conventional
parking meter. Alternatively, a parking indicator can be located in
a low-profile enclosure at the curb or on the edge of the curb. A
digital parking indicator (not shown) can be broadcast wirelessly
to nearby motor vehicles from a parking device 21 or other
broadcasting source, such as a wireless transmitter locally
connected to a parking device 21 or parking services kiosk 19, or
remotely connected to the parking services server 11. A digital
parking indicator could also be broadcast over a
publically-accessible network, such as the Internet, and delivered
to users electronically. For example, portable or mobile devices
15, 16, 17 with global positioning system (GPS) or other
location-sensing capabilities could retrieve parking status
indicators concerning nearby parking spaces. Finally, In one
embodiment, a parking indicator 23 is provided for each parking
space 24 and is incorporated into a nearby parking device 21.
Alternatively, a parking indicator 23 can be in the form of an
automated sign or display for a group of parking spaces 24 with
indications signifying which spaces are available.
[0062] In a further embodiment, simplified parking indicators (not
shown) having a lower physical profile than the parking devices 21,
for instance, through mounting in a low-profile housing or vertical
pole mounted above the street curb or by integration into or
attachment onto the street curb itself, are provided for each
parking space 24. Alternatively, the simplified parking indicators
can be embedded into the curb or within or along the entire length
of a parking space, effectively becoming the curb itself, rather
than being attached to or otherwise being affixed as a component
separate from the curb proper. Whereas with attached parking
indicators, naive motorists may park indiscriminately in parking
spaces that are not available for lack of an awareness as to how
the indicators work. With a parking indicator embedded into and
serving as the curb itself, motorists already understand the
correct meaning of color-coded curbs, as typically mandated by
traffic codes and parking ordnances, and, as a result, no
specialized education as to parking indicator meaning is necessary.
A whole curb parking indicator could be provided, for instance,
using a low power large-scale display or similar technology.
[0063] The parking indicators 23 tell motorists the status of a
parking space 24. The parking indicators 23 can provide a visual
status indication, such as through color-coded indicators located
on a parking device 21. The indicators can be implemented using
incandescent lights, light emitting diodes, reflective surfaces,
and similar materials that may only require low power, or be
unpowered. Under one color coding scheme, a solid red indicator
means that parking space 24 is not available at the moment, a solid
yellow indicator means that the parking space 24 is only available
for a short time period, such as less than two hours, and a solid
green indicator means that the parking space 24 is available for a
long time period, such as two hours or longer. Analogous to blue
markings for handicapped parking, a solid blue indicator means that
a special permit, such as issued to handicapped motorists, is
required. In a further embodiment, the color scheme can be extended
beyond showing availability to indicating that the time allotted to
park has expired, such as by displaying a solid red indicator to
the parked motorist. Other color-coded lighted indicators are also
possible.
[0064] Alternatively, visual labels or icons could be presented in
lieu of a static color-coded indicators. For instance, a label or
icon could signal to a motorist that the time has expired or that
the parking space is reserved. The amount of time available at a
parking space 24 could also be shown through a label or icon.
Similarly, a visual label or icon could clarify what type of permit
is required to park, such as a handicapped parking permit. Other
visual labels or icons are also possible.
[0065] As well, color-coded lighted indicators could be combined
with flashing indicators. A red flashing indicator could be used to
indicate a parking violation or expired time. A yellow and blue
flashing indicator could be used to signal a reserved loading zone
available for a short time period. Finally, a red and blue flashing
indicator could be used to indicate a parking space reserved for a
guest motorist.
[0066] Other colors, color combinations, and arrangements of solid,
flashing, graduated, or adjusted lighted indicators could also be
utilized as parking indicators. Similarly, indicators other than
colors, such as shapes, positions, alphanumeric symbols, or icons,
could be used to differentiate states of parking availability. In
one embodiment, color and shape combinations similar to
conventional traffic signs can be used. For example, to indicate
the non-availability of a parking space 24, a plain red octagonal
shape or a red octagonal shape labeled with the word "Stop" could
be displayed. Alternatively, a circular shape labeled with the word
"Park" could be displayed with a diagonal line crossing out the
word "Park" to indicate no parking. Finally, the color green could
be used with a circle, the color yellow with a triangle, and the
color blue with a square, as used in some forms of traffic
signage.
[0067] The parking device 21 can also serve a parking indicator
function. In one embodiment, each parking device 21 can also have
an indicator or display 25, preferably located at the top of the
device to enhance viewing by drivers, showing the time remaining in
a parking period. In a further embodiment, each parking device 21
can also include an additional indicator or display 26 for
presenting other information, such as public service messages or
advertising. When a car is parked in the parking space 24
associated with the parking device 21, the display 25 can the time
remaining before parking expires. The display 25 could transition
to a red indicator when the time has expired, analogous to
conventional parking meters. When the parking space 24 is
available, the display 25 could show how much time is left before
any applicable time constraint is reached. For instance, another
motorist may have separately reserved the parking space 24 through
the parking services server 11, but the parking space 24 is
otherwise available up through the time of the reservation. As
well, parking may become unavailable due to scheduled street
cleaning or other event. A color overlay could be provided over the
time indication in the display 25 to assist user understanding.
[0068] The parking devices 21, whether standalone or configured
through a kiosk 19, interface motorists and other users with the
parking services server 11. Each parking device 21 and kiosk 19
includes a user interface (not shown) for identifying which parking
space 24 is being reserved and determining the user's
identification. When booking a reservation, the parking device 21
or kiosk 19 undertakes an abbreviated "Hold this Space" service
transaction, described infra, with the user. The particular parking
space 24 can be indicated, for example, by displaying the location
of the space on a map. The user's identification is indicated using
an account number, credit or debit card number, or other unique
identifier that can be provided to the parking device 21 or kiosk
19 through a magnetic strip or bar code reader for scanning credit
cards, driver's licenses, parking identification cards, or other
forms of identification. Alternatively, the parking device 21 or
kiosk 19 can accept wireless transmissions, for instance, using
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or Wi-Max protocols, or wired transmissions of
the user's identification from a mobile device 15, 16, 17, such as
a smart mobile telephone, notebook or tablet computer, or similar
personal electronic device. In a further embodiment, the parking
device 21 can include a camera or other input device to visually
scan the user's face or read the license plate of a motorist's
vehicle, a wireless transponder to retrieve a radio frequency
identification (RFID) tag on the motorist's vehicle, or other
sensor to identify the requesting user or the vehicle parked.
[0069] Parking Services Server
[0070] The parking services 12 are account-based. FIG. 3 is a
functional block diagram 30 showing the parking services 12 of FIG.
1. The parking service 12 are supported by a set of services (not
shown). The parking services 12 and the services are implemented in
software and execution of the software is performed as a series of
process or method modules or steps.
[0071] Both the parking services 12 and the other related support
services may be executed on one or more computer systems, which may
singly or in combination logically constitute a particular form of
"server." For instance, in one embodiment, a Web server delivers
Web pages and content to Web-based clients, such as Web browsers
executing on mobile devices 15, 16, 17. The Web server can be
implemented using more than one computer, depending upon the
load.
[0072] Similarly, the provisioning of the system functionality is
divided between the one or more servers and the various end-user
devices with which a motorist directly interfaces, such as parking
devices 21, parking services kiosks 19, and mobile devices 15, 16,
17. Programmatic duties are divided between the software that runs
in each end-user device and the servers. The division of labor
balances several competing goals, which includes a low power
requirement for the end-user device, fast user interaction
response, and keeping end-user device programming relatively
simple.
[0073] Additionally, the Web server may be supported by caching
servers that cache the Web content and help reduce bandwidth
consumption and system load. The caching servers may also be
implemented using more than one computer. System state for the
parking services 12 is kept in a database server, which keeps track
of the state of all of the parking devices 21, parking services
kiosks 19, and sensors 24, all of the parking accounts, all of the
permits, all of the parking citations, all of the billings, all of
the parking policies, and so forth. The database server may be
implemented using more than one computer. As well, the suite of
services can also be fielded by through cloud computing.
Henceforth, for simplicity, the set of services will be discussed
without regard to the nature of the implementing servers or the
underlying physical topology of the supporting computers, except as
specifically noted.
[0074] At any given time, several coordinated processes execute
across the servers. Depending upon the scale of the system, several
computers may need to work together to carry out each of the
services. One set of the services is engaged with the collection
and verification of requests for new services and changes to
existing services. City officials or parking authorities that
establish new parking policies present a special case of the
services. For example, they may need to initiate a new parking
regulation, which applies over certain hours on certain days. The
rules and parameters for the service could be expressed through a
description language for permits, regulations, and the like, with
parameters in the language corresponding to policy considerations,
what rights are enabled, and cross references to other regulations
and permits. The parking officials specify the parameters governing
what regulations apply in what geographic parts or blocks of the
city. Thus, the parking officials would be able to state that a
parking regulation for a loading zone has an exception when a
parking account includes a "loading zone permit," but would be
enforced differently when a parking account has only a "visitor
permit" and so forth.
[0075] Another set of the services steps through all of the pending
parking events. For example, certain parking restrictions may apply
concerning street sweeping beginning at 2:00 pm. When 2:00 pm
occurs, any status changes for the parking devices 21 and parking
services kiosks 19 on the affected streets are determined, which
can include setting their associated parking indicators 23 to
signal "No Parking." Additionally, warnings may need to be sent to
subscribed users, typically motorists who have parked on the
affected streets, as well as information to parking authorities to
guide them to parking violations. Still another set of the services
take in new parking reservations, which can include comparing a
request to park in a parking space 24 near a particular parking
device 21 with other constraints on the use of that parking space
24.
[0076] Users interface with the parking services 12 either directly
by using a parking device 11 or parking services kiosk 19. Users
can also interface with the parking services 12 remotely over a
network using a user device through a wired or wireless connection.
User devices include mobile devices 15, 16, 17, such as smart
mobile telephones, notebook or tablet computers, or similar
personal electronic devices. The parking devices 21 and parking
services kiosks 19 also have user interfaces that interact with the
parking services 12. Yet another set of the services can download
either parameters or application programs to the parking devices 21
and parking services kiosks 19 to drive interactions with
users.
[0077] From a user's standpoint, the parking services 12 are
accessible through parking devices 11 that are associated with one
or more specific parking spaces, parking services kiosks 19 that
are generally associated with a set of nearby parking spaces, and
user devices that allow access to all of the parking spaces managed
by the parking services 12. Functionally, parking services 12 are
provided in five functional areas, which include parking event
services 31 to handle parking events, driver services 32 that
assist motorists in reserving a parking space 24 or other needs,
resident services 33 that cater to the particular needs of urban
denizens, merchant services 34 that enable local businesses to
obtain parking for customers and related needs, parking authority
services 35, and gunshot detection services 49. The specifics of
each parking service functional area are further described infra.
Other functional areas are also possible.
[0078] With the exception of gunshot detection services 49, the
parking services are provided through a set of parking accounts
37a-c respectively for drivers, residents, and merchants. Other
types of parking accounts are possible. The parking accounts 37a-c
are maintained in storage 36 coupled to the parking services server
11. Express, temporary, and implicit parking accounts can also be
used. An express parking account is the norm, whereas a temporary
parking account is not permanently stored and an implicit parking
account is generally created for a single parking event.
[0079] The parking accounts 37a-c provide a parking identity to
motorists and other users, enabling transaction-based approaches to
reserving, billing, and managing parking. A parking identity can be
established through a parking account 37a-c. A parking
identification card can be issued for a parking account 37a-c.
Alternatively, a credit card, driver's license, telephone calling
card, or motor vehicle license plate number could be associated
with a parking account 37a-c in lieu of a parking identification
card. Additionally, a driver may have multiple parking
identification cards for other family members or for loaning to
guests temporarily. Finally, temporary parking identification cards
may be issued by various organizations that cater to tourists,
business travelers, and other people, such as tourism bureaus,
rental car companies, and other organizations.
[0080] Users with parking accounts 37a-c can make parking
reservations. The parking services 12 maintain a set of
reservations 38a-d respectively requested on the basis of driver,
recurring, guest, and special use needs. Other types of parking
reservations are possible. During parking operations, the parking
services 12 also track a set of parking events 39a-c respectively
for occupancy, check-in, and holding a parking space 24 in real
time. Other types of parking events are possible.
[0081] During operation, parking is consumed by real time requests
44 for parking from users, who are primarily motorists and the
overall status 48 of parking availability is continually revised
through the parking accounts 37a-c, sensor data 40, and parking
device data 41. In addition, depending upon the type of parking
sought, users may also physically submit parking permits or coupons
45, such as issued by a resident host or merchant, or
electronically submit parking codes 46, which are processed and
validated by the parking services server 11.
[0082] As required, availability indicators 43, user notices and
parking alerts 43, and other information are sent out, either
through a physical device, such as via a parking indicator 23 or
the display 25 on a parking device 21, or by electronic
transmission to user's mobile devices 15, 16, 17. Other types of
input data or output information are possible.
[0083] Parking privileges can be added to a parking account 37a-c
by a user at will. Parking privileges can be indicated by a
physical permit that the user presents to a parking device 21, or
using a digital tickets or permits that are electronically
transmitted by the parking services 12. Parking privilege permits
include permits for delivery vehicles, tourist vehicles, street
cleaning exemption passes, fleet or bulk rate charges, special use,
valet parking, taxicab parking, and other privileges. The
privileges can include receiving bulk parking rates, priority
parking, handicapped or senior citizen parking, special event or
one-time use parking, such as would be helpful for tourists or
other occasional visitors, and so on. Additionally, permits for
using a parking space 24 for non-parking purposes, for instance, to
provide a drive-up concierge or valet service or to facilitate road
maintenance or building construction, could also be provided
through a parking account 34a-c. Furthermore, monthly or periodic
charges for parking could be billed directly to a credit card or
through other pre-set payment arrangement as maintained in a
parking account 37a-c.
[0084] The specific types of parking services 12 will now be
discussed. Although each of the services is described in the
context of a particular user, such as a driver or urban resident,
the services are not limited to just that class of users and can be
equally applicable to all other users, irrespective of specific
characteristics, such as place of residence.
Parking Event Services
[0085] Service: Show Parking Availability
[0086] Each parking space 24 has a display 25 showing its parking
availability. FIG. 4 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a show
parking availability service 50 for use in the parking services 12
of FIG. 1. If a parking space 24 is occupied (step 51), any parking
available indicators are deactivated (step 58), although the
parking device 21 or kiosk 19 may display a "Meter Expired" or
similar notice or signal if a vehicle occupies the parking space
beyond the allowed time. Otherwise, if the parking space 24 is
unoccupied (step 51), the parking services 12 periodically
determine whether any special permits are required to park in that
parking space (step 52). A special "permit required" indicator is
activated for the parking indicator 23 located at the parking space
(step 53). The indicator can be provided through a combination of
permit color, such as through a variation on the blue color used
for handicapped parking permits, and further information
identifying what permit is needed through the parking device's
display 26.
[0087] The time available for parking is then determined (step 54).
The time remaining might be limited, for instance, due to an
upcoming reservation for the parking space or under regulations
that prohibit parking during certain hours for traffic throughway,
requirements for a special permit, street cleaning schedules, or
special events. If the amount of time available is less than a
threshold (step 55), such as two hours, a warning indication can be
used (step 56), such as through a cautionary yellow indicator. If
the time available is more than the threshold (step 55), an
available indication can be used (step 57), such as through a green
indicator.
[0088] In one embodiment, the choice of colors and their assigned
meanings can be varied. For example, one variation might use blue,
rather than red, to indicate that a space is reserved. Other
variations might use blinking colors, such as blinking red, to
indicate a parking violation, blinking yellow and blue to indicate
a reserved loading zone, and red with blinking blue to indicate a
parking space reserved for a guest. Still other color variations
are possible.
[0089] Service: "Log Occupancy"
[0090] The "Log Occupancy" service notes when a vehicle has entered
a parking space 24. FIGS. 5A-5B are flow diagrams showing a routine
for a "log occupancy" service 60 for use in the parking services 12
of FIG. 1. In one embodiment, the bulk of the business logic runs
on the servers. For example, in providing the "Log Occupancy"
service, the interpretation of data from each sensor 22 to answer
the question, "is there a vehicle present?" runs on the associated
end-user device, while the remaining code executes on the server.
Changes in the status pertaining to vehicle occupancy or vacancy
are communicated to the server, which server then applies rules
about what information to send back to the end-user device. For
instance, the server must access the parking accounts 37a-c
maintained in storage 36 to retrieve information about the motorist
and the parking space reservation to determine whether "in-and-out"
parking privileges or other considerations may apply. The server
then sends a message back to the end-user device and requests the
associated parking device 21 or parking services kiosk 19 to update
the parking availability indicator 23 appropriately or display some
other message.
[0091] This service begins when a sensor 22 detects that a vehicle
is in the parking space (step 61). If the sensor is working
properly (step 62), either the parking device 21, parking services
kiosk 19, or the parking services 12 log the time that the vehicle
entered the space (step 64) and that the space is now occupied
(step 64). The information is relayed to the parking services 12,
as applicable. If there is no parking sensor 22 or the sensor 22 is
broken (step 62), the event can be started when a user manually
provides a parking identity to the parking device 21 or
electronically transmits a parking identity and indicates that
parking has commenced (step 63).
[0092] Based on the parking status information maintained by the
parking services 12, this event can now trigger other actions. For
example, if the parking space 24 is not available (step 68), such
as when the motorist has parked in a parking space 24 that has been
reserved for someone else, the motorist can be notified that the
parking space 24 is not available (step 67). Presumably, the
motorist will immediately return to his vehicle and leave the
parking space 24. However, if the motorist ignores the notification
of parking space unavailability and tries to check in, the parking
device 21 will disallow the check-in attempt and, if possible,
offer a different parking space 24, as further described below with
reference to FIG. 6. Otherwise, if the parking space 24 is
available and a fee is required to park (step 68), the parking
device 21 can remind the driver to pay the fee for parking (step
69), either by depositing coins or other form of payment, or
providing a parking identity for billing. Following payment, the
driver undertakes check in (step 70), as further described below
with reference to FIG. 6. The driver can also be sent an alert 43
that states how long parking is permitted (step 71), such as by
time remaining. This operation is typically followed by a "check
in" service when the motorist approaches the parking device 21 or
kiosk 19.
[0093] The "Log Occupancy" service also detects when a vehicle has
left the parking space 24 (step 72). The parking device 21, parking
services kiosk 19, or parking services 12 log the time that the
vehicle left the parking space (step 73) and that the space is not
occupied (step 74). The parking space 24 may be unoccupied, yet
remain unavailable, such as where a recurring reservation exists
for the now-unoccupied parking space 24. Thus, if in-and-out
privileges for the parking space 24 exist (step 75), the parking
indicator 23 shows that the parking space 24 is not available and
the time remaining on the reservation is noted (step 76).
Otherwise, the parking indicator 23 shows that the parking space 24
is now available for use (step 77).
[0094] Service: "Check-In"
[0095] The "Check-In" service is used when a motorist goes to a
parking device 21 to provide a parking identity, or to request
another service. FIG. 6 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a
"check-in" service 80 for use in the parking services 12 of FIG. 1.
Check-in is physically performed at a parking device 21 or, if
applicable, a nearby parking services kiosk 19. Check-in could also
be carried out electronically using a mobile device 15, 16, 17,
such as a smart mobile telephone, notebook or tablet computer, or
similar personal electronic device, that is connected to the
parking information server 11 over a wired or wireless network.
[0096] In one embodiment, the bulk of the business logic of
check-in runs on the server, while the associated parking device 21
or parking services kiosk 19 scans the motorist's identification
and sends back the scanned data. The server then processes the
service request, including checking that the parking space 24 is
available to the requesting motorist and is not already reserved to
someone else. If the parking space 24 is not available to the
motorist checking in, the server may attempt to locate an alternate
nearby parking space 24, which is then displayed by the associated
parking device 21 or parking services kiosk 19.
[0097] A motorist driving to a reserved parking space 24 out of
which a previous motorist has not yet moved his car 24 could be
sent a courtesy notice from the parking services 12 advising that
the reserved parking space 24 is still occupied. The system could
offer the incoming motorist a reservation of another nearby parking
space 24 or provide compensation for the inconvenience, such as
free parking, credit towards their next parking reservation, and so
forth.
[0098] Check-in is started after a vehicle has been parked and when
a user provides his parking identity (step 81) or other identifying
information, either directly or remotely, to the parking services
12 after parking. Drivers are able to use any of several convenient
approaches to provide their parking identity. For example, a driver
could present a form of physical identification, such as a credit
card, driver's license, or a parking identification card, through a
magnetic card reader or other input device integrated into the
parking device 21. Alternatively, the parking device 21 may employ
biometric input, such as a fingerprint or retina pattern scanner.
The parking device 21 could also include a camera or other input
device to visually read the license plate of a motorist's vehicle,
a wireless transponder to retrieve a radio frequency identification
(RFID) tag on the motorist's vehicle, or other sensor to identify
the vehicle parked and the user's parking identity derived from his
vehicle information.
[0099] If the parking space is already reserved 24, the system must
check that the driver is allowed to check in. In the simplest case,
the driver checking in is the person, or is a person who has the
same account as the person, who made the reservation. If the driver
is disallowed from checking in, such as where the parking space 24
is already reserved for somebody else, the system could offer to
reserve a nearby parking space for their convenience. Thus, the
parking services 12 use the motorist's parking identity to access
the corresponding parking account 37a-c and retrieve his parking
reservation (step 82). The parking services 12 determines whether
the parking reservation is valid (step 83). For instance, if the
parking space 24 is already reserved for somebody else, check-in
will be disallowed and, if possible, the parking services 12 will
offer a different parking space 24 (step 85). If valid, check-in is
processed (step 84) by matching the motorist and vehicle identities
to the reservation. As well, providing a parking identity to the
parking services 12 at check-in enables the server to customize and
apply the parking services offered to the user based on settings in
the user's parking account (step 86). For instance, if a motorist
has a permit that overrides time constraints that would otherwise
limit the parking time, the parking services 12 would cause the
parking device 21 or parking services kiosk 19 to display the time
available, taking into account any permits, or digital tickets or
permits, as further described infra, that are associated with the
motorist's parking account 37a-c. Check-in also enables a user to
simply pay for parking, either by cash or with a credit card,
without establishing a parking account. This operation is typically
followed by a "Hold This Space" service, as further described below
with reference to FIG. 7.
[0100] A short vacancy period may be allotted between occupancies
of a parking space 24 to allow a safety margin in case the previous
occupant is late in moving his vehicle. When appropriate, the
parking services 12 can enable guided enforcement, as further
described below with reference to FIG. 21.
[0101] Notwithstanding, traffic enforcement authorities or the tow
truck may be delayed, or other circumstances may intervene, so that
a reserved parking space is still occupied when a driver with the
reservation arrives. To promote customer satisfaction, various
remedies may be offered to assist the inconvenienced driver. For
example, the parking services 12 may automatically reserve another
available nearby parking space 24 for the driver, which could even
be a parking space 24 that normally requires a special permit.
Alternatively, the driver could be offered financial compensation
for the inconvenience. As well, a valet could be provided at the
occupied parking space 24 to take care of parking the driver's car
and providing him with transportation to and from the new parking
space 24. Still, other forms of remedy are possible. Finally, the
level of remedial compensation may be keyed to a parking service
level analogous to airline reservations, which offer economy,
business, and first class service levels.
[0102] During the use of the parking space 24, parking services 12
monitor whether the parking space 24 continues to remain occupied.
However, even when unoccupied, availability may depend upon whether
a reservation with in-and-out privileges or other constraints on
the use of the parking space 24 exist. Parking services 12 can
monitor the passage of time or poll each parking device 21 and
parking services kiosk 19 for changes in parking status. Parking
services 12 could alert also the motorist of impending expiry of
parking and either alert the motorist to move his car, or offer an
extension of time, if feasible, as further described supra.
Alternatively, the parking device 21 or parking services kiosk 19
could track changes in parking status and monitor the passage of
time locally, which would be periodically reported back to parking
services 12 when polled. Other ways to track changes in parking
status and monitor the passage of time are possible.
[0103] Service: "Hold This Space"
[0104] The "Hold This Space" service allows a driver to establish
an agreement about parking a vehicle in a parking space. FIG. 7 is
a flow diagram showing a routine for a "Hold This Space" service 90
for use in the parking services 12 of FIG. 1. Where the driver had
a previous reservation and the check-in confirmed that the driver
is authorized (step 91), the parking services 12 retrieve the terms
previously arranged in the reservation (step 92) and the driver is
offered the option of modifying the terms (step 93). If no
reservation was made (step 91), or the driver decides to modify
existing reservation terms (step 93), the applicable parking terms
are determined (step 94), as further described below with reference
to FIG. 8.
[0105] The parking services 12 can summarize the parking agreement
for the driver. If the driver is in violation or fails to fulfill
the terms of the parking agreement (step 94), such as where the
driver is not authorized to park there, has not paid the required
parking fee, or does not move his vehicle within short grace
period, the parking services 12 can automatically take appropriate
action against the offending driver (step 96), including alerting
parking authorities about the parking violation, logging the
violation, or otherwise enabling guided enforcement, as further
described below with reference to FIG. 21.
[0106] If the terms are acceptable and the driver compliant (step
94), a greeting can be sent to the driver, along with a reminder
about when he is expected to return and move his vehicle (step 97)
Otherwise, if the driver is in violation or non-compliant, the
system could optionally offer the driver other parking.
[0107] The parking terms can offer different parking options. FIG.
8 is a flow diagram showing a routine 100 for determining parking
terms for use in the routine 90 of FIG. 7. At the time of making a
parking reservation or check-in, the driver selects the terms of
the parking agreement (steps 101-112). By way of example, the
parking options include:
[0108] Fixed period, fixed price (step 102). The driver could
select to pay for a fixed rate for a fixed period of time. Under
this option, the driver must move his car before the end of the
parking period. The driver could ask to be alerted (step 107) via
an electronic message that will be sent to a mobile device 15, 16,
17 when the parking period is nearly over, such as by using contact
information known to the parking services 12 under the driver's
parking identifier. In some cases, the driver may later be
permitted to extend the fixed parking period from his mobile device
15, 16, 17, as long as other time constraints still allow
parking.
[0109] Open-ended period, higher price (step 103). The driver could
opt for an open-ended parking period. Under this option, the driver
does not provide an end time and parks for as long as needed,
subject to pre-existing availability constraints on the parking
space. The driver is informed of any pre-existing constraints (step
108), for instance, other parking reservations or scheduled street
cleaning. The convenience of open-ended parking times may have a
higher fee since the parking space is locked up and unavailable to
other motorists for an indefinite period.
[0110] Open-ended period, escalating price (step 103). As a
variation on the open-ended period, higher price parking option,
the price-per-minute for a parking space could proportionately rise
as a vehicle is parked for an increasingly longer period. This
approach could be used, for instance, in shopping districts where
commerce generally benefits from turn-over in the vehicles parked
in that area. For example, the first hour of parking might cost a
dollar; the second hour might cost two dollars; the third hour
might cost ten dollars.
[0111] Open-ended period, initially free parking (step 103). In
another variation on the open-ended period, higher price parking
option, a first period of parking might be free, potentially
subsidized by merchants located on the same city block as the
subsidized parking. Thereafter, parking fees might begin after, for
instance, thirty minutes. User check-in could still require a
credit card, with billing to take place according to the already
established parking rules.
[0112] Reserved parking (step 104). If the parking space is
reserved, the parking device 21 could request the driver to confirm
his parking identity. If the driver's parking identity does not
match the reservation (step 109), the parking device 21 or parking
services 12 could inform the driver that he needs a valid
reservation and that he must move his vehicle from the parking
space 24. As a courtesy, the server could also provide a
recommendation of another place to find parking (step 111) and
could allow the motorist to reserve an alternative parking space
using their parking identity.
[0113] Permit-privileged parking (step 105). If the parking space
requires a special permit and the driver's parking account 37a-c
lacks the required permit (step 110), the parking device 21 or the
parking services 12 could inform the driver that a permit is
required and that he must move his vehicle from the parking space
24. As a courtesy, the server could also provide a recommendation
of another place to find parking (step 111) and could allow the
motorist to reserve an alternative parking space using their
parking identity.
[0114] Discounted pricing (step 106). Various bulk discounts may
apply where associated with a permit in driver's parking account,
or through an associated fleet parking account.
Driver Parking Services
[0115] Service: Reservation.
[0116] The reservation service reserves a parking space. FIG. 9 is
a flow diagram showing a routine for a reservation service 120 for
use in the parking services 12 of FIG. 1. As described supra for
the "Hold This Space" service 90, a parking reservation 38a-d can
be for a fixed parking period, for an open-ended period, or as
various permits allow. Additionally, a parking reservation 38a-d
may be for a specific parking space 24 or for one of a set of
parking spaces.
[0117] Allowing users to reserve parking ahead of time raises
several issues. Typically, when a driver leaves a parking space 24,
the parking space 24 becomes available for other motorists to use.
However, some drivers may want in-and-out privileges that could be
provided through a reserved parking space for a recurring purpose.
For example, a driver may need to reserve a parking space 24 for
nighttime parking, but then need to leave sometime during the night
to run an errand. That driver would ordinarily want that parking
space 24 to continue to be reserved for him, so that parking is
available upon returning from the errand.
[0118] As well, unused yet reserved parking wastes the parking
resource. Plans sometimes change and motorists that make
reservations for parking spaces 24 may end up not actually using
the parking. To avoid such waste, the parking services 12 could
return a parking space 24 to public availability if the driver who
reserved the parking space does not check in promptly. Parking
spaces 24 could have a short grace period for arrival and check-in.
As well, drivers could pay a higher fee to hold a parking space
throughout the entire reservation period, which will apply even if
they do not show up.
[0119] In another variation, a driver could be sent an alert by
telephone, text message, or other means if a grace period for a
reservation is about to expire. This message could be handled by a
GPS-equipped device, such as an on-board navigational or
informational devices 17, in the vehicle. The driver, or a
computational agent for the driver, would have a window of time
during which to respond to the alert by telling the parking service
that they still need the parking space. The driver could be asked
to pay an extra charge to continue to hold the parking space if
parking is in high demand or for other reasons warranting an up
charge to the parking.
[0120] Parking spaces 24 can be reserved directly through the
parking services 12 or indirectly through a parking device 21,
parking services kiosk 19, or mobile device 15, 16, 17. By way of
example, parking space reservations include:
[0121] Reserve a specific parking space (step 121). This option
reserves one specific parking space 24.
[0122] Reserve a preferred type of parking space. The parking
reservation system may differentiate parking spaces according to
their type. For example, parking spaces requiring parallel parking
may be less desirable than those spaces where parking is at an
angle to the curb. Similarly, some parking spaces may be longer,
wider, or otherwise more easily usable for parking than other
parking spaces that require comparatively more involved maneuvering
of a vehicle.
[0123] Reserve adjacent parking spaces (step 122). This option
reserves several adjacent parking spaces, such as needed for
parking an oversize vehicle, trailer, recreational vehicle,
limousine, or moving van. Grant of the parking reservation requires
confirmation that all of the parking spaces requested are available
for the term of the reservation (step 126).
[0124] Reserve a parking space near or within a given distance of a
location (step 123). A driver may not necessarily need a specific
parking space (step 121) and may be satisfied with a parking space
24 on a particular block or side of the street or that is within a
given distance of a particular location. The parking services 12
attempt to find a suitable parking space 24 for the driver (step
127), who may then enter a reservation.
[0125] Reserve a parking space with in-and-out privileges (step
124). This option keeps a parking space 24 reserved throughout the
duration of a reservation period (step 128), even if the driver
leaves for a while during the period. Another check-in step would
be required when the driver returns.
[0126] Open grace period (step 125). This option holds a parking
space reservation open (step 129), even if the driver is late and
does not arrive within an allotted arrival and check-in grace
period.
[0127] Where a reservation is for any of a group of parking spaces
24, the process used by the parking services 12 for setting the
parking indicators 21 proximate to the parking spaces factors in
the affect on the availability of the overall group. For example,
suppose that there are two parking reservations in effect for
parking spaces 24 on the same block and that ten of the twenty
parking spaces are already occupied by cars. In this situation, the
parking services server 21 can show all ten of the unoccupied
parking spaces 24 as available. However, as the number of available
unoccupied parking spaces 24 decreases, the parking indicators 21
need to reflect the affect of the two parking reservations. When
only two unoccupied parking spaces 24 are left, the parking
services 12 show those spaces as being unavailable to hold the
spaces for the reservations. Suppose that three parking spaces 24
were unoccupied and that a car began to pull into one of those
parking spaces 24. The remaining two parking spaces would then show
as unavailable.
[0128] If all conditions are met, the parking services 12 reserve a
parking space 24 for the driver (step 130), which can be confirmed
to the driver (step 131), for instance, by an automated message
sent to the driver's mobile device 15, 16, 17, if available and
registered with parking services 12.
[0129] Service: Extend Reservation
[0130] Parking reservations give a specification of the time over
which a parking space 24 is reserved. FIG. 10 is a flow diagram
showing a routine for an extend reservation service 140 for use in
the parking services 12 of FIG. 1. A parking reservation is
executed when the motorist checks in (step 141), as described
supra. If a motorist arrives early for his reservation 38a-d and
the parking space 24 is available (step 142), the starting time of
the reservation begins earlier than planned. The parking services
12 adjust the parking period and fee appropriately (step 149) and
can confirm the revised end time and other parameters with the
driver.
[0131] Alternatively, if a motorist wants to extend a parking stay
longer (step 143), that is, he wants to leave at a later time, the
parking services 12 will check for any existing time constraints
(step 146). If permissible (step 147), the parking services 12
adjust the parking period and fee appropriately (step 148) and can
confirm the revised end time and other parameters with the driver.
Otherwise, the motorist will be informed that extended parking is
not available. For purposes of resource management, the parking
services 12 use available information to inform drivers about
parking availability. In estimating how long a vehicle will be in a
parking space 24, a conservative approach assumes that the parking
space 24 will not become available until the end of the parking
period (step 145) as specified in the terms of parking agreement.
If the parking terms allow parking for up to three hours, a
conservative parking policy prevent the parking services 12 from
showing the parking space 24 as being available for other parking
reservations before the end time. However, if a driver leaves early
(step 144), the parking space 24 can be made available immediately
to other drivers and, if policy permits, the departed driver can be
refunded a partial fee (step 151).
[0132] Pricing policies as implemented through the parking services
12 can take advantage of the dynamics of drivers arriving early,
staying later, or leaving early. For example, a driver considering
convenience and peace of mind may choose an option to stay for up
to three hours, even if he expects to be finished in two hours.
Reserving a parking space 24 for only two hours would cost less,
but the driver risks the need to hurry back if delayed. In one
embodiment, the parking services 12 can warn a driver via a mobile
device 15, 16, 17 that the two-hour limit is approaching. If the
space is still available beyond the two-hour limit, the driver
could be offered the option to extend the parking reservation.
[0133] Service: "Find My Car"
[0134] People sometimes forget where they parked. Since the
location of every parking space 24 is known by the parking services
12, the information can be used to help forgetful drivers find
their lost cars. FIG. 11 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a
"Find My Car" service 160 for use in the parking services 12 of
FIG. 1. If in need, an absentminded driver could go to any parking
device 21 or parking services kiosk 19, or could contact the
parking services 12 using a mobile device 15, 16, 17. The driver
would check-in, and ask the server for his car's location. The
parking services 12 would confirm the driver's identity (step 161)
and search the parking records (step 162). If the parking space 24
occupied by the vehicle is found (step 163), the driver could be
provided a map, audio, or visual directions for finding his car.
For persons without parking identities, the parking services 12
could still provide the driver with directions upon providing
sufficient information to enable the parking services 12 to find
the car, such as by entering a unique identifier assigned to a
parking device 21 (step 161).
[0135] Service: Summon a Taxicab and "Find Me Public
Transportation"
[0136] A parking device 21 or parking services kiosk 19 could also
be used to summon a taxicab. Based on the location of the
requesting parking device 21, a taxicab service could give an
estimated time of arrival and fare estimates for travel to a
specified destination. The taxicab service could be summoned
through an interactive application executed on the parking device
21, or by message-based or voice telephone call. Payment for the
taxicab could also be automatically arranged ahead of time through
the user's parking account 37a-c. In a further embodiment, a user
could request a taxicab and run an auction for taxicab services to
respond at a specified level of service. The user could then pay
for the winning taxicab service through the parking device 21 and
enter into a pre-arranged fare agreement with the taxicab.
[0137] In addition, a parking device 21 or parking services kiosk
19 could be used to find public transportation for a user. Like the
service for summoning a taxicab, this service is location-based and
uses the location of the parking device 21 or parking services
kiosk 19. The parking services 12 tie in to bus, train, ferry,
subway, and other public transportation schedules and could
recommend a route for the user. The parking identity could be
generalized to a transportation identity, which allows the holder
to purchase tickets for public transportation, as well as pay for
taxicab fare.
[0138] Service: Summon Help (911)
[0139] Each of the parking devices 21, as well as parking services
kiosks 19, are networked with the parking services 12. Thus,
drivers and other people could use the parking devices 21 and
parking services kiosks 19 to call for help during emergencies. For
example, a person could open voice or voice and video connection to
emergency authorities, depending upon the configuration of the
parking device 21. Further, if a camera is incorporated into the
parking device 21, the parking services 12 could capture
photographs from the requesting or neighboring parking devices 21
to document the event.
Resident Parking Services
[0140] Service: Recurring Reservations
[0141] Some parking needs are recurring. For example, residents may
find reserving nighttime parking on the street, either in front of
their homes or nearby, convenient. The recurring reservation
service enables a user to reserve a parking space 24 for a
repeating, typically hourly, period for set each day throughout a
subscription period, such as by the week or month. FIG. 12 is a
flow diagram showing a routine for a recurring reservations service
170 for use in the parking services 12 of FIG. 1. To book a
recurring reservation, an urban resident identifies a desired
parking space and reservation term (step 171). The parking services
12 check whether there are constraints that prevent the recurring
reservation from being booked. For example, use of the parking
space 24 may require a special permit, such as for handicapped
parking, or the resident may try to reserve a parking space 24 that
is not available because the space is already scheduled to be in
use. Additionally, some parking spaces 24 may not allow recurring
reservations at all. For example, the space located at the curb cut
of a private driveway can only be recurrently reserved by the
resident himself, unless he chooses to rent the parking space, as
further described infra. Furthermore, limits on the length of the
subscription may restrict whether a motorist can make a recurring
reservation.
[0142] If the reservation term is clear of any pre-existing time
constraints and no contention with other residents is discovered
(step 172), the parking services 12 book the recurring reservation
for the resident (step 174). In an urban neighborhood, though,
contention may be more the rule than the exception and several
residents may want the same parking spaces 24. To ensure an orderly
and fair process of booking recurring reservations in an urban
neighborhood, the parking services 12 can impose a scheduled period
for conducting an auction for the contended parking space 24. For
example, the auction may take place on the first day of each month.
Prior to the date of auction, residents can enter their bids.
Special privileges may apply for homeowners, elderly residents, the
handicapped people, and so on. As well, the bidding residents need
not be present for the online auction, which can occur
automatically. At the time of auction, the parking services 12
evaluate at the bids and assign a winner. All of the bidders are
notified. The winning bidder gets the recurring reservation. A
delay period between the running of the auction and the time at
which the first usable parking reservation takes effect for the
winning bidder may apply. Several auction-based approaches may be
used (step 173), which, by way of example, include:
[0143] Space Auction. Contracts for particular parking spaces 24
may be brought up for auction on a regular basis. Interested
parties could be informed by the parking services 12 with the
highest bidder gets the parking space 24.
[0144] Multiple-Allocation Auction. An allocation process can be
used, where residents specify several parking preferences and bids.
The parking services 12 allocate parking spaces 24 to balance the
residents' needs and revenue.
[0145] Auction with Subsidies. A subsidy or advantage is given to
particular residents to for various reasons, such as location or to
compensate for disadvantages or other inequities. For example, a
substantial advantage may be awarded to handicapped or elderly
people to enable them to park near their residence. Alternatively,
an advantage may be given to people living closest to a parking
space 24 under auction.
[0146] The various auction-based approaches could take into account
the number of parking reservations existing on a particular city
block or in a region associated with a bidder and limit the number
of parking spaces 24 that one resident could hold. In addition, a
parking space 24 could have an escalating price per vehicle for
recurring reservations to discourage a resident from monopolizing
the parking on a city block with only his own vehicles.
[0147] Service: Guest Reservation
[0148] The guest reservation service accommodates making a parking
reservation for a guest. FIGS. 13A-13B are flow diagrams showing a
routine for a guest reservation service 180 for use in the parking
services 12 of FIG. 1. This service differs from a regular
reservation in that the parking services 12 need to validate a
possibly unknown guest when they park. In several of these
approaches, the parking services 12 can provide a grace period for
the host and guest to carry out the validation process.
[0149] Several approaches can be used to enable the guest to check
in when they have parked. By way of example, the approaches
include:
[0150] Parking Code (step 182). When a host creates a guest
reservation (step 181), the parking services 12 generates a parking
code, such as a four-digit number, that the guest can enter into a
parking device 21 or parking services kiosk 19 at check-in present.
The parking code can be generated in various different ways. The
parking code is given to the host, which he can pass on to the
guest or enter himself (step 186).
[0151] Guest Identification (step 183). When a host creates a guest
reservation (step 181), the host can provide the name of the guest
(step 187). If the parking identity of the guest is known to the
parking services 12 by virtue of having a parking account 37a-c,
the guest can use his parking identity or other identification
during check-in.
[0152] Physical Digital Record (step 184). When a host creates a
guest reservation (step 181), the parking services 12 send the host
a bar code or other unique digital record (step 188) that can be
physically reproduced for the parking event, generally by print out
by the host or the guest, together with directions for finding the
parking space 24. The guest presents the printout using the user
interface of a parking device 21 at check-in.
[0153] Digital Ticket or Permit (step 185). When a host creates a
guest reservation (step 181), the host receives a digital object,
possibly encrypted, which is electronically transmitted to the
guest (step 188). The guest presents the digital ticket or permit
to the parking services 12 at check-in through transmission from a
mobile device 15, 16, 17.
[0154] Host Confirmation (step 190). The validity of a guest could
be confirmed by the host. The parking services 12 contact the host
when the parking event occurs (step 191), or the guest contacts the
host directly, such as by mobile telephone. Alternatively, the
parking device 21 could open a voice, text message, or video
connection to the host. The host then would confirm via a networked
device that the vehicle in the parking space belongs to the guest
(step 192).
[0155] In a further embodiment, a host is permitted to make
reservations for multiple guests at the same time. For example, the
host could reserve a group of parking spaces 24 and get a single
parking code or digital ticket or permit for all guests. A guest
could park in any of the available parking spaces 24 in the
group.
[0156] The parking services 12 also can help guests find their
reserved parking spaces 24 (step 193). In the simplest case, the
parking spaces 24 may simply be labeled. However, labels may be
difficult to see at night. Alternatively, the parking services 12
could cause the parking indicators 23 to flash using, for instance,
red-and-green lights, to draw the attention of the guest searching
for the parking space 24. The flashing behavior could begin at the
beginning of the parking reservation period. The parking services
12 could also flash the lights on or give some other indication
using a parking device 21 or parking services kiosk 19 when the
guest gets near the parking space 24 or requests additional
assistance. The request could be made via an application on the
guest's mobile device 15, 16, 17 or just be triggered by the start
time of the guest reservation.
[0157] If the parking reservation was communicated electronically,
such as by email or text message, a map could be included by the
parking services 12, as well as GPS coordinates for the parking
space 24, which could both be transmitted into a GPS application in
the guest's mobile device 15, 16, 17 to guide the guest to the
parking space 24. The mobile device 15, 16, 17 may itself be able
to alert the guest that they are near their guest parking space 24,
or could send a signal to the parking services 12, parking device
21, or parking services kiosk 19 to ask that a parking indicator 23
or other indication be enabled to guide the driver in. As well, the
guest could be given a telephone number to call shortly before
reaching the area to request that the indicators begin flashing.
The GPS coordinates of the parking space 24 could also be provided
to applications executing on on-board navigational or informational
devices 17 in the guest's vehicle or on a mobile device 15, 16, 17
to provide maps, audio, or visual signals as to the guest as they
near the parking space 24.
[0158] Service: Space Renting
[0159] At times, potential parking spaces 24 remain unavailable in
urban settings simply for lack of an easy way to indicate the times
when those parking spaces 24 could be used by drivers. For example,
driveways are ordinarily on private property and generally
unavailable to people who do not know the owners or otherwise lack
permission. Similarly, curb cuts where driveways meet the street
are generally unavailable for parking. Moreover, small businesses
often have parking lots, which they do not use outside of regular
business hours. The "space renting" service enables individuals
holding rights to parking spaces 24, such as landlords or urban
residents, to make those parking spaces 24 available for public
parking during periods that they specify. FIG. 14 is a flow diagram
showing a routine for a space renting service 200 for use in the
parking services 12 of FIG. 1. Preliminarily, if not already
present, the city or municipality places a parking device 21 or
parking services kiosk 19 near the parking space 24 at the
resident's house. The parking services 12 then associates the
parking device 21 or parking services kiosk 19 with a controlling
parking account. The system enables the resident to make the
curb-cut parking space 24 available for renting on some days, and
unavailable on other days, depending upon his schedule. On an
ongoing basis, the resident may have some days when he regularly
rents the parking space 24 out, such as while away from home or at
work. On other days, however, like on the weekends, the resident
may be at home and need his own parking space 24 for his own
use.
[0160] Residents or other individuals who control a rented parking
space 24 are provided a permit by the parking services 12 that
allows them to set constraints on the use of the parking space 24.
For example, the residents could limit and change the hours of
availability, prohibit the parking of oversized vehicles,
motorcycles, trailers, taxicabs, and the like, or only allow
certain classes of vehicles to park. Other types of permit uses and
restrictions are possible.
[0161] Several processes are undertaken to facilitate space
renting. In one process, the resident applies for a parking device
21 or parking services kiosk 19, which would need to be installed
near the parking space 24 that the resident intends to offer for
rental. In a second process, the local parking authorities add the
parking device 21 or parking services kiosk 19 into the parking
services 12. In a third process, the resident enters parking
constraints, which indicate when the parking space 24 may be
rented. In a fourth process, which occurs once the parking space 24
has been assimilated into the parking services 12, drivers can make
reservations, check-in, or leave the parking space 24. At a high
level, the parking services 12 first identify the resident or
rights holder (step 201) and determines the identity of the parking
space 24 being offered for rental (step 202). If the ability of the
resident to rent the parking space 24 is valid (step 203), the
parking space 24 is added to the set of parking spaces available
through the parking services server (step 204). The service thus
has the public good of using potential parking spaces 24 more
effectively without the need to build more.
[0162] Revenues from motorists parking in these spaces could be
shared with the residents or individuals who control the space
(step 205). In one embodiment, the resident receives compensation
on a periodic basis. The amount of compensation can depend upon the
amount of revenue actually collected for the parking space 24,
which can help guard against abusive rental practices, such as
where a resident blacks out the most valued hours in expectation of
receiving revenue for a parking space 24 that actually sees little
use, thereby not actually contributing the space for public
use.
Merchant Parking Services
[0163] Service: Validate Parking
[0164] The validate parking service enables merchants to validate,
that is, pay for parking for their customers. FIG. 15 is a flow
diagram showing a routine for a validate parking service 210 for
use in the parking services 12 of FIG. 1. One of the service's
goals is to make parking transactions easier for both merchants and
their customers by assisting with identifying the customer and the
parking event.
[0165] Where the customer has already checked in to a parking space
24 (step 211), as described supra, the parking services 12 has
already recorded the details of the parking event, including when
and where the customer parked. When the customer provides
identification to the merchant (step 212), the parking
identification parking services 12 attempt to locate the parking
event (step 213) and validate the parking (step 214). In a
streamlined scenario, validation can take place automatically, such
as when the customer makes a purchase with a credit card. When the
customer provides the credit card at the point of sale, the
merchant's point-of-sale terminal or similar system automatically
checks the customer's identity into the parking services 12, which
can then find the relevant parking event. Policies set by the
merchant can determine how much credit is normally allotted for
parking, which can possibly be contingent on the amount of sales to
the customer. The validation switches parking charges from the
customer to the merchant (step 215). In addition, the receipt given
to the customer can contain a message thanking the customer for
their business and telling them that their parking has been
validated.
[0166] If the customer does not have a parking identity, or a
temporary tourist parking permit, as described infra, the merchant
could print a validation ticket or temporary credit or debit card
that the customer could take to a parking device 21 or parking
services kiosk 19 to carry out validation. The driver could also
simply provide the unique identifier assigned to a parking device
21 to the merchant during validation.
[0167] Service: Parking Coupons
[0168] Merchants may want to encourage potential customers to come
to their store as part of a sale or other promotion event. FIG. 16
is a flow diagram showing a routine for a parking coupons service
220 for use in the parking services 12 of FIG. 1. One approach to
facilitating merchant promotions is to enable the merchants to
issue parking coupons, which customers can use at parking devices
21. These coupons could be given out at the store or included in
advertisements in newspapers or magazines. The coupons could also
be implemented as digital tickets or permits for use in mobile
devices 15, 16, 17.
[0169] A customer would thus merely have to first obtain a parking
coupon from the merchant (step 221), which is then presented at the
parking device 21 or parking services kiosk 19 (step 222) when they
park for free or discounted parking. Coupons could be limited to
work only on certain days and times and only in parking spaces 24
in the vicinity of the issuing merchant's store and the parking
services 12 would first verify that the conditions for parking are
met (step 223). If the parking is permissible (step 224), the
customer's parking is validated (step 225) and the merchant is
assessed their portion of the parking charges (step 226). In a
further embodiment, if the customer makes a purchase at the store,
the merchant could use the parking coupon at the point-of-sale to
upgrade a customer reward or to give the customer an additional
discount.
[0170] Service: Customer Priority Parking
[0171] Merchants may want to provide priority parking for their
customers on the day of a sale or at other times. For example, they
may want to encourage customers by providing priority parking for
them in front of their store. The customer priority parking service
enables merchants to allocate these parking spaces for their
customers during a specific period. FIG. 17 is a flow diagram
showing a routine for a customer priority parking service 230 for
use in the parking services 12 of FIG. 1. Parking is allocated to
the merchant by the parking services 12 during the specified
parking period (step 231). The parking indicators 23 proximate to
the allotted parking spaces 24 are set to indicate the priority
status of the parking spaces 24 (step 232). For example, the
parking spaces 24 could flash green-and-blue indicators,
accompanied by a short message displayed on the parking device
21.
[0172] When a customer parks in one of the designated parking
spaces 24, the customer could either request parking validation
(step 233) or present a parking coupon (step 234), as both
described supra, to have their parking validated. Other drivers who
park in the allotted parking spaces 24 during the specified parking
period would not be able to get validations for parking unless they
were also customers and could have increased fees charged for using
those parking spaces 24 to help compensate the merchant's
outlay.
[0173] In a further embodiment, merchants in a shopping district
could join together in a promotion to develop district shopping
awareness and subsidize parking during the promotion. The parking
services 12 could give special discounts or other rewards if the
drivers make purchases at multiple stores involved in the
promotion.
[0174] Service: Merchant-Guided Policies
[0175] Merchants may sometimes find changing parking regulations
temporarily to be helpful to business. For example, an ice cream
shop may want to encourage rapid parking turn-over in front of
their shop. A merchant-guided parking service enables merchants
purchase changes in regular parking constraints for parking spaces
24 in front of or near to their businesses. Some limits may apply.
This service can be combined with customer-priority parking, as
described supra, to more effectively control parking in front of or
near a business by raising fees and shortening parking periods for
non-customers.
[0176] Service: Tourist Privileges
[0177] In various locales, business districts are sometimes
provided specifically for catering to the needs of tourists. FIG.
18 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a tourist privileges
service 240 for use in the parking services 12 of FIG. 1. The
tourist privileges service includes two separate yet related
processes. The first process involves the issuing of tourist
parking identification cards (step 241). For example, a rental car
agency may issue these cards to customers, who wish to conveniently
run their curb-side parking charges through their rental car
contract. The parking identification card may be offered by tourism
bureaus, hotels, rental car companies, and the like. The ability to
issue tourist parking identification cards could be governed by
digital tickets or permit, as described supra. Agencies offering
tourist benefits could begin to issue the tourist parking
identification cards upon receiving the digital tickets or permits.
These agencies would receive a stack of blank tourist parking
identification cards. Using their digital tickets or permits, they
would activate these cards. For tracking purposes, the agencies may
be required to fill in information about the tourist, sales
discounts, and so forth.
[0178] The second process involves using the tourist parking
identification cards at check in (step 242). Merchants in business
districts and tourism bureaus can also promote business and tourism
by providing special parking help and privileges to tourists. In
effect, a tourist with a parking identification card has a "special
permit" that triggers various offers when checking into a parking
space 24. Tourist privileges collectively combine services used by
the merchants with services used by tourists and business
travelers. Tourists can access privileges using a tourist-enabled
parking identification card. Tourist privileges can be keyed to
specific parking spaces 24 or throughout a tourism business
district. Specific privileges for tourists include, for instance,
the following benefits:
[0179] Extended Parking Limits. Parking limits may be extended for
tourists to give them more time to shop and find their way
around.
[0180] Reduced Parking Rates. Tourists may be offered reduced
parking rates, subsidized by tourism bureaus, hotels, rental car
companies, and the like.
[0181] Day Passes or All-Day Rates for Parking. Tourists could also
be offered to day passes or all-day parking rates, along with
transportation cards that could connect with other transportation
services or be used with merchants for tourist discounts.
[0182] Other Discounts. Tourist parking identification cards could
be presented to merchants to qualify for discounts in purchasing
goods and services.
[0183] Additionally, when a vehicle driven by a tourist leaves a
parking space 24, the parking services 12 could send the driver a
courtesy notice that thanks him for using the parking service and
provide a receipt. Additionally, the parking services 12 could send
a notice that their car has left the parking space 24, which, for a
tourist, may be an early notice that their car has been stolen or
towed. The notice could also be provided as a service to all
motorists and not just tourists.
[0184] Service: Advertising
[0185] In one embodiment, the parking devices 21 and parking
services kiosks 19 include a display 26 (shown in FIG. 2) for
presenting additional information. In a shopping district, for
instance, these displays 26 could be used for advertising to
promote local businesses. For example, during a sale, a display 26
could run an advertisement for the goods being offered on sale. The
advertisements can include color and sound features, as well as
directions for reaching the store from the parking device 21. In
another example, near mealtime, a display 26 could feature an
advertisement for food or drinks available at a nearby restaurant.
An interactive advertisement, transacted through a combination of
the display 26 and the user interface of the parking device 21,
could enable a user to reserve a table at the restaurant.
[0186] Service: Scheduled Deliveries (Flexible Loading Zones)
[0187] Loading zones are often problematic in business districts.
Local governments often resist allocating loading zones to preserve
public parking, particularly as loading zones can tend to remain
vacant during most of the day. Conversely, a scarcity of loading
zones often seems to occur whenever several delivery vehicles
arrive at the same time. Further, those same delivery vehicles
often double park, causing congestion and other traffic
problems.
[0188] The parking services 12 can facilitate a more flexible way
to arrange parking for scheduled deliveries. FIG. 19 is a flow
diagram showing a routine for a scheduled deliveries service 250
for use in the parking services 12 of FIG. 1. The scheduled
deliveries service enables merchants and delivery organizations to
dynamically reserve parking for deliveries ahead of time. This
approach allows the number of loading zones to flexibly grow and
shrink according to need, thereby enabling smoother deliveries and
providing more parking spaces 24 when deliveries are not
scheduled.
[0189] The scheduled deliveries service includes two separate yet
related processes. The first process involves allocating parking
spaces 24 for delivery or loading zones. There are different ways
to allocate parking spaces 24. For example, a loading zone can be
set up through a reservation for a particular driver or can be
reserved for anyone with a loading zone permit.
[0190] The second process involves check-in, where a driver checks
in to a delivery or loading zone. Parking indicators 23 are set to
signal the use of parking spaces 24 for deliveries (step 251). One
approach is to simply use a red indicator for reserved parking
spaces 24. Another approach is to use a combination of color
indicators and signals to clearly mark a loading zone. For example,
a parking indicator 23 could show a blue indicator, signaling that
a permit is required, and also flash a yellow indicator, indicating
that the space is available for only a short while.
[0191] Different arrangements for reserving parking spaces 24 for
scheduled delivery can be provided. For example, flexible loading
zones include:
[0192] Specific Delivery (step 252). A specific parking space 24 is
reserved for a particular delivery. The parking identity of the
driver of the delivery vehicle is verified at check (step 256).
Only authorized parking identities (step 257) enable permissible
parking in the loading zone (step 258). Unauthorized use of the
loading zone parking space 24 can trigger guided enforcement, as
further described infra, and could include automatic reporting of
parking violations (step 259).
[0193] Open Delivery (step 253). One or more parking spaces 24 are
allocated for delivery during a set period (step 254). The parking
spaces 24 are available for any authorized delivery during the
period. The number of parking spaces allocated can be decreased
(step 255) as deliveries are completed.
[0194] Service: Valet Parking
[0195] Some merchants wish to develop a high sense of parking
service for their customers. For example, they may wish to have
access to substantial parking at a fixed distance from their
establishment. The valet parking service enables these merchants to
use public parking spaces 24 to support a valet parking service for
their customers. FIG. 20 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a
valet parking service 260 for use in the parking services 12 of
FIG. 1. In this service, the merchant arranges to allocate several
parking spaces 24 adjacent to their establishment for valet parking
(step 261). The merchant, who could be representing a restaurant,
hotel, special event, and so on, registers one or more parking
spaces 24 with the parking services 24 to be used for valet
parking. The merchant provides the valets with the locations of
these parking spaces 24. The parking services 12 does not know
where the valets are parking particular cars and disregards comings
and goings of vehicles in the parking spaces 24 during the time
period reserved for valet parking. The valet parking reservation
runs out when time expires. Typically, valet employees greet
customers as they arrive to park customer's vehicles for them (step
262). The valet returns the car to the customer upon completion of
their business. The valet parking service uses the parking services
12 to simply enable the merchant to use the parking spaces 24 for a
valet purpose.
[0196] In a further embodiment, the parking services 12 further
support the valet service by keeping track of where each car is
located (step 263). For example, the valet parkers could have a
number of parking identification cards available and could use a
variation of the "Find My car" service, as described supra, to
locate customer cars. The parking services 12 keeps track of where
the valets are parking the customer's cars. Presumably, the valets
use on-street parking. As well, different levels of service can be
provided along the theme of "how does the valet indicate which car
is parked where?" By way of example, the valet parking service
levels include:
[0197] "Find My Car." Valets keep a stack of parking identity cards
with customer car keys. A valet parks a customer's car and swipes
the parking identity card on the nearest parking device 21 or
parking services kiosk 19. Later, upon customer request, the valet
uses the "Find My Car" service, as described supra, to locate that
customer's car.
[0198] Paper Tickets. A paper ticket with a printed parking
identification is assigned to each set of keys. When the valet
parks a customer's car, the valet swipes the paper ticket through a
card reader or other input device integrated into the user
interface of the nearest parking device 21 or parking services
kiosk 19 and requests a valet event number. The valet event number
is presented on the display 25 and is written on the paper ticket.
Later, the valet enters the event number into the parking services
12 and asks for the location of the car.
[0199] Vehicle-Centric Identification. The parking system uses an
identification associated with the vehicle, such as an RFID tag, a
placard, or the vehicle license plate number. Later the valet uses
the owner's ID or a recorded number to locate the car.
[0200] Valet Identification. When a valet parks a customer's car,
the valet uses his own parking identity card. A record of where the
car is parked is associated with the time of parking and the
valet's parking identity. This information is either printed out or
transmitted into a handheld device that the valet carries, such as
a mobile device 15, 16, 17, for later print out. The valet attaches
the printed information to the customer's car keys.
[0201] Service: Special Use Reservations
[0202] Parking spaces 24 are sometimes used by communities for
purposes other than parking. For example, parking spaces 24 may be
used temporarily as a staging area in a construction zone.
Similarly, restaurants may find moving tables or other outside
activities into the street to be beneficial, such as during late
summertime evenings. As well, business districts may want to
reserve a block of parking spaces 24 for a special event that flows
into the street. The parking services 12 include a special use
reservations service to enable communities, merchants, and others
to reserve parking spaces for special use purposes.
Parking Authority Parking Services
[0203] Service: Guided Enforcement
[0204] The parking services 12 maintain the locations of each
vehicle parked in a parking space 24 under its control and is able
to determine compliance with applicable parking regulations and
time constraints, both facets of which can be helpful to parking
enforcement officials. FIG. 21 is a flow diagram showing a routine
for a guided enforcement service 270 for use in the parking
services 12 of FIG. 1. Parking violations can automatically be
determined (step 271) and documented (step 272) by the parking
services 12 through examination of the sensor data 40 and device
data 41 continually provided respectively through the sensors 22
and parking devices 21. Parking authorities can be alerted as the
parking violations (step 273) and provided photographs and other
parking violation indicia. Where permitted, the parking services 12
could even take action (step 274), such as issuing parking
violation citations, summoning a tow truck, or take other action.
For instance, in lieu of towing a car, a vehicle immobilizer or
parking "boot" could be placed on the offending vehicle by parking
authorities to render the vehicle undriveable. The parking device
21 or parking services kiosk 19 can display instructions to the
driver, who can call in or go online to pay a parking fine. He will
then receive a security code that allows him to remove the boot for
later drop off at a collection point. Whether to immobilize or tow
depends on the scarcity of parking spaces and other factors.
[0205] Service: Schedule Street Event
[0206] Similar to special uses undertaken by businesses, as
described supra, communities sometime schedule events that require
street closure. FIG. 22 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a
schedule street event service 280 for use in the parking services
12 of FIG. 1. Street event parking can be arranged ahead of time.
Parking authorities can enter the dates and times for these events
into the parking services 12 (step 281). The parking services 12
log the time and identifies the parking devices 21 and parking
services kiosks 19 affected. When time for the street event
arrives, the parking indicators 23 are set to restrict parking on
the street (step 282), rather than having to have parking control
officers place signs or cover parking meters manually.
[0207] During the duration of the street event, the parking
services 12 handle situations where a vehicle attempts to parks in
a reserved parking space 24. If free parking is provided to
motorist as part of the street event, parking services 12 ignores
the parking space 24. As well, the sensors 22 may also detect other
non-parking activities, such as activations due to vending carts,
foot traffic, and the like. These non-parking activities can also
be ignored. The time period during which the parking services 12
ignore such parking events can be set at the time that the street
event is scheduled, or at any time later by the parking account
37a-c for the event. Additionally, the parking services 12 allow
authorized individuals, such as event organizers, to access a
parking device 21 or parking services kiosk 19, use an authorized
street event parking identification card, and report a parking
violation if they want a vehicle removed from one of their street
event parking spaces 24.
[0208] The parking services 12 automatically reset the parking
indicators 23 after the street event is over. Additionally, the
parking services 12 can undertake guided enforcement (step 288), as
described supra, to ensure the event commencement.
[0209] Service: Manage Street Sweeping
[0210] Street sweeping services are provided in many urban
settings. Typically, the hours of street sweeping are posted and
vehicles can be fined if they are parked on a street during the
posted period. Several useful variations on managing street
sweeping of benefit to both the municipality undertaking street
sweeping and motorists who live on streets subject to sweeping can
be provided by the aforementioned suite of parking services.
[0211] For instance, parking spaces could be more completely
utilized if the parking system kept track of when street sweeping
is finished for individual city blocks. Conventionally, no vehicles
can be parked in parking spaces on streets subject to sweeping
during the entire period when street sweeping is scheduled, even if
sweeping has been completed on a particular street before the
expiry of the period. Using the networked parking services, the
parking spaces could be made available for parking sooner once the
sweeping of a city block is complete. The notification of sweeping
completion could be made by a street sweeping vehicle equipped
with, for instance, a GPS locational device and communications
equipment capable of remotely interfacing the vehicle to the
parking services servers 12 or other gateway into the parking
services network.
[0212] Residents could also be allowed to remain parked through a
street-sweeping cycle. For instance, an urban resident may need to
park on the street while away on vacation, even during those times
when street sweeping is ordinarily scheduled. In this situation,
the resident would pay a penalty for parking during the sweeping
period ahead of time, essentially reserving the parking space,
albeit at a higher rate, or by using special permit obtained in
advance of the needed time period. The municipality would collect
the fee from the resident without logging a parking violation,
thereby helping offset higher-cost manual street cleaning around
the resident's parked vehicle as needed.
[0213] Finally, motorists could be provided an alert service if
their cars are parked at the wrong time in a street sweeping zone.
These motorists could be alerted by automated text message,
telephone call, or other means in time for them to move their
vehicles and allow street sweeping to proceed as scheduled.
Examples of the Parking Services Server In Action
[0214] Friendly On-street Parking Services for Shoppers and
Merchants
[0215] When convenient parking for a store or shopping district is
unavailable or unpredictable, shoppers are discouraged from going
out. Furthermore, merchants have no direct way to encourage people
to drive to their stores, such as by easily validating on-street
parking. As well, tourism bureaus have no way to promote access for
visitors by simplifying on-street parking or by giving visitors
preferential treatment in parking or violation handling.
[0216] The time needed to complete everyday errands is often
variable and the time required to find parking in a business
district depends upon traffic and the level of parking occupancy.
After parking, people may browse, shop, run errands, or dine, all
of which require a variable amount of time. With fixed time periods
for parking, these people need to return to parking meters to pay
for additional parking time before the meter expires, or they must
move their cars when the time limit for parking in one particular
parking space has been reached.
[0217] These parking situations are bad for business. When shoppers
need to return to their cars, they may decide to simply leave and
skip further retail purchases. People who value their time have no
way to translate their needs and level of urgency into increased
on-street parking availability or predictability. Merchants also
lack the means to incentivize people to come to their district, or
to modify parking policies in ways that promote business for
themselves or their business district.
[0218] The real-time and account-based parking services provided
through the parking services 12 and a network of smart parking
devices 21 address the needs of these individuals. In a typical
scenario, a driver can check that a parking space 24 is available
and can then simply park his vehicle. A sensor 22 detects that the
parking space 24 is now occupied and prompts the driver to check in
and provide a parking identity for the parking event. The driver
may swipe a parking identification card, credit card, or other form
of identification at the parking device 21, thereby enabling the
parking services 12 to determine the driver's identity, validate
any required parking privileges, and log the parking event. Later,
the driver might make purchases at a local store. By using the
customer's parking identity, the parking services 12 can identify
the current parking event, log a parking validation for the
customer, and cover the customer's parking charges for a
period.
[0219] Additionally, merchants, civic groups, and other similar
interests could obtain special permits or specialized accounts for
interacting with the parking services 12. In addition to providing
validation of customer parking, merchants can reserve also parking
spaces 24 in front of their stores for scheduled deliveries, thus
reducing the congestion-inducing practice of double-parking to
unload goods.
[0220] Residential Parking Services
[0221] In urban neighborhoods, residents sometimes lack garages and
have to park on the street at night. They also sometimes have
parking needs during the day. In neighborhoods with conventional
coin-fed parking meters, residents spending the day at home are
forced to continually feed coins to the parking meter or move their
car, which can be inconvenient and frustrating.
[0222] The parking services provided through the parking services
12 and a network of smart parking devices 21 also address the needs
of these individuals. Urban residents can reserve on-street parking
spaces 24 near their home for overnight or daytime parking. The
policies enforced for signing up for parking services may give
preferred treatment according to various criteria, such as
residential address, level of parking utilization on the street,
and according to any permits possessed by the resident, such as for
handicapped parking.
[0223] The parking indicators 23 tell drivers when a parking space
24 is available. When someone pulls into a reserved parking space
24, a nearby parking device 21 provides a visual or audio reminder
to check in. The driver provides his parking identity by swiping a
parking identification card or other identifying data. In a further
embodiment, a transponder or similar device can automatically
retrieve an RFID tag or other wireless identifier from the vehicle,
or a camera integrated into the parking device 21 could read the
vehicle's license plate. When a vehicle parks in a reserved parking
space, the parking device 21 can issue a warning that the parking
space 24 is reserved. If an unauthorized driver tries to check in
for parking in a parking space 24 reserved for someone else, the
parking services 12 can refuse payment and deny parking.
[0224] Additionally, the parking services 12 can alert parking
enforcement resources about parking violations, thereby taking the
urban resident out of the loop of satisfying his parking
reservation. If the unauthorized driver does not remove his vehicle
within a state time, the parking services 12 could, for instance,
summon a parking enforcement officer to issue a ticket and a tow
truck to remove the offending vehicle. The parking device 21, as
well as surrounding parking devices 21, could also take pictures to
document the parking violation. Where the parking services 12 know
the identification of the driver, photographic evidence generated
through the parking device 21 could support issuance of a traffic
citation.
[0225] In addition, the parking services 12 can alert drivers if
they are at risk of a parking violation. For example, drivers could
receive timely alerts if a street cleaning time is approaching and
they have left their car in an affected parking space 24 under
control of the parking services 12. In another example, drivers
could be alerted if their parking time is almost expired where a
time limit applies or when another driver has previously reserved
the parking space 24. Likewise, drivers occasionally forget where
they parked. Since the parking services 12 has global knowledge of
all cars parked in controlled parking spaces 24, drivers could use
the "Find My Car" service at any parking device 21 or parking
services kiosk 19 to locate their car.
Gunshot Detection
[0226] The network of smart parking devices 13a-c, sensors 14a-c,
and parking services kiosks 19 operating under the centralized
management of the parking services server 11 (shown in FIG. 1) can
provide a physical infrastructure for gunshot detection without
requiring local governments to incur the expense and challenges of
deploying a dedicated gunshot detection system. Utilizing the
microphones and possibly cameras that are already built into the
parking devices 13a-c and parking services kiosks 19 enables the
deployment of sensors in sufficient number with adequate dispersion
to enable accurate gunshot detection, triangulation, and
notification. FIG. 23 is a block diagram showing, by way of
example, a gun shot characteristics as detected through the smart
parking devices of FIG. 1. Two or more smart parking devices 301,
302 aurally monitor ambient sounds from the surrounding environment
using their respective acoustic sensors 303, 304. At least two
smart parking devices 301, 302 are required to allow the location
of possible gunfire to be determined with sufficient accuracy,
although more than two devices can increase accuracy. In a still
further embodiment, the smart parking devices 301, 302 can include
visual sensors, such as a still or video camera, by which to
observe and chronicle the surrounding area. In a still further
embodiment, the acoustic sensors 303, 304 can be augmented with
dedicated gunshot detection acoustic sensors (not shown) that also
aurally monitor the ambient sounds and feed into the parking
services server 11, in which case the two sources of ambient sound
monitoring can include any combination of two or more smart parking
device-included and dedicated gunshot detection acoustic
sensors.
[0227] Gun shots can be detected through auditory and visual
characteristics. Auditory characteristics can be more effectively
detected than visual characteristics, which are limited by line of
sight. When a gun 305 is fired, a muzzle blast 307, which is a
characteristic impulse sound wave, occurs as the bullet 306 is
propelled out the gun barrel. In addition, a supersonic bow-shaped
shockwave 308 occurs as the bullet 306 moves through the air.
Visually, a muzzle flash 309 can be seen at the end of the gun
barrel as the bullet 306 exits.
[0228] The auditory and, in a further embodiment, visual
characteristics can allow gunfire to be detected in an urban
setting. FIG. 24 is a flow diagram showing a routine for detecting
gunshots 310 for use in the parking services 12 of FIG. 1. The
acoustic sensors of the various parking devices 13a-c and parking
services kiosks 19 in the service region can continually monitor
ambient sounds (step 311). The ambient sounds can be locally
processed by each parking device 13a-c or parking services kiosk
19, centrally processed by the parking services server 11, or
through a combination of local and centralized processing. For
instance, preliminary evaluation of ambient sounds, including
filtering out non-gunfire sounds, can occur locally, while
triangulation of gunfire can be performed by the parking services
server 11, which has a "global" perspective of the entire region
serviced by the parking devices 13a-c and parking services kiosks
19.
[0229] Potential gunshots can be identified by first evaluating the
ambient sounds for the two auditory characteristics particular to a
muzzle blast and bow shockwave (step 312), although other gunfire
characteristics can also be evaluated or filtered, such as
duration, volume, and sound frequency. For instance, those ambient
sounds that have a duration exceeding that of a gunshot, which lack
sufficient volume, or that are in the wrong sound frequency can be
filtered out. Still other gunfire detection criteria are
possible.
[0230] Temporally, a muzzle blast occurs before a bow shockwave.
The propagation of the muzzle blast sound from one acoustic sensor
to another can pinpoint the single location from which the gunfire
originated. In addition, the propagation of the bow shockwave
between the acoustic sensors helps indicate the possible location
of the gun, as well as the direction ("trajectory") of bullet
travel. Both muzzle blast and bow shockwave propagation can be used
to triangulate the origin of the gunfire (step 313). For instance,
the propagation of the ambient sounds between the various acoustic
sensors can be temporally ordered and the parking device 13a-c or
parking services kiosk 19 that sensed the potential gunshot
earliest can be identified as the location likely to be nearest to
the source of the gunshot. As well, where more than two acoustic
sensors are used, the differences in sound propagation can be used
to further pinpoint the origin of gunfire, as the ambient sounds
captured by the acoustic sensors closest to the origin will reflect
the least propagation delay.
[0231] In a further embodiment, visual sensors, such as still or
video cameras, may be available on one or more parking devices
13a-c or parking services kiosks 19. These visual sensors can be
used to visually monitor the surrounding area for muzzle flashes
and identify potential gunshots by evaluating images for muzzle
flash characteristics. Image capture can be triggered by the muzzle
flashes or the detected sound of a gunshot. The latter scenario
allows a simple low-power analog circuit to monitor the audio feed
from the acoustic sensor, and wake up the processor in the parking
device 13a-c or parking services kiosks 19, as applicable, for both
messaging to the server 11 and capturing an image upon detecting
subject matter of possible interest, such as a fleeing person or
car. The images captured by the visual sensors can then be recorded
and provided to the parking services server 11 for possible
inclusion in an alert. As visually identifying gunfire generally
requires line-of-sight recognition, visual gunshot detection can be
made more reliable through corroboration with auditory gunshot
indicia, particularly where a possible muzzle flash was detected by
the same parking device 13a-c or parking services kiosk 19 that
also included the acoustic sensor from which the gunfire sounds
propagated earliest. Finally, upon receiving a gunshot
notification, the server may command nearby parking devices 13a-c,
parking services kiosks 19 or dedicated visual sensors, which did
not report the gunshot to also capture and send images. As a
result, a more complete visual capture of the area surrounding
possible gun fire can be documented, possible even while a crime is
still in progress, thereby significantly assisting law enforcement
efforts. Still other forms of gunshot detection are possible.
[0232] Upon the identification of possible gunfire, an alert of a
potential gunshot can be generated through the parking services
server 11 (step 314). The alert can be forwarded by the parking
services server 11 to emergency services, especially law
enforcement or other first responders, as well as to other possible
recipients. For example, a local transit authority may wish to
redirect mass transit resources around the area of potential
gunfire for rider safety and to stay out of the way of responding
law enforcement. Other manner of alerts and notification are
possible.
[0233] While the invention has been particularly shown and
described as referenced to the embodiments thereof, those skilled
in the art will understand that the foregoing and other changes in
form and detail may be made therein without departing from the
spirit and scope of the invention.
* * * * *