U.S. patent application number 13/080601 was filed with the patent office on 2012-04-05 for sports protective garment with impact force protection and microclimate control.
Invention is credited to Brian DOHERTY, Erby J. McCALL, John A. McMORRIS, III.
Application Number | 20120079647 13/080601 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 45888549 |
Filed Date | 2012-04-05 |
United States Patent
Application |
20120079647 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
DOHERTY; Brian ; et
al. |
April 5, 2012 |
Sports Protective Garment with Impact Force Protection and
Microclimate Control
Abstract
An impact absorbing protective garment is provided, for wearing
about the torso of a body, such as a baseball umpire, that
comprises three layers. There is an outer shell layer comprised of
a plurality of plate elements that are generally stiff,
shock-resistant lightweight material, that are fastened to a middle
layer. The middle layer is in the form of a flexible pad having
various components, and that provides an intermediate thickness of
cushioning material inside the outer shell layer. There is an inner
layer carried by the middle layer that comprises a plurality of
cells of phase change material, with the various cells being
separated from each other by sealing zones. Upon sufficient impact
the individual cells can communicate through small pores in the
sealing zones or when the sealing zones rupture under impact
pressure, to assist in impact absorption. The inner layer, in its
cells, contains a phase change material that is a means for
effecting a relatively constant microclimate cooling or heating of
the area of the torso of the body which it confronts.
Inventors: |
DOHERTY; Brian; (Melbourne
Beach, FL) ; McCALL; Erby J.; (Palm Bay, FL) ;
McMORRIS, III; John A.; (Indialantic, FL) |
Family ID: |
45888549 |
Appl. No.: |
13/080601 |
Filed: |
April 5, 2011 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61320867 |
Apr 5, 2010 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
2/463 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A41D 13/015 20130101;
A41D 13/0518 20130101; A41D 13/0055 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
2/463 |
International
Class: |
A41D 13/015 20060101
A41D013/015 |
Claims
1. An impact absorbing protective garment for the torso of a body,
for use by baseball umpires, comprising: (a) a middle layer in the
form of a flexible pad adapted to conform to the contour of the
frontal area of the upper torso and having an inner surface adapted
to face toward the torso, an outer surface facing outwardly from
the torso, and a perimeter defining the outlines of said inner and
outer surfaces, said middle layer including an intermediate
thickness of cushioning material between said inner and outer
surfaces; (b) an outer shell layer covering substantially the
entire frontal area of the upper torso and adapted to overlie said
middle layer and comprising a plurality of plate elements, each
plate element being positioned and arranged to overlie a selected
area of the torso, and means connecting said plate elements to said
middle layer to form a torso-fitting shell overlying said middle
layer, with each of said plate elements being a stiff,
shock-resistant lightweight material, having fastening means
connecting said shell plates to said middle layer; (c) an inner
layer carried by said middle layer on its inner surface, and
adapted to face toward and confront the torso of the body, said
inner layer covering a substantial portion of the inner surface of
the middle layer and comprising a plurality of individual cells
arranged over said given area, with the cells each encasing a phase
change material that comprises means for effecting a relatively
constant microclimate cooling or heating of the area of the torso
of the body which it confronts.
2. The impact absorbing protective garment of claim 1, wherein the
inner layer comprises an impact resistant layer adapted to
distribute compression forces from impacts against the outer layer
that transfer through the middle layer to the inner layer.
3. The impact absorbing protective garment of claim 2, wherein
frangible sealing zones separate the cells of said inner layer
containing within each cell its own phase change material, and
wherein said sealing zones comprise means for: (i) absorbing energy
from impact by breaking open when a pre-determined impact is
transferred to a given said cell and for (ii) providing a passage
for communicating some phase change material from the given cell to
an adjacent cell for dissipating absorbed energy to the adjacent
cell.
4. The impact absorbing protective garment of claim 2, wherein
minutely porous sealing zones separate the cells of said inner
layer containing within each cell its own phase change material,
and wherein said sealing zones comprise means for: (i) absorbing
energy from impact by allowing some phase change material to pass
across a sealing zone when a pre-determined impact is transferred
to a given said cell and for (ii) providing a passage for
communicating some phase change material from the given cell to an
adjacent cell for dissipating absorbed energy to the adjacent
cell.
5. The impact absorbing protective garment of claim 3, wherein said
cells are each of a hexagonal configuration.
6. The impact absorbing protective garment of claim 1, wherein the
inner layer is carried in a pocket of lightweight material that, in
turn, is carried on the inner surface of the middle layer.
7. The impact absorbing protective garment of claim 6, wherein the
pocket has an opening for ready insertion and removal of said inner
layer of the garment.
8. The impact absorbing protective garment of claim 1, wherein the
pocket has an opening for ready insertion and removal of said inner
layer of the garment; wherein the pocket of lightweight material is
an open-pore mesh material.
9. The impact absorbing protective garment of claim 1, wherein the
middle layer comprises a foam material of at least one layer.
10. The impact absorbing protective garment of claim 1, wherein the
middle layer is encased in a lightweight material.
11. The impact absorbing protective garment of claim 1, wherein the
phase change material is of a solid type which absorbs heat without
a significant rise in temperature until the material is transformed
from the solid phase to a liquid phase.
12. The impact absorbing protective garment of claim 11, wherein
the phase change material is selected from the group comprised of
any of: (a) alkanes or other paraffins; (b) salt hydrates; (c)
eutectic compounds; (d) fatty acids; (e) esters; (f) animal fats;
(g) vegetable fats; and (h) water.
13. The impact absorbing protective garment of claim 3, wherein the
inner layer is carried in a pocket of lightweight material that, in
turn, is carried on the inner surface of the middle layer, wherein
the pocket has an opening for ready insertion and removal of said
inner layer of the garment, wherein the pocket has an opening for
ready insertion and removal of said inner layer of the garment;
wherein the pocket of lightweight material is an open-pore mesh
material, wherein the middle layer comprises a foam material of at
least one layer, wherein the middle layer is encased in a
lightweight material, wherein the phase change material is of a
solid type which absorbs heat without a significant rise in
temperature until the material is transformed from the solid phase
to a liquid phase and wherein the phase change material is selected
from the group comprised of any of: (a) alkanes or other paraffins;
(b) salt hydrates; (c) eutectic compounds; (d) fatty acids; (e)
esters; (f) animal fats; (g) vegetable fats; and (h) water.
14. An impact-absorbing protective garment used to protect select
areas of a body, said garment comprising one or more of the
following layers: (a) a middle layer comprising one or more
flexible pads adapted to conform to a protected portion of the
body, said layer having an inner surface adapted to face towards
the body, an outer surface facing outwardly from the body, and a
perimeter defining the outlines of said inner and outer surfaces;
(b) an outer shell layer covering substantially all of the select
area of the body being protected, adapted to cover said middle
layer, said outer shell layer comprising one or a plurality of
plate elements, this one or a plurality being positioned and
arranged to cover select portions of the body, such that an
effective protective shell is formed, the outer shell layer
comprising a stiff, shock-resistant lightweight material and having
a fastener connecting said outer layer to said middle layer; (c) an
innermost layer carried by or closely proximate to said middle
layer on the middle layer's inner surface, adapted to face toward
and confront the protected body portion, said inner layer covering
a substantial portion of the inner surface of the middle layer, and
comprising a plurality of individual cells arranged over said given
area, said cells comprising a non-toxic and hypoallergenic
material, each encasing an incompressible cooling or warming
material for effecting cooling or warming of the wearer.
15. The protective garment of claim 14, wherein the garment is used
to protect select portions of the body of a human being.
16. The protective garment of claim 14, wherein the garment is used
to protect equipment.
17. The impact-absorbing protective garment of claim 14, wherein
the plurality of cells of said inner layer are comprised of a
suitable momentarily deformable high modulus material, each cell
containing its own incompressible cooling or warming material
capable o f changing phase.
18. The impact-absorbing protective garment of claim 17, wherein
the momentarily deformable high modulus material is a film whose
thickness is in the range of 0.002-0.100''.
19. The impact-absorbing protective garment of claim 14, wherein at
least some of the plurality of cells are contiguous, said
contiguous cells being separated by frangible or minutely porous
sealing zones, wherein said sealing zones comprise means for: (a)
dissipating energy from impact by allowing some cell-contained
cooling or warming material to pass across a sealing zone when a
predetermined strong impact is transferred to a given said cell;
and (b) providing a passage for communicating some cooling or
warming material from the given cell to an adjacent cell for
dissipating absorbed energy to the adjacent cell or cells.
20. The impact-absorbing protective garment of claim 19, wherein at
least some of the plurality of contiguous cells are hexagonal in
shape.
21. The impact-absorbing protective garment of claim 17, wherein
the phase change material is selected from the group consisting of
at least one of: (a) alkanes or other paraffins; (b) salt hydrates;
(c) eutectic compounds; (d) fatty acids; (e) esters; (f) animal
fats; (g) vegetable fats; and (h) water.
22. The impact-absorbing protective garment of claim 21, wherein
the cell-contained phase change material is formulated to contain
one or a plurality of phase transition point(s).
23. The impact-absorbing protective garment of claim 17, wherein
some portions of the plurality of cells may contain different phase
change materials or different phase change transition points than
other cells for: (a) changing the impact force dissipation
characteristics, both vertically and laterally; and (b) providing a
temperature-phasing effect to greatly extend the overall cooling or
heating effect of the overall garment.
24. The impact-absorbing protective garment of claim 17, wherein
the cell-contained phase change material(s) is formulated or
selected to yield chosen phase transition point(s) to within
.+-..degree. F. to a maximum off .+-.10.degree. F.
25. The impact-absorbing protective garment of any of claim 17,
wherein the cell-contained phase change material is selected as to
be non-toxic to human beings.
26. The impact-absorbing protective garment of claim 25, wherein
the innermost surface of the plurality of cells which contain phase
change material is confronted by a contained layer of gel, whether
or not said contained layer is in the form of a plurality of cells,
said gel layer being fused directly to the innermost layer of the
phase-change-material-containing cells, and said gel layer being
worn directly against the body in order that the gel achieves the
microclimate temperature(s) of the phase change material, while
providing a physically soli interfacing layer to the wearer.
27. The protective garment of claim 14, wherein the momentarily
deformable material is a film made from an organic material
selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, polypropylene
and polyethylene.
28. The protective garment of claim 14, wherein the plurality of
individual cells are hexagonal in shape.
29. An impact-absorbing protective garment, said garment comprising
a plurality of cells of one or more sizes and shapes, each cell
comprised of suitable momentarily deformable high modulus material
and each cell containing its own incompressible cooling or warming
material.
30. The protective garment of claim 29, wherein the plurality of
cells are contiguous.
31. The protective garment of claim 30, wherein each cell contains
phase change material, said contiguous cells being separated by
frangible sealing zones, wherein said sealing zones provide means
for: (a) dissipating energy from impact by allowing some
cell-contained cooling or warming material to pass across a sealing
zone when a predetermined strong impact is transferred to a given
said cell; and (b) providing a passage for communicating some
cooling or warming material from one cell to an adjacent cell for
dissipating absorbed energy to the adjacent cell.
32. The protective garment of claim 29, wherein the garment is used
to protect select portions of the body of a human being.
33. The protective garment of claim 29, wherein the garment is
being used to protect equipment.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority from U.S. provisional
application No. 61/320,867 filed Apr. 5, 2010, the complete
disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] As is already known in the art, protective garments for
athletes are specifically designed to accommodate the hazards of a
particular sport or activity. For example, football pads are
designed to protect against body impacts while permitting the
player to perform the maneuvers required on the football field.
Lacrosse pads are designed to protect against limited body impact
but also against impact from lacrosse sticks and balls, while
allowing the athlete to perform the maneuvers required by the game.
In many cases, the padding may be specifically designed for a
particular playing position, with overall pad design different for
players at different positions. In football, the protective needs
of quarterbacks are different from those of receivers or linesmen.
Padding styles are varied to suit these positions. In baseball, the
catcher has a chest protector and shin pads. In several sports,
including baseball, officiating officials wear protective garments
to protect against the possibility of unintended force impacts. For
example, in baseball, an umpire wears equipment to protect the
wearer from the force impact of a baseball as might normally occur
when the baseball is "foul-tipped" by a batter.
[0003] Many inadequate approaches are and have been used to produce
conventional protective equipment, resulting in products that
provide minimal protection against force impacts and typically
provide no capacity to modify the wearer's microclimate. For
example, the use of small pieces of foam between the front and back
pieces of fabric or cotton stitched into ribs or chambers do little
to diffuse the force of impact created by a high speed baseball,
puck, stick or bat.
[0004] Moreover, most `temperature controlled` sports garments,
such as the Nike.RTM. pre-cool Olympic garment, are bulky and
heavy, cannot be produced to, target a given desired temperature or
range of temperatures, are often restrictive of wearer movement,
and provide little or no protection against and may even degrade
protection from force impacts.
[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 5,530,966, the complete disclosure of which is
herein incorporated by reference, discloses several sports
protective garment embodiments that differentiate against then
previously known art for protecting the wearer from force impact,
but it does not disclose techniques for controlling
microclimate.
[0006] Regarding force impact performance, to lend a better
understand of the superior approaches embodied by the disclosed
invention, it is worth briefly reviewing the conventional meaning
of terms used in this art: In mechanics, an impact is a high force
or shock applied over a short time period when two or more bodies
collide. Such a force or acceleration usually has a greater effect
than a lower force applied over a proportionally longer time period
of time. The effect depends critically on the relative velocity of
the bodies to one another.
[0007] At normal speeds, during a perfectly inelastic collision, an
object struck by a projectile will deform, and this deformation
will attenuate most, or even all, of the force of the collision.
Viewed from the conservation of energy perspective, the kinetic
energy of the projectile is changed into heat and sound energy, as
a result of the deformations and vibrations induced in the struck
object. However, these deformations and vibrations cannot occur
instantaneously. A high-velocity collision (an impact) does not
provide sufficient time for these deformations and vibrations to
occur. Thus, the struck material behaves as if it were more brittle
than it is, and the majority of the applied force goes into
fracturing the material. Or, another way to look at it, is that
materials involved in an impact are actually are more brittle on
short time scales than on long time scales; this is related to
time-temperature superposition.
[0008] Different materials can behave in quite different ways in
impact when compared with static loading conditions. Ductile
materials like steel tend to become more brittle at high loading
rates, and spalling may occur on the reverse side to the impact if
penetration doesn't occur. While such spalling isn't a
consideration at the low loading rates encountered in sports, the
way in which the kinetic energy is distributed through a section is
quite important in determining its response. At the point of impact
to a solid body, projectiles apply a contact stress at the point of
impact with compression stresses under the point, but with bending
loads a short distance away. Since most materials are weaker in
tension than compression, this is the zone where cracks tend to
form and grow.
[0009] In protective systems that include an outer shell or layer,
some of the force of an impact is distributed throughout the shell
which, in turn, transfers energy to the layer--or liner--directly
underneath (whether this secondary layer is another protective
garment layer or an article of clothing or the wearer's body). This
second layer is capable of absorbing more energy if the impact's
force is first distributed over a greater area, which, itself,
makes it possible to transmit less energy to this next layer of a
system. To the extent that the outer shell or layer is unable to
deflect a blow in the area of the impact, the energy will be
transferred to the underlying material in a more localized manner,
resulting in a high force per unit of area that is likely to cause
greater injury than if the force were more distributed. Said
differently, the stiffer the outer shell, the better it can
distribute a point load of impact over the shape of the protective
garment, allowing the next layer to more gracefully attenuate the
energy resulting from the impact.
[0010] If this next (secondary) layer is optimized to attenuate or
dissipate energy, whether by incorporating an effective foam cell
design, using multiple integrated responsive layers or other
techniques, it will deform or crush upon impact thereby consuming a
portion of the impact energy, so that the force per unit area is
decreased for the underlying body part (or tertiary garment layer)
compared to that experienced by the initial impact surface. Such
properties give sports protective garments enhanced force impact
performance, largely true even if the second layer includes slits
or seams. This said, it should be recognized that materials capable
of providing impact protection at certain speeds generally provide
inadequate protection at other speeds. For example, rigid or
non-resilient materials may be effective at protecting the wearer
at high impact speeds but are almost wholly ineffective at
absorbing the impact energy of low speed impacts. To be effective
at mitigating force impact in sporting protective garment
applications requires the integration of several approaches and/or
technologies, including the ability to incorporate layers with
different moduli of compression.
[0011] A protective garment system designed to spread the force of
impact across a broader area, and which effectively considers
ambient environment and then integrates multiple technologies or
approaches to spreading and attenuating this energy, is more
effective at providing protection to the wearer than a garment
which does not spread the force of impact. In addition, careful
consideration must be given to the typical ambient temperature
range used for a given protective garment, of the elastic modulus
of each layer of a protective system throughout this temperature
range and the effective integration of multiple layers has the
potential to provide even better force impact protection to the
wearer.
[0012] As is known in the art, because liquids are essentially
incompressible, the deformation of a liquid filled cell, and its
potential to absorb incident impact when struck, is reliant upon
the material characteristics of the cell walls (including seals or
seams, if present). It is the deformation capacity of the cell
walls, even to the point of partial or complete cell destruction
that is principally responsible for the attenuation of impact
energy in a liquid filled cell. As is also known in the art, a
system of such cells will transmit a lateral shockwave in response
to an impact, further distributing the shock energy resulting from
the deformation of one or more liquid filled cells--effectively
spreading the impact over a larger area.
[0013] None of this, however, considers the integration of
effective microclimate control into the sports protective garment.
Heretofore, it has not been possible to integrate both state of the
art force impact protection and state of the art microclimate
control in a light garment that still affords necessary flexibility
and range of motion.
[0014] It is known in the art that providing effective cooling or
heating to the wearer's body before, during, or after exertion can
significantly enhance overall stamina, physical performance, mental
acuity and wearer safety (against trauma such as heat
stress/illness effects or hypothermia). The human body is capable
of delivering extended physical performance and recovers much more
quickly when not subjected to thermal stress; Nike, for instance
notes that using pre-competition cooling for an hour allows an
athlete to last up to 21% longer on the field. Unfortunately,
previous efforts to create garments that modify wearer microclimate
suffer from profound disadvantages when used in sporting
applications, including: adding too much weight to the wearer
(which detracts from physical achievement or results), overly
restricting the wearer's range of motion, requiring proximal
connection to ancillary systems--to enable recirculation, for
instance and creating a sub-optimal microclimate temperature and
thermal consistency when viewed from the perspective of either
ambient temperature or what is considered safe for long-term use in
close proximity to the body. It is well documented, for instance,
that overly cold temperatures, such as can be created by ice or
gels, cause vasoconstriction and reduced capillary flow--which
ultimately overcomes the body's own internal cooling systems and
can lead to dangerous overheating. While ice and gels--the most
common thermal management systems--have been around for
generations, constant temperature systems (whether set for single
or multiple stable transitions) have not. A constant cooling
device, for instance, would work to keep the operational
temperature at (or approximately at) a preset or given temperature
and could be elevated well above said ice and or gel associated
temperatures, providing all the benefits of cold therapy without
the associated risks, such as, frostbite, histamine and aqueous
production. Beyond these significant thermal challenges,
heretofore, the incorporation of available cooling or warming
systems into sports protective garments has degraded the garment's
force impact capabilities.
[0015] As is also known in the art, there are a wide range of Phase
Change Materials (PCMs), that is, substances with a high heat of
fusion, which, when melting and solidifying at a certain
temperature, are capable of storing and releasing large amounts of
energy. Heat is absorbed or released when the material changes from
solid to liquid, making PCMs a latent heat storage material.
[0016] As is also known, while PCM latent heat storage can be
achieved through all forms of chemical transition: (solid-solid,
solid-liquid, solid-gas and liquid-gas phase change) the only phase
change of practical use in most applications is the solid-liquid
change. Liquid-gas phase changes are not practical for use as
thermal storage due to the large volumes or high pressures required
to store the materials when in their gas phase. Liquid-gas
transitions do have a higher heat of transformation than
solid-liquid transitions. Solid-solid phase changes are typically
very slow and have a rather low heat of transformation.
[0017] Initially, solid-liquid PCMs behave like sensible heat
storage (SHS) materials; their temperature rises as they absorb
heat. Unlike conventional SHS, however, when PCMs reach the
temperature at which they change phase (their melting or "phase
transition" temperature) they absorb large amounts of thermal
energy at an almost constant temperature. The PCM absorbs heat with
a minimal rise in temperature until all the material is transformed
to the liquid phase. When the ambient temperature around a liquid
material falls, the PCM solidifies, releasing its stored latent
heat--maintaining its phase transition temperature until the PCM
transitions to a solid. These properties make PCMs suited to
providing either sports protective system heating or cooling,
provided the PCM temperature(s) is/are properly chosen.
[0018] The best-known phase change material is water--which can
exist as either liquid or ice at 32.degree. F. (0.degree. C.) at
normal pressures. Certain properties of water/ice, however, may
render it of little use (or useless) in given applications,
including: the phase temperature cannot be modified (ice is too
cold for extended use in most biological cooling applications, for
instance, as applying ice to tissue quickly results in
vasoconstriction and vastly reduced capillary blood flow--often
resulting in skin or tissue damage), the water to ice transition
results in a volumetric expansion of .about.9%--making it a
challenge to use in mechanical applications, and ice exhibits
little mechanical "give" in the fully frozen state. While this
expansion isn't particularly relevant in most sports protective
garment applications, the overly cold temperature is.
[0019] Other PCMs can be either organic or inorganic, can be
chemically stable or unstable, can be caustic or non-caustic,
flammable/inflammable, etc. In short, like any other substances,
PCM chemical properties vary as a function of the specific
substance. PCMs are typically characterized by their Heat of Fusion
(measured in kJ/kg), the amount of energy required to melt one
kilogram of the material, and the Duration Index [measured in
Joules/(cubic centimeter degrees Centigrade)], which provides a
basis of comparison of how long a PCM will remain at a constant
temperature during its phase change.
[0020] Common PCMs include paraffins (alkanes), salt hydrates,
eutectic compounds, fatty acids and esters (including animal fats)
and others. Individual PCMs will suggest themselves over others
depending on the user's specific requirements. Some transition
sharply (at a given temperature), whereas others (especially with
impurities) do so over a several degree temperature range with
reduced heat capacity. Others lose the capacity to transition
sharply after a certain number of uses (eutectics often degrade
after a few thousand cycles, rendering them of little use in most
applications). Some PCMs are highly flammable; some are not.
Because some are caustic they have to be encapsulated in inert
materials, reducing their effective energy storage capacity for a
given volume of PCM. In general, however, PCMs can be useful as
thermal energy storage media provided their other chemical
properties are consistent with a given application.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0021] An object of the invention is to provide an impact-absorbing
protective garment. The garment comprises a plurality of cells of
one or more sizes and shapes, each cell comprised of suitable
momentarily deformable high modulus material and each cell
containing its own incompressible cooling or warming material.
[0022] A further object of the invention is to provide an
impact-absorbing protective garment used to protect select areas of
a body, the garment comprises one or more of the following layers:
(a) a middle layer comprising one or more flexible pads adapted to
conform to a protected portion of the body, said layer having an
inner surface adapted to face towards the body, an outer surface
facing outwardly from the body, and a perimeter defining the
outlines of said inner and outer surfaces; (b) an outer shell layer
covering substantially all of the select area of the body being
protected, adapted to cover said middle layer, said outer shell
layer comprising one or a plurality of plate elements, this one or
a plurality being positioned and arranged to cover select portions
of the body, such that an effective protective shell is formed, the
outer shell layer comprising a stiff, shock-resistant lightweight
material and having a fastener connecting said outer layer to said
middle layer; and (c) an innermost layer carried by or closely
proximate to said middle layer on the middle layer's inner surface,
adapted to face toward and confront the protected body portion,
said inner layer covering a substantial portion of the inner
surface of the middle layer, and comprising a plurality of
individual cells arranged over said given area, said cells
comprising a non-toxic and hypoallergenic material, each encasing
an incompressible cooling or warming material for effecting cooling
or warming of the wearer.
[0023] An additional further object of the invention is to provide
a protective garment that is an impact absorbing protective garment
for the torso of a body, for use by baseball umpires. The
protective garment comprises: a middle layer in the form of a
flexible pad adapted to conform to the contour of the frontal area
of the upper torso and having an inner surface adapted to face
toward the torso, an outer surface facing outwardly from the torso,
and a perimeter defining the outlines of said inner and outer
surfaces, said middle layer including an intermediate thickness of
cushioning material between said inner and outer surfaces. The
garment also comprises an outer shell layer covering substantially
the entire frontal area of the upper torso and adapted to overlie
said middle layer and comprising a plurality of plate elements,
each plate element being positioned and arranged to overlie a
selected area of the torso, and means connecting said plate
elements to said middle layer to form a torso-fitting shell
overlying said middle layer, with each of said plate elements being
a stiff, shock-resistant lightweight material, having fastening
means connecting said shell plates to said middle layer. The
garment further comprises an inner layer carried by said middle
layer on its inner surface, and adapted to face toward and confront
the torso of the body, said inner layer covering a substantial
portion of the inner surface of the middle layer and comprising a
plurality of individual cells arranged over said given area, with
the cells each encasing a phase change material that comprises
means for effecting a relatively constant microclimate cooling or
heating of the area of the torso of the body which it
confronts.
BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWING FIGURES
[0024] FIG. 1 is a front view of the vest of this invention, with
the straps that are used for attaching it to the torso of a wearer
being fragmentally illustrated.
[0025] FIG. 2 is a rear view of the vest of this invention, with
the straps likewise being fragmentally illustrated.
[0026] FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken through the vest of FIG. 1,
generally along the line III-III of FIG. 1, and wherein the hard
shell exterior appears on the left, with a mesh-encapsulated foam
underlayment of middle layer to the right of the hard shell
exterior, and with a mesh pocket having a phase change insert
therein to the right of the middle layer.
[0027] FIG. 4 is a rear view of the mesh pocket with the cw
material insert therein that appears in FIG. 2.
[0028] FIG. 5 is a view of the cw material insert alone, outside of
the mesh pocket illustrated in FIG. 4.
[0029] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the cw material insert
of FIG. 5, taken generally along the line VI-VI of FIG. 5, and
wherein frangible seams are shown connecting the various hex-shaped
sections of the insert of FIG. 5.
[0030] FIG. 7 is a sectional view, taken through the hard shell
exterior of the outer shell layer, the middle layer of cushioning
material with its encasement, and the inner layer comprising the
insert in its mesh pocket, with a thrown baseball approaching the
exterior from the left.
[0031] FIG. 8 is an illustration like that of FIG. 7, but wherein
impact is shown via the baseball engaging the hard shell exterior,
and compressing the middle layer of cushioning material.
[0032] FIG. 9 is an illustration like that of FIG. 8, but wherein
the impact of the baseball continues, such that the impact is
absorbed not only by the hard shell exterior and the middle layer
of cushioning material, but by the cw material containing insert,
and wherein the absorption of impact by the insert results in
momentary deformation of one or more cells of the insert and which
may even result in rupturing of seams of the insert, allowing for
distribution of the insert's cw material from an impact-absorbing
cell of the insert to other cells of the insert.
[0033] FIG. 10 is a sectional view of the vest of this invention
applied to a broken line figure of an umpire.
DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0034] Referring to the drawings now in detail, reference is first
made to FIG. 1, wherein a protective garment in the form of an
umpire's vest is shown, generally designated by the numeral 20.
[0035] The vest 20 has an outer shell layer comprised of a
plurality of plate elements that cover substantially the entire
frontal area of the upper torso. The plate elements include a
breastplate element 21, a solar element 22, and abdominal element
23, and shoulder elements 19, 24, 25, 26, 27 and 29. All of the
elements are mounted to a middle layer 30 by anchor straps 31, 32,
33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40 and 41 that are hook and loop strips of
the "VELCRO" type which fasten the various plate elements of the
outer shell layer to the middle layer 30. The various plate
elements are interconnected by flexible connectors 42, 43, 44, 45
and 46 to which the plates are attached by means of rivets 47.
[0036] As illustrated in FIG. 2, the plates 19, 24 and 25 are
connected flexible connectors 48, 50, and the plates 26, 27 and 29
are connected-by flexible connectors 51, 52.
[0037] Harness straps 53 and 54 are fragmentally shown to be
connected, in FIGS. 1 and 2, to the vest 20 at eyelets 55, 56 and,
in turn, are connected to a junction 57 that is usually at the back
of the vest when worn by a user, and which, in turn, carries one or
more straps 58, that are adapted to encircle the waist of a user,
to be connected at frontal mounts 60 and 61 on the vest 20 (by
means not shown).
[0038] With specific reference to FIG. 2, the middle layer 30
comprises a flexible pad section inside each of the plate elements
of the outer shell, with the flexible pad comprising individual
components that carry the plate elements. Each flexible pad
component is preferably disposed in a thin perimeter 63 (see FIG.
3) which encases the flexible pad, preferably of a compressible
foam material in a lightweight perimeter material 63, with the
perimeter material sandwiching the cushioning material between its
surfaces 64 and 65.
[0039] The inner layer 30 has an inner surface 70 that has a pocket
71 carried thereby. The pocket 71 is preferably constructed of a
lightweight open-pore mesh material, and has a slit opening at its
upper end 72, and the pocket 71 is preferably stitched to, or
otherwise carried by the middle layer 30.
[0040] Inside the pocket 71 there is provided an inner layer 73,
which covers a substantial portion of the inner surface 70 of the
middle layer 30, and which is comprised of a plurality of
individual cells 74. Each of the cells 74, formed of a suitable
high strength and high modulus material such as urethane or polymer
film, encases an incompressible cooling or warming liquid
(hereinafter `cw material`) that is selected for effecting cooling
or heating of the area of the torso of the body which it confronts.
Each cell 74 is separated from an adjacent cell by sealing zones
75. Sealing zones 75 may be formed from any of several technologies
capable of permanently joining together multiple layers of the
cooling or warming liquid containing film (and fused fabric, if
present), and may include sections of lower or higher strength such
that the weaker zone sections are capable of opening to adjoining
cells under very high pressure. The cells may be configured in many
shapes but are preferably hexagonal.
[0041] Upon receiving significant impact against a plate element of
the outer shell layer 20, which impact is transferred through the
middle layer 30 to the inner layer 73 of cw material in individual
cells 74, if the impact is sufficient individual cells 74 may
momentarily but significantly deform, helping to absorb the
incident impact force. lithe plurality of cells is contiguous the
impact force also translates into a lateral wave, further spreading
the incident impact force to other cells. If the impact is yet
higher, the pressure in the cells 74 on the contained cw material
will exceed the binding force of one or more sealing zones 75 such
that said sealing zones 75 subject to the impact may burst,
allowing transfer of cw material from one cell to an adjacent cell,
in order to partially absorb such impact. When this happens, there
is communication from one cell to another cell that would have
theretofore been precluded due to the sealing off of adjacent cells
from each other by the sealing zones 75. By combining the use of a
suitable high modulus containment film for formation of cells 74 in
combination with the use of sealing/bonding technologies for
creation of different burst strength sealing zones 75 it is
possible to fine-tune the overall system's capacity to absorb and
dissipate the incident impacts.
[0042] With reference to FIGS. 7, 8 and 9, this impact will now be
demonstrated.
[0043] In FIG. 7, a thrown or batted baseball 80 is illustrated,
traveling in the direction of arrow 81. As it strikes a plate
element such as that 21, the plate element 21 bends as shown for
example in FIG. 8, to absorb the impact, transferring impact force
to the middle layer of cushioning material 30, compressing the same
as each plate element of stiff, shock-resistant lightweight
material engages against the cushioning material 30 inside its
perimeter 64, 65.
[0044] As is demonstrated in FIG. 9, continued rightward movement
of the baseball 80 in the direction of the arrow 81 further
compresses the cushioning material 30, as the plate element 21
bends even further, impacting a cell 74 of the inner layer 73
within its mesh pocket 71, cell 74 undergoes momentary deformation,
and, if the impact force is sufficient, can cause one or more
sealing zones 75 that separate cells 74 to burst open, thereby
relieving the pressure within cell 74, as cw material within the
cell 74 passes through the sealing zones 75 in the direction of the
arrows 82, into adjacent cells. In this manner, the inner layer
facilitates absorbing impact that might otherwise be transferred to
the body of the umpire, athlete or other user.
[0045] It will be apparent that the passages that are opened when
sealing zones 75 burst provide for communication of some cw
material from one or more cells, to one or more adjacent cells, for
dissipating absorbed energy to such adjacent cells. It is possible
to manufacture said sealing zones 75 to be re-sealable.
[0046] With reference to FIG. 10, it will be seen how the impact
absorbing protective vest is disposed against the wearer, although
the straps that would mount the same onto a user, are not
illustrated therein.
[0047] It will thus be seen that the vest as described herein, uses
the inner layer 73 that contains the cw material to distribute
compression forces from impact against the outer layer that
transfer through the middle layer to the inner layer. It will also
be understood that the sealing zones are frangible, and while they
separate the cells of the inner layer from each other, upon
sufficient impact, they can absorb energy from impact by breaking
open when a pre-determined impact is transferred to a given cell,
and then can provide a passage for communicating some cw material
from a given cell to an adjacent cell, for dissipating absorbed
energy to the adjacent cells. As illustrated herein in the
drawings, the various cells 74 are shown to be of hexagonal
configuration, but it will be understood that the same may be of
rectangular configuration, circular configuration, or of any other
desired configuration.
[0048] The middle layer 30 may be comprised of a foam material, or
other compressible material as may be desired, and may be of any
selected thickness that will absorb impact forces. It has been
found that a lightweight foam material is preferable, and is most
preferable if it is between one quarter inch thickness and three
quarter inch thickness, although three quarter inch thickness is
preferred, in that it absorbs impact better. Further, said foam
material may, itself, be comprised of multiple "tuned" layers of
different compression moduli, said tuning allowing the foam to be
adjusted to force
[0049] The protective sports garment is comprised of multiple
protective zones, themselves comprised of different strata and
materials, each fulfilling a specific function in attenuating the
effects of both low and high-speed force impact and/or providing
either heating or cooling respectively. The garment may be used to
protect selected portions of the body or equipment. The
optimization of these protective zones, and the design of
respective strata, is a function of the intended form(s) of
protection for a given garment (usage application) and sport.
Protective sports garment strata may include any or all of the
following: (1) a resilient outer shell layer, comprising one or
more separate or interconnected plates or solid structures,
themselves having either some, none or many slits (whether used for
shaping force impact performance and/or accommodating mounting
provisions or other mechanical needs), areas of varying depth,
density, stiffness, removability or other characteristics; (2) an
energy absorbing layer comprised of one or more visco-elastic foam
layers, in which the foam substrate or stratum is at least
partially enclosed by a formed skin adjacent to the outer surface
of the foam substrate such as a thin layer of fabric or polymeric
material thermoplastic, for instance and wherein the formed skin is
preferably of limited porosity and optionally provides a plurality
of protective zones having vent holes through the formed skin to
regulate the degree, of energy absorption in respective zones
(exhibiting distinct energy absorption characteristics instead of
providing discrete protective layers that must be joined or meet at
a seam a common failure mode in protective equipment), and further,
wherein each foam substrate layer exhibits a modulus of compression
and/or bulk modulus different than the other layers, each layer
being totality fine-tuned to optimize overall force performance for
specific force and temperature regimes; and (3) an inner
microclimate cooling or heating layer or stratum (placed directly
next to the skin or over a thin layer of clothing) that is designed
to mitigate ambient temperatures and the retention of metabolic
generated heat, preferably to provide a relatively constant
microclimate temperature to both create greater wearer comfort and
to mitigate ambient environmental effects on physical and mental
stamina while simultaneously attenuating force impact, combining
synergistically with all other protective garment system elements
which may be present to enhance the protective garment's overall
force impact performance.
[0050] The innermost layer comprises an impact resistant layer
adapted to distribute compression forces from impacts incident upon
it. The inner layer comprises a plurality of cells of a suitable
momentarily deformable high modulus material. Each cell contains
its own incompressible cooling or warming material. In some
embodiments, the microclimate system can be quickly replaced with
another charged unit/system, making it possible for the wearer to
comfortably use the protective garment for extended periods of
time. As is apparent to anyone skilled in the art, any number of
techniques can be used to integrate the layer into armor systems,
some of which are described below.
[0051] In one embodiment the energy absorbing stratum or liner
system is created from specifically chosen models of the polymeric
visco-elastic family of Zorbium.RTM. foams by Team Wendy, or
similar materials. With careful (application specific) engineering
the thickness, foam cell characteristics, temperature and modulus
characteristics can be optimized to give a sports protective
garment the means to protect against relevant high and low speed
force impacts.
[0052] The microclimate stratum is itself comprised of multiple
layers, which may include: (1) flexible, resilient,
impact-resistant layers of tri-polymer plastic film comprising
urethane, propylene, ethylene or other such materials exhibiting
superior physical `memory`, strength and workability. The film has
a thickness preferably of 0.002'' to 0.100''. The film is formed
into either one or a plurality of impact resistant cells/pockets of
one or many shapes and thicknesses, themselves designed and
specifically placed to balance the characteristics of physical
flexibility and fluidity of movement, comfort, volumetric capacity,
force impact performance, anti-microbial performance, durability
and cleanability; (2) an application appropriate cw material and,
finally, (3) attachment materials, as needed, such as display loop
or other hook and loop attaching system and/or material, enabling
the use of various anchor attachment straps or other mechanical
mounting and holding provisions which help provide a definitional
barrier that helps define the overall shape of this stratum.
[0053] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the cw material
is an alcohol based gel mixture. In another preferred embodiment of
the invention, the cw material is a PCM system incorporating a
single-phase change material transition (or phase) point. In yet
another embodiment, with appropriate design or formulation, the cw
material is a PCM system offering two to ten specifically chosen,
stable temperature transition points, and in yet another embodiment
a single transition temperature which cannot be achieved by common
PCMs. In this way a garment can create a specific microclimate
phasing which, itself, depends on both ambient and wearer
conditions. In still another preferred embodiment, the
cooling/warming insert or sub-garment of the invention is comprised
of a specifically chosen PCM or system of PCMs (with one or more
stable temperature transition points) contained in a plurality of
cells, said cells being confronted by a contained layer of gel
which is worn directly against the body. In this way the gel can
achieve the exact microclimate temperature(s) of the PCM, while
providing a soft interfacing layer to the wearer. Preferably the
cell contained PCM is formulated or selected to yield phase
transition points to within .+-.1.degree. F. to a maximum of
.+-.10.degree. F. Other properties of specific PCMs that will
enhance utility in a sport protective garment application are
featured in other embodiments, include: (A) the capacity to undergo
any number of thermal cycles without notable degradation, (B) the
capacity to provide relatively constant temperature microclimate
for a long duration (a high Duration Index), (C) the chemical
property of not being harmful or caustic to skin or organs (as
determined, for instance from Material Safety Data Sheets), and (D)
third-party certification for such safety (such as an FDA 510(k)).
One such family of PCMs is HTFEXOTHERM.RTM. by HTFx Inc. Other
suitable PCM materials are alkanes or other paraffins, salt
hydrates, eutectic compounds, fatty acids, esters, animal fats,
vegetable fats, and water.
[0054] When using a somewhat or relatively viscous PCM such as
HTFEXOTHERM.RTM. in a force impact application, whether in the
somewhat hardened charged state or even in the fully discharged
liquid state, the PCM material contributes directly to the
protective garment's dissipation or dampening of force impact
energy, further protecting the wearer from sudden incident forces
or blunt force trauma. In preferred embodiments, these protective
characteristics are dramatically amplified by containing the PCM in
one or a plurality of cells that are built from physically
malleable materials such as tri-polymer films or in a plurality of
such cells designed to release or transfer PCM fluid from cell to
cell when one or more cells experiences the high hydroscopic
pressure caused by a force impact. This quality can be obtained by
varying cell shape, size and placement, and by selecting one or
more material sealing technologies--such as thermal impulse sealing
and RF sealing--and by including one or a plurality of channels of
one or many widths between cells (whether these channels are always
open or some are forced open only by a high impact force) to adjust
the strength and reactivity of the cell walls. This approach can be
used quite effectively to create a system of small scale "baffles"
from cell to cell, making it possible to disburse and dampen force
impact shock waves across a plurality of cells and to create a
system responsive to both high and low speed force impacts. This
macroscopic quality is maintained even when the incident force is
high enough to damage one or more cells. Absent a force impact, the
cw material, whether a gel or PCM, will remain relatively static in
the plurality of cells.
[0055] Different embodiments will use different combinations of
film material, number, shape (including the use of one on many
different shapes simultaneously), size (including the use of one or
many sizes simultaneously), placement of cells, and different cell
sealing technologies to form effective systems of force dispersal
and dampening which can be incorporated into protective
garments/systems.
[0056] Regarding the protective or microclimate utility or overall
performance of the protective sports garment, it is possible to
either loosely couple/integrate this cooling or heating stratum to
the balance of the sports protective garment/system, or to tightly
couple it by mechanically shaping it into the adjoining layer. In
one embodiment the microclimate system is designed as an effective
upgrade or enhancement to existing sports protective garment
systems, and is loosely coupled to the inside of the protective
garment. The wearer dons the system using attachment straps, clips
or other means, wearing it directly next to the body on the section
of the body that will be covered by the protective gear. The
protective gear is then fitted over the microclimate system. In
other embodiments, the microclimate system is integrated directly
into the protective garment, and is the sports protective system
layer that directly contacts the wearer's body. By such placement
the microclimate system best creates a constant temperature
environment, suffering the lowest amount of performance hysteresis.
In some embodiments, the microclimate system can be quickly
replaced with another charged unit/system, making it possible for
the wearer to comfortably use the protective garment system for
extended periods of time. In yet another embodiment, the plurality
of cw material containment cells is fused to fabric and/or a
compressible foam layer and can be worn without other garment
system layers (or strata). As is apparent to anyone skilled in the
art, any number of techniques can be used to integrate the layer
into sports protective systems.
[0057] The impact absorbing protective garment for a given portion
of the body, is for use by sports officials (including umpires and
referees) and athletes; cooling or warming liquid-based climate
control which helps protect the wearer from extremes of ambient
temperature and the metabolic heat caused by physical exertion.
More preferably, the disclosed system incorporates a Phase Change
Material-based constant or phased temperature microclimate control
which can be fine-tuned to specific sporting applications and
ambient temperature ranges, and is capable of meeting either
specific microclimate temperatures and/or cooling/heating periods.
The disclosed system accomplishes this localized climate control
concurrent with contributing additional force impact protection to
the wearer and without limiting the wearer's movement beyond what
is already common and accepted with existing sports protective
gear.
[0058] In a preferred embodiment, the impact absorbing protective
garment has an outer shell layer covering substantially the entire
frontal area of the wearer, with the outer shell layer comprising a
plurality of plate elements. There is a middle layer in the form of
a flexible pad adapted to conform to the contour of the frontal
area of the upper torso of the wearer, and which is comprised of
cushioning material. The outer shell layer is connected to the
middle layer by suitable fastening means. There is an inner layer
carried by the middle layer, with the inner layer comprising a
plurality of individual cells, each encasing the incompressible
cooling or warming liquid (hereinafter called `cw material`).
[0059] In a second preferred embodiment, the impact absorbing
protective garment is in the form of a helmet, with an outer shell
layer covering the head of the wearer, this outer shell layer also
integrating all hardware necessary to attach either straps or other
connection provisions (used to affix the helmet to the wearer's
head) and optional ear or facial protection. There is a middle
layer comprised of cushioning material adapted to conform to the
interior surface of the helmet and adapted to conform to the
contour of the head of the wearer; this layer being comprised of
cushioning material with a lower bulk modulus than the outer shell
layer. This second layer may, itself, consist of one or many
closely integrated individual layers, this system of layers
exhibiting a lower effective bulk modulus than the outer shell
layer. The outer shell layer is connected to this second layer (or
layer stratum) by various means. There is an inner layer carried by
the middle layer, with the inner layer comprising a plurality of
individual cells, each encasing the cw material. This innermost
layer may be permanently installed or removable for convenience in
charging.
[0060] In yet a third preferred embodiment, the impact absorbing
protective garment is in the form of a vest and shoulder pads such
as is used by football players, has an outer shell layer covering
the upper torso of the wearer, with the outer shell layer
comprising a plurality of plate elements and means for attachment.
There is a middle layer in the form of a flexible pad adapted to
conform to the contour of the upper torso of the wearer, and which
is comprised of cushioning material. The outer shell layer is
connected to the middle layer by suitable fastening means. There is
an inner layer contiguous with the middle layer, with the inner
layer comprising a plurality of individual cells, each encasing the
cw material. This innermost layer may be carried by the middle
layer or may be donned underneath existing vests as an application
specific sub-garment.
[0061] Other objects of the present invention will become apparent
to those skilled in this art. As it will be realized, the invention
is capable of other different embodiments and its several details
are capable of modification in various, aspects all without
departing from the invention. Accordingly, all drawings and
descriptions will be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as
restrictive.
* * * * *