U.S. patent application number 13/162380 was filed with the patent office on 2011-11-10 for human e3alpha ubiquitin ligase family.
This patent application is currently assigned to Amgen Inc.. Invention is credited to Hui-Quan Han, Keith Kwak.
Application Number | 20110274681 13/162380 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 31949759 |
Filed Date | 2011-11-10 |
United States Patent
Application |
20110274681 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Han; Hui-Quan ; et
al. |
November 10, 2011 |
HUMAN E3ALPHA UBIQUITIN LIGASE FAMILY
Abstract
The present invention relates to a novel polypeptide encoding a
protein which is the full length human ortholog of E3.alpha.
ubiquitin ligase. The invention also relates to vector, host cells,
antibodies and recombinant methods for producing the polypeptide.
In addition, the invention discloses therapeutic, diagnostic and
research utilities for these and related products.
Inventors: |
Han; Hui-Quan; (Thousand
Oaks, CA) ; Kwak; Keith; (Thousand Oaks, CA) |
Assignee: |
Amgen Inc.
Thousand Oaks
CA
|
Family ID: |
31949759 |
Appl. No.: |
13/162380 |
Filed: |
June 16, 2011 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
12787298 |
May 25, 2010 |
7994291 |
|
|
13162380 |
|
|
|
|
12186998 |
Aug 6, 2008 |
7745586 |
|
|
12787298 |
|
|
|
|
11789408 |
Apr 24, 2007 |
7422847 |
|
|
12186998 |
|
|
|
|
10758636 |
Jan 15, 2004 |
7220547 |
|
|
11789408 |
|
|
|
|
09724126 |
Nov 28, 2000 |
6706505 |
|
|
10758636 |
|
|
|
|
60187911 |
Mar 8, 2000 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
424/94.5 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C12Q 2600/158 20130101;
C07H 21/04 20130101; C12N 9/93 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/94.5 |
International
Class: |
A61K 38/53 20060101
A61K038/53 |
Claims
1-50. (canceled)
51. A method for treating, preventing or ameliorating a medical
condition in a mammal resulting from decreased levels of
huE3.alpha. polypeptide comprising administering a huE3.alpha.
polypeptide to said mammal.
52. The method of claim 51 wherein the huE3.alpha. polypeptide
administered is the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2
or a fragment thereof at least 25 amino acids or a homolog, analog
or variant of said huE3.alpha. polypeptide or fragment thereof.
53. The method of claim 51 wherein the huE3.alpha. polypeptide
administered has the amino acid set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 with at
least one amino acid substitution.
54. The method of claim 51 wherein the huE3.alpha. polypeptide
administered has the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2
with at least one amino acid deleted.
55-66. (canceled)
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional U.S. Ser. No. 12/787,298,
now pending, which was filed on May 25, 2010, which is a divisional
of U.S. Ser. No. 12/186,998, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 7,745,586,
which was filed Aug. 6, 2008, which is a divisional of U.S. Ser.
No. 11/789,408, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 7,422,847, which was filed
Apr. 24, 2007, which in turn is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No.
10/758,636, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 7,220,547, which was filed
Jan. 15, 2004, which in turn is a divisional application of U.S.
Ser. No. 09/724,126, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,706,505, which was
filed Nov. 28, 2000, which in turn claims priority under 35 U.S.C.
.sctn. 119 from U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No.
60/187,911, which was filed Mar. 8, 2000, all of which are
incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
SEQUENCE LISTING
[0002] The present application is being filed along with a Sequence
Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a
file entitled A-663-US-DIV6_Sequence_List.txt, created Jun. 14,
2011 and is 165 KB in size. The information in the electronic
format of the Sequence Listing is incorporated by reference in its
entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The present invention includes novel human E3.alpha.
ubiquitin ligase polypeptides (huE3.alpha.I and huE3.alpha.II) and
nucleic acid molecules encoding the same. The invention also
relates to vectors, host cells, selective binding agents, such as
antibodies, and methods for producing huE3.alpha. polypeptides.
Also provided for are methods for the diagnosis, treatment,
amelioration and/or prevention of diseases associated with
huE3.alpha. polypeptides, as well as methods for identifying
modulators of huE3.alpha. ligase activity.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] Technical advances in the identification, cloning,
expression and manipulation of nucleic acid molecules and
deciphering of the human genome have greatly accelerated the
discovery of novel therapeutics based upon deciphering of the human
genome. Rapid nucleic acid sequencing techniques can now generate
sequence information at unprecedented rates and, coupled with
computational analyses, allow the assembly of overlapping sequences
into the partial and entire genomes as well as the identification
of polypeptide-encoding regions. A comparison of a predicted amino
acid sequence against a database compilation of known amino acid
sequences can allow one to determine the extent of homology to
previously identified sequences and/or structural landmarks. The
cloning and expression of a polypeptide-encoding region of a
nucleic acid molecule provides a polypeptide product for structural
and functional analyses. The manipulation of nucleic acid molecules
and encoded polypeptides to create variants and derivatives thereof
may confer advantageous properties on a product for use as a
therapeutic.
[0005] In spite of significant technical advances in genome
research over the past decade, the potential for the development of
novel therapeutics based on the human genome is still largely
unrealized. Many genes encoding potentially beneficial polypeptide
therapeutics, or those encoding polypeptides which may act as
"targets" for therapeutic molecules, have still not been
identified. In addition, structural and functional analyses of
polypeptide products from many human genes have not been
undertaken.
[0006] Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to identify
novel polypeptides and nucleic acid molecules encoding the same
which have diagnostic or therapeutic benefit.
[0007] Most types of intracellular proteins are degraded through
the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway. In this system, proteins are
marked for protesomal degradation by the conjugation of ubiquitin
molecules to the protein. Conjugation of the ubiquitin molecule
initially involves activation by the E1 enzyme. Upon activation the
ubiquitin molecule is transferred to the E2 enzyme which serves as
a carrier-protein. The E2 enzyme interacts with a specific E3
ligase family member. The E3 ligase binds to proteins targeted for
degradation and catalyzes the transfer of ubiquitin from the E2
carrier enzyme to the target protein. Since the target protein
binds to the ligase prior to conjugatin, E3 ligase is the rate
limiting step for ubiquitin conjugation and determines the
specificity of the system. The ubiquitin chain serves as a
degradation marker for the 26S proteosome (See Ciechanover, EMBO
J., 17: 7151-7160, 1998).
[0008] There are only a few known E3 ligases and the sequence
homology between them is low. The E3.alpha. family is the main
family of intracellular ubiquitin ligases and is involved in N-end
rule pathway of protein degradation. The N-end rule states that
there is a strong relation between the in vivo half-life of a
protein and the identity of its N-terminal amino acids.
Accordingly, E3.alpha. enzyme binds directly to the primary
destabilizing N-terminal amino acid and catalyzes ubiquitin
conjugation thereby targeting the protein for degradation.
E3.alpha. family members also recognize non-N-end rule substrates
(See Ciechanover, EMBO J., 17: 7151-7160, 1998).
[0009] The E3.alpha. enzyme family currently consists of
intracellular enzymes isolated from rabbit (Reiss and Hershiko, J.
Biol. Chem. 265: 3685-3690, 1990), mouse (Kwon et al., Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci., U.S.A 95: 7898-7903, 1999), yeast (Bartel et al., EMBO
J., 9: 3179-3189, 1990) and the C. elegans (Wilson et al., Nature,
368: 32-38, 1994; Genebank Accession No. U88308) counterparts
termed UBR-1. Comparison of these known sequences indicates regions
of high similarity regions (I-V) which suggest the existence of a
distinct family. The regions of similarity contain essential
residues for the recognition of N-end rule substrates. In region I,
the residues Cys-145, Val-146, Gly-173, and Asp-176 are known to be
necessary for type-1 substrate binding in yeast and are conserved
in the mouse. In regions II and III, residues Asp-318, His-321, and
Glu-560 are essential for type-2 substrate binding in yeast and are
also conserved in the mouse. In addition, there is a conserved
zinc-finger domain in region I and a conserved RING-H2 domain in
region IV (Kwon et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A, 95:
7898-7903, 1999).
[0010] The full length mouse E3.alpha. cDNA sequence and a partial
human E3.alpha. nucleotide sequence (0.1 kb) have recently been
cloned and characterized as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,312
and Kwon et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. U.S.A., 95: 7898-7908, 1999).
The full length mouse E3.alpha. cDNA sequence is 5271 bp in length
and encodes a 1757 amino acid polypeptide. The mouse E3.alpha. gene
is localized to the central region of chromosome 2 and is highly
expressed in skeletal muscle, heart and brain. The partial human
E3.alpha. sequence was used to characterize tissue expression and
chromosomal localization. This analysis indicated that the human
E3.alpha. gene is located on chromosome 15q and exhibits a similar
expression pattern as mouse E3.alpha. with high expression in
skeletal muscle, heart and brain. As described herein, the present
invention discloses two novel, full length, human E3.alpha.
sequences (huE3.alpha.I and huE3.alpha.II) and a novel, full length
mouse E3.alpha. sequence (muE3.alpha.II). Expression of
huE3.alpha.I and huE3.alpha.II mRNA is highly enriched in skeletal
muscle tissues. Functionally, huE3.alpha. polypeptides are
intracellular enzymes that control protein conjugation and
degradation.
[0011] Increased proteolysis through the ubiquitin-proteosome
pathway has been determined to be a major cause of rapid muscle
wasting in many pathological states including but not limited to
fasting, metabolic acidosis, muscle denervation, kidney failure,
renal cachexia, uremia, diabetes mellitus, sepsis, AIDS wasting
syndrome, cancer cachexia, negative nitrogen balance cachexia,
burns and Cushing's syndrome (See Mitch and Goldberg, New England
J. Med, 335: 1897-1905, 1996). Studies in animal models have shown
that muscle wasting disorders are associated with increased
ubiquitin content in muscles, increased levels of mRNA transcripts
encoding ubiquitin, E2 enzyme and proteosome subunit mRNA, and
increased ubiquitin-conjugation to muscle-proteins (See Lecker et
al., J. Nutr., 129: 227S-237S, 1999). In this context, the N-end
rule pathway has been shown to play a role in muscle atrophy.
E3.alpha. inhibitors, such as dipepetides and methyl ester, reduce
the level of ubiquitin conjugation in atrophying rat muscles caused
by sepsis, fasting and cancer cachexia (Soloman et al., Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 12602-12607, 1999). These observations
indicate that E3.alpha. plays a role in the overall increase in
ubiquitination that is associated with and may mediate muscle
atrophy in catabolic and other disease states.
[0012] Thus, identification of members of the N-end rule protein
degradation pathway has led to a better understanding of protein
degradation in human cells and the mechanisms of protein
degradation in pathological condition which involve muscle atrophy.
Identification of the two novel human E3.alpha. ubiquitin ligase
genes and polypeptides, as described herein, will further clarify
the understanding of these processes and facilitate the development
of therapies for pathological conditions which involve abnormal or
excessive protein degradation including conditions which involve
atrophy of muscle.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0013] The present invention relates to novel human E3.alpha.
nucleic acid molecules and polypeptides encoded by these nucleic
acid molecules.
[0014] The invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules
comprising or consisting of a nucleotide sequence selected from the
group consisting of:
[0015] a) the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 1 or
3 ;
[0016] b) a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide set forth
in SEQ ID NOS: 2 and 4;
[0017] c) a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under moderate or
highly stringent conditions to the compliments of (a) or (b);
and
[0018] d) a nucleotide complementary to (a)-(c)
[0019] The invention also provides isolated nucleic acid molecules
comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting
of:
[0020] a) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide that is at
least about 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent
identical to the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4,
wherein the polypeptide has an activity of the polypeptide set
forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4 and the percent identity for these
nucleic acid sequences are determined using a computer program
selected from the group consisting of GAP, BLASTP, BLASTN, FASTA,
BLASTA, BLASTX, BestFit, and the Smith-Waterman algorithm;
[0021] b) a nucleotide sequence encoding an allelic variant or
splice variant of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID
NOS: 1 or 3;
[0022] c) the nucleotide sequence of the DNA insert in ATCC Deposit
No. PTA-1489 or PTA-1490;
[0023] d) a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 1; 3; (a); or (b)
encoding a polypeptide fragment of at least about 25 amino acid
residues, wherein the polypeptide has an activity of the
polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4;
[0024] e) a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, or (a)-(c)
comprising a fragment of at least about 16 nucleotides;
[0025] f) a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under moderately
or highly stringent conditions to the complement of any of (a)-(e);
and
[0026] g) a nucleotide sequence complementary to any of
(a)-(d).
[0027] The invention also provides isolated nucleic acid molecules
comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting
of:
[0028] a) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide set forth in
SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4 with at least one conservative amino acid
substitution, wherein the polypeptide has an activity of the
polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4;
[0029] b) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide set forth in
SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4 with at least one amino acid insertion, wherein
the polypeptide has an activity of the polypeptide set forth in SEQ
ID NOS: 2 or 4;
[0030] c) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide set forth in
SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4 with at least one amino acid deletion, wherein
the polypeptide has an activity of the polypeptide set forth in SEQ
ID NOS: 2 or 4;
[0031] d) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide set forth in
SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4 which has a C- and/or N-terminal truncation,
wherein the polypeptide has an activity of the polypeptide set
forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4;
[0032] e) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide set forth in
SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4 with at least one modification selected from the
group consisting of amino acid substitutions, amino acid
insertions, amino acid deletions, C-terminal truncation, and
N-terminal truncation, wherein the polypeptide has an activity of
the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4;
[0033] f) a nucleotide sequence of (a)-(e) comprising a fragment of
at least about 16 nucleotides;
[0034] g) a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under moderately
or highly stringent conditions to the complement of any of (a)-(f);
and
[0035] h) a nucleotide sequence complementary to any of
(a)-(e).
[0036] The invention also provides isolated polypeptides comprising
the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
[0037] a) the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or
4;
[0038] b) the mature amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID
NOS: 2 or 4 comprising a mature amino terminus at residues 1, and
optionally further comprising an amino terminal methionine;
[0039] c) an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70, 75, 80,
85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent identical to the amino acid
sequence of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4 wherein the
polypeptide has an activity of the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID
NOS: 2 or 4 and the percent identity for these amino acid sequences
are determined using a computer program selected from the group
consisting of GAP, BLASTP, BLASTN, FASTA, BLASTA, BLASTX, BestFit,
and the Smith-Waterman algorithm.
[0040] d) a fragment of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID
NOS: 2 or 4 comprising at least about 25, 50, 75, 100, or greater
than 100 amino acid residues, wherein the fragment has an activity
of the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4;
[0041] e) the amino acid sequence encoded by the DNA insert of ATCC
Deposit No. PTA-1489 or PTA-1490;
[0042] f) an amino acid sequence for an ortholog of SEQ ID NOS: 2
or 4; including the murine ortholog set out as SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0043] g) an allelic variant or splice variant of (a), (b), (e) or
(f);
[0044] The present invention also provides isolated polypeptides
comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group
consisting of:
[0045] a) the amino acid as sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or
4 with at least one conservative amino acid substitution, wherein
the polypeptide has an activity of the polypeptide set forth in SEQ
ID NOS: 2 or 4;
[0046] b) the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or
4 with at least one amino acid insertion, wherein the polypeptide
has an activity of the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or
4;
[0047] c) the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or
4 with at least one amino acid deletion, wherein the polypeptide
has an activity of the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or
4;
[0048] d) the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or
4 which has a C- and/or N-terminal truncation, wherein the
polypeptide has an activity of the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID
NOS: 2 or 4; and
[0049] e) the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or
4, with at least one modification selected from the group
consisting of amino acid substitutions, amino acid insertions,
amino acid deletions, C-terminal truncation, and N-terminal
truncation, wherein the polypeptide has an activity of the
polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4.
[0050] The present invention provides expression vectors comprising
the nucleic acid molecules set forth herein, host cells comprising
the expression vectors of the invention, and a method of producing
a human E3.alpha. polypeptide culturing the host cells and
optionally isolating the polypeptide so produced. An another
embodiment provides for viral vectors comprising the nucleic acid
molecules of the inventions. Further provided is a process for
determining whether a compound inhibits huE3.alpha. polypeptide
activity or production comprising exposing a host cell expressing
huE3.alpha. polypeptide to the compound, and measuring huE3.alpha.
polypeptide activity or production in said cell.
[0051] A transgenic non-human animal comprising a nucleic acid
molecule encoding a huE3.alpha. polypeptide is also encompassed by
the invention. The huE3.alpha. nucleic acid molecules are
introduced into the animal in a manner that allows expression and
increased levels of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, which may include
increased circulating levels. The transgenic non-human animal is
preferably a mammal, and more preferably a rodent, such as a rat or
a mouse.
[0052] Also provided are derivatives of the huE3.alpha.
polypeptides of the present invention, fusion polypeptides
comprising the huE3.alpha. polypeptides of the invention, and
selective binding agents such as antibodies capable of specifically
binding the polypeptides of the invention.
[0053] Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the nucleotides,
polypeptides, or selective binding agents of the present invention
and a carrier, adjuvant, solubilizer, stabilizer, anti-oxidant, or
other pharmaceutically acceptable formulation agent are also
encompassed by the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions
include therapeutically effective amounts of the nucleotides or
polypeptides of the present invention, and involve methods of using
the polypeptides and nucleic acid molecules.
[0054] The huE3.alpha. polypeptides and nucleic acid molecules of
the present invention may be used for therapeutic or diagnostic
purposes to treat, prevent, and/or detect diseases or disorders,
including those recited herein.
[0055] Methods of regulating expression and modulating (i.e.,
increasing or decreasing) levels of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide are
also encompassed by the invention. One method comprises
administering to an animal a nucleic acid molecule encoding a
huE3.alpha. polypeptide. In another method, a nucleic acid molecule
comprising elements that regulate or modulate the expression of a
huE3.alpha. polypeptide may be administered. Examples of these
methods include gene therapy, cell therapy and antisense therapy as
further described herein. Further provided is a method of
identifying a compound which binds to a huE3.alpha. polypeptide
comprising.
[0056] A device, comprising a membrane suitable for implantation
and host cells expressing a huE3.alpha. polypeptide encapsulated
within said membrane, wherein said membrane is permeable to said
protein product and impermeable to materials detrimental to said
cells is also encompassed by the present invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0057] FIG. 1 shows the alignment of the amino acid sequences for
huE3.alpha.I, huE3 .alpha.II, muE3.alpha.I and muE3.alpha.II (SEQ
ID NOS: 2, 4, 15 and 6, respectively).
[0058] FIG. 2 shows the results of a human multiple tissue Northern
blot detecting huE3.alpha.II expression.
[0059] FIG. 3 shows the results of a human multiple tissue Northern
blot detecting huE3.alpha.I expression.
[0060] FIG. 4 shows that transfection of 293T cells with
huE3.alpha.I and huE3II cDNA stimulates the ubiquitination of
endogenous proteins and exogenously added .alpha.-lactalbumin in
cell lysates. The left panel shows the results of gel-shift assays
of ubiquitinated proteins. The high molecular weight bands (above
18 kDa for endogenous proteins and above 33 kDa for
.alpha.-lactalbumin) are identified as ".sup.125I-Ubiquitin-protein
conjugates". The left panel plots the quantitative measurement of
ubiquinated proteins measured by a PhosphoImager.
[0061] FIG. 5 shows that transfection of C.sub.2C.sub.12 and L6
myotube cells with huE3.alpha.I and huE3II cDNA stimulates the
ubiquitination of endogenous proteins cell lysates. The left panel
shows the ubiquitinated high molecular weight bands (above 18 kDa
for endogenous proteins) as ".sup.125I-Ubiquitin-protein
conjugates". The left panel plots the quantitative measurement of
ubiquinated proteins measured by a PhosphoImager.
[0062] FIG. 6 shows the .sup.125I-ubiquitin conjugation to
endogenous muscle proteins and its sensitivity to selective
inhibitors of E3.alpha. in muscle extracts from control and
YAH-tumor bearing rats. Gel-shift assays of muscle extracts from
control and tumor-bearing rats revealed the ubiquitinated high
molecular weight bands (above 18 kDa) denoted as
".sup.125I-Ubiquitin-protein conjugates". The left panel is muscle
extracts collected 3 days post-implantation and the right panel is
muscle extracts collected 5 days post-implantation.
[0063] FIG. 7 shows the ubiquitin conjugation to
.sup.125I-.alpha.-lactalbumin in extracts from atrophying muscles
in YAH-tumor bearing rats as western blots of muscle extracts from
control and tumor-bearing rats with the ubiquitinated high
molecular weight bands (above 33 kDa) as
".sup.125I-Lactalbumin-ubiquitin conjugation". The left panel is
muscle extracts collected 3 days post-implantation and the right
panel is muscle extracts collected 5 days post-implantation.
[0064] FIG. 8 shows Northern blot analysis of E3.alpha.I and
E3.alpha.II expression in skeletal muscle in YAH-130 experimental
cachexia model. The RNA expression from pair-fed control rats and
tumor-bearing rats were compared 3 days (3 d) and 5 days (5 d)
post-implantation.
[0065] FIG. 9 shows Northern blot analysis of E3.alpha.I and
E3.alpha.II expression in skeletal (gastrocnemius) muscle and
cardiac muscle in the C26 experimental cacheixia model. The RNA
expression from pair-fed control rats and tumor-bearing mice were
compared 12 days (12 d) and 17 days (17 d) post-implantation.
[0066] FIG. 10 shows induction of E3.alpha.II expression by
proinflammatory cytokines TNF.alpha. and IL-6 in C.sub.2C.sub.12
myotube cultures on Northern blots. The RNA levels of E3.alpha.II
(upper panel) and E3.alpha.I (lower panel) were detected 3 or 5
days after treatment with TNF.alpha. (left panel) and IL-6 (right
panel).
[0067] FIG. 11 shows that IL-6 treatment causes a time-dependent
acceleration of ubiquitination in differentiated C.sub.2C.sub.12
cells. This data exhibits the results of a gel-shift assay showing
the ubiquitinated high molecular weight bands denoted as
".sup.125I-ubiquitin protein conjugates"(left panel) and is
quantitated by a PhosphoImager in the right panel.
[0068] FIG. 12 shows that TNF.alpha. treatment causes a
does-dependent acceleration of ubiquitination in differentiated
C.sub.2C.sub.12 cells. This data is displayed as gel-shift assay
results with the ubiquitinated high molecular weight bands denoted
as ".sup.125I-ubiquitin protein conjugates" (left panel) and is
quantitated by a PhosphoImager in the right panel.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0069] The section headings used herein are for organizational
purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject
matter described therein. All references cited in this application
are expressly incorporated by reference herein.
Definitions
[0070] The term "huE3.alpha." encompasses two novel orthologs of
human E3.alpha. ubiquitin ligase described herein including
huE3.alpha.I polynucleotide and polypeptide (SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2,
respectively) and huE3.alpha.II polynucleotide and polypeptide (SEQ
ID NOS: 3 and 4, respectively).
[0071] The term "huE3.alpha. nucleic acid molecule" or
"polynucleotide" refers to a nucleic acid molecules including a
nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 1 or 3, a
nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID
NOS: 2 or 4, a nucleotide sequence of the DNA insert in ATCC
deposit nos. PTA-1489 or PTA-1490, or nucleic acid molecule related
thereto. Related nucleic acid molecules include a nucleotide
sequence that is at least about 70 percent identical to the
nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1 or 3, or comprise or
consist essentially of a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide
that is at least about 70 percent identical to the polypeptide set
forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4. In preferred embodiments, these
nucleotide sequences are about 75 percent, or about 80 percent, or
about 85 percent, or about 90 percent, or about 95, 96, 97, 98, or
99 percent identical to the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID
NOS: 1 or 3, or the nucleotide sequences encode a polypeptide that
is about 75 percent, or about 80 percent, or about 85 percent, or
about 90 percent, or about 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent identical
to the polypeptide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4.
[0072] Related nucleic acid molecules also include fragments of the
huE3.alpha.I or hu E3.alpha.II nucleic acid molecules which
fragments contain at least about 10 contiguous nucleotides, or
about 15, or about 20, or about 25, or about 50, or about 75, or
about 100, or greater than about 100 contiguous nucleotides of a
huE3.alpha. nucleic acid molecule of SEQ ID NOS: 1 or 3. Related
nucleic acid molecules also include fragments of the above
huE3.alpha. nucleic acid molecules which encode a polypeptide of at
least about 25 amino acid residues, or about 50, or about 75, or
about 100, or greater than about 100 amino acid residues of the
huE3.alpha. polypeptide of SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4. Related nucleic acid
molecules also include a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide
comprising or consisting essentially of a substitution,
modification, addition and/or a deletion of one or more amino acid
residues compared to the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or
4. In addition, related huE3.alpha. nucleic acid molecules include
those molecules which comprise nucleotide sequences which hybridize
under moderately or highly stringent conditions as defined herein
with the fully complementary sequence of any of the huE3.alpha.
nucleic acid molecules of SEQ ID NOS: 1 or 3.
[0073] In preferred embodiments, the related nucleic acid molecules
comprise sequences which hybridize under moderately or highly
stringent conditions with a molecule having a sequence as shown in
SEQ ID NOS: 1 or 3, or of a molecule encoding a polypeptide, which
polypeptide comprises the sequence as shown in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4,
or of a nucleic acid fragment as defined herein, or of a nucleic
acid fragment encoding a polypeptide as defined herein or the
complement of any or the forgoing molecules. It is also understood
that related nucleic acid molecules include allelic or splice
variants of a huE3.alpha. nucleic acid molecule of SEQ ID NOS: 1 or
3, and include sequences which are complementary to any of the
above nucleotide sequences. The related encoded polypeptides
possess at least one activity of the polypeptide depicted in SEQ ID
NOS: 2 or 4.
[0074] The term "isolated nucleic acid molecule" refers to a
nucleic acid molecule of the invention that is free from at least
one contaminating nucleic acid molecule with which it is naturally
associated. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid molecule of the
present invention is substantially free from any other
contaminating mammalian nucleic acid molecule(s) which would
interfere with its use in polypeptide production or its
therapeutic, diagnostic, or preventative use.
[0075] A "nucleic acid sequence" or "nucleic acid molecule" as used
herein refer to a DNA or RNA sequence. The terms encompass
molecules formed from any of the known base analogs of DNA and RNA
such as, but not limited to 4-acetylcytosine,
8-hydroxy-N6-methyladenosine, aziridinyl-cytosine,
pseudoisocytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil,
5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil,
5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouracil,
5-carboxy-methylamino-methyluracil, dihydrouracil, inosine,
N6-iso-pentenyladenine, 1-methyladenine, 1-methylpseudouracil,
1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethyl-guanine,
2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine,
5-methylcytosine, N6-methyladenine, 7-methylguanine,
5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil,
beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5'-methoxycarbonyl-methyluracil,
5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenine,
uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid,
oxybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine,
5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil,
N-uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid,
pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, and 2,6-diaminopurine.
[0076] The term "operably linked" is used as recognized in the art
to refer to an arrangement of flanking sequences wherein the
flanking sequences so described are configured or assembled so as
to perform their usual function. Thus, a flanking sequence operably
linked to a coding sequence may be capable of effecting the
replication, transcription and/or translation of the coding
sequence. For example, a coding sequence is operably linked to a
promoter when the promoter is capable of directing transcription of
that coding sequence. A flanking sequence need not be contiguous
with the coding sequence, so long as it functions correctly. Thus,
for example, intervening untranslated yet transcribed sequences can
be present between a promoter sequence and the coding sequence and
the promoter sequence can still be considered "operably linked" to
the coding sequence.
[0077] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" or
"physiologically acceptable carrier" as used herein refer to one or
more formulation materials suitable for accomplishing or enhancing
delivery of the huE3.alpha. polypeptide, huE3.alpha. nucleic acid
molecule, or huE3.alpha. selective binding agent as a
pharmaceutical composition.
[0078] The term "allelic variant" refers to one of several possible
naturally occurring alternate forms of a gene occupying a given
locus on a chromosome of an organism or a population of
organisms.
[0079] The term "splice variant" refers to a nucleic acid molecule,
usually RNA, which is generated by alternative processing of intron
sequences in an RNA transcript of huE3.alpha. polypeptide amino
acid sequence.
[0080] The term "expression vector" refers to a vector which is
suitable for transformation of a host cell and contains nucleic
acid sequences which direct and/or control the expression of
inserted heterologous nucleic acid sequences. Expression includes,
but is not limited to, processes such as transcription,
translation, and RNA splicing, if introns are present.
[0081] The term "vector" is used as recognized in the art to refer
to any molecule (e.g., nucleic acid, plasmid, or virus) used to
transfer coding information to a host cell.
[0082] The term "transformation" as used herein refers to a change
in a cell's genetic characteristics, and a cell has been
transformed when it has been modified to contain a new DNA. For
example, a cell is transformed where it is genetically modified
from its native state. Following transfection or transduction, the
transforming DNA may recombine with that of the cell by physically
integrating into a chromosome of the cell, may be maintained
transiently as an episomal element without being replicated, or may
replicate independently as a plasmid. A cell is considered to have
been stably transformed when the DNA is replicated with the
division of the cell.
[0083] The term "transfection" is used to refer to the uptake of
foreign or exogenous DNA by a cell, and a cell has been
"transfected" when the exogenous DNA has been introduced inside the
cell membrane. A number of transfection techniques are well known
in the art and are disclosed herein. See, for example, Graham et
al., Virology, 52: 456, 1973; Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A
Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, New York, 1989;
Davis et al., Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, Elsevier, 1986;
and Chu et al., Gene, 13: 197, 1981. Such techniques can be used to
introduce one or more exogenous DNA moieties into suitable host
cells.
[0084] The term "transduction" is used to refer to the transfer of
genes from one bacterium to another, usually by a phage.
"Transduction" also refers to the acquisition and transfer of
eukaryotic cellular sequences by retroviruses.
[0085] The term "host cell" is used to refer to a cell which has
been transformed, or is capable of being transformed, by a vector
bearing a selected gene of interest which is then expressed by the
cell. The term includes the progeny of the parent cell, whether or
not the progeny is identical in morphology or in genetic make-up to
the original parent, so long as the selected gene is present.
[0086] The term "highly stringent conditions" refers to those
conditions that are designed to permit hybridization of DNA strands
whose sequences are highly complementary, and to exclude
hybridization of significantly mismatched DNAs. Hybridization
stringency is principally determined by temperature, ionic
strength, and the concentration of denaturing agents such as
formamide. Examples of "highly stringent conditions" for
hybridization and washing are 0.015 M sodium chloride, 0.0015 M
sodium citrate at 65-68.degree. C. or 0.015 M sodium chloride,
0.0015M sodium citrate, and 50% formamide at 42.degree. C. See
Sambrook, Fritsch & Maniatis, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory
Manual, 2.sup.nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, (Cold Spring
Harbor, N.Y. 1989); Anderson et al., Nucleic Acid Hybridisation: A
Practical Approach, Ch. 4, IRL Press Limited (Oxford, England).
[0087] More stringent conditions (such as higher temperature, lower
ionic strength, higher formamide, or other denaturing agent) may
also be used, however, the rate of hybridization will be affected.
Other agents may be included in the hybridization and washing
buffers for the purpose of reducing non-specific and/or background
hybridization. Examples are 0.1% bovine serum albumin, 0.1%
polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, 0.1% sodium pyrophosphate, 0.1% sodium
dodecylsulfate, NaDodSO.sub.4, or SDS, ficoll, Denhardt's solution,
sonicated salmon sperm DNA (or other non-complementary DNA), and
dextran sulfate, although another suitable agents can also be used.
The concentration and types of these additives can be changed
without substantially affecting the stringency of the hybridization
conditions. Hybridization experiments are usually carried out at pH
6.8-7.4, however, at typical ionic strength conditions, the rate of
hybridization is nearly independent of pH. (See Anderson et al.,
Nucleic Acid Hybridisation: a Practical Approach, Ch. 4, IRL Press
Limited (Oxford, England)).
[0088] Factors affecting the stability of DNA duplex include base
composition, length, and degree of base pair mismatch.
Hybridization conditions can be adjusted by one skilled in the art
in order to accommodate these variables and allow DNAs of different
sequence relatedness to form hybrids. The melting temperature of a
perfectly matched DNA duplex can be estimated by the following
equation:
T.sub.m(.degree. C.)=81.5+16.6(log[Na+])+0.41(% G+C)-600/N-0.72(%
formamide)
where N is the length of the duplex formed, [Na+] is the molar
concentration of the sodium ion in the hybridization or washing
solution, % G+C is the percentage of (guanine+cytosine) bases in
the hybrid. For imperfectly matched hybrids, the melting
temperature is reduced by approximately 1.degree. C. for each 1%
mismatch.
[0089] The term "moderately stringent conditions" refers to
conditions under which a DNA duplex with a greater degree of base
pair mismatching than could occur under "highly stringent
conditions" is able to form. Examples of typical "moderately
stringent conditions" are 0.015M sodium chloride, 0.0015 M sodium
citrate at 50-65.degree. C. or 0.015 M sodium chloride, 0.0015 M
sodium citrate, and 20% formamide at 37-50.degree. C. By way of
example, a "moderately stringent" condition of 50.degree. C. in
0.015 M sodium ion will allow about a 21% mismatch.
[0090] It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that
there is no absolute distinction between "highly" and "moderately"
stringent conditions. For example, at 0.015M sodium ion (no
formamide), the melting temperature of perfectly matched long DNA
is about 71.degree. C. With a wash at 65.degree. C. (at the same
ionic strength), this would allow for approximately a 6% mismatch.
To capture more distantly related sequences, one skilled in the art
can simply lower the temperature or raise the ionic strength.
[0091] A good estimate of the melting temperature in 1 M NaCl* for
oligonucleotide probes up to about 20 nt is given by:
Tm=2.degree. C. per A-T base pair+4.degree. C. per G-C base
pair
*The sodium ion concentration in 6.times. salt sodium citrate (SSC)
is 1M. See Suggs et al., Developmental Biology Using Purified
Genes, p. 683, Brown and Fox (eds.) (1981).
[0092] High stringency washing conditions for oligonucleotides are
usually at a temperature of 0-5.degree. C. below the Tm of the
oligonucleotide in 6.times.SSC, 0.1% SDS for longer
nucleotides.
[0093] The term "huE3.alpha. polypeptide" refers to a polypeptide
comprising the amino acid sequence of huE3.alpha.I or huE3.alpha.II
(SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4, respectively), and related polypeptides having
a natural sequence or mutated sequence. Related polypeptides
include: allelic variants; splice variants; fragments; derivatives;
substitution, deletion, and insertion variants; fusion
polypeptides; and orthologs of the huE3.alpha. polypeptides of SEQ
ID NOS: 2 or 4, which possess at least one activity of the
polypeptide depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4. Human E3.alpha.
polypeptides may be mature polypeptides, as defined herein, and may
or may not have an amino terminal methionine residue, depending on
the method by which they are prepared.
[0094] The term "huE3.alpha. polypeptide fragment" refers to a
polypeptide that comprises less than the full length amino acid
sequence of a huE3.alpha.I or huE3.alpha.II polypeptide set forth
in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4, respectively. Such huE3.alpha. fragments can
be 6 amino acids or more in length, and may arise, for example,
from a truncation at the amino terminus (with or without a leader
sequence), a truncation at the carboxy terminus, and/or an internal
deletion of one or more residues from the amino acid sequence.
Human E3.alpha. fragments may result from alternative RNA splicing
or from in vivo protease activity. Membrane-bound forms of
huE3.alpha. are also contemplated by the present invention. In
preferred embodiments, truncations and/or deletions comprise about
10 amino acids, or about 20 amino acids, or about 50 amino acids,
or about 75 amino acids, or about 100 amino acids, or more than
about 100 amino acids. The polypeptide fragments so produced will
comprise about 25 contiguous amino acids, or about 50 amino acids,
or about 75 amino acids, or about 100 amino acids, or about 150
amino acids, or about 200 amino acids. Such huE3.alpha. polypeptide
fragments may optionally comprise an amino terminal methionine
residue. It will be appreciated that such fragments can also be
used, for example, to generate antibodies to huE3.alpha.
polypeptides.
[0095] The term "huE3.alpha. polypeptide variants" refers to
huE3.alpha. polypeptides which contain one or more amino acid
sequence substitutions, deletions, and/or additions as compared to
the huE3.alpha. polypeptide amino acid sequence set forth as
huE3.alpha.I or huE3.alpha.II (SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4, respectively).
Variants may be naturally occurring or artificially constructed.
Such huE3.alpha. polypeptide variants may be prepared from the
corresponding nucleic acid molecules encoding said variants, which
have a DNA sequence that varies accordingly from the DNA sequences
for wild type huE3.alpha. polypeptides as set forth in SEQ ID NOS:
1 or 3. In preferred embodiments, the variants have from 1 to 3, or
from 1 to 5, or from 1 to 10, or from 1 to 20, or from 1 to 25, or
from 1 to 50, or from 1 to 75, or from 1 to 100, or more than 100
amino acid substitutions, insertions, additions and/or deletions,
wherein the substitutions may be conservative, or non-conservative,
or any combination thereof
[0096] One skilled in the art will be able to determine suitable
variants of the native huE3.alpha. polypeptide using well known
techniques. For example, one may predict suitable areas of the
molecule that may be changed without destroying biological
activity. Also, one skilled in the art will realize that even areas
that may be important for biological activity or for structure may
be subject to conservative amino acid substitutions without
destroying the biological activity or without adversely affecting
the polypeptide structure.
[0097] For predicting suitable areas of the molecule that may be
changed without destroying activity, one skilled in the art may
target areas not believed to be important for activity. For
example, when similar polypeptides with similar activities from the
same species or from other species are known, one skilled in the
art may compare the amino acid sequence of huE3.alpha. polypeptide
to such similar polypeptides. After making such a comparison, one
skilled in the art can determine residues and portions of the
molecules that are conserved among similar polypeptides. One
skilled in the art would know that changes in areas of the
huE3.alpha. molecule that are not conserved would be less likely to
adversely affect the biological activity and/or structure of a
huE3.alpha. polypeptide. One skilled in the art would also know
that, even in relatively conserved regions, one may substitute
chemically similar amino acids for the naturally occurring residues
while retaining activity (conservative amino acid residue
substitutions).
[0098] Additionally, one skilled in the art can review
structure-function studies identifying residues in similar
polypeptides that are important for activity or structure. In view
of such a comparison, one skilled in the art can predict the
importance of amino acid residues in a huE3.alpha. polypeptide that
correspond to amino acid residues that are important for activity
or structure in similar polypeptides. One skilled in the art may
opt for chemically similar amino acid substitutions for such
predicted important amino acid residues of huE3.alpha.
polypeptides.
[0099] If available, one skilled in the art can also analyze the
three-dimensional structure and amino acid sequence in relation to
that structure in similar polypeptides. In view of that
information, one skilled in the art may predict the alignment of
amino acid residues of huE3.alpha. polypeptide with respect to its
three dimensional structure. One skilled in the art may choose not
to make radical changes to amino acid residues predicted to be on
the surface of the protein, since such residues may be involved in
important interactions with other molecules.
[0100] Additional methods of predicting secondary structure include
"threading" (Jones et al., Current Opin. Struct. Biol., 7(3):377-87
(1997); Sippl et al., Structure, 4(1):15-9 (1996)), "profile
analysis" (Bowie et al., Science, 253:164-170 (1991); Gribskov et
al., Meth. Enzym., 183:146-159 (1990); Gribskov et al., Proc. Nat.
Acad. Sci., 84(13):4355-4358 (1987)), and "evolutionary linkage"
(See Home, supra, and Brenner, supra 1997).
[0101] Moreover, one skilled in the art may generate test variants
containing a single amino acid substitution at each amino acid
residue. The variants could be screened using activity assays
described herein. Such variants could be used to gather information
about suitable variants. For example, if one discovered that a
change to a particular amino acid residue resulted in destroyed,
undesirably reduced, or unsuitable activity, variants with such a
change would be avoided. In other words, based on information
gathered from such routine experiments, one skilled in the art can
readily determine the amino acids where further substitutions
should be avoided either alone or in combination with other
mutations.
[0102] In making such changes, the hydropathic index of amino acids
may be considered. Each amino acid has been assigned a hydropathic
index on the basis of its hydrophobicity and charge
characteristics. They are: isoleucine (+4.5); valine (+4.2);
leucine (+3.8); phenylalanine (+2.8); cysteine/cystine (+2.5);
methionine (+1.9); alanine (+1.8); glycine (-0.4); threonine
(-0.7); serine (-0.8); tryptophan (-0.9); tyrosine (-1.3); proline
(-1.6); histidine (-3.2); glutamate (-3.5); glutamine (-3.5);
aspartate (-3.5); asparagine (-3.5); lysine (-3.9); and arginine
(-4.5).
[0103] The importance of the hydropathic amino acid index in
conferring interactive biological function on a protein is
generally understood in the art (Kyte et al., J. Mol. Biol., 157:
105-131, 1982). It is known that certain amino acids may be
substituted for other amino acids having a similar hydropathic
index or score and still retain a similar biological activity. In
making changes based upon the hydropathic index, the substitution
of amino acids whose hydropathic indices are within .+-.2 is
preferred, those which are within .+-.1 are particularly preferred,
and those within .+-.0.5 are even more particularly preferred.
[0104] It is also understood in the art that the substitution of
like amino acids can be made effectively on the basis of
hydrophilicity, particularly where the biologically functionally
equivalent protein or peptide thereby created is intended for use
in immunological embodiments, as in the present case.
[0105] The U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101 states that the greatest local
average hydrophilicity of a protein, as governed by the
hydrophilicity of its adjacent amino acids, correlates with its
immunogenicity and antigenicity, i.e., with a biological property
of the protein. As detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101, the
following hydrophilicity values have been assigned to amino acid
residues: arginine (+3.0); lysine (+3.0); aspartate (+3.0.+-.1);
glutamate (+3.0.+-.1); serine (+0.3); asparagine (+0.2); glutamine
(+0.2); glycine (0); threonine (-0.4); proline (-0.5.+-.1); alanine
(-0.5); histidine (-0.5); cysteine (-1.0); methionine (-1.3);
valine (-1.5); leucine (-1.8); isoleucine (-1.8); tyrosine (-2.3);
phenylalanine (-2.5); and tryptophan (-3.4).
[0106] In making changes based upon similar hydrophilicity values,
the substitution of amino acids whose hydrophilicity values are
within .+-.2 is preferred, those which are within .+-.1 are
particularly preferred, and those within .+-.0.5 are even more
particularly preferred. One may also identify epitopes from primary
amino acid sequences on the basis of hydrophilicity. Through the
methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101 one of skill in the
art is able to identify epitopes from within a given amino acid
sequence. These regions are also referred to as "epitopic core
regions".
[0107] Numerous scientific publications have been devoted to the
prediction of secondary structure, and to the identification of
epitopes, from analyses of amino acid sequences. See Chou et al.,
Biochemistry, 13(2): 222-245, 1974; Chou et al., Biochemistry,
113(2): 211-222, 1974; Chou et al., Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol.
Biol., 47: 45-148, 1978; Chou et al., Ann. Rev. Biochem., 47:
251-276 and Chou et al., Biophys. J., 26: 367-384, 1979. Moreover,
computer programs are currently available to assist with predicting
antigenic portions and epitopic core regions of proteins. Examples
include those programs based upon the Jameson-Wolf analysis
(Jameson et al., Comput. Appl. Biosci., 4(1): 181-186, 1998 and
Wolf et al., Comput. Appl. Biosci., 4(1): 187-191, 1988, the
program PepPlot.RTM. (Brutlag et al., CABS, 6: 237-245 1990, and
Weinberger et al., Science, 228: 740-742, 1985) and other new
programs for protein tertiary structure prediction (Fetrow et al.,
Biotechnology, 11: 479-483 1993).
[0108] In preferred embodiments, the variants have from 1 to 3, or
from 1 to 5, or from 1 to 10, or from 1 to 15, or from 1 to 20, or
from 1 to 25, or from 1 to 50, or from 1 to 75, or from 1 to 100,
or more than 100 amino acid substitutions, insertions, additions
and/or deletions, wherein the substitutions may be conservative, as
described herein, or non-conservative, or any combination thereof
In addition, the variants can have additions of amino acid residues
either at the carboxy terminus or at the amino terminus (with or
without a leader sequence).
[0109] Preferred huE3.alpha. polypeptide variants include
glycosylation variants wherein the number and/or type of
glycosylation sites has been altered compared to native huE3.alpha.
polypeptide. In one embodiment, huE3.alpha. polypeptide variants
comprise a greater or a lesser number of N-linked glycosylation
sites. An N-linked glycosylation site is characterized by the
sequence: Asn-X-Ser or Asn-X-Thr, wherein the amino acid residue
designated as X may be any amino acid residue except proline. The
substitution(s) of amino acid residues to create this sequence
provides a potential new site for the addition of an N-linked
carbohydrate chain. Alternatively, substitutions which eliminate
this sequence will remove an existing N-linked carbohydrate chain.
Also provided is a rearrangement of N-linked carbohydrate chains
wherein one or more N-linked glycosylation sites (typically those
that are naturally occurring) are eliminated and one or more new
N-linked sites are created. Additional preferred huE3.alpha.
variants include cysteine variants, wherein one or more cysteine
residues are deleted or substituted with another amino acid (e.g.,
serine). Cysteine variants are useful when huE3.alpha. polypeptides
must be refolded into a biologically active conformation such as
after the isolation of insoluble inclusion bodies. Cysteine
variants generally have fewer cysteine residues than the native
protein, and typically have an even number to minimize interactions
resulting from unpaired cysteines.
[0110] The term "huE3.alpha. fusion polypeptide" refers to a fusion
of huE3.alpha.I or huE3.alpha.II polypeptide, fragment, and/or
variant thereof, with a heterologous peptide or polypeptide. In
addition, the polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ
ID NO: 2 or 4 or huE3.alpha. polypeptide variant many be fused to a
homologous polypeptide to form a homodimer or to a heterologous
polypeptide to form a heterodimer. Heterologous peptides and
polypeptides include, but are not limited to: an epitope to allow
for the detection and/or isolation of a huE3.alpha. fusion
polypeptide; a transmembrane receptor protein or a portion thereof,
such as an extracellular domain, or a transmembrane and
intracellular domain; a ligand or a portion thereof which binds to
a transmembrane receptor protein; an enzyme or portion thereof
which is catalytically active; a polypeptide or peptide which
promotes oligomerization, such as a leucine zipper domain; a
polypeptide or peptide which increases stability, such as an
immunoglobulin constant region, and a polypeptide which has a
therapeutic activity different from the huE3.alpha.
polypeptide.
[0111] In addition, a huE3.alpha. polypeptide may be fused to
itself or to a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. Fusions
can be made either at the amino terminus or at the carboxy terminus
of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide. Fusions may be direct with no linker
or adapter molecule or indirect using a linker or adapter molecule.
A linker or adapater molecule may be one or more amino acid
residues, typically from 20 amino acids residues, or up to about 50
amino acid residues. A linker or adapter molecule may also be
designed with a cleavage site for a DNA restriction endonuclease or
for a protease to allow for the separation of the fused moieties.
It will be appreciated that once constructed, the fusion
polypeptides can be derivatized according to the methods described
herein.
[0112] In a further embodiment of the invention, a huE3.alpha.
polypeptide, including a fragment, variant, and/or derivative, is
fused to an Fc region of human IgG. Antibodies comprise two
functionally independent parts, a variable domain known as "Fab",
which binds antigens, and a constant domain known as "Fc", which is
involved in effector functions such as complement activation and
attack by phagocytic cells. An Fc has a long serum half-life,
whereas an Fab is short-lived (Capon et al., Nature, 337: 525-31,
1989). When constructed together with a therapeutic protein, an Fc
domain can provide longer half-life or incorporate such functions
as Fc receptor binding, protein A binding, complement fixation and
perhaps even placental transfer (Capon et al., Nature, 337: 525-31.
1989). Table I summarizes the use of certain Fc fusions known in
the art, including materials and methods applicable to the
production of fused huE3.alpha. polypeptides.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE I Fc Fusion with Therapeutic Proteins Form of
Fusion Therapeutic Fc partner implications Reference IgG1
N-terminus Hodgkin's disease; U.S. Pat. No. of CD30-L anaplastic
5,480,981 lymphoma; T-cell leukemia Murine IL-10 anti-inflammatory;
Zheng et al., J. Fc 2a transplant rejection Immunol., 154:
5590-600, 1995 IgG1 TNF septic shock Fisher et al., N. receptor
Engl. J. Med., 334: 1697-1702, 1996; Van Zee et al.,, J. Immunol.,
156: 2221-30, 1996 IgG, IgA, TNF inflammation, U.S. Pat. No.
5,808,029, IgM, or receptor autoimmune issued Sep. 15, 1998 IgE
disorders (excluding the first domain) IgG1 CD4 AIDS Capon et al.,
Nature 337: receptor 525-31, 1989 IgG1, N-terminus anti-cancer,
antiviral Harvill et al., IgG3 of IL-2 Immunotech., 1: 95-105 1995
IgG1 C-terminus osteoarthritis; WO 97/23614, published of OPG bone
density Jul. 3, 1997 IgGl N-terminus anti-obesity PCT/US 97/23183,
filed of leptin Dec. 11, 1997 Human Ig CTLA-4 autoimmune Linsley,
J. Exp. Med., C.gamma.1 disorders 174: 561-9, 1991
[0113] In one example, all or portion of the human IgG hinge, CH2
and CH3 regions may be fused at either the N-terminus or C-terminus
of the huE3.alpha. polypeptides using methods known to the skilled
artisan. In another example, a portion of a hinge regions and CH2
and CH3 regions may be fused. The resulting huE3.alpha. Fc-fusion
polypeptide may be purified by use of a Protein A affinity column.
Peptides and proteins fused to an Fc region have been found to
exhibit a substantially greater half-life in vivo than the unfused
counterpart. Also, a fusion to an Fc region allows for
dimerization/multimerization of the fusion polypeptide. The Fc
region may be a naturally occurring Fc region, or may be altered to
improve certain qualities, such as therapeutic qualities,
circulation time, reduce aggregation, etc.
[0114] The term "huE3.alpha. polypeptide derivatives" refers to
huE3.alpha.I or huE3.alpha.II polypeptides, fragments, or variants,
as defined herein, that have been chemically modified. The
derivatives are modified in a manner that is different from
naturally occurring huE3.alpha., polypeptides either in the type or
location of the molecules attached to the polypeptide. Derivatives
may further include molecules formed by the deletion of one or more
chemical groups which are naturally attached to the huE3.alpha.
polypeptide.
[0115] For example, the polypeptides may be modified by the
covalent attachment of one or more polymers, including, but not
limited to, water soluble polymers, N-linked or O-linked
carbohydrates, sugars, phosphates, and/or other such molecules. For
example, the polymer selected is typically water soluble so that
the protein to which it is attached does not precipitate in an
aqueous environment, such as a physiological environment. The
polymer may be of any molecular weight, and may be branched or
unbranched. Included within the scope of suitable polymers is a
mixture of polymers. Preferably, for therapeutic use of the
end-product preparation, the polymer will be pharmaceutically
acceptable.
[0116] Suitable water soluble polymers or mixtures thereof include,
but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol (PEG),
monomethoxy-polyethylene glycol, dextran (such as low molecular
weight dextran, of, for example about 6 kD), cellulose, or other
carbohydrate based polymers, poly-(N-vinyl pyrrolidone)polyethylene
glycol, propylene glycol homopolymers, a polypropylene
oxide/ethylene oxide co-polymer, polyoxyethylated polyols (e.g.,
glycerol) and polyvinyl alcohol. Also encompassed by the present
invention are bifunctional PEG crosslinking molecules which may be
used to prepare covalently attached huE3.alpha. multimers.
[0117] For the acylation reactions, the polymer(s) selected should
have a single reactive ester group. For reductive alkylation, the
polymer(s) selected should have a single reactive aldehyde group. A
reactive aldehyde is, for example, polyethylene glycol
propionaldehyde, which is water stable, or mono C.sub.1-C.sub.10
alkoxy or aryloxy derivatives thereof (see U.S. Pat. No.
5,252,714).
[0118] The pegylation of huE3.alpha. polypeptides may be carried
out by any of the pegylation reactions known in the art, as
described for example in the following references: Francis et al.,
Focus on Growth Factors, 3: 4-10, 1992; EP 0154316; EP 0401384 and
U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,337. Pegylation may be carried out via an
acylation reaction or an alkylation reaction with a reactive
polyethylene glycol molecule (or an analogous reactive
water-soluble polymer) as described herein.
[0119] Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a water-soluble polymer
suitable for use herein. As used herein, the terms "polyethylene
glycol" and "PEG" are meant to encompass any of the forms of PEG
that have been used to derivatize proteins, including
mono-(C.sub.1-C.sub.10)alkoxy- or aryloxy-polyethylene glycol.
[0120] In general, chemical derivatization may be performed under
any suitable conditions used to react a biologically active
substance with an activated polymer molecule. Methods for preparing
pegylated huE3.alpha. polypeptides will generally comprise the
steps of (a) reacting the polypeptide with polyethylene glycol
(such as a reactive ester or aldehyde derivative of PEG) under
conditions whereby huE3.alpha. polypeptide becomes attached to one
or more PEG groups, and (b) obtaining the reaction product(s). In
general, the optimal reaction conditions for the acylation
reactions will be determined based on known parameters and the
desired result. For example, the larger the ratio of PEG:protein,
the greater the percentage of poly-pegylated product. In one
embodiment, the huE3.alpha. polypeptide derivative may have a
single PEG moiety at the amino terminus. See, for example, U.S.
Pat. No. 5,234,784.
[0121] Generally, conditions which may be alleviated or modulated
by the administration of the present huE3.alpha. polypeptide
derivative include those described herein for huE3.alpha.
polypeptides. However, the huE3.alpha. polypeptide derivative
disclosed herein may have additional activities, enhanced or
reduced biological activity, or other characteristics, such as
increased or decreased half-life, as compared to the
non-derivatized molecules.
[0122] The terms "biologically active huE3.alpha. polypeptides",
"biologically active huE3.alpha. polypeptide fragments",
"biologically active huE3.alpha. polypeptide variants", and
"biologically active huE3.alpha. polypeptide derivatives" refer to
huE3.alpha.I or huE3.alpha.II polypeptides having at least one
activity characteristic of a human E3.alpha. ubiquitin ligase, such
as the activity of the polynucleotide set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or
4. In general, huE3.alpha. polypeptides, fragments, variants, and
derivatives thereof, will have at least one activity characteristic
of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide such as depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or
4. In addition, a huE3.alpha. polypeptide may be active as an
immunogen, that is, the polypeptide contains at least one epitope
to which antibodies may be raised.
[0123] "Naturally occurring" or "native" when used in connection
with biological materials such as nucleic acid molecules,
polypeptides, host cells, and the like, refers to materials which
are found in nature and are not manipulated by man. Similarly,
"non-naturally occurring" or "non-native" as used herein refers to
a material that is not found in nature or that has been
structurally modified or synthesized by man.
[0124] The term "isolated polypeptide" refers to a polypeptide of
the present invention that is free from at least one contaminating
polypeptide that is found in its natural environment. Preferably,
the isolated polypeptide is substantially free from any other
contaminating mammalian polypeptides which would interfere with its
therapeutic, preventative, or diagnostic use.
[0125] The term "ortholog" refers to a polypeptide that corresponds
to a polypeptide identified from a different species that
corresponds to huE3.alpha. polypeptide amino acid sequence. For
example, mouse and human E3.alpha. polypeptides are considered
orthologs.
[0126] The term "mature huE3.alpha. polypeptide" refers to a
polypeptide lacking a leader sequence. A mature polypeptide may
also include other modifications such as proteolytic processing of
the amino terminus (with or without a leader sequence) and/or the
carboxy terminus, cleavage of a smaller polypeptide from a larger
precursor, N-linked and/or O-linked glycosylation, and the like. An
exemplary mature huE3.alpha. polypeptide is depicted by SEQ ID NOS:
2 or 4.
[0127] The terms "effective amount" and "therapeutically effective
amount" refer to the amount of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide or
huE3.alpha. nucleic acid molecule used to support an observable
level of one or more biological activities of the huE3.alpha.
polypeptides as set forth herein.
[0128] The term "selective binding agent" refers to a molecule or
molecules having specificity for huE3.alpha. molecules. Selective
binding agents include antibodies, such as polyclonal antibodies,
monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), chimeric antibodies, CDR-grafted
antibodies, anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies to antibodies that
can be labeled in soluble or bound form, as well as fragments,
regions, or derivatives thereof which are provided by known
techniques, including, but not limited to enzymatic cleavage,
peptide synthesis, or recombinant techniques.
[0129] As used herein, the terms, "specific" and "specificity"
refer to the ability of the selective binding agents to bind to
human huE3.alpha. polypeptides. It will be appreciated, however,
that the selective binding agents may also bind orthologs of
huE3.alpha., polypeptides, that is, interspecies versions of
E3.alpha., such as mouse and rat E3.alpha. polypeptides. A
perferred embodiment relates to antibodies that are highly specific
to huE3.alpha. polypeptides yet do not cross-react (that is, they
fail to bind) with specificity to non-huE3.alpha. polypeptides.
[0130] The term "antigen" refers to a molecule or a portion of a
molecule capable of being bound by a selective binding agent, such
as an antibody, which is additionally capable of inducing an animal
to produce antibodies capable of binding to an epitope of that
antigen. An antigen can have one or more epitopes. The specific
binding reaction referred to above is meant to indicate that the
antigen will react, in a highly selective manner, with its
corresponding antibody and not with the multitude of other
antibodies which can be evoked by other antigens.
[0131] Human E3.alpha. polypeptides, fragments, variants, and
derivatives may be used to prepare huE3.alpha. selective binding
agents using methods known in the art. Thus, antibodies and
antibody fragments that bind huE3.alpha. polypeptides are within
the scope of the present invention. Antibody fragments include
those portions of the antibody which bind to an epitope on the
huE3.alpha. polypeptide. Examples of such fragments include Fab and
F(ab') fragments generated by enzymatic cleavage of full-length
antibodies. Other binding fragments include those generated by
recombinant DNA techniques, such as the expression of recombinant
plasmids containing nucleic acid sequences encoding antibody
variable regions. These antibodies may be, for example, polyclonal
monospecific polyclonal, monoclonal, recombinant, chimeric,
humanized, human, single chain, and/or bispecific.
Relatedness of Nucleic Acid Molecules and/or Polypeptides
[0132] The term "identity", as known in the art, refers to a
relationship between the sequences of two or more polypeptide
molecules or two or more nucleic acid molecules, as determined by
comparing the sequences. In the art, "identity" also means the
degree of sequence relatedness between nucleic acid molecule or
polypeptide sequences, as the case may be, as determined by the
match between strings of two or more nucleotide or two or more
amino acid sequences. "Identity" measures the percent of identical
matches between two or more sequences with gap alignments (if any)
addressed by a particular mathematical model or computer programs
(i.e., "algorithms").
[0133] The term "similarity" is a related concept, but in contrast
to "identity", refers to a measure of similarity which includes
both identical matches and conservative substitution matches. If
two polypeptide sequences have, for example, 10/20 identical amino
acids, and the remainder are all non-conservative substitutions,
then the percent identity and similarity would both be 50%. If in
the same example, there are 5 more positions where there are
conservative substitutions, then the percent identity remains 50%,
but the percent similarity would be 75% (15/20). Therefore, in
cases where there are conservative substitutions, the degree of
similarity between two polypeptide sequences will be higher than
the percent identity between those two sequences.
[0134] The term "isolated nucleic acid molecule" refers to a
nucleic acid molecule of the invention that (1) has been separated
from at least about 50 percent of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
or other materials with which it is naturally found when total DNA
is isolated from the source cells, (2) is not linked to all or a
portion of a polynucleotide to which the "isolated nucleic acid
molecule" is linked in nature, (3) is operably linked to a
polynucleotide which it is not linked to in nature, or (4) does not
occur in nature as part of a larger polynucleotide sequence.
Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid molecule of the present
invention is substantially free from any other contaminating
nucleic acid molecule(s) or other contaminants that are found in
its natural environment that would interfere with its use in
polypeptide production or its therapeutic, diagnostic, phophylactic
or research use.
[0135] The term "isolated polypeptide" refers to a polypeptide of
the present invention that (1) has been separated from at least
about 50 percent of polynucleotides, lipids, carbohydrates or other
materials with which it is naturally found when isolated from the
source cell, (2) is not linked (by covalent or noncovalent
interaction) to all or a portion of a polypeptide to which the
"isolated polypeptide" is linked in nature, (3) is operably linked
(by covalent or noncovalent interaction) to a polypeptide with
which it is not linked in nature, or (4) does not occur in nature.
Preferably, the isolated polypeptide is substantially free from any
other contaminating polypeptides or other contaminants that are
found in its natural environment that would interfere with its
therapeutic, diagnostic, prophylactic or research use.
[0136] The term "conservative amino acid substitution" refers to a
substitution of a native amino acid residue with a nonnative
residue such that there is little or no effect on the polarity or
charge of the amino acid residue at that position. For example, a
conservative substitution results from the replacement of a
non-polar residue in a polypeptide with any other non-polar
residue. Furthermore, any native residue in the polypeptide may
also be substituted with alanine, as has been previously described
for "alanine scanning mutagenesis." General rules for conservative
amino acid substitutions are set forth in Table II.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE II Amino Acid Substitutions Original Residues
Exemplary Substitutions Preferred Substitutions Ala Val, Leu, Ile
Val Arg Lys, Gln, Asn Lys Asn Gln Gln Asp Glu Glu Cys Ser, Ala Ser
Gln Asn Asn Glu Asp Asp Gly Pro, Ala Ala His Asn, Gln, Lys, Arg Arg
Ile Leu, Val, Met, Ala, Leu Phe, Norleucine Leu Norleucine, Ile,
Ile Val, Met, Ala, Phe Lys Arg, 1,4 Diamino-butyric Arg Acid, Gln,
Asn Met Leu, Phe, Ile Leu Phe Leu, Val, Ile, Ala, Tyr Leu Pro Ala
Gly Ser Thr, Ala, Cys Thr Thr Ser Ser Trp Tyr, Phe Tyr Tyr Trp,
Phe, Thr, Ser Phe Val Ile, Met, Leu, Phe, Leu Ala, Norleucine
[0137] Conservative amino acid substitutions also encompass
non-naturally occurring amino acid residues which are typically
incorporated by chemical peptide synthesis rather than by synthesis
in biological systems. These include peptidomimetics, and other
reversed or inverted forms of amino acid moieties. It will be
appreciated by those skilled in the art the nucleic acid and
polypeptide molecules described herein may be chemically
synthesized as well as produced by recombinant means.
[0138] Conservative modifications to the amino acid sequence (and
the corresponding modifications to the encoding nucleotides) will
produce huE3.alpha. polypeptides having functional and chemical
characteristics similar to those of naturally occurring huE3.alpha.
polypeptides. In contrast, substantial modifications in the
functional and/or chemical characteristics of huE3.alpha.
polypeptides may be accomplished by selecting substitutions that
differ significantly in their effect on maintaining (a) the
structure of the molecular backbone in the area of the
substitution, for example, as a sheet or helical conformation, (b)
the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or
(c) the bulk of the side chain. Naturally occurring residues may be
divided into classes based on common side chain properties:
[0139] 1) hydrophobic: norleucine, Met, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile;
[0140] 2) neutral hydrophilic: Cys, Ser, Thr, Asn, Gln;
[0141] 3) acidic: Asp, Glu;
[0142] 4) basic: His, Lys, Arg;
[0143] 5) residues that influence chain orientation: Gly, Pro;
and
[0144] 6) aromatic: Trp, Tyr, Phe.
[0145] Non-conservative substitutions may involve the exchange of a
member of one of these classes for a member from another class.
Such substituted residues may be introduced into regions of the
human E3.alpha. polypeptide that are homologous with non-human
E3.alpha. polypeptides, or into the non-homologous regions of the
molecule.
[0146] Identity and similarity of related nucleic acid molecules
and polypeptides can be readily calculated by known methods. Such
methods include, but are not limited to, those described in
Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford
University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and
Genome Projects, Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993;
Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part 1, Griffin, A. M., and
Griffin, H. G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; Sequence
Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press,
1987; Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J.,
eds., M. Stockton Press, New York, 1991; and Carillo et al., SIAM
J. Applied Math., 48: 1073, 1988.
[0147] Preferred methods to determine identity and/or similarity
are designed to give the largest match between the sequences
tested. Methods to determine identity and similarity are described
in publicly available computer programs. Preferred computer program
methods to determine identity and similarity between two sequences
include, but are not limited to, the GCG program package, including
GAP (Devereux et al., Nucl. Acid. Res., 12: 387, 1984; Genetics
Computer Group, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.), BLASTP,
BLASTN, and FASTA (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol., 215: 403-410,
1990). The BLASTX program is publicly available from the National
Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and other sources
(BLAST Manual, Altschul et al. NCB/NLM/NIH Bethesda, Md. 20894;
Altschul et al., supra). The well known Smith Waterman algorithm
may also be used to determine identity.
[0148] Certain alignment schemes for aligning two amino acid
sequences may result in the matching of only a short region of the
two sequences, and this small aligned region may have very high
sequence identity even though there is no significant relationship
between the two full length sequences. Accordingly, in a preferred
embodiment, the selected alignment method (GAP program) will result
in an alignment that spans at least 50 contiguous amino acids of
the target polypeptide.
[0149] For example, using the computer algorithm GAP (Genetics
Computer Group, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.), two
polypeptides for which the percent sequence identity is to be
determined are aligned for optimal matching of their respective
amino acids (the "matched span", as determined by the algorithm). A
gap opening penalty (which is calculated as 3.times. the average
diagonal; the "average diagonal" is the average of the diagonal of
the comparison matrix being used; the "diagonal" is the score or
number assigned to each perfect amino acid match by the particular
comparison matrix) and a gap extension penalty (which is usually
1/10 times the gap opening penalty), as well as a comparison matrix
such as PAM 250 or BLOSUM 62 are used in conjunction with the
algorithm. A standard comparison matrix (see Dayhoff et al., Atlas
of Protein Sequence and Structure, vol. 5, supp.3 (1978) for the
PAM 250 comparison matrix; Henikoff et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci
USA, 89: 10915-10919, 1992 for the BLOSUM 62 comparison matrix) is
also used by the algorithm.
[0150] Preferred parameters for a polypeptide sequence comparison
include the following:
[0151] Algorithm: Needleman et al., J. Mol. Biol., 48, 443-453,
1970;
[0152] Comparison matrix: BLOSUM 62 from Henikoff et al., Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89: 10915-10919, 1992)
[0153] Gap Penalty: 12
[0154] Gap Length Penalty: 4
[0155] Threshold of Similarity: 0
[0156] The GAP program is useful with the above parameters. The
aforementioned parameters are the default parameters for
polypeptide comparisons (along with no penalty for end gaps) using
the GAP algorithm.
[0157] Preferred parameters for nucleic acid molecule sequence
comparisons include the following:
[0158] Algorithm: Needleman et al., J. Mol Biol., 48: 443-453,
1970;
[0159] Comparison matrix: matches=+10, mismatch=0
[0160] Gap Penalty: 50
[0161] Gap Length Penalty: 3
[0162] The GAP program is also useful with the above parameters.
The aforementioned parameters are the default parameters for
nucleic acid molecule comparisons.
[0163] Other exemplary algorithms, gap opening penalties, gap
extension penalties, comparison matrices, thresholds of similarity,
etc. may be used by those of skill in the art, including those set
forth in the Program Manual, Wisconsin Package, Version 9,
September, 1997. The particular choices to be made will be apparent
to those of skill in the art and will depend on the specific
comparison to be made, such as DNA to DNA, protein to protein,
protein to DNA; and additionally, whether the comparison is between
given pairs of sequences (in which case GAP or BestFit are
generally preferred) or between one sequence and a large database
of sequences (in which case FASTA or BLASTA are preferred).
Synthesis
[0164] It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art the
nucleic acid and polypeptide molecules described herein may be
produced by recombinant and other means.
Nucleic Acid Molecules
[0165] Recombinant DNA methods used herein are generally those set
forth in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
(1989), and/or Ausubel et al., eds., Current Protocols in Molecular
Biology, Green Publishers Inc. and Wiley and Sons, NY (1994). The
present invention provides for nucleic acid molecules as described
herein and methods for obtaining the molecules. Human E3.alpha.
(huE3.alpha. ) refers to the nucleotide sequence of either
huE3.alpha.I or huE3.alpha.II. A gene or cDNA encoding a
huE3.alpha. polypeptide or fragment thereof may be obtained by
hybridization screening of a genomic or cDNA library, or by PCR
amplification. Where a gene encoding a huE3.alpha. polypeptide has
been identified from one species, all or a portion of that gene may
be used as a probe to identify corresponding genes from other
species (orthologs) or related genes from the same species
(homologs). The probes or primers may be used to screen cDNA
libraries from various tissue sources believed to express the
huE3.alpha. gene. In addition, part or all of a nucleic acid
molecule having the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 1 or 3 may
be used to screen a genomic library to identify and isolate a gene
encoding a huE3.alpha. polypeptide. Typically, conditions of
moderate or high stringency will be employed for screening to
minimize the number of false positives obtained from the
screen.
[0166] Nucleic acid molecules encoding huE3.alpha. polypeptides may
also be identified by expression cloning which employs the
detection of positive clones based upon a property of the expressed
protein. Typically, nucleic acid libraries are screened by the
binding of an antibody or other binding partner (e.g., receptor or
ligand) to cloned proteins which are expressed and displayed on a
host cell surface. The antibody or binding partner is modified with
a detectable label to identify those cells expressing the desired
clone.
[0167] Additional methods of predicting secondary structure include
"threading" (Jones et al., Current Opin. Struct. Biol., 7(3):377-87
(1997); Sippl et al., Structure, 4(1):15-9 (1996)), "profile
analysis" (Bowie et al., Science, 253:164-170 (1991); Gribskov et
al., Meth. Enzym., 183:146-159 (1990); Gribskov et al., Proc. Nat.
Acad. Sci., 84(13):4355-4358 (1987)), and "evolutionary linkage"
(See Home, supra, and Brenner, supra 1997).
[0168] Another means of preparing a nucleic acid molecule encoding
a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, including a fragment or variant, is
chemical synthesis using methods well known to the skilled artisan
such as those described by Engels et al., Angew. Chem. Intl. Ed.,
28: 716-734, 1989. These methods include, inter alia, the
phosphotriester, phosphoramidite, and H-phosphonate methods for
nucleic acid synthesis. A preferred method for such chemical
synthesis is polymer-supported synthesis using standard
phosphoramidite chemistry. Typically, the DNA encoding the
huE3.alpha. polypeptide will be several hundred nucleotides in
length. Nucleic acids larger than about 100 nucleotides can be
synthesized as several fragments using these methods. The fragments
can then be ligated together to form the full length huE3.alpha.
polypeptide. Usually, the DNA fragment encoding the amino terminus
of the polypeptide will have an ATG, which encodes a methionine
residue. This methionine may or may not be present on the mature
form of the huE3.alpha. polypeptide, depending on whether the
polypeptide produced in the host cell is designed to be secreted
from that cell.
[0169] In some cases, it may be desirable to prepare nucleic acid
molecules encoding huE3.alpha. polypeptide variants. Nucleic acid
molecules encoding variants may be produced using site directed
mutagenesis, PCR amplification, or other appropriate methods, where
the primer(s) have the desired point mutations (see Sambrook et
al., supra, and Ausubel et al., supra, for descriptions of
mutagenesis techniques). Chemical synthesis using methods described
by Engels et al., supra, may also be used to prepare such variants.
Other methods known to the skilled artisan may be used as well.
[0170] In certain embodiments, nucleic acid variants contain codons
which have been altered for the optimal expression of a huE3.alpha.
polypeptide in a given host cell. Particular codon alterations will
depend upon the huE3.alpha. polypeptide(s) and host cell(s)
selected for expression. Such "codon optimization" can be carried
out by a variety of methods, for example, by selecting codons which
are preferred for use in highly expressed genes in a given host
cell. Computer algorithms which incorporate codon frequency tables
such as "Ecohigh.cod" for codon preference of highly expressed
bacterial genes may be used and are provided by the University of
Wisconsin Package Version 9.0, Genetics Computer Group, Madison,
Wis. Other useful codon frequency tables include
"Celegans_high.cod", "Celegans_low.cod", "Drosophila_high.cod",
"Human_high.cod", "Maize_high.cod", and "Yeast_high.cod".
[0171] In other embodiments, nucleic acid molecules encode
huE3.alpha. variants with conservative amino acid substitutions as
described herein, huE3.alpha. variants comprising an addition
and/or a deletion of one or more N-linked or O-linked glycosylation
sites, huE3.alpha. variants having deletions and/or substitutions
of one or more cysteine residues, or huE3.alpha. polypeptide
fragments as described herein. In addition, nucleic acid molecules
may encode any combination of huE3.alpha. variants, fragments, and
fusion polypeptides described herein.
Vectors and Host Cells
[0172] A nucleic acid molecule encoding a huE3.alpha. polypeptide
is inserted into an appropriate expression vector using standard
ligation techniques wherein huE3.alpha. refers to either the
polypeptide sequence of huE3.alpha.I or huE3.alpha.II. The vector
is typically selected to be functional in the particular host cell
employed (i.e., the vector is compatible with the host cell
machinery such that amplification of the gene and/or expression of
the gene can occur). A nucleic acid molecule encoding a huE3.alpha.
polypeptide may be amplified/expressed in prokaryotic, yeast,
insect (baculovirus systems), and/or eukaryotic host cells.
Selection of the host cell will depend in part on whether a
huE3.alpha. polypeptide is to be post-translationally modified
(e.g., glycosylated and/or phosphorylated). If so, yeast, insect,
or mammalian host cells are preferable. For a review of expression
vectors, see Meth. Enz., v.185, D. V. Goeddel, ed. Academic Press
Inc., San Diego, Calif. (1990).
[0173] Typically, expression vectors used in any of the host cells
will contain sequences for plasmid maintenance and for cloning and
expression of exogenous nucleotide sequences. Such sequences,
collectively referred to as "flanking sequences" in certain
embodiments will typically include one or more of the following
nucleotides: a promoter, one or more enhancer sequences, an origin
of replication, a transcriptional termination sequence, a complete
intron sequence containing a donor and acceptor splice site, a
sequence encoding a leader sequence for polypeptide secretion, a
ribosome binding site, a polyadenylation sequence, a polylinker
region for inserting the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide to
be expressed, and a selectable marker element. Each of these
sequences is discussed below.
[0174] Optionally, the vector may contain a "tag"-encoding
sequence, i.e., an oligonucleotide sequence located at the 5' or 3'
end of the huE3.alpha. polypeptide coding sequence; the
oligonucleotide molecule encodes polyHis (such as hexaHis), or
another "tag" such as FLAG, HA (hemaglutinin influenza virus) or
myc for which commercially available antibodies exist. This tag is
typically fused to the polypeptide upon expression of the
polypeptide, and can serve as a means for affinity purification of
the huE3.alpha. polypeptide from the host cell. Affinity
purification can be accomplished, for example, by column
chromatography using antibodies against the tag as an affinity
matrix. Optionally, the tag can subsequently be removed from the
purified huE3.alpha. polypeptide by various means such as using
certain peptidases for cleavage.
[0175] Flanking sequences may be homologous (i.e., from the same
species and/or strain as the host cell), heterologous (i.e., from a
species other than the host cell species or strain), hybrid (i.e.,
a combination of flanking sequences from more than one source), or
synthetic, or the flanking sequences may be native sequences which
normally function to regulate huE3.alpha. polypeptide expression.
As such, the source of a flanking sequence may be any prokaryotic
or eukaryotic organism, any vertebrate or invertebrate organism, or
any plant, provided that the flanking sequences is functional in,
and can be activated by, the host cell machinery.
[0176] The flanking sequences useful in the vectors of this
invention may be obtained by any of several methods well known in
the art. Typically, flanking sequences useful herein other than
endogenous huE3.alpha. gene flanking sequences will have been
previously identified by mapping and/or by restriction endonuclease
digestion and can thus be isolated from the proper tissue source
using the appropriate restriction endonucleases. In some cases, the
full nucleotide sequence of one or more flanking sequence may be
known. Here, the flanking sequence may be synthesized using the
methods described herein for nucleic acid synthesis or cloning.
[0177] Where all or only a portion of the flanking sequence is
known, it may be obtained using PCR and/or by screening a genomic
library with suitable oligonucleotide and/or flanking sequence
fragments from the same or another species. Where the flanking
sequence is not known, a fragment of DNA containing a flanking
sequence may be isolated from a larger piece of DNA that may
contain, for example, a coding sequence or even another gene or
genes. Isolation may be accomplished by restriction endonuclease
digestion to produce the proper DNA fragment followed by isolation
using agarose gel purification, Qiagen.RTM. column chromatography
(Chatsworth, Calif.), or other methods known to the skilled
artisan. The selection of suitable enzymes to accomplish this
purpose will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the
art.
[0178] An origin of replication is typically a part of those
prokaryotic expression vectors purchased commercially, and the
origin aids in the amplification of the vector in a host cell.
Amplification of the vector to a certain copy number can, in some
cases, be important for the optimal expression of the huE3.alpha.
polypeptide. If the vector of choice does not contain an origin of
replication site, one may be chemically synthesized based on a
known sequence, and ligated into the vector. For example, the
origin of replication from the plasmid pBR322 (Product No. 303-3s,
New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) is suitable for most
gram-negative bacteria and various origins (e.g., SV40, polyoma,
adenovirus, vesicular stomatitus virus (VSV) or papillomaviruses
such as HPV or BPV) are useful for cloning vectors in mammalian
cells. Generally, the origin of replication component is not needed
for mammalian expression vectors (for example, the SV40 origin is
often used only because it contains the early promoter).
[0179] A transcription termination sequence is typically located 3'
of the end of a polypeptide coding region and serves to terminate
transcription. Usually, a transcription termination sequence in
prokaryotic cells is a G-C rich fragment followed by a poly T
sequence. While the sequence is easily cloned from a library or
even purchased commercially as part of a vector, it can also be
readily synthesized using methods for nucleic acid synthesis such
as those described herein.
[0180] A selectable marker gene element encodes a protein necessary
for the survival and growth of a host cell grown in a selective
culture medium. Typical selection marker genes encode proteins that
(a) confer resistance to antibiotics or other toxins, e.g.,
ampicillin, tetracycline, or kanamycin for prokaryotic host cells,
(b) complement auxotrophic deficiencies of the cell; or (c) supply
critical nutrients not available from complex media. Preferred
selectable markers are the kanamycin resistance gene, the
ampicillin resistance gene, and the tetracycline resistance gene. A
neomycin resistance gene may also be used for selection in
prokaryotic and eukaryotic host cells.
[0181] Other selection genes may be used to amplify the gene which
will be expressed. Amplification is the process wherein genes which
are in greater demand for the production of a protein critical for
growth are reiterated in tandem within the chromosomes of
successive generations of recombinant cells. Examples of suitable
selectable markers for mammalian cells include dihydrofolate
reductase (DHFR) and thymidine kinase. The mammalian cell
transformants are placed under selection pressure which only the
transformants are uniquely adapted to survive by virtue of the
selection gene present in the vector. Selection pressure is imposed
by culturing the transformed cells under conditions in which the
concentration of selection agent in the medium is successively
changed, thereby leading to the amplification of both the selection
gene and the DNA that encodes huE3.alpha. polypeptides. As a
result, increased quantities of huE3.alpha. polypeptides are
synthesized from the amplified DNA.
[0182] A ribosome binding site is usually necessary for translation
initiation of mRNA and is characterized by a Shine-Dalgarno
sequence (prokaryotes) or a Kozak sequence (eukaryotes). The
element is typically located 3' to the promoter and 5' to the
coding sequence of the huE3.alpha. polypeptide to be expressed. The
Shine-Dalgarno sequence is varied but is typically a polypurine
(i.e., having a high A-G content). Many Shine-Dalgarno sequences
have been identified, each of which can be readily synthesized
using methods set forth above and used in a prokaryotic vector.
[0183] A leader, or signal, sequence may be used to direct a
huE3.alpha. polypeptide out of the host cell. Typically, a
nucleotide sequence encoding the signal sequence is positioned in
the coding region of the huE3.alpha. nucleic acid molecule, or
directly at the 5' end of the huE3.alpha. polypeptide coding
region. Many signal sequences have been identified, and any of
those that are functional in the selected host cell may be used in
conjunction with the huE3.alpha. nucleic acid molecule. Therefore,
a signal sequence may be homologous (naturally occurring) or
heterologous to the huE3.alpha. gene or cDNA. Additionally, a
signal sequence may be chemically synthesized using methods
described herein. In most cases, the secretion of a huE3.alpha.
polypeptide from the host cell via the presence of a signal peptide
will result in the removal of the signal peptide from the
huE3.alpha. polypeptide. The signal sequence may be a component of
the vector, or it may be a part of huE3.alpha. DNA that is inserted
into the vector.
[0184] Included within the scope of this invention is the use of
either a nucleotide sequence encoding a native huE3.alpha. signal
sequence joined to a huE3.alpha. polypeptide coding region or a
nucleotide sequence encoding a heterologous signal sequence joined
to a huE3.alpha. polypeptide coding region. The heterologous signal
sequence selected should be one that is recognized and processed,
i.e., cleaved by a signal peptidase, by the host cell. For
prokaryotic host cells that do not recognize and process the native
huE3.alpha. signal sequence, the signal sequence is substituted by
a prokaryotic signal sequence selected, for example, from the group
of the alkaline phosphatase, penicillinase, or heat-stable
enterotoxin II leaders. For yeast secretion, the native huE3.alpha.
signal sequence may be substituted by the yeast invertase, alpha
factor, or acid phosphatase leaders. In mammalian cell expression
the native signal sequence is satisfactory, although other
mammalian signal sequences may be suitable.
[0185] In some cases, such as where glycosylation is desired in a
eukaryotic host cell expression system, one may manipulate the
various presequences to improve glycosylation or yield. For
example, one may alter the peptidase cleavage site of a particular
signal peptide, or add presequences, which also may affect
glycosylation. The final protein product may have, in the -1
position (relative to the first amino acid of the mature protein)
one or more additional amino acids incident to expression, which
may not have been totally removed. For example, the final protein
product may have one or two amino acid residues found in the
peptidase cleavage site, attached to the N-terminus Alternatively,
use of some enzyme cleavage sites may result in a slightly
truncated form of the desired huE3.alpha. polypeptide, if the
enzyme cuts at such area within the mature polypeptide.
[0186] In many cases, transcription of a nucleic acid molecule is
increased by the presence of one or more introns in the vector;
this is particularly true where a polypeptide is produced in
eukaryotic host cells, especially mammalian host cells. The introns
used may be naturally occurring within the huE3.alpha. gene,
especially where the gene used is a full length genomic sequence or
a fragment thereof Where the intron is not naturally occurring
within the gene (as for most cDNAs), the intron(s) may be obtained
from another source. The position of the intron with respect to
flanking sequences and the huE3.alpha. gene is generally important,
as the intron must be expressed to be effective. Thus, when a
huE3.alpha. cDNA molecule is being expressed, the preferred
position for the intron is 3' to the transcription start site, and
5' to the polyA transcription termination sequence. Preferably, the
intron or introns will be located on one side or the other (i.e.,
5' or 3') of the cDNA such that it does not interrupt the coding
sequence. Any intron from any source, including any viral,
prokaryotic and eukaryotic (plant or animal) organisms, may be used
to practice this invention, provided that it is compatible with the
host cell(s) into which it is inserted. Also included herein are
synthetic introns. Optionally, more than one intron may be used in
the vector.
[0187] The expression and cloning vectors of the present invention
will each typically contain a promoter that is recognized by the
host organism and operably linked to the molecule encoding a
huE3.alpha. polypeptide. Promoters are untranscribed sequences
located upstream (5') to the start codon of a structural gene
(generally within about 100 to 1000 bp) that control the
transcription and translation of the structural gene. Promoters are
conventionally grouped into one of two classes, inducible promoters
and constitutive promoters. Inducible promoters initiate increased
levels of transcription from DNA under their control in response to
some change in culture conditions, such as the presence or absence
of a nutrient or a change in temperature. Constitutive promoters,
on the other hand, initiate continual gene product production; that
is, there is little or no control over gene expression. A large
number of promoters, recognized by a variety of potential host
cells, are well known. A suitable promoter is operably linked to
the DNA encoding a huE3.alpha. polypeptide by removing the promoter
from the source DNA by restriction enzyme digestion and inserting
the desired promoter sequence into the vector. The native
huE3.alpha. promoter sequence may be used to direct amplification
and/or expression of huE3.alpha. DNA. A heterologous promoter is
preferred, however, if it permits greater transcription and higher
yields of the expressed protein as compared to the native promoter,
and if it is compatible with the host cell system that has been
selected for use.
[0188] Promoters suitable for use with prokaryotic hosts include
the beta-lactamase and lactose promoter systems; alkaline
phosphatase, a tryptophan (ftp) promoter system; and hybrid
promoters such as the tac promoter. Other known bacterial promoters
are also suitable. Their sequences have been published, thereby
enabling one skilled in the art to ligate them to the desired DNA
sequence(s), using linkers or adapters as needed to supply any
useful restriction sites.
[0189] Suitable promoters for use with yeast hosts are also well
known in the art. Yeast enhancers are advantageously used with
yeast promoters. Suitable promoters for use with mammalian host
cells are well known and include, but are not limited to, those
obtained from the genomes of viruses such as polyoma virus, fowl
pox virus, adenovirus (such as Adenovirus 2), bovine papilloma
virus, avian sarcoma virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), a retrovirus,
hepatitis-B virus and most preferably Simian Virus 40 (SV40). Other
suitable mammalian promoters include heterologous mammalian
promoters, e.g., heat-shock promoters and the actin promoter.
[0190] Additional promoters which may be of interest in controlling
huE3.alpha. gene transcription include, but are not limited to: the
SV40 early promoter region (Bernoist and Chambon, Nature, 290:
304-310, 1981); the CMV promoter; the promoter contained in the 3'
long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus (Yamamoto et al., Cell,
22: 787-797, 1980); the herpes thymidine kinase promoter (Wagner et
al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 78: 144-1445, 1981); the
regulatory sequences of the metallothionine gene (Brinster et al.,
Nature, 296: 39-42, 1982); prokaryotic expression vectors such as
the beta-lactamase promoter (Villa-Kamaroff, et al., Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA, 75: 3727-3731, 1978); or the tac promoter (DeBoer,
et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 80: 21-25, 1983). Also of
interest are the following animal transcriptional control regions,
which exhibit tissue specificity and have been utilized in
transgenic animals: the elastase I gene control region which is
active in pancreatic acinar cells (Swift et al., Cell, 38: 639-646,
1984; Ornitz et al., Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 50:
399-409, 1986; MacDonald, Hepatology, 7: 425-515, 1987); the
insulin gene control region which is active in pancreatic beta
cells (Hanahan, Nature, 315: 115-122, 1985); the immunoglobulin
gene control region which is active in lymphoid cells (Grosschedl
et al., Cell, 38: 647-658 (1984); Adames et al., Nature, 318:
533-538 (1985); Alexander et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 7: 1436-1444,
1987); the mouse mammary tumor virus control region which is active
in testicular, breast, lymphoid and mast cells (Leder et al., Cell,
45: 485-495, 1986); the albumin gene control region which is active
in liver (Pinkert et al., Genes and Devel., 1: 268-276, 1987); the
alphafetoprotein gene control region which is active in liver
(Krumlauf et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 5: 1639-1648, 1985; Hammer et
al., Science, 235: 53-58, 1987); the alpha 1-antitrypsin gene
control region which is active in the liver (Kelsey et al., Genes
and Devel., 1: 161-171, 1987); the beta-globin gene control region
which is active in myeloid cells (Mogram et al., Nature, 315:
338-340, 1985; Kollias et al., Cell, 46: 89-94, 1986); the myelin
basic protein gene control region which is active in
oligodendrocyte cells in the brain (Readhead et al., Cell, 48:
703-712, 1987); the myosin light chain-2 gene control region which
is active in skeletal muscle (Sani, Nature, 314: 283-286, 1985);
and the gonadotropic releasing hormone gene control region which is
active in the hypothalamus (Mason et al., Science, 234: 1372-1378,
1986).
[0191] An enhancer sequence may be inserted into the vector to
increase the transcription of a DNA encoding a huE3.alpha.
polypeptide of the present invention by higher eukaryotes.
Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA, usually about 10-300 by
in length, that act on the promoter to increase its transcription.
Enhancers are relatively orientation and position independent. They
have been found 5' and 3' to the transcription unit. Several
enhancer sequences available from mammalian genes are known (e.g.,
globin, elastase, albumin, alpha-feto-protein and insulin).
Typically, however, an enhancer from a virus will be used. The SV40
enhancer, the cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma
enhancer, and adenovirus enhancers are exemplary enhancing elements
for the activation of eukaryotic promoters. While an enhancer may
be spliced into the vector at a position 5' or 3' to huE3.alpha.
DNA, it is typically located at a site 5' from the promoter.
[0192] Expression vectors of the invention may be constructed from
a starting vector such as a commercially available vector. Such
vectors may or may not contain all of the desired flanking
sequences. Where one or more of the desired flanking sequences are
not already present in the vector, they may be individually
obtained and ligated into the vector. Methods used for obtaining
each of the flanking sequences are well known to one skilled in the
art.
[0193] Preferred vectors for practicing this invention are those
which are compatible with bacterial, insect, and mammalian host
cells. Such vectors include, inter alia, pCRII, pCR3, and pcDNA3.1
(Invitrogen Company, Carlsbad, Calif.), pBSII (Stratagene Company,
La Jolla, Calif.), pET15 (Novagen, Madison, Wis.), pGEX (Pharmacia
Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.), pEGFP-N2 (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.),
pETL (BlueBacII; Invitrogen), pDSR-alpha (PCT Publication No.
WO90/14363) and pFastBacDual (Gibco/BRL, Grand Island, N.Y.).
[0194] Additional suitable vectors include, but are not limited to,
cosmids, plasmids, or modified viruses, but it will be appreciated
that the vector system must be compatible with the selected host
cell. Such vectors include, but are not limited to plasmids such as
Bluescript.RTM. plasmid derivatives (a high copy number ColE1-based
phagemid, Stratagene Cloning Systems Inc., La Jolla Calif.), PCR
cloning plasmids designed for cloning Taq-amplified PCR products
(e.g., TOPO.TM. TA Cloning.RTM. Kit, PCR2.1.RTM. plasmid
derivatives, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), and mammalian, yeast,
or virus vectors such as a baculovirus expression system (pBacPAK
plasmid derivatives, Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.). The recombinant
molecules can be introduced into host cells via transformation,
transfection, infection, electroporation, or other known
techniques.
[0195] After the vector has been constructed and a nucleic acid
molecule encoding a huE3.alpha. polypeptide has been inserted into
the proper site of the vector, the completed vector may be inserted
into a suitable host cell for amplification and/or polypeptide
expression. Host cells may be prokaryotic host cells (such as E.
coli) or eukaryotic host cells (such as a yeast cell, an insect
cell, or a vertebrate cell). The host cell, when cultured under
appropriate conditions, synthesizes a huE3.alpha. polypeptide which
can subsequently be collected from the culture medium (if the host
cell secretes it into the medium) or directly from the host cell
producing it (if it is not secreted). The selection of an
appropriate host cell will depend upon various factors, such as
desired expression levels, polypeptide modifications that are
desirable or necessary for activity, such as glycosylation or
phosphorylation, and ease of folding into a biologically active
molecule.
[0196] A number of suitable host cells are known in the art and
many are available from the American Type Culture Collection
(ATCC), 10801 Univeristy Boulavard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209.
Examples include, but are not limited to, mammalian cells, such as
Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) (ATCC No. CCL61) CHO DHFR-cells
(Urlaub et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97: 4216-4220, 1980),
human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 or 293T cells (ATCC No. CRL1573),
or 3T3 cells (ATCC No. CCL92). The selection of suitable mammalian
host cells and methods for transformation, culture, amplification,
screening and product production and purification are known in the
art. Other suitable mammalian cell lines, are the monkey COS-1
(ATCC No. CRL1650) and COS-7 cell lines (ATCC No. CRL1651), and the
CV-1 cell line (ATCC No. CCL70). Further exemplary mammalian host
cells include primate cell lines and rodent cell lines, including
transformed cell lines. Normal diploid cells, cell strains derived
from in vitro culture of primary tissue, as well as primary
explants, are also suitable. Candidate cells may be genotypically
deficient in the selection gene, or may contain a dominantly acting
selection gene. Other suitable mammalian cell lines include but are
not limited to, mouse neuroblastoma N2A cells, HeLa, mouse L-929
cells, 3T3 lines derived from Swiss, Balb-c or NIH mice, BHK or HaK
hamster cell lines, which are available from the American Type
Culture Collection, Manassas, Va. Each of these cell lines is known
by and available to those skilled in the art of protein
expression.
[0197] Similarly useful as host cells suitable for the present
invention are bacterial cells. For example, the various strains of
E. coli (e.g., HB101, (ATCC No. 33694) DH5 , DH10, and MC1061 (ATCC
No. 53338)) are well-known as host cells in the field of
biotechnology. Various strains of B. subtilis, Pseudomonas spp.,
other Bacillus spp., Streptomyces spp., and the like may also be
employed in this method.
[0198] Many strains of yeast cells known to those skilled in the
art are also available as host cells for the expression of the
polypeptides of the present invention. Preferred yeast cells
include, for example, Saccharomyces cerivisae and Pichia
pastoris.
[0199] Additionally, where desired, insect cell systems may be
utilized in the methods of the present invention. Such systems are
described for example in Kitts et al., Biotechniques, 14: 810-817
(1993); Lucklow, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 4: 564-572, 1993; and
Lucklow et al. J. Virol., 67: 4566-4579, 1993. Preferred insect
cells are Sf-9 and Hi5 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.).
[0200] The transformation of an expression vector for a huE3.alpha.
polypeptide into a selected host cell may be accomplished by well
known methods including methods such as transfection, infection,
calcium chloride, electroporation, microinjection, lipofection or
the DEAE-dextran method or other known techinques. The method
selected will in part be a function of the type of host cell to be
used. These methods and other suitable methods are well known to
the skilled artisan, and are set forth, for example, in Sambrook et
al., supra.
[0201] One may also use transgenic animals to express glycosylated
huE3.alpha. polypeptides. For example, one may use a transgenic
milk-producing animal (a cow or goat, for example) and obtain the
present glycosylated polypeptide in the animal milk. One may also
use plants to produce huE3.alpha. polypeptides, however, in
general, the glycosylation occurring in plants is different from
that produced in mammalian cells, and may result in a glycosylated
product which is not suitable for human therapeutic use.
Polypeptide Production
[0202] Host cells comprising a huE3.alpha. expression vector may be
cultured using standard media well known to the skilled artisan.
The huE3.alpha. expression vector refers to a vector which
expresses either huE3.alpha.I or huE3.alpha.II. The media will
usually contain all nutrients necessary for the growth and survival
of the cells. Suitable media for culturing E. coli cells include,
for example, Luria Broth (LB) and/or Terrific Broth (TB). Suitable
media for culturing eukaryotic cells are, Roswell Park Memorial
Institute medium 1640 (RPMI 1640), Minimal Essential Medium (MEM),
and/or Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), all of which may be
supplemented with serum and/or growth factors as indicated by the
particular cell line being cultured. A suitable medium for insect
cultures is Grace's medium supplemented with yeastolate,
lactalbumin hydrolysate, and/or fetal calf serum as necessary.
[0203] Typically, an antibiotic or other compound useful for
selective growth of transformed cells is added as a supplement to
the media. The compound to be used will be dictated by the
selectable marker element present on the plasmid with which the
host cell was transformed. For example, where the selectable marker
element is kanamycin resistance, the compound added to the culture
medium will be kanamycin. Other compounds for selective growth
include ampicillin, tetracycline, and neomycin.
[0204] The amount of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide produced by a host
cell can be evaluated using standard methods known in the art. Such
methods include, without limitation, Western blot analysis,
SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, non-denaturing gel
electrophoresis, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
separation, immunoprecipitation, and/or activity assays such as DNA
binding gel shift assays.
[0205] If a huE3.alpha. polypeptide has been designed to be
secreted from the host cells, the majority of polypeptide may be
found in the cell culture medium. If however, the huE3.alpha.
polypeptide is not secreted from the host cells, it will be present
in the cytoplasm and/or the nucleus (for eukaryotic host cells) or
in the cytosol (for bacterial host cells).
[0206] For a huE3.alpha. polypeptide situated in the host cell
cytoplasm and/or nucleus, the host cells are typically first
disrupted mechanically or with a detergent to release the
intracellular contents into a buffered solution. Human E3.alpha.
polypeptide can then be isolated from this solution.
[0207] The purification of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide from solution
can be accomplished using a variety of techniques. If the
polypeptide has been synthesized such that it contains a tag such
as Hexahistidine (huE3.alpha. polypeptide/hexaHis) or other small
peptide such as FLAG (Eastman Kodak Co., New Haven, Conn.) or myc
(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) at either its carboxyl or amino
terminus, it may essentially be purified in a one-step process by
passing the solution through an affinity column where the column
matrix has a high affinity for the tag or for the polypeptide
directly (i.e., a monoclonal antibody specifically recognizing and
binding to the huE3.alpha. polypeptide). For example, polyhistidine
binds with great affinity and specificity to nickel, thus an
affinity column of nickel (such as the Qiagen.degree. nickel
columns) can be used for purification of huE3.alpha.
polypeptide/polyHis. See for example, Ausubel et al., eds., Current
Protocols in Molecular Biology, Section 10.11.8, John Wiley &
Sons, New York (1993).
[0208] Where a huE3.alpha. polypeptide is prepared without a tag
attached, and no antibodies are available, other well known
procedures for purification can be used. Such procedures include,
without limitation, ion exchange chromatography, molecular sieve
chromatography, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC),
native gel electrophoresis in combination with gel elution, and
preparative isoelectric focusing ("Isoprime" machine/technique,
Hoefer Scientific, San Francisco, Calif.). In some cases, two or
more of these techniques may be combined to achieve increased
purity.
[0209] If a huE3.alpha. polypeptide is produced intracellularly,
the intracellular material (including inclusion bodies for
gram-negative bacteria) can be extracted from the host cell using
any standard technique known to the skilled artisan. For example,
the host cells can be lysed to release the contents of the
periplasm/cytoplasm by French press, homogenization, and/or
sonication followed by centrifugation.
[0210] If a huE3.alpha. polypeptide has formed inclusion bodies in
the cytosol, the inclusion bodies can often bind to the inner
and/or outer cellular membranes and thus will be found primarily in
the pellet material after centrifugation. The pellet material can
then be treated at pH extremes or with chaotropic agent such as a
detergent, guanidine, guanidine derivatives, urea, or urea
derivatives in the presence of a reducing agent such as
dithiothreitol at alkaline pH or tris carboxyethyl phosphine at
acid pH to release, break apart, and solubilize the inclusion
bodies. The solubized huE3.alpha. polypeptide can then be analyzed
using gel electrophoresis, immunoprecipitation or the like. If it
is desired to isolate the huE3.alpha. polypeptide, isolation may be
accomplished using standard methods such as those described herein
and in Marston et al., Meth. Enz., 182: 264-275 1990.
[0211] In some cases, a huE3.alpha. polypeptide may not be
biologically active upon isolation. Various methods for "refolding"
or converting the polypeptide to its tertiary structure and
generating disulfide linkages, can be used to restore biological
activity. Such methods include exposing the solubilized polypeptide
to a pH usually above 7 and in the presence of a particular
concentration of a chaotrope. The selection of chaotrope is very
similar to the choices used for inclusion body solubilization, but
usually the chaotrope is used at a lower concentration and is not
necessarily the same as chaotropes used for the solubilization. In
most cases the refolding/oxidation solution will also contain a
reducing agent or the reducing agent plus its oxidized form in a
specific ratio to generate a particular redox potential allowing
for disulfide shuffling to occur in the formation of the protein's
cysteine bridge(s). Some of the commonly used redox couples include
cysteine/cystamine, glutathione (GSH)/dithiobis GSH, cupric
chloride, dithiothreitol(DTT)/dithiane DTT, and
2-2mercaptoethanol(.beta.ME)/dithi(.beta.ME). A cosolvent may be
used to increase the efficiency of the refolding, and the more
common reagents used for this purpose include glycerol,
polyethylene glycol of various molecular weights, arginine and the
like.
[0212] If inclusion bodies are not formed to a significant degree
upon expression of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, then the polypeptide
will be found primarily in the supernatant after centrifugation of
the cell homogenate. The polypeptide may be further isolated from
the supernatant using methods such as those described herein.
[0213] In situations where it is preferable to partially or
completely purify a huE3.alpha. polypeptide such that it is
partially or substantially free of contaminants, standard methods
known to those skilled in the art may be used. Such methods
include, without limitation, separation by electrophoresis followed
by electroelution, various types of chromatography (affinity,
immunoaffinity, molecular sieve, and/or ion exchange), and/or high
pressure liquid chromatography. In some cases, it may be preferable
to use more than one of these methods for complete
purification.
[0214] Human E3.alpha. polypeptides, including fragments, variants,
and/or derivatives thereof may also be prepared by chemical
synthesis methods (such as solid phase peptide synthesis) using
techniques known in the art, such as those set forth by Merrifield
et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85 :2149, 1963, Houghten et al., Proc
Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 82: 5132 1985, and Stewart and Young, Solid
Phase Peptide Synthesis, Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill.
(1984). Such polypeptides may be synthesized with or without a
methionine on the amino terminus Chemically synthesized huE3.alpha.
polypeptides may be oxidized using methods set forth in these
references to form disulfide bridges. Chemically synthesized
huE3.alpha. polypeptides are expected to have comparable biological
activity to the corresponding huE3.alpha. polypeptides produced
recombinantly or purified from natural sources, and thus may be
used interchangeably with a recombinant or natural huE3.alpha.
polypeptide.
[0215] Another means of obtaining a huE3.alpha. polypeptide is via
purification from biological samples such as source tissues and/or
fluids in which the huE3.alpha. polypeptide is naturally found.
Such purification can be conducted using methods for protein
purification as described herein. The presence of the huE3.alpha.
polypeptide during purification may be monitored using, for
example, an antibody prepared against recombinantly produced
huE3.alpha. polypeptide or peptide fragments thereof
[0216] A number of additional methods for producing nucleic acids
and polypeptides are known in the art. See for example, Roberts et
al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U.S.A., 94:12297-12303, 1997, which
describes the production of fusion proteins between an mRNA and its
encoded peptide. See also Roberts, R., Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol.,
3:268-273, 1999. Additionally, U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,469 describes
methods of obtaining oligonucleotides capable of carrying out a
specific biological function. The procedure involves generating a
heterogeneous pool of oligonucleotides, each having a 5' randomized
sequence, a central preselected sequence, and a 3' randomized
sequence. The resulting heterogeneous pool is introduced into a
population of cells that do not exhibit the desired biological
function. Subpopulations of the cells are then screened for those
which exhibit a predetermined biological function. From that
subpopulation, oligonucleotides capable of carrying out the desired
biological function are isolated.
[0217] U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,763,192; 5,814,476; 5,723,323; and
5,817,483 describe processes for producing peptides or
polypeptides. This is done by producing stochastic genes or
fragments thereof, and then introducing these genes into host cells
which produce one or more proteins encoded by the stochastic genes.
The host cells are then screened to identify those clones producing
peptides or polypeptides having the desired activity.
[0218] Another method for producing peptides or polypeptides is
described in PCT/US98/20094 (WO99/15650) filed by Athersys, Inc.
Known as "Random Activation of Gene Expression for Gene Discovery"
(RAGE-GD), the process involves the activation of endogenous gene
expression or over-expression of a gene by in situ recombination
methods. For example, expression of an endogenous gene is activated
or increased by integrating a regulatory sequence into the target
cell which is capable of activating expression of the gene by
non-homologous or illegitimate recombination. The target DNA is
first subjected to radiation, and a genetic promoter inserted. The
promoter eventually locates a break at the front of a gene,
initiating transcription of the gene. This results in expression of
the desired peptide or polypeptide.
[0219] It will be appreciated that these methods can also be used
to create comprehensive IL-17 like protein expression libraries,
which can subsequently be used for high throughput phenotypic
screening in a variety of assays, such as biochemical assays,
cellular assays, and whole organism assays (e.g., plant, mouse,
etc.).
Chemical Derivatives
[0220] Chemically modified derivatives of polypeptides may be
prepared by one skilled in the art, given the disclosures set forth
herein below. Polypeptide derivatives are modified in a manner that
is different, either in the type or location of the molecules
naturally attached to the polypeptide. Derivatives may include
molecules formed by the deletion of one or more naturally-attached
chemical groups. The polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence
of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a polypeptide variant, may be modified by the
covalent attachment of one or more polymers. For example, the
polymer selected is typically water soluble so that the protein to
which it is attached does not precipitate in an aqueous
environment, such as a physiological environment. Included within
the scope of suitable polymers is a mixture of polymers.
Preferably, for therapeutic use of the end-product preparation, the
polymer will be pharmaceutically acceptable.
[0221] The polymers each may be of any molecular weight and may be
branched or unbranched. The polymers each typically have an average
molecular weight of between about 2 kDa to about 100 kDa (the term
"about" indicating that in preparations of a water soluble polymer,
some molecules will weigh more, some less, than the stated
molecular weight). The average molecular weight of each polymer is
preferably between about 5 kDa and about 50 kDa, more preferably
between about 12 kDa and about 40 kDa and most preferably between
about 20 kDa to about 35 kDa. Suitable water soluble polymers or
mixtures thereof include, but are not limited to, N-linked or
O-linked carbohydrates; sugars; phosphates; polyethylene glycol
(PEG) (including the forms of PEG that have been used to derivatize
proteins, including mono-(C1-C10)alkoxy- or aryloxy-polyethylene
glycol), monomethoxy-polyethylene glycol; dextran (such as low
molecular weight dextran of, for example about 6 kD;, cellulose, or
other carbohydrat- based polymers, poly-(N-vinyl
pyrrolidone)polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol homopolymers, a
polypropylene oxide/ethylene oxide co-polymer, polyoxyethylated
polyols (e.g., glycerol) and polyvinyl alcohol. Also encompassed by
the present invention are bifunctional crosslinking molecules which
may be used to prepare covalently attached multimers of the
polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a
polypeptide variant.
[0222] In general, chemical derivatization may be performed under
any suitable condition used to react a protein with an activated
polymer molecule. Methods for preparing chemical derivatives of
polypeptides will generally comprise the steps of (a) reacting the
polypeptide with the activated polymer molecule (such as a reactive
ester or aldehyde derivative of the polymer molecule) under
conditions whereby the polypeptide comprising the amino acid
sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a polypeptide variant becomes attached
to one or more polymer molecules, and (b) obtaining the reaction
product(s). The optimal reaction conditions will be determined
based on known parameters and the desired result. For example, the
larger the ratio of polymer molecules:protein, the greater the
percentage of attached polymer molecule. In one embodiment, the
polypeptide derivative may have a single polymer molecule moiety at
the amino terminus. (See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,234,784).
The pegylation of the polypeptide may be specifically carried out
by any of the pegylation reactions known in the art, as described
for example in the following references: Francis et al., Focus on
Growth Factors, 3:4-10 (1992); EP 0154316; EP 0401384 and U.S. Pat.
No. 4,179,337. For example, pegylation may be carried out via an
acylation reaction or an alkylation reaction with a reactive
polyethylene glycol molecule (or an analogous reactive
water-soluble polymer) as described herein. For the acylation
reactions, the polymer(s) selected should have a single reactive
ester group. For reductive alkylation, the polymer(s) selected
should have a single reactive aldehyde group. A reactive aldehyde
is, for example, polyethylene glycol propionaldehyde, which is
water stable, or mono C1-C10 alkoxy or aryloxy derivatives thereof
(see U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,714).
[0223] In another embodiment, polypeptides may be chemically
coupled to biotin, and the biotin polypeptide molecules which are
conjugated are then allowed to bind to avidin, resulting in
tetravalent avidin/biotin polypeptide molecules. Polypeptides may
also be covalently coupled to dinitrophenol (DNP) or trinitrophenol
(TNP) and the resulting conjugates precipitated with anti-DNP or
anti-TNP-IgM to form decameric conjugates with a valency of 10.
[0224] Generally, conditions which may be alleviated or modulated
by the administration of the present polypeptide derivatives
include those described herein for polypeptides. However, the
polypeptide derivatives disclosed herein may have additional
activities, enhanced or reduced biological activity, or other
characteristics, such as increased or decreased half-life, as
compared to the non-derivatized molecules.
Selective Binding Agents
[0225] As used herein, ther term "selective binding agent" refers
to a molecule which has specificity for one or more huE3.alpha.
polypeptides. Suitable selective binding agents include, but are
not limited to, antibodies and derivatives thereof, polypeptides,
and small molecules. Suitable selective binding agents may be
prepared using methods known in the art. An exemplary huE3.alpha.
polypeptide selective binding agent of the present invention is
capable of binding a certain portion of the huE3.alpha. polypeptide
thereby inhibiting the binding of a cofactor to the huE3.alpha.
polypeptide.
[0226] Human E3.alpha. polypeptides, fragments, variants, and
derivatives may be used to prepare selective binding agents (such
as antibodies) using methods known in the art; wherein huE3.alpha.
polypeptide refers to either huE3.alpha.I or huE3.alpha.II
polypeptide. Thus, selective binding agents such as antibodies and
antibody fragments that bind huE3.alpha. polypeptides are within
the scope of the present invention. The antibodies may be
polyclonal, monospecific polyclonal, monoclonal, recombinant,
chimeric, humanized, human, single chain, and/or bispecific.
[0227] Polyclonal antibodies directed toward a huE3.alpha.
polypeptide generally are raised in animals (e.g., rabbits or mice)
by multiple subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injections of
huE3.alpha. polypeptide and an adjuvant. It may be useful to
conjugate a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, or a variant, fragment, or
derivative thereof to a carrier protein that is immunogenic in the
species to be immunized, such as keyhole limpet heocyanin, serum,
albumin, bovine thyroglobulin, or soybean trypsin inhibitor. Also,
aggregating agents such as alum are used to enhance the immune
response. After immunization, the animals are bled and the serum is
assayed for anti-huE3.alpha. antibody titer.
[0228] Monoclonal antibodies directed toward huE3.alpha.
polypeptides are produced using any method which provides for the
production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in
culture. Examples of suitable methods for preparing monoclonal
antibodies include the hybridoma methods of Kohler et al., Nature,
256: 495-497, 1975 and the human B-cell hybridoma method, Kozbor,
J. Immunol., 133: 3001, 1984; Brodeur et al., Monoclonal Antibody
Production Techniques and Applications, pp. 51-63 (Marcel Dekker,
Inc., New York, 1987). Also provided by the invention are hybridoma
cell lines which produce monoclonal antibodies reactive with
huE3.alpha. polypeptides.
[0229] Monoclonal antibodies of the invention may be modified for
use as therapeutics. One embodiment is a "chimeric" antibody in
which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with
or homologous to a corresponding sequence in antibodies derived
from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody
class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical
with or homologous to a corresponding sequence in antibodies
derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class
or subclass. Also included are fragments of such antibodies, so
long as they exhibit the desired biological activity. See, U.S.
Pat. No. 4,816,567; Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 81:
6851-6855 (1985).
[0230] In another embodiment, a monoclonal antibody of the
invention is a "humanized" antibody. Methods for humanizing
non-human antibodies are well known in the art. Generally, a
humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced
into it from a source which is non-human. Humanization can be
performed following methods known in the art (Jones et al., Nature
321: 522-525, 1986; Riechmann et al., Nature, 332: 323-327 (1988);
Verhoeyen et al., Science 239:1534-1536, 1988), by substituting
rodent complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) for the
corresponding regions of a human antibody.
[0231] Also encompassed by the invention are human antibodies which
bind huE3.alpha. polypeptides, fragments, variants and/or
derivatives. Such antibodies are produced by immunization with a
huE3.alpha. antigen (i.e., having at least 6 contiguous amino
acids), optionally conjugated to a carrier, of transgenic animals
(e.g., mice) that are capable of producing a repertoire of human
antibodies in the absence of endogenous immunoglobulin production.
See, for example, Jakobovits et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 90:
2551-2555, 1993; Jakobovits et al., Nature 362: 255-258, 1993;
Bruggermann et al., Year in Immuno., 7: 33 (1993). In one method,
such transgenic animals are produced by incapacitating the
endogenous loci encoding the heavy and light immunoglobulin chains
therein, and inserting loci encoding human heavy and light chain
proteins into the genome thereof. Partially modified animals, that
is those having less than the full complement of modifications, are
then cross-bred to obtain an animal having all of the desired
immune system modifications. When administered an immunogen, these
transgenic animals produce antibodies with human variable regions,
including human (rather than e.g., murine) antibodies which are
immunospecific for these antigens. See PCT application Nos.
PCT/US96/05928 and PCT/US93/06926. Additional methods are described
in U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,807, PCT application Nos. PCT/US91/245,
PCT/GB89/01207, and in EP 546073B1 and EP 546073A1.
[0232] Human antibodies can also be produced from phage-display
libraries (Hoogenboom et al., J. Mol. Biol. 227: 381 1991; Marks et
al., J. Mol. Biol. 222: 581, 1991). These processes mimic immune
selection through the display of antibody repertoires on the
surface of filamentous bacteriophage, and subsequent selection of
phage by their binding to an antigen of choice. One such technique
is described in PCT Application WO99/10494, filed in the name of
Adams et al., which describes the isolation of high affinity and
functional agonistic antibodies for MPL- and msk-receptors using
such an approach.
[0233] Chimeric, CDR grafted, and humanized antibodies are
typically produced by recombinant methods. Nucleic acids encoding
the antibodies are introduced into host cells and expressed using
materials and procedures described herein. In a preferred
embodiment, the antibodies are produced in mammalian host cells,
such as CHO cells. Human antibodies may be produced by the
expression of recombinant DNA in host cells or by expression in
hybridoma cells as described herein.
[0234] For diagnostic applications, in certain embodiments,
anti-huE3.alpha. antibodies typically will be labeled with a
detectable moiety. The detectable moiety can be any one which is
capable of producing, either directly or indirectly, a detectable
signal. For example, the detectable moiety may be a radioisotope,
such as .sup.3H, .sup.14C .sup.32P .sup.35S, or .sup.125I, a
fluorescent or chemiluminescent compound, such as fluorescein
isothiocyanate, rhodamine, or luciferin; or an enzyme, such as
alkaline phosphatase, .beta.-galactosidase, or horseradish
peroxidase (Bayer et al., Meth. Enz., 184: 138-163 1990).
[0235] The anti-huE3.alpha. antibodies of the invention may be
employed in any known assay method, such as competitive binding
assays, direct and indirect sandwich assays, and
immunoprecipitation assays (Sola, Monoclonal Antibodies: A Manual
of Techniques, pp. 147-158 (CRC Press, Inc., 1987)) for the
detection and quantitation of huE3.alpha. polypeptides. The
antibodies will bind huE3.alpha. polypeptides with an affinity
which is appropriate for the assay method being employed.
[0236] Competitive binding assays rely on the ability of a labeled
standard (e.g., a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, or an immunologically
reactive portion thereof) to compete with the test sample analyte
(a huE3.alpha. polypeptide) for binding with a limited amount of
antihuE3.alpha. antibody. The amount of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide
in the test sample is inversely proportional to the amount of
standard that becomes bound to the antibodies. To facilitate
determining the amount of standard that becomes bound, the
antibodies typically are insolubilized before or after the
competition, so that the standard and analyte that are bound to the
antibodies may conveniently be separated from the standard and
analyte which remain unbound.
[0237] Sandwich assays typically involve the use of two antibodies,
each capable of binding to a different immunogenic portion, or
epitope, of the protein to be detected and/or quantitated. In a
sandwich assay, the test sample analyte is typically bound by a
first antibody which is immobilized on a solid support, and
thereafter a second antibody binds to the analyte, thus forming an
insoluble three part complex. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,110.
The second antibody may itself be labeled with a detectable moiety
(direct sandwich assays) or may be measured using an
anti-immunoglobulin antibody that is labeled with a detectable
moiety (indirect sandwich assays). For example, one type of
sandwich assay is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in
which case the detectable moiety is an enzyme.
[0238] The selective binding agents, including antibodies, are also
useful for in vivo imaging. An antibody labeled with a detectable
moiety may be administered to an animal, preferably into the
bloodstream, and the presence and location of the labeled antibody
in the host is assayed. The antibody may be labeled with any moiety
that is detectable in an animal, whether by nuclear magnetic
resonance, radiology, or other detection means known in the
art.
[0239] Selective binding agents of the invention, including
antibodies, may be used as therapeutics. These therapeutic agents
are generally agonists or antagonists, in that they either enhance
or reduce, respectively, at least one of the biological activities
of a polypeptide. In one embodiment, antagonist antibodies of the
invention are antibodies or binding fragments thereof which are
capable of specifically binding to a polypeptide and which are
capable of inhibiting or eliminating the functional activity of a
polypeptide in vivo or in vitro. In preferred embodiments, the
selective binding agent, e.g., an antagonist antibody will inhibit
the functional activity of a polypeptide by at least about 50%, and
preferably by at least about 80%. In another embodiment, the
selective binging agent may be an antibody that is capable of
interacting with a binding partner (a ligand, co-factor, or
receptor) thereby inhibiting or eliminating activity in vitro or in
vivo. Selective binding agents, including agonist and antagonist
antibodies are identified by screening assays which are well known
in the art.
[0240] The invention also relates to a kit comprising huE3.alpha.
selective binding agents (such as antibodies) and other reagents
useful for detecting huE3.alpha. levels in biological samples. Such
reagents may include a secondary activity, a detectable label,
blocking serum, positive and negative control samples, and
detection reagents.
Genetically Engineered Non-Human Animals
[0241] Additionally included within the scope of the present
invention are non-human animals such as mice, rats, or other
rodents, rabbits, goats, or sheep, or other farm animals, in which
the gene (or genes) encoding a native E3.alpha. ubiquitin ligase
polypeptide (such as E3.alpha.I or E3.alpha.II) has (have) been
disrupted ("knocked out") such that the level of expression of this
gene or genes is (are) significantly decreased or completely
abolished. Such animals may be prepared using techniques and
methods such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,557,032.
[0242] The present invention further includes non-human animals
such as mice, rats, or other rodents, rabbits, goats, or sheep, or
other farm animals, in which either the native form of the
E3.alpha. ubiquitin ligase polypeptide gene(s) for that animal or a
heterologous E3.alpha. ubiquitin ligase polypeptide gene(s) is
(are) over expressed by the animal, thereby creating a "transgenic"
animal Such transgenic animals may be prepared using well known
methods such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,743 and PCT
application No. WO94/28122.
[0243] The present invention further includes non-human animals in
which the promoter for one or more of the E3.alpha. ubiquitin
ligase polypeptides of the present invention is either activated or
inactivated (e.g., by using homologous recombination methods) to
alter the level of expression of one or more of the native
E3.alpha. ubiquitin ligase polypeptides.
[0244] These non-human animals may be used for drug candidate
screening. In such screening, the impact of a drug candidate on the
animal may be measured. For example, drug candidates may decrease
or increase the expression of the E3.alpha. ubiquitin ligase
polypeptide gene. In certain embodiments, the amount of E3.alpha.
ubiquitin ligase polypeptide, or a fragment(s), that is produced
may be measured after the exposure of the animal to the drug
candidate. Additionally, in certain embodiments, one may detect the
actual impact of the drug candidate on the animal. For example, the
overexpression of a particular gene may result in, or be associated
with, a disease or pathological condition. In such cases, one may
test a drug candidate's ability to decrease expression of the gene
or its ability to prevent or inhibit a pathological condition. In
other examples, the production of a particular metabolic product
such as a fragment of a polypeptide, may result in, or be
associated with, a disease or pathological condition. In such
cases, one may test a drug candidate's ability to decrease the
production of such a metabolic product or its ability to prevent or
inhibit a pathological condition.
Microarray
[0245] It will be appreciated that DNA microarray technology can be
utilized in accordance with the present invention. DNA microarrays
are miniature, high density arrays of nucleic acids positioned on a
solid support, such as glass. Each cell or element within the array
has numerous copies of a single species of DNA which acts as a
target for hybridization for its cognate mRNA. In expression
profiling using DNA microarray technology, mRNA is first extracted
from a cell or tissue sample and then converted enzymatically to
fluorescently labeled cDNA. This material is hybridized to the
microarray and unbound cDNA is removed by washing. The expression
of discrete genes represented on the array is then visualized by
quantitating the amount of labeled cDNA which is specifically bound
to each target DNA. In this way, the expression of thousands of
genes can be quantitated in a high throughput, parallel manner from
a single sample of biological material.
[0246] This high throughput expression profiling has a broad range
of applications with respect to the molecules of the invention,
including, but not limited to: the identification and validation of
disease-related genes as targets for therapeutics; molecular
toxicology of molecules and inhibitors thereof; stratification of
populations and generation of surrogate markers for clinical
trials; and the enhancement of a related small molecule drug
discovery by aiding in the identification of selective compounds in
high throughput screens (HTS).
Assaying for Other Modulators of huE3.alpha. Polypeptide
Activity
[0247] In some situations, it may be desirable to identify
molecules that are modulators, i.e., antagonists and agonists, of
the activity of huE3.alpha. polypeptide.
[0248] Natural or synthetic molecules that modulate huE3.alpha.
polypeptides can be identified using one or more screening assays,
such as those described herein. Such molecules may be administered
either in an ex vivo manner, or in an in vivo manner by injection,
or by oral delivery, implantation device, or the like.
[0249] The following definition is used herein for describing the
assays. "Test molecule(s)" refers to the molecule(s) that is/are
under evaluation for the ability to modulate (i.e., increase or
decrease) the activity of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide. Most commonly,
a test molecule will interact directly with a huE3.alpha.
polypeptide. However, it is also contemplated that a test molecule
may also modulate huE3.alpha. polypeptide activity indirectly, such
as by affecting huE3.alpha. gene expression, or by binding to a
huE3.alpha. binding partner (e.g., receptor, co-factor or ligand).
In one embodiment, a test molecule will bind to a huE3.alpha.
polypeptide with an affinity constant of at least about 10.sup.-6
M, preferably about 10.sup.-8 M, more preferably about 10.sup.-9 M,
and even more preferably about 10.sup.-10 M.
[0250] Methods for identifying compounds which interact with
huE3.alpha. polypeptides are encompassed by the present invention.
In certain embodiments, a huE3.alpha. polypeptide is incubated with
a test molecule under conditions which permit the interaction of
the test molecule with a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, and the extent of
the interaction can be measured. The test molecule(s) can be
screened in a substantially purified form or in a crude mixture.
Test molecule(s) can be nucleic acid molecules, proteins, peptides,
carbohydrates, lipids, or small molecular weight organic or
inorganic compounds. Once a set of has been identified as
interacting with a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, the molecules may be
further evaluated for their ability to increase or decrease
huE3.alpha. activity.
[0251] The measurement of the interaction of test molecules with
huE3.alpha. polypeptides may be carried out in several formats,
including cell-based binding assays, membrane binding assays,
solution-phase assays and immunoassays. In general, test molecules
are incubated with a huE3.alpha. polypeptide for a specified period
of time, and huE3.alpha. activity is determined by one or more
assays described herein for measuring biological activity.
[0252] The interaction of test molecules with huE3.alpha.
polypeptides may also be assayed directly using polyclonal or
monoclonal antibodies in an immunoassay. Alternatively, modified
forms of huE3.alpha. polypeptides containing epitope tags as
described herein may be used in solution and immunoassays.
[0253] In certain embodiments, a huE3.alpha. polypeptide agonist or
antagonist may be a protein, peptide, carbohydrate, lipid, or small
molecular weight molecule which interacts with huE3.alpha.
polypeptide to regulate its activity. Molecules which regulate
huE3.alpha. polypeptide expression include nucleic acids which are
complementary to nucleic acids encoding a huE3.alpha. polypeptide,
or are complementary to nucleic acids sequences which direct or
control the expression of huE3.alpha. polypeptide, and which act as
antisense regulators of expression.
[0254] Once a set of test molecules has been identified as
interacting with a polypeptide, the molecules may be further
evaluated for their ability to increase or decrease polypeptide
activity. The measurement of the interaction of test molecules with
polypeptides may be carried out in several formats, including
cell-based binding assays, membrane binding assays, solution-phase
assays and immunoassays. In general, test molecules are incubated
with a polypeptide for a specified period of time, and polypeptide
activity is determined by one or more assays for measuring
biological activity.
[0255] The interaction of test molecules with polypeptides may also
be assayed directly using polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies in an
immunoassay. Alternatively, modified forms of polypeptides
containing epitope tags as described herein may be used in
immunoassays.
[0256] In the event that polypeptides display biological activity
through an interaction with a binding partner (e.g., a receptor, a
ligand or a co-factor), a variety of in vitro assays may be used to
measure the binding of a polypeptide to the corresponding binding
partner (such as a selective binding agent, receptor, ligand, or
co-factor). These assays may be used to screen test molecules for
their ability to increase or decrease the rate and/or the extent of
binding of a polypeptide to its binding partner. In one assay, a
polypeptide is immobilized in the wells of a microtiter plate.
Radiolabeled binding partner (for example, iodinated binding
partner) and the test molecule(s) can then be added either one at a
time (in either order) or simultaneously to the wells. After
incubation, the wells can be washed and counted using a
scintillation counter, for radioactivity to determine the extent to
which the binding partner bound to polypeptide. Typically, the
molecules will be tested over a range of concentrations, and a
series of control wells lacking one or more elements of the test
assays can be used for accuracy in the evaluation of the results.
An alternative to this method involves reversing the "positions" of
the proteins, i.e., immobilizing binding partner to the microtiter
plate wells, incubating with the test molecule and radiolabeled
polypeptide, and determining the extent of polypeptide binding.
See, for example, chapter 18, Current Protocols in Molecular
Biology, Ausubel et al., eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York,
N.Y. (1995).
[0257] As an alternative to radiolabelling, a polypeptide or its
binding partner may be conjugated to biotin and the presence of
biotinylated protein can then be detected using streptavidin linked
to an enzyme, such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or alkaline
phosphatase (AP), that can be detected colorometrically, or by
fluorescent tagging of streptavidin. An antibody directed to a
polypeptide or to a binding partner and conjugated to biotin may
also be used and can be detected after incubation with
enzyme-linked streptavidin linked to AP or HRP.
[0258] A polypeptide or a like binding partner can also be
immobilized by attachment to agarose beads, acrylic beads or other
types of such inert solid phase substrates. The substrate-protein
complex can be placed in a solution containing the complementary
protein and the test compound. After incubation, the beads can be
precipitated by centrifugation, and the amount of binding between a
polypeptide and its binding partner can be assessed using the
methods described herein. Alternatively, the substrate-protein
complex can be immobilized in a column, and the test molecule and
complementary protein are passed through the column. The formation
of a complex between a polypeptide and its binding partner can then
be assessed using any of the techniques set forth herein, i.e.,
radiolabelling, antibody binding or the like.
[0259] Another in vitro assay that is useful for identifying a test
molecule which increases or decreases the formation of a complex
between a polypeptide and a binding partner is a surface plasmon
resonance detector system such as the BIAcore assay system
(Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.). The BIAcore system may be carried
out using the manufacturer's protocol. This assay essentially
involves the covalent binding of either polypeptide or a binding
partner to a dextran-coated sensor chip which is located in a
detector. The test compound and the other complementary protein can
then be injected, either simultaneously or sequentially, into the
chamber containing the sensor chip. The amount of complementary
protein that binds can be assessed based on the change in molecular
mass which is physically associated with the dextran-coated side of
the sensor chip; the change in molecular mass can be measured by
the detector system.
[0260] In some cases, it may be desirable to evaluate two or more
test compounds together for their ability to increase or decrease
the formation of a complex between a polypeptide and a binding
partner. In these cases, the assays set forth herein can be readily
modified by adding such additional test compound(s) either
simultaneous with, or subsequent to, the first test compound. The
remainder of the steps in the assay are set forth herein.
[0261] In vitro assays such as those described herein may be used
advantageously to screen large numbers of compounds for effects on
complex formation by polypeptide and binding partner. The assays
may be automated to screen compounds generated in phage display,
synthetic peptide, and chemical synthesis libraries.
[0262] Compounds which increase or decrease the formation of a
complex between a polypeptide and a binding partner may also be
screened in cell culture using cells and cell lines expressing
either polypeptide or binding partner. Cells and cell lines may be
obtained from any mammal, but preferably will be from human or
other primate, canine, or rodent sources. The binding of a
polypeptide to cells expressing binding partner at the surface is
evaluated in the presence or absence of test molecules, and the
extent of binding may be determined by, for example, flow cytometry
using a biotinylated antibody to a binding partner. Cell culture
assays can be used advantageously to further evaluate compounds
that score positive in protein binding assays described herein
[0263] Cell cultures can be used to screen the impact of a drug
candidate. For example, drug candidates may decrease or increase
the expression of the huE3.alpha. polypeptide gene. In certain
embodiments, the amount of huE3.alpha. polypeptide or a fragment(s)
that is produced may be measured after exposure of the cell culture
to the drug candidate. In certain embodiments, one may detect the
actual impact of the drug candidate on the cell culture. For
example, the overexpression of a particular gene may have a
particular impact on the cell culture. In such cases, one may test
a drug candidate's ability to increase or decrease the expression
of the gene or its ability to prevent or inhibit a particular
impact on the cell culture. In other examples, the production of a
particular metabolic product such as a fragment of a polypeptide,
may result in, or be associated with, a disease or pathological
condition. In such cases, one may test a drug candidate's ability
to decrease the production of such a metabolic product in a cell
culture.
[0264] A yeast two hybrid system (Chien et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA, 88: 9578-9583, 1991) can be used to identify novel
polypeptides that bind to a yeast-two hybrid bait construct can be
generated in a vector (such as the pAS2-1 form Clontech) which
encodes a yeast-two hybrid domain fused to the huE3.alpha.
polynucleotide. This bait construct may be used to screen human
cDNA libraries wherein the cDNA library sequences are fused to GAL4
activation domains. Positive interactions will result in the
activation of a reporter gene such as .beta.-gal. Positive clones
emerging from the screening may be characterized further to
identify interacting proteins.
Internalizing Proteins
[0265] The TAT protein sequence (from HIV) can be used to
internalize proteins into a cell by targeting the lipid bi-layer
component of the cell membrane. See e.g., Falwell et al., Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci., 91: 664-668, 1994. For example, an 11 amino acid
sequence (YGRKKRRQRRR; SEQ ID NO: 16) of the HIV TAT protein
(termed the "protein transduction domain", or TAT PDT) has been
shown to mediate delivery of large bioactive proteins such as
.beta.-galactosidase and p27Kip across the cytoplasmic membrane and
the nuclear membrane of a cell. See Schwarze et al., Science, 285:
1569-1572, 1999; and Nagahara et al., Nature Medicine, 4:
1449-1452, 1998. Schwartze et al. (Science, 285: 1569-72, 1999)
demonstrated that cultured cells acquired .beta.-gal activity when
exposed to a fusion of the TAT PDT and .beta.-galactosidase.
Injection of mice with the TAT-.beta.-gal fusion proteins resulted
in .beta.-gal expression in a number of tissues, including liver,
kidney, lung, heart, and brain tissue.
[0266] It will thus be appreciated that the TAT protein sequence
may be used to internalize a desired protein or polypeptide into a
cell. In the context of the present invention, the TAT protein
sequence can be fused to another molecule such as a huE3.alpha.
antagonist (i.e.: anti-huE3.alpha. selective binding agent or small
molecule) and administered intracellularly to inhibit the activity
of the huE3.alpha. molecule. Where desired, the huE3.alpha. protein
itself, or a peptide fragment or modified form of huE3.alpha., may
be fused to such a protein transducer for administrating to cells
using the procedures, described above.
Therapeutic Uses
[0267] The huE3.alpha. nucleic acid molecules, polypeptides, and
antagonists thereof (including, but not limited to,
anti-huE3.alpha. selective binding agents) can be used to treat,
diagnose, and/or prevent a number of diseases, conditions, and
disorders, including but not limited to cachexia, muscle wasting
diseases and other catabolic disorders such as cancer cachexia,
renal cachexia, inflammatory cachexia, muscle wasting disorders
associated with metabolic acidosis, uremia, burns, hyperthyroidism,
Cushing's syndrome and fasting, and denervation atrophy, diabetes
mellitus, sepsis and AIDS wasting syndrome.
[0268] Those skilled in the art will recognize that many
combinations of deletions, insertions, and substitutions
(individually or collectively "variant(s)" herein) can be made
within the amino acid sequences of the huE3.alpha. polypeptide,
provided that the resulting molecule is biologically active (e.g.,
possesses the ability to affect one or more of the diseases and
disorders such as those recited herein).
[0269] As contemplated by the present invention, a polypeptide, or
antagonist thereof (including, but not limited to, anti-huE3.alpha.
selective binding agents) may be administered as an adjunct to
other therapy and also with other pharmaceutical compositions
suitable for the indication being treated. A polypeptide and any of
one or more additional therapies or pharmaceutical formulations may
be administered separately, sequentially, or simultaneously.
[0270] In a specific embodiment, the present invention is directed
to the use of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, or antagonist (including,
but not limited to, anti-huE3.alpha. selective binding agents)
thereof in combination (pretreatment, post-treatment, or concurrent
treatment) with secreted or soluble human fas antigen or
recombinant versions thereof (WO96/20206 and Mountz et al., J.
Immunology, 155: 4829-4837; and EP 510 691. WO96/20206 discloses
secreted human fas antigen (native and recombinant, including an Ig
fusion protein), methods for isolating the genes responsible for
coding the soluble recombinant human fas antigen, methods for
cloning the gene in suitable vectors and cell types, and methods
for expressing the gene to produce the inhibitors. EP 510 691
teaches DNAs coding for human fas antigen, including soluble fas
antigen, vectors expressing for said DNAs and transformants
transfected with the vector. When administered parenterally, doses
of a secreted or soluble fas antigen fusion protein each are
generally from about 1 microgram/kg to about 100 micrograms/kg.
[0271] Treatment of the diseases and disorders recited herein can
include the use of first line drugs for control of pain and
inflammation; these drugs are classified as non-steroidal,
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Secondary treatments include
corticosteroids, slow acting antirheumatic drugs (SAARDs), or
disease modifying (DM) drugs. Information regarding the following
compounds can be found in The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and
Therapy, Sixteenth Edition, Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research
Laboratories, Merck & Co., Rahway, N.J. (1992) and in
Pharmaprojects, PJB Publications Ltd.
[0272] In a specific embodiment, the present invention is directed
to the use of a huE3.alpha., or antagonist (including, but not
limited to, anti-huE3.alpha. selective binding agents) and any of
one or more NSAIDs for the treatment of the diseases and disorders
recited herein. NSAIDs owe their anti-inflammatory action, at least
in part, to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis (Goodman and
Gilman in "The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics," MacMillan
7th Edition (1985)). NSAIDs can be characterized into at least nine
groups: (1) salicylic acid derivatives; (2) propionic acid
derivatives; (3) acetic acid derivatives; (4) fenamic acid
derivatives; (5) carboxylic acid derivatives; (6) butyric acid
derivatives; (7) oxicams; (8) pyrazoles and (9) pyrazolones.
[0273] In another specific embodiment, the present invention is
directed to the use of an huE3.alpha. polypeptide, or antagonist
(including, but not limited to, anti-huE3.alpha. selective binding
agents) in combination (pretreatment, post-treatment, or concurrent
treatment) with any of one or more salicylic acid derivatives,
prodrug esters or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof Such
salicylic acid derivatives, prodrug esters and pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof comprise: acetaminosalol, aloxiprin,
aspirin, benorylate, bromosaligenin, calcium acetylsalicylate,
choline magnesium trisalicylate, magnesium salicylate, choline
salicylate, diflusinal, etersalate, fendosal, gentisic acid, glycol
salicylate, imidazole salicylate, lysine acetylsalicylate,
mesalamine, morpholine salicylate, 1-naphthyl salicylate,
olsalazine, parsalmide, phenyl acetylsalicylate, phenyl salicylate,
salacetamide, salicylamide O-acetic acid, salsalate, sodium
salicylate and sulfasalazine. Structurally related salicylic acid
derivatives having similar analgesic and anti-inflammatory
properties are also intended to be encompassed by this group.
[0274] In an additional specific embodiment, the present invention
is directed to the use of an huE3.alpha. polypeptide, or antagonist
(including, but not limited to, anti-huE3.alpha. selective binding
agents) in combination (pretreatment, post-treatment, or concurrent
treatment) with any of one or more propionic acid derivatives,
prodrug esters or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof The
propionic acid derivatives, prodrug esters, and pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof comprise: alminoprofen, benoxaprofen,
bucloxic acid, carprofen, dexindoprofen, fenoprofen, flunoxaprofen,
fluprofen, flurbiprofen, furcloprofen, ibuprofen, ibuprofen
aluminum, ibuproxam, indoprofen, isoprofen, ketoprofen, loxoprofen,
miroprofen, naproxen, naproxen sodium, oxaprozin, piketoprofen,
pimeprofen, pirprofen, pranoprofen, protizinic acid,
pyridoxiprofen, suprofen, tiaprofenic acid and tioxaprofen.
Structurally related propionic acid derivatives having similar
analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties are also intended to be
encompassed by this group.
[0275] In yet another specific embodiment, the present invention is
directed to the use of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, or antagonist
(including, but not limited to, anti-huE3.alpha. selective binding
agents) in combination (pretreatment, post-treatment, or concurrent
treatment) with any of one or more acetic acid derivatives, prodrug
esters or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof The acetic acid
derivatives, prodrug esters, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof comprise: acemetacin, alclofenac, amfenac, bufexamac,
cinmetacin, clopirac, delmetacin, diclofenac potassium, diclofenac
sodium, etodolac, felbinac, fenclofenac, fenclorac, fenclozic acid,
fentiazac, furofenac, glucametacin, ibufenac, indomethacin,
isofezolac, isoxepac, lonazolac, metiazinic acid, oxametacin,
oxpinac, pimetacin, proglumetacin, sulindac, talmetacin, tiaramide,
tiopinac, tolmetin, tolmetin sodium, zidometacin and zomepirac.
Structurally related acetic acid derivatives having similar
analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties are also intended to be
encompassed by this group.
[0276] In another specific embodiment, the present invention is
directed to the use of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, or antagonist
(including, but not limited to, anti-huE3.alpha. selective binding
agents) in combination (pretreatment, post-treatment, or concurrent
treatment) with any of one or more fenamic acid derivatives,
prodrug esters or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof The
fenamic acid derivatives, prodrug esters and pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof comprise: enfenamic acid, etofenamate,
flufenamic acid, isonixin, meclofenamic acid, meclofenamate sodium,
medofenamic acid, mefenamic acid, niflumic acid, talniflumate,
terofenamate, tolfenamic acid and ufenamate. Structurally related
fenamic acid derivatives having similar analgesic and
anti-inflammatory properties are also intended to be encompassed by
this group.
[0277] In an additional specific embodiment, the present invention
is directed to the use of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, or antagonist
(including, but not limited to, anti-huE3.alpha. selective binding
agents) in combination (pretreatment, post-treatment, or concurrent
treatment) with any of one or more carboxylic acid derivatives,
prodrug esters or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof The
carboxylic acid derivatives, prodrug esters, and pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof which can be used comprise: clidanac,
diflunisal, flufenisal, inoridine, ketorolac and tinoridine.
Structurally related carboxylic acid derivatives having similar
analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties are also intended to be
encompassed by this group.
[0278] In yet another specific embodiment, the present invention is
directed to the use of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, or antagonist
(including, but not limited to, anti-huE3.alpha. selective binding
agents) in combination (pretreatment, post-treatment, or concurrent
treatment) with any of one or more butyric acid derivatives,
prodrug esters or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof The
butyric acid derivatives, prodrug esters, and pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof comprise: bumadizon, butibufen, fenbufen
and xenbucin. Structurally related butyric acid derivatives having
similar analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties are also
intended to be encompassed by this group.
[0279] In another specific embodiment, the present invention is
directed to the use of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, or antagonist
(including, but not limited to, anti-huE3.alpha. selective binding
agents) in combination (pretreatment, post-treatment, or concurrent
treatment) with any of one or more oxicams, prodrug esters, or
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The oxicams, prodrug
esters, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof comprise:
droxicam, enolicam, isoxicam, piroxicam, sudoxicam, tenoxicam and
4-hydroxyl-1,2-benzothiazine 1,1-dioxide 4-(N-phenyl)-carboxamide.
Structurally related oxicams having similar analgesic and
anti-inflammatory properties are also intended to be encompassed by
this group.
[0280] In still another specific embodiment, the present invention
is directed to the use of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, or antagonist
(including, but not limited to, anti-huE3.alpha. selective binding
agents) in combination (pretreatment, post-treatment, or concurrent
treatment) with any of one or more pyrazoles, prodrug esters, or
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof The pyrazoles, prodrug
esters, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof which may be
used comprise: difenamizole and epirizole. Structurally related
pyrazoles having similar analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties
are also intended to be encompassed by this group.
[0281] In an additional specific embodiment, the present invention
is directed to the use of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, or antagonist
(including, but not limited to, anti-huE3.alpha. selective binding
agents) in combination (pretreatment, post-treatment or, concurrent
treatment) with any of one or more pyrazolones, prodrug esters, or
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof The pyrazolones, prodrug
esters and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof which may be
used comprise: apazone, azapropazone, benzpiperylon, feprazone,
mofebutazone, morazone, oxyphenbutazone, phenylbutazone,
pipebuzone, propylphenazone, ramifenazone, suxibuzone and
thiazolinobutazone. Structurally related pyrazalones having similar
analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties are also intended to be
encompassed by this group.
[0282] In another specific embodiment, the present invention is
directed to the use of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, or antagonist
(including, but not limited to, anti-huE3.alpha. selective binding
agents) in combination (pretreatment, post-treatment, or concurrent
treatment) with any of one or more of the following NSAIDs:
-acetamidocaproic acid, S-adenosyl-methionine,
3-amino-4-hydroxybutyric acid, amixetrine, anitrazafen,
antrafenine, bendazac, bendazac lysinate, benzydamine, beprozin,
broperamole, bucolome, bufezolac, ciproquazone, cloximate,
dazidamine, deboxamet, detomidine, difenpiramide, difenpyramide,
difisalamine, ditazol, emorfazone, fanetizole mesylate,
fenflumizole, floctafenine, flumizole, flunixin, fluproquazone,
fopirtoline, fosfosal, guaimesal, guaiazolene, isonixirn,
lefetamine HCl, leflunomide, lofemizole, lotifazole, lysin
clonixinate, meseclazone, nabumetone, nictindole, nimesulide,
orgotein, orpanoxin, oxaceprol, oxapadol, paranyline, perisoxal,
perisoxal citrate, pifoxime, piproxen, pirazolac, pirfenidone,
proquazone, proxazole, thielavin B, tiflamizole, timegadine,
tolectin, tolpadol, tryptamid and those designated by company code
number such as 480156S, AA861, AD1590, AFP802, AFP860, AI77B,
AP504, AU8001, BPPC, BW540C, CHINOIN 127, CN100, EB382, EL508,
F1044, FK-506, GV3658, ITF182, KCNTEI6090, KME4, LA2851, MR714,
MR897, MY309, ONO3144, PR823, PV102, PV108, R830, RS2131, SCR152,
SH440, SIR133, SPAS510, SQ27239, ST281, SY6001, TA60, TAI-901
(4-benzoyl-1-indancarboxylic acid), TVX2706, U60257, UR2301 and
WY41770. Structurally related NSAIDs having similar analgesic and
anti-inflammatory properties to the NSAIDs are also intended to be
encompassed by this group.
[0283] In still another specific embodiment, the present invention
is directed to the use of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, or antagonist
(including, but not limited to, anti-huE3.alpha. selective binding
agents) in combination (pretreatment, post-treatment or concurrent
treatment) with any of one or more corticosteroids, prodrug esters
or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof for the treatment of
the diseases and disorders recited herein, including acute and
chronic inflammation such as rheumatic diseases, graft versus host
disease and multiple sclerosis. Corticosteroids, prodrug esters and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof include hydrocortisone
and compounds which are derived from hydrocortisone, such as
21-acetoxypregnenolone, alclomerasone, algestone, amcinonide,
beclomethasone, betamethasone, betamethasone valerate, budesonide,
chloroprednisone, clobetasol, clobetasol propionate, clobetasone,
clobetasone butyrate, clocortolone, cloprednol, corticosterone,
cortisone, cortivazol, deflazacon, desonide, desoximerasone,
dexamethasone, diflorasone, diflucortolone, difluprednate,
enoxolone, fluazacort, flucloronide, flumethasone, flumethasone
pivalate, flucinolone acetonide, flunisolide, fluocinonide,
fluorocinolone acetonide, fluocortin butyl, fluocortolone,
fluocortolone hexanoate, diflucortolone valerate, fluorometholone,
fluperolone acetate, fluprednidene acetate, fluprednisolone,
flurandenolide, formocortal, halcinonide, halometasone, halopredone
acetate, hydro-cortamate, hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate,
hydro-cortisone butyrate, hydrocortisone phosphate, hydrocortisone
21-sodium succinate, hydrocortisone tebutate, mazipredone,
medrysone, meprednisone, methylprednisolone, mometasone furoate,
paramethasone, prednicarbate, prednisolone, prednisolone
21-diedryaminoacetate, prednisolone sodium phosphate, prednisolone
sodium succinate, prednisolone sodium 21-m-sulfobenzoate,
prednisolone sodium 21-stearoglycolate, prednisolone tebutate,
prednisolone 21-trimethylacetate, prednisone, prednival,
prednylidene, prednylidene 21-diethylaminoacetate, tixocortol,
triamcinolone, triamcinolone acetonide, triamcinolone benetonide
and triamcinolone hexacetonide. Structurally related
corticosteroids having similar analgesic and anti-inflammatory
properties are also intended to be encompassed by this group.
[0284] In another specific embodiment, the present invention is
directed to the use of an huE3.alpha. polypeptide, or antagonist
(including, but not limited to, anti-huE3.alpha. selective binding
agents) in combination (pretreatment, post-treatment, or concurrent
treatment) with any of one or more slow-acting antirheumatic drugs
(SAARDs) or disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS), prodrug
esters, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof for the
treatment of the diseases and disorders recited herein, including
acute and chronic inflammation such as rheumatic diseases, graft
versus host disease and multiple sclerosis. SAARDs or DMARDS,
prodrug esters and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof
comprise: allocupreide sodium, auranofin, aurothioglucose,
aurothioglycanide, azathioprine, brequinar sodium, bucillamine,
calcium 3-aurothio-2-propanol-1-sulfonate, chlorambucil,
chloroquine, clobuzarit, cuproxoline, cyclo-phosphamide,
cyclosporin, dapsone, 15-deoxyspergualin, diacerein, glucosamine,
gold salts (e.g., cycloquine gold salt, gold sodium thiomalate,
gold sodium thiosulfate), hydroxychloroquine, hydroxychloroquine
sulfate, hydroxyurea, kebuzone, levamisole, lobenzarit, melittin,
6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, mizoribine, mycophenolate mofetil,
myoral, nitrogen mustard, D-penicillamine, pyridinol imidazoles
such as SKNF86002 and SB203580, rapamycin, thiols, thymopoietin and
vincristine. Structurally related SAARDs or DMARDs having similar
analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties are also intended to be
encompassed by this group.
[0285] In another specific embodiment, the present invention is
directed to the use of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, or antagonist
(including, but not limited to, anti-huE3.alpha. selective binding
agents) in combination (pretreatment, post-treatment, or concurrent
treatment) with any of one or more COX2 inhibitors, prodrug esters
or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof for the treatment of
the diseases and disorders recited herein, including acute and
chronic inflammation. Examples of COX2 inhibitors, prodrug esters
or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof include, for example,
celecoxib. Structurally related COX2 inhibitors having similar
analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties are also intended to be
encompassed by this group.
[0286] In still another specific embodiment, the present invention
is directed to the use of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, or antagonist
(including, but not limited to, anti-huE3.alpha. selective binding
agents) in combination (pretreatment, post-treatment, or concurrent
treatment) with any of one or more antimicrobials, prodrug esters
or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof for the treatment of
the diseases and disorders recited herein, including cachexia,
muscle wasting diseases and other catabolic disorders.
Antimicrobials include, for example, the broad classes of
penicillins, cephalosporins and other beta-lactams,
aminoglycosides, azoles, quinolones, macrolides, rifamycins,
tetracyclines, sulfonamides, lincosamides and polymyxins. The
penicillins include, but are not limited to penicillin G,
penicillin V, methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin,
dicloxacillin, floxacillin, ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam,
amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, hetacillin, cyclacillin,
bacampicillin, carbenicillin, carbenicillin indanyl, ticarcillin,
ticarcillin/clavulanate, azlocillin, mezlocillin, peperacillin, and
mecillinam. The cephalosporins and other beta-lactams include, but
are not limited to cephalothin, cephapirin, cephalexin, cephradine,
cefazolin, cefadroxil, cefaclor, cefamandole, cefotetan, cefoxitin,
ceruroxime, cefonicid, ceforadine, cefixime, cefotaxime,
moxalactam, ceftizoxime, cetriaxone, cephoperazone, ceftazidime,
imipenem and aztreonam. The aminoglycosides include, but are not
limited to streptomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin,
netilmicin, kanamycin and neomycin. The azoles include, but are not
limited to fluconazole. The quinolones include, but are not limited
to nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, enoxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin,
sparfloxacin and temafloxacin. The macrolides include, but are not
limited to erythomycin, spiramycin and azithromycin. The rifamycins
include, but are not limited to rifampin. The tetracyclines
include, but are not limited to spicycline, chlortetracycline,
clomocycline, demeclocycline, deoxycycline, guamecycline,
lymecycline, meclocycline, methacycline, minocycline,
oxytetracycline, penimepicycline, pipacycline, rolitetracycline,
sancycline, senociclin and tetracycline. The sulfonamides include,
but are not limited to sulfanilamide, sulfamethoxazole,
sulfacetamide, sulfadiazine, sulfisoxazole and co-trimoxazole
(trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole). The lincosamides include, but are
not limited to clindamycin and lincomycin. The polymyxins
(polypeptides) include, but are not limited to polymyxin B and
colistin.
Human E3.alpha. Compositions and Administration
[0287] Therapeutic compositions are within the scope of the present
invention. Such compositions may comprise a therapeutically
effective amount of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, including a
fragment, variant, derivative, or one or more selective binding
agents which either inhibit or stimulate an activity of huE3.alpha.
in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable agent such as a
pharmaceutically acceptable formulation agent; wherein huE3.alpha.
refers to the polypeptide sequence of huE3.alpha.I or
huE3.alpha.II.
[0288] Human E3.alpha. pharmaceutical compositions typically
include a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of
huE3.alpha. polypeptide, (an inhibitor of huE3.alpha. action)
nucleic acid molecule or selective binding agent in a mixture with
one or more pharmaceutically and physiologically acceptable
formulation agents selected for suitability with the mode of
administration. Suitable formulation materials or pharmaceutically
acceptable agents include, but are not limited to, antioxidants,
preservatives, coloring, flavoring and diluting agents, emulsifying
agents, suspending agents, solvents, fillers, bulking agents,
buffers, delivery vehicles, diluents, excipients and/or
pharmaceutical adjuvants. For example, a suitable vehicle or
carrier may be water for injection, physiological saline solution,
or artificial cerebrospinal fluid, possibly supplemented with other
materials common in compositions for parenteral administration.
Neutral buffered saline or saline mixed with serum albumin are
further exemplary vehicles. The term "pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier" or "physiologically acceptable carrier" as used herein
refers to one or more formulation agents suitable for accomplishing
or enhancing the delivery of the huE3.alpha. polypeptide, nucleic
acid molecule or selective binding agent as a pharmaceutical
composition.
[0289] Acceptable formulation materials preferably are nontoxic to
recipients and are preferably inert at the dosages and
concentrations employed. The materials may include buffers such as
phosphate, citrate, or other organic acids; antioxidants such as
ascorbic acid; low molecular weight polypeptides; proteins, such as
serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers
such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine,
glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine; monosaccharides,
disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose,
or dextrins; chelating agents such as ethylenediamine tetraacetic
acid (EDTA); sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol;
salt-forming counterions such as sodium; and/or nonionic
surfactants such as tween, pluronics, or polyethylene glycol
(PEG).
[0290] Typically, a huE3.alpha. molecule pharmaceutical composition
will be administered in the form of a composition comprising a
purified polypeptide, in conjunction with one or more
physiologically acceptable agents. It will be appreciated that when
used herein, the term "huE3.alpha. molecule pharmaceutical
composition" also encompasses compositions containing a nucleic
acid molecule or selective binding agent of the present
invention.
[0291] Neutral buffered saline or saline mixed with serum albumin
are exemplary appropriate carriers. Other standard pharmaceutically
acceptable agents such as diluents and excipients may be included
as desired. For example, the huE3.alpha. polypeptide product may be
formulated as a lyophilizate using appropriate excipients such as
sucrose. Other exemplary pharmaceutical compositions comprise Tris
buffer of about pH 7.0-8.5, or acetate buffer of about pH 4.0-5.5,
which may further include sorbitol or a suitable substitute
therefor.
[0292] The primary vehicle or carrier in a pharmaceutical
composition may be either aqueous or non-aqueous in nature. In
addition, the composition may contain other formulation materials
for modifying or maintaining the pH, osmolarity, viscosity,
clarity, color, sterility, stability, rate of dissolution, or odor
of the formulation. Similarly, the composition may contain
additional formulation materials for modifying or maintaining the
rate of release of huE3.alpha. polypeptide, nucleic acid molecule
or selective binding agent, or for promoting the absorption or
penetration of huE3.alpha. such molecules.
[0293] The huE3.alpha. molecule pharmaceutical compositions can be
administered parenterally. Alternatively, the compositions may be
administered through the digestive tract, such as orally, or by
inhalation. When parenterally administered, the therapeutic
compositions for use in this invention may be in the form of a
pyrogen-free, parenterally acceptable aqueous solution. The
preparation of such pharmaceutically acceptable compositions, with
due regard to pH, isotonicity, stability and the like, is within
the skill of the art.
[0294] A particularly suitable vehicle for parenteral injection is
sterile distilled water in which a huE3.alpha. polypeptide is
formulated as a sterile, isotonic solution, properly preserved. Yet
another preparation can involve the formulation of the desired
molecule with an agent, such as injectable microspheres,
bio-erodible particles or beads, or liposomes, that provides for
the controlled or sustained release of the product which may then
be delivered as a depot injection. Other suitable means for the
introduction of the desired molecule include implantable drug
delivery devices.
[0295] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may
include other components, for example parenterally acceptable
preservatives, tonicity agents, cosolvents, wetting agents,
complexing agents, buffering agents, antimicrobials, antioxidants
and surfactants, as are well known in the art. For example,
suitable tonicity enhancing agents include alkali metal halides
(preferably sodium or potassium chloride), mannitol, sorbitol, and
the like. Suitable preservatives include, but are not limited to,
benzalkonium chloride, thimerosal, phenethyl alcohol,
methylparaben, propylparaben, chlorhexidine, sorbic acid, and the
like. Hydrogen peroxide may also be used as preservative. Suitable
cosolvents are for example glycerin, propylene glycol and
polyethylene glycol. Suitable complexing agents are for example
caffeine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, beta-cyclodextrin or
hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin. Suitable surfactants or wetting
agents include sorbitan esters, polysorbates such as polysorbate
80, tromethamine, lecithin, cholesterol, tyloxapal, and the like.
The buffers can be conventional buffers such as borate, citrate,
phosphate, bicarbonate, or Tris-HCl.
[0296] The formulation components are present in concentrations
that are acceptable to the site of administration. For example,
buffers are used to maintain the composition at physiological pH or
at slightly lower pH, typically within a pH range of from about 5
to about 8.
[0297] In one embodiment of the present invention, huE3.alpha.
polypeptide compositions may be prepared for storage by mixing the
selected composition having the desired degree of purity with
optional physiologically acceptable carriers, excipients, or
stabilizers (Remington's pharmaceutical sciences, 18.sup.th
edition, A. R. Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Company (1990)) in the
form of a lyophilized cake or an aqueous solution.
[0298] The optimal pharmaceutical formulation will be determined by
one skilled in the art depending upon, for example, the intended
route of administration, delivery format, and desired dosage. See
for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, pp. 1435-1712.
Such compositions may influence the physical state, stability, rate
of in vivo release, and rate of in vivo clearance of the present
huE3.alpha. polypeptides.
[0299] An effective amount of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide composition
to be employed therapeutically will depend, for example, upon the
therapeutic objectives such as the indication for which the
huE3.alpha. polypeptide is being used, the route of administration,
and the condition of the patient. Accordingly, the clinician may
titer the dosage and modify the route of administration to obtain
the optimal therapeutic effect. A typical dosage may range from
about 0.1 .mu.g/kg to up to about 100 mg/kg or more, depending on
the factors mentioned above. In other embodiments, the dosage may
range from 1 .mu.g/kg up to about 100 mg/kg; or 5 .mu.g/kg up to
about 100 mg/kg; or 0.1 .mu.g/kg up to about 100 mg/kg; or 1
.mu.g/kg up to about 100 mg/kg.
[0300] Typically, a clinician will administer the composition until
a dosage is reached that achieves the desired effect. The
composition may therefore be administered as a single dose, or as
two or more doses (which may or may not contain the same amount of
the desired molecule) over time, or as a continuous infusion via
implantation device or catheter.
[0301] One skilled in the art will appreciate that the appropriate
dosage levels for treatment will thus vary depending, in part, upon
the molecule delivered, the therapeutic context, type of disorder
under treatment, the age, and general health of the recipient.
[0302] The huE3.alpha. molecule pharmaceutical composition to be
used for in vivo administration typically must be sterile. This may
be accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes.
Where the composition is lyophilized, sterilization using these
methods may be conducted either prior to, or following,
lyophilization and reconstitution. The composition for parenteral
administration may be stored in lyophilized form or in solution. In
addition, parenteral compositions generally are placed into a
container having a sterile access port, for example, an intravenous
solution bag or vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic
injection needle.
[0303] Once the pharmaceutical composition has been formulated, it
may be stored in sterile vials as a solution, suspension, gel,
emulsion, solid, or a dehydrated or lyophilized powder. Such
formulations may be stored either in a ready-to-use form or in a
form (e.g., lyophilized) requiring reconstitution prior to
administration.
[0304] In a specific embodiment, the present invention is directed
to kits for producing a single-dose administration unit. The kits
may each contain both a first container having a dried protein and
a second container having an aqueous formulation. Also included
within the scope of this invention are kits containing single and
multi-chambered pre-filled syringes (e.g., liquid syringes and
lyosyringes).
[0305] An effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition to be
employed therapeutically will depend, for example, upon the
therapeutic context and objectives. One skilled in the art will
appreciate that the appropriate dosage levels for treatment will
thus vary depending, in part, upon the molecule delivered, the
indication for which the molecule is being used, the route of
administration, and the size (body weight, body surface or organ
size) and condition (the age and general health) of the patient.
Accordingly, the clinician may titer the dosage and modify the
route of administration to obtain the optimal therapeutic effect. A
typical dosage may range from about 0.1 mg/kg to up to about 100
mg/kg or more, depending on the factors mentioned above. In other
embodiments, the dosage may range from 0.1 mg/kg up to about 100
mg/kg; or 1 mg/kg up to about 100 mg/kg; or 5 mg/kg up to about 100
mg/kg.
[0306] The frequency of dosing will depend upon the pharmacokinetic
parameters of the molecule in the formulation used. Typically, a
clinician will administer the composition until a dosage is reached
that achieves the desired effect. The composition may therefore be
administered as a single dose, or as two or more doses (which may
or may not contain the same amount of the desired molecule) over
time, or as a continuous infusion via implantation device or
catheter.
[0307] Pharmaceutical compositions such as (1) slow-release
formulations, (2) inhalant mists, or (3) orally active formulations
are also envisioned. The huE3.alpha. molecule pharmaceutical
composition generally is formulated for parenteral administration.
Such parenterally administered therapeutic compositions are
typically in the form of a pyrogen-free, parenterally acceptable
aqueous solution comprising the desired huE3.alpha. molecule in a
pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. The huE3.alpha. molecule
pharmaceutical compositions also may include particulate
preparations of polymeric compounds such as polylactic acid,
polyglycolic acid, etc. or the introduction of the molecule into
liposomes. Hyaluronic acid may also be used, and this may have the
effect of promoting sustained duration in the circulation.
[0308] In one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition may be
formulated for inhalation. For example, huE3.alpha. polypeptide may
be formulated as a dry powder for inhalation. Human E3.alpha.
polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule inhalation solutions may also
be formulated in a liquefied propellant for aerosol delivery, with
or without a liquified propellant. In yet another embodiment,
solutions may be nebulized. Pulmonary administration is further
described in PCT WO94/20069, which describes pulmonary delivery of
chemically modified proteins.
[0309] It is also contemplated that certain formulations may be
administered orally. In one embodiment of the present invention,
huE3.alpha. polypeptides which are administered in this fashion can
be formulated with or without those carriers customarily used in
the compounding of solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules.
For example, a capsule may be designed to release the active
portion of the formulation at the point in the gastrointestinal
tract when bioavailability is maximized and pre-systemic
degradation is minimized. Additional agents can be included to
facilitate absorption of the huE3.alpha. polypeptide. Diluents,
flavorings, low melting point waxes, vegetable oils, lubricants,
suspending agents, tablet disintegrating agents, and binders may
also be employed.
[0310] Another pharmaceutical composition may involve an effective
quantity of huE3.alpha. polypeptides in a mixture with non-toxic
excipients which are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. By
dissolving the tablets in sterile water, or other appropriate
vehicle, solutions can be prepared in unit dose form. Suitable
excipients include, but are not limited to, inert diluents, such as
calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate or bicarbonate, lactose, or
calcium phosphate; or binding agents, such as starch, gelatin, or
acacia; or lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic
acid, or talc.
[0311] Additional huE3.alpha. molecule formulations will be evident
to those skilled in the art, including formulations involving
huE3.alpha. molecules in combination with one or more other
therapeutic agents. Techniques for formulating a variety of other
sustained- or controlled-delivery means, such as liposome carriers,
bio-erodible microparticles or porous beads and depot injections,
are also known to those skilled in the art. See for example,
PCT/US93/00829 which describes controlled release of porous
polymeric microparticles for the delivery of pharmaceutical
compositions.
[0312] Additional examples of sustained-release preparations
include semipermeable polymer matrices in the form of shaped
articles, e.g. films, or microcapsules. Sustained release matrices
may include polyesters, hydrogels, polylactides (U.S. Pat. No.
3,773,919, EP 58,481), copolymers of L-glutamic acid and gamma
ethyl-L-glutamate (Sidman et al., Biopolymers, 22: 547-556, 1983),
poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate) (Langer et al., J. Biomed. Mater.
Res., 15: 167-27, 1981; and Langer, Chem. Tech., 12: 98-105, 1982),
ethylene vinyl acetate (Langer et al., supra) or
poly-D(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid (EP 133,988). Sustained-release
compositions also may include liposomes, which can be prepared by
any of several methods known in the art. (See e.g., Eppstein et
al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82: 3688-3692, 1985; EP 36,676; EP
88,046; EP 143,949.)
[0313] Regardless of the manner of administration, the specific
dose may be calculated according to body weight, body surface area
or organ size. Further refinement of the appropriate dosage is
routinely made by those of ordinary skill in the art and is within
the ambit of tasks routinely performed by them. Appropriate dosages
may be ascertained through use of appropriate dose-response
data.
[0314] The route of administration of the pharmaceutical
composition is in accord with known methods, e.g. oral, inhalation,
injection or infusion by intravenous, intraperitoneal,
intracerebral (intra-parenchymal), intracerebroventricular,
intramuscular, intra-ocular, intraarterial, intraportal, or
intralesional routes, or by sustained release systems or
implantation device. Where desired, the compositions may be
administered continuously by infusion, by bolus injection devices
or by implantation device.
[0315] Alternatively or additionally, the composition may be
administered locally via implantation into the affected area of a
membrane, sponge, or other appropriate material on to which the
desired molecule has been absorbed or encapsulated. Where an
implantation device is used, the device may be implanted into any
suitable tissue or organ, and delivery of the desired molecule may
be directly through the device via diffusion, time-released bolus,
or via continuous administration, or via catheter using continuous
infusion.
[0316] It will further be appreciated that the huE3.alpha.
polypeptides, including fragments, variants, and derivatives, may
be employed alone, together, or in combination with other
polypeptides and pharmaceutical compositions. For example, the
huE3.alpha. polypeptides may be used in combination with cytokines,
growth factors, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and/or
chemotherapeutic agents as is appropriate for the indication being
treated.
[0317] In some cases, it may be desirable to use huE3.alpha.
pharmaceutical compositions in an ex vivo manner. In such
instances, cells, tissues, or organs that have been removed from
the patient are exposed to huE3.alpha. pharmaceutical compositions
after which the cells, tissues and/or organs are subsequently
implanted back into the patient.
[0318] In other cases, a huE3.alpha. polypeptide can be delivered
by implanting certain cells that have been genetically engineered,
using methods such as those described herein, to express and
secrete the polypeptides. Such cells may be animal or human cells,
and may be autologous, heterologous, or xenogeneic. Optionally, the
cells may be immortalized. However, in order to decrease the chance
of an immunological response, the cells may be encapsulated to
avoid infiltration of surrounding tissues. The encapsulation
materials are typically biocompatible, semi-permeable polymeric
enclosures or membranes that allow the release of the protein
product(s) but prevent the destruction of the cells by the
patient's immune system or by other detrimental factors from the
surrounding tissues.
[0319] Additional embodiments of the present invention relate to
cells and methods (e.g., homologous recombination and/or other
recombinant production methods) for both the in vitro production of
therapeutic polypeptides by means of homologous recombination and
for the production and delivery of therapeutic polypeptides by gene
therapy or cell therapy.
[0320] It is further envisioned that huE3.alpha. polypeptides can
be produced by homologous recombination, or with recombinant
production methods utilizing control elements introduced into cells
already containing DNA encoding huE3.alpha. polypeptides. For
example, homologous recombination methods may be used to modify a
cell that contains a normally transcriptionally silent huE3.alpha.
gene, or an under expressed gene, and thereby produce a cell which
expresses therapeutically efficacious amounts of huE3.alpha.
polypeptides. Homologous recombination is a technique originally
developed for targeting genes to induce or correct mutations in
transcriptionally active genes. Kucherlapati, Prog. in Nucl. Acid
Res. & Mol. Biol., 36:301, 1989. The basic technique was
developed as a method for introducing specific mutations into
specific regions of the mammalian genome (Thomas et al., Cell, 44:
419-428, 1986; Thomas and Capecchi, Cell, 51:503-512, 1987;
Doetschman et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 85: 8583-8587, 1988) or
to correct specific mutations within defective genes (Doetschman et
al., Nature, 330: 576-578, 1987). Exemplary homologous
recombination techniques are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,272,071
(EP 9193051, EP Publication No. 505500; PCT/US90/07642,
International Publication No. WO 91/09955).
[0321] Through homologous recombination, the DNA sequence to be
inserted into the genome can be directed to a specific region of
the gene of interest by attaching it to targeting DNA. The
targeting DNA is a nucleotide sequence that is complementary
(homologous) to a region of the genomic DNA. Small pieces of
targeting DNA that are complementary to a specific region of the
genome are put in contact with the parental strand during the DNA
replication process. It is a general property of DNA that has been
inserted into a cell to hybridize, and therefore, recombine with
other pieces of endogenous DNA through shared homologous regions.
If this complementary strand is attached to an oligonucleotide that
contains a mutation or a different sequence or an additional
nucleotide, it too is incorporated into the newly synthesized
strand as a result of the recombination. As a result of the
proofreading function, it is possible for the new sequence of DNA
to serve as the template. Thus, the transferred DNA is incorporated
into the genome.
[0322] Attached to these pieces of targeting DNA are regions of DNA
which may interact with or control the expression of a huE3.alpha.
polypeptide, e.g., flanking sequences. For example, a
promoter/enhancer element, a suppressor, or an exogenous
transcription modulatory element is inserted in the genome of the
intended host cell in proximity and orientation sufficient to
influence the transcription of DNA encoding the desired huE3.alpha.
polypeptide. The control element controls a portion of the DNA
present in the host cell genome. Thus, the expression of
huE3.alpha. polypeptide may be achieved not by transfection of DNA
that encodes the huE3.alpha. gene itself, but rather by the use of
targeting DNA (containing regions of homology with the endogenous
gene of interest) coupled with DNA regulatory segments that provide
the endogenous gene sequence with recognizable signals for
transcription of a huE3.alpha. polypeptide.
[0323] In an exemplary method, the expression of a desired targeted
gene in a cell (i.e., a desired endogenous cellular gene) is
altered by the introduction, by homologous recombination into the
cellular genome at a preselected site, by the introduction of DNA
which includes at least a regulatory sequence, an exon and a splice
donor site. These components are introduced into the chromosomal
(genomic) DNA in such a manner that this, in effect, results in the
production of a new transcription unit (in which the regulatory
sequence, the exon and the splice donor site present in the DNA
construct are operatively linked to the endogenous gene). As a
result of the introduction of these components into the chromosomal
DNA, the expression of the desired endogenous gene is altered.
[0324] Altered gene expression, as described herein, encompasses
activating (or causing to be expressed) a gene which is normally
silent (unexpressed) in the cell as obtained, as well as increasing
the expression of a gene which is not expressed at physiologically
significant levels in the cell as obtained. The embodiments further
encompass changing the pattern of regulation or induction such that
it is different from the pattern of regulation or induction that
occurs in the cell as obtained, and reducing (including
eliminating) the expression of a gene which is expressed in the
cell as obtained.
[0325] One method by which homologous recombination can be used to
increase, or cause, huE3.alpha. polypeptide production from a
cell's endogenous huE3.alpha. gene involves first using homologous
recombination to place a recombination sequence from a
site-specific recombination system (e.g., Cre/loxP, FLP/FRT)
(Sauer, Current Opinion In Biotechnology, 5: 521-527, 1994; Sauer,
Methods In Enzymology, 225: 890-900, 1993) upstream (that is, 5'
to) of the cell's endogenous genomic huE3.alpha. coding region. A
plasmid containing a recombination site homologous to the site that
was placed just upstream of the genomic huE3.alpha. coding region
is introduced into the modified cell line along with the
appropriate recombinase enzyme. This recombinase causes the plasmid
to integrate, via the plasmid's recombination site, into the
recombination site located just upstream of the genomic huE3.alpha.
coding region in the cell line (Baubonis and Sauer, Nucleic Acids
Res., 21: 2025-2029, 1993; O'Gorman et al., Science, 251:
1351-1355, 1991). Any flanking sequences known to increase
transcription (e.g., enhancer/promoter, intron, translational
enhancer), if properly positioned in this plasmid, would integrate
in such a manner as to create a new or modified transcriptional
unit resulting in de novo or increased huE3.alpha. polypeptide
production from the cell's endogenous huE3.alpha. gene.
[0326] A further method to use the cell line in which the site
specific recombination sequence had been placed just upstream of
the cell's endogenous genomic huE3.alpha. coding region is to use
homologous recombination to introduce a second recombination site
elsewhere in the cell line's genome. The appropriate recombinase
enzyme is then introduced into the two-recombination-site cell
line, causing a recombination event (deletion, inversion,
translocation) (Sauer, Current Opinion In Biotechnology, 5:
521-527, 1994; Sauer, Methods In Enzymology, 225: 890-900, 1993)
that would create a new or modified transcriptional unit resulting
in de novo or increased huE3.alpha. polypeptide production from the
cell's endogenous huE3.alpha. gene.
[0327] An additional approach for increasing, or causing, the
expression of huE3.alpha. polypeptide from a cell's endogenous
huE3.alpha. gene involves increasing, or causing, the expression of
a gene or genes (e.g., transcription factors) and/or decreasing the
expression of a gene or genes (e.g., transcriptional repressors) in
a manner which results in de novo or increased huE3.alpha.
polypeptide production from the cell's endogenous huE3.alpha. gene.
This method includes the introduction of a non-naturally occurring
polypeptide (e.g., a polypeptide comprising a site specific DNA
binding domain fused to a transcriptional factor domain) into the
cell such that de novo or increased huE3.alpha. polypeptide
production from the cell's endogenous huE3.alpha. gene results.
[0328] The present invention further relates to DNA constructs
useful in the method of altering expression of a target gene. In
certain embodiments, the exemplary DNA constructs comprise: (a) one
or more targeting sequences; (b) a regulatory sequence; (c) an
exon; and (d) an unpaired splice-donor site. The targeting sequence
in the DNA construct directs the integration of elements (a)-(d)
into a target gene in a cell such that the elements (b)-(d) are
operatively linked to sequences of the endogenous target gene. In
another embodiment, the DNA constructs comprise: (a) one or more
targeting sequences, (b) a regulatory sequence, (c) an exon, (d) a
splice-donor site, (e) an intron, and (f) a splice-acceptor site,
wherein the targeting sequence directs the integration of elements
(a)-(f) such that the elements of (b)-(f) are operatively linked to
the endogenous gene. The targeting sequence is homologous to the
preselected site in the cellular chromosomal DNA with which
homologous recombination is to occur. In the construct, the exon is
generally 3' of the regulatory sequence and the splice-donor site
is 3' of the exon.
[0329] If the sequence of a particular gene is known, such as the
nucleic acid sequence encoding a huE3.alpha. polypeptide presented
herein, a piece of DNA that is complementary to a selected region
of the gene can be synthesized or otherwise obtained, such as by
appropriate restriction of the native DNA at specific recognition
sites bounding the region of interest. This piece serves as a
targeting sequence upon insertion into the cell and will hybridize
to its homologous region within the genome. If this hybridization
occurs during DNA replication, this piece of DNA, and any
additional sequence attached thereto, will act as an Okazaki
fragment and will be incorporated into the newly synthesized
daughter strand of DNA. The present invention, therefore, includes
nucleotides encoding a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, which nucleotides
may be used as targeting sequences.
[0330] Human E3.alpha. polypeptide cell therapy, e.g., the
implantation of cells producing huE3.alpha. polypeptides, is also
contemplated. This embodiment involves implanting cells capable of
synthesizing and secreting a biologically active form of
huE3.alpha. polypeptide. Such huE3.alpha. polypeptide-producing
cells can be cells that are natural producers of huE3.alpha.
polypeptides or may be recombinant cells whose ability to produce
huE3.alpha. polypeptides has been augmented by transformation with
a gene encoding the desired huE3.alpha. polypeptide or with a gene
augmenting the expression of huE3.alpha. polypeptide. Such a
modification may be accomplished by means of a vector suitable for
delivering the gene as well as promoting its expression and
secretion. In order to minimize a potential immunological reaction
in patients being administered a huE3.alpha. polypeptide, as may
occur with the administration of a polypeptide of a foreign
species, it is preferred that the natural cells producing
huE3.alpha. polypeptide be of human origin and produce huE3.alpha.
polypeptide. Likewise, it is preferred that the recombinant cells
producing huE3.alpha. polypeptide be transformed with an expression
vector containing a gene encoding a human huE3.alpha.
polypeptide.
[0331] Implanted cells may be encapsulated to avoid the
infiltration of surrounding tissue. Human or non-human animal cells
may be implanted in patients in biocompatible, semipermeable
polymeric enclosures or membranes that allow the release of
huE3.alpha. polypeptide, but that prevent the destruction of the
cells by the patient's immune system or by other detrimental
factors from the surrounding tissue. Alternatively, the patient's
own cells, transformed to produce huE3.alpha. polypeptides ex vivo,
may be implanted directly into the patient without such
encapsulation.
[0332] Techniques for the encapsulation of living cells are known
in the art, and the preparation of the encapsulated cells and their
implantation in patients may be routinely accomplished. For
example, Baetge et al. (WO95/05452; PCT/US94/09299) describe
membrane capsules containing genetically engineered cells for the
effective delivery of biologically active molecules. The capsules
are biocompatible and are easily retrievable. The capsules
encapsulate cells transfected with recombinant DNA molecules
comprising DNA sequences coding for biologically active molecules
operatively linked to promoters that are not subject to down
regulation in vivo upon implantation into a mammalian host. The
devices provide for the delivery of the molecules from living cells
to specific sites within a recipient. In addition, see U.S. Pat.
Nos. 4,892,538, 5,011,472, and 5,106,627. A system for
encapsulating living cells is described in PCT Application
WO91/10425 of Aebischer et al. See also, PCT Application WO91/10470
of Aebischer et al., Winn et al., Exper. Neurol., 113: 322-329,
1991, Aebischer et al., Exper. Neurol., 111: 269-275, 1991; and
Tresco et al., ASAIO, 38: 17-23, 1992.
[0333] In vivo and in vitro gene therapy delivery of huE3.alpha.
polypeptides is also envisioned. In vivo gene therapy may be
accomplished by introducing the gene encoding huE3.alpha.
polypeptide into cells via local injection of a huE3.alpha. nucleic
acid molecule or by other appropriate viral or non-viral delivery
vectors (Hefti, Neurobiology, 25: 1418-1435, 1994). For example, a
nucleic acid molecule encoding a huE3.alpha. polypeptide may be
contained in an adeno-associated virus vector for delivery to the
targeted cells (e.g., Johnson, International Publication No.
WO95/34670; International Application No. PCT/US95/07178). The
recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) genome typically contains
AAV inverted terminal repeats flanking a DNA sequence encoding a
huE3.alpha. polypeptide operably linked to functional promoter and
polyadenylation sequences.
[0334] Alternative suitable viral vectors include, but are not
limited to, retrovirus, adenovirus, herpes simplex virus,
lentivirus, hepatitis virus, parvovirus, papovavirus, poxvirus,
alphavirus, coronavirus, rhabdovirus, paramyxovirus, and papilloma
virus vectors. U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,344 describes an in vivo
viral-mediated gene transfer system involving a recombinant
neurotrophic HSV-1 vector. U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,346 provides
examples of a process for providing a patient with a therapeutic
protein by the delivery of human cells which have been treated in
vitro to insert a DNA segment encoding a therapeutic protein.
Additional methods and materials for the practice of gene therapy
techniques are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,236 involving
adenoviral vectors; U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,510 involving retroviral
vectors; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,399 involving retroviral vectors
expressing cytokines.
[0335] Nonviral delivery methods include, but are not limited to,
liposome-mediated transfer, naked DNA delivery (direct injection),
receptor-mediated transfer (ligand-DNA complex), electroporation,
calcium phosphate precipitation, and microparticle bombardment
(e.g., gene gun). Gene therapy materials and methods may also
include the use of inducible promoters, tissue-specific
enhancer-promoters, DNA sequences designed for site-specific
integration, DNA sequences capable of providing a selective
advantage over the parent cell, labels to identify transformed
cells, negative selection systems and expression control systems
(safety measures), cell-specific binding agents (for cell
targeting), cell-specific internalization factors, and
transcription factors to enhance expression by a vector as well as
methods of vector manufacture. Such additional methods and
materials for the practice of gene therapy techniques are described
in U.S. Pat. No. 4,970,154 involving electroporation techniques;
WO96/40958 involving nuclear ligands; U.S. Pat. No. 5,679,559
describing a lipoprotein-containing system for gene delivery; U.S.
Pat. No. 5,676,954 involving liposome carriers; U.S. Pat. No.
5,593,875 concerning methods for calcium phosphate transfection;
and U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050 wherein biologically active particles
are propelled at cells at a speed whereby the particles penetrate
the surface of the cells and become incorporated into the interior
of the cells.
[0336] In yet other embodiments, regulatory elements can be
included for the controlled expression of the huE3.alpha. gene in
the target cell. Such elements are turned on in response to an
appropriate effector. In this way, a therapeutic polypeptide can be
expressed when desired. One conventional control means involves the
use of small molecule dimerizers or rapalogs (as described in
WO9641865 (PCT/US96/099486); WO9731898 (PCT/US97/03137) and
WO9731899 (PCT/US95/03157)) used to dimerize chimeric proteins
which contain a small molecule-binding domain and a domain capable
of initiating biological process, such as a DNA-binding protein or
transcriptional activation protein. The dimerization of the
proteins can be used to initiate transcription of the huE3.alpha.
gene.
[0337] Other suitable control means or gene switches include, but
are not limited to, the following systems. Mifepristone (RU486) is
used as a progesterone antagonist. The binding of a modified
progesterone receptor ligand-binding domain to the progesterone
antagonist activates transcription by forming a dimer of two
transcription factors which then pass into the nucleus to bind DNA.
The ligand binding domain is modified to eliminate the ability of
the receptor to bind to the natural ligand. The modified steroid
hormone receptor system is further described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,364,791; WO9640911, and WO9710337.
[0338] Yet another control system uses ecdysone (a fruit fly
steroid hormone) which binds to and activates an ecdysone receptor
(cytoplasmic receptor). The receptor then translocates to the
nucleus to bind a specific DNA response element (promoter from
ecdysone-responsive gene). The ecdysone receptor includes a
transactivation domain/DNA-binding domain/ligand-binding domain to
initiate transcription. The ecdysone system is further described in
U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,578; WO9738117; WO9637609; and WO9303162.
[0339] Another control means uses a positive
tetracycline-controllable transactivator. This system involves a
mutated tet repressor protein DNA-binding domain (mutated tet R-4
amino acid changes which resulted in a reverse
tetracycline-regulated transactivator protein, i.e., it binds to a
tet operator in the presence of tetracycline) linked to a
polypeptide which activates transcription. Such systems are
described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,464,758; 5,650,298 and 5,654,168.
[0340] Additional expression control systems and nucleic acid
constructs are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,741,679 and 5,834,186
to Innovir Laboratories Inc.
[0341] One example of a gene therapy technique is to use the
huE3.alpha. gene (either genomic DNA, cDNA, and/or synthetic DNA
encoding a huE3.alpha. polypeptide which may be operably linked to
a constitutive or inducible promoter to form a "gene therapy DNA
construct". The promoter may be homologous or heterologous to the
endogenous huE3.alpha. gene, provided that it is active in the cell
or tissue type into which the construct will be inserted. Other
components of the gene therapy DNA construct may optionally
include, DNA molecules designed for site-specific integration
(e.g., endogenous sequences useful for homologous recombination),
tissue-specific promoter, enhancer(s) or silencer(s), DNA molecules
capable of providing a selective advantage over the parent cell,
DNA molecules useful as labels to identify transformed cells,
negative selection systems, cell specific binding agents (as, for
example, for cell targeting), cell-specific internalization
factors, and transcription factors to enhance expression by a
vector as well as factors to enable vector manufacture.
[0342] This gene therapy DNA construct can then be introduced into
cells (either ex vivo or in vivo). One means for introducing the
gene therapy DNA construct is by means of viral vectors as
described herein. Certain vectors, such as retroviral vectors, will
deliver the gene therapy DNA construct to the chromosomal DNA of
the cells, and the gene therapy DNA construct can integrate into
the chromosomal DNA. Other vectors will function as episomes, and
the gene therapy DNA construct will remain in the cytoplasm.
[0343] Another means to increase endogenous huE3.alpha. polypeptide
expression in a cell via gene therapy is to insert one or more
enhancer elements into the huE3.alpha. polypeptide promoter, where
the enhancer element(s) can serve to increase transcriptional
activity of the huE3.alpha. gene. The enhancer element(s) used will
be selected based on the tissue in which one desires to activate
the gene(s); enhancer elements known to confer promoter activation
in that tissue will be selected. For example, if a gene encoding a
huE3.alpha. polypeptide is to be "turned on" in T-cells, the lck
promoter enhancer element may be used. Here, the functional portion
of the transcriptional element to be added may be inserted into a
fragment of DNA containing the huE3.alpha. polypeptide promoter
(and optionally, inserted into a vector and/or 5' and/or 3'
flanking sequence(s), etc.) using standard cloning techniques. This
construct, known as a "homologous recombination construct", can
then be introduced into the desired cells either ex vivo or in
vivo.
[0344] Gene therapy can be used to decrease huE3.alpha. polypeptide
expression by modifying the nucleotide sequence of the endogenous
promoter(s). Such modification is typically accomplished via
homologous recombination methods. For example, a DNA molecule
containing all or a portion of the promoter of the huE3.alpha.
gene(s) selected for inactivation can be engineered to remove
and/or replace pieces of the promoter that regulate transcription.
For example the TATA box and/or the binding site of a
transcriptional activator of the promoter may be deleted using
standard molecular biology techniques; such deletion can inhibit
promoter activity thereby repressing the transcription of the
corresponding huE3.alpha. gene. The deletion of the TATA box or the
transcription activator binding site in the promoter may be
accomplished by generating a DNA construct comprising all or the
relevant portion of the huE3.alpha. polypeptide promoter(s) (from
the same or a related species as the huE3.alpha. gene(s) to be
regulated) in which one or more of the TATA box and/or
transcriptional activator binding site nucleotides are mutated via
substitution, deletion and/or insertion of one or more nucleotides.
As a result, the TATA box and/or activator binding site has
decreased activity or is rendered completely inactive. This
construct, which also will typically contain at least about 500
bases of DNA that correspond to the native (endogenous) 5' and 3'
DNA sequences adjacent to the promoter segment that has been
modified, may be introduced into the appropriate cells (either ex
vivo or in vivo) either directly or via a viral vector as described
herein. Typically, the integration of the construct into the
genomic DNA of the cells will be via homologous recombination,
where the 5' and 3' DNA sequences in the promoter construct can
serve to help integrate the modified promoter region via
hybridization to the endogenous chromosomal DNA.
[0345] Other gene therapy methods may also be employed where it is
desirable to inhibit the activity of one or more huE3.alpha.
polypeptides. For example, antisense DNA or RNA molecules, which
have a sequence that is complementary to at least a portion of the
selected huE3.alpha. gene(s) can be introduced into the cell.
Typically, each such antisense molecule will be complementary to
the start site (5' end) of each selected huE3.alpha. gene. When the
antisense molecule then hybridizes to the corresponding huE3.alpha.
mRNA, translation of this mRNA is prevented or reduced. It will
also be appreciated by those skilled in the art that antisense and
ribozyme molecules may also be administered directly.
[0346] Alternatively, gene therapy may be employed to create a
dominant-negative inhibitor of one or more huE3.alpha.
polypeptides. In this situation, the DNA encoding a mutant full
length or truncated polypeptide of each selected huE3.alpha.
polypeptide can be prepared and introduced into the cells of a
patient using either viral or non-viral methods as described
herein. Each such mutant is typically designed to compete with
endogenous polypeptide in its biological role.
Additional Uses of huE3.alpha. Nucleic Acids and Polypeptides
[0347] Nucleic acid molecules of the present invention may be used
to map the locations of the huE3.alpha. gene and related genes on
chromosomes. Mapping may be done by techniques known in the art,
such as PCR amplification and in situ hybridization.
[0348] The nucleic acid molecules are also used as antisense
inhibitors of huE3.alpha. polypeptide expression. Such inhibition
may be effected by nucleic acid molecules which are complementary
to and hybridize to expression control sequences (triple helix
formation) or to huE3.alpha. mRNA. Antisense probes may be designed
by available techniques using the sequence of huE3.alpha. nucleic
acid molecules disclosed herein. Antisense inhibitors provide
information relating to the decrease or absence of a huE3.alpha.
polypeptide in a cell or organism.
[0349] Hybridization probes may be prepared using the huE3.alpha.
nucleic acid sequences provided herein to screen cDNA, genomic or
synthetic DNA libraries for related sequences. Regions of the DNA
and/or amino acid sequence of huE3.alpha. polypeptide that exhibit
significant identity to known sequences are readily determined
using sequence alignment algorithms as described herein and those
regions may be used to design probes for screening.
[0350] Human E3.alpha. nucleic acid molecules, as well as
fragments, variants, and/or derivatives that do not themselves
encode biologically active polypeptides, may be useful as
hybridization probes in diagnostic assays to test, either
qualitatively or quantitatively, for the presence of huE3.alpha.
DNA or corresponding RNA in mammalian tissue or bodily fluid
samples.
[0351] Human E3.alpha. polypeptide fragments, variants, and/or
derivatives, whether biologically active or not, are also useful
for preparing antibodies that bind to a huE3.alpha. polypeptide.
The antibodies may be used for in vitro diagnostic purposes,
including, but not limited to, use in labeled form to detect the
presence of huE3.alpha. polypeptide in a body fluid or cell
sample.
[0352] The full length cDNAs encoding huE3.alpha.I was subcloned
into pCR 2.1 vector (Invitrogen, Cat. #K2030-40). The full length
cDNA encoding huE3.alpha.II was subcloned into pcDNA 3.1/His A
vector (Invitrogen Cat. #V38-20). The full length cDNA encoding
muE3.alpha.II was subcloned into pCR 2.1 vector (Invitrogen). The
above plasmids were deposited on Mar. 15, 2000 to the American Type
Culture Collection, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va.
20110-2209. The plasmid containing huE3.alpha.1 is designated
PTA-1489, the plasmid containing huE3.alpha.II is designated
PTA-1490 and the plasmid containing muE3.alpha.II is designated
PTA-1488.
[0353] The following examples are intended for illustration
purposes only, and should not be construed as limiting the scope of
the invention in any way.
EXAMPLE 1
Cloning of cDNA Encoding Human E3.alpha.I
[0354] Materials and methods for cDNA cloning and analysis are
described in Sambrook et al., supra. which is incorporated herein
by reference.
[0355] BLAST analysis of the Genebank dbEST database with the full
length murine E3.alpha. ubiquitin ligase nucleotide sequence
(muE3I; Genebank Accession No.: AF061555; SEQ ID NO: 15), revealed
4 human EST sequences (Genebank accession numbers AI187306,
AI92195, AI87306, and AI400279) which potentially encode different
regions of a novel human E3.alpha. ubiquitin ligase ortholog
(huE3.alpha.I) gene. Based on these EST sequences, two sets of PCR
primers (#2282-91/2282-93 and #2282-94/2282-97) were designed.
These sequences are set out below in Table III.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE III Primer Sequence SEQ ID NO: 2282-91 CTC CTC
GAG TCT GCG TCA AAC 7 2385-35 TCT GCA TAT GTT CAG CCT TGC TA 8
2282-94 GTA TGA ACT TGC CGA GGC TTT TA 9 2294-37 CAA TAC TTT CCC
AGC CCT CAG AA 10
[0356] The primer sets #2282-91/2282-93 (SEQ ID NOS: 7 and 8) and
#2282-94/2294-37 (SEQ ID NOS: 9 and 10) were used to generate two
PCR products which span the whole huE3.alpha.I gene including the
5' and 3' untranslated regions. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR)
were performed using a Perkin-Elmer 9600 thermocycler. In general,
50 .mu.l PCR reactions contained 24 .mu.l of H.sub.2O, 5 .mu.l of
10.times. cDNA PCR Reaction Buffer (Clontech), 2 .mu.l of 10 mM
dNTP mix (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP), 1 .mu.l of Primer 2282-91 or
2282-94 (20 .mu.l), 1 .mu.l of Primer 2285-35 or 2294-37 (20
.mu.l), 2 .mu.l of 50.times. Advantage 2 Polymerase Mix (Clontech)
and 15 .mu.l of Marathon Ready cDNA from a human heart library
(Clontech cat. #7404-1) or a human muscle library (Clontech cat.
#7413-1). The reaction mixture was incubated at 94.degree. C. for
30 seconds, followed by 40 cycles of 94.degree. C. for 30 seconds,
60.degree. C. for 30 seconds, and 72.degree. C. for 5 minutes.
[0357] The PCR products were electrophoresed on a 1% agarose gel as
described by Sambrook et al., supra. The appropriate sized bands
(14 kB and 3 kB) were excised from the agarose gel and purified
with the QIAquick Gel Extraction kit (Qiagen, cat #28704). The two
purified DNA fragments were subcloned into pCR2.1 vectors and
transformed into E. coli (Strain INV.alpha.F) utilizing the
Invitrogen Original TA Cloning kit (cat. #K2000-40).
[0358] After subcloning, DNA plasmids were purified with the
QIAprep Spin Miniprep kit (cat #27104). The sequence of the PCR
products were verified by automated sequencing with the Prism 377
Sequencer and the Blg Dye Terminator Ready Reaction mix with
AmpliTaq DNA polymerase (Perkin Elmer Applied Biosystems). Each
sequencing reaction was performed in a Perkin Elmer 9600
thermocycler with 25 cycles of 96.degree. C. for 10 seconds,
50.degree. C. for 5 seconds and 60.degree. C. for 2 minutes. The
samples were purified using Centriflex Gel Filtration cartridges
(Edge Biosystems). The samples were heated to 85.degree. C. for 2
minutes and inserted into the Prism 377 Sequencer. The sequences
were analyzed using the Sequnecher.TM. Sequence Analysis software
(Gene Codes Corp.). The sequences of the PCR product generated from
human heart and human muscle were identical. The full length
huE3.alpha.I clone was obtained by ligating the two PCR products
together at their XbaI site.
[0359] The nucleic acid sequence of huE3.alpha.I (SEQ ID NO: 1),
consists of an open reading frame of 5247 nucleotides which encodes
a 1749 amino acid polypeptide, in addition to 695 bp in the 5'
untranslated region and 362 bp in the 3' untranslated region.
Alignment of the human and mouse amino acid sequence, as shown in
FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NOS: 2 and 15, respectively), exhibited 92.5%
overall sequence identity.
[0360] In the present invention, a novel full length human
E3.alpha. cDNA (huE3.alpha.I; SEQ ID NO: 1) was isolated and cloned
and the full length polypeptide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) was
disclosed. A partial sequence of the human E3.alpha. gene had been
previously reported. (See U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,312; Kwon et al.,
Proc. Natl. Acad. of Sci. USA, 95: 7898-7903, 1998). The reported
partial sequence is encompassed in SEQ ID NO: 1; but only
represents a small portion of the entire full length gene
(nucleotides 702 to 1066).
EXAMPLE 2
Cloning of cDNA Encoding Human E3.alpha. Ortholog,
huE3.alpha.II
[0361] BLAST analysis of the Amgenesis database (Amgen internal EST
database) with the human E3.alpha.I amino acid sequences revealed 4
Amgenesis EST sequences (amgi-039645, smop2-0079f12 and
zhgb-aa693825 and Genebank accession no.: AA002347) which encode
potential regions of the human and mouse E3.alpha. ubiquitin ligase
ortholog nucleotide sequences which are denoted as E3.alpha.II.
Based on the zhgb-aa693825 and AA002347 sequences, two PCR primer
sets (#2380-88/2378-32 and #2381-48/2385-94) were designed. These
sequences are set out below in Table IV.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE IV Primer Sequence SEQ ID NO: 2380-88 ATG GCG
TCG CTA GAG CCA 11 2378-32 CAA AGC GGC TGA GCA TGA TCA TC 12
2381-48 TGA ACA GCC AAT CAC ACT AAG CA 13 2385-94 TTA TAA ATG CCA
GTC AAT GCC AA 14
[0362] The primer sets #2380-88/2378-32 (SEQ ID NOS: 11 and 12) and
#2381-48/2385-94 (SEQ ID NOS: 13 and 14) were used to generate two
PCR products which encode the coding region of a novel ortholog of
human E3.alpha. ligase (huE3.alpha.II). The 5' and 3' untranslated
regions of huE3.alpha.II were determined based on the EST sequences
amgi-03645 and smop2-0079f12 in order to obtain the full length
huE3.alpha.II cDNA. PCR was performed as described above utilizing
Marathon-Ready cDNA from human heart and human muscle libraries.
The two PCR products were electrophoresed on a 1% gel as described
by Sambrook et al., supra. The appropriate sized bands (2.2 kB and
3.5 kB) were excised from the agarose and purified by QIAquick Gel
Extraction kit (cat. #28704). The PCR products were subcloned into
the pcDNA3.1-HisA vector (Invitrogen cat. #V385-20) and transformed
into E. coli (Strain INV.alpha.F) using the Invitrogen Original TA
Cloning kit. The insert DNA was purified with the QIAprep Spin
Miniprep kit (QIAGEN cat. #27104) and subsequently digested with
NotI/SacI for the 2 kB product and SacI/XhoI for the 3.3 kB
product. The PCR products were sequenced as described in Example 1
and the products generated from human heart and human muscle cDNA
libraries were identical. The full length huE3.alpha.II gene was
generated by ligating these two PCR products at their SacI
sites.
[0363] The nucleic acid sequence of huE3.alpha.II (SEQ ID NO: 3),
consists of an open reading frame of 5265 nucleotides which encodes
a 1755 amino acid polypeptide, in addition to 294 by in the 5'
untranslated region and 740 bp in the 3' untranslated region.
Alignment of the human and mouse amino acid E3.alpha.II sequences,
as shown in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NOS: 4 and 6, respectively), exhibited
90.4% overall sequence identity. There is a 48.1% overall amino
acid sequence identity between human E3.alpha.I and human
E3.alpha.II (SEQ ID NOS:2 and 4, respectively).
[0364] In the present invention, a novel full length cDNA sequence
encoding huE3.alpha.II (SEQ ID NO: 3) was cloned and isolated, and
the full length polypeptide sequence was disclosed (SEQ ID NO: 4).
A partial sequence of huE3.alpha.II was identified in WO9904265 as
one of many partial sequences with unknown identities that were
speculated to be cancer markers.
EXAMPLE 3
Cloning of the Murine E3.alpha.II Ortholog
[0365] BLAST analysis of the Amgen internal database, Amgensis,
with human E3.alpha.II amino acid sequences identified the mouse
cDNA clone (Smop2-00079-f12) as a potential mouse ortholog of
E3.alpha.II ubiquitin ligase. The Amgenesis database contained the
entire coding region of the mouse E3.alpha.II ubiquitin ligase
(muE3.alpha.II) gene. The cDNA clone was obtained from the Amgen
sequencing group. The sequence of the clone was confirmed to be the
full cDNA of muE3.alpha.II as described in Example 1. The nucleic
acid sequence of muE3.alpha.II (SEQ ID NO: 5), consists of an open
reading frame of 5265 nucleotides which encodes a 1755 amino acid
polypeptide, in addition to 765 bp in the 5' untranslated region
and 56 bp in the 3' untranslated region.
EXAMPLE 4
Human E3.alpha.II Tissue Expression
[0366] Tissue expression patterns of huE3.alpha.I and huE3.alpha.II
mRNA were analyzed by Northern blot analysis. To detect the
presence of huE3.alpha.II transcript in various tissues, a
.sup.32P-labeled fragment of huE3.alpha.II, which was 452 bp and
corresponded to nucleotides 3557-4009 of SEQ ID NO: 3, was used as
a probe. For detection of huE3.alpha.I transcript in various
tissues, a .sup.32P-labeled fragment of huE3.alpha.I, which was 696
bp and corresponded to nucleotides 3468-4164 of SEQ ID NO: 1, was
used as a probe. The probes were labeled by random priming method
using Prime-it RMT labeling kit (Stratagene, Cat #300392). The
specific activities was 1.436.times.10.sup.6 cpm/.mu.l for the
huE3.alpha.II probe and 1.207.times.10.sup.6 cpm/.mu.l for the
huE3.alpha.I probe. Human multiple tissue poly A+ RNA blots
(Clontech cat. #7780-1) were prehybridized in Church hybridization
solution (1% BSA, 7% SDS, 0.5 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.0, 1 mM
EDTA) for 4 hours at 65.degree. C. The blots are then hybridized in
Church hybridization solution with 3.0.times.10.sup.6 cpm/ml
.sup.32P labeled probe for overnight at 65.degree. C. The blots are
then washed 3 times in Wash B buffer (1% SDS, 0.04 M sodium
phosphate, 1 mM EDTA) for 5 minutes each at room temperature,
followed by two times at 65.degree. C. The blots were exposed to
X-ray film at room temperature overnight (for huE3.alpha.II
detection) or one week (for huE3.alpha.I detection).
[0367] The Northern blot analysis revealed that huE3.alpha.II (FIG.
2) is predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle, with moderate
expression in heart and kidney tissue and minimal or no expression
in other tissues examined including brain, colon, thymus, spleen,
liver, small intestines, placenta, lung and peripheral white blood
cells. In contrast, the expression of huE3.alpha.I (FIG. 3) is less
muscle-specific. Although heart and skeletal muscle had relative
high levels of huE3.alpha.I transcripts, moderate levels of
huE3.alpha.I was found to spread through the various tissues
examined. The results indicate that huE3.alpha.II is the more
muscle-specific form of huE3.alpha. which is predominantly
expressed in skeletal muscle tissue.
EXAMPLE 5
Production of huE3.alpha. Polypeptides
[0368] A. Bacterial Expression of huE3.alpha. Polypeptides
[0369] PCR is used to amplify template DNA sequences encoding a
huE3.alpha. polypeptide using primers corresponding to the 5' and
3' ends of the sequence. The amplified DNA products may be modified
to contain restriction enzyme sites to allow for insertion into
expression vectors. PCR products are gel purified and inserted into
expression vectors using standard recombinant DNA methodology. An
exemplary vector, such as pAMG21 (ATCC No. 98113) containing the
lux promoter and a gene encoding kanamycin resistance is digested
with BamHI and NdeI for directional cloning of inserted DNA. The
ligated mixture is transformed into an E. coli host strain by
electroporation and transformants are selected for kanamycin
resistance. Plasmid DNA from selected colonies is isolated and
subjected to DNA sequencing to confirm the presence of the
insert.
[0370] Transformed host cells are incubated in 2.times. YT medium
containing 30 .mu.g/ml kanamycin at 30.degree. C. prior to
induction. Gene expression is induced by the addition of
N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-dl-homoserine lactone to a final concentration of
30 ng/ml followed by incubation at either 30.degree. C. or
37.degree. C. for six hours. The expression of huE3.alpha.
polypeptide is evaluated by centrifugation of the culture,
resuspension and lysis of the bacterial pellets, and analysis of
host cell proteins by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
[0371] Inclusion bodies containing huE3.alpha. polypeptide are
purified as follows. Bacterial cells are pelleted by centrifugation
and resuspended in water. The cell suspension is lysed by
sonication and pelleted by centrifugation at 195,000.times.g for 5
to 10 minutes. The supernatant is discarded, and the pellet is
washed and transferred to a homogenizer. The pellet is homogenized
in 5 ml of a Percoll solution (75% liquid Percoll/0.15 M NaCl)
until uniformly suspended and then diluted and centrifuged at
21,600.times.g for 30 minutes. Gradient fractions containing the
inclusion bodies are recovered and pooled. The isolated inclusion
bodies are analyzed by SDS-PAGE. A single band on an SDS
polyacrylamide gel corresponding to E. coli-produced huE3.alpha.
polypeptide is excised from the gel, and the N-terminal amino acid
sequence is determined essentially as described by Matsudaira et
al., J. Biol. Chem., 262: 10-35 (1987).
B. Mammalian Cell Production of huE3.alpha. Polypeptides
[0372] The huE3.alpha. DNA was subcloned into a mammalian
expression vector as described above using standard DNA technology.
An exemplary expression vector, pCEP4 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad,
Calif.), which contains an Epstein-Barr virus origin of
replication, may be used for the expression of huE3.alpha. in
293-EBNA-1 cells. Amplified and gel purified PCR products are
ligated into pCEP4 vector and lipofected into 293-EBNA cells. The
transfected cells are selected in 100 .mu.g/ml hygromycin and the
resulting drug-resistant cultures are grown to confluence. The
cells are then cultured in serum-free media for 72 hours. The
conditioned media is removed and, huE3.alpha. protein polypeptide
expression is analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Human E3.alpha. polypeptide
expression may be detected by silver staining. Alternatively,
huE3.alpha. polypeptide is produced as a fusion protein with an
epitope tag, such as an IgG constant domain or a FLAG epitope,
which may be detected by Western blot analysis using antibodies to
the tag peptide.
[0373] Human E3.alpha. polypeptides may be excised from an
SDS-polyacrylamide gel, or huE3.alpha. fusion proteins are purified
by affinity chromatography to the epitope tag, and subjected to
N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis as described herein.
EXAMPLE 6
Production of Anti-huE3.alpha. Polypeptide Antibodies
[0374] Antibodies to huE3.alpha. polypeptides may be obtained by
immunization with purified protein or with huE3.alpha. peptides
produced by biological or chemical synthesis. Suitable procedures
for generating antibodies include those described in Hudson and
Bay, Practical Immunology, Second Edition, Blackwell Scientific
Publications.
[0375] In one procedure for the production of antibodies, animals
(typically mice or rabbits) are injected with a huE3.alpha. antigen
(such as an recombinant truncated forms of huE3.alpha.
polypeptide), and those with sufficient serum titer levels as
determined by ELISA are selected for hybridoma production. Spleens
of immunized animals are collected and prepared as single cell
suspensions from which splenocytes are recovered. The splenocytes
are fused to mouse myeloma cells (such as Sp2/0-Ag14 cells),
allowed to incubate in DMEM with 200 U/ml penicillin, 200 .mu.g/ml
streptomycin sulfate, and 4 mM glutamine, then incubated in HAT
selection medium (Hypoxanthine; Aminopterin; Thymidine). After
selection, the tissue culture supernatants are taken from each
fusion well and tested for anti-huE3.alpha. antibody production by
ELISA.
[0376] Alternative procedures for obtaining anti-huE3.alpha.
antibodies may also be employed, such as the immunization of
transgenic mice harboring human Ig loci for production of human
antibodies, and the screening of synthetic antibody libraries, such
as those generated by mutagenesis of an antibody variable
domain.
EXAMPLE 7
Biological Activity of huE3.alpha. Polypeptides
[0377] Human E3.alpha. family members are known to catalyze the
ubiquitin conjugation reaction which ultimately results in protein
degradation. To determine the biological activity of huE3.alpha.
polypeptide, the rate of ubiquitin conjugation and the rate of
protein degradation are measured. The following are examples of
assays to measure these biological activities.
A. Ubiquitin Conjugation Assay:
[0378] The enzymatic activity of E3.alpha. family members is
thought to be the rate limiting step in ubiquitin conjugation. Rat
skeletal muscles are dissected, homogenized, and centrifuged at
100,000.times.g to remove proteosomes. The soluble extract is
incubated with .sup.125I-ubiquitin (Amersham, Arlington Heights,
Ill.) (0.15 mg/ml) in 20 mM Tris (pH 7.4), 1 mM DTT, 5 mM
MgCl.sub.2, and 2 mM ATP.gamma.S at 37.degree. C. in the presence
and absence of huE3.alpha. polypeptide. At various time points, the
reactions are terminated by the addition of sample buffer and
SDS-PAGE is performed on a 12% gel. The gel is then dried and
autoradiographed. If huE3.alpha. acts as an E3.alpha. family
member, the level of ubiquitination should increase in extracts
treated with the huE3.alpha. polypeptide (Soloman et al., Proc.
Natl. Acad. of Sci. U.S.A., 95: 12602-07, 1998).
B. Protein Degradation Assays:
[0379] Measurement of tyrosine release is a preferred method for
determining the rate of protein turnover in skeletal muscles. Rat
skeletal muscles are dissected and homogenated. The extracts are
incubated at 37.degree. C. for 2 hours in 20 mM Tris (pH 7.6), 5 mM
MgCl.sub.2, 2 mM DTT, ATP-regenerating system (10 .mu.g creatine
phosphokinase and 10 mM creatine phosphate), 1 mM ATP, and 25 mg of
ubiquitin in the presence and absence of huE3.alpha. polypeptide.
Subsequently, the reactions are terminated with 20% TCA. After
centrifugation, the concentrations of tyrosine in the supernatant
is measured by fluorescence spectroscopy according to the method of
Waakkes and Udenfriend (J. Lab. Clin. Med., 50: 733-736, 1957).
[0380] Measurement of radiolabeled proteins will also indicate if
huE3.alpha. polypeptide exhibits E3.alpha. family biological
activity. Rat skeletal muscle homogenates are incubated at
37.degree. C. for 2 hours with .sup.125I-labeled N-end pathway
substrates, such as .sup.125I-lyzozyme and .sup.125I-lactalbumin,
in the presence and absence of huE3.alpha. polypeptide. Following
the incubation, 20% TCA is added to precipitate the radioactivity.
The release of TCA-soluble radioactivity is measured using a gamma
counter and correlates the rate of protein degradation. The
addition of huE3.alpha. polypeptide should increase the rate of
protein degradation in both of these assays.
EXAMPLE 8
Identification of Modulators of the Biological Activity of
huE3.alpha. Polypeptides
[0381] The assays described in Example 7 demonstrate preferred
methods to measure the biological activity of huE3.alpha. as an
ubiquitin ligase. These methods are also useful for identifying
modulators of huE3.alpha. ubiquitin ligase activity.
[0382] The rate limiting step of ubiquitin conjugation consists of
E3.alpha. catalyzing the transfer of the activated ubiquitin
molecule to the target protein. The rate of ubiquitination
modulated by huE3.alpha. can be measured in dissected rat skeletal
muscles as described in Example 7. The addition of potential
huE3.alpha. modulators (inhibitors or stimulators) to this system
will allow for the identification of E3.alpha. stimulators and
inhibitors by virtue of their ability to modulate the level or rate
of ubiquitin conjugation to the target protein. If the addition of
the modulator decreases the rate of huE3.alpha.-modulated ubiquitin
conjugation, it is considered a huE3.alpha. inhibitor. If the
modulator increases the rate of ubiquitin conjugation it is
considered a stimulator.
[0383] The effect of huE3.alpha. modulators can also be determined
by measuring their effect on the rate of protein turnover as
described in Example 7. If huE3.alpha. exhibits the biological
activity of an ubiquitin ligase, it will induce protein
degradation. Protein turnover is measured by quantitating tyrosine
release or the degradation of radioactively labeled N-end pathway
substrates in the presence of E3.alpha. modulators. The addition of
effective huE3.alpha. modulators will either increase or decrease
the rate of protein degradation.
EXAMPLE 9
Identification of huE3.alpha.I Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
(SNP)
[0384] A BLAST search of the Celera Human Genome database was
conducted using the huE3.alpha.I cDNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) as a
probe. The sequences identified in the search were used to manually
assemble a polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 18) which was
discovered to have a single nucleotide mismatch at nucleotide 5397
of the huE3.alpha.I cDNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1). The
polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18 contains a huE3.alpha.I
SNP with a change of a cytosine to a thymidine at position 4702,
which caused the predicted amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 to
change from an Arg residue to a W (Trp) residue at position
1508.
[0385] PCR was carried out to confirm the polynucleotide sequence
of huE3.alpha.I cDNA. Primers were designed to flank the mismatch
as follows: 5' AGAAGGAGAGTACAGTGCACTC3' (SEQ ID NO: 20) and
5'CGAAAGCATCCTGTCCTCTG (SEQ ID NO: 21). PCR was carried out as
described in Example 1 with the Marathon-Ready cDNA library
(Clontech cat no. 7413-1) from which huE3.alpha.I cDNA was cloned.
The PCR reactions resulted in 8 individual PCR products which had
identical sequences to the huE3.alpha.I SNP (SEQ ID NO: 18).
[0386] These experiments have confirmed the sequence of a
huE3.alpha.I SNP set out in SEQ ID NO: 18 wherein the nucleotide at
position 4657 is a cytosine. Accordingly, the correct predicted
amino acid sequence is set out as SEQ ID NO: 19, wherein the
residue at position 1573 is R (Arg).
EXAMPLE 10
Human E3.alpha.I and E3.alpha.II Stimulate Ubiquitination
[0387] To confirm that huE3.alpha.I and huE3.alpha.II have the
predicted enzymatic activity of stimulating ubiquitin conjugation,
ubiquitination reactions were carried out in 293 cells. Cultures of
293T cells (ATCC accession no. CRL1573) were transfected with
huE3.alpha.1 or huE3.alpha.II full length cDNA (SEQ ID NOS: 1 or 3,
respectively) that had been subcloned into pcDNA3.1 vector
(Invitrogen) under the control of the CMV promoter using
Lipofectamine reagent 2000 (Gibco, cat no. 11668-027) according to
the manufacture's instructions. As a control, 293T cultures were
transfected with pcDNA3.1 vector without the cDNA insert. The
transfected cells were lysed in ice-cold lysis buffer (50 mM
Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 2 mM DTT, 5 mM MgCl.sub.2) in the presence of
Sigma P8340 protease inhibitor cocktail (containing
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride, pepstatin A, E-64,
bestatin, leupeptin and aprotinin) at 100 .mu.l/10.sup.7 cells. The
crude lysates were then centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 minutes.
[0388] The supernatants prepared from vector- (Control), human
E3.alpha.-I- (hu-E3.alpha.-I) or human E3-.alpha.II-
(hu-E3.alpha.-II) transfected cells were subjected to
ubiquitination reactions. To measure ubiquitination of endogenous
proteins, 30 .mu.g of cell lysate was incubated with
.sup.125I-ubiquitin (0.15 mg/ml, approximately 10.sup.7 cpm) in a
total volume of 40 .mu.l in a buffer containing 50 mM Tris, pH 8.0,
2 mM DTT, 5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 2 mM adenosine 5'-[-thio]triphosphate
(ATP S), 50 .mu.g/ml ubiquitin aldehyde, MG132 20 .mu.g/ml and
protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma P8340) at 37.degree. C. for 30
minutes. Reactions were stopped by adding sample buffer and were
subjected to 12% SDS PAGE. The gels were then dried and
autoradiographed.
[0389] The ubiquitination of .alpha.-lactalbumin, a known substrate
for N-end Rule Ubiquitination was also measured with the 239T
transfected cells. For these reactions, 30 .mu.g of cell lysate
proteins was incubated with 0.15 mg/ml
.sup.125I-.alpha.-Lactalbumin and 0.25 mg/ml unlabeled ubiquitin in
a total volume of 40 .mu.l in a buffer containing 50 mM Tris (pH
8.0) 2 mM DTT, 5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 2 mM adenosine
5'-[-thio]triphosphate (ATP S), ubiquitin aldehyde 50 ug/ml, 20
.mu.g/ml MG132 and protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma P8340) at
37.degree. C. for 30 minutes. Reactions were stopped by adding
sample buffer and each reaction was run of a 8% SDS PAGE was
performed. The gels were then dried and autoradiographed
[0390] The amount of radioactivity incorporated into high molecular
weight bands denoted as "ubiquitin-protein conjugates" in FIG. 4
(above 18 kDa for endogenous proteins and above 35 kDa for
.alpha.-Lactalbumin) were quantitated by using PhosphaImager and
plotted (right panel). These reactions indicated that recombinant
expression of huE3.alpha.I or huE3.alpha.II in 293 cells lead to
accelerated ubiquitination of endogenous cellular proteins and
ubiquitin conjugation to .alpha.-lactobumin, a bona fide N-end rule
substrate.
[0391] To further substantiate the enzymatic activity of
huE3.alpha.I and huE3.alpha.II, ubiquitin conjugation to endogenous
cellular proteins were measured in cultured muscle cell lines.
Cultures of murine C.sub.2C.sub.12 or rat L6 myotube cells (ATCC
accession nos. CRL-1772 and CRL-1458, respectively) were
transfected with huE3.alpha.I or huE3.alpha.II full length cDNA
under control of the CMV promoter using Lipofectamine 2000 Reagent
(Gibco). Mock transfection with the pcDNA3.1 vector without a cDNA
insert was performed as a control. Cell lysates were prepared as
described above for the 293T cells and the resulting supernatants
were used in ubiquitin conjugation reactions. For each reaction, 30
.mu.g of C.sub.2C.sub.12 or L6 myotube cell lysate was incubated
with .sup.125I-ubiquitin (0.15 mg/ml, approximately .times.10.sup.7
cpm) in a total volume of 25-30 .mu.l in a buffer containing 50 mM
Tris, pH 8.0, 2 mM DTT, 5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 2 mM adenosine
5'-[-thio]triphosphate (ATP S), 50 .mu.g/ml ubiquitin aldehyde, 20
.mu.g/ml MG132 and protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma P8340) at
37.degree. C. for 30 minutes. Reactions were stopped by adding
sample buffer and were subjected to 12% SDS PAGE. The gels were
then dried and autoradiographed.
[0392] The amount of ubiquitinated muscle proteins
(.sup.125I-Ubiquitin protein conjugates) were quantitated as the
total radioactivity incorporated into high molecular weight bands
(above 18 kDa) using a Phsophoimager as shown in FIG. 5 (left
panel). These reactions indicated that transfection of huE3.alpha.I
and huE3.alpha.II increased ubiquitination of cellular proteins 2-3
fold (see FIG. 5, right panel) in murine C.sub.2C.sub.12 and rat
myotube cultures.
EXAMPLE 11
Expression of Human E3.alpha.I and Human E3.alpha.II is Unregulated
During Cachexia Disease States
[0393] The Yoshida Hepatoma-130 (YAH) cachexia rat model as
described in Baracos et al. (Am. J. Physiol., 268(5 Pt 1):
E996-1006, 1995) was used to determine if huE3.alpha.I and
huE3.alpha.II are upregulated in cachexia disease states. For tumor
implantation, female Sprague-Dawley rats of the Buffalo strain from
a colony maintained at the University of Alberta were used as the
host for the YAH tumor cells. Tumor cell stocks were maintained in
liquid nitrogen and used after two passages in recipient female
animals of the same strain. Rats were housed in individual wire
mesh cages in a temperature (24.degree. C.)- and humidity
(80%)-controlled room on a 12:12-h light-dark cycle. Rats were fed
ground laboratory chow (Continental Grain, Chicago, Ill.)
containing 24% crude protein.
[0394] Rats were allocated by initial body weight to three groups
such that the sizes (mean.+-.SE) of the animals receiving each
treatment were similar (.about.200 g). Two different treatments
were compared: YAH-bearing and pair-fed control rats. The pair-fed
rats, which received one meal per every day at 9.00 am, were fed on
the basis of their body weights, the same amount of food consumed
by the tumor-bearing rats. On days 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 after
tumor-implantation, food intake was determined in preliminary
experiments to be 9, 7.5, 5.3, 1.5, and 0.9% respectively, of
initial body weight per day. Rats were implanted with 100 ml of
ascites fluid containing YAH cells from a single donor animal. The
control rats were implanted with an equal volume of saline buffer.
Rats were sacrificed by CO.sub.2 asphyxiation after 3 and 5 days,
and epitrochelaris, EDL, soleus, medial gastrocnemius muscles were
rapidly dissected and the gastrocnemius muscles were weighed.
Tissues were frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen and stored at
-70.degree. C. until use.
[0395] The gastrocnemius skeletal muscle weights in YAH-130 tumor
bearing rats were significantly lower than those measured from the
pair-fed control rats. As indicated in the Table V below, the
YAH-130 tumor bearing rats underwent muscle wasting by day 3 after
tumor implantation which was more apparent at day 5 after
implantation. The muscle weights are calculated (in grams) as the
mean.+-.standard error.
TABLE-US-00005 Days after Tumor Pair Fed Control Tumor-Bearing
Percent Implantation n (in grams) (in grams) Change 3 days 8 530
.+-. 14.6 508 .+-. 7.3 -4.3% 5 days 8 593 .+-. 8.1 443 .+-. 9.4
-25.3% n = number of animals
[0396] The rate of ubiquitin conjugation of the endogenous muscle
proteins were carried out as described in Example 10 using the
skeletal muscles from the YAH tumor-bearing rats. The frozen
gastrocnemius muscles collected (via dissection at sacrifice) from
6 tumor-bearing rats were combined. The muscle extracts (20%
weight/volume) were prepared by homogenizing the muscles in a
buffer containing 50 mM Tris HCl (pH 8.00), 5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 2 mM
DTT, protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma P8340) and 10% glycerol.
The homogenates were then centrifuged at 40,000 g for 1 hr and the
resulting supernatants were used as crude muscle extracts.
[0397] For some assays, the crude muscle extracts were fractionated
further by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose (Whatman, Clifton,
N.J.) to remove endogenous ubiquitin as described by Soloman et al.
(Proc. natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 95: 12602-7, 1998). The bound
material Fraction II, which contained most of the ubiquitin
conjugating enzymes were eluted with 50 mM Tris, pH 8.0 containing
0.5M NaCl and 1 mM DTT. Both crude extracts and Fraction II were
dialyzed prior to use for ubiquitination assay against buffer
containing 20 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 2 mM DTT, 5 mM MgCl.sub.2, and 10%
glycerol and stored at 70.degree. C. until use. Crude muscle
extracts were used for ubiquitin conjugation to
.sup.125I-.alpha.-lactalbumin. Fraction II was used when rates of
endogenous skeletal muscles proteins were compared and also when
effects of E3.alpha. inhibitors on skeletal muscle protein
ubiquitination were tested.
[0398] The Fraction II from both tumor-bearing and pair-fed control
rats were subjected to ubiquitination reactions of the endogenous
muscle proteins as described in Example 10 in the presence of 20
.mu.g/ml of bestatin and 10 mM of either the E3.alpha. selective
inhibitor arginine methyl ester (Arg-ME) or the control alanine
methyl ester (Ala-ME) (Sigma Chemicals, St. Louis Mo.). The
reactions were incubated at 37.degree. C. for 20 minutes and the
.sup.125I-Ubiquitin conjugates were resolved by 12% SDS PAGE as
described in Example 10.
[0399] As shown in FIG. 6, the tumor-bearing rats exhibited
accelerated muscle protein ubiquitination. The increase in
ubiquitination within the rat skeletal muscles of the tumor-bearing
rats was attributable to the activation of the E3.alpha./N-end rule
pathway, since the addition of E3.alpha. specific inhibitor
arginine methylester virtually abolished the accelerated
ubiquitination activity (see lanes 9 and 10 on FIG. 6).
[0400] To further establish the role of huE3.alpha.I and
huE3.alpha.II in the N-end rule pathway in muscle wasting in the
rat cachexia model, the rates of ubiquitination of N-end rule
substrate .alpha.-lactalbumin was measured in skeletal muscle
extracts from control and tumor-bearing mice.
.sup.125I-.alpha.-lactalbumin (0.15 mg/ml) was incubated with crude
skeletal muscle extracts (2 mg/ml) in the presence of 0.25 mg/ml of
ubiquitin at 37.degree. C. for 0 or 20 minutes as described in
Example 10. As shown in FIG. 7, the atrophying muscles dissected
from the tumor-bearing rats exhibited increased ubiquitin
conjugation to .sup.125I-.alpha.-lactalbumin
[0401] Northern blot analysis was carried out to measure the
huE3.alpha.I and huE3.alpha.II mRNA expression in the gastrocnemius
muscles of YAH-130 tumor-bearing mice. RNA from the dissected
muscles was isolated with Trizol Reagent (Gibco, cat: 15596-018).
The final RNA pellets were resuspended in DEPC-H.sub.2O and 20
.mu.g of total RNA per lane were separated by electrophoresis
through 1% agarose gels. The separated RNA was transferred to nylon
membranes and cross-linked to the filter by exposure to ultraviolet
light.
[0402] The cDNA probes were generated by PCR with the following
primers: for Hu-E3.alpha.-I probe: 5' primer, AGG AAG CTG TGG TCA
TGT (SEQ ID NO: 22); 3' primer, GTT AGG AAG AAC AAC TG (SEQ ID NO:
23); for Hu-E3.alpha.-II probe: CTA AAG AAC AGC GAA GGC AAC AG (SEQ
ID NO: 24); 3' primer, CGC AGC TAC CCC AAC ACA TTA T (SEQ ID NO:
25). PCR was carried out for 30 cycles at 94.degree. C. for 45
seconds, 50-58.degree. C. for 45 seconds, and 72.degree. C. for 1
minutes using a commercially available kit (Boehringer Mannheim,
cat: 1578553). The PCR product was cloned into the pCR2.1 vector
using the Original TA Cloning kit (Invitrogen). After digestion
with EcoRI, the cloned PCR product was sequenced and confirmed.
[0403] The resulting cDNA probes were radiolabeled with
[.sup.32P]dCTP using the Prime-it RMT labeling kit (Stratagene,
cat: 300392). Membranes were prehybridized and hybridized (with the
cDNA probes) in buffer containing 1% BSA, 7% SDS, 0.5 M Sodium
Phosphate (pH 7.0), 1 mM EDTA. Subsequently, the blots were washed
in buffer containing 1% SDS, 0.04 M Sodium Phosphate, 1 M EDTA, by
the method of Church and Gilbert (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
81:1991-1995, 1984) and exposed to radiographic film at -70.degree.
C. overnight.
[0404] As shown in FIG. 8, the expression of huE3.alpha.II mRNA was
increased at day 3 post-tumor implantation (see left panel) but the
level of huE3.alpha.I had not changed significantly at day 3 (see
right panel). This coincides with the time point when the
significant decrease in muscle mass was detectable in the C26
tumor-bearing mice (See Table VI in Example 12). The expression of
both huE3.alpha.I and huE3.alpha.II was elevated at day 5
post-tumor implantation in the tumor bearing rats. This corresponds
to a cachexia state with severe muscle wasting.
EXAMPLE 12
Expression of Human E3.alpha.I and Human E3.alpha.II in a Murine
Cancer Cachexia Model of C26 Tumor Bearing Mice
[0405] The Colon-26 (C-26) tumor model of cachexia was used to
demonstrate the role of huE3.alpha.I and huE3.alpha.II as described
in Matsumoto et al., Brit. J. Can. 79: 764-9 (1999) and Tanaka et
al., Can. Res., 50: 2290-5 (1990). Seventy-two week old male CDF1
mice were injected in the left flank with 0.2 ml containing either
0.5.times.10.sup.6 C26 cells or PBS. Following injection, body
weight and food intake was observed daily. The pair fed control
mice (generated as described in Example 11) were fed the daily
average food intake of the tumor bearing group. On the day 12 or 17
post-injection, tumor bearing mice and pair fed control mice were
sacrificed by CO.sub.2 asphyxiation. Subsequently, a terminal serum
sample was collected and the kidney, heart and gastrocnemius
muscles were rapidly dissected and weighed. The resulting C26
tumors were also weighed. The tissues were frozen on dry ice and
stored at -70.degree. C.
[0406] The wet weight of the skeletal muscles from the
tumor-bearing mice were significantly less than the weight of those
from the pair-fed control mice as shown below in Table VI:
TABLE-US-00006 Days after Tumor Pair Fed Control Tumor-Bearing
Percent Implantation n (in grams) (in grams) Change 12 days 12
0.127 .+-. 0.007 0.116 .+-. 0.0072 -8.6% 17 days 12 0.117 .+-.
0.009 0.087 .+-. 0.001 -26% n = number of animals
[0407] RNA was isolated at day 12 and day 17 from the gastrocnemius
muscle and cardiac muscle from the C26 tumor-bearing and pair-fed
control mice as described in Example 11. Northern blot analysis was
carried out by loading 20 .mu.g of total RNA per lane and
separating by electrophoresis through 1% agarose gels. The
separated RNA was transferred to nylon membranes and cross-linked
to the filter by exposure to ultraviolet light.
[0408] The cDNA probes were generated by PCR with the following
primers: for mouse E3.alpha.-I probe: 5' primer, TTT CTT CCA TTC
CCT GCA TAC A (SEQ ID NO: 26), 3' primer, CAA AAC TTT ATA AAG GTG
CCC GTA A (SEQ ID NO: 27), and for Mouse E3.alpha.-II probe: 5'
primer, ATT CCC TGC ATG CAC TTC AGT AA (SEQ ID NO: 28), 3' primer,
CAT TCC CTG CAT GCA CTT CAG SEQ ID NO: 29). PCR was carried out for
30 cycles at 94.degree. C. for 45 seconds, 50-58.degree. C. for 45
seconds, and 72.degree. C. for 1 minutes using a commercially
available kit (Boehringer Mannheim cat: 1578553). The PCR product
was cloned into the pCR2.1 vector using the Original TA Cloning kit
(Invitrogen). After digestion with EcoRI, the cloned PCR product
was sequenced and confirmed.
[0409] The resulting cDNA probes were radiolabeled with
[.sup.32P]dCTP using the Prime-it RMT labeling kit (Stratagene,
cat: 300392). Membranes were prehybridized and hybridized (with the
cDNA probes) in buffer containing 1% BSA, 7% SDS, 0.5 M Sodium
Phosphate (pH 7.0), 1 mM EDTA. Subsequently, the blots were washed
in buffer containing 1% SDS, 0.04 M Sodium Phosphate, 1 M EDTA, by
the method of Church and Gilbert (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
81:1991-1995, 1984) and exposed to radiographic film at -70.degree.
C. overnight.
[0410] As shown in FIG. 9, at day 12 after tumor-implantation there
was a clear increase in huE3.alpha.II mRNA expression in the
skeletal muscles of tumor-bearing mice. Expression of both
huE3.alpha.I and huE3.alpha.II was increased at day 17
post-implantation. Increased expression of huE3.alpha.II mRNA
coincides with the time point when the significant decrease in
muscle mass became detectable in tumor-bearing mice (See Table VI
above). The expression of huE3.alpha.I and huE3.alpha.II remained
unchanged in the cardiac muscle of the tumor-bearing mice. This
corresponds to a cachexia state with severe muscle wasting.
[0411] The data described in both Examples 11 and 12 show that in
experimental cachexia models, there was a sharp rise in the rate of
ubiquitination in skeletal muscle tissues. The accelerated
ubiquitination is due largely to the activation of E3.alpha., since
addition of the E3.alpha.-selective inhibitor, arginine
methylester, virtually abolished all the increased ubiquitination
activities. In addition, the data demonstrated that in two widely
used experimental models of cachexia (murine C26 tumor-bearing
model and rat YAH-130 tumor-bearing model), the mRNA levels of
E3.alpha.-I and E3.alpha.-II increase significantly and
specifically within skeletal muscle during the course of cachexia
and muscle wasting. In these disease models and during the course
of cachexia, the induction of E3.alpha.-II occurred earlier than
that of E3.alpha.-I and coincided with the early onset of muscle
wasting. During the late stage of cachexia, both E3.alpha.-I and
E3.alpha.-II were markedly induced when muscle wasting became
pronounced. Therefore, the results suggest that E3.alpha.-II may
play a more critical role in cachexia, although both E3.alpha.-I
and E3.alpha.-II are apparently involved in the disease
process.
EXAMPLE 13
Treatment of Muscle Cells with TNF.alpha. and IL-6 Leads to
Increased Expression of Human E3.alpha.II and Increased
Ubiquitination
[0412] Treatment with the proinflammatory cytokines, TNF.alpha. and
IL-6, caused the induction of huE3.alpha.II in C.sub.2C.sub.12
myotube cultures. C.sub.2C.sub.12 myoblasts were cultured in 100-mm
dishes in an atmosphere of 5% CO.sub.2 at 37.degree. C. in DMEM
supplemented with 10% FBS and L-glutamine to reach 100% confluence.
Myoblast differentiation was induced with DMEM supplemented with 2%
horse serum and L-glutamine for 96 hours. Differentiated myotubes
were then treated with TNF.alpha. (10 ng/ml; R&D Systems cat
no. 210-TA) or IL-6 (10 ng/ml; R&D Systems cat no. 206-IL) for
3 days and 5 days.
[0413] After the 3 or 5 day incubation, RNA from differentiated
C.sub.2C.sub.12 cultures was isolated with Trizol Reagent and
Northern blot analysis was carried out as described in Example 11.
Isolated RNA from untreated C.sub.2C.sub.12 cultures were used as a
control. The blots were hybridized with a .sup.32P-labeled cDNA
probes specific for muE3.alpha.I (lower panels) and muE3.alpha.II
(upper panels). The probes were generated as described in Example
12.
[0414] As shown in FIG. 10, the expression of muE3.alpha.II was
markedly increased in the cells treated with TNF.alpha. or IL-6
(See upper panels). Conversely, the expression of muE3.alpha.I was
not drastically induced in response to proinflammatory cytokine
treatment. This data indicates a role for E3.alpha.II in
cytokine-mediated protein catabolism and muscle wasting.
[0415] Cytokine treatment also resulted in accelerated
ubiquitination in differentiated C.sub.2C.sub.12 cells.
C.sub.2C.sub.12 cells were differentiated for 5 days to allow
formation of myotubes. The differentiated myotubes were treated
with 2 ng/ml of IL-6 for 5, 24 or 48 hours. After the incubation,
the cells were lysed and .sup.125I-Ubiquitin conjugation was
carried out as described in Example 10. As shown in FIG. 11, IL-6
treatment resulted in a marked increase in ubiquitination of
cellular proteins (left panel) which was detectable 5 hours
post-treatment. The increase in ubiquitination was time dependent
(see right panel).
[0416] Differentiated C.sub.2C.sub.12 myotubes were also treated
with increasing concentrations of TNF.alpha. (0, 3, 6, 10, 20
ng/ml) for one hour. This treatment resulted in a dose dependent
increase in .sup.125I-ubiquitin conjugation of cellular proteins as
shown in FIG. 12.
[0417] TNF.alpha. and IL-6 are major proinflammatory cytokines
known to be involved in cachexia and tissue wasting. The data
reveals that these cytokines significantly upregulate the mRNA
expression of E3.alpha.II in muscle cells and stimulate muscle
protein ubiquitination. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as
TNF.alpha., IL-6, IL-1, interferon-gamma, CNTF and leptin, have
been shown to be involved in disease states of cachexia and
protein/tissue wasting, including cancer cachexia, renal cachexia
(energy-protein malnutrition), burn cachexia and AIDS wasting.
These findings that TNF.alpha. and IL-6 induce the expression of
E3.alpha.II (FIG. 9) and stimulate protein ubiquitination in muscle
cells (FIGS. 10 and 11) strongly suggest that E3.alpha.II is
critical target via which various cachectic factors induce protein
catabolism and cachexia/muscle wasting. This argument is further
supported by our finding that recombinant expression of E3.alpha.II
by cDNA transfection leads to marked protein ubiquitination in
myotube cultures (FIG. 5).
[0418] While the present invention has been described in terms of
the preferred embodiments, it is understood that variations and
modifications will occur to those skilled in the art. Therefore, it
is intended that the appended claims cover all such equivalent
variations which come within the scope of the invention as claimed.
Sequence CWU 1
1
2916308DNAHomo sapiensCDS(696)..(5942) 1gccaagaatt cggcacgagg
ggaaaagctg agcccaggaa ccaaattact tgctttacct 60cattgtgtaa gacaagcgtc
aaaaacagct tcaacctatc ttgaacaaga gaacttacct 120ccaaaggctt
atcatctgtc ttccacttat ccaacaagct gctatggcca ctgcctgtgc
180cgcacctgga accaccgcca gccccactac tgcctccact accactggtt
ctcccaccct 240gatcagctgc ttgctgctgc catcttatcc gcttctgcct
gttctgagta aatgtataca 300caccctggaa accaccattc tactttctgt
gtctatgaat ttgactactc tagctggatc 360ccgagctttt ttgtacacat
gtgcaagtgc ccacggggta gaatcctaaa aatagaagat 420gtatgcaaca
gttcccagca ccaaacccag atatacaacc attcagctac caagagctac
480gcctgataaa ttagagggga aaaaaaaaat ctccagtccc ttcacgtcgt
gacgcttgct 540tccgggaagc gggccggaag ccactcctcg agtctgcgtc
aaacccgact tcaggggccg 600tcgtaaaagt gtcgtccctg tctctccgac
cggccacagg tttccgcttg cctctggccg 660ggggtcggca actgcaggcg
tcagtttccc tcaag atg gcg gac gag gag gct 713 Met Ala Asp Glu Glu
Ala 1 5gga ggt act gag agg atg gaa atc agc gcg gag tta ccc cag acc
cct 761Gly Gly Thr Glu Arg Met Glu Ile Ser Ala Glu Leu Pro Gln Thr
Pro 10 15 20cag cgt ctg gca tct tgg tgg gat cag caa gtt gat ttt tat
act gct 809Gln Arg Leu Ala Ser Trp Trp Asp Gln Gln Val Asp Phe Tyr
Thr Ala 25 30 35ttc ttg cat cat ttg gca caa ttg gtg cca gaa att tac
ttt gct gaa 857Phe Leu His His Leu Ala Gln Leu Val Pro Glu Ile Tyr
Phe Ala Glu 40 45 50atg gac cca gac ttg gaa aag cag gag gaa agt gta
caa atg tca ata 905Met Asp Pro Asp Leu Glu Lys Gln Glu Glu Ser Val
Gln Met Ser Ile55 60 65 70ttc act cca ctg gaa tgg tac tta ttt gga
gaa gat cca gat att tgc 953Phe Thr Pro Leu Glu Trp Tyr Leu Phe Gly
Glu Asp Pro Asp Ile Cys 75 80 85tta gag aaa ttg aag cac agt gga gca
ttt cag ctt tgt ggg agg gtt 1001Leu Glu Lys Leu Lys His Ser Gly Ala
Phe Gln Leu Cys Gly Arg Val 90 95 100ttc aaa agt gga gag aca acc
tat tct tgc agg gat tgt gca att gat 1049Phe Lys Ser Gly Glu Thr Thr
Tyr Ser Cys Arg Asp Cys Ala Ile Asp 105 110 115cca aca tgt gta ctc
tgt atg gac tgc ttc cag gac agt gtt cat aaa 1097Pro Thr Cys Val Leu
Cys Met Asp Cys Phe Gln Asp Ser Val His Lys 120 125 130aat cat cgt
tac aag atg cat act tct act gga gga ggg ttc tgt gac 1145Asn His Arg
Tyr Lys Met His Thr Ser Thr Gly Gly Gly Phe Cys Asp135 140 145
150tgt gga gac aca gag gca tgg aaa act ggc cct ttt tgt gta aat cat
1193Cys Gly Asp Thr Glu Ala Trp Lys Thr Gly Pro Phe Cys Val Asn His
155 160 165gaa cct gga aga gca ggt act ata aaa gag aat tca cgc tgt
ccg ttg 1241Glu Pro Gly Arg Ala Gly Thr Ile Lys Glu Asn Ser Arg Cys
Pro Leu 170 175 180aat gaa gag gta att gtc caa gcc agg aaa ata ttt
cct tca gtg ata 1289Asn Glu Glu Val Ile Val Gln Ala Arg Lys Ile Phe
Pro Ser Val Ile 185 190 195aaa tat gtc gta gaa atg act ata tgg gaa
gag gaa aaa gaa ctg cct 1337Lys Tyr Val Val Glu Met Thr Ile Trp Glu
Glu Glu Lys Glu Leu Pro 200 205 210cct gaa ctc cag ata agg gag aaa
aat gaa aga tac tat tgt gtc ctt 1385Pro Glu Leu Gln Ile Arg Glu Lys
Asn Glu Arg Tyr Tyr Cys Val Leu215 220 225 230ttc aat gat gaa cac
cat tca tat gac cac gtc ata tac agc cta caa 1433Phe Asn Asp Glu His
His Ser Tyr Asp His Val Ile Tyr Ser Leu Gln 235 240 245aga gct ctt
gac tgt gag ctc gca gag gcc cag ttg cat acc act gcc 1481Arg Ala Leu
Asp Cys Glu Leu Ala Glu Ala Gln Leu His Thr Thr Ala 250 255 260att
gac aaa gag ggt cgt cgg gct gtt aaa gcg gga gct tat gct gct 1529Ile
Asp Lys Glu Gly Arg Arg Ala Val Lys Ala Gly Ala Tyr Ala Ala 265 270
275tgc cag gaa gca aag gaa gat ata aag agt cat tca gaa aat gtc tct
1577Cys Gln Glu Ala Lys Glu Asp Ile Lys Ser His Ser Glu Asn Val Ser
280 285 290caa cat cca ctt cat gta gaa gta tta cac tca gag att atg
gct cat 1625Gln His Pro Leu His Val Glu Val Leu His Ser Glu Ile Met
Ala His295 300 305 310cag aaa ttt gct ttg cgt ctt ggt tcc tgg atg
aac aaa att atg agc 1673Gln Lys Phe Ala Leu Arg Leu Gly Ser Trp Met
Asn Lys Ile Met Ser 315 320 325tat tca agt gac ttt agg cag atc ttt
tgc caa gca tgc ctt aga gaa 1721Tyr Ser Ser Asp Phe Arg Gln Ile Phe
Cys Gln Ala Cys Leu Arg Glu 330 335 340gaa cct gac tcg gag aat ccc
tgt ctc ata agc agg tta atg ctt tgg 1769Glu Pro Asp Ser Glu Asn Pro
Cys Leu Ile Ser Arg Leu Met Leu Trp 345 350 355gat gca aag ctt tat
aaa ggt gcc cgt aag atc ctt cat gaa ttg atc 1817Asp Ala Lys Leu Tyr
Lys Gly Ala Arg Lys Ile Leu His Glu Leu Ile 360 365 370ttc agc agt
ttt ttt atg gag atg gaa tac aaa aaa ctc ttt gct atg 1865Phe Ser Ser
Phe Phe Met Glu Met Glu Tyr Lys Lys Leu Phe Ala Met375 380 385
390gaa ttt gtg aag tat tat aaa caa ctg cag aaa gaa tat atc agt gat
1913Glu Phe Val Lys Tyr Tyr Lys Gln Leu Gln Lys Glu Tyr Ile Ser Asp
395 400 405gat cat gac aga agt atc tct ata act gca ctt tca gtt cag
atg ttt 1961Asp His Asp Arg Ser Ile Ser Ile Thr Ala Leu Ser Val Gln
Met Phe 410 415 420act gtt cct act ctg gct cga cat ctt att gaa gag
cag aat gtt atc 2009Thr Val Pro Thr Leu Ala Arg His Leu Ile Glu Glu
Gln Asn Val Ile 425 430 435tct gtc att act gaa act ctg cta gaa gtt
tta cct gag tac ttg gac 2057Ser Val Ile Thr Glu Thr Leu Leu Glu Val
Leu Pro Glu Tyr Leu Asp 440 445 450agg aac aat aaa ttc aac ttc cag
ggt tat agc cag gac aaa ttg gga 2105Arg Asn Asn Lys Phe Asn Phe Gln
Gly Tyr Ser Gln Asp Lys Leu Gly455 460 465 470aga gta tat gca gta
ata tgt gac cta aag tat atc ctg atc agc aaa 2153Arg Val Tyr Ala Val
Ile Cys Asp Leu Lys Tyr Ile Leu Ile Ser Lys 475 480 485ccc aca ata
tgg aca gaa aga tta aga atg cag ttc ctt gaa ggt ttt 2201Pro Thr Ile
Trp Thr Glu Arg Leu Arg Met Gln Phe Leu Glu Gly Phe 490 495 500cga
tct ttt ttg aag att ctt acc tgt atg cag gga atg gaa gaa atc 2249Arg
Ser Phe Leu Lys Ile Leu Thr Cys Met Gln Gly Met Glu Glu Ile 505 510
515cga aga cag gtt ggg caa cac att gaa gtg gat cct gat tgg gag gct
2297Arg Arg Gln Val Gly Gln His Ile Glu Val Asp Pro Asp Trp Glu Ala
520 525 530gcc att gct ata cag atg caa ttg aag aat att tta ctc atg
ttc caa 2345Ala Ile Ala Ile Gln Met Gln Leu Lys Asn Ile Leu Leu Met
Phe Gln535 540 545 550gag tgg tgt gct tgt gat gaa gaa ctc tta ctt
gtg gct tat aaa gaa 2393Glu Trp Cys Ala Cys Asp Glu Glu Leu Leu Leu
Val Ala Tyr Lys Glu 555 560 565tgt cac aaa gct gtg atg agg tgc agt
acc agt ttc ata tct agt agc 2441Cys His Lys Ala Val Met Arg Cys Ser
Thr Ser Phe Ile Ser Ser Ser 570 575 580aag aca gta gta caa tcg tgt
gga cat agt ttg gaa aca aag tcc tac 2489Lys Thr Val Val Gln Ser Cys
Gly His Ser Leu Glu Thr Lys Ser Tyr 585 590 595aga gta tct gag gat
ctt gta agc ata cat ctg cca ctc tct agg acc 2537Arg Val Ser Glu Asp
Leu Val Ser Ile His Leu Pro Leu Ser Arg Thr 600 605 610ctt gct ggt
ctt cat gta cgt tta agc agg ctg ggt gct gtt tca aga 2585Leu Ala Gly
Leu His Val Arg Leu Ser Arg Leu Gly Ala Val Ser Arg615 620 625
630ctg cat gaa ttt gtg tct ttt gag gac ttt caa gta gag gta cta gtg
2633Leu His Glu Phe Val Ser Phe Glu Asp Phe Gln Val Glu Val Leu Val
635 640 645gaa tat cct tta cgt tgt ctg gtg ttg gtt gcc cag gtt gtt
gct gag 2681Glu Tyr Pro Leu Arg Cys Leu Val Leu Val Ala Gln Val Val
Ala Glu 650 655 660atg tgg cga aga aat gga ctg tct ctt att agc cag
gtg ttt tat tac 2729Met Trp Arg Arg Asn Gly Leu Ser Leu Ile Ser Gln
Val Phe Tyr Tyr 665 670 675caa gat gtt aag tgc aga gaa gaa atg tat
gat aaa gat atc atc atg 2777Gln Asp Val Lys Cys Arg Glu Glu Met Tyr
Asp Lys Asp Ile Ile Met 680 685 690ctt cag att ggt gca tct tta atg
gat ccc aat aag ttc ttg tta ctg 2825Leu Gln Ile Gly Ala Ser Leu Met
Asp Pro Asn Lys Phe Leu Leu Leu695 700 705 710gta ctt cag agg tat
gaa ctt gcc gag gct ttt aac aag acc ata tct 2873Val Leu Gln Arg Tyr
Glu Leu Ala Glu Ala Phe Asn Lys Thr Ile Ser 715 720 725aca aaa gac
cag gat ttg att aaa caa tat aat aca cta ata gaa gaa 2921Thr Lys Asp
Gln Asp Leu Ile Lys Gln Tyr Asn Thr Leu Ile Glu Glu 730 735 740atg
ctt cag gtc ctc atc tat att gtg ggt gag cgt tat gta cct gga 2969Met
Leu Gln Val Leu Ile Tyr Ile Val Gly Glu Arg Tyr Val Pro Gly 745 750
755gtg gga aat gtg acc aaa gaa gag gtc aca atg aga gaa atc att cac
3017Val Gly Asn Val Thr Lys Glu Glu Val Thr Met Arg Glu Ile Ile His
760 765 770ttg ctt tgc att gaa ccc atg cca cac agt gcc att gcc aaa
aat tta 3065Leu Leu Cys Ile Glu Pro Met Pro His Ser Ala Ile Ala Lys
Asn Leu775 780 785 790cct gag aat gaa aat aat gaa act ggc tta gag
aat gtc ata aac aaa 3113Pro Glu Asn Glu Asn Asn Glu Thr Gly Leu Glu
Asn Val Ile Asn Lys 795 800 805gtg gcc aca ttt aag aaa cca ggt gta
tca ggc cat gga gtt tat gaa 3161Val Ala Thr Phe Lys Lys Pro Gly Val
Ser Gly His Gly Val Tyr Glu 810 815 820cta aaa gat gaa tca ctg aaa
gac ttc aat atg tac ttt tat cat tac 3209Leu Lys Asp Glu Ser Leu Lys
Asp Phe Asn Met Tyr Phe Tyr His Tyr 825 830 835tcc aaa acc cag cat
agc aag gct gaa cat atg cag aag aaa agg aga 3257Ser Lys Thr Gln His
Ser Lys Ala Glu His Met Gln Lys Lys Arg Arg 840 845 850aaa caa gaa
aac aaa gat gaa gca ttg ccg cca cca cca cct cct gaa 3305Lys Gln Glu
Asn Lys Asp Glu Ala Leu Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Glu855 860 865
870ttc tgc cct gct ttc agc aaa gtg att aac ctt ctc aac tgt gat atc
3353Phe Cys Pro Ala Phe Ser Lys Val Ile Asn Leu Leu Asn Cys Asp Ile
875 880 885atg atg tac att ctc agg acc gta ttt gag cgg gca ata gac
aca gat 3401Met Met Tyr Ile Leu Arg Thr Val Phe Glu Arg Ala Ile Asp
Thr Asp 890 895 900tct aac ttg tgg acc gaa ggg atg ctc caa atg gct
ttt cat att ctg 3449Ser Asn Leu Trp Thr Glu Gly Met Leu Gln Met Ala
Phe His Ile Leu 905 910 915gca ttg ggt tta cta gaa gag aag caa cag
ctt caa aaa gct cct gaa 3497Ala Leu Gly Leu Leu Glu Glu Lys Gln Gln
Leu Gln Lys Ala Pro Glu 920 925 930gaa gaa gta aca ttt gac ttt tat
cat aag gct tca aga ttg gga agt 3545Glu Glu Val Thr Phe Asp Phe Tyr
His Lys Ala Ser Arg Leu Gly Ser935 940 945 950tca gcc atg aat ata
caa atg ctt ttg gaa aaa ctc aaa gga att ccc 3593Ser Ala Met Asn Ile
Gln Met Leu Leu Glu Lys Leu Lys Gly Ile Pro 955 960 965cag tta gaa
ggc cag aag gac atg ata acg tgg ata ctt cag atg ttt 3641Gln Leu Glu
Gly Gln Lys Asp Met Ile Thr Trp Ile Leu Gln Met Phe 970 975 980gac
aca gtg aag cga tta aga gaa aaa tct tgt tta att gta gca acc 3689Asp
Thr Val Lys Arg Leu Arg Glu Lys Ser Cys Leu Ile Val Ala Thr 985 990
995aca tca gga tcg gaa tct att aag aat gat gag att act cat gat
3734Thr Ser Gly Ser Glu Ser Ile Lys Asn Asp Glu Ile Thr His Asp
1000 1005 1010aaa gaa aaa gca gaa cga aaa aga aaa gct gaa gct gct
agg cta 3779Lys Glu Lys Ala Glu Arg Lys Arg Lys Ala Glu Ala Ala Arg
Leu 1015 1020 1025cat cgc cag aag atc atg gct cag atg tct gcc tta
cag aaa aac 3824His Arg Gln Lys Ile Met Ala Gln Met Ser Ala Leu Gln
Lys Asn 1030 1035 1040ttc att gaa act cat aaa ctc atg tat gac aat
aca tca gaa atg 3869Phe Ile Glu Thr His Lys Leu Met Tyr Asp Asn Thr
Ser Glu Met 1045 1050 1055cct ggg aaa gaa gat tcc att atg gag gaa
gag agc acc cca gca 3914Pro Gly Lys Glu Asp Ser Ile Met Glu Glu Glu
Ser Thr Pro Ala 1060 1065 1070gtc agt gac tac tct aga att gct ttg
ggt cct aaa cgg ggt cca 3959Val Ser Asp Tyr Ser Arg Ile Ala Leu Gly
Pro Lys Arg Gly Pro 1075 1080 1085tct gtt act gaa aag gag gtg ctg
acg tgc atc ctt tgc caa gaa 4004Ser Val Thr Glu Lys Glu Val Leu Thr
Cys Ile Leu Cys Gln Glu 1090 1095 1100gaa cag gag gtg aaa ata gaa
aat aat gcc atg gta tta tcg gcc 4049Glu Gln Glu Val Lys Ile Glu Asn
Asn Ala Met Val Leu Ser Ala 1105 1110 1115tgt gtc cag aaa tct act
gcc tta acc cag cac agg gga aaa ccc 4094Cys Val Gln Lys Ser Thr Ala
Leu Thr Gln His Arg Gly Lys Pro 1120 1125 1130ata gaa ctc tca gga
gaa gcc cta gac cca ctt ttc atg gat cca 4139Ile Glu Leu Ser Gly Glu
Ala Leu Asp Pro Leu Phe Met Asp Pro 1135 1140 1145gac ttg gca tat
gga act tat aca gga agc tgt ggt cat gta atg 4184Asp Leu Ala Tyr Gly
Thr Tyr Thr Gly Ser Cys Gly His Val Met 1150 1155 1160cac gca gtg
tgc tgg cag aag tat ttt gaa gct gta cag ctg agc 4229His Ala Val Cys
Trp Gln Lys Tyr Phe Glu Ala Val Gln Leu Ser 1165 1170 1175tct cag
cag cgc att cat gtt gac ctt ttt gac ttg gaa agt gga 4274Ser Gln Gln
Arg Ile His Val Asp Leu Phe Asp Leu Glu Ser Gly 1180 1185 1190gaa
tat ctt tgc cct ctt tgc aaa tct ctg tgc aat act gtg atc 4319Glu Tyr
Leu Cys Pro Leu Cys Lys Ser Leu Cys Asn Thr Val Ile 1195 1200
1205ccc att att cct ttg caa cct caa aag ata aac agt gag aat gca
4364Pro Ile Ile Pro Leu Gln Pro Gln Lys Ile Asn Ser Glu Asn Ala
1210 1215 1220gat gct ctt gct caa ctt ttg acc ctg gca cgg tgg ata
cag act 4409Asp Ala Leu Ala Gln Leu Leu Thr Leu Ala Arg Trp Ile Gln
Thr 1225 1230 1235gtt ctg gcc aga ata tca ggt tat aat ata aga cat
gct aaa gga 4454Val Leu Ala Arg Ile Ser Gly Tyr Asn Ile Arg His Ala
Lys Gly 1240 1245 1250gaa aac cca att cct att ttc ttt aat caa gga
atg gga gat tct 4499Glu Asn Pro Ile Pro Ile Phe Phe Asn Gln Gly Met
Gly Asp Ser 1255 1260 1265act ttg gag ttc cat tcc atc ctg agt ttt
ggc gtt gag tct tcg 4544Thr Leu Glu Phe His Ser Ile Leu Ser Phe Gly
Val Glu Ser Ser 1270 1275 1280att aaa tat tca aat agc atc aag gaa
atg gtt att ctc ttt gcc 4589Ile Lys Tyr Ser Asn Ser Ile Lys Glu Met
Val Ile Leu Phe Ala 1285 1290 1295aca aca att tat aga att gga ttg
aaa gtg cca cct gat gaa agg 4634Thr Thr Ile Tyr Arg Ile Gly Leu Lys
Val Pro Pro Asp Glu Arg 1300 1305 1310gat cct cga gtc ccc atg ctg
acc tgg agc acc tgc gct ttc act 4679Asp Pro Arg Val Pro Met Leu Thr
Trp Ser Thr Cys Ala Phe Thr 1315 1320 1325atc cag gca att gaa aat
cta ttg gga gat gaa gga aaa cct ctg 4724Ile Gln Ala Ile Glu Asn Leu
Leu Gly Asp Glu Gly Lys Pro Leu 1330 1335 1340ttt gga gca ctt caa
aat agg cag cat aat ggt ctg aaa gca tta 4769Phe Gly Ala Leu Gln Asn
Arg Gln His Asn Gly Leu Lys Ala Leu 1345 1350 1355atg cag ttt gca
gtt gca cag agg att acc tgt cct cag gtc ctg 4814Met Gln Phe Ala Val
Ala Gln Arg Ile Thr Cys Pro Gln Val Leu 1360 1365 1370ata cag aaa
cat ctg gtt cgt ctt cta tca gtt gtt ctt cct aac 4859Ile Gln Lys His
Leu Val Arg Leu Leu Ser Val Val Leu Pro Asn 1375 1380 1385ata aaa
tca gaa gat aca cca tgc ctt ctg tct ata gat ctg ttt 4904Ile Lys Ser
Glu Asp Thr Pro Cys Leu Leu Ser Ile Asp Leu Phe 1390 1395 1400cat
gtt ttg gtg ggt gct gtg tta gca ttc cca tcc ttg tat tgg 4949His Val
Leu Val Gly Ala Val Leu Ala Phe Pro Ser Leu Tyr Trp 1405 1410
1415gat gac cct gtt gat ctg cag cct tct tca gtt agt tct tcc tat
4994Asp Asp Pro Val Asp Leu Gln Pro Ser Ser Val Ser Ser Ser Tyr
1420 1425 1430aac cac ctt tat ctc ttc cat ttg atc acc atg gca cac
atg ctt 5039Asn His Leu Tyr Leu Phe His Leu Ile Thr Met Ala His Met
Leu
1435 1440 1445cag ata cta ctt aca gta gac aca ggc cta ccc ctt gct
cag gtt 5084Gln Ile Leu Leu Thr Val Asp Thr Gly Leu Pro Leu Ala Gln
Val 1450 1455 1460caa gaa gac agt gaa gag gct cat tcc gca tct tct
ttc ttt gca 5129Gln Glu Asp Ser Glu Glu Ala His Ser Ala Ser Ser Phe
Phe Ala 1465 1470 1475gaa att tct caa tat aca agt ggc tcc att ggg
tgt gat att cct 5174Glu Ile Ser Gln Tyr Thr Ser Gly Ser Ile Gly Cys
Asp Ile Pro 1480 1485 1490ggc tgg tat ttg tgg gtc tca ctg aag aat
ggc atc acc cct tat 5219Gly Trp Tyr Leu Trp Val Ser Leu Lys Asn Gly
Ile Thr Pro Tyr 1495 1500 1505ctt cgc tgt gct gca ttg ttt ttc cac
tat tta ctt ggg gta act 5264Leu Arg Cys Ala Ala Leu Phe Phe His Tyr
Leu Leu Gly Val Thr 1510 1515 1520ccg cct gag gaa ctg cat acc aat
tct gca gaa gga gag tac agt 5309Pro Pro Glu Glu Leu His Thr Asn Ser
Ala Glu Gly Glu Tyr Ser 1525 1530 1535gca ctc tgt agc tat cta tct
tta cct aca aat ttg ttc ctg ctc 5354Ala Leu Cys Ser Tyr Leu Ser Leu
Pro Thr Asn Leu Phe Leu Leu 1540 1545 1550ttc cag gaa tat tgg gat
act gta agg ccc ttg ctc cag agg tgg 5399Phe Gln Glu Tyr Trp Asp Thr
Val Arg Pro Leu Leu Gln Arg Trp 1555 1560 1565tgt gca gat cct gcc
tta cta aac tgt ttg aag caa aaa aac acc 5444Cys Ala Asp Pro Ala Leu
Leu Asn Cys Leu Lys Gln Lys Asn Thr 1570 1575 1580gtg gtc agg tac
cct aga aaa aga aat agt ttg ata gag ctt cct 5489Val Val Arg Tyr Pro
Arg Lys Arg Asn Ser Leu Ile Glu Leu Pro 1585 1590 1595gat gac tat
agc tgc ctc ctg aat caa gct tct cat ttc agg tgc 5534Asp Asp Tyr Ser
Cys Leu Leu Asn Gln Ala Ser His Phe Arg Cys 1600 1605 1610cca cgg
tct gca gat gat gag cga aag cat cct gtc ctc tgc ctt 5579Pro Arg Ser
Ala Asp Asp Glu Arg Lys His Pro Val Leu Cys Leu 1615 1620 1625ttc
tgt ggg gct ata cta tgt tct cag aac att tgc tgc cag gaa 5624Phe Cys
Gly Ala Ile Leu Cys Ser Gln Asn Ile Cys Cys Gln Glu 1630 1635
1640att gtg aac ggg gaa gag gtt gga gct tgc att ttt cac gca ctt
5669Ile Val Asn Gly Glu Glu Val Gly Ala Cys Ile Phe His Ala Leu
1645 1650 1655cac tgt gga gcc gga gtc tgc att ttc cta aaa atc aga
gaa tgc 5714His Cys Gly Ala Gly Val Cys Ile Phe Leu Lys Ile Arg Glu
Cys 1660 1665 1670cga gtg gtc ctg gtt gaa ggt aaa gcc aga ggc tgt
gcc tat cca 5759Arg Val Val Leu Val Glu Gly Lys Ala Arg Gly Cys Ala
Tyr Pro 1675 1680 1685gct cct tac ttg gat gaa tat gga gaa aca gac
cct ggc ctg aag 5804Ala Pro Tyr Leu Asp Glu Tyr Gly Glu Thr Asp Pro
Gly Leu Lys 1690 1695 1700agg ggc aac ccc ctt cat tta tct cgt gag
cgg tat cgg aag ctc 5849Arg Gly Asn Pro Leu His Leu Ser Arg Glu Arg
Tyr Arg Lys Leu 1705 1710 1715cat ttg gtc tgg caa caa cac tgc att
ata gaa gag att gct agg 5894His Leu Val Trp Gln Gln His Cys Ile Ile
Glu Glu Ile Ala Arg 1720 1725 1730agc caa gag act aat cag atg tta
ttt gga ttc aac tgg cag tta 5939Ser Gln Glu Thr Asn Gln Met Leu Phe
Gly Phe Asn Trp Gln Leu 1735 1740 1745ctg tgagctccaa ctctgcctca
agacaatcac aaatgacgac agtagtaaag 5992Leugctgattcaa aattatggaa
aactttctga gggctgggaa agtattggag ggtcttttgc 6052tccatgtcca
ggttcactta catcaataaa atatttctta atggagtatt gctttcaatt
6112agcaaacata tgcttcacag gaaaaaagga catagatcaa tctgttttat
gtgctagtat 6172ttccaggaat ttattcccct tcataatttg tctcatttca
ttttatttca tccacttggt 6232agatgaagtc acgtcaaaca gttgtagaca
ttttatgtgt tggttaactc ttctgcaatt 6292ttgtatttgg tgtttt
630821749PRTHomo sapiens 2Met Ala Asp Glu Glu Ala Gly Gly Thr Glu
Arg Met Glu Ile Ser Ala1 5 10 15Glu Leu Pro Gln Thr Pro Gln Arg Leu
Ala Ser Trp Trp Asp Gln Gln 20 25 30Val Asp Phe Tyr Thr Ala Phe Leu
His His Leu Ala Gln Leu Val Pro 35 40 45Glu Ile Tyr Phe Ala Glu Met
Asp Pro Asp Leu Glu Lys Gln Glu Glu 50 55 60Ser Val Gln Met Ser Ile
Phe Thr Pro Leu Glu Trp Tyr Leu Phe Gly65 70 75 80Glu Asp Pro Asp
Ile Cys Leu Glu Lys Leu Lys His Ser Gly Ala Phe 85 90 95Gln Leu Cys
Gly Arg Val Phe Lys Ser Gly Glu Thr Thr Tyr Ser Cys 100 105 110Arg
Asp Cys Ala Ile Asp Pro Thr Cys Val Leu Cys Met Asp Cys Phe 115 120
125Gln Asp Ser Val His Lys Asn His Arg Tyr Lys Met His Thr Ser Thr
130 135 140Gly Gly Gly Phe Cys Asp Cys Gly Asp Thr Glu Ala Trp Lys
Thr Gly145 150 155 160Pro Phe Cys Val Asn His Glu Pro Gly Arg Ala
Gly Thr Ile Lys Glu 165 170 175Asn Ser Arg Cys Pro Leu Asn Glu Glu
Val Ile Val Gln Ala Arg Lys 180 185 190Ile Phe Pro Ser Val Ile Lys
Tyr Val Val Glu Met Thr Ile Trp Glu 195 200 205Glu Glu Lys Glu Leu
Pro Pro Glu Leu Gln Ile Arg Glu Lys Asn Glu 210 215 220Arg Tyr Tyr
Cys Val Leu Phe Asn Asp Glu His His Ser Tyr Asp His225 230 235
240Val Ile Tyr Ser Leu Gln Arg Ala Leu Asp Cys Glu Leu Ala Glu Ala
245 250 255Gln Leu His Thr Thr Ala Ile Asp Lys Glu Gly Arg Arg Ala
Val Lys 260 265 270Ala Gly Ala Tyr Ala Ala Cys Gln Glu Ala Lys Glu
Asp Ile Lys Ser 275 280 285His Ser Glu Asn Val Ser Gln His Pro Leu
His Val Glu Val Leu His 290 295 300Ser Glu Ile Met Ala His Gln Lys
Phe Ala Leu Arg Leu Gly Ser Trp305 310 315 320Met Asn Lys Ile Met
Ser Tyr Ser Ser Asp Phe Arg Gln Ile Phe Cys 325 330 335Gln Ala Cys
Leu Arg Glu Glu Pro Asp Ser Glu Asn Pro Cys Leu Ile 340 345 350Ser
Arg Leu Met Leu Trp Asp Ala Lys Leu Tyr Lys Gly Ala Arg Lys 355 360
365Ile Leu His Glu Leu Ile Phe Ser Ser Phe Phe Met Glu Met Glu Tyr
370 375 380Lys Lys Leu Phe Ala Met Glu Phe Val Lys Tyr Tyr Lys Gln
Leu Gln385 390 395 400Lys Glu Tyr Ile Ser Asp Asp His Asp Arg Ser
Ile Ser Ile Thr Ala 405 410 415Leu Ser Val Gln Met Phe Thr Val Pro
Thr Leu Ala Arg His Leu Ile 420 425 430Glu Glu Gln Asn Val Ile Ser
Val Ile Thr Glu Thr Leu Leu Glu Val 435 440 445Leu Pro Glu Tyr Leu
Asp Arg Asn Asn Lys Phe Asn Phe Gln Gly Tyr 450 455 460Ser Gln Asp
Lys Leu Gly Arg Val Tyr Ala Val Ile Cys Asp Leu Lys465 470 475
480Tyr Ile Leu Ile Ser Lys Pro Thr Ile Trp Thr Glu Arg Leu Arg Met
485 490 495Gln Phe Leu Glu Gly Phe Arg Ser Phe Leu Lys Ile Leu Thr
Cys Met 500 505 510Gln Gly Met Glu Glu Ile Arg Arg Gln Val Gly Gln
His Ile Glu Val 515 520 525Asp Pro Asp Trp Glu Ala Ala Ile Ala Ile
Gln Met Gln Leu Lys Asn 530 535 540Ile Leu Leu Met Phe Gln Glu Trp
Cys Ala Cys Asp Glu Glu Leu Leu545 550 555 560Leu Val Ala Tyr Lys
Glu Cys His Lys Ala Val Met Arg Cys Ser Thr 565 570 575Ser Phe Ile
Ser Ser Ser Lys Thr Val Val Gln Ser Cys Gly His Ser 580 585 590Leu
Glu Thr Lys Ser Tyr Arg Val Ser Glu Asp Leu Val Ser Ile His 595 600
605Leu Pro Leu Ser Arg Thr Leu Ala Gly Leu His Val Arg Leu Ser Arg
610 615 620Leu Gly Ala Val Ser Arg Leu His Glu Phe Val Ser Phe Glu
Asp Phe625 630 635 640Gln Val Glu Val Leu Val Glu Tyr Pro Leu Arg
Cys Leu Val Leu Val 645 650 655Ala Gln Val Val Ala Glu Met Trp Arg
Arg Asn Gly Leu Ser Leu Ile 660 665 670Ser Gln Val Phe Tyr Tyr Gln
Asp Val Lys Cys Arg Glu Glu Met Tyr 675 680 685Asp Lys Asp Ile Ile
Met Leu Gln Ile Gly Ala Ser Leu Met Asp Pro 690 695 700Asn Lys Phe
Leu Leu Leu Val Leu Gln Arg Tyr Glu Leu Ala Glu Ala705 710 715
720Phe Asn Lys Thr Ile Ser Thr Lys Asp Gln Asp Leu Ile Lys Gln Tyr
725 730 735Asn Thr Leu Ile Glu Glu Met Leu Gln Val Leu Ile Tyr Ile
Val Gly 740 745 750Glu Arg Tyr Val Pro Gly Val Gly Asn Val Thr Lys
Glu Glu Val Thr 755 760 765Met Arg Glu Ile Ile His Leu Leu Cys Ile
Glu Pro Met Pro His Ser 770 775 780Ala Ile Ala Lys Asn Leu Pro Glu
Asn Glu Asn Asn Glu Thr Gly Leu785 790 795 800Glu Asn Val Ile Asn
Lys Val Ala Thr Phe Lys Lys Pro Gly Val Ser 805 810 815Gly His Gly
Val Tyr Glu Leu Lys Asp Glu Ser Leu Lys Asp Phe Asn 820 825 830Met
Tyr Phe Tyr His Tyr Ser Lys Thr Gln His Ser Lys Ala Glu His 835 840
845Met Gln Lys Lys Arg Arg Lys Gln Glu Asn Lys Asp Glu Ala Leu Pro
850 855 860Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Glu Phe Cys Pro Ala Phe Ser Lys Val
Ile Asn865 870 875 880Leu Leu Asn Cys Asp Ile Met Met Tyr Ile Leu
Arg Thr Val Phe Glu 885 890 895Arg Ala Ile Asp Thr Asp Ser Asn Leu
Trp Thr Glu Gly Met Leu Gln 900 905 910Met Ala Phe His Ile Leu Ala
Leu Gly Leu Leu Glu Glu Lys Gln Gln 915 920 925Leu Gln Lys Ala Pro
Glu Glu Glu Val Thr Phe Asp Phe Tyr His Lys 930 935 940Ala Ser Arg
Leu Gly Ser Ser Ala Met Asn Ile Gln Met Leu Leu Glu945 950 955
960Lys Leu Lys Gly Ile Pro Gln Leu Glu Gly Gln Lys Asp Met Ile Thr
965 970 975Trp Ile Leu Gln Met Phe Asp Thr Val Lys Arg Leu Arg Glu
Lys Ser 980 985 990Cys Leu Ile Val Ala Thr Thr Ser Gly Ser Glu Ser
Ile Lys Asn Asp 995 1000 1005Glu Ile Thr His Asp Lys Glu Lys Ala
Glu Arg Lys Arg Lys Ala 1010 1015 1020Glu Ala Ala Arg Leu His Arg
Gln Lys Ile Met Ala Gln Met Ser 1025 1030 1035Ala Leu Gln Lys Asn
Phe Ile Glu Thr His Lys Leu Met Tyr Asp 1040 1045 1050Asn Thr Ser
Glu Met Pro Gly Lys Glu Asp Ser Ile Met Glu Glu 1055 1060 1065Glu
Ser Thr Pro Ala Val Ser Asp Tyr Ser Arg Ile Ala Leu Gly 1070 1075
1080Pro Lys Arg Gly Pro Ser Val Thr Glu Lys Glu Val Leu Thr Cys
1085 1090 1095Ile Leu Cys Gln Glu Glu Gln Glu Val Lys Ile Glu Asn
Asn Ala 1100 1105 1110Met Val Leu Ser Ala Cys Val Gln Lys Ser Thr
Ala Leu Thr Gln 1115 1120 1125His Arg Gly Lys Pro Ile Glu Leu Ser
Gly Glu Ala Leu Asp Pro 1130 1135 1140Leu Phe Met Asp Pro Asp Leu
Ala Tyr Gly Thr Tyr Thr Gly Ser 1145 1150 1155Cys Gly His Val Met
His Ala Val Cys Trp Gln Lys Tyr Phe Glu 1160 1165 1170Ala Val Gln
Leu Ser Ser Gln Gln Arg Ile His Val Asp Leu Phe 1175 1180 1185Asp
Leu Glu Ser Gly Glu Tyr Leu Cys Pro Leu Cys Lys Ser Leu 1190 1195
1200Cys Asn Thr Val Ile Pro Ile Ile Pro Leu Gln Pro Gln Lys Ile
1205 1210 1215Asn Ser Glu Asn Ala Asp Ala Leu Ala Gln Leu Leu Thr
Leu Ala 1220 1225 1230Arg Trp Ile Gln Thr Val Leu Ala Arg Ile Ser
Gly Tyr Asn Ile 1235 1240 1245Arg His Ala Lys Gly Glu Asn Pro Ile
Pro Ile Phe Phe Asn Gln 1250 1255 1260Gly Met Gly Asp Ser Thr Leu
Glu Phe His Ser Ile Leu Ser Phe 1265 1270 1275Gly Val Glu Ser Ser
Ile Lys Tyr Ser Asn Ser Ile Lys Glu Met 1280 1285 1290Val Ile Leu
Phe Ala Thr Thr Ile Tyr Arg Ile Gly Leu Lys Val 1295 1300 1305Pro
Pro Asp Glu Arg Asp Pro Arg Val Pro Met Leu Thr Trp Ser 1310 1315
1320Thr Cys Ala Phe Thr Ile Gln Ala Ile Glu Asn Leu Leu Gly Asp
1325 1330 1335Glu Gly Lys Pro Leu Phe Gly Ala Leu Gln Asn Arg Gln
His Asn 1340 1345 1350Gly Leu Lys Ala Leu Met Gln Phe Ala Val Ala
Gln Arg Ile Thr 1355 1360 1365Cys Pro Gln Val Leu Ile Gln Lys His
Leu Val Arg Leu Leu Ser 1370 1375 1380Val Val Leu Pro Asn Ile Lys
Ser Glu Asp Thr Pro Cys Leu Leu 1385 1390 1395Ser Ile Asp Leu Phe
His Val Leu Val Gly Ala Val Leu Ala Phe 1400 1405 1410Pro Ser Leu
Tyr Trp Asp Asp Pro Val Asp Leu Gln Pro Ser Ser 1415 1420 1425Val
Ser Ser Ser Tyr Asn His Leu Tyr Leu Phe His Leu Ile Thr 1430 1435
1440Met Ala His Met Leu Gln Ile Leu Leu Thr Val Asp Thr Gly Leu
1445 1450 1455Pro Leu Ala Gln Val Gln Glu Asp Ser Glu Glu Ala His
Ser Ala 1460 1465 1470Ser Ser Phe Phe Ala Glu Ile Ser Gln Tyr Thr
Ser Gly Ser Ile 1475 1480 1485Gly Cys Asp Ile Pro Gly Trp Tyr Leu
Trp Val Ser Leu Lys Asn 1490 1495 1500Gly Ile Thr Pro Tyr Leu Arg
Cys Ala Ala Leu Phe Phe His Tyr 1505 1510 1515Leu Leu Gly Val Thr
Pro Pro Glu Glu Leu His Thr Asn Ser Ala 1520 1525 1530Glu Gly Glu
Tyr Ser Ala Leu Cys Ser Tyr Leu Ser Leu Pro Thr 1535 1540 1545Asn
Leu Phe Leu Leu Phe Gln Glu Tyr Trp Asp Thr Val Arg Pro 1550 1555
1560Leu Leu Gln Arg Trp Cys Ala Asp Pro Ala Leu Leu Asn Cys Leu
1565 1570 1575Lys Gln Lys Asn Thr Val Val Arg Tyr Pro Arg Lys Arg
Asn Ser 1580 1585 1590Leu Ile Glu Leu Pro Asp Asp Tyr Ser Cys Leu
Leu Asn Gln Ala 1595 1600 1605Ser His Phe Arg Cys Pro Arg Ser Ala
Asp Asp Glu Arg Lys His 1610 1615 1620Pro Val Leu Cys Leu Phe Cys
Gly Ala Ile Leu Cys Ser Gln Asn 1625 1630 1635Ile Cys Cys Gln Glu
Ile Val Asn Gly Glu Glu Val Gly Ala Cys 1640 1645 1650Ile Phe His
Ala Leu His Cys Gly Ala Gly Val Cys Ile Phe Leu 1655 1660 1665Lys
Ile Arg Glu Cys Arg Val Val Leu Val Glu Gly Lys Ala Arg 1670 1675
1680Gly Cys Ala Tyr Pro Ala Pro Tyr Leu Asp Glu Tyr Gly Glu Thr
1685 1690 1695Asp Pro Gly Leu Lys Arg Gly Asn Pro Leu His Leu Ser
Arg Glu 1700 1705 1710Arg Tyr Arg Lys Leu His Leu Val Trp Gln Gln
His Cys Ile Ile 1715 1720 1725Glu Glu Ile Ala Arg Ser Gln Glu Thr
Asn Gln Met Leu Phe Gly 1730 1735 1740Phe Asn Trp Gln Leu Leu
174536300DNAHomo sapeinsCDS(295)..(5559) 3gccaagaatt cggcacgagg
tgtcaggcct ggggttttct gtgtccttcc ctgggtcagg 60gacgagccag tgacttgact
cttgggcgct aagcttggga gggagcgcag gaggccgctg 120tccttccttt
ccggttcacg tcacccttct ctccctctgt tgctccacct gcagccactt
180ggacggctcc gggactgatt gcctggggca ggggtggcag tcgaggccgc
cggggccgag 240gtgaggctgc agctctccgg gcggcggtag cgctggggag
gaggaggaga gaag atg 297 Met 1gcg tcg gag cta gag cca gag gtg cag
gcc atc gac cgg agt ttg ctg 345Ala Ser Glu Leu Glu Pro Glu Val Gln
Ala Ile Asp Arg Ser Leu Leu 5 10 15gaa tgt tcg gcc gag gag att gcg
ggg aaa tgg ctg caa gca act gac 393Glu Cys Ser Ala Glu Glu Ile Ala
Gly Lys Trp Leu Gln Ala Thr Asp 20 25 30ctc act aga gaa gtg tac cag
cat tta gcc cac tat gta ccc aaa atc 441Leu Thr Arg Glu Val Tyr
Gln
His Leu Ala His Tyr Val Pro Lys Ile 35 40 45tac tgc agg ggt ccc aac
cct ttt cca cag aaa gaa gac atg ctg gca 489Tyr Cys Arg Gly Pro Asn
Pro Phe Pro Gln Lys Glu Asp Met Leu Ala50 55 60 65cag cat gtt ttg
ttg gga cca atg gaa tgg tac ctt tgt ggt gaa gat 537Gln His Val Leu
Leu Gly Pro Met Glu Trp Tyr Leu Cys Gly Glu Asp 70 75 80cct gca ttt
gga ttt cca aaa ctt gag caa gca aac aaa cct tct cat 585Pro Ala Phe
Gly Phe Pro Lys Leu Glu Gln Ala Asn Lys Pro Ser His 85 90 95ctt tgt
ggt cgt gtt ttt aaa gta gga gag cct aca tat tct tgc aga 633Leu Cys
Gly Arg Val Phe Lys Val Gly Glu Pro Thr Tyr Ser Cys Arg 100 105
110gac tgt gca gtt gat cca act tgt gtt ttg tgc atg gag tgc ttt ttg
681Asp Cys Ala Val Asp Pro Thr Cys Val Leu Cys Met Glu Cys Phe Leu
115 120 125gga agt att cac aga gat cat cga tat agg atg aca aca tca
gga ggt 729Gly Ser Ile His Arg Asp His Arg Tyr Arg Met Thr Thr Ser
Gly Gly130 135 140 145gga ggt ttc tgt gac tgt ggt gat act gaa gcc
tgg aaa gag ggt cct 777Gly Gly Phe Cys Asp Cys Gly Asp Thr Glu Ala
Trp Lys Glu Gly Pro 150 155 160tac tgt caa aaa cat gaa ctt aac acc
tct gaa att gag gaa gaa gag 825Tyr Cys Gln Lys His Glu Leu Asn Thr
Ser Glu Ile Glu Glu Glu Glu 165 170 175gat cct ctt gtt cat tta tca
gaa gat gtg ata gca aga act tat aac 873Asp Pro Leu Val His Leu Ser
Glu Asp Val Ile Ala Arg Thr Tyr Asn 180 185 190att ttt gct att acg
ttt cgg tat gca gta gaa ata tta acc tgg gaa 921Ile Phe Ala Ile Thr
Phe Arg Tyr Ala Val Glu Ile Leu Thr Trp Glu 195 200 205aaa gaa agt
gaa ttg cca gca gat tta gag atg gta gag aag agt gac 969Lys Glu Ser
Glu Leu Pro Ala Asp Leu Glu Met Val Glu Lys Ser Asp210 215 220
225acc tac tat tgc atg ctg ttt aat gat gag gtt cac acc tat gaa caa
1017Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Met Leu Phe Asn Asp Glu Val His Thr Tyr Glu Gln
230 235 240gtt att tat act ctt cag aaa gct gtt aac tgt aca caa aaa
gaa gct 1065Val Ile Tyr Thr Leu Gln Lys Ala Val Asn Cys Thr Gln Lys
Glu Ala 245 250 255att ggt ttt gca act aca gta gat cga gat ggg cgt
agg tct gtt cga 1113Ile Gly Phe Ala Thr Thr Val Asp Arg Asp Gly Arg
Arg Ser Val Arg 260 265 270tat gga gat ttt cag tat tgt gag caa gca
aaa tca gta att gtg aga 1161Tyr Gly Asp Phe Gln Tyr Cys Glu Gln Ala
Lys Ser Val Ile Val Arg 275 280 285aat acc agt aga cag aca aag cca
ctc aaa gtt caa gtt atg cat tcg 1209Asn Thr Ser Arg Gln Thr Lys Pro
Leu Lys Val Gln Val Met His Ser290 295 300 305tct att gtc gca cat
cag aat ttt ggt ttg aaa ctt ttg tct tgg ctg 1257Ser Ile Val Ala His
Gln Asn Phe Gly Leu Lys Leu Leu Ser Trp Leu 310 315 320gga agt att
att gga tat tca gat ggc ctt cgc cgg att tta tgt caa 1305Gly Ser Ile
Ile Gly Tyr Ser Asp Gly Leu Arg Arg Ile Leu Cys Gln 325 330 335gtt
ggt tta caa gaa ggg cca gat ggt gaa aac tct tct cta gtg gac 1353Val
Gly Leu Gln Glu Gly Pro Asp Gly Glu Asn Ser Ser Leu Val Asp 340 345
350aga ctg atg ctt agt gat tcc aaa tta tgg aaa ggt gct agg agt gta
1401Arg Leu Met Leu Ser Asp Ser Lys Leu Trp Lys Gly Ala Arg Ser Val
355 360 365tat cat cag ttg ttc atg agc agt ctg ctt atg gat ttg aaa
tac aag 1449Tyr His Gln Leu Phe Met Ser Ser Leu Leu Met Asp Leu Lys
Tyr Lys370 375 380 385aaa cta ttt gct gtt cga ttt gca aaa aat tac
cag cag ttg cag aga 1497Lys Leu Phe Ala Val Arg Phe Ala Lys Asn Tyr
Gln Gln Leu Gln Arg 390 395 400gat ttt atg gag gat gat cac gag cga
gca gtg tcg gtg act gct cta 1545Asp Phe Met Glu Asp Asp His Glu Arg
Ala Val Ser Val Thr Ala Leu 405 410 415tct gtc cag ttc ttc acc gca
cct act ctg gct cga atg ctc atc aca 1593Ser Val Gln Phe Phe Thr Ala
Pro Thr Leu Ala Arg Met Leu Ile Thr 420 425 430gaa gaa aac ttg atg
agc att atc att aag act ttt atg gat cat ttg 1641Glu Glu Asn Leu Met
Ser Ile Ile Ile Lys Thr Phe Met Asp His Leu 435 440 445aga cat cga
gat gcc cag ggc aga ttt cag ttt gaa cga tac act gct 1689Arg His Arg
Asp Ala Gln Gly Arg Phe Gln Phe Glu Arg Tyr Thr Ala450 455 460
465tta caa gcc ttc aaa ttt agg aga gta cag agc ctt att tta gat ctc
1737Leu Gln Ala Phe Lys Phe Arg Arg Val Gln Ser Leu Ile Leu Asp Leu
470 475 480aag tat gtg tta att agc aaa cca act gaa tgg tca gat gag
ctg agg 1785Lys Tyr Val Leu Ile Ser Lys Pro Thr Glu Trp Ser Asp Glu
Leu Arg 485 490 495cag aag ttc cta gaa ggg ttt gat gcc ttt ttg gaa
tta cta aaa tgt 1833Gln Lys Phe Leu Glu Gly Phe Asp Ala Phe Leu Glu
Leu Leu Lys Cys 500 505 510atg cag gga atg gat cca att aca cgt caa
gta gga caa cat att gaa 1881Met Gln Gly Met Asp Pro Ile Thr Arg Gln
Val Gly Gln His Ile Glu 515 520 525atg gaa cca gag tgg gaa gca gcc
ttc aca cta caa atg aaa tta aca 1929Met Glu Pro Glu Trp Glu Ala Ala
Phe Thr Leu Gln Met Lys Leu Thr530 535 540 545cat gtc att tca atg
atg cag gac tgg tgt gct tca gat gaa aaa gtg 1977His Val Ile Ser Met
Met Gln Asp Trp Cys Ala Ser Asp Glu Lys Val 550 555 560tta atc gaa
gct tac aag aaa tgt ctc gct gta ctg atg cag tgt cat 2025Leu Ile Glu
Ala Tyr Lys Lys Cys Leu Ala Val Leu Met Gln Cys His 565 570 575ggt
ggt tat act gat ggt gaa cag cca atc aca cta agc att tgt gga 2073Gly
Gly Tyr Thr Asp Gly Glu Gln Pro Ile Thr Leu Ser Ile Cys Gly 580 585
590cat tca gtg gaa act atc aga tac tgt gtt tcc caa gaa aaa gtt agc
2121His Ser Val Glu Thr Ile Arg Tyr Cys Val Ser Gln Glu Lys Val Ser
595 600 605att cac ctc cca gtt tct cgc tta ctt gca ggt tta cat gta
tta tta 2169Ile His Leu Pro Val Ser Arg Leu Leu Ala Gly Leu His Val
Leu Leu610 615 620 625agc aaa agt gaa gtg gca tat aaa ttt cca gag
ctc cta cct cta agt 2217Ser Lys Ser Glu Val Ala Tyr Lys Phe Pro Glu
Leu Leu Pro Leu Ser 630 635 640gaa ctt agc cca ccc atg ttg ata gaa
cac cct ctt aga tgt ctt gtt 2265Glu Leu Ser Pro Pro Met Leu Ile Glu
His Pro Leu Arg Cys Leu Val 645 650 655ctg tgt gcc caa gta cat gcc
gga atg tgg aga aga aat ggg ttc tct 2313Leu Cys Ala Gln Val His Ala
Gly Met Trp Arg Arg Asn Gly Phe Ser 660 665 670cta gta aac cag att
tat tac tac cat aat gtg aaa tgc aga cgt gag 2361Leu Val Asn Gln Ile
Tyr Tyr Tyr His Asn Val Lys Cys Arg Arg Glu 675 680 685atg ttt gac
aag gat gta gta atg ctt cag aca ggt gtc tcc atg atg 2409Met Phe Asp
Lys Asp Val Val Met Leu Gln Thr Gly Val Ser Met Met690 695 700
705gat cca aat cat ttc ctg atg atc atg ctc agc cgc ttt gaa ctt tat
2457Asp Pro Asn His Phe Leu Met Ile Met Leu Ser Arg Phe Glu Leu Tyr
710 715 720cag att ttc agt act cca gac tat gga aaa aga ttt agt tct
gag att 2505Gln Ile Phe Ser Thr Pro Asp Tyr Gly Lys Arg Phe Ser Ser
Glu Ile 725 730 735acc cat aag gat gtt gtt cag cag aac aat act cta
ata gaa gaa atg 2553Thr His Lys Asp Val Val Gln Gln Asn Asn Thr Leu
Ile Glu Glu Met 740 745 750cta tac ctc att ata atg ctt gtt gga gag
aga ttt agt cct gga gtt 2601Leu Tyr Leu Ile Ile Met Leu Val Gly Glu
Arg Phe Ser Pro Gly Val 755 760 765gga cag gta aat gct aca gat gaa
atc aag cga gag att atc cat cag 2649Gly Gln Val Asn Ala Thr Asp Glu
Ile Lys Arg Glu Ile Ile His Gln770 775 780 785ttg agt atc aag cct
atg gct cat agt gaa ttg gta aag tct tta cct 2697Leu Ser Ile Lys Pro
Met Ala His Ser Glu Leu Val Lys Ser Leu Pro 790 795 800gaa gat gag
aac aag gag act ggc atg gag agt gta atc gaa gca gtt 2745Glu Asp Glu
Asn Lys Glu Thr Gly Met Glu Ser Val Ile Glu Ala Val 805 810 815gcc
cat ttc aag aaa cct gga tta aca gga cga ggc atg tat gaa ctg 2793Ala
His Phe Lys Lys Pro Gly Leu Thr Gly Arg Gly Met Tyr Glu Leu 820 825
830aaa cca gaa tgt gcc aaa gag ttc aac ttg tat ttc tat cac ttt tca
2841Lys Pro Glu Cys Ala Lys Glu Phe Asn Leu Tyr Phe Tyr His Phe Ser
835 840 845agg gca gaa cag tcc aag gca gaa gaa gcg caa cgg aaa ttg
aaa aga 2889Arg Ala Glu Gln Ser Lys Ala Glu Glu Ala Gln Arg Lys Leu
Lys Arg850 855 860 865caa aat aga gaa gat aca gca ctc cca cct ccg
gtg ttg cct cca ttc 2937Gln Asn Arg Glu Asp Thr Ala Leu Pro Pro Pro
Val Leu Pro Pro Phe 870 875 880tgc cct ctg ttt gca agc ctg gtt aac
att ttg cag tca gat gtc atg 2985Cys Pro Leu Phe Ala Ser Leu Val Asn
Ile Leu Gln Ser Asp Val Met 885 890 895ttg tgc atc atg gga aca att
ctg caa tgg gct gtg gaa cat aat gga 3033Leu Cys Ile Met Gly Thr Ile
Leu Gln Trp Ala Val Glu His Asn Gly 900 905 910tat gcc tgg tca gag
tcc atg ctg caa agg gtg tta cat tta att ggc 3081Tyr Ala Trp Ser Glu
Ser Met Leu Gln Arg Val Leu His Leu Ile Gly 915 920 925atg gca cta
caa gaa gaa aaa caa cat tta gag aat gtc acg gaa gag 3129Met Ala Leu
Gln Glu Glu Lys Gln His Leu Glu Asn Val Thr Glu Glu930 935 940
945cat gta gta aca ttt acc ttc act cag aag ata tca aaa cct ggt gaa
3177His Val Val Thr Phe Thr Phe Thr Gln Lys Ile Ser Lys Pro Gly Glu
950 955 960gcg cca aaa aat tct cct agc ata cta gct atg ctg gaa aca
cta caa 3225Ala Pro Lys Asn Ser Pro Ser Ile Leu Ala Met Leu Glu Thr
Leu Gln 965 970 975aat gct ccc tac cta gaa gtc cac aaa gac atg att
cgg tgg ata ttg 3273Asn Ala Pro Tyr Leu Glu Val His Lys Asp Met Ile
Arg Trp Ile Leu 980 985 990aag act ttt aat gct gtt aaa aag atg agg
gag agt tca cct acc agt 3321Lys Thr Phe Asn Ala Val Lys Lys Met Arg
Glu Ser Ser Pro Thr Ser 995 1000 1005ccc gtg gca gag aca gaa gga
acc ata atg gaa gag agt tca agg 3366Pro Val Ala Glu Thr Glu Gly Thr
Ile Met Glu Glu Ser Ser Arg1010 1015 1020gac aaa gac aaa gct gag
agg aag aga aaa gca gag att gcc aga 3411Asp Lys Asp Lys Ala Glu Arg
Lys Arg Lys Ala Glu Ile Ala Arg1025 1030 1035ctg cgc aga gaa aag
atc atg gct cag atg tct gaa atg cag cgg 3456Leu Arg Arg Glu Lys Ile
Met Ala Gln Met Ser Glu Met Gln Arg1040 1045 1050cat ttt att gat
gaa aac aaa gaa ctc ttt cag cag aca tta gaa 3501His Phe Ile Asp Glu
Asn Lys Glu Leu Phe Gln Gln Thr Leu Glu1055 1060 1065ctg gat gcc
tca acc tct gct gtt ctt gat cat agc cct gtg gct 3546Leu Asp Ala Ser
Thr Ser Ala Val Leu Asp His Ser Pro Val Ala1070 1075 1080tca gat
atg aca ctt aca gca ctg ggt ccc aca caa act cag gtt 3591Ser Asp Met
Thr Leu Thr Ala Leu Gly Pro Thr Gln Thr Gln Val1085 1090 1095cct
gaa caa aga caa ttc gtt aca tgt ata ttg tgt caa gag gag 3636Pro Glu
Gln Arg Gln Phe Val Thr Cys Ile Leu Cys Gln Glu Glu1100 1105
1110caa gaa gtt aaa gtg gaa agc agg gca atg gtc ttg gca gca ttt
3681Gln Glu Val Lys Val Glu Ser Arg Ala Met Val Leu Ala Ala Phe1115
1120 1125gtt cag aga tca act gta tta tca aaa aac aga agt aaa ttt
att 3726Val Gln Arg Ser Thr Val Leu Ser Lys Asn Arg Ser Lys Phe
Ile1130 1135 1140caa gat cca gaa aaa tat gat cca tta ttc atg cac
cct gat ctg 3771Gln Asp Pro Glu Lys Tyr Asp Pro Leu Phe Met His Pro
Asp Leu1145 1150 1155tct tgt gga aca cac act agt agc tgt ggg cac
att atg cat gcc 3816Ser Cys Gly Thr His Thr Ser Ser Cys Gly His Ile
Met His Ala1160 1165 1170cat tgt tgg caa agg tat ttt gat tcc gtt
caa gct aaa gaa cag 3861His Cys Trp Gln Arg Tyr Phe Asp Ser Val Gln
Ala Lys Glu Gln1175 1180 1185cga agg caa cag aga tta cgc tta cat
acg agc tat gat gta gaa 3906Arg Arg Gln Gln Arg Leu Arg Leu His Thr
Ser Tyr Asp Val Glu1190 1195 1200aac gga gaa ttc ctt tgc ccc ctt
tgt gaa tgc ttg agt aat act 3951Asn Gly Glu Phe Leu Cys Pro Leu Cys
Glu Cys Leu Ser Asn Thr1205 1210 1215gtt att cct ctg ctg ctt cct
cca aga aat att ttt aac aac agg 3996Val Ile Pro Leu Leu Leu Pro Pro
Arg Asn Ile Phe Asn Asn Arg1220 1225 1230tta aat ttt tca gac caa
cca aat ctg act cag tgg att aga aca 4041Leu Asn Phe Ser Asp Gln Pro
Asn Leu Thr Gln Trp Ile Arg Thr1235 1240 1245ata tct cag caa ata
aaa gca tta cag ttt ctt agg aaa gaa gaa 4086Ile Ser Gln Gln Ile Lys
Ala Leu Gln Phe Leu Arg Lys Glu Glu1250 1255 1260agt act cct aat
aat gcc tct aca aag aat tca gaa aat gtg gat 4131Ser Thr Pro Asn Asn
Ala Ser Thr Lys Asn Ser Glu Asn Val Asp1265 1270 1275gaa tta cag
ctc cct gaa ggg ttc agg cct gat ttt cgt cct aag 4176Glu Leu Gln Leu
Pro Glu Gly Phe Arg Pro Asp Phe Arg Pro Lys1280 1285 1290atc cct
tat tct gag agc ata aaa gaa atg cta acg aca ttt gga 4221Ile Pro Tyr
Ser Glu Ser Ile Lys Glu Met Leu Thr Thr Phe Gly1295 1300 1305act
gct acc tac aag gtg gga cta aag gtt cat ccc aat gaa gag 4266Thr Ala
Thr Tyr Lys Val Gly Leu Lys Val His Pro Asn Glu Glu1310 1315
1320gat cct cgt gtt ccc ata atg tgt tgg ggt agc tgc gcg tac acc
4311Asp Pro Arg Val Pro Ile Met Cys Trp Gly Ser Cys Ala Tyr Thr1325
1330 1335atc caa agc ata gaa aga att ttg agt gat gaa gat aaa cca
ttg 4356Ile Gln Ser Ile Glu Arg Ile Leu Ser Asp Glu Asp Lys Pro
Leu1340 1345 1350ttt ggt cct tta cct tgc aga ctg gat gac tgt ctt
agg tca ttg 4401Phe Gly Pro Leu Pro Cys Arg Leu Asp Asp Cys Leu Arg
Ser Leu1355 1360 1365acg aga ttt gcc gca gca cac tgg aca gtg gca
tca gtt tca gtg 4446Thr Arg Phe Ala Ala Ala His Trp Thr Val Ala Ser
Val Ser Val1370 1375 1380gtg caa gga cat ttt tgt aaa ctt ttt gca
tca ctg gtg cct aat 4491Val Gln Gly His Phe Cys Lys Leu Phe Ala Ser
Leu Val Pro Asn1385 1390 1395gac agc cat gag gaa ctt cca tgc ata
tta gat att gac atg ttt 4536Asp Ser His Glu Glu Leu Pro Cys Ile Leu
Asp Ile Asp Met Phe1400 1405 1410cat tta ttg gtg ggc ttg gtg ctt
gca ttt cct gcg ttg cag tgt 4581His Leu Leu Val Gly Leu Val Leu Ala
Phe Pro Ala Leu Gln Cys1415 1420 1425cag gat ttt tca ggg atc agc
ctt ggc act gga gac ctt cac att 4626Gln Asp Phe Ser Gly Ile Ser Leu
Gly Thr Gly Asp Leu His Ile1430 1435 1440ttc cat ctg gtt act atg
gca cac atc ata cag atc tta ctt acc 4671Phe His Leu Val Thr Met Ala
His Ile Ile Gln Ile Leu Leu Thr1445 1450 1455tca tgt aca gaa gag
aat ggc atg gat caa gaa aat ccc cct tgt 4716Ser Cys Thr Glu Glu Asn
Gly Met Asp Gln Glu Asn Pro Pro Cys1460 1465 1470gaa gaa gaa tca
gca gtt ctt gct ttg tat aaa aca ctt cac cag 4761Glu Glu Glu Ser Ala
Val Leu Ala Leu Tyr Lys Thr Leu His Gln1475 1480 1485tat acg gga
agt gcc ttg aaa gaa ata cca tcc ggc tgg cat ctg 4806Tyr Thr Gly Ser
Ala Leu Lys Glu Ile Pro Ser Gly Trp His Leu1490 1495 1500tgg agg
agt gtc aga gct gga atc atg cct ttc ctg aag tgt tct 4851Trp Arg Ser
Val Arg Ala Gly Ile Met Pro Phe Leu Lys Cys Ser1505 1510 1515gct
tta ttt ttt cat tac tta aat gga gtt cct tcc cca ccc gac 4896Ala Leu
Phe Phe His Tyr Leu Asn Gly Val Pro Ser Pro Pro Asp1520 1525
1530att caa gtt cct gga aca agc cat ttt gaa cat tta tgt agc tat
4941Ile Gln Val Pro Gly Thr Ser His Phe Glu His Leu Cys Ser Tyr1535
1540 1545ctt tcc cta cca aac aac ctc att tgc ctt ttt caa gaa aat
agt 4986Leu Ser Leu Pro Asn Asn Leu Ile Cys Leu Phe Gln Glu Asn
Ser1550 1555 1560gag ata atg aat tca ctg att gaa agt tgg tgc cgt
aac agt gaa 5031Glu Ile Met Asn Ser Leu Ile Glu
Ser Trp Cys Arg Asn Ser Glu1565 1570 1575gtt aaa aga tat cta gaa
ggt gaa aga gat gct ata aga tat cca 5076Val Lys Arg Tyr Leu Glu Gly
Glu Arg Asp Ala Ile Arg Tyr Pro1580 1585 1590aga gaa tct aac aaa
tta ata aac ctt cca gag gat tac agc agc 5121Arg Glu Ser Asn Lys Leu
Ile Asn Leu Pro Glu Asp Tyr Ser Ser1595 1600 1605ctc att aat caa
gca tcc aat ttc tcg tgc ccg aaa tca ggt ggt 5166Leu Ile Asn Gln Ala
Ser Asn Phe Ser Cys Pro Lys Ser Gly Gly1610 1615 1620gat aag agc
aga gcc cca act ctg tgc ctt gtg tgc gga tct ctg 5211Asp Lys Ser Arg
Ala Pro Thr Leu Cys Leu Val Cys Gly Ser Leu1625 1630 1635ctg tgc
tcc cag agt tac tgc tgc cag act gaa ctg gaa ggg gag 5256Leu Cys Ser
Gln Ser Tyr Cys Cys Gln Thr Glu Leu Glu Gly Glu1640 1645 1650gat
gta gga gcc tgc aca gct cac acc tac tcc tgt ggc tct gga 5301Asp Val
Gly Ala Cys Thr Ala His Thr Tyr Ser Cys Gly Ser Gly1655 1660
1665gtg ggc atc ttc ctg aga gta cgg gaa tgt cag gtg cta ttt tta
5346Val Gly Ile Phe Leu Arg Val Arg Glu Cys Gln Val Leu Phe Leu1670
1675 1680gct ggc aaa acc aaa ggc tgt ttt tat tct cct cct tac ctt
gat 5391Ala Gly Lys Thr Lys Gly Cys Phe Tyr Ser Pro Pro Tyr Leu
Asp1685 1690 1695gac tat ggg gag acc gac cag gga ctc aga cgg gga
aat cct tta 5436Asp Tyr Gly Glu Thr Asp Gln Gly Leu Arg Arg Gly Asn
Pro Leu1700 1705 1710cat tta tgc aaa gag cga ttc aag aag att cag
aag ctc tgg cac 5481His Leu Cys Lys Glu Arg Phe Lys Lys Ile Gln Lys
Leu Trp His1715 1720 1725caa cac agt gtc aca gag gaa att gga cat
gca cag gaa gcc aat 5526Gln His Ser Val Thr Glu Glu Ile Gly His Ala
Gln Glu Ala Asn1730 1735 1740cag aca ctg gtt ggc att gac tgg caa
cat tta taattattgc 5569Gln Thr Leu Val Gly Ile Asp Trp Gln His
Leu1745 1750 1755accaccaaaa aacacaaact tggatttttt taacccagtt
ggctttttaa gaaagaaaga 5629agttctgctg aatttggaaa taaattcttt
atttaaactt tccttcccag ttttatagtt 5689tctggttctg aggactgatg
aaaatcatct tccatcagca gattttcttg cactgtttgc 5749tgtgcccctc
aaatataatg tcttgggttt taagatcgag caaggagctt ctcttcctag
5809attggatccc agcccctttg tgggggtctg actgcatagt cccagccatt
atgtgatatt 5869tcacgttatt gatgatagtg aaccgtgggt ccgaagctga
ctcaacggag gcagggaaca 5929aagtctctgt ggtctgttgg gtcatacttc
ctggttccac tgagtggccc aacactggga 5989ctgggttggt gtcccctctg
ctgacaggac cctactccta ggagcaaagt ggttgatttt 6049gaaggcagtg
ttcccttctc tccattgact atgagagagt tgggggacac acatgcagaa
6109gaagcccgtg gggagaaggt ggattcctgg tgtgctggct ggtttttcag
ggctgttaga 6169ggtttttttt ttcttttttt tttttatggc aagacttttg
gctttgagaa aactcactta 6229gagggctttc caaaaactta ggatggtcta
aaaaattagg atattctttt agaattagga 6289agaaaaatta g 630041755PRTHomo
sapeins 4Met Ala Ser Glu Leu Glu Pro Glu Val Gln Ala Ile Asp Arg
Ser Leu1 5 10 15Leu Glu Cys Ser Ala Glu Glu Ile Ala Gly Lys Trp Leu
Gln Ala Thr 20 25 30Asp Leu Thr Arg Glu Val Tyr Gln His Leu Ala His
Tyr Val Pro Lys 35 40 45Ile Tyr Cys Arg Gly Pro Asn Pro Phe Pro Gln
Lys Glu Asp Met Leu 50 55 60Ala Gln His Val Leu Leu Gly Pro Met Glu
Trp Tyr Leu Cys Gly Glu65 70 75 80Asp Pro Ala Phe Gly Phe Pro Lys
Leu Glu Gln Ala Asn Lys Pro Ser 85 90 95His Leu Cys Gly Arg Val Phe
Lys Val Gly Glu Pro Thr Tyr Ser Cys 100 105 110Arg Asp Cys Ala Val
Asp Pro Thr Cys Val Leu Cys Met Glu Cys Phe 115 120 125Leu Gly Ser
Ile His Arg Asp His Arg Tyr Arg Met Thr Thr Ser Gly 130 135 140Gly
Gly Gly Phe Cys Asp Cys Gly Asp Thr Glu Ala Trp Lys Glu Gly145 150
155 160Pro Tyr Cys Gln Lys His Glu Leu Asn Thr Ser Glu Ile Glu Glu
Glu 165 170 175Glu Asp Pro Leu Val His Leu Ser Glu Asp Val Ile Ala
Arg Thr Tyr 180 185 190Asn Ile Phe Ala Ile Thr Phe Arg Tyr Ala Val
Glu Ile Leu Thr Trp 195 200 205Glu Lys Glu Ser Glu Leu Pro Ala Asp
Leu Glu Met Val Glu Lys Ser 210 215 220Asp Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Met Leu
Phe Asn Asp Glu Val His Thr Tyr Glu225 230 235 240Gln Val Ile Tyr
Thr Leu Gln Lys Ala Val Asn Cys Thr Gln Lys Glu 245 250 255Ala Ile
Gly Phe Ala Thr Thr Val Asp Arg Asp Gly Arg Arg Ser Val 260 265
270Arg Tyr Gly Asp Phe Gln Tyr Cys Glu Gln Ala Lys Ser Val Ile Val
275 280 285Arg Asn Thr Ser Arg Gln Thr Lys Pro Leu Lys Val Gln Val
Met His 290 295 300Ser Ser Ile Val Ala His Gln Asn Phe Gly Leu Lys
Leu Leu Ser Trp305 310 315 320Leu Gly Ser Ile Ile Gly Tyr Ser Asp
Gly Leu Arg Arg Ile Leu Cys 325 330 335Gln Val Gly Leu Gln Glu Gly
Pro Asp Gly Glu Asn Ser Ser Leu Val 340 345 350Asp Arg Leu Met Leu
Ser Asp Ser Lys Leu Trp Lys Gly Ala Arg Ser 355 360 365Val Tyr His
Gln Leu Phe Met Ser Ser Leu Leu Met Asp Leu Lys Tyr 370 375 380Lys
Lys Leu Phe Ala Val Arg Phe Ala Lys Asn Tyr Gln Gln Leu Gln385 390
395 400Arg Asp Phe Met Glu Asp Asp His Glu Arg Ala Val Ser Val Thr
Ala 405 410 415Leu Ser Val Gln Phe Phe Thr Ala Pro Thr Leu Ala Arg
Met Leu Ile 420 425 430Thr Glu Glu Asn Leu Met Ser Ile Ile Ile Lys
Thr Phe Met Asp His 435 440 445Leu Arg His Arg Asp Ala Gln Gly Arg
Phe Gln Phe Glu Arg Tyr Thr 450 455 460Ala Leu Gln Ala Phe Lys Phe
Arg Arg Val Gln Ser Leu Ile Leu Asp465 470 475 480Leu Lys Tyr Val
Leu Ile Ser Lys Pro Thr Glu Trp Ser Asp Glu Leu 485 490 495Arg Gln
Lys Phe Leu Glu Gly Phe Asp Ala Phe Leu Glu Leu Leu Lys 500 505
510Cys Met Gln Gly Met Asp Pro Ile Thr Arg Gln Val Gly Gln His Ile
515 520 525Glu Met Glu Pro Glu Trp Glu Ala Ala Phe Thr Leu Gln Met
Lys Leu 530 535 540Thr His Val Ile Ser Met Met Gln Asp Trp Cys Ala
Ser Asp Glu Lys545 550 555 560Val Leu Ile Glu Ala Tyr Lys Lys Cys
Leu Ala Val Leu Met Gln Cys 565 570 575His Gly Gly Tyr Thr Asp Gly
Glu Gln Pro Ile Thr Leu Ser Ile Cys 580 585 590Gly His Ser Val Glu
Thr Ile Arg Tyr Cys Val Ser Gln Glu Lys Val 595 600 605Ser Ile His
Leu Pro Val Ser Arg Leu Leu Ala Gly Leu His Val Leu 610 615 620Leu
Ser Lys Ser Glu Val Ala Tyr Lys Phe Pro Glu Leu Leu Pro Leu625 630
635 640Ser Glu Leu Ser Pro Pro Met Leu Ile Glu His Pro Leu Arg Cys
Leu 645 650 655Val Leu Cys Ala Gln Val His Ala Gly Met Trp Arg Arg
Asn Gly Phe 660 665 670Ser Leu Val Asn Gln Ile Tyr Tyr Tyr His Asn
Val Lys Cys Arg Arg 675 680 685Glu Met Phe Asp Lys Asp Val Val Met
Leu Gln Thr Gly Val Ser Met 690 695 700Met Asp Pro Asn His Phe Leu
Met Ile Met Leu Ser Arg Phe Glu Leu705 710 715 720Tyr Gln Ile Phe
Ser Thr Pro Asp Tyr Gly Lys Arg Phe Ser Ser Glu 725 730 735Ile Thr
His Lys Asp Val Val Gln Gln Asn Asn Thr Leu Ile Glu Glu 740 745
750Met Leu Tyr Leu Ile Ile Met Leu Val Gly Glu Arg Phe Ser Pro Gly
755 760 765Val Gly Gln Val Asn Ala Thr Asp Glu Ile Lys Arg Glu Ile
Ile His 770 775 780Gln Leu Ser Ile Lys Pro Met Ala His Ser Glu Leu
Val Lys Ser Leu785 790 795 800Pro Glu Asp Glu Asn Lys Glu Thr Gly
Met Glu Ser Val Ile Glu Ala 805 810 815Val Ala His Phe Lys Lys Pro
Gly Leu Thr Gly Arg Gly Met Tyr Glu 820 825 830Leu Lys Pro Glu Cys
Ala Lys Glu Phe Asn Leu Tyr Phe Tyr His Phe 835 840 845Ser Arg Ala
Glu Gln Ser Lys Ala Glu Glu Ala Gln Arg Lys Leu Lys 850 855 860Arg
Gln Asn Arg Glu Asp Thr Ala Leu Pro Pro Pro Val Leu Pro Pro865 870
875 880Phe Cys Pro Leu Phe Ala Ser Leu Val Asn Ile Leu Gln Ser Asp
Val 885 890 895Met Leu Cys Ile Met Gly Thr Ile Leu Gln Trp Ala Val
Glu His Asn 900 905 910Gly Tyr Ala Trp Ser Glu Ser Met Leu Gln Arg
Val Leu His Leu Ile 915 920 925Gly Met Ala Leu Gln Glu Glu Lys Gln
His Leu Glu Asn Val Thr Glu 930 935 940Glu His Val Val Thr Phe Thr
Phe Thr Gln Lys Ile Ser Lys Pro Gly945 950 955 960Glu Ala Pro Lys
Asn Ser Pro Ser Ile Leu Ala Met Leu Glu Thr Leu 965 970 975Gln Asn
Ala Pro Tyr Leu Glu Val His Lys Asp Met Ile Arg Trp Ile 980 985
990Leu Lys Thr Phe Asn Ala Val Lys Lys Met Arg Glu Ser Ser Pro Thr
995 1000 1005Ser Pro Val Ala Glu Thr Glu Gly Thr Ile Met Glu Glu
Ser Ser 1010 1015 1020Arg Asp Lys Asp Lys Ala Glu Arg Lys Arg Lys
Ala Glu Ile Ala 1025 1030 1035Arg Leu Arg Arg Glu Lys Ile Met Ala
Gln Met Ser Glu Met Gln 1040 1045 1050Arg His Phe Ile Asp Glu Asn
Lys Glu Leu Phe Gln Gln Thr Leu 1055 1060 1065Glu Leu Asp Ala Ser
Thr Ser Ala Val Leu Asp His Ser Pro Val 1070 1075 1080Ala Ser Asp
Met Thr Leu Thr Ala Leu Gly Pro Thr Gln Thr Gln 1085 1090 1095Val
Pro Glu Gln Arg Gln Phe Val Thr Cys Ile Leu Cys Gln Glu 1100 1105
1110Glu Gln Glu Val Lys Val Glu Ser Arg Ala Met Val Leu Ala Ala
1115 1120 1125Phe Val Gln Arg Ser Thr Val Leu Ser Lys Asn Arg Ser
Lys Phe 1130 1135 1140Ile Gln Asp Pro Glu Lys Tyr Asp Pro Leu Phe
Met His Pro Asp 1145 1150 1155Leu Ser Cys Gly Thr His Thr Ser Ser
Cys Gly His Ile Met His 1160 1165 1170Ala His Cys Trp Gln Arg Tyr
Phe Asp Ser Val Gln Ala Lys Glu 1175 1180 1185Gln Arg Arg Gln Gln
Arg Leu Arg Leu His Thr Ser Tyr Asp Val 1190 1195 1200Glu Asn Gly
Glu Phe Leu Cys Pro Leu Cys Glu Cys Leu Ser Asn 1205 1210 1215Thr
Val Ile Pro Leu Leu Leu Pro Pro Arg Asn Ile Phe Asn Asn 1220 1225
1230Arg Leu Asn Phe Ser Asp Gln Pro Asn Leu Thr Gln Trp Ile Arg
1235 1240 1245Thr Ile Ser Gln Gln Ile Lys Ala Leu Gln Phe Leu Arg
Lys Glu 1250 1255 1260Glu Ser Thr Pro Asn Asn Ala Ser Thr Lys Asn
Ser Glu Asn Val 1265 1270 1275Asp Glu Leu Gln Leu Pro Glu Gly Phe
Arg Pro Asp Phe Arg Pro 1280 1285 1290Lys Ile Pro Tyr Ser Glu Ser
Ile Lys Glu Met Leu Thr Thr Phe 1295 1300 1305Gly Thr Ala Thr Tyr
Lys Val Gly Leu Lys Val His Pro Asn Glu 1310 1315 1320Glu Asp Pro
Arg Val Pro Ile Met Cys Trp Gly Ser Cys Ala Tyr 1325 1330 1335Thr
Ile Gln Ser Ile Glu Arg Ile Leu Ser Asp Glu Asp Lys Pro 1340 1345
1350Leu Phe Gly Pro Leu Pro Cys Arg Leu Asp Asp Cys Leu Arg Ser
1355 1360 1365Leu Thr Arg Phe Ala Ala Ala His Trp Thr Val Ala Ser
Val Ser 1370 1375 1380Val Val Gln Gly His Phe Cys Lys Leu Phe Ala
Ser Leu Val Pro 1385 1390 1395Asn Asp Ser His Glu Glu Leu Pro Cys
Ile Leu Asp Ile Asp Met 1400 1405 1410Phe His Leu Leu Val Gly Leu
Val Leu Ala Phe Pro Ala Leu Gln 1415 1420 1425Cys Gln Asp Phe Ser
Gly Ile Ser Leu Gly Thr Gly Asp Leu His 1430 1435 1440Ile Phe His
Leu Val Thr Met Ala His Ile Ile Gln Ile Leu Leu 1445 1450 1455Thr
Ser Cys Thr Glu Glu Asn Gly Met Asp Gln Glu Asn Pro Pro 1460 1465
1470Cys Glu Glu Glu Ser Ala Val Leu Ala Leu Tyr Lys Thr Leu His
1475 1480 1485Gln Tyr Thr Gly Ser Ala Leu Lys Glu Ile Pro Ser Gly
Trp His 1490 1495 1500Leu Trp Arg Ser Val Arg Ala Gly Ile Met Pro
Phe Leu Lys Cys 1505 1510 1515Ser Ala Leu Phe Phe His Tyr Leu Asn
Gly Val Pro Ser Pro Pro 1520 1525 1530Asp Ile Gln Val Pro Gly Thr
Ser His Phe Glu His Leu Cys Ser 1535 1540 1545Tyr Leu Ser Leu Pro
Asn Asn Leu Ile Cys Leu Phe Gln Glu Asn 1550 1555 1560Ser Glu Ile
Met Asn Ser Leu Ile Glu Ser Trp Cys Arg Asn Ser 1565 1570 1575Glu
Val Lys Arg Tyr Leu Glu Gly Glu Arg Asp Ala Ile Arg Tyr 1580 1585
1590Pro Arg Glu Ser Asn Lys Leu Ile Asn Leu Pro Glu Asp Tyr Ser
1595 1600 1605Ser Leu Ile Asn Gln Ala Ser Asn Phe Ser Cys Pro Lys
Ser Gly 1610 1615 1620Gly Asp Lys Ser Arg Ala Pro Thr Leu Cys Leu
Val Cys Gly Ser 1625 1630 1635Leu Leu Cys Ser Gln Ser Tyr Cys Cys
Gln Thr Glu Leu Glu Gly 1640 1645 1650Glu Asp Val Gly Ala Cys Thr
Ala His Thr Tyr Ser Cys Gly Ser 1655 1660 1665Gly Val Gly Ile Phe
Leu Arg Val Arg Glu Cys Gln Val Leu Phe 1670 1675 1680Leu Ala Gly
Lys Thr Lys Gly Cys Phe Tyr Ser Pro Pro Tyr Leu 1685 1690 1695Asp
Asp Tyr Gly Glu Thr Asp Gln Gly Leu Arg Arg Gly Asn Pro 1700 1705
1710Leu His Leu Cys Lys Glu Arg Phe Lys Lys Ile Gln Lys Leu Trp
1715 1720 1725His Gln His Ser Val Thr Glu Glu Ile Gly His Ala Gln
Glu Ala 1730 1735 1740Asn Gln Thr Leu Val Gly Ile Asp Trp Gln His
Leu 1745 1750 175556089DNAMus musculusCDS(766)..(6030) 5caagtgtatc
atatgccaag tacgccccct attgacgtca atgacggtaa atggcccgcc 60tggcattatg
cccagtacat gaccttatgg gactttccta cttggcagta catctacgta
120ttagtcatcg ctattaccat ggtgatgcgg ttttggcagt acatcaatgg
gcgtggatag 180cggtttgact cacggggatt tccaagtctc caccccattg
acgtcaatgg gagtttgttt 240tggcaccaaa atcaacggga ctttccaaaa
tgtcgtaaca actccgcccc attgacgcaa 300atgggcggta ggcgtgtacg
gtgggaggtc tatataagca gagctctctg gctaactaga 360gaacccactg
cttactggct tatcgaaatt aatacgactc actataggga gacccaagct
420tggtaccgag ctcggatcca ctactcgacc cacgcgtccg cggtagtggc
tgtccggagt 480gccaggcctg gggttctcgg tgtccttccc ccggtcacgg
gcgaggaggc gacttgactt 540ctgggcgccg agcccgggcg cgcgcgcaag
cggctgccgt ccccgctgca ggttcgcgtc 600ccgctttgct cctcgcgcat
ctcggctcgg cggcagcccg gacggcccgg gactgacggc 660cccaggacag
gggtgaccgt cgcggctgcg ggagcagagg cgaagctgag gcccggggag
720aggcgacagc ggcgagagca cccggggaga ggaggaggag agaag atg gcg tcg
gag 777 Met Ala Ser Glu 1atg gag ccc gag gtg cag gcc atc gac cgc
agt ttg ctg gaa tgt tct 825Met Glu Pro Glu Val Gln Ala Ile Asp Arg
Ser Leu Leu Glu Cys Ser5 10 15 20gcc gaa gag atc gca ggg aga tgg
ctg caa gca acc gac ctc aac aga 873Ala Glu Glu Ile Ala Gly Arg Trp
Leu Gln Ala Thr Asp Leu Asn Arg 25 30 35gaa gtg tac cag cat tta gcc
cac tgt gtg ccc aaa atc tac tgc cgg 921Glu Val Tyr Gln His Leu Ala
His Cys Val Pro Lys Ile Tyr Cys Arg 40 45 50ggc cct aac ccc ttc cct
cag aag gaa gac acg ctg gca cag cac atc 969Gly Pro Asn Pro Phe Pro
Gln Lys Glu Asp Thr Leu Ala Gln His Ile 55 60 65ctg ctg gga ccg atg
gag tgg tac atc tgc gct gaa gac cct gcg ctg 1017Leu Leu Gly Pro Met
Glu Trp Tyr Ile
Cys Ala Glu Asp Pro Ala Leu 70 75 80gga ttt cca aag ctc gag cag gca
aac aag cct tct cac ctc tgt ggc 1065Gly Phe Pro Lys Leu Glu Gln Ala
Asn Lys Pro Ser His Leu Cys Gly85 90 95 100cga gtg ttt aaa gtg ggg
gaa cct aca tac tcc tgc aga gac tgt gca 1113Arg Val Phe Lys Val Gly
Glu Pro Thr Tyr Ser Cys Arg Asp Cys Ala 105 110 115gtt gac ccc acc
tgt gtt tta tgc atg gag tgc ttc ctg gga agt atc 1161Val Asp Pro Thr
Cys Val Leu Cys Met Glu Cys Phe Leu Gly Ser Ile 120 125 130cat aga
gac cat cga tat agg atg acc aca tcg gga gga ggg ggc ttc 1209His Arg
Asp His Arg Tyr Arg Met Thr Thr Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly Phe 135 140
145tgt gac tgt ggt gac act gag gcg tgg aaa gag gga cct tac tgc cag
1257Cys Asp Cys Gly Asp Thr Glu Ala Trp Lys Glu Gly Pro Tyr Cys Gln
150 155 160aag cac aag ctc agc agc tct gaa gtt gtg gag gag gag gat
cct ctt 1305Lys His Lys Leu Ser Ser Ser Glu Val Val Glu Glu Glu Asp
Pro Leu165 170 175 180gtg cat cta tca gaa gat gtg atc gcc aga act
tac aac att ttt gct 1353Val His Leu Ser Glu Asp Val Ile Ala Arg Thr
Tyr Asn Ile Phe Ala 185 190 195att atg ttt cga tat gca gta gat ata
ctg acc tgg gaa aaa gaa agt 1401Ile Met Phe Arg Tyr Ala Val Asp Ile
Leu Thr Trp Glu Lys Glu Ser 200 205 210gaa ttg cct gaa gac tta gaa
gtg gca gag aag agt gac acc tac tac 1449Glu Leu Pro Glu Asp Leu Glu
Val Ala Glu Lys Ser Asp Thr Tyr Tyr 215 220 225tgc atg ctg ttt aat
gat gag gtt cac acc tat gag caa gtc att tat 1497Cys Met Leu Phe Asn
Asp Glu Val His Thr Tyr Glu Gln Val Ile Tyr 230 235 240acc ctt cag
aaa gct gtg aac tgt aca cag aag gaa gcc att ggc ttt 1545Thr Leu Gln
Lys Ala Val Asn Cys Thr Gln Lys Glu Ala Ile Gly Phe245 250 255
260gca act aca gtt gat cga gat ggc cgt agg cct gtc cga tat gga gat
1593Ala Thr Thr Val Asp Arg Asp Gly Arg Arg Pro Val Arg Tyr Gly Asp
265 270 275ttc cag tac tgt gat caa gca aag aca gtc att gtg agg aac
acc agc 1641Phe Gln Tyr Cys Asp Gln Ala Lys Thr Val Ile Val Arg Asn
Thr Ser 280 285 290aga cag acc aag ccg ctc aaa gtt caa gtt atg cac
tcc tcc gtg gct 1689Arg Gln Thr Lys Pro Leu Lys Val Gln Val Met His
Ser Ser Val Ala 295 300 305gct cat cag aat ttt ggt ttg aaa gct ctg
tcg tgg ctg gga agt gtt 1737Ala His Gln Asn Phe Gly Leu Lys Ala Leu
Ser Trp Leu Gly Ser Val 310 315 320att gga tac tca gat ggc ctt cgc
agg att ttg tgt caa gtt gga tta 1785Ile Gly Tyr Ser Asp Gly Leu Arg
Arg Ile Leu Cys Gln Val Gly Leu325 330 335 340caa gaa ggt cca gat
ggc gaa aac tct tct ctg gtc gac aga ctg atg 1833Gln Glu Gly Pro Asp
Gly Glu Asn Ser Ser Leu Val Asp Arg Leu Met 345 350 355ctt aat gat
tcc aaa tta tgg aaa ggg gct agg agt gtg tat cac cag 1881Leu Asn Asp
Ser Lys Leu Trp Lys Gly Ala Arg Ser Val Tyr His Gln 360 365 370ttg
ttc atg agc agc ctg ctc atg gac ctc aag tat aag aag ctg ttc 1929Leu
Phe Met Ser Ser Leu Leu Met Asp Leu Lys Tyr Lys Lys Leu Phe 375 380
385gcg ctt cga ttt gct aaa aat tac cgg cag ttg cag agg gat ttt atg
1977Ala Leu Arg Phe Ala Lys Asn Tyr Arg Gln Leu Gln Arg Asp Phe Met
390 395 400gag gat gat cac gag cgg gca gtg tcg gtg act gct ctg tct
gtc cag 2025Glu Asp Asp His Glu Arg Ala Val Ser Val Thr Ala Leu Ser
Val Gln405 410 415 420ttc ttc acc gca ccg acg ctg gcg cga atg ctc
ctc aca gaa gag aac 2073Phe Phe Thr Ala Pro Thr Leu Ala Arg Met Leu
Leu Thr Glu Glu Asn 425 430 435ctg atg acc gtt atc att aag gct ttc
atg gac cat ttg aaa cac aga 2121Leu Met Thr Val Ile Ile Lys Ala Phe
Met Asp His Leu Lys His Arg 440 445 450gat gcc cag ggc aga ttc cag
ttt gaa cgc tac act gcc ctc caa gcc 2169Asp Ala Gln Gly Arg Phe Gln
Phe Glu Arg Tyr Thr Ala Leu Gln Ala 455 460 465ttc aag ttc agg aga
gtc cag agc ctc atc tta gat ctc aag tat gta 2217Phe Lys Phe Arg Arg
Val Gln Ser Leu Ile Leu Asp Leu Lys Tyr Val 470 475 480ttg att agc
aaa cca acg gag tgg tca gat gag ctg agg cag aag ttc 2265Leu Ile Ser
Lys Pro Thr Glu Trp Ser Asp Glu Leu Arg Gln Lys Phe485 490 495
500tta caa ggg ttc gat gcc ttc ttg gaa tta ctg aag tgc atg cag gga
2313Leu Gln Gly Phe Asp Ala Phe Leu Glu Leu Leu Lys Cys Met Gln Gly
505 510 515atg gac ccg atc acg cgt cag gtg gga cag cac att gag atg
gag cca 2361Met Asp Pro Ile Thr Arg Gln Val Gly Gln His Ile Glu Met
Glu Pro 520 525 530gag tgg gaa gca gcc ttc aca ctg cag atg aag ctg
aca cac gtc atc 2409Glu Trp Glu Ala Ala Phe Thr Leu Gln Met Lys Leu
Thr His Val Ile 535 540 545tca atg gtg cag gac tgg tgt gct ctg gac
gaa aaa gtg tta att gaa 2457Ser Met Val Gln Asp Trp Cys Ala Leu Asp
Glu Lys Val Leu Ile Glu 550 555 560gct tac aag aaa tgc ctg gct gtg
ctg aca cag tgt cat ggc gga ttt 2505Ala Tyr Lys Lys Cys Leu Ala Val
Leu Thr Gln Cys His Gly Gly Phe565 570 575 580act gat ggt gaa cag
cca atc aca ctc agt att tgt gga cac tcg gtg 2553Thr Asp Gly Glu Gln
Pro Ile Thr Leu Ser Ile Cys Gly His Ser Val 585 590 595gaa acc atc
aga tac tgt gtt tcc caa gaa aaa gtt agc att cac ctc 2601Glu Thr Ile
Arg Tyr Cys Val Ser Gln Glu Lys Val Ser Ile His Leu 600 605 610cca
att tct cgc ttg ctt gca ggt ttg cat gta ttg tta agc aaa agt 2649Pro
Ile Ser Arg Leu Leu Ala Gly Leu His Val Leu Leu Ser Lys Ser 615 620
625gaa gtg gca tat aaa ttt cca gag ctc cta cct cta agt gaa ctg agc
2697Glu Val Ala Tyr Lys Phe Pro Glu Leu Leu Pro Leu Ser Glu Leu Ser
630 635 640cca ccc atg ttg ata gaa cat cct ctt aga tgt ctt gtc tta
tgt gct 2745Pro Pro Met Leu Ile Glu His Pro Leu Arg Cys Leu Val Leu
Cys Ala645 650 655 660caa gtg cat gct ggg atg tgg aga aga aat ggc
ttc tct cta gta aat 2793Gln Val His Ala Gly Met Trp Arg Arg Asn Gly
Phe Ser Leu Val Asn 665 670 675cag atc tat tac tac cat aat gtg aaa
tgc agg cga gag atg ttc gac 2841Gln Ile Tyr Tyr Tyr His Asn Val Lys
Cys Arg Arg Glu Met Phe Asp 680 685 690aag gac ata gtg atg ctt cag
aca ggt gtc tcc atg atg gac cca aac 2889Lys Asp Ile Val Met Leu Gln
Thr Gly Val Ser Met Met Asp Pro Asn 695 700 705cac ttc ctg atg atc
atg ctc agc cgc ttt gaa ctc tat cag ctc ttc 2937His Phe Leu Met Ile
Met Leu Ser Arg Phe Glu Leu Tyr Gln Leu Phe 710 715 720agc acg cct
gac tat ggg aag aga ttc agt tct gag gtt acc cat aag 2985Ser Thr Pro
Asp Tyr Gly Lys Arg Phe Ser Ser Glu Val Thr His Lys725 730 735
740gac gtc gtt cag cag aac aac act ctg atc gaa gag atg ctc tac ctc
3033Asp Val Val Gln Gln Asn Asn Thr Leu Ile Glu Glu Met Leu Tyr Leu
745 750 755atc atc atg ctt gtg gga gaa aga ttc aac cct ggg gtt gga
cag gtg 3081Ile Ile Met Leu Val Gly Glu Arg Phe Asn Pro Gly Val Gly
Gln Val 760 765 770gct gcc aca gat gaa atc aag agg gag att atc cat
cag ttg agc atc 3129Ala Ala Thr Asp Glu Ile Lys Arg Glu Ile Ile His
Gln Leu Ser Ile 775 780 785aag cct atg gct cac agt gag ctg gtg aag
tct ctg cct gaa gat gag 3177Lys Pro Met Ala His Ser Glu Leu Val Lys
Ser Leu Pro Glu Asp Glu 790 795 800aac aag gag acc ggc atg gag agc
gtc atc gag tcc gtt gca cat ttc 3225Asn Lys Glu Thr Gly Met Glu Ser
Val Ile Glu Ser Val Ala His Phe805 810 815 820aag aaa cct ggg ctc
aca ggg cga ggc atg tat gag ctg aag cca gag 3273Lys Lys Pro Gly Leu
Thr Gly Arg Gly Met Tyr Glu Leu Lys Pro Glu 825 830 835tgt gcc aaa
gag ttc aac ctg tat ttt tat cat ttc tcc agg gca gag 3321Cys Ala Lys
Glu Phe Asn Leu Tyr Phe Tyr His Phe Ser Arg Ala Glu 840 845 850cag
tcc aag gca gag gaa gct cag cgg aaa ttg aaa aga gaa aat aaa 3369Gln
Ser Lys Ala Glu Glu Ala Gln Arg Lys Leu Lys Arg Glu Asn Lys 855 860
865gaa gat aca gca ctc cct cct ccg gct ttg cca ccg ttc tgc cct ttg
3417Glu Asp Thr Ala Leu Pro Pro Pro Ala Leu Pro Pro Phe Cys Pro Leu
870 875 880ttc gcg agt ctg gtt aac atc ttg cag tgt gac gtc atg ctg
tac atc 3465Phe Ala Ser Leu Val Asn Ile Leu Gln Cys Asp Val Met Leu
Tyr Ile885 890 895 900atg gga acg atc ctg cag tgg gct gta gag cat
cac ggg tct gcc tgg 3513Met Gly Thr Ile Leu Gln Trp Ala Val Glu His
His Gly Ser Ala Trp 905 910 915tca gag tcc atg cta cag agg gtg ctg
cat ttg atc ggg atg gct ctc 3561Ser Glu Ser Met Leu Gln Arg Val Leu
His Leu Ile Gly Met Ala Leu 920 925 930cag gaa gag aag cac cac ttg
gag aac gcc gtg gaa ggg cac gtg cag 3609Gln Glu Glu Lys His His Leu
Glu Asn Ala Val Glu Gly His Val Gln 935 940 945acc ttc acc ttc aca
cag aag att tca aag cct ggt gat gca cca cat 3657Thr Phe Thr Phe Thr
Gln Lys Ile Ser Lys Pro Gly Asp Ala Pro His 950 955 960aac tcc ccg
agc atc cta gct atg ctg gag acc ttg cag aac gcc ccc 3705Asn Ser Pro
Ser Ile Leu Ala Met Leu Glu Thr Leu Gln Asn Ala Pro965 970 975
980tcc ctg gaa gcc cac aag gac atg atc agg tgg ttg cta aag atg ttt
3753Ser Leu Glu Ala His Lys Asp Met Ile Arg Trp Leu Leu Lys Met Phe
985 990 995aat gca att aag aag ata aga gag tgt tca tcc agc agc cct
gtg 3798Asn Ala Ile Lys Lys Ile Arg Glu Cys Ser Ser Ser Ser Pro Val
1000 1005 1010gcc gag gcg gag gga acc ata atg gag gag agc tca aga
gac aag 3843Ala Glu Ala Glu Gly Thr Ile Met Glu Glu Ser Ser Arg Asp
Lys 1015 1020 1025gac aaa gca gag agg aaa aga aaa gcc gag atc gcc
aga ctg cgc 3888Asp Lys Ala Glu Arg Lys Arg Lys Ala Glu Ile Ala Arg
Leu Arg 1030 1035 1040cgg gag aag atc atg gcc cag atg tct gag atg
cag cgg cac ttc 3933Arg Glu Lys Ile Met Ala Gln Met Ser Glu Met Gln
Arg His Phe 1045 1050 1055att gac gaa aac aaa gag ctc ttc cag cag
acc cta gag ctg gac 3978Ile Asp Glu Asn Lys Glu Leu Phe Gln Gln Thr
Leu Glu Leu Asp 1060 1065 1070acc tct gcc tct gcc act ctt gac agc
agc cct ccc gtt tca gac 4023Thr Ser Ala Ser Ala Thr Leu Asp Ser Ser
Pro Pro Val Ser Asp 1075 1080 1085gca gct ctt aca gca ctg ggc cca
gca cag aca cag gtc cct gaa 4068Ala Ala Leu Thr Ala Leu Gly Pro Ala
Gln Thr Gln Val Pro Glu 1090 1095 1100ccg aga cag ttt gtc acc tgt
ata tta tgt caa gag gag caa gag 4113Pro Arg Gln Phe Val Thr Cys Ile
Leu Cys Gln Glu Glu Gln Glu 1105 1110 1115gtg act gtg gga agc agg
gcg atg gtc ttg gca gcg ttt gtt cag 4158Val Thr Val Gly Ser Arg Ala
Met Val Leu Ala Ala Phe Val Gln 1120 1125 1130agg tca acg gtt ctg
tca aaa gac agg acg aaa acc atc gcg gac 4203Arg Ser Thr Val Leu Ser
Lys Asp Arg Thr Lys Thr Ile Ala Asp 1135 1140 1145cca gaa aaa tat
gat cca tta ttc atg cac ccc gat ctg tct tgt 4248Pro Glu Lys Tyr Asp
Pro Leu Phe Met His Pro Asp Leu Ser Cys 1150 1155 1160ggg aca cac
act ggc agc tgt ggg cac gtt atg cat gcc cat tgt 4293Gly Thr His Thr
Gly Ser Cys Gly His Val Met His Ala His Cys 1165 1170 1175tgg caa
agg tat ttt gat tcc gtt caa gcc aag gag cag cga agg 4338Trp Gln Arg
Tyr Phe Asp Ser Val Gln Ala Lys Glu Gln Arg Arg 1180 1185 1190cag
cag cgg ctg cgc ttg cac act agc tac gat gta gag aat ggc 4383Gln Gln
Arg Leu Arg Leu His Thr Ser Tyr Asp Val Glu Asn Gly 1195 1200
1205gag ttc ctc tgc ccg ctc tgt gag tgc ctg agc aac acg gtg atc
4428Glu Phe Leu Cys Pro Leu Cys Glu Cys Leu Ser Asn Thr Val Ile
1210 1215 1220ccc ctg ctg ctt cct ccc agg agc atc ctc agc agg agg
tta aat 4473Pro Leu Leu Leu Pro Pro Arg Ser Ile Leu Ser Arg Arg Leu
Asn 1225 1230 1235ttt tca gac caa cca gat ctg gca cag tgg acg aga
gca gta aca 4518Phe Ser Asp Gln Pro Asp Leu Ala Gln Trp Thr Arg Ala
Val Thr 1240 1245 1250cag cag ata aag gtg gtc cag atg ctg agg aga
aag cac aat gct 4563Gln Gln Ile Lys Val Val Gln Met Leu Arg Arg Lys
His Asn Ala 1255 1260 1265gct gac acg tct tct tca gag gac aca gaa
gcc atg aat ata ata 4608Ala Asp Thr Ser Ser Ser Glu Asp Thr Glu Ala
Met Asn Ile Ile 1270 1275 1280ccg atc ccc gaa ggc ttc agg cct gat
ttt tat cct agg aac cca 4653Pro Ile Pro Glu Gly Phe Arg Pro Asp Phe
Tyr Pro Arg Asn Pro 1285 1290 1295tat tct gat agc ata aaa gaa atg
tta acg aca ttt gga acg gct 4698Tyr Ser Asp Ser Ile Lys Glu Met Leu
Thr Thr Phe Gly Thr Ala 1300 1305 1310gct tac aag gtg gga ctg aag
gtt cat cct aat gaa ggt gac ccc 4743Ala Tyr Lys Val Gly Leu Lys Val
His Pro Asn Glu Gly Asp Pro 1315 1320 1325cgt gtg ccc atc ctg tgc
tgg ggg acc tgt gca tac acc atc cag 4788Arg Val Pro Ile Leu Cys Trp
Gly Thr Cys Ala Tyr Thr Ile Gln 1330 1335 1340agc ata gaa aga att
ttg agt gat gag gag aag cct gtt ttt gga 4833Ser Ile Glu Arg Ile Leu
Ser Asp Glu Glu Lys Pro Val Phe Gly 1345 1350 1355cct ctg cct tgt
aga ctg gac gac tgt ctc agg tcg tta aca cgg 4878Pro Leu Pro Cys Arg
Leu Asp Asp Cys Leu Arg Ser Leu Thr Arg 1360 1365 1370ttt gca gca
gca cat tgg aca gtg gcg tta ctt cct gtg gta caa 4923Phe Ala Ala Ala
His Trp Thr Val Ala Leu Leu Pro Val Val Gln 1375 1380 1385gga cac
ttc tgt aaa ctc ttt gca tcc ttg gtg cct agt gac agc 4968Gly His Phe
Cys Lys Leu Phe Ala Ser Leu Val Pro Ser Asp Ser 1390 1395 1400tat
gaa gac ctc ccg tgc ata cta gac atc gac atg ttt cac ttg 5013Tyr Glu
Asp Leu Pro Cys Ile Leu Asp Ile Asp Met Phe His Leu 1405 1410
1415ctg gtg ggc ctg gtg ctc gct ttc cca gct ctg cag tgt cag gat
5058Leu Val Gly Leu Val Leu Ala Phe Pro Ala Leu Gln Cys Gln Asp
1420 1425 1430ttt tca gga agc agc ctg gcc act ggg gac ctg cac atc
ttc cac 5103Phe Ser Gly Ser Ser Leu Ala Thr Gly Asp Leu His Ile Phe
His 1435 1440 1445ttg gtt acc atg gca cac atc gta cag atc tta ctt
acc tca tgt 5148Leu Val Thr Met Ala His Ile Val Gln Ile Leu Leu Thr
Ser Cys 1450 1455 1460aca gaa gag aat ggc atg gat caa gag aat ccc
act ggg gaa gaa 5193Thr Glu Glu Asn Gly Met Asp Gln Glu Asn Pro Thr
Gly Glu Glu 1465 1470 1475gaa ctg gcc att ctc tct ttg cac aaa aca
ctt cac cag tat act 5238Glu Leu Ala Ile Leu Ser Leu His Lys Thr Leu
His Gln Tyr Thr 1480 1485 1490gga agt gcc ttg aaa gaa gcc ccc tcc
ggc tgg cac ctg tgg agg 5283Gly Ser Ala Leu Lys Glu Ala Pro Ser Gly
Trp His Leu Trp Arg 1495 1500 1505agc gtc cgg gcc gcc atc atg cct
ttc ctc aag tgc tct gct ttg 5328Ser Val Arg Ala Ala Ile Met Pro Phe
Leu Lys Cys Ser Ala Leu 1510 1515 1520ttt ttc cac tat tta aat gga
gtc ccg gcc cct cca gac ctt caa 5373Phe Phe His Tyr Leu Asn Gly Val
Pro Ala Pro Pro Asp Leu Gln 1525 1530 1535gtt tct gga aca agc cat
ttt gaa cac tta tgt aac tac ctt tcc 5418Val Ser Gly Thr Ser His Phe
Glu His Leu Cys Asn Tyr Leu Ser 1540 1545 1550cta cca acc aac ctc
att cac ctt ttt caa gaa aac agt gac atc 5463Leu Pro Thr Asn Leu Ile
His Leu Phe Gln Glu Asn Ser Asp Ile 1555 1560 1565atg aac tcc ctg
att
gaa agt tgg tgc cag aac agt gaa gtt aaa 5508Met Asn Ser Leu Ile Glu
Ser Trp Cys Gln Asn Ser Glu Val Lys 1570 1575 1580cgg tat cta aat
ggc gag aga gga gcg ata agc tac ccc aga gga 5553Arg Tyr Leu Asn Gly
Glu Arg Gly Ala Ile Ser Tyr Pro Arg Gly 1585 1590 1595gct aac aaa
ctg ata gac ctt cca gag gat tac agc agc ctc att 5598Ala Asn Lys Leu
Ile Asp Leu Pro Glu Asp Tyr Ser Ser Leu Ile 1600 1605 1610aac caa
gca tcc aat ttc tcg tgc ccc aaa tca ggt ggc gac aag 5643Asn Gln Ala
Ser Asn Phe Ser Cys Pro Lys Ser Gly Gly Asp Lys 1615 1620 1625agc
aga gct cct act ctg tgc ctc gtg tgt ggg agt ctc ctc tgc 5688Ser Arg
Ala Pro Thr Leu Cys Leu Val Cys Gly Ser Leu Leu Cys 1630 1635
1640tct cag agt tac tgc tgc caa gct gag ctg gag ggt gag gac gtc
5733Ser Gln Ser Tyr Cys Cys Gln Ala Glu Leu Glu Gly Glu Asp Val
1645 1650 1655gga gcc tgc aca gca cac acc tac tcc tgc ggc tcc ggg
gcc ggc 5778Gly Ala Cys Thr Ala His Thr Tyr Ser Cys Gly Ser Gly Ala
Gly 1660 1665 1670atc ttc ctg aga gtg cgg gaa tgt cag gtg cta ttt
tta gct ggc 5823Ile Phe Leu Arg Val Arg Glu Cys Gln Val Leu Phe Leu
Ala Gly 1675 1680 1685aaa acc aaa gga tgt ttt tat tct cct cct tac
ctt gac gac tat 5868Lys Thr Lys Gly Cys Phe Tyr Ser Pro Pro Tyr Leu
Asp Asp Tyr 1690 1695 1700gga gag acc gac cag gga ctc aga cga gga
aat cct tta cat tta 5913Gly Glu Thr Asp Gln Gly Leu Arg Arg Gly Asn
Pro Leu His Leu 1705 1710 1715tgc caa gag cgg ttt cga aag atc cag
aag ctc tgg cag cag cat 5958Cys Gln Glu Arg Phe Arg Lys Ile Gln Lys
Leu Trp Gln Gln His 1720 1725 1730agt atc aca gag gag atc gga cac
gcg cag gag gct aac cag acc 6003Ser Ile Thr Glu Glu Ile Gly His Ala
Gln Glu Ala Asn Gln Thr 1735 1740 1745ctg gtc gga att gac tgg cag
cat tta taatcgctcc tctactaaaa 6050Leu Val Gly Ile Asp Trp Gln His
Leu 1750 1755acttgacttg gagttttgta acacagctgg cttttccag
608961755PRTMus musculus 6Met Ala Ser Glu Met Glu Pro Glu Val Gln
Ala Ile Asp Arg Ser Leu1 5 10 15Leu Glu Cys Ser Ala Glu Glu Ile Ala
Gly Arg Trp Leu Gln Ala Thr 20 25 30Asp Leu Asn Arg Glu Val Tyr Gln
His Leu Ala His Cys Val Pro Lys 35 40 45Ile Tyr Cys Arg Gly Pro Asn
Pro Phe Pro Gln Lys Glu Asp Thr Leu 50 55 60Ala Gln His Ile Leu Leu
Gly Pro Met Glu Trp Tyr Ile Cys Ala Glu65 70 75 80Asp Pro Ala Leu
Gly Phe Pro Lys Leu Glu Gln Ala Asn Lys Pro Ser 85 90 95His Leu Cys
Gly Arg Val Phe Lys Val Gly Glu Pro Thr Tyr Ser Cys 100 105 110Arg
Asp Cys Ala Val Asp Pro Thr Cys Val Leu Cys Met Glu Cys Phe 115 120
125Leu Gly Ser Ile His Arg Asp His Arg Tyr Arg Met Thr Thr Ser Gly
130 135 140Gly Gly Gly Phe Cys Asp Cys Gly Asp Thr Glu Ala Trp Lys
Glu Gly145 150 155 160Pro Tyr Cys Gln Lys His Lys Leu Ser Ser Ser
Glu Val Val Glu Glu 165 170 175Glu Asp Pro Leu Val His Leu Ser Glu
Asp Val Ile Ala Arg Thr Tyr 180 185 190Asn Ile Phe Ala Ile Met Phe
Arg Tyr Ala Val Asp Ile Leu Thr Trp 195 200 205Glu Lys Glu Ser Glu
Leu Pro Glu Asp Leu Glu Val Ala Glu Lys Ser 210 215 220Asp Thr Tyr
Tyr Cys Met Leu Phe Asn Asp Glu Val His Thr Tyr Glu225 230 235
240Gln Val Ile Tyr Thr Leu Gln Lys Ala Val Asn Cys Thr Gln Lys Glu
245 250 255Ala Ile Gly Phe Ala Thr Thr Val Asp Arg Asp Gly Arg Arg
Pro Val 260 265 270Arg Tyr Gly Asp Phe Gln Tyr Cys Asp Gln Ala Lys
Thr Val Ile Val 275 280 285Arg Asn Thr Ser Arg Gln Thr Lys Pro Leu
Lys Val Gln Val Met His 290 295 300Ser Ser Val Ala Ala His Gln Asn
Phe Gly Leu Lys Ala Leu Ser Trp305 310 315 320Leu Gly Ser Val Ile
Gly Tyr Ser Asp Gly Leu Arg Arg Ile Leu Cys 325 330 335Gln Val Gly
Leu Gln Glu Gly Pro Asp Gly Glu Asn Ser Ser Leu Val 340 345 350Asp
Arg Leu Met Leu Asn Asp Ser Lys Leu Trp Lys Gly Ala Arg Ser 355 360
365Val Tyr His Gln Leu Phe Met Ser Ser Leu Leu Met Asp Leu Lys Tyr
370 375 380Lys Lys Leu Phe Ala Leu Arg Phe Ala Lys Asn Tyr Arg Gln
Leu Gln385 390 395 400Arg Asp Phe Met Glu Asp Asp His Glu Arg Ala
Val Ser Val Thr Ala 405 410 415Leu Ser Val Gln Phe Phe Thr Ala Pro
Thr Leu Ala Arg Met Leu Leu 420 425 430Thr Glu Glu Asn Leu Met Thr
Val Ile Ile Lys Ala Phe Met Asp His 435 440 445Leu Lys His Arg Asp
Ala Gln Gly Arg Phe Gln Phe Glu Arg Tyr Thr 450 455 460Ala Leu Gln
Ala Phe Lys Phe Arg Arg Val Gln Ser Leu Ile Leu Asp465 470 475
480Leu Lys Tyr Val Leu Ile Ser Lys Pro Thr Glu Trp Ser Asp Glu Leu
485 490 495Arg Gln Lys Phe Leu Gln Gly Phe Asp Ala Phe Leu Glu Leu
Leu Lys 500 505 510Cys Met Gln Gly Met Asp Pro Ile Thr Arg Gln Val
Gly Gln His Ile 515 520 525Glu Met Glu Pro Glu Trp Glu Ala Ala Phe
Thr Leu Gln Met Lys Leu 530 535 540Thr His Val Ile Ser Met Val Gln
Asp Trp Cys Ala Leu Asp Glu Lys545 550 555 560Val Leu Ile Glu Ala
Tyr Lys Lys Cys Leu Ala Val Leu Thr Gln Cys 565 570 575His Gly Gly
Phe Thr Asp Gly Glu Gln Pro Ile Thr Leu Ser Ile Cys 580 585 590Gly
His Ser Val Glu Thr Ile Arg Tyr Cys Val Ser Gln Glu Lys Val 595 600
605Ser Ile His Leu Pro Ile Ser Arg Leu Leu Ala Gly Leu His Val Leu
610 615 620Leu Ser Lys Ser Glu Val Ala Tyr Lys Phe Pro Glu Leu Leu
Pro Leu625 630 635 640Ser Glu Leu Ser Pro Pro Met Leu Ile Glu His
Pro Leu Arg Cys Leu 645 650 655Val Leu Cys Ala Gln Val His Ala Gly
Met Trp Arg Arg Asn Gly Phe 660 665 670Ser Leu Val Asn Gln Ile Tyr
Tyr Tyr His Asn Val Lys Cys Arg Arg 675 680 685Glu Met Phe Asp Lys
Asp Ile Val Met Leu Gln Thr Gly Val Ser Met 690 695 700Met Asp Pro
Asn His Phe Leu Met Ile Met Leu Ser Arg Phe Glu Leu705 710 715
720Tyr Gln Leu Phe Ser Thr Pro Asp Tyr Gly Lys Arg Phe Ser Ser Glu
725 730 735Val Thr His Lys Asp Val Val Gln Gln Asn Asn Thr Leu Ile
Glu Glu 740 745 750Met Leu Tyr Leu Ile Ile Met Leu Val Gly Glu Arg
Phe Asn Pro Gly 755 760 765Val Gly Gln Val Ala Ala Thr Asp Glu Ile
Lys Arg Glu Ile Ile His 770 775 780Gln Leu Ser Ile Lys Pro Met Ala
His Ser Glu Leu Val Lys Ser Leu785 790 795 800Pro Glu Asp Glu Asn
Lys Glu Thr Gly Met Glu Ser Val Ile Glu Ser 805 810 815Val Ala His
Phe Lys Lys Pro Gly Leu Thr Gly Arg Gly Met Tyr Glu 820 825 830Leu
Lys Pro Glu Cys Ala Lys Glu Phe Asn Leu Tyr Phe Tyr His Phe 835 840
845Ser Arg Ala Glu Gln Ser Lys Ala Glu Glu Ala Gln Arg Lys Leu Lys
850 855 860Arg Glu Asn Lys Glu Asp Thr Ala Leu Pro Pro Pro Ala Leu
Pro Pro865 870 875 880Phe Cys Pro Leu Phe Ala Ser Leu Val Asn Ile
Leu Gln Cys Asp Val 885 890 895Met Leu Tyr Ile Met Gly Thr Ile Leu
Gln Trp Ala Val Glu His His 900 905 910Gly Ser Ala Trp Ser Glu Ser
Met Leu Gln Arg Val Leu His Leu Ile 915 920 925Gly Met Ala Leu Gln
Glu Glu Lys His His Leu Glu Asn Ala Val Glu 930 935 940Gly His Val
Gln Thr Phe Thr Phe Thr Gln Lys Ile Ser Lys Pro Gly945 950 955
960Asp Ala Pro His Asn Ser Pro Ser Ile Leu Ala Met Leu Glu Thr Leu
965 970 975Gln Asn Ala Pro Ser Leu Glu Ala His Lys Asp Met Ile Arg
Trp Leu 980 985 990Leu Lys Met Phe Asn Ala Ile Lys Lys Ile Arg Glu
Cys Ser Ser Ser 995 1000 1005Ser Pro Val Ala Glu Ala Glu Gly Thr
Ile Met Glu Glu Ser Ser 1010 1015 1020Arg Asp Lys Asp Lys Ala Glu
Arg Lys Arg Lys Ala Glu Ile Ala 1025 1030 1035Arg Leu Arg Arg Glu
Lys Ile Met Ala Gln Met Ser Glu Met Gln 1040 1045 1050Arg His Phe
Ile Asp Glu Asn Lys Glu Leu Phe Gln Gln Thr Leu 1055 1060 1065Glu
Leu Asp Thr Ser Ala Ser Ala Thr Leu Asp Ser Ser Pro Pro 1070 1075
1080Val Ser Asp Ala Ala Leu Thr Ala Leu Gly Pro Ala Gln Thr Gln
1085 1090 1095Val Pro Glu Pro Arg Gln Phe Val Thr Cys Ile Leu Cys
Gln Glu 1100 1105 1110Glu Gln Glu Val Thr Val Gly Ser Arg Ala Met
Val Leu Ala Ala 1115 1120 1125Phe Val Gln Arg Ser Thr Val Leu Ser
Lys Asp Arg Thr Lys Thr 1130 1135 1140Ile Ala Asp Pro Glu Lys Tyr
Asp Pro Leu Phe Met His Pro Asp 1145 1150 1155Leu Ser Cys Gly Thr
His Thr Gly Ser Cys Gly His Val Met His 1160 1165 1170Ala His Cys
Trp Gln Arg Tyr Phe Asp Ser Val Gln Ala Lys Glu 1175 1180 1185Gln
Arg Arg Gln Gln Arg Leu Arg Leu His Thr Ser Tyr Asp Val 1190 1195
1200Glu Asn Gly Glu Phe Leu Cys Pro Leu Cys Glu Cys Leu Ser Asn
1205 1210 1215Thr Val Ile Pro Leu Leu Leu Pro Pro Arg Ser Ile Leu
Ser Arg 1220 1225 1230Arg Leu Asn Phe Ser Asp Gln Pro Asp Leu Ala
Gln Trp Thr Arg 1235 1240 1245Ala Val Thr Gln Gln Ile Lys Val Val
Gln Met Leu Arg Arg Lys 1250 1255 1260His Asn Ala Ala Asp Thr Ser
Ser Ser Glu Asp Thr Glu Ala Met 1265 1270 1275Asn Ile Ile Pro Ile
Pro Glu Gly Phe Arg Pro Asp Phe Tyr Pro 1280 1285 1290Arg Asn Pro
Tyr Ser Asp Ser Ile Lys Glu Met Leu Thr Thr Phe 1295 1300 1305Gly
Thr Ala Ala Tyr Lys Val Gly Leu Lys Val His Pro Asn Glu 1310 1315
1320Gly Asp Pro Arg Val Pro Ile Leu Cys Trp Gly Thr Cys Ala Tyr
1325 1330 1335Thr Ile Gln Ser Ile Glu Arg Ile Leu Ser Asp Glu Glu
Lys Pro 1340 1345 1350Val Phe Gly Pro Leu Pro Cys Arg Leu Asp Asp
Cys Leu Arg Ser 1355 1360 1365Leu Thr Arg Phe Ala Ala Ala His Trp
Thr Val Ala Leu Leu Pro 1370 1375 1380Val Val Gln Gly His Phe Cys
Lys Leu Phe Ala Ser Leu Val Pro 1385 1390 1395Ser Asp Ser Tyr Glu
Asp Leu Pro Cys Ile Leu Asp Ile Asp Met 1400 1405 1410Phe His Leu
Leu Val Gly Leu Val Leu Ala Phe Pro Ala Leu Gln 1415 1420 1425Cys
Gln Asp Phe Ser Gly Ser Ser Leu Ala Thr Gly Asp Leu His 1430 1435
1440Ile Phe His Leu Val Thr Met Ala His Ile Val Gln Ile Leu Leu
1445 1450 1455Thr Ser Cys Thr Glu Glu Asn Gly Met Asp Gln Glu Asn
Pro Thr 1460 1465 1470Gly Glu Glu Glu Leu Ala Ile Leu Ser Leu His
Lys Thr Leu His 1475 1480 1485Gln Tyr Thr Gly Ser Ala Leu Lys Glu
Ala Pro Ser Gly Trp His 1490 1495 1500Leu Trp Arg Ser Val Arg Ala
Ala Ile Met Pro Phe Leu Lys Cys 1505 1510 1515Ser Ala Leu Phe Phe
His Tyr Leu Asn Gly Val Pro Ala Pro Pro 1520 1525 1530Asp Leu Gln
Val Ser Gly Thr Ser His Phe Glu His Leu Cys Asn 1535 1540 1545Tyr
Leu Ser Leu Pro Thr Asn Leu Ile His Leu Phe Gln Glu Asn 1550 1555
1560Ser Asp Ile Met Asn Ser Leu Ile Glu Ser Trp Cys Gln Asn Ser
1565 1570 1575Glu Val Lys Arg Tyr Leu Asn Gly Glu Arg Gly Ala Ile
Ser Tyr 1580 1585 1590Pro Arg Gly Ala Asn Lys Leu Ile Asp Leu Pro
Glu Asp Tyr Ser 1595 1600 1605Ser Leu Ile Asn Gln Ala Ser Asn Phe
Ser Cys Pro Lys Ser Gly 1610 1615 1620Gly Asp Lys Ser Arg Ala Pro
Thr Leu Cys Leu Val Cys Gly Ser 1625 1630 1635Leu Leu Cys Ser Gln
Ser Tyr Cys Cys Gln Ala Glu Leu Glu Gly 1640 1645 1650Glu Asp Val
Gly Ala Cys Thr Ala His Thr Tyr Ser Cys Gly Ser 1655 1660 1665Gly
Ala Gly Ile Phe Leu Arg Val Arg Glu Cys Gln Val Leu Phe 1670 1675
1680Leu Ala Gly Lys Thr Lys Gly Cys Phe Tyr Ser Pro Pro Tyr Leu
1685 1690 1695Asp Asp Tyr Gly Glu Thr Asp Gln Gly Leu Arg Arg Gly
Asn Pro 1700 1705 1710Leu His Leu Cys Gln Glu Arg Phe Arg Lys Ile
Gln Lys Leu Trp 1715 1720 1725Gln Gln His Ser Ile Thr Glu Glu Ile
Gly His Ala Gln Glu Ala 1730 1735 1740Asn Gln Thr Leu Val Gly Ile
Asp Trp Gln His Leu 1745 1750 1755721DNAArtificial
sequenceSynthetic primer 7ctgctcgagt ctgcgtcaaa c
21824DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic primer 8tctcgatatg ttgcagcctt
gcta 24923DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic primer 9gtatgaactt
gccgaggctt tta 231023DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic primer
10caatactttc ccagccctca gaa 231118DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic
primer 11atggcgtcgc tagagcca 181223DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic
primer 12caaagcggct gagcatgatc atc 231323DNAArtificial
sequenceSynthetic primer 13tgaacagcca atcacactaa gca
231420DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic primer 14ttataaatgc
caaatgccaa 20151757PRTMus musculus 15Met Ala Asp Glu Glu Met Asp
Gly Ala Glu Arg Met Asp Val Ser Pro1 5 10 15Glu Pro Pro Leu Ala Pro
Gln Arg Pro Ala Ser Trp Trp Asp Gln Gln 20 25 30Val Asp Phe Tyr Thr
Ala Phe Leu His His Leu Ala Gln Leu Val Pro 35 40 45Glu Ile Tyr Phe
Ala Glu Met Asp Pro Asp Leu Glu Lys Gln Glu Glu 50 55 60Ser Val Gln
Met Ser Ile Leu Thr Pro Leu Glu Trp Tyr Leu Phe Gly65 70 75 80Glu
Asp Pro Asp Ile Cys Leu Glu Lys Leu Lys His Ser Gly Ala Phe 85 90
95Gln Leu Cys Gly Lys Val Phe Lys Ser Gly Glu Thr Thr Tyr Ser Cys
100 105 110Arg Asp Cys Ala Ile Asp Pro Thr Cys Val Leu Cys Met Asp
Cys Phe 115 120 125Gln Ser Ser Val His Lys Asn His Arg Tyr Lys Met
His Thr Ser Thr 130 135 140Gly Gly Gly Phe Cys Asp Cys Gly Asp Thr
Glu Ala Trp Lys Thr Gly145 150 155 160Pro Phe Cys Val Asp His Glu
Pro Gly Arg Ala Gly Thr Thr Lys Glu 165 170 175Ser Leu His Cys Pro
Leu Asn Glu Glu Val Ile Ala Gln Ala Arg Arg 180 185 190Ile Phe Pro
Ser Val Ile Lys Tyr Ile Val Glu Met Thr Ile Trp Glu 195 200 205Glu
Glu Lys Glu Leu Pro Pro Glu Leu Gln Ile Arg Glu Lys Asn Glu 210 215
220Arg Tyr Tyr Cys Val Leu Phe Asn Asp Glu
His His Ser Tyr Asp His225 230 235 240Val Ile Tyr Ser Leu Gln Arg
Ala Leu Asp Cys Glu Leu Ala Glu Ala 245 250 255Gln Leu His Thr Thr
Ala Ile Asp Lys Glu Gly Arg Arg Ala Val Lys 260 265 270Ala Gly Val
Tyr Ala Thr Cys Gln Glu Ala Lys Glu Asp Ile Lys Ser 275 280 285His
Ser Glu Asn Val Ser Gln His Pro Leu His Val Glu Val Leu His 290 295
300Ser Val Val Met Ala His Gln Lys Phe Ala Leu Arg Leu Gly Ser
Trp305 310 315 320Met Asn Lys Ile Met Ser Tyr Ser Ser Asp Phe Arg
Gln Ile Phe Cys 325 330 335Gln Ala Cys Leu Val Glu Glu Pro Gly Ser
Glu Asn Pro Cys Leu Ile 340 345 350Ser Arg Leu Met Leu Trp Asp Ala
Lys Leu Tyr Lys Gly Ala Arg Lys 355 360 365Ile Leu His Glu Leu Ile
Phe Ser Ser Phe Phe Met Glu Met Glu Tyr 370 375 380Lys Lys Leu Phe
Ala Met Glu Phe Val Lys Tyr Tyr Lys Gln Leu Gln385 390 395 400Lys
Glu Tyr Ile Ser Asp Asp His Glu Arg Ser Ile Ser Ile Thr Ala 405 410
415Leu Ser Val Gln Met Leu Thr Val Pro Thr Leu Ala Arg His Leu Ile
420 425 430Glu Glu Gln Asn Val Ile Ser Val Ile Thr Glu Thr Leu Leu
Glu Val 435 440 445Leu Pro Glu Tyr Leu Asp Arg Asn Asn Lys Phe Asn
Phe Gln Gly Tyr 450 455 460Ser Gln Asp Lys Leu Gly Arg Val Tyr Ala
Val Ile Cys Asp Leu Lys465 470 475 480Tyr Ile Leu Ile Ser Lys Pro
Val Ile Trp Thr Glu Arg Leu Arg Ala 485 490 495Gln Phe Leu Glu Gly
Phe Arg Ser Phe Leu Lys Ile Leu Thr Cys Met 500 505 510Gln Gly Met
Glu Glu Ile Arg Arg Gln Val Gly Gln His Ile Glu Val 515 520 525Asp
Pro Asp Trp Glu Ala Ala Ile Ala Ile Gln Met Gln Leu Lys Asn 530 535
540Ile Leu Leu Met Phe Gln Glu Trp Cys Ala Cys Asp Glu Asp Leu
Leu545 550 555 560Leu Val Ala Tyr Lys Glu Cys His Lys Ala Val Met
Arg Cys Ser Thr 565 570 575Asn Phe Met Ser Ser Thr Lys Thr Val Val
Gln Leu Cys Gly His Ser 580 585 590Leu Glu Thr Lys Ser Tyr Lys Val
Ser Glu Asp Leu Val Ser Ile His 595 600 605Leu Pro Leu Ser Arg Thr
Leu Ala Gly Leu His Val Arg Leu Ser Arg 610 615 620Leu Gly Ala Ile
Ser Arg Leu His Glu Phe Val Pro Phe Asp Ser Phe625 630 635 640Gln
Val Glu Val Leu Val Glu Tyr Pro Leu Arg Cys Leu Val Leu Val 645 650
655Ala Gln Val Val Ala Glu Met Trp Arg Arg Asn Gly Leu Ser Leu Ile
660 665 670Ser Gln Val Phe Tyr Tyr Gln Asp Val Lys Cys Arg Glu Glu
Met Tyr 675 680 685Asp Lys Asp Ile Ile Met Leu Gln Ile Gly Ala Ser
Ile Met Asp Pro 690 695 700Asn Lys Phe Leu Leu Leu Val Leu Gln Arg
Tyr Glu Leu Thr Asp Ala705 710 715 720Phe Asn Lys Thr Ile Ser Thr
Lys Asp Gln Asp Leu Ile Lys Gln Tyr 725 730 735Asn Thr Leu Ile Glu
Glu Met Leu Gln Val Leu Ile Tyr Ile Val Gly 740 745 750Glu Arg Tyr
Val Pro Gly Val Gly Asn Val Thr Arg Glu Glu Val Ile 755 760 765Met
Arg Glu Ile Thr His Leu Leu Cys Ile Glu Pro Met Pro His Ser 770 775
780Ala Ile Ala Arg Asn Leu Pro Glu Asn Glu Asn Asn Glu Thr Gly
Leu785 790 795 800Glu Asn Val Ile Asn Lys Val Ala Thr Phe Lys Lys
Pro Gly Val Ser 805 810 815Gly His Gly Val Tyr Glu Leu Lys Asp Glu
Ser Leu Lys Asp Phe Asn 820 825 830Met Tyr Phe Tyr His Tyr Ser Lys
Thr Gln His Ser Lys Ala Glu His 835 840 845Met Gln Lys Lys Arg Arg
Lys Gln Glu Asn Lys Asp Glu Ala Leu Pro 850 855 860Pro Pro Pro Pro
Pro Glu Phe Cys Pro Ala Phe Ser Lys Val Val Asn865 870 875 880Leu
Leu Ser Cys Asp Val Met Ile Tyr Ile Leu Arg Thr Ile Phe Glu 885 890
895Arg Ala Val Asp Thr Glu Ser Asn Leu Trp Thr Glu Gly Met Leu Gln
900 905 910Met Ala Phe His Ile Leu Ala Leu Gly Leu Leu Glu Glu Lys
Gln Gln 915 920 925Leu Gln Lys Ala Pro Glu Glu Glu Val Ala Phe Asp
Phe Tyr His Lys 930 935 940Ala Ser Arg Leu Gly Ser Ser Ala Met Asn
Ala Gln Asn Ile Gln Met945 950 955 960Leu Leu Glu Arg Leu Lys Gly
Ile Pro Gln Leu Glu Gly Gln Lys Asp 965 970 975Met Ile Thr Trp Ile
Leu Gln Met Phe Asp Thr Val Lys Arg Leu Arg 980 985 990Glu Lys Ser
Cys Leu Val Val Ala Thr Thr Ser Gly Leu Glu Cys Ile 995 1000
1005Lys Ser Glu Glu Ile Thr His Asp Lys Glu Lys Ala Glu Arg Lys
1010 1015 1020Arg Lys Ala Glu Ala Ala Arg Leu His Arg Gln Lys Ile
Met Ala 1025 1030 1035Gln Met Ser Ala Leu Gln Lys Asn Phe Ile Glu
Thr His Lys Leu 1040 1045 1050Met Tyr Asp Asn Thr Ser Glu Val Thr
Gly Lys Glu Asp Ser Ile 1055 1060 1065Met Glu Glu Glu Ser Thr Ser
Ala Val Ser Glu Ala Ser Arg Ile 1070 1075 1080Ala Leu Gly Pro Lys
Arg Gly Pro Ala Val Thr Glu Lys Glu Val 1085 1090 1095Leu Thr Cys
Ile Leu Cys Gln Glu Glu Gln Glu Val Lys Leu Glu 1100 1105 1110Asn
Asn Ala Met Val Leu Ser Ala Cys Val Gln Lys Ser Thr Ala 1115 1120
1125Leu Thr Gln His Arg Gly Lys Pro Val Asp His Leu Gly Glu Thr
1130 1135 1140Leu Asp Pro Leu Phe Met Asp Pro Asp Leu Ala His Gly
Thr Tyr 1145 1150 1155Thr Gly Ser Cys Gly His Val Met His Ala Val
Cys Trp Gln Lys 1160 1165 1170Tyr Phe Glu Ala Val Gln Leu Ser Ser
Gln Gln Arg Ile His Val 1175 1180 1185Asp Leu Phe Asp Leu Glu Ser
Gly Glu Tyr Leu Cys Pro Leu Cys 1190 1195 1200Lys Ser Leu Cys Asn
Thr Val Ile Pro Ile Ile Pro Leu Gln Pro 1205 1210 1215Gln Lys Ile
Asn Ser Glu Asn Ala Glu Ala Leu Ala Gln Leu Leu 1220 1225 1230Thr
Leu Ala Arg Trp Ile Gln Thr Val Leu Ala Arg Ile Ser Gly 1235 1240
1245Tyr Asn Ile Lys His Ala Lys Gly Glu Ala Pro Ala Val Pro Val
1250 1255 1260Leu Phe Asn Gln Gly Met Gly Asp Ser Thr Phe Glu Phe
His Ser 1265 1270 1275Ile Leu Ser Phe Gly Val Gln Ser Ser Val Lys
Tyr Ser Asn Ser 1280 1285 1290Ile Lys Glu Met Val Ile Leu Phe Ala
Thr Thr Ile Tyr Arg Ile 1295 1300 1305Gly Leu Lys Val Pro Pro Asp
Glu Leu Asp Pro Arg Val Pro Met 1310 1315 1320Met Thr Trp Ser Thr
Cys Ala Phe Thr Ile Gln Ala Ile Glu Asn 1325 1330 1335Leu Leu Gly
Asp Glu Gly Lys Pro Leu Phe Gly Ala Leu Gln Asn 1340 1345 1350Arg
Gln His Ser Gly Leu Lys Ala Leu Met Gln Phe Ala Val Ala 1355 1360
1365Gln Arg Ala Thr Cys Pro Gln Val Leu Ile His Lys His Leu Ala
1370 1375 1380Arg Leu Leu Ser Val Ile Leu Pro Asn Leu Gln Ser Glu
Asn Thr 1385 1390 1395Pro Gly Leu Leu Ser Val Asp Leu Phe His Val
Leu Val Gly Ala 1400 1405 1410Val Leu Ala Phe Pro Ser Leu Tyr Trp
Asp Asp Thr Val Asp Leu 1415 1420 1425Gln Pro Ser Pro Leu Ser Ser
Ser Tyr Asn His Leu Tyr Leu Phe 1430 1435 1440His Leu Ile Thr Met
Ala His Met Leu Gln Ile Leu Leu Thr Thr 1445 1450 1455Asp Thr Asp
Leu Ser Pro Gly Pro Pro Leu Ala Glu Gly Glu Glu 1460 1465 1470Asp
Ser Glu Glu Ala Arg Cys Ala Ser Ala Phe Phe Val Glu Val 1475 1480
1485Ser Gln His Thr Asp Gly Leu Thr Gly Cys Gly Ala Pro Gly Trp
1490 1495 1500Tyr Leu Trp Leu Ser Leu Arg Asn Gly Ile Thr Pro Tyr
Leu Arg 1505 1510 1515Cys Ala Ala Leu Leu Phe His Tyr Leu Leu Gly
Val Ala Pro Pro 1520 1525 1530Glu Glu Leu Phe Ala Asn Ser Ala Glu
Gly Glu Phe Ser Ala Leu 1535 1540 1545Cys Ser Tyr Leu Ser Leu Pro
Thr Asn Leu Phe Leu Leu Phe Gln 1550 1555 1560Glu Tyr Trp Asp Thr
Ile Arg Pro Leu Leu Gln Arg Trp Cys Gly 1565 1570 1575Asp Pro Ala
Leu Leu Lys Ser Leu Lys Gln Lys Ser Ala Val Val 1580 1585 1590Arg
Tyr Pro Arg Lys Arg Asn Ser Leu Ile Glu Leu Pro Glu Asp 1595 1600
1605Tyr Ser Cys Leu Leu Asn Gln Ala Ser His Phe Arg Cys Pro Arg
1610 1615 1620Ser Ala Asp Asp Glu Arg Lys His Pro Val Leu Cys Leu
Phe Cys 1625 1630 1635Gly Ala Ile Leu Cys Ser Gln Asn Ile Cys Cys
Gln Glu Ile Val 1640 1645 1650Asn Gly Glu Glu Val Gly Ala Cys Val
Phe His Ala Leu His Cys 1655 1660 1665Gly Ala Gly Val Cys Ile Phe
Leu Lys Ile Arg Glu Cys Arg Val 1670 1675 1680Val Leu Val Glu Gly
Lys Ala Arg Gly Cys Ala Tyr Pro Ala Pro 1685 1690 1695Tyr Leu Asp
Glu Tyr Gly Glu Thr Asp Pro Gly Leu Lys Arg Gly 1700 1705 1710Asn
Pro Leu His Leu Ser Arg Glu Arg Tyr Arg Lys Leu His Leu 1715 1720
1725Val Trp Gln Gln His Cys Ile Ile Glu Glu Ile Ala Arg Ser Gln
1730 1735 1740Glu Thr Asn Gln Met Leu Phe Gly Phe Asn Trp Gln Leu
Leu 1745 1750 17551611PRTArtificial sequenceSynthetic peptide 16Tyr
Gly Arg Lys Lys Arg Arg Gln Arg Arg Arg1 5 101715PRTArtificial
sequenceSynthetic peptide 17Gly Gly Gly Gly Tyr Gly Arg Lys Lys Arg
Arg Gln Arg Arg Arg1 5 10 15185205DNAHomo
sapiensmisc_feature(662)..(662)n = a, c, g, or t 18atggcggacg
aggaggctgg aggtactgag aggatggaaa tcagcgcgga gttaccccag 60acccctcagc
gtctggcatc ttggtgggat cagcaagttg atttttatac tgctttcttg
120catcatttgg cacaattggt gccagaaatt tactttgctg aaatggaccc
agacttggaa 180aagcaggagg aaagtgtaca aatgtcaata ttcactccac
tggaatggta cttatttgga 240gaagatccag atatttgctt agagaaattg
aagcacagtg gagcatttca gctttgtggg 300agggttttca aaagtggaga
gacaacctat tcttgcaggg attgtgcaat tgatccaaca 360tgtgtactct
gtatggactg cttccaggac agtgttcata aaaatcatcg ttacaagatg
420catacttcta ctggaggagg gttctgtgac tgtggagaca cagaggcatg
gaaaactggc 480cctttttgtg taaatcatga acctggaaga gcaggtacta
taaaagagaa ttcacgctgt 540ccgttgaatg aagaggtaat tgtccaagcc
aggaaaatat ttccttcagt gataaaatat 600gtcgtagaaa tgactatatg
ggaagaggaa aaagaactgc ctcctgaact ccagataagg 660knryycvndh
hsydhgtcat atacagccta caaagagctc ttgactgtga gctcgcagag
720gcccagttgc ataccactgc cattgacaaa gagggtcgtc gggctgttaa
agcgggagct 780tatgctgctt gccaggaagc aaaggaagat ataaagagtc
attcagaaaa tgtctctcaa 840catccacttc atgtagaagt attacactca
gagattatgg ctcatcagaa atttgctttg 900cgtcttggtt cctggatgaa
caaaattatg agctattcaa gtgactttag gcagatcttt 960tgccaagcat
gccttagaga agaacctgac tcggagaatc cctgtctcat aagcaggtta
1020atgctttggg atgcaaagct ttataaaggt gcccgtaaga tccttcatga
attgatcttc 1080agcagttttt ttatggagat ggaatacaaa aaactctttg
ctatggaatt tgtgaagtat 1140tataaacaac tgcagaaaga atatatcagt
gatgatcatg acagaagtat ctctataact 1200gcactttcag ttcagatgtt
tactgttcct actctggctc gacatcttat tgaagagcag 1260aatgttatct
ctgtcattac tgaaactctg ctagaagttt tacctgagta cttggacagg
1320aacaataaat tcaacttcca gggttatagc caggacaaat tgggaagagt
atatgcagta 1380atatgtgacc taaagtatat cctgatcagc aaacccacaa
tatggacaga aagattaaga 1440atgcagttcc ttgaaggttt tcgatctttt
ttgaagattc ttacctgtat gcagggaatg 1500gaagaaatcc gaagacaggt
tgggcaacac attgaagtgg atcctgattg ggaggctgcc 1560attgctatac
agatgcaatt gaagaatatt ttactcatgt tccaagagtg gtgtgcttgt
1620gatgaagaac tcttacttgt ggcttataaa gaatgtcaca aagctgtgat
gaggtgcagt 1680accagtttca tatctagtag caagacagta gtacaatcgt
gtggacatag tttggaaaca 1740aagtcctaca gagtatctga ggatcttgta
agcatacatc tgccactctc taggaccctt 1800gctggtcttc atgtacgttt
aagcaggctg ggtgctgttt caagactgca tgaatttgtg 1860tcttttgagg
actttcaagt agaggtacta gtggaatatc ctttacgttg tctggtgttg
1920gttgcccagg ttgttgctga gatgtggcga agaaatggac tgtctcttat
tagccaggtg 1980ttttattacc aagatgttaa gtgcagagaa gaaatgtatg
ataaagatat catcatgctt 2040cagattggtg catctttaat ggatcccaat
aagttcttgt tactggtact tcagaggtat 2100gaacttgccg aggcttttaa
caagaccata tctacaaaag accaggattt gattaaacaa 2160tataatacac
taatagaaga aatgcttcag gtcctcatct atattgtggg tgagcgttat
2220gtacctggag tgggaaatgt gaccaaagaa gaggtcacaa tgagagaaat
cattcacttg 2280ctttgcattg aacccatgcc acacagtgcc attgccaaaa
atttacctga gaatgaaaat 2340aatgaaactg gcttagagaa tgtcataaac
aaagtggcca catttaagaa accaggtgta 2400tcaggccatg gagtttatga
actaaaagat gaatcactga aagacttcaa tatgtacttt 2460tatcattact
ccaaaaccca gcatagcaag gctgaacata tgcagaagaa aaggagaaaa
2520caagaaaaca aagatgaagc attgccgcca ccaccacctc ctgaattctg
ccctgctttc 2580agcaaagtga ttaaccttct caactgtgat atcatgatgt
acattctcag gaccgtattt 2640gagcgggcaa tagacacaga ttctaacttg
tggaccgaag ggatgctcca aatggctttt 2700catattctgg cattgggttt
actagaagag aagcaacagc ttcaaaaagc tcctgaagaa 2760gaagtaacat
ttgactttta tcataaggct tcaagattgg gaagttcagc catgaatata
2820caaatgcttt tggaaaaact caaaggaatt ccccagttag aaggccagaa
ggacatgata 2880acgtggatac ttcagatgtt tgacacagtg aagcgattaa
gagaaaaatc ttgtttaatt 2940gtagcaacca catcaggatc ggaatctatt
aagaatgatg agattactca tgataaagaa 3000aaagcagaac gaaaaagaaa
agctgaagct gctaggctac atcgccagaa gatcatggct 3060cagatgtctg
ccttacagaa aaacttcatt gaaactcata aactcatgta tgacaataca
3120tcagaaatgc ctgggaaaga agattccatt atggaggaag agagcacccc
agcagtcagt 3180gactactcta gaattgcttt gggtcctaaa cggggtccat
ctgttactga aaaggaggtg 3240ctgacgtgca tcctttgcca agaagaacag
gaggtgaaaa tagaaaataa tgccatggta 3300ttatcggcct gtgtccagaa
atctactgcc ttaacccagc acaggggaaa acccatagaa 3360ctctcaggag
aagccctaga cccacttttc atggatccag acttggcata tggaacttat
3420acaggaagct gtggtcatgt aatgcacgca gtgtgctggc agaagtattt
tgaagctgta 3480cagctgagct ctcagcagcg cattcatgtt gacctttttg
acttggaaag tggagaatat 3540ctttgccctc tttgcaaatc tctgtgcaat
actgtgatcc ccattattcc tttgcaacct 3600caaaagataa acagtgagaa
tgcagatgct cttgctcaac ttttgaccct ggcacggtgg 3660atacagactg
ttctggccag aatatcaggt tataatataa gacatgctaa aggagaaaac
3720ccaattccta ttttctttaa tcaaggaatg ggagattcta ctttggagtt
ccattccatc 3780ctgagttttg gcgttgagtc ttcgattaaa tattcaaata
gcatcaagga aatggttatt 3840ctctttgcca caacaattta tagaattgga
ttgaaagtgc cacctgatga aagggatcct 3900cgagtcccca tgctgacctg
gagcacctgc gctttcacta tccaggcaat tgaaaatcta 3960ttgggagatg
aaggaaaacc tctgtttgga gcacttcaaa ataggcagca taatggtctg
4020aaagcattaa tgcagtttgc agttgcacag aggattacct gtcctcaggt
cctgatacag 4080aaacatctgg ttcgtcttct atcagttgtt cttcctaaca
taaaatcaga agatacacca 4140tgccttctgt ctatagatct gtttcatgtt
ttggtgggtg ctgtgttagc attcccatcc 4200ttgtattggg atgaccctgt
tgatctgcag ccttcttcag ttagttcttc ctataaccac 4260ctttatctct
tccatttgat caccatggca cacatgcttc agatactact tacagtagac
4320acaggcctac cccttgctca ggttcaagaa gacagtgaag aggctcattc
cgcatcttct 4380ttctttgcag aaatttctca atatacaagt ggctccattg
ggtgtgatat tcctggctgg 4440tatttgtggg tctcactgaa gaatggcatc
accccttatc ttcgctgtgc tgcattgttt 4500ttccactatt tacttggggt
aactccgcct gaggaactgc ataccaattc tgcagaagga 4560gagtacagtg
cactctgtag ctatctatct ttacctacaa atttgttcct gctcttccag
4620gaatattggg atactgtaag gcccttgctc cagaggcggt gtgcagatcc
tgccttacta 4680aactgtttga agcaaaaaaa caccgtggtc aggtacccta
gaaaaagaaa tagtttgata 4740gagcttcctg atgactatag ctgcctcctg
aatcaagctt ctcatttcag gtgcccacgg 4800tctgcagatg atgagcgaaa
gcatcctgtc ctctgccttt tctgtggggc tatactatgt 4860tctcagaaca
tttgctgcca ggaaattgtg aacggggaag aggttggagc ttgcattttt
4920cacgcacttc actgtggagc cggagtctgc attttcctaa aaatcagaga
atgccgagtg 4980gtcctggttg aaggtaaagc cagaggctgt gcctatccag
ctccttactt ggatgaatat 5040ggagaaacag accctggcct gaagaggggc
aacccccttc atttatctcg tgagcggtat 5100cggaagctcc atttggtctg
gcaacaacac tgcattatag aagagattgc taggagccaa 5160gagactaatc
agatgttatt tggattcaac tggcagttac tgtga 5205191734PRTHomo sapiens
19Ala Met Glu Gly Asn Met Ala Asp Glu Glu Ala Gly Gly Thr Glu Arg1
5 10 15Met Glu Ile Ser Ala Glu Leu Pro Gln Thr Pro Gln Arg Leu
Ala Ser 20 25 30Trp Trp Asp Gln Gln Val Asp Phe Tyr Thr Ala Phe Leu
His His Leu 35 40 45Ala Gln Leu Val Pro Glu Ile Tyr Phe Ala Glu Met
Asp Pro Asp Leu 50 55 60Glu Lys Gln Glu Glu Ser Val Gln Met Ser Ile
Phe Thr Pro Leu Glu65 70 75 80Trp Tyr Leu Phe Gly Glu Asp Pro Asp
Ile Cys Leu Glu Lys Leu Lys 85 90 95His Ser Gly Ala Phe Gln Leu Cys
Gly Arg Val Phe Lys Ser Gly Glu 100 105 110Thr Thr Tyr Ser Cys Arg
Asp Cys Ala Ile Asp Pro Thr Cys Val Leu 115 120 125Cys Met Asp Cys
Phe Gln Asp Ser Val His Lys Asn His Arg Tyr Lys 130 135 140Met His
Thr Ser Thr Gly Gly Gly Phe Cys Asp Cys Gly Asp Thr Glu145 150 155
160Ala Trp Lys Thr Gly Pro Phe Cys Val Asn His Glu Pro Gly Arg Ala
165 170 175Gly Thr Ile Lys Glu Asn Ser Arg Cys Pro Leu Asn Glu Glu
Val Ile 180 185 190Val Gln Ala Arg Lys Ile Phe Pro Ser Val Ile Lys
Tyr Val Val Glu 195 200 205Met Thr Ile Trp Glu Glu Glu Lys Glu Leu
Pro Pro Glu Leu Gln Ile 210 215 220Arg Glu Lys Asn Glu Arg Tyr Tyr
Cys Val Leu Phe Asn Asp Glu His225 230 235 240His Ser Tyr Asp His
Val Ile Tyr Ser Leu Gln Arg Ala Leu Asp Cys 245 250 255Glu Leu Ala
Glu Ala Gln Leu His Thr Thr Ala Ile Asp Lys Glu Gly 260 265 270Arg
Arg Ala Val Lys Ala Gly Ala Tyr Ala Ala Cys Gln Glu Ala Lys 275 280
285Glu Asp Ile Lys Ser His Ser Glu Asn Val Ser Gln His Pro Leu His
290 295 300Val Glu Val Leu His Ser Glu Ile Met Ala His Gln Lys Phe
Ala Leu305 310 315 320Arg Leu Gly Ser Trp Met Asn Lys Ile Met Ser
Tyr Ser Ser Asp Phe 325 330 335Arg Gln Ile Phe Cys Gln Ala Cys Leu
Arg Glu Glu Pro Asp Ser Glu 340 345 350Asn Pro Cys Leu Ile Ser Arg
Leu Met Leu Trp Asp Ala Lys Leu Tyr 355 360 365Lys Gly Ala Arg Lys
Ile Leu His Glu Leu Ile Phe Ser Ser Phe Phe 370 375 380Met Glu Met
Glu Tyr Lys Lys Leu Phe Ala Met Glu Phe Val Lys Tyr385 390 395
400Tyr Lys Gln Leu Gln Lys Glu Tyr Ile Ser Asp Asp His Asp Arg Ser
405 410 415Ile Ser Ile Thr Ala Leu Ser Val Gln Met Phe Thr Val Pro
Thr Leu 420 425 430Ala Arg His Leu Ile Glu Glu Gln Asn Val Ile Ser
Val Ile Thr Glu 435 440 445Thr Leu Leu Glu Val Leu Pro Glu Tyr Leu
Asp Arg Asn Asn Lys Phe 450 455 460Asn Phe Gln Gly Tyr Ser Gln Asp
Lys Leu Gly Arg Val Tyr Ala Val465 470 475 480Ile Cys Asp Leu Lys
Tyr Ile Leu Ile Ser Lys Pro Thr Ile Trp Thr 485 490 495Glu Arg Leu
Arg Met Gln Phe Leu Glu Gly Phe Arg Ser Phe Leu Lys 500 505 510Ile
Leu Thr Cys Met Gln Gly Met Glu Glu Ile Arg Arg Gln Val Gly 515 520
525Gln His Ile Glu Val Asp Pro Asp Trp Glu Ala Ala Ile Ala Ile Gln
530 535 540Met Gln Leu Lys Asn Ile Leu Leu Met Phe Gln Glu Trp Cys
Ala Cys545 550 555 560Asp Glu Glu Leu Leu Leu Val Ala Tyr Lys Glu
Cys His Lys Ala Val 565 570 575Met Arg Cys Ser Thr Ser Phe Ile Ser
Ser Ser Lys Thr Val Val Gln 580 585 590Ser Cys Gly His Ser Leu Glu
Thr Lys Ser Tyr Arg Val Ser Glu Asp 595 600 605Leu Val Ser Ile His
Leu Pro Leu Ser Arg Thr Leu Ala Gly Leu His 610 615 620Val Arg Leu
Ser Arg Leu Gly Ala Val Ser Arg Leu His Glu Phe Val625 630 635
640Ser Phe Glu Asp Phe Gln Val Glu Val Leu Val Glu Tyr Pro Leu Arg
645 650 655Cys Leu Val Leu Val Ala Gln Val Val Ala Glu Met Trp Arg
Arg Asn 660 665 670Gly Leu Ser Leu Ile Ser Gln Val Phe Tyr Tyr Gln
Asp Val Lys Cys 675 680 685Arg Glu Glu Met Tyr Asp Lys Asp Ile Ile
Met Leu Gln Ile Gly Ala 690 695 700Ser Leu Met Asp Pro Asn Lys Phe
Leu Leu Leu Val Leu Gln Arg Tyr705 710 715 720Glu Leu Ala Glu Ala
Phe Asn Lys Thr Ile Ser Thr Lys Asp Gln Asp 725 730 735Leu Ile Lys
Gln Tyr Asn Thr Leu Ile Glu Glu Met Leu Gln Val Leu 740 745 750Ile
Tyr Ile Val Gly Glu Arg Tyr Val Pro Gly Val Gly Asn Val Thr 755 760
765Lys Glu Glu Val Thr Met Arg Glu Ile Ile His Leu Leu Cys Ile Glu
770 775 780Pro Met Pro His Ser Ala Ile Ala Lys Asn Leu Pro Glu Asn
Glu Asn785 790 795 800Asn Glu Thr Gly Leu Glu Asn Val Ile Asn Lys
Val Ala Thr Phe Lys 805 810 815Lys Pro Gly Val Ser Gly His Gly Val
Tyr Glu Leu Lys Asp Glu Ser 820 825 830Leu Lys Asp Phe Asn Met Tyr
Phe Tyr His Tyr Ser Lys Thr Gln His 835 840 845Ser Lys Ala Glu His
Met Gln Lys Lys Arg Arg Lys Gln Glu Asn Lys 850 855 860Asp Glu Ala
Leu Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Glu Phe Cys Pro Ala Phe865 870 875
880Ser Lys Val Ile Asn Leu Leu Asn Cys Asp Ile Met Met Tyr Ile Leu
885 890 895Arg Thr Val Phe Glu Arg Ala Ile Asp Thr Asp Ser Asn Leu
Trp Thr 900 905 910Glu Gly Met Leu Gln Met Ala Phe His Ile Leu Ala
Leu Gly Leu Leu 915 920 925Glu Glu Lys Gln Gln Leu Gln Lys Ala Pro
Glu Glu Glu Val Thr Phe 930 935 940Asp Phe Tyr His Lys Ala Ser Arg
Leu Gly Ser Ser Ala Met Asn Ile945 950 955 960Gln Met Leu Leu Glu
Lys Leu Lys Gly Ile Pro Gln Leu Glu Gly Gln 965 970 975Lys Asp Met
Ile Thr Trp Ile Leu Gln Met Phe Asp Thr Val Lys Arg 980 985 990Leu
Arg Glu Lys Ser Cys Leu Ile Val Ala Thr Thr Ser Gly Ser Glu 995
1000 1005Ser Ile Lys Asn Asp Glu Ile Thr His Asp Lys Glu Lys Ala
Glu 1010 1015 1020Arg Lys Arg Lys Ala Glu Ala Ala Arg Leu His Arg
Gln Lys Ile 1025 1030 1035Met Ala Gln Met Ser Ala Leu Gln Lys Asn
Phe Ile Glu Thr His 1040 1045 1050Lys Leu Met Tyr Asp Asn Thr Ser
Glu Met Pro Gly Lys Glu Asp 1055 1060 1065Ser Ile Met Glu Glu Glu
Ser Thr Pro Ala Val Ser Asp Tyr Ser 1070 1075 1080Arg Ile Ala Leu
Gly Pro Lys Arg Gly Pro Ser Val Thr Glu Lys 1085 1090 1095Glu Val
Leu Thr Cys Ile Leu Cys Gln Glu Glu Gln Glu Val Lys 1100 1105
1110Ile Glu Asn Asn Ala Met Val Leu Ser Ala Cys Val Gln Lys Ser
1115 1120 1125Thr Ala Leu Thr Gln His Arg Gly Lys Pro Ile Glu Leu
Ser Gly 1130 1135 1140Glu Ala Leu Asp Pro Leu Phe Met Asp Pro Asp
Leu Ala Tyr Gly 1145 1150 1155Thr Tyr Thr Gly Ser Cys Gly His Val
Met His Ala Val Cys Trp 1160 1165 1170Gln Lys Tyr Phe Glu Ala Val
Gln Leu Ser Ser Gln Gln Arg Ile 1175 1180 1185His Val Asp Leu Phe
Asp Leu Glu Ser Gly Glu Tyr Leu Cys Pro 1190 1195 1200Leu Cys Lys
Ser Leu Cys Asn Thr Val Ile Pro Ile Ile Pro Leu 1205 1210 1215Gln
Pro Gln Lys Ile Asn Ser Glu Asn Ala Asp Ala Leu Ala Gln 1220 1225
1230Leu Leu Thr Leu Ala Arg Trp Ile Gln Thr Val Leu Ala Arg Ile
1235 1240 1245Ser Gly Tyr Asn Ile Arg His Ala Lys Gly Glu Asn Pro
Ile Pro 1250 1255 1260Ile Phe Phe Asn Gln Gly Met Gly Asp Ser Thr
Leu Glu Phe His 1265 1270 1275Ser Ile Leu Ser Phe Gly Val Glu Ser
Ser Ile Lys Tyr Ser Asn 1280 1285 1290Ser Ile Lys Glu Met Val Ile
Leu Phe Ala Thr Thr Ile Tyr Arg 1295 1300 1305Ile Gly Leu Lys Val
Pro Pro Asp Glu Arg Asp Pro Arg Val Pro 1310 1315 1320Met Leu Thr
Trp Ser Thr Cys Ala Phe Thr Ile Gln Ala Ile Glu 1325 1330 1335Asn
Leu Leu Gly Asp Glu Gly Lys Pro Leu Phe Gly Ala Leu Gln 1340 1345
1350Asn Arg Gln His Asn Gly Leu Lys Ala Leu Met Gln Phe Ala Val
1355 1360 1365Ala Gln Arg Ile Thr Cys Pro Gln Val Leu Ile Gln Lys
His Leu 1370 1375 1380Val Arg Leu Leu Ser Val Val Leu Pro Asn Ile
Lys Ser Glu Asp 1385 1390 1395Thr Pro Cys Leu Leu Ser Ile Asp Leu
Phe His Val Leu Val Gly 1400 1405 1410Ala Val Leu Ala Phe Pro Ser
Leu Tyr Trp Asp Asp Pro Val Asp 1415 1420 1425Leu Gln Pro Ser Ser
Val Ser Ser Ser Tyr Asn His Leu Tyr Leu 1430 1435 1440Phe His Leu
Ile Thr Met Ala His Met Leu Gln Ile Leu Leu Thr 1445 1450 1455Val
Asp Thr Gly Leu Pro Leu Ala Gln Val Gln Glu Asp Ser Glu 1460 1465
1470Glu Ala His Ser Ala Ser Ser Phe Phe Ala Glu Ile Ser Gln Tyr
1475 1480 1485Thr Ser Gly Ser Ile Gly Cys Asp Ile Pro Gly Trp Tyr
Leu Trp 1490 1495 1500Val Ser Leu Lys Asn Gly Ile Thr Pro Tyr Leu
Arg Cys Ala Ala 1505 1510 1515Leu Phe Phe His Tyr Leu Leu Gly Val
Thr Pro Pro Glu Glu Leu 1520 1525 1530His Thr Asn Ser Ala Glu Gly
Glu Tyr Ser Ala Leu Cys Ser Tyr 1535 1540 1545Leu Ser Leu Pro Thr
Asn Leu Phe Leu Leu Phe Gln Glu Tyr Trp 1550 1555 1560Asp Thr Val
Arg Pro Leu Leu Gln Arg Arg Cys Ala Asp Pro Ala 1565 1570 1575Leu
Leu Asn Cys Leu Lys Gln Lys Asn Thr Val Val Arg Tyr Pro 1580 1585
1590Arg Lys Arg Asn Ser Leu Ile Glu Leu Pro Asp Asp Tyr Ser Cys
1595 1600 1605Leu Leu Asn Gln Ala Ser His Phe Arg Cys Pro Arg Ser
Ala Asp 1610 1615 1620Asp Glu Arg Lys His Pro Val Leu Cys Leu Phe
Cys Gly Ala Ile 1625 1630 1635Leu Cys Ser Gln Asn Ile Cys Cys Gln
Glu Ile Val Asn Gly Glu 1640 1645 1650Glu Val Gly Ala Cys Ile Phe
His Ala Leu His Cys Lys Ala Arg 1655 1660 1665Gly Cys Ala Tyr Pro
Ala Pro Tyr Leu Asp Glu Tyr Gly Glu Thr 1670 1675 1680Asp Pro Gly
Leu Lys Arg Gly Asn Pro Leu His Leu Ser Arg Glu 1685 1690 1695Arg
Tyr Arg Lys Leu His Leu Val Trp Gln Gln His Cys Ile Ile 1700 1705
1710Glu Glu Ile Ala Arg Ser Gln Glu Thr Asn Gln Met Leu Phe Gly
1715 1720 1725Phe Asn Trp Gln Leu Leu 17302022DNAArtificial
sequenceSynthetic primer 20agaaggagag tacagtgcac tc
222120DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic primer 21cgaaagcatc
ctgtcctctg 202218DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic primer
22aggaagctgt ggtcatgt 182314DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic primer
23gttaggaaga actg 142420DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic primer
24aagaacagcg aaggcaacag 202522DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic
primer 25cgcagctacc ccaacacatt ct 222622DNAArtificial
sequenceSynthetic primer 26tttcttccat tccctgcata ca
222725DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic primer 27caaaacttta
taaaggtgcc cgtaa 252823DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic primer
28attccctgca tgcacttcag taa 232921DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic
primer 29cattccctgc atgcacttca g 21
* * * * *