U.S. patent application number 13/163012 was filed with the patent office on 2011-12-15 for methods of cholesterol reduction using isoflavones.
This patent application is currently assigned to NOVOGEN RESEARCH PTY LTD.. Invention is credited to Graham Edmund Kelly.
Application Number | 20110305782 13/163012 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 3776175 |
Filed Date | 2011-12-15 |
United States Patent
Application |
20110305782 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Kelly; Graham Edmund |
December 15, 2011 |
METHODS OF CHOLESTEROL REDUCTION USING ISOFLAVONES
Abstract
This invention relates to natural products containing
phyto-oestrogens, or phyto-oestrogen analogues, which have various
beneficial physiological effects in man, and which have a variety
of uses, such as to promote good health and as a dietary additive,
for example. The invention describes a method of improving the
health of a human by administering to the human a health
supplementing amount of a phyto-oestrogen selected from genistein,
daidzein formononentin and/or biochanin A. A health supplement
comprising a health supplementary amount of a phyto-oestrogen
selected from genisten daidzein formononentin and/or biochanin A,
is also described. Preferably, the supplement also comprises at
least one dietary suitable excipient, diluent, carrier or food, and
may be in the form of a tablet or capsule, for example. Ideally,
the phyto-oestrogen is extracted from red clover or from soya,
although any source rich in isoflavones may also be used. The
supplement can be used to prevent or ameliorate such conditions as
breast cancer, benign breast disease, pre-menstrual syndrome, or
symptoms associated with menopause in women, or various types of
cancer, and especially for high blood cholesterol levels in all
humans, for instance.
Inventors: |
Kelly; Graham Edmund;
(Northbridge, AU) |
Assignee: |
NOVOGEN RESEARCH PTY LTD.
North Ryde
AU
|
Family ID: |
3776175 |
Appl. No.: |
13/163012 |
Filed: |
June 17, 2011 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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11490865 |
Jul 20, 2006 |
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13163012 |
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10799022 |
Mar 11, 2004 |
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11490865 |
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10611087 |
Jul 2, 2003 |
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10799022 |
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09421069 |
Oct 19, 1999 |
6642212 |
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10611087 |
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08910837 |
Aug 13, 1997 |
6562380 |
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09421069 |
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08338567 |
Jan 12, 1995 |
5830887 |
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PCT/AU93/00230 |
May 19, 1993 |
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08910837 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/757 ;
514/456 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 31/35 20130101;
A23L 33/11 20160801; A61K 36/185 20130101; A61P 35/00 20180101;
A61P 13/08 20180101; A61P 7/00 20180101; A23L 11/05 20160801; A61P
3/06 20180101; A61P 15/00 20180101; A61P 15/12 20180101; A61K
31/7048 20130101; A61P 1/00 20180101; A61K 31/353 20130101; A61P
13/02 20180101; A23L 11/07 20160801; A61P 3/00 20180101; A61P 5/00
20180101; A61K 36/48 20130101; A61K 36/48 20130101; A61K 2300/00
20130101; A61K 38/08 20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/757 ;
514/456 |
International
Class: |
A61K 36/48 20060101
A61K036/48; A61P 7/00 20060101 A61P007/00; A61K 31/352 20060101
A61K031/352 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
May 19, 1992 |
AU |
PL 2511 |
Claims
1.-20. (canceled)
21. A method for treating or reducing elevated blood cholesterol,
said method comprising administering to a subject having or
predisposed to elevated blood cholesterol a therapeutically
effective amount of a health supplement composition comprising an
aqueous organic extract from Trifolium clover, wherein the
composition is administered in an amount of from about 20 mg to 200
mg per day.
22. The method according to claim 21, wherein said extract is from
red clover T. pratense.
23. The method according to claim 21, wherein said extract is from
subterranean clover T. subterraneum.
24. A method according to claim 21, wherein said composition
consists essentially of a) genistein and b) daidzein component,
wherein component a) optionally contains biochanin A, and component
b) optionally contains formononetin, and the ratio of a):b) is
about 1:2 to 2:1.
25. The method according to claim 21, wherein the composition is
administered in an amount of from about 20 mg to 200 mg per
day.
26. The method according to claim 21, whereby the composition is
administered at least daily, over a period of at least a month.
27. The method according to claim 21, wherein the extract comprises
any two or more phytoestrogens of the group Genistein, Daidzein,
Biochanin A, Formononetin or the natural glycosides of any of said
phyto-estrogens.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] This invention relates to natural products containing
phyto-oestrogens, or phyto-oestrogen metabolites, which have
various beneficial physiological effects in man, and which have a
variety of uses, such as to promote good health and as a dietary
additive, for example.
BACKGROUND ART
[0002] The particular product in accordance with the invention is
an extract of certain plants with the particular purpose of
enrichment for phyto-oestrogens, both in their natural state and
their closely related derivatives and metabolites.
[0003] Plants which are used as foodstuffs or medicinal herbs
contain a wide variety of chemicals which are assimilated into the
body following ingestion. Some of these chemicals are important
nutrients for man and animals (e.g. fats, carbohydrates, proteins,
vitamins, minerals) while others have none, or little or no known
nutritional value. The phyto-oestrogens hitherto have fallen into
this latter category of no known nutritional value.
[0004] There are 3 principal classes of phyto-oestrogens, viz
isoflavones, lignans, and coumestans. The isoflavones are thought
to have a broad range of biological functions in plants, although
these are poorly understood. However, two particular functions are
recognised--(a) as phyto-alexin or stressor chemicals which are
secreted by the plant in response to attack by parasites such as
insects, fungi, viruses, etc and which display activity against
these parasites, and (b) chemicals which encourage colonisation of
nitrogen-fixing bacteria on the roots of legumes. The biological
functions in plants of the lignans and coumestans is not generally
understood.
[0005] The different types of phyto-oestrogens are as follows.
Type 1 Phyto-Oestrogens--(Isoflavones)
[0006] Isoflavones appear to be widely distributed in the plant
kingdom and over 700 different isoflavones are described. However,
the isoflavones which display oestrogenic activity belong to a
small sub-group and are restricted almost exclusively to the
Leguminosae family. The known oestrogenic isoflavones are daidzein,
formononetin, genistein and biochanin A. In common human foodstuffs
such as soya, chickpeas, lentils and beans, the total levels of the
oestrogenic isoflavones range between about 40 and 300 mg per 100 g
dry weight.
[0007] In the raw plant material, isoflavones occur principally as
glycosides. Following ingestion by man and animals, the glycoside
moiety is hydrolysed free by a combination of gastric acid
hydrolysis and fermentation by intestinal bacteria. Some of the
isoflavones in the aglucone form are absorbed directly and
circulate in the blood, while the remainder are metabolised by
intestinal fermentation to a variety of compounds which are also
absorbed. The absorbed isoflavones and their metabolites appear to
undergo little or no further metabolism in the body, being readily
transported in the bloodstream, and ultimately being excreted in
the urine.
Type 2 Phyto-Oestrogens (Lignans).
[0008] Lignans are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Over
one hundred lignans are described and they are reported in common
human foodstuffs such as cereals, fruits and vegetables. Oilseeds
such as flax (linseed) have the highest known levels at 20-60
mg/100 g dry weight, while cereals and legumes have much lower
levels at 0.3-0.6 mg/100 g, and vegetables even lower levels at
0.1-0.2 mg/100 g. The most common lignan described is metairesinol.
Dietary lignans also appear to be metabolised fairly efficiently
within the gut by bacterial fermentation, yielding metabolites such
as enterodiol and enterolactone which are absorbed into the
bloodstream and excreted in the urine.
Type 3 Phyto-Oestrogens (Coumestans).
[0009] Compared to isoflavones and lignans, oestrogenic coumestans
appear to have a relatively restricted distribution in plants and
generally occur at much lower levels. Alfalfa, ladino clover and
some other fodder crops such as barrel medic may have significant
levels and have been reported to cause reproductive dysfunction in
grazing animals. In the human diet, the important sources of
coumestans are sprouts of soya and alfalfa where levels up to 7
mg/100 g dry weight are reported. Whole soyabeans and other common
foodstuff legumes contain levels of approx. 0.12 mg/100 g dry
weight and most of that is concentrated in the seed hull which
commonly is removed in the preparation of human foodstuffs.
Type 4 Phyto-Oestrogens (Oestrogens).
[0010] These are compounds closely related to animal oestrogens
such as oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol. These have been
described in plants such as liquorice, apple, French bean,
pomegranate and date palm. Little is known of the metabolism and
biological significance of these chemicals in humans and
animals.
[0011] The full range of biological effects in animals of these
dietary phyto-oestrogens has received only recent study. A primary
effect appears to be associated with their close structural
relationship to naturally-occurring oestrogens which allows the
phyto-oestrogens to mimic the effects of the endogenous oestrogens.
The known biological effects of phyto-oestrogens can be summarised
thus:
In vitro [0012] (a) bind to both cytoplasmic and nuclear membrane
(Type II) oestrogen receptors on human tissues; [0013] (b) strongly
compete with oestrogens for oestrogen receptors, but only weakly
stimulate those receptors; [0014] (c) strongly stimulate the
production of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) from human cells;
In vivo [0015] (d) weakly oestrogenic in animals; [0016] (e)
competitively-inhibit the response of tissue to oestrogens.
[0017] The three major types of phyto-oestrogens appear to act at
the cellular level in a similar manner, that is through interaction
with cell surface oestrogen receptors. In the body,
naturally-occurring oestrogens circulating in the blood largely
exert their activity by interaction with oestrogen receptors on
cell surfaces; such interactions then triggering a particular
biological function of that particular cell. Phyto-oestrogens are
able to bind to those oestrogen receptors because the structure of
these compounds so closely resembles the endogenous oestrogens, but
unlike the animal oestrogens, phyto-oestrogens only weakly activate
the oestrogen receptor.
[0018] As a result of phyto-oestrogens and endogenous oestrogens
competing for the oestrogen-binding sites on cells, the more weakly
oestrogenic phyto-oestrogens can be considered to have an
anti-oestrogenic effect. This phenomenon is known as
competitive-inhibition, by which is meant that the biological
effect of an active substance is impaired by the competitive
binding to a target receptor of a similar but less active
compound.
[0019] Thus a primary biological effect of phyto-oestrogens is held
to be competitive inhibition of endogenous oestrogens. However,
another more direct effect is the stimulation of synthesis of SHBG
in the liver, as occurs with orally administered synthetic
steroidal oestrogens. High levels of dietary phyto-oestrogens are
thought to be responsible for the higher SHBG levels seen in
vegetarians and in cultures maintaining traditional (high
legume-containing) diets.
[0020] At high levels, dietary phyto-oestrogens can have profound
physiological effects. An example of this is sheep and cattle
grazing pastures containing a high proportion of subterranean
clover or red clover which can contain levels of phyto-oestrogens
as high as 5% of the dry weight of the plant. As a result of the
competitively-inhibitory effect of the dietary phyto-oestrogens on
endogenous oestrogen function in the hypothalamus, male and female
sheep and cows can develop androgenic symptoms.
[0021] Such high dietary levels of phyto-oestrogens, however, are
rare. It is far more common that most animal and human diets
contain low to moderate levels of phyto-oestrogens, and there is
growing epidemiological evidence that such levels have a beneficial
effect on human health.
[0022] In most traditional human diets in developing countries, the
principal phyto-oestrogens consumed are isoflavones because of the
generally high reliance on legumes (also known as pulses) as a
source of protein. The general consumption rates (g/day/person) for
legumes for different regions currently are approximately: Japan
(50-90), India (40-80), South America (30-70), North Africa
(40-50), Central/Southern Africa (20-50) and Southern Mediterranean
(30-60). Legumes also are a source of lignans and, to a much lesser
extent, coumestans, and the additional cereal and vegetables in the
diet would also boost the lignan intake. However, the isoflavone
intake in these traditional cultures with high legume consumption
would typically be much in excess of either lignan or coumestan
intake.
[0023] The major types of legumes used in traditional diets include
soya, chickpeas, lentils, ground nuts, beans (e.g. broad, haricot,
kidney, lima, navy), and grams (bengal, horse and green).
[0024] In Western, developed countries, the daily intake of dietary
phyto-oestrogens generally is negligible to low. In Western Europe,
North America and Australasia, legumes were a major source of
protein for the majority of the populations up to the end of the
19th century. From that time, legume consumption has declined
significantly, being replaced in the diet with protein of animal
origin. Average legume consumption in these regions currently is
between 5-15 g/day/person with a significant proportion of the
population ingesting little to no legumes or other phyto-oestrogen
containing foods on a regular basis. Moreover, the types of legumes
consumed in these regions (e.g. garden peas, French beans) have a
typically lower isoflavone content than legumes such as soya and
chick peas.
[0025] Based on typical consumption rates and types of foodstuffs
consumed, the typical phyto-oestrogen intake (mg/day) for different
regions can be calculated approximately as
TABLE-US-00001 Isoflavones Lignans Coumestans Japan 50-300 2-5 0.5
Australia 2-25 1-5 0.2
[0026] Thus it can be seen that regions which have maintained
traditional diets have a higher average daily intake of
phyto-oestrogens, particularly isoflavones, compared to western
countries. People in communities such as Japan or developing
countries with high legume intake excrete substantially higher
phyto-oestrogen metabolites in their urine compared to people in
Western countries. Within the latter, vegetarians also excrete
higher phyto-oestrogen metabolite levels than do those consuming a
more typical, omnivorous Western diet.
[0027] The presence of relatively large amounts of phyto-oestrogen
metabolites in urine serves to highlight their potential biological
significance. It has been shown that total urinary excretion of
isoflavones and their active metabolites in people consuming
moderate amounts of legumes is greatly in excess (up to
10,000.times.) of steroidal oestrogen levels. So that while the
oestrogenicity of isoflavones to oestrogen receptors is only about
1% that of endogenous oestrogens, this weaker effect is off-set by
the much higher blood levels of the isoflavones.
[0028] It is known that legumes have formed an important part of
the human diet over the past 20,000-30,000 years. It therefore
follows that human metabolism has evolved over at least this period
in the presence of relatively large levels of dietary
phyto-oestrogens, particularly isoflavones. Given the known
biological effects of phyto-oestrogens, it also follows that
endogenous oestrogen metabolism and function has evolved in the
face of significant competitive inhibiting effects of
phyto-oestrogens. It has been speculated that the presence of
significant dietary levels of phyto-oestrogens in recent human
evolution has led to a degree of adaption by tissues responsive to
reproductive hormones to these dietary components. That is, both
the rate of production and/or the function of endogenous oestrogens
may be either dependent upon or influenced by the presence of
phyto-oestrogens in the body. It follows therefore that a relative
deficiency of dietary phyto-oestrogens could be expected to lead to
an imbalance of endogenous oestrogen metabolism.
[0029] There is increasing interest in the likely contribution of a
relative deficiency of dietary phyto-oestrogens to the development
of the so-called "Western diseases", especially cancer of the
breast, benign (cystic) breast disease, cancer of the uterus,
cancer of the prostate, cancer of the bowel, pre-menstrual
syndrome, menopausal syndrome, and atherosclerosis. All of these
diseases are associated to a greater or lesser extent to oestrogen
metabolism, and oestrogen function is either known or is suspected
to play a role in their aetiology and/or pathogenesis.
[0030] Each of these diseases occurs at much higher incidence in
Western, developed countries than it does in developing
communities. Moreover, it is thought that in Western communities,
the incidences of each have risen over the past century. It is also
generally held, that of all the environmental factors likely to be
contributing to this phenomenon, diet is the principal factor. Of
those dietary components with the potential to influence the
aetiology of oestrogen-related disease, there is a growing
awareness that phyto-oestrogens may have important potential.
[0031] The beneficial effects of phyto-oestrogens on human health
are thought to derive from at least two principal function, those
being (i) competitive-inhibition of the function of endogenous
oestrogens, and (ii) the stimulation of production of SHBG. SHBG
plays an important role in primates in binding and transporting the
reproductive hormones (oestrogens, androgens) in blood so that the
availability of reproductive hormones is regulated to a large
degree by SHBG levels. Higher SHBG levels are considered beneficial
in leading to a reduction in both blood levels of unbound (and
unregulated) reproductive hormones and metabolic clearance rates of
the hormones. Although isoflavones are potent stimulators of SHBG
synthesis, they only weakly bind to SHBG, so that the increased
SHBG levels resulting from the dietary isoflavones are largely
available for binding to endogenous oestrogens.
[0032] In terms of directly identifying the beneficial effects of
phyto-oestrogens in amelioration of any or all of the "Western
diseases", there are only two examples. In one example, the diets
of women, with menopausal syndrome were supplemented with
foodstuffs (soya, linseed, red clover) high in phyto-oestrogens,
and an alleviation of menopausal symptoms to an extent similar to
that obtained with replacement therapy with synthetic oestrogens
was achieved; that effect was ascribed to the phyto-oestrogen
content of the supplement. In the other example, legumes such as
soya and various pulses have been shown to have a
hypocholesterolaemic effect in humans; this effect has not been
ascribed to phyto-oestrogens, although purified isoflavones do have
a hypocholesterolaemic effect in animals with artificially-induced
hypercholesterolaemia.
[0033] In summary, it could reasonably be deduced that the
inclusion of greater levels of foodstuffs high in phyto-oestrogens
in the standard diets of men and women in developed countries could
be expected to redress a general imbalance of endogenous
reproductive hormone metabolism, thereby reducing the
predisposition of those communities to the above diseases. While
there are various types of phyto-oestrogens which may be suitable
to this end, the large discrepancy in isoflavone consumption
between communities with Western and traditional diets suggest that
foodstuffs with high isoflavone content are of prime interest.
[0034] However it is unrealistic to expect that public education
programmes would readily convert communities in developed countries
from a diet where the protein content is predominantly
animal-derived, to one where the protein is predominantly
legume-derived. Moreover, the legumes which are commonly consumed
in developed countries are relatively poor sources of
phyto-oestrogens and the general acceptance in the community of
less well-known legumes with higher phyto-oestrogen content would
be necessarily a slow process. Also, the highly variable levels of
phyto-oestrogens in foodstuffs relating to plant strain type,
degree of plant maturity, and climatic and other environmental
conditions suggests that the supply of an assured amount of
phyto-oestrogens through the use of whole foodstuffs may be
difficult.
[0035] An alternative strategy is to make available either (i)
phyto-oestrogens in a purified form, or (ii) foodstuffs which are
enriched for phyto-oestrogens. In this way, the phyto-oestrogen
could be added to the diet in a convenient form as a supplement
without requiring any substantive change to the diet.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
[0036] The present invention concerns a health supplement
specifically enriched for isoflavones selected from genistein,
daidzein, formononetin and biochanin A, or their natural glycoside
form, or their analogues, in sufficient amounts to improve the
health of a human.
[0037] Preferably the supplement contains an excipient, a diluent,
a carrier or the like, or else the supplement is mixed with food or
can be consumed directly. It is also preferred that foodstuffs, are
readily available, have no known toxic components, and are rich
sources of isoflavones; such foodstuffs preferably being red clover
or soya. It is also preferred that the ratio of genistein and/or it
methylated derivative biochanin A to daidzein and/or its methylated
derivative formononetin is between 1:2 to 2:1. Other plant
components with oestrogenic activity including lignans, coumestans
and flavones may also be present in the extract, but it is held
that these are of secondary importance to the predominant
isoflavones. The term phyto-oestrogens is used hereafter to
indicate a predominance of isoflavones with lesser amounts of
lignans, coumestans and flavones.
[0038] The invention also concerns a method of improving the health
of a human by administering to the human a sufficient amount of
phyto-oestrogen. Ideally, the phyto-oestrogen is administered
regularly on a daily basis over a sufficient period such as at
least a month. The health conditions which may be prevented or
ameliorated include cancer of the breast, cancer of the prostate,
cancer of the uterus, cancer of the bowel, benign (or cystic)
breast disease, pre-menstrual syndrome (also known as pre-menstrual
tension), or adverse symptoms associated with menopause in women.
The method and supplement in accordance with the invention also
improves the health of a human having elevated levels of blood
cholesterol. The product also is useful in avoiding or ameliorating
cancer in persons. The symptoms produced by these conditions and
the general well-being is also improved by the use of these
supplements.
[0039] The phyto-oestrogen in accordance with the invention may be
obtained from a number of different sources. Preferably the
phyto-oestrogens are extracted from a clover such as red clover or
subterranean clover or from soya which contain high levels of
phyto-oestrogens.
[0040] However, any source rich in phyto-oestrogens may be used
instead, if desired.
[0041] Various different isoflavones have been identified from
these sources--they are principally genistein, biochanin A,
daidzein, formononetin and glycitein. In plants these compounds
occur principally in a glycoside form bound to sugars such as
glucose, with smaller amounts present as the aglucone forms. The
formulae of the isoflavones are:
##STR00001##
[0042] The structure of biochanin A is the same as for genistein
but with a 4'-methoxy group, and similarly formononetin has the
same structure as daidzein, but with a 4'-methoxy group.
[0043] Following ingestion by humans, the glycosidic isoflavones
are hydrolysed to the aglucone form and biochanin A and
formononetin are demethylated by bacterial fermentation to
genistein and daidzein respectively. A small proportion of these
free isoflavones are absorbed directly from the bowel and circulate
in the blood. The bulk of the isoflavones, however, remain in the
bowel and undergo fermentation to form various metabolites which
also are absorbed into the bloodstream. The principal metabolites
which have been identified are equol and O-desmethylangolensin.
[0044] In vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that genistein,
biochanin A, equol, daidzein, formononetin all have oestrogenic
activity in descending order. O-desmethylangolensin is only very
weakly oestrogenic and glycitein is non-oestrogenic.
[0045] In animal and in vitro studies, genistein has been shown to
have greater oestrogenic/anti-oestrogenic activity and
SHBG-stimulating capacity than the other isoflavones or their
metabolites (approximately 10 times that of daidzein and
formononetin). However, the full range of biological effects of the
different isoflavones have yet to be fully determined, and in
particular their relative efficacies in the different biological
effects such as oestrogenicity, hypocholesterolaemia,
anti-angiogenesis, anti-oxidation, anti-carcinogenesis for example
are not yet fully known.
[0046] It is thought that because the methyl forms (biochanin A and
formononetin) ultimately are largely demethylated to their
principals, genistein and daidzein, with improved biological
efficacy, then it is unimportant whether the isoflavones are
present in the claimed product in the methylated or demethylated
forms.
[0047] Given that the relative biological importance of the two
isoflavone groups (being genistein and daidzein) to human health
remains unclear, and that each might indeed have different
importance, plus the fact that both isoflavones are present in the
diet in approximately equal proportions, then it is prudent that
both isoflavones be present in the claimed product in approximately
equal proportions.
[0048] Any leguminous plants such as detailed here could be used as
sources of phyto-oestrogens (principally isoflavones with lesser
amounts of lignans and coumestans): Indian liquorice (Abrus
precatorius); various species of Acacia spp. including, A. aneura,
A. cibaria, A. longifolia, and A. oswaldii; ground nut (Apio
tuberosa); ground pea (Arachis hypogea); milk vetch (A stragalus
edulis); marama bean (Bauhinia esculenta); sword bean (Cajanus
cajan indicus); jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis); sword bean
(Canavalia gladiata); seaside sword bean (Canavalia rosea); various
Cassia spp. including C. floribunda, C. laevigata, and C.
occidentalis; carobbean (Ceratonia siliqua); chick pea (Cicer
arietinum); yebnut (Cordeauxia edulis); various Crotalaria spp.
including C. labumifolia, and C. pallida; cluster bean (Cyamopsis
psoralioides); tallow tree (Detariaum senegalense); sword bean
(Entada scandens); balu (Erythrina edulis); soyabean (Clycine max;)
inga (Ingaedulis); Polynesian chestnut (Inoccupus fagifer);
hyacinth bean (Lablab putpureus); grass pea or Indian vetch
(Lathyrus sativus); cyprus vetch (Lathyrus ochrus); lentil (Lens
culinaris); jumping bean (Leucaenal eucocephala); various Lupinus
spp. including L. albus, L. luteus, L. angustifolium, L. mutabilis,
and L. cosentinii; ground bean (Macotylma geocarpa); horse gram
(Macrotyloma uniflorum); alfalfa (Medicago saliva); velvet bean
(Mucuna pruriens); yam beans (Pachyrhyzuz erosus, P. tuberosus);
African locust bean (Parkia clappertoniana); Parkia speciosa; oil
bean tree (Pentaclethra macrophylla); various Phaseolus spp.
including P. acutifolius, P. vulgaris, P. luntus, P. coccineus, P.
adenathus, P. angulris, P. aureus, P. calcaratus, P. mungo, and P.
polystachyus; garden pea (Pisum sativum); djenko bean
(Pithecolobium lobatum); mesquite (various Prosopis spp.); goa bean
(Psophocarpus scandens, P. tetragonolobus); various Psoralea spp.;
Sesbania bispinosa; yam bean (Sphenostylis stenorarpa); tamarind
(Tamatindus indica); fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum); vetches
(various Vivia spp. including V. saliva, V. atropurpurea, V.
ervilia, and V. monantha); broad bean (Vicia faba); black gram
(Vigna mungo); various Vigna spp. including V. radiata, V.
aconitifolia, V. adanatha, V. angularus, V. tribolata, V. umbelata,
and V. unguiculata; and, earth pea (Voandzeia subterranea).
[0049] The ideal sources of phyto-oestrogens for preparation of a
supplement in accordance with the invention are preferably those
which (i) are readily available, (ii) are relatively inexpensive,
(iii) are readily and economically processed so as to yield the
extract, (iv) have a high isoflavone content so as to provide high
yields, and (v) have no known toxic components requiring selective
removal or inactivation.
[0050] Certain clovers, such as red clover (T. pratense) and
subterranean clover (T. subterranean) are the preferred sources. On
a dry weight basis, these clovers contain the highest amounts of
oestrogenic isoflavones of all legumes tested to date with levels
of 3-5 g % (T. subterranean) and 1-3 g % (T. pratense). In
comparison, soya flour has a level of 0.15-0.30 g %, lentils
(0.08-0.12 g %), chick peas (0.07-0.13 g %), and garden peas
(0.02-0.03 g %). Thus it can be seen that clovers contain
approximately at least 10-30 times by weight the isoflavone content
of other commonly available, human leguminous foodstuffs meaning
that for manufacturing purposes, the yield of isoflavones per unit
weight of plant material is many times greater from clover than
from other legumes.
[0051] Red clover and subterranean clover also are common fodder
crops and are readily grown and are widely available. Clovers also
are comparatively cheaper ($200/tonne) than crops such as soya and
lentils ($500/tonne).
[0052] With clovers, the isoflavones are recovered from the leaf
rather than from the seed in the case of soya, beans, nuts and
grams. This provides a substantially higher yield of isoflavones
per unit area of pasture for clovers compared to other legumes
because of the greater leaf matter compared to seed matter
recovered per plant.
[0053] Clovers also have an extended growing season, and faster
growth rates compared to those legumes such as soya, lentils or
chick peas where the seed is the end-product. Clover can be cropped
for its leaf content repeatedly over a single growing season. An
additional benefit of this is that as phyto-alexins, the isoflavone
content increases in response to the stress of cropping.
[0054] Thus it can be seen that in clovers versus other legumes
provide a combination of (a) higher isoflavone content per dry
weight of plant, (b) a higher yield of dry matter containing
isoflavones per plant, and (c) a higher yield of dry matter per
hectare.
[0055] An additional feature of clovers is that there are wide
varieties of cultivars with widely differing isoflavone levels and
types. This allows blending of different cultivars to achieve the
desired ratio of the different isoflavones, although it is equally
possible to use a single cultivar which provides the desired
ratio.
[0056] Other legumes such as soyabean flour may be used for
enrichment of phyto-oestrogens but the substantially poorer
(approx. 10%) yield of isoflavones compared to clovers means that
the manufacturing costs are substantially greater and there is
substantially greater amounts of waste products which requires
disposal or further treatment for re-use as a foodstuff. An
alternative, however, to the use of whole soya for this purpose, is
to use the hull and hypocotyl (or germ) of the whole soyabean. The
hull and hypocotyl represent only a small proportion by weight (8%
and 2% respectively) of the intact bean. However, the coumestrol
content of soya is concentrated in the hull, and the daidzein
content of soya is concentrated in the hypocotyl. The two
cotyledons which comprise the bulk of the soyabean (90% by weight)
contain the bulk of the genistein content of soya. During standard
processing of soyabeans, the hulls being a fibrous component with
little or no perceived nutritional value normally are separated and
removed by physical means. The hypocotyls become separated
following the splitting of the cotyledons, and while these
currently generally are not deliberately isolated, they may be
separated and isolated by passing the disturbed soyabeans over a
sieve of sufficient pore size to selectively remove the small
hypocotyl. The hypocotyl contains approx. 1.0-1.5 g % isoflavones
(95% daidzein, 5% genistein). The raw hypocotyl and hull material
can be ground or milled to produce, for example, a dry powder or
flour which then could be either blended or used separately as a
dietary supplement in a variety of ways including, for example, as
a powder, in a liquid form, in a granulated form, in a tablet or
encapsulated form, or added to other prepared foodstuffs.
Alternatively, it could be further processed to yield an enriched
extract of phyto-oestrogens. Either or both of these materials.
also could be added to other leguminous material such as clover to
provide the invention.
[0057] In plants, the oestrogenic isoflavones are restricted
principally to the leaf, fruit and root; the stem and petiole
contain very little. With soya and other common human legume
foodstuff crops, the leaves are rarely regarded as foodstuff;
indeed with these crops, the plants normally are allowed to die and
dry out before the seed crop is harvested. Nevertheless, the fresh
leaves of these crops could be regarded as a source of
phyto-oestrogens for the invention although the much lower
isoflavone content of the leaves of these crops compared to
clovers, plus their generally slow growth compared to clovers,
suggests that they would not be a preferred source of large-scale
isoflavone enrichment.
[0058] To provide a similar amount of isoflavone to that contained
in most traditional legume-rich diets (50-100 mg oestrogenic
isoflavones/day) would require an average daily consumption of 3-6
g dry weight or 15-30 g wet weight of specially selected cultivars
of clover with particularly high isoflavone levels. Clover grasses
generally are not eaten by humans, except to a limited extent as
sprouts of some of the pleasanter tasting varieties. Isoflavones
are intensely astringent and are responsible in large part for the
bitter taste of legumes. Thus the types of bean sprouts, clover
sprouts and alfalfa sprouts generally available have been selected
on the basis of cultivar and of age for pleasant taste, and in so
doing inadvertently have been selected for low isoflavone content.
Of the sprouts currently available in Western countries for human
consumption, between approx. 100-250 g would need to be consumed
daily to provide a dosage of 50-100 mg isoflavones. Certainly
clovers and other legume sprouts are not generally eaten in such
sufficient quantities by humans to obtain the advantages of the
present invention.
[0059] The invention also concerns formulations containing the
phyto-oestrogens discussed above together with a dietary suitable
excipient, diluent, carrier, or with a food. Ideally the
formulation is in the form of a pill, tablet, capsule, or similar
dosage form.
[0060] The formulations may be a variety of kinds, such as
nutritional supplements, pharmaceutical preparations, vitamin
supplements, food additives or foods supplemented with the
specified active phyto-oestrogens of the invention, liquid or solid
preparations, including drinks, sterile injectable solutions,
tablets, coated tablets, capsules, powders, drops, suspensions, or
syrups, ointments, lotions, creams, pastes, gels, or the like. The
formulations may be in convenient dosage forms, and may also
include other active ingredients, and/or may contain conventional
excipients, carriers and diluents. The inclusion of the subject
phyto-oestrogens in herbal remedies and treatments is also a
preferred part of the invention.
[0061] The invention is also directed to the amelioration,
prevention, or of various conditions responsive to treatment with
the phyto-oestrogen substances of the invention. The preferred
amounts to be administered to the human fall within 20-200 mg on a
daily basis. More preferably the dosage is from 50-150 mg on a
daily basis, and most preferably at a dosage of about 100 mg. If
desired greater dosages can be administered for therapeutic
reasons. In contrast to prior practices such high dosages were not
possible. For example, dosages of up to or greater than 1000 mg may
be suitable to treat some conditions. In order to obtain the
benefits of the invention, the treatment with the isoflavones
should continue for a considerable period, ideally for at least a
month, and ideally continuously for the whole period for which the
health improvement advantages should accrue.
[0062] The product according to the present invention yields a
constant and accurately known amount of isoflavones. The product is
also ideally a natural product, which has advantages for consumer
acceptance, and in accordance with the supposed theory behind the
invention may very possibly be one of the main causes for its
beneficial effects. Whole legumes have a widely variable isoflavone
content due to two main causes: the type of legume and the
environmental effect. The type of legume typically has a wide range
of isoflavone content. The miligram of isoflavone per hundred gram
of whole foodstuff (dry weight) is given in the following
table:
TABLE-US-00002 Soya Products Whole Soya 150-300 Soya Milk 25-40 (mg
per 200 ml) Tofu 55-95 Lentils 80-120 Chickpeas 70-130 Broad beans
15-20 Garden peas 15-25
[0063] Thus common leguminous foodstuffs consumed in Western
countries (broad beans, garden peas etc) have relatively low
oestrogenic isoflavone content and exceptionally large amounts of
these would need to be consumed daily to approximate those
isoflavone levels consumed in traditional diets. Most Western
cultures do not traditionally eat legumes with high isoflavone
contents, and those soya products (milk, tofu etc) which are
becoming increasingly popular in Western countries, also have
relatively low isoflavone levels compared to whole soya, indicating
that relatively large amounts of these would need to be consumed on
a regular basis to deliver the required isoflavone levels.
[0064] The environmental effect arises because the isoflavone
levels in any species of plant depend greatly on the age of the
plant, the climatic conditions where it is grown, the fertiliser
and so forth. Therefore constant and consistant dosage is very
difficult with ordinary whole foodstuffs. The accurately determined
quality and quantity of the active isoflavones in the product, and
its easy consumability when compared with the almost impossible
task of eating huge amounts of often practically inedible foods, is
therefore an import feature of the invention for preventing and
helping in overcoming various health problems.
[0065] Among the various health problems, the treatment or
prevention of high blood cholesterol levels, and the treatment of
PMS and menopausal symptoms is especially important. The product of
the invention modulates the production and/or function of
endogenous sex hormones in humans to modify or produce health
improving effects, including the following: (i) lowered levels of
various blood lipoproteins including, for instance, low-density and
very-low-density cholesterol leading to reduced risk of development
of atherosclerosis; (ii) reduced risk of development of cancer of
the prostate; (iii) reduced risk of cancer of the breast; (iv)
reduced risk of development of cancer of the uterus; (v) reduced
risk of development of cancer of the large bowel; (vi) reduced risk
of development of the syndrome in women commonly referred to
pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS), which includes pre-menstrual tension
(PMT); (vii) reduced risk of development of many untoward symptoms
(including dry vagina, peripheral flushing, depression etc)
commonly associated in women with menopause; and for treating
benign breast disease in women (benign or cystic breast disease
associated with non-malignant swelling and tenderness of breast
tissue). The invention therefore is directed to a method for the
prophylaxis or treatment of a human, to combat conditions
associated with phyto-oestrogen deficiency, which comprises
administering to the human an effective amount of phyto-oestrogen
principally isoflavone but which might also include relatively
smaller amounts of lignans and coumestans, ideally in a
concentrated form, wherein the isoflavones include genistein,
and/or biochanin A, and/or daidzein, and/or formononetin.
[0066] Cancer of the breast generally is considered to be
associated with oestrogenic dysfunction. Breast cancer cells may
display more oestrogen receptors than normal breast cells and
stimulation of these receptors by endogenous oestrogens is thought
to be a prime source of stimulation of their malignant growth.
Currently synthetic anti-oestrogens are being used to prevent or
treat the growth of malignant breast cells. Isoflavones are potent
anti-oestrogens that could be expected to help prevent or to
successfully treat breast cancer. It has been reported that the
risk of breast cancer in western societies is indirectly
proportional to the level of phyto-oestrogens in the diet and to
the amounts of phyto-oestrogen metabolites excreted in the
urine.
[0067] Cancer of the prostate generally is considered to be
associated with sex hormone dysfunction and the growth of prostatic
cancer cells is influenced by oestrogens and androgens. The
incidence of prostatic cancer is low in communities with high
legume intake and, conversely, is high in Western socieites.
Phyto-oestrogens are though to protect from development of
prostatic cancer. One mechanism may be the effect of
phyto-oestrogens on lowering the proportion of unbound:bound
reproductive hormones in the blood. However, there is other
evidence to suggest that phyto-oestrogens, particularly
isoflavones, can have a direct influence on certain cellular
enzymes within prostatic cells.
[0068] Pre-menstrual syndrome has uncertain aetiology and
pathogenesis, although most certainly is associated with
reproductive hormone dysfunction. It also is a syndrome which has
reportedly lower incidence in communities maintaining traditional
high-legume diets. It is proposed that phyto-oestrogens will
alleviate this condition by restoring balance to oestrogen
metabolism.
[0069] Menopausal syndrome is associated with changes in the
oestrogen profile in the body with advancing age. Adverse clinical
symptoms may be treated with oestrogen replacement therapy. There
is evidence that foodstuffs high in phyto-oestrogens are a suitable
alternative to synthetic hormones in this respect, producing
alleviation of adverse clinical symptoms. Again, it is proposed
that phyto-oestrogens will function by restoring balance to
oestrogen metabolism.
[0070] Benign (or cystic) breast disease has unknown aetiology.
However, its association in women with certain stages of the
menstrual cycle is strongly suggestive of oestrogen dysfunction.
There currently is no successful treatment of this condition.
Phyto-oestrogens are proposed to successfully treat this condition
by restoring balance to oestrogen metabolism. Atherosclerosis is
associated with cholesterol metabolism which in turn is associated
closely with oestrogen metabolism. The generally higher incidence
of atherosclerosis in young men versus young women, the rising
incidence in women following menopause, and the lower incidence in
post-menopausal women receiving oestrogen replacement therapy, all
point to the moderating influence of oestrogens on cholesterol
metabolism. A prime effect of oestrogens on cholesterol metabolism
is stimulation of the liver to process cholesterol, particularly
the highly atherogenic low-density lipoproteins and very
low-density lipoproteins, into bile salts. It is proposed that
phyto-oestrogens have an important hypocholesterolaemic effect in
humans. There may be a variety of mechanisms involved, but one may
be the stimulation by phyto-oestrogens of cholesterol catabolism by
the liver.
MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
[0071] The invention is now described with reference to various
examples.
Example 1
Preparation of Red Clover Product
[0072] Tablets were prepared using red clover in accordance with
the following procedure. The raw plant material is harvested and
dried; such drying being either sun-drying or from applied
heat.
[0073] The dried product is then preferably chaffed, before the
following extraction step, although this can be omitted if
desired.
[0074] The dried material is extracted in an aqueous: organic
solvent mix. The aqueous phase is required to extract the
water-soluble glycoside form of isoflavones, while the organic
solvent is required to solubilise the water-insoluble aglycone
form. The organic solvent can be either alcohol, chloroform,
acetone or ethyl acetate. The ratio of solvent in the water can be
between 0.1% and 99.9%. The preferred method is to use 60% alcohol
in water.
[0075] The isoflavones are extracted by exposing the plant material
to the water:solvent mix. The exposure time in general terms is
indirectly proportional to the temperature of the mixture. The
temperature of the mix can range between ambient temperature and
boiling temperature. The exposure time can be between 1 hour and 4
weeks or even longer. It has been determined that the adequate
times for maximal recovery of isoflavones are 2 weeks at 50.degree.
C. and 24 hours at 90.degree. C. The supernatant is separated from
the undissolved plant material and the organic solvent removed by
distillation. The aqueous supernatant then is concentrated,
typically by distillation.
[0076] Additional processing steps can be used, if desired, to
convert the extracted natural product to capsule, tablet, or other
convenient form for ingestion, using normal techniques for doing
this. Otherwise the product can be packaged as a convenient food
additive.
Example 2
Preparation of Soya Hypocotyl Product
[0077] Soyabeans were heated in dry air so that the hull became
brittle. The beans then were processed through a tumble mill which
removed the hull and split the bean the two cotyledons and the
small-sized hypocotyl which separated from each other. The
light-weight hulls then were removed by an air stream. The
small-sized hypocotyls were separated from the larger cotyledons by
sieving through a steel wire mesh with apertures of 1 mm.times.1
mm. This yielded approximately 87% purity of hypocotyls with 13%
contamination by small cotyledon chips.
[0078] Normal soybean processing steps isolate the hulls and then
these are discarded or processed separately for use in human and
animal foodstuffs. The hypocotyls normally are not separated and
are processed along with the cotyledons. However, a small number of
soybean processors are separating hypocotyls by the above methods
in order to reduce the astringent taste of soyflour for human
consumption, and currently these hypocotyls are either discarded or
processed to flour for use in animal feed.
Example 3
Effect of Administering Red Clover Extract to Humans
[0079] Seven normal individuals were studied for the comparative
effects of red clover extract and whole legumes on blood
cholesterol levels. All the individuals were consuming a standard
Western diet with minimal levels of legumes.
[0080] Three men consumed between 100-150 g haricot or navy beans
daily for 3 weeks as a supplement to their normal diet. This
yielded an approximate daily isoflavone dosage or between 60-100
mg.
[0081] Four other individuals (3 men, 1 woman) consumed 5 g of red
clover extract containing 100 mg isoflavones daily for 3 weeks.
[0082] Total serum cholesterol levels were determined immediately
before and immediately following the challenge.
TABLE-US-00003 Pre-treatment Post-treatment % change Beans only
Patient 1 5.77 5.46 -5.4 Patient 2 6.24 6.12 -1.9 Patient 3 7.45
8.51 +14.3 Red clover extract Patient 5 6.53 5.90 -9.6 Patient 6
7.43 6.63 -10.8 Patient 7 6.33 5.50 -13.1 Patient 8 6.98 7.28
+4.3
[0083] The red clover extract had a significantly (P<0.05)
greater hypocholesterolaemic effect than did the whole beans.
[0084] Neither of the treatments produced any untoward side
effects, although the whole bean eaters reported greater difficulty
with compliance of treatment than did those taking the red clover
extract.
Example 4
Effect of Administering Soy Hypocotyls to Humans
[0085] Fifteen volunteers (8 women, 7 men) were given 5 g of soy
hypocotyl containing (45 mg daidzein and 5 mg genistein) daily for
2 months. The hypocotyl was consumed as a powder added to the
diet.
[0086] The effects on cholesterol levels are shown in the following
table. The individuals are grouped according to their pre-treatment
cholesterol levels (high, medium, low).
TABLE-US-00004 Range (mean) unmol/L n Pre-treatment Post-treatment
Group 1 6 6.3-8.4 (7.1) 5.4-6.5 (6.1) Group 2 6 5.0-6.2 (5.5)
4.7-5.9 (5.1) Group 3 3 3.3-4.7 (4.2) 3.4-4.6 (4.1)
[0087] The results show a significant fall in total cholesterol
levels in those individuals with cholesterol levels considered to
be at the upper end of the normal range.
[0088] In addition, 1 woman reported substantial amelioration of
her benign breast disease problem associated with mid-cycle
swelling and tenderness, and another woman reported regularisation
of her menstrual cycle and reduced menstrual bleeding. Both of
these effects were regarded as beneficial.
[0089] No other side-effects were reported as a result of the
treatment.
* * * * *