U.S. patent application number 13/254277 was filed with the patent office on 2011-12-29 for solar powered method and system for sludge treatment.
Invention is credited to Faig Israel, Boaz Zadik.
Application Number | 20110315539 13/254277 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 42727868 |
Filed Date | 2011-12-29 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20110315539 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Zadik; Boaz ; et
al. |
December 29, 2011 |
SOLAR POWERED METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR SLUDGE TREATMENT
Abstract
A solar-powered device for converting sludge into one or more
products is disclosed. The device includes a pyrolysis reactor
selectively operable by solar energy, for carrying our thermal
decomposition, into one or more products, of sludge introduced into
the reactor via a dedicated sludge inlet. The reactor includes at
least one outlet for discharging from the reactor one or more
products obtained from the sludge decomposition. The device also
includes a sensor for sensing sunlight radiation and providing an
output data indicative of the amount of solar energy corresponding
to the sensed sunlight, and a control unit for receiving the output
data and operating or shutting down the pyrolysis reactor based on
the amount of solar energy generated from the sunlight.
Inventors: |
Zadik; Boaz; (Haifa, IL)
; Israel; Faig; (Cessaria, IL) |
Family ID: |
42727868 |
Appl. No.: |
13/254277 |
Filed: |
March 10, 2010 |
PCT Filed: |
March 10, 2010 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/IL10/00203 |
371 Date: |
September 1, 2011 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61202532 |
Mar 10, 2009 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
202/99 ;
202/215 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y02A 40/213 20180101;
Y02E 50/343 20130101; Y02W 30/40 20150501; Y02W 30/47 20150501;
Y02P 20/134 20151101; Y02P 20/133 20151101; C05F 7/00 20130101;
Y02E 50/30 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
202/99 ;
202/215 |
International
Class: |
C10B 23/00 20060101
C10B023/00; C10B 49/00 20060101 C10B049/00 |
Claims
1. A solar-powered device for converting sludge into one or more
products comprising: (a) a pyrolysis reactor selectively operable
by solar energy, for carrying out thermal decomposition, into one
of more products, of sludge introduced into said reactor via a
dedicated sludge inlet; the reactor comprising at least one outlet
for discharging from said reactor one or more products obtained
from said sludge decomposition; (b) a sensor for sensing sunlight
radiation and providing an output data indicative of the amount of
solar energy corresponding to the sensed sunlight sensed by said
sensor; (c) a control unit for receiving said output data and
operating or shutting down at least said pyrolysis reactor based on
the amount of solar energy generated from said sunlight.
2. The solar-powered device of claim 1, wherein said pyrolysis
reactor is operated at a temperature of between 800<0>C and
1200<0>C.
3. The solar-powered system of claim 1, wherein said one or more
products comprises steam, char, tar, syngas.
4. The solar-powered system of claim 3, wherein said syngas
comprises one or more of H2, CO, CO2, CH4.
5. The solar-powered system of claim 1, wherein said sensor
comprises a transmitter for transmitting to said control unit the
output data indicative of the amount of solar energy corresponding
to the sensed sunlight sensed.
6. The solar-powered system of claim 1, wherein said sensor is an
integral part of said pyrolysis reactor or a distinct part
therefrom.
7. The solar-powered system of claim 1, wherein said sensor is
configured to continuously sense the sunlight and essentially
immediately provide the output data indicative of the amount of
solar energy corresponding to the sensed sunlight sensed by said
sensor.
8. The solar powered system of claim 1, wherein said control unit
is configured to receive said output data and operate at least said
pyrolysis reactor under performance conditions dictated by said
amount of solar energy.
9. The solar powered system of claim 8, wherein said performance
conditions comprise at least one of rate of sludge input into the
said reactor, amount of sludge input into said reactor, rate of
product discharge, amount of solar energy, amount of internal heat
in the reactor.
10. The solar powered system of claim 1, wherein said control unit
operates said pyrolysis reactor daytime and shuts down said
pyrolysis reactor when nighttime.
11. The solar powered system of claim 1, wherein said control unit
comprises a receiver for receiving said output data.
12. A solar-powered system for converting sludge into one or more
products comprising: (i) solar-powered device for converting sludge
into one or more products comprising: (a) a pyrolysis reactor
selectively operable by solar energy, for carrying out thermal
decomposition, into one of more products, of sludge introduced into
said reactor via a dedicated sludge inlet; the reactor comprising
at least one outlet for discharging from said reactor one or more
products obtained from said sludge decomposition; (b) a sensor for
sensing sunlight radiation and providing an output data indicative
of the amount of solar energy corresponding to the sensed sunlight
sensed by said sensor; (c) a control unit for receiving said output
data and operating or shutting down at least said pyrolysis reactor
based on the amount of solar energy generated from said sunlight.
(ii) a solar power sub-system configured to concentrate sunlight
and to direct at least a portion of solar energy generated from
said concentrated sunlight to said solar powered device; (iii) a
conveyor for conveying sludge into said pyrolysis reactor via said
dedicated inlet; (iv) one or more collection units, each connected
to a discharge outlet for collecting a product discharged from said
pyrolysis reactor.
13. The solar-powered device of claim 12, wherein said pyrolysis
reactor is operated at a temperature of between 800<0>C and
1400<0>C.
14. The solar-powered system of claim 12, wherein said one or more
products comprises steam, syngas, char.
15. The solar-powered system of claim 14, wherein said syngas
comprises one or more of H2, CO, CO2, CH4.
16. The solar-powered system of claim 12, wherein said sensor
comprises a transmitter for transmitting to said control unit the
output data indicative of the amount of solar energy corresponding
to the sensed sunlight sensed.
17. The solar-powered system of claim 12, wherein said sensor is an
integral part of said pyrolysis reactor or a distinct part
therefrom.
18. The solar-powered system of claim 12, wherein said sensor is
configured to continuously sense the sunlight and essentially
immediately provide the output data indicative of the amount of
solar energy corresponding to the sensed sunlight sensed by said
sensor.
19. The solar powered system of claim 12, wherein said control unit
is configured to receive said output data and operate at least said
pyrolysis reactor under performance conditions dictated by said
amount of solar energy.
20. The solar powered system of claim 19, wherein said performance
conditions comprise at least one of rate of sludge input into the
said reactor, amount of sludge input into said reactor, rate of
product discharge, amount of solar energy, amount of internal heat
in the reactor.
21. The solar powered system of claim 12, wherein said control unit
operates said pyrolysis reactor daytime and shuts down said
pyrolysis reactor when nighttime.
22. The solar powered system of claim 12, wherein said control unit
comprises a receiver for receiving said output data.
23. The solar powered system of claim 12, wherein said solar power
sub-system comprises at least one sun-tracking mirror for
concentrating said sunlight and directing at least a portion of the
solar energy obtained from said concentrated sunlight to the
pyrolysis reactor.
24. The solar powered system of claim 23, wherein said control unit
controls the amount of solar energy directed from said sun tracking
mirror to said pyrolysis reactor.
25. The solar powered system of claim 12, wherein said conveyer is
a conveyer belt equipped with blower for blowing hot air onto said
sludge or is a dewatering spiral press conveyor.
26. The solar powered system of claim 12, comprising a dewatering
unit for removing at least a portion of liquid from said sludge
prior to being introduced into the pyrolysis reactor.
27. The solar powered system of claim 27, wherein said dewatering
unit comprises an evaporation unit.
28. The solar powered system of claim 25, wherein one or more of
said conveyer or said dewatering unit are each independently
adapted to collect liquid or steam removed thereby from said
sludge.
29. The solar powered system of claim 28, wherein steam is
collected from said dewatering unit steam and collected at a
condensing unit.
30. The solar powered system of claim 28, wherein conveyer is
adapted to collect from about 20% to about 60% of the liquid in
said sludge.
31. The solar powered system of claim 28 or 29, wherein said
dewatering unit is adapted to remove liquid from said sludge to a
threshold of between about 40% to about 60% of moisture in the
sludge directed to said reactor from said dewatering unit.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to a system and method for sludge
treatment.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The spread of increasing amounts of waste biomass, such as
wastewater sludge or sewage sludge, pose a worldwide problem
associated with their disposal. Composting, direct land-filling,
compression/concentration, liquid extraction and thermal treatment
(incineration, gasification or pyrolysis) are some of the available
for biomass treatment.
[0003] Pyrolysis is widely used for biomass conversion, utilizing
heat to chemically decompose the organic materials in the
biomass.
[0004] U.S. Pat. No. 3,993,458 describes a method for producing
gases such as H.sub.2, CO, CH.sub.4 and CO.sub.2 by pyrolysis
organic solid waste, the method comprising subjecting, in a
reactor, the organic solid waste to steam at elevated temperatures
allowing the chemical decomposition (pyrolysis) to take place. The
elevated temperatures are obtained by the use of solar heating by
means of a solar top furnace providing temperatures of
600.degree.-700.degree. C.
[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 4,415,339 describes solar biomass gasification
reactor with pyrolysis gas recycling. Specifically, biomass (e.g.
coal) is converted into gases (e.g. H.sub.2, CH.sub.4 and CO.sub.2)
by feeding the biomass into a solar reactor and directing solar
energy into the reactor, wherein chemical decomposition of the
biomass takes place.
[0006] International patent application publication WO2008/027980
also describes method for carrying out biomass pyrolysis or
gasification using solar energy. The solar thermal reactor is
comprised of a an outer protection shell and an inner reaction
shell having an inlet and an outlet, the outlet protection shell
being at least partially transparent or having an opening to the
atmosphere for transmission of the solar energy. The biomass is
carried by a gas stream, via the inlet, into the reactor, wherein
it is heated to a temperature of at least 950.degree. C., at least
in part by exposing the reactor to a source of concentrated
sunlight.
[0007] U.S. Pat. No. 5,980,605 describes a solar energy
installation for the production of an alkali metal (metallic sodium
and potassium) by reaction of their hydroxides or carbonates with
carbon that is produced in situ by pyrolysis of a pyrolyzable
carbonaceous material.
[0008] The use of solar energy for biomass processing is also
described in Solar-Powered Biomass Gasification; Biomass Magazine
(www.biomassmagazine.com/article.jsp?article_id=1674).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] The inventors of the present invention have surprisingly
found that by employing a system combining a thermo-regulated
sensor, a solar tower and a pyrolysis reactor connected to a high
throughput sludge dewatering device they can produce green energy
from sludge using solar power. This system is emission free due to
high temperatures of up to 1200 C..degree. in pyrolytic conditions
and is self sustainable since sludge treatment does not require
around the clock, continuous work (sludge may be accumulated and
used when necessary). Thus, the system provides a reliable and
comprehensive solution relying on solar power alone to convert
sludge into energy.
[0010] The system can treat various types of sludge originating in
the following urban waste treatment plants, industrial waste
treatment plants, agricultural wastewater treatment plants,
petrochemical industry, chemical industry, pharmaceutical industry,
food industry among other biomass sludge sources. In a preferred
embodiment, the term "sludge" denotes wastewater sludge, sewage
sludge and any by-product of [wastewater (i.e. liquid waste
discharged by domestic residences, commercial properties, industry,
and/or agriculture which can encompass a wide range of potential
contaminants and concentrations) treatment and production. The
system described therein will provide an ecological solution to
sludge treatment in factories and purification plants.
[0011] Thus, in one aspect the present invention provides a
solar-powered device for converting sludge into one or more
products comprising:
[0012] (a) a pyrolysis reactor selectively operable by solar
energy, for carrying out thermal decomposition, into one of more
products, of sludge introduced into said reactor via a dedicated
sludge inlet; the reactor comprising at least one outlet for
discharging from said reactor one or more products obtained from
said sludge decomposition;
[0013] (b) a sensor for sensing sunlight radiation and providing an
output data indicative of the amount of solar energy corresponding
to the sensed sunlight sensed by said sensor;
[0014] (c) a control unit for receiving said output data and
operating or shutting down at least said pyrolysis reactor based on
the amount of solar energy generated from said sunlight.
[0015] In another aspect, there is provided a solar-powered system
for converting sludge into one or more products comprising:
[0016] (i) solar-powered device for converting sludge into one or
more products comprising: [0017] (a) a pyrolysis reactor
selectively operable by solar energy, for carrying out thermal
decomposition, into one of more products, of sludge introduced into
said reactor via a dedicated sludge inlet; the reactor comprising
at least one outlet for discharging from said reactor one or more
products obtained from said sludge decomposition; [0018] (b) a
sensor for sensing sunlight radiation and providing an output data
indicative of the amount of solar energy corresponding to the
sensed sunlight sensed by said sensor; [0019] (c) a control unit
for receiving said output data and operating or shutting down at
least said pyrolysis reactor based on the amount of solar energy
generated from said sunlight.
[0020] (ii) a solar power sub-system configured to concentrate
sunlight and to direct at least a portion of solar energy generated
from said concentrated sunlight to said solar powered device;
[0021] (iii) a conveyor for conveying sludge into said pyrolysis
reactor via said dedicated inlet;
[0022] (iv) one or more collection units, each connected to a
discharge outlet for collecting a product discharged from said
pyrolysis reactor.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0023] In order to understand the invention and to see how it may
be carried out in practice, embodiments will now be described, by
way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the
accompanying drawings, in which:
[0024] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a sludge treatment
system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
[0025] FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a sludge treatment
plant in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0026] Reference is now made to FIG. 1 providing a schematic
illustration of a sludge treatment system 100 in accordance with
one embodiment of the invention. The sludge treatment system
comprises a dumping funnel 102 for introducing sludge into the
system. The dumping funnel has a top opening 104 for receiving the
sludge and a bottom opening 106 for discharging the sludge onto a
conveyor 110. While not illustrated in FIG. 1, the conveyor 110 may
be adapted to remove an amount of liquid, typically water, from the
sludge, to obtain a partially dewatered sludge comprising between
40-60% of initial weight. Typically, dewatering is carried out at
temperatures of up to 400.degree. C. yielding dewatered sludge
ready for pyrolysis. Dewatering can be achieved, for example, by
the use of a hot air blower or a spiral press conveyor. Liquid
(typically water) removed from the sludge may be collected and
directed for re-use (not illustrated). Conveyor 110 is connected
dewatering unit 120 and is configured to convey the partially
dewatered sludge into the dewatering unit 120. Typically, the
conveyor is a screw conveyor that can receive pressurized air, as
well as sludge, in its interior and thus act to heat the
transferred sludge to a temperature effective to dewater the
sludge, thereby resulting in dewatering of sludge while being
transported to the pyrolysis reactor 130. The screw conveyor is
based on a helical screw including a shaft along an axis allowing
the feeding of sludge material therein. The conveyor, in turn, can
also recieve residual heat from the pyrolytic reactor.
[0027] Dewatering unit 120 may be any apparatus capable of removing
liquid from the sludge, such as a vacuum or vacuum less evaporation
unit. In the context of the present disclosure it is noted that
sludge which enters the system will typically contain between about
40%-90%, more typically between 75% to about 85% liquid. For the
purpose of pyrolysis it is required that the matter introduced into
the reactor contain no more than about weight 40 to about 60%
liquid. Thus, dewatering unit 120 is adapted to remove the majority
of liquid from the sludge, so as to obtain dewatered sludge with no
more than 60%, at times and preferably no more than 40% liquid. To
ensure sufficient liquid removal, the dewatering unit may be
equipped with a sensor (not illustrated) for sensing the amount of
liquid in the sludge contained therein and providing an output data
indicative of the same. Once the amount of humidity is below a
desired threshold of between about 40 to about 60%, the dewatered
sludge is conveyed by conveyor 110 into pyrolysis reactor 130. For
illustration purposes, the direction of movement of sludge onto
said conveyor 110 is illustrated by arrow 112. In one embodiment,
the conveyer is adapted to collect from about 20% to about 60% of
liquid from the sludge.
[0028] Liquid removed from said sludge within dewatering unit 120
is collected into a condensing unit 122 and the condensed liquid is
discharged from the condensing unit by dedicated pipe 124. It is
noted that water vapor, being a byproduct of the dewatering process
can be used as steam energy production. The water vapor can also be
condensed and return as liquid to the sewage purifying system which
receives the sewage/sludge to be treated by the sludge treatment
system. For example, char produced by pyrolysis can be gasified and
converted into H.sub.2 and CO.sub.2 by low pressure steam. This
will allow the system to be self sustainable. In addition, low
pressure steam can be used to preheat the system using liquid
filled pipes, which carry liquid through the system, that are
preheated by said steam.
[0029] Pyrolysis reactor 130 may be of any type used for thermal
decomposition of biomass including, without being limited thereto
fixed bed reactors, fluidized bed reactors, vacuum pyrolysis
reactor and super critical water reactors. Pyrolysis reactor 130 is
at temperatures of between 400.degree. C.-1200.degree. C. The
desired heat is produced by solar energy 140 generated by dedicated
sun tracking mirrors or by a solar power tower (not illustrated)
directing concentrated sunlight towards the reactor. The
concentrated solar energy 132 enters the reactor 130 through a
light transmitting window or an opening 134. The window may be a
quartz window. The energy entered into the reactor acts on the
dewatered sludge fed into the reactor, producing one or more
products, including gas and charcoal. Technology is currently
available for building solar energy operated pyrolysis reactors in
which sunlight is focused (e.g. onto a tower) from concentrating
mirrors (heliostats). It is noted that the concentrated solar
energy may also be utilized for operating other components of the
sludge treatment system, such as the dewatering unit, the conveyor,
etc. The pyrolysis reactor 130 may also be connected to a catalyst
feeder (not shown) for feeding catalysts typically used for
pyrolysis of biomass.
[0030] The various products, such as gas, char, tar and ash, are
withdrawn from the reactor 130 via respective products outlets,
illustrated in FIG. 1 as outlets 136A, 136B and 136C. While FIG. 1
illustrates only three products outlets, it should be appreciated
that only one as well as more than three products outlets can be
included in the system.
[0031] The sludge treatment system also comprises a sensor 140,
namely, a solar measuring unit for sensing sunlight radiation
around pyrolysis reactor 130 and providing an output data
indicative of the amount of solar energy corresponding to the
sensed sunlight sensed by said sensor 140. The solar sensor 140 may
be a temperature sensor in the pyrolytic reactor which will
facilitate in determining the rate of sludge entry into the system
at a function of the amount of solar energy, said sensor being
adapted to continuously measure the amount of sunlight at the area
proximal to said reactor 130. The sensor 140 provides output data
indicative of the amount of solar energy generated by the sun
tracking mirrors. To this end, the sensor 140 is connected to a
control unit 150 (wire or wireless communication) that receives the
output data from the sensor 140 and processes the data so as to
operate the sludge treatment system in accordance with the amount
of solar energy produced in real time. To this end, the control
unit 140 comprises a processor 152 for processing the output data
received by a receiver (not shown) within the control unit 150. The
sensor 140 may also be used to determine the system's internal heat
(e.g. residual heat) and to provide output data indicative of same
such that the control unit that received the output will process
the amount of solar energy in combination with the amount of
residual heat and operate the system based on the total heat
available. At times, sensor 140 may comprise more than one sensing
units (not illustrated), one for sensing the internal heat and the
other for sensing the sunlight energy, the different sensing unit
independently connected to the control unit and the control unit
being adapted to receive output data from a plurality of sensing
units.
[0032] The control unit 150 is configured to operate, based on the
real time amount of solar energy generated and internal heat, the
sludge conveyer (e.g. sludge feed rate, rate of initial
dewatering), the dewatering unit, the pyrolysis reactor (rate of
pyrolysis, rate of product discharge) etc. Thus, for example, on a
sunny day, the system will operate at its maximum capacity, while
on a cloudy day, the rate of pyrolysis will be relatively lower.
Further, as an example, during nighttime, when there is no sun, the
control unit will deactivate the system until sunrise. Thus, the
control unit is operable to receive at least data indicative of the
solar energy and data indicative of the internal heat. Accordingly,
in order for pyrolysis to take place to conditions need to be met:
(i) the amount of sludge accumulated in dumping funnel 102 is
sufficient for processing and (ii) there is sufficient solar energy
and internal heat in the reactor for allowing pyrolysis to take
place.
[0033] The control unit 150 also comprises a display unit for real
time display of parameters associated with the operation of the
entire system 100, including the amount of sunlight sensed by the
solar sensor, the amount of solar energy produced by the
concentrating mirrors, and the amount of solar energy used by the
reactor, the rate of sludge feed into the dewatering unit or into
the reactor, the rate and amount of product discharge from the
reactor, the rate and amount of steam removed from the sludge,
etc.
[0034] Reference is now made to FIG. 2 which schematically
illustrates a sludge treatment plant 200 in accordance with an
embodiment of the invention. For simplicity, like reference
numerals to those used in FIG. 1, shifted by 100 are used to
identify components having a similar function. For example,
component 230 in FIG. 1 is a pyrolysis reactor having the same
function as pyrolysis reactor 130 in FIG. 1.
[0035] FIG. 2 shows the delivery to the sludge treatment plant of
sludge by a truck 260, dumping the sludge into dumping pit 262 from
which it is carried by a conveyor belt 264 into dumping funnel 202.
In FIG. 2, drying is performed using a multistage drying conveyor
and the produced steam is collected by cooling system 222. The
dewatered sludge is introduced into pyrolytic reactor 230 and
syngas and other products are withdrawn and collected. FIG. 2 also
illustrates a collector 268 for collecting of inert material, such
as char, a storage unit 250 and a solar energy detecting and
concentrating arrangement 270.
[0036] The solar energy detecting and concentrating arrangement 270
comprises the sensor 240, a sunlight concentrating mirror 272, and
a focused mirror 274 directing the concentrated sunlight to the
pyrolytic reactor.
[0037] Further illustrated in FIG. 2 is a generator 280 and a steam
boiler 282 which in some exemplary systems may employ the thus
obtained syngas for producing energy.
[0038] In operation, sludge is introduced into the dumping funnel
and is directed towards the dewatering unit (which may be a single,
two or multistage dewatering unit). Preferably, although being
optionally, the sludge is at least partially dried while being on
the conveyor, or the sludge can be dried only when on the conveyor,
without the use of a dedicated dewatering unit. This can be
achieved, for example, by pressurized air which is introduced into
the screw conveyor to dry sludge while being transported.
[0039] Liquid removed from the sludge while directed toward the
dewatering unit is then withdrawn from the conveyor. The withdrawn
water can be returned to the system. At this stage, typically about
15-25% of the liquid is removed from the sludge. The sludge (or
partially dewatered sludge, if some part of the liquid was already
removed) is then introduced into the dewatering unit 120 where it
is concentrated. The dewatered sludge is then withdrawn from the
dewatering unit into the pyrolysis reactor 130 where pyrolysis
takes place.
[0040] As indicated above, the conditions of operation of the
system are dictated by the amount of sunlight sensed by the sensor
(translated into data indicative of the amount of solar energy that
is produced by sunlight) at the site and the amount of internal
heat of the system. While typically the system will continuously
operate during daytime, it is to be understood that, at times, the
output data provided by the sensor can indicate that the amount of
solar energy generated is too low for the system's proper operation
and as a result some or all the system's components will be shut
down. Thus, the sludge feeding rate into the system can be
determined by the heat created during pyrolysis
[0041] The temperature sensor of the invention may be an external
sensor for sensing solar energy (e.g. sun rays) or an internal
sensor forming an integral part of the reactor for sensing solar
energy in conjugation with internal heat within the reactor. When
using an external sensor for sensing solar energy, the system
typically contains at least one additional sensor for sensing
internal heat, within the reactor. When an internal temperature
sensor is employed said sensor can sense the temperature of at
least one part of the pyrolysis reactor. For example said sensor
may receive as input temperature data from different parts of the
reactor such as the reactor chamber and the dewatering unit.
[0042] The temperature sensor may be any type of temperature sensor
know in the art such as a thermocouples, a Resistance Temperature
Detectors (RTD), a thermistor (solid temperature sensor). The
sensor may work on batteries but may also be battery independent.
Typically, the temperature sensor can measure temperatures over
very wide temperature ranges. The temperature sensor may be a
contact temperature sensors measuring its own temperature or a
non-contact temperature sensor as commonly known in the art.
* * * * *