U.S. patent application number 13/035902 was filed with the patent office on 2011-10-06 for cropping systems for managing weeds.
Invention is credited to Cindy L. Arnevik, Ronald J. Brinker, Greg Elmore, James C. Graham, Robert D. Sammons, Michelle Starke, Richard D. Voth.
Application Number | 20110245080 13/035902 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 38969856 |
Filed Date | 2011-10-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20110245080 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Arnevik; Cindy L. ; et
al. |
October 6, 2011 |
CROPPING SYSTEMS FOR MANAGING WEEDS
Abstract
The invention provides cropping systems for managing weeds in
crop environments. The cropping systems comprise, in one
embodiment, transgenic plants that display tolerance to an
auxin-like herbicide such as dicamba. Method for minimizing the
development of herbicide resistant weeds are also provided.
Inventors: |
Arnevik; Cindy L.; (Troy,
MO) ; Brinker; Ronald J.; (Ellisville, MO) ;
Elmore; Greg; (Ellisville, MO) ; Graham; James
C.; (Creve Coecer, MO) ; Sammons; Robert D.;
(New Melle, MO) ; Starke; Michelle; (O'Fallon,
MO) ; Voth; Richard D.; (Wildwood, MO) |
Family ID: |
38969856 |
Appl. No.: |
13/035902 |
Filed: |
February 25, 2011 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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11758660 |
Jun 5, 2007 |
7939721 |
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13035902 |
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60862907 |
Oct 25, 2006 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
504/127 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01N 25/00 20130101;
A01N 61/00 20130101; A01N 61/00 20130101; A01N 61/00 20130101; C12N
15/8275 20130101; A01N 2300/00 20130101; A01N 61/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
504/127 |
International
Class: |
A01N 57/20 20060101
A01N057/20; A01P 13/00 20060101 A01P013/00 |
Claims
1-35. (canceled)
36. A cropping system for minimizing the development of a herbicide
resistant weed in a crop-growing environment comprising: a)
planting in a field a crop plant having tolerance to glyphosate,
glufosinate and/or auxin-like herbicides; b) applying at least a
first herbicide treatment comprising glyphosate, glufosinate,
and/or an auxin-like herbicide to the crop growing environment to
control weeds; d) identifying a location in the field infested with
weeds resistant to glyphosate, glufosinate or an auxin-like
herbicide; and e) applying an amount of glyphosate, glufosinate,
and/or the auxin-like herbicide effective to control the weeds
resistant to glyphosate, glufosinate, or an auxin-like
herbicide.
37. The system of claim 36, wherein the plant comprises a transgene
conferring herbicide tolerance to glyphosate.
38. The system of claim 37, wherein the transgene conferring
herbicide tolerance to glyphosate encodes a polypeptide selected
from the group consisting of glyphosate resistant
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), glyphosate
oxidoreductase (GOX), glyphosate-N-acetyl transferase (GAT) and
glyphosate decarboxylase.
39. The system of claim 38, wherein the crop plant comprises a
transgene encoding a GAT polypeptide.
40. The system of claim 39, wherein the GAT polypeptide is GAT4601
(SEQ ID NO:2).
41. The system of claim 36, wherein the crop plant comprises a
transgene encoding DMO and/or AAD.
42. The system of claim 36, wherein the crop plant comprises a
transgene encoding a phosphinothricin acetyltransferase.
43-49. (canceled)
Description
[0001] This application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional
Patent Application 60/862,907, filed Oct. 25, 2006, the disclosure
of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The invention relates generally to the field of weed
management. More specifically, the invention relates to methods for
pre-emergent and post-emergent herbicide use for controlling weed s
in combination with transgenic crops tolerant to one or more
herbicides.
[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0005] Weeds cost farmers billions of dollars annually in crop
losses and the expense of efforts to keep weeds under control.
Weeds also serve as hosts for crop diseases and insect pests. The
losses caused by weeds in agricultural production environments
include decreases in crop yield, reduced crop quality, increased
irrigation costs, increased harvesting costs, decreased land value,
injury to livestock, and crop damage from insects and diseases
harbored by the weeds. The damage caused can be significant. For
example, it is estimated that between 1972 and 1976 corn yields
were reduced by about 10% due to weeds (Chandler, 1981).
[0006] Chemical herbicides have provided an effective method of
weed control over the years. Herbicides can generally be applied
pre-emergence and/or post-emergence. Pre-emergence herbicides are
applied in a field before a crop emerges from the soil. Such
applications are typically applied to the soil before or soon after
planting the crop. Such applications may kill weeds that are
growing in the field prior to the emergence of the crop, and may
also prevent or reduce germination of weed seeds that are present
in the soil. Post-emergence herbicides are typically used to kill
weeds after a crop has emerged in the field. Such applications may
kill weeds in the field and prevent or reduce future weed seed
production and germination.
[0007] One weed control strategy is to apply an herbicide such as
dicamba to a field before sowing seeds. However, after applying the
herbicide to a field, a farmer has to wait at least several weeks
before sowing the field with crop seeds such that the herbicide has
killed most of the weeds and has degraded so as not injure the sown
crop. For example, plants are especially sensitive to dicamba and
it has been recommended that dicamba formulations such as
Banvel.TM., Clarity.TM., or Sterling.TM. be applied, for instance,
30 days prior to planting for controlling weeds.
[0008] Another method that has been successfully used to manage
weeds combines herbicide treatments with crops that are tolerant to
the herbicide. In this manner, a herbicide that would normally
injure a crop can be applied before and during growth of the crop
without causing damage. Thus, weeds may be effectively controlled
and new weed control options are made available to the grower.
[0009] In recent years, the availability of transgenic crops having
traits providing tolerance to a herbicide or herbicides with one
mode of action has simplified weed management for growers. For
example, crops tolerant to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (Streber
and Willmitzer, 1989), bromoxynil (Stalker et al., 1988),
glyphosate (Comai et al., 1985) and phosphinothricin (De Block et
al., 1987) have been developed. However, this strategy has
increased the possibility of selection for and spread of weed
biotypes resistant to a particular herbicide in a particular
cropping system. Therefore, there is a need in the art for
inventing cropping systems that use transgenic crops providing
tolerance to one or more herbicides for managing weeds i.e., for
managing current herbicide resistant weeds, for managing tough
weeds, for managing volunteer plants, and for minimizing the
development of herbicide resistant weeds in the future.
[0010] It is also known in the art that the risk of developing
resistant weeds is higher with certain types of herbicides and
lower with certain other types. For the following discussion,
herbicides are classified according to their modes-of-action based
on the HRAC or WSSA schemes (Table 2). For example, the risk of
developing resistant weeds is thought to be higher with herbicides
belonging to groups such as acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors
(Group 2 or B) and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors
(Group 1 or A). The risk of developing resistant weeds is thought
to be lower with herbicides belonging to groups such as PS II
inhibitors (Group 5 or C1), microtubule assembly inhibitors (Group
3 or K1), and lipid synthesis inhibitors (Group or N). The risk of
developing resistant weeds is thought to be still lower with
herbicides belonging to groups such as synthetic auxins (Group 4 or
O), glycines (Group 9 or G), and inhibitors of glutamine synthetase
(Group 10 or H) (Legere et al., 2006.). Hence it is desirable to
develop cropping systems utilizing crops tolerant to low-risk
herbicides and their accompanying herbicide treatments for
minimizing populations of herbicide resistant weeds.
[0011] Dicamba is one member of a class of herbicides commonly
referred to as "auxin-like" herbicides or "synthetic auxins."
Dicamba has been used as a pre-emergence herbicide (e.g. 14-30 days
prior to planting) in dicots and as a pre- and/or post-emergence
herbicide in corn, sorghum, small grains, pasture, hay, rangeland,
sugarcane, asparagus, turf, and grass seed crops to effectively
control annual and perennial broadleaf weeds and several grassy
weeds (Crop Protection Chemicals Reference, 1995). Unfortunately,
dicamba can injure many commercial crops including beans, soybeans,
cotton, peas, potatoes, sunflowers, tomatoes, tobacco, and fruit
trees, ornamental plants and trees, and other broadleaf plants when
it comes into contact with them. Soybean and cotton are
particularly sensitive to dicamba. Thus, applications of dicamba
must generally occur several weeks before planting of sensitive
crops to ensure that residual dicamba is sufficiently cleared from
the crop environment before crops emerge.
[0012] Recently, sequences encoding a multicomponent dicamba
demethylase, including a monooxygenase (DMO), were isolated from
Pseudomonas maltophilia (U.S. Patent Application Nos: 20030115626;
20030135879; U.S. Pat. No. 7,022,896) which is involved in the
conversion of an herbicidal form of the herbicide dicamba
(3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid; a formulation of which is sold, for
instance, under the trade name Banvel.TM.) to a non-toxic
3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid (Wang et al., 1997). The inventors
reported the transformation of the sequences into tobacco and
Arabidopsis. The transformed plant tissue was selected on kanamycin
and regenerated into a plant. However, herbicide tolerance was not
demonstrated or suggested in immature tissues or seedlings or in
other plants. Pre-emergence herbicide applications were also not
described.
[0013] U.S. Pat. No. 6,376,754 describes plants, such as soybean
plants, having tolerance to at least two herbicides. Included among
these herbicides are glyphosate, glufosinate, and a sulfonylurea
(i.e. an acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor) herbicide. U.S.
Pat. No. 6,586,367 describes methods to control weeds, and plants
with tolerance to glyphosate or glufosinate, which may be treated
with glyphosate or glufosinate, and additionally with an amount of
an herbicide or herbicides selected from the group consisting of
atrazine, dicamba, and other selected herbicides. However plants
and cropping systems comprising a genetic trait conferring
tolerance to dicamba are not described.
[0014] WO2005/107437 discloses combining a first herbicide tolerant
gene i.e., a 2,4-D tolerance gene with a second herbicide tolerant
gene i.e., a glyphosate tolerance gene or other herbicide tolerant
gene. It does not disclose combining a glyphosate tolerant gene
with a dicamba tolerant gene and a 2,4-D tolerant gene.
Furthermore, it does not disclose cropping systems of the present
invention for managing weeds, herbicide resistant weeds, tough to
control weeds, herbicide resistant volunteer crop plants, and for
minimizing the potential of herbicide resistant weeds in the
future. It also does not disclose methods for minimizing
development of herbicide resistant weeds in the future by rotating
herbicide tolerant crops and use of their corresponding
herbicide(s).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0015] In one aspect, the invention provides a cropping system for
managing weed growth in a crop-growing environment comprising: a)
planting in a crop growing environment a crop seed that germinates
into a crop plant comprising tolerance to an auxin-like herbicide;
and b)applying at least a first herbicide treatment to the crop
growing environment to control weed growth, wherein the herbicide
treatment is selected from the group consisting of the first,
second, third, fourth and fifth treatment set forth in Table 3, and
wherein the treatment comprises an amount of herbicide effective to
control weed growth without significantly damaging the crop seed or
crop plant. In specific embodiments, the method may comprise
applying at least two, at least three, at least four and /or each
of said herbicide treatments.
[0016] In one embodiment, a used with a system of the invention
plant comprises a transgene conferring herbicide tolerance to
glyphosate or 2,4-D. An example of a transgene conferring herbicide
tolerance to glyphosate is one encoding a protein selected from the
group consisting of glyphosate resistant
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), glyphosate
oxidoreductase (GOX), glyphosate-N-acetyl transferase (GAT) and
glyphosate decarboxylase. In the system, the crop plant may
comprise tolerance to an auxin-like herbicide comprises a transgene
encoding DMO and/or AAD-1. In certain embodiments, the GAT protein
is GAT4601 (SEQ ID NO:2), and may be encoded by a transgene
comprising the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1. In a
particular embodiment, expression of a GAT protein is accomplished
by use of the SCP1 promoter.
[0017] In particular embodiments, a system of the invention is
defined as comprising the step of applying a third herbicide
treatment at the late post-emergence stage comprising a
herbicidally effective amount of a herbicide selected from the
group consisting of an auxin-like herbicide, a graminicide, a
post-emergent selective herbicide, and a combination thereof. In a
further embodiment, a system of the invention comprises the step of
applying a fourth herbicide treatment at the pre-harvest stage
comprising a herbicidally effective amount of a herbicide selected
from the group consisting of glyphosate, an auxin-like herbicide, a
post-emergent selective herbicide, paraquat, and a combination
thereof. In yet another embodiment, the system comprises the step
of harvesting the seeds from the crop plant after fourth treatment.
The system may also comprise the step of applying a fifth herbicide
treatment at the post-harvest stage comprising a herbicidally
effective amount of a herbicide selected from the group consisting
of glyphosate, an auxin-like herbicide, paraquat, a pre-emergent
selective residual herbicide, and a combination thereof.
[0018] An auxin-like herbicide may be selected from the group
consisting of dicamba, 2,4-D, and a combination thereof. In one
embodiment, the crop plant is a dicot plant, examples of which
include cotton and soybeans. The system may in particular comprise
applying an amount of herbicide set forth in Table 4 and/or 5 for
the respective herbicide(s). The system may also further comprise
the step of applying a third herbicide treatment at the late
post-emergence stage comprising a herbicidally effective amount of
a herbicide selected from the group consisting of glyphosate, an
auxin-like herbicide, a graminicide, a post-emergent selective
herbicide, and a combination thereof. The system may still further
comprise the step of applying a fourth herbicide treatment at the
pre-harvest stage comprising a herbicidally effective amount of a
herbicide selected from the group consisting of glyphosate, an
auxin-like herbicide, a post-emergent selective herbicide,
paraquat, and a combination thereof. A system of the invention may
also comprise the step of harvesting the seeds from the crop plant
after fourth treatment.
[0019] In one embodiment of the invention, the herbicide is
selected from the group consisting of dicamba, 2,4-D, and a
combination thereof. In a cropping system of the invention, the
herbicide treatment may control the growth of a herbicide resistant
weed selected from the group consisting of: Alopecurus myosuroides,
Avena fatua, Avena sterilis, Avena sterilis ludoviciana, Brachiaria
plantaginea, Bromus diandrus, Bromus rigidus, Cynosurus echinatus,
Digitaria ciliaris, Digitaria ischaemum, Digitaria sanguinalis,
Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crusgalli, Echinochloa oryzicola,
Echinochloa phyllopogon, Eleusine indica, Eriochloa punctata,
Hordeum glaucum, Hordeum leporinum, Ischaemum rugosum, Leptochloa
chinensis, Lolium multiflorum, Lolium perenne, Lolium persicum,
Lolium rigidum, Phalaris minor, Phalaris paradoxa, Rottboellia
exalta, Setaria faberi, Setaria viridis, Setaria viridis var.
robusta-alba schreiber, Setaria viridis var. robusta-purpurea,
Snowdenia polystachea, Sorghum halepense, Sorghum sudanese, Alisma
plantago-aquatica, Amaranthus blitoides, Amaranthus hybridus,
Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus palmeri, Amaranthus powellii,
Amaranthus quitensis, Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus rudis,
Amaranthus tuberculatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida,
Ammania auriculata, Ammania coccinea, Anthemis cotula, Apera
spica-venti, Bacopa rotundifolia, Bidens pilosa, Bidens
subalternans, Brassica tournefortii, Bromus tectorum, Camelina
microcarpa, Chenopodium album, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Conyza
bonariensis, Conyza canadensis, Cuscuta campestris, Cyperus
difformis, Damasonium minus, Descurainia sophia, Diplotaxis
tenuifolia, Echium plantagineum, Elatine triandra var. pedicellata,
Euphorbia heterophylla, Fallopia convolvulus, Fimbristylis
miliacea, Galeopsis tetrahit, Galium spurium, Helianthus annuus,
Iva xanthifolia, Ixophorus unisetus, Kochia scoparia, Lactuca
serriola, Limnocharis flava, Limnophila erecta, Limnophila
sessiliflora, Lindernia dubia, Lindernia dubia var. major,
Lindernia micrantha, Lindernia procumbens, Mesembryanthemum
crystallinum, Monochoria korsakowii, Monochoria vaginalis, Neslia
paniculata, Papaver rhoeas, Parthenium hysterophorus, Pentzia
suffruticosa, Phalaris minor, Raphanus raphanistrum, Raphanus
sativus, Rapistrum rugosum, Rotala indica var. uliginosa,
Sagittaria guyanensis, Sagittaria montevidensis, Sagittaria
pygmaea, Salsola iberica, Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus, Scirpus
mucronatus, Setaria lutescens, Sida spinosa, Sinapis arvensis,
Sisymbrium orientale, Sisymbrium thellungii, Solanum ptycanthum,
Sonchus asper, Sonchus oleraceus, Sorghum bicolor, Stellaria media,
Thlaspi arvense, Xanthium strumarium, Arctotheca calendula, Conyza
sumatrensis, Crassocephalum crepidiodes, Cuphea carthagenenis,
Epilobium adenocaulon, Erigeron philadelphicus, Landoltia punctata,
Lepidium virginicum, Monochoria korsakowii, Poa annua, Solanum
americanum, Solanum nigrum, Vulpia bromoides, Youngia japonica,
Hydrilla verticillata, Plantago lanceolata, Carduus nutans, Carduus
pycnocephalus, Centaurea solstitialis, Cirsium arvense, Commelina
diffusa, Convolvulus arvensis, Daucus carota, Digitaria ischaemum,
Echinochloa crus-pavonis, Fimbristylis miliacea, Galeopsis
tetrahit, Galium spurium, Limnophila erecta, Matricaria perforate,
Papaver rhoeas, Ranunculus acris, Soliva sessilis, Sphenoclea
zeylanica, Stellaria media, Nassella trichotoma, Stipa neesiana,
Agrostis stolonifera, Polygonum aviculare, Alopecurus japonicus,
Beckmannia syzigachne, Bromus tectorum, Chloris inflate,
Echinochloa erecta, Portulaca oleracea, and Senecio vulgaris. The
cropping system may further comprise the step of identifying a
tough weed in the crop growing region and applying a herbicide
treatment effective to control the tough weed, wherein tough weed
is selected from the group consisting of Abutilon theophrasti,
Amaranthus sp., Amaranthus palmeri, Ambrosia artimisiifolia,
Ambrosia trifida, Chenopodium album, Convolvulus arvensis, Conyza
canadensis, Commelina sp., Commelina benghalensis, Ipomoea sp.,
Kochia sp., Polygonum convolvulus, Lolium rigidum, Sida spinosa,
and Solanum ptycanthum. In one embodiment, the crop seed is a seed
of a soybean or cotton plant.
[0020] In another aspect, the invention provides a cropping system
as described herein that further comprises: a) identifying within
the crop growing region a herbicide-resistant weed tolerant to at
least the first herbicide treatment; and b) applying an amount of
an auxin-like herbicide and/or glyphosate effective to control the
herbicide resistant weed.
[0021] In yet another aspect, the invention provides a cropping
system for minimizing the development of a herbicide resistant weed
in a crop-growing environment comprising: a) planting in a field a
crop plant having tolerance to glyphosate and auxin-like
herbicides; b) applying at least a first herbicide treatment
comprising glyphosate and/or an auxin-like herbicide to the crop
growing environment to control weeds; d) identifying a location in
the field infested with weeds resistant to glyphosate or an
auxin-like herbicide; and e) applying an amount of glyphosate
and/or the auxin-like herbicide effective to control the weeds
resistant to glyphosate or an auxin-like herbicide. The plant may
comprise a transgene conferring herbicide tolerance to glyphosate.
The transgene conferring herbicide tolerance to glyphosate may
encode a protein selected from the group consisting of glyphosate
resistant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS),
glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX), glyphosate-N-acetyl transferase
(GAT) and glyphosate decarboxylase. The crop plant may comprise a
transgene encoding DMO. In a particular embodiment, the GAT protein
is GAT4601 (SEQ ID NO:2), or is encoded by a transgene comprising
SEQ ID NO:1.
[0022] In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method for
minimizing the development of a herbicide resistant weed
comprising: rotating a first cropping system in a first growing
season with a second cropping system in a subsequent growing
season, wherein the first and second cropping systems comprise a
cropping system according to claim 1. In the method the crop plant
in the first cropping system may possess at least one different
herbicide tolerance relative to the crop plant in the second
cropping system. In one embodiment, the crop plant in the first
cropping system and the crop plant in the second cropping system
comprise herbicide tolerances as set forth in Table 7. In another
embodiment, the crop plant in the first and second cropping systems
are tolerant to at least one herbicide selected from the group
consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, 2,4-D and a
combination thereof. In specific embodiments, the crop plant in
selected from the group consisting of corn, cotton and soybean. The
crop plant in the first cropping system and crop plant in the
second cropping system may be of the same or different species.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0023] The following is a detailed description of the invention
provided to aid those skilled in the art in practicing the present
invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art may make
modifications and variations in the embodiments described herein
without departing from the spirit or scope of the present
invention.
[0024] The invention relates, in one aspect, to a method for
growing crop plants that comprises employing one or more herbicides
to control the growth of one or more weed species. The invention
provides superior weed control options, including reduction and/or
prevention of herbicide tolerance in weeds (Table 1).
[0025] In one embodiment, an effective amount of a first herbicidal
treatment (e.g. to control weeds) is applied to the crop growing
environment prior to planting or at planting or prior to
germination or a combination thereof of the crop. Exemplary
herbicides classified according to modes of action are given in
Table 2. One or more herbicides for the first treatment of the
second crop may be selected, depending upon the tolerance exhibited
by the crop and depending upon the presence of a particular weed
species in the field, from herbicides belonging to the groups
approved by Weed Science Society of America (WSSA).
[0026] In certain embodiments, one or more herbicides for the first
treatment of the crop are selected from the following
herbicides:
[0027] a) inhibitors of EPSP synthesis (Group 9) including
glyphosate. Exemplary application rates for glyphosate herbicides,
their trade names, and suppliers are shown in Table 4 for soybean
and Table 5 for cotton.
[0028] b) inhibitors of glutamine synthetase (GS) (Group 10)
including glufosinate. For soybean the application rate for
glufosinate (Liberty.TM., Bayer CropScience) may be 28-34 oz/A or a
maximum of 0.809 lbs ai/A per season. For cotton, the application
rate for glufosinate (Liberty, Bayer CropScience) is, for example,
28-34 oz/A.
[0029] c) synthetic auxins or auxin-like herbicides (Group 4)
including dicamba and 2,4-D. Application rates for these
herbicides, their trade names, and suppliers are shown in Table 4
for soybean and Table 5 for cotton.
[0030] Pre-emergent crop selective residual herbicides may be
selected from:
[0031] d) Acetanilides (AA; Group 15) are a family of selective
herbicides that are currently thought to control weeds by
inhibiting very long chain fatty acid synthesis. Examples of
selective AA for soybean and cotton, application rates, trade
names, and suppliers are shown in Tables 4 and 5, respectively.
Formulations comprising acetochlor (e.g. Harness.RTM., Monsanto;
Surpass.RTM., Surpass.RTM. EC, Dow) may also be utilized.
[0032] e) Acetolactate synthase inhibitors (ALS; Group 2) are a
family of selective herbicides that control weeds by inhibiting the
formation of branched-chain amino acid synthesis. Examples of ALS
for soybean and cotton, application rates, trade names, and
suppliers are shown in Table 4 and 5, respectively.
[0033] f) Dinitroanilines (DiNA; Group 3) are a family of selective
herbicides that control weeds by binding to tubulin, thereby
leading to loss of microtubules in a cell. Examples of selective
DiNA herbicides for soybean and cotton, application rates, trade
names, and suppliers are shown in Table 4 and 5, respectively.
[0034] g) Protoporphyrinogen-oxidase (PPG-oxidase; Group 14)
inhibitors (PPO) are a family of selective herbicides that control
weeds by inhibiting PPG-oxidase in chloroplasts and mitochondria,
thereby blocking chlorophyll and heme synthesis and leading to
excessive formation of the singlet oxygen-generating
protophorphyrin IX, eventually leading to disruptions in cell
membranes. Examples of PPO herbicides for soybean and cotton are
shown in Table 4 and 5, respectively, including application rates,
trade names, and suppliers.
[0035] Non-limiting examples of herbicides that may be used in
combination with dicamba on cotton include: glyphosate,
pendimethalin (e.g. PROWL, PENDIMAX), Diuron, 2,4-D,
carfentrazone-ethyl, fluometuron, MSMA (monosodium methanearsonic
acid and salts), prometryn, pyrithiobac-sodium, metolachlor,
acetochlor, trifloxysulfuron, fomesafen, flumioxazin, and
sethoxydim (e.g. POAST). Herbicides may be applied to crop plants
pre-emergence or post-emergence ("over the top") as appropriate.
Thus, preferable pre-emergence herbicides that may be used with
dicamba on DMO cotton (i.e. cotton comprising a dicamba
monooxygenase transgene specifying tolerance to dicamba) may
include glyphosate, pendimethalin, diuron, carfentrazone ethyl,
fluometuron, prometryn, flumioxazin, and fomesafen, among others.
Prefereable post-emergence herbicides for use with dicamba on DMO
cotton may include glyphosate, trifloxysulfuron, metolachlor,
acetochlor, fomesafen, pyrithiobac-sodium, and sethoxydim, among
others.
[0036] Non-limiting examples of herbicides for use with dicamba on
corn are shown in Table 6.
[0037] Non-limiting examples of herbicides that may be used in
combination with dicamba on soybean include: glyphosate, 2,4-D,
chlorimuron-ethyl, clethodim, fluazifop P-butyl, flumioxazin (e.g.
VALOR), fomesafen (e.g. FLEXSTAR, REFLEX), imazethapyr (e.g.
LIGHTNING), metribuzin (e.g. SENCOR), and pendimethalin. Premixes
and tank mixes with dicamba may be employed, as well as separate
applications of dicamba and another active ingredient. Non-limiting
exemplary premix herbicides include combinations of dicamba and
atrazine (e.g. MARKSMAN), dicamba and diflufenzopyr (e.g.
DISTINCT), and dicamba and primisulfuron (e.g. NORTHSTAR).
[0038] In certain embodiments, one or more herbicides for the first
treatment of the crop may be selected from at least one low-risk
herbicide such as EPSP synthesis inhibitors, GS inhibitors, and
auxin-like herbicides. In particular embodiments the herbicide may
be glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, or 2,4-D depending upon the
tolerance exhibited by the crop and presence of a weed species in
the crop. Additionally, a pre-emergent herbicide and paraquat may
be used. If more than one herbicide is used then they may be
applied sequentially or as a mixture.
[0039] Once the seeds from the crop have germinated, a second
treatment of a herbicidally effective amount may be applied to the
crop growing environment of the crop at early post-emergence stage.
One or more herbicides for the second herbicide treatment may be
selected from herbicides belonging to the groups approved by Weed
Science Society of America (WSSA) (e.g. Table 2) depending upon the
type of tolerance exhibited by the crop and type of weed species
present in the crop. Preferably, one or more herbicides for the
second treatment of the crop may be selected from at least one
low-risk herbicide such as EPSP synthesis inhibitors, GS
inhibitors, and auxin-like herbicides, and a graminicide, or a crop
selective post-emergent herbicide. Examples of these herbicides,
application rates, trade names, and suppliers are shown in Table 4
for soybean and Table 5 for cotton. In certain embodiments, one or
more herbicides for the second herbicide treatment may be selected
from glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, and 2,4-D, and a
graminicide, or a crop selective post-emergence herbicides. In
particular embodiments, one or more herbicides may be selected from
glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, or 2,4-D depending upon the
tolerance exhibited by the crop and the presence of a weed species
in the crop. If more than one herbicide is used then they may be
applied sequentially or as a mixture.
[0040] The second herbicidal treatment may be followed by an
herbicidally effective amount of a third herbicide treatment at
late post-emergence stage. The third treatment is similar to the
second treatment.
[0041] After the third treatment, a herbicidally effective amount
of a fourth treatment may be applied at pre-harvest stage. One or
more herbicides for the fourth herbicide treatment may be selected
from herbicides belonging to the groups approved by Weed Science
Society of America (WSSA) as cited above depending upon the type of
tolerance exhibited by the crop and type of weed species present in
the crop. In certain embodiments, one or more herbicides for the
fourth treatment may be selected from at least one low-risk
herbicide such as EPSP synthesis inhibitors, GS inhibitors,
auxin-like herbicides, and a crop selective post-emergence
herbicide. Examples of these herbicides, application rates, trade
names, and suppliers are shown in Table 4 for soybean and Table 5
for cotton. In particular embodiments, one or more herbicides are
selected from glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, or 2,4-D depending
upon the tolerance exhibited by the crop and the presence of a weed
species present in the crop.
[0042] After the fourth treatment, a herbicidally effective amount
of a fifth treatment may be applied at a post-harvest stage. This
treatment may be applied in fall or spring, applied between a
fallow period, or applied between a crop planting in double crop
planting situations. One or more herbicides for the fifth treatment
may be selected from herbicides belonging to the groups approved by
Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) as cited above depending
upon the type of tolerance exhibited by the crop and type of weed
species present in the crop. In certain embodiments, one or more
herbicides for the fifth treatment is selected from at least one
low-risk herbicide such as EPSP synthesis inhibitors, GS
inhibitors, auxin-like herbicides, or paraquat, or a crop selective
pre-emergence herbicide. Examples of these herbicides, application
rates, trade names, and suppliers are shown in Table 4 for soybean
and Table 5 for cotton. In particular embodiments, one or more
herbicides are selected from glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, or
2,4-D depending upon the tolerance exhibited by the crop and the
presence of a weed species in the crop.
[0043] A graminicide is not typically used with corn unless the
corn has tolerance to it, for instance a "fops" herbicides used for
controlling grasses. Such tolerance can be provided by a gene
encoding AAD-1. Non-limiting examples of fops herbicides include
fluazifop-p-butyl, sold under the trade name of FUSILADE
(Syngenta), e.g. FUSILADE 2000, FUSILADE DX, FUSILADE FIVE,
FUSILADE SUPER, FUSION, HORIZON, ORNAMEC, PP005, TORNADO, and
FUSIFLEX.
[0044] In some embodiments of the present invention, a combination
of two treatments is selected from the first to fifth treatments.
For example, only the first and second treatment, or the first or
third treatment, or the second and third treatments, or the fifth
and second or third treatments are applied to manage weeds.
[0045] In one embodiment of the present invention, one or more
treatments of one or more different mode of action herbicides are
applied to the crop tolerant to one or more herbicides for managing
weeds.
[0046] In another embodiment of the cropping system of the present
invention, no first or fifth treatment is applied. Instead these
were replaced by mechanical methods such as tilling. The tilling is
done by methods well known in the art. Preferably, tilling is done
in fall or spring.
[0047] In yet another embodiment of the cropping system of the
present invention, both first and fifth herbicidal treatments and
tilling can be combined to obtain better weed management.
[0048] In yet another embodiment, the cropping system of the
present invention is practiced for managing herbicide resistant
weeds in a crop-growing environment of a crop involving a further
step of identifying a herbicide resistant weed. In specific
embodiments the weed is selected from the group consisting of:
Alopecurus myosuroides, Avena fatua, Avena sterilis, Avena sterilis
ludoviciana, Brachiaria plantaginea, Bromus diandrus, Bromus
rigidus, Cynosurus echinatus, Digitaria ciliaris, Digitaria
ischaemum, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa
crus-galli, Echinochloa oryzicola, Echinochloa phyllopogon,
Eleusine indica, Eriochloa punctata, Hordeum glaucum, Hordeum
leporinum, Ischaemum rugosum, Leptochloa chinensis, Lolium
multiflorum, Lolium perenne, Lolium persicum, Lolium rigidum,
Phalaris minor, Phalaris paradoxa, Rottboellia exalta, Setaria
faberi, Setaria viridis, Setaria viridis var. robusta-alba
Schreiber, Setaria viridis var. robusta-purpurea, Snowdenia
polystachea, Sorghum halepense, Sorghum sudanese, Alisma
plantago-aquatica, Amaranthus blitoides, Amaranthus hybridus,
Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus palmeri, Amaranthus powellii,
Amaranthus quitensis, Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus rudis,
Amaranthus tuberculatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida,
Ammania auriculata, Ammania coccinea, Anthemis cotula, Apera
spica-venti, Bacopa rotundifolia, Bidens pilosa, Bidens
subalternans, Brassica tournefortii, Bromus tectorum, Camelina
microcarpa, Chenopodium album, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Conyza
bonariensis, Conyza canadensis, Cuscuta campestris, Cyperus
difformis, Damasonium minus, Descurainia sophia, Diplotaxis
tenuifolia, Echium plantagineum, Elatine triandra var. pedicellata,
Euphorbia heterophylla, Fallopia convolvulus, Fimbristylis
miliacea, Galeopsis tetrahit, Galium spurium, Helianthus annuus,
Iva xanthifolia, Ixophorus unisetus, Kochia scoparia, Lactuca
serriola, Limnocharis flava, Limnophila erecta, Limnophila
sessiliflora, Lindernia dubia, Lindernia dubia var. major,
Lindernia micrantha, Lindernia procumbens, Mesembryanthemum
crystallinum, Monochoria korsakowii, Monochoria vaginalis, Neslia
paniculata, Papaver rhoeas, Parthenium hysterophorus, Pentzia
suffruticosa, Phalaris minor, Raphanus raphanistrum, Raphanus
sativus, Rapistrum rugosum, Rotala indica var. uliginosa,
Sagittaria guyanensis, Sagittaria montevidensis, Sagittaria
pygmaea, Salsola iberica, Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus, Scirpus
mucronatus, Setaria lutescens, Sida spinosa, Sinapis arvensis,
Sisymbrium orientale, Sisymbrium thellungii, Solanum ptycanthum,
Sonchus asper, Sonchus oleraceus, Sorghum bicolor, Stellaria media,
Thlaspi arvense, Xanthium strumarium, Arctotheca calendula, Conyza
sumatrensis, Crassocephalum crepidiodes, Cuphea carthagenenis,
Epilobium adenocaulon, Erigeron philadelphicus, Landoltia punctata,
Lepidium virginicum, Monochoria korsakowii, Poa annua, Solanum
americanum, Solanum nigrum, Vulpia bromoides, Youngia japonica,
Hydrilla verticillata, Plantago lanceolata, Carduus nutans, Carduus
pycnocephalus, Centaurea solstitialis, Cirsium arvense, Commelina
diffusa, Convolvulus arvensis, Daucus carota, Digitaria ischaemum,
Echinochloa crus-pavonis, Fimbristylis miliacea, Galeopsis
tetrahit, Galium spurium, Limnophila erecta, Matricaria perforate,
Papaver rhoeas, Ranunculus acris, Soliva sessilis, Sphenoclea
zeylanica, Stellaria media, Nassella trichotoma, Stipa neesiana,
Agrostis stolonifera, Polygonum aviculare, Alopecurus japonicus,
Beckmannia syzigachne, Bromus tectorum, Chloris inflate,
Echinochloa erecta, Portulaca oleracea, and Senecio vulgaris.
[0049] In another embodiment, the cropping system of the present
invention is practiced for managing an herbicide-resistant
volunteer plant further involving a step of identifying an
herbicide-resistant volunteer to glyphosate or an auxin-like
herbicide. The herbicide resistant volunteer may belong to one or
more of the following plant species: corn, rice, cotton, sorghum,
wheat, barley, turfgrass, oats, alfalfa, sugar beets, potatoes,
beans, peas, millet, flax, peanuts, rapeseed, and soybeans.
[0050] In yet another embodiment, the cropping system of the
present invention is practiced for managing tough weeds in a
crop-growing environment of a crop. The embodiment may further
involve the step of identifying a tough weed including, among
others, the following: Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus sp.,
Amaranthus palmeri, Ambrosia artimisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida,
Chenopodium album, Convolvulus arvensis, Conyza canadensis,
Commelina sp., Commelina benghalensis, Ipomoea sp., Kochia sp.,
Polygonum convolvulus, Lolium rigidum, Sida spinosa, and Solanum
ptycanthum, and applying an herbicidally effective amount of an
herbicide that is active against the tough weed, wherein the crop
is tolerant to the herbicide that is active against the tough
weed.
[0051] In another embodiment, the cropping system of the present
invention is practiced for minimizing the development of herbicide
resistant weeds in a crop-growing environment of a crop. In one
embodiment, this may involve spot application of an herbicide to
which the herbicide resistant weed is susceptible. The method can
be modified to select a population of at least one weed resistant
to a first herbicide by applying the first herbicide over several
growing seasons and then applying a second herbicide to kill the
weeds resistant to the first herbicide in a subsequent growing
season.
[0052] In still yet another embodiment of the present invention, a
method for minimizing the development of an herbicide resistant
weed is designed by rotating a first cropping system comprising a
crop tolerant to one or more low-risk herbicides and accompanying
herbicidal treatments with a second cropping system comprising a
crop tolerant to one or more low-risk herbicides and accompanying
herbicidal treatments. For example, if the crop in the first
cropping system is tolerant to glyphosate then the crop in the
second cropping system can be tolerant to an auxin-like herbicide,
such as dicamba, or tolerant to glypho sate and an auxin like
herbicide. In an embodiment of this method, a first soybean crop
tolerant to one or more low-risk herbicides is rotated with a
second one or more low-risk herbicides tolerant crop selected from
the group consisting of corn, rice, cotton, sorghum, wheat, barley,
oats, alfalfa, sugar beets, potatoes, beans, peas, millet,
rapeseed, and flax. In one embodiment, the method involves rotating
soybean having tolerance to one or more herbicides with corn having
tolerance to one or more herbicides.
[0053] In another embodiment of this method, a first cotton crop
tolerant to one or more low-risk herbicides is rotated with a
second one or more low-risk herbicides tolerant crop selected from
the group consisting of corn, peanuts, soybeans, grain, and
sorghum. In yet another embodiment, the method involves rotating a
crop system comprising cotton having tolerance to one or more low
risk herbicides with a crop system comprising cotton having
tolerance to one or more herbicides. For example, if the first
cotton crop is tolerant to glyphosate then the crop in the second
cropping system may be tolerant to an auxin-like herbicide or
tolerant to glyphosate and an auxin like herbicide. In the latter
situation, the herbicide rotation may be practiced such that the
weed control is maintained and so that the glyphosate resistant
weed does not flourish in the "off" season i.e., without glyphosate
during the rotation, and thereby become a worse problem. Using two
herbicides simultaneously may be preferable, as the two herbicides
may work at the same time without interfering or antagonizing each
other.
[0054] In one embodiment, the crop in the cropping system of the
present invention may be tolerant to at least one low-risk
herbicide belonging to the WSSA mode of action groups 4, 9, or 15.
In another embodiment, the crop is tolerant to an EPSP synthesis
inhibitor, a GS inhibitor, and/or an auxin-like herbicide. In yet
another embodiment, the crop is tolerant to glyphosate,
glufosinate, dicamba, 2,4-D, or a combination thereof.
[0055] In one embodiment, the cropping systems disclosed herein
employ transgenic crops having one or more transgenic traits
providing tolerance to one or more different mode of action
herbicides such as glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, or 2,4-D for
managing weeds, including herbicide resistant weeds, tough weeds,
herbicide resistant volunteer plants. These systems may also
minimize the potential development of herbicide resistant weeds in
the future. Further, the cropping systems of the present invention,
in one embodiment, allow use of transgenic crops tolerant to one or
more herbicides that are considered low risk herbicides thus
further minimizing the potential of developing weeds resistant to
those herbicides. In particular embodiments, the cropping systems
utilize transgenic plants displaying tolerance to dicamba,
glyphosate, and/or glufosinate.
[0056] Pre-emergent applications of auxin-like herbicides such as
dicamba have previously required herbicide applications well in
advance of planting and germination of plants susceptible to
auxin-like herbicides to allow breakdown of the herbicide in the
environment and avoid significant crop damage or death. Most crop
plants, and particularly dicotyledonous plants such as soybeans and
cotton are extremely sensitive to dicamba. Thus, the recommended
post-application delays in planting by manufacturers must be
closely followed. Use of crop plants displaying tolerance to one or
more auxin-like herbicides such as 2,4-D or related compounds, and
dicamba allows for application of such herbicides at or near the
time of planting,
[0057] It has been found, for example, that soybean plants
transformed with dicamba monooxygenase (DMO)-encoding
polynucleotide constructs were tolerant to even early pre-emergence
application of dicamba, with less than 10% injury rates at even
9.times. the labeled application rate (5,040 g/ha, 4.5 lb/acre). It
was found that, even using an 18.times. application rate of 10,080
g/ha (9 lb/acre), injury to transgenic dicamba tolerant plants was
less than 20% (U.S. Ser. No. 60/811,276, incoroporated herein by
reference). At an approximately 2.times. rate of application of
1122 g/ha, less than 2% injury was observed. It was therefore
indicated the improved weed control associated with pre- and
post-emergence applications of herbicides may be used without any
significant decreases in productivity due to herbicide damage.
Pre-emergent applications of dicamba to soybean, for instance,
according to the invention may therefore be combined with one or
more herbicide applications post-emergence to dicamba-tolerant
plants, while maintaining crop yield and obtaining improved weed
control. For example, one such herbicide application regime
involves a late pre-emergence application of dicamba to soybean
plants in conjunction with a post-emergence application of dicamba
at the V2 stage of development. In certain embodiments, the
post-emergence application may be carried out at any point from
emergence to harvest. A particular embodiment comprises
post-emergence application at any V stage until the soybean canopy
closes, for example, at about the V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6 and/or
later stages.
[0058] In one aspect, the invention provides a method for
controlling weed growth in a field comprising: a) applying an
herbicidally effective amount of an auxin-like herbicide to a
crop-growing environment; and planting a transgenic seed of a crop
plant expressing a nucleic acid encoding dicamba monooxygenase in
soil of the crop-growing environment, wherein the seed germinates
within 30 days or less days of applying the herbicide In certain
embodiments, the seed germinates within four weeks, three weeks,
two weeks, or less than one week after treating the growing
environment with the auxin-like herbicide. The treated growing
environment may be, for example, a field in which a crop is
planted. A population of seeds of a plant tolerant to the
auxin-like herbicide may be planted in the field. Treating the
environment can be carried out according to known techniques in the
art using, for example, commercially available formulations of
auxin-like herbicides such as dicamba. The environment includes an
area for which control of weeds is desired and in which the seed of
a plant tolerant to the auxin-like herbicide can be planted. A weed
can be directly contacted with herbicide in the environment and
soil in the environment can be contacted with the herbicide,
preventing or reducing weed growth in the soil. The step of
treating the environment with a herbicide may be carried out
before, after, or concurrently with the step of planting the soil
with the transgenic seed. The transgenic seed may be planted into
soil in the environment, for example, within 30 days before or
after treatment, including from between about three weeks, two
weeks, one week and 0 weeks before or after treatment, further
including from between about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 days before or
after treatment, including concurrently with treatment. In the
method, the seed may germinate, for example, from between about 30
days and 0 days after treating the environment, including between
about 21, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 and about 0 days
after treating the environment. The method may further comprise
applying one or more additional treatments of an auxin-like
herbicide after the seed germinates and/or the plant is
growing.
[0059] In a method of the invention, the auxin-like herbicide may
be selected from the group consisting of a phenoxy carboxylic acid
compound, benzoic acid compound, pyridine carboxylic acid compound,
quinoline carboxylic acid compound, and benazolinethyl compound.
Examples of a phenoxy carboxylic acid compound include
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D),
4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB) and
(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid (MCPA). In certain
embodiments, a herbicidally effective amount of 2,4-D, 2,4-DB,
and/or MCPA used is between about 2 g/ha (grams/hectare) to about
5000 g/ha, including about 50 g/ha to about 2500 g/ha, about 60
g/ha to about 2000 g/ha, about 100 g/ha to about 2000 g/ha, about
75 g/ha to about 1000 g/ha, about 100 g/ha to about 500 g/ha, and
from about 100 g/ha to about 280 g/ha. In certain embodiments
dicamba is used as the herbicide. In certain embodiments, an
herbicidally effective amount of dicamba used may be from about 2.5
g/ha to about 10,080 g/ha, including about 2.5 g/ha to about 5,040
g/ha, about 5 g/ha to about 2,020 g/ha, about 10 g/a to about 820
g/h and about 50 g/ha to about 1,000 g/ha, about 100 g/ha to about
800 g/ha and about 250 g/ha to about 800 g/ha.
[0060] In accordance with the invention, methods and compositions
for the control of weeds are provided comprising the use of plants
exhibiting tolerance to glyphosate and auxin-like herbicides such
as dicamba. The combination of dicamba and glyphosate allows use of
decreased herbicide quantities to achieve the same level of control
of glyphosate-tolerant weeds. This provides a significant advance
for the control of herbicide tolerance in commercial production
fields. In one embodiment, a tank mix of glyphosate and dicamba is
applied pre- and/or post-emergence to plants. Glyphosate and
dicamba may additionally be applied separately. In order to achieve
the same level of weed control using a reduced amount of herbicide
relative to individual applications of either or both herbicides,
the glyphosate and dicamba are preferably applied within a
sufficient interval that both herbicides remain active and able to
control weed growth.
[0061] The combined use of lower amounts of herbicide to achieve
the same degree of weed control as an application of only one of
the herbicides is therefore contemplated. For example, the
invention provides methods of weed control comprising applying in a
field planted with transgenic plants having tolerance to dicamba
and glyphosate a herbicide composition comprising less than a
1.times. rate of glyphosate and/or dicamba, relative to the
standard manufacturer labeled rate. Examples of respective
glyphosate and dicamba application rates include from about a
0.5.times.-0.95.times. of either herbicide, specifically including
about 0.5.times., 0.6.times., 0.7.times., 0.8.times., 0.85.times.,
0.9x, and 0.95.times. of either herbicide and all derivable
combinations thereof, as well as higher rates such as 0.97.times.
and 0.99.times.. Alternatively, in the case of more difficult to
control weeds or where a greater degree of weed control is desired,
1.times. and higher application rates may be made in view of the
finding herein that even high application rates of dicamba did not
significantly damage plants. The 1.times. application rates are set
by the manufacturer of a commercially available herbicide
formulation and are known to those of skill in the art. For
example, the label for Fallow MasterTM, a glyphosate and dicamba
mixture having a ratio of glyphosate:dicamba of about 2:1
recommends application rates of about 451 g/ha (311 ae g/ha
glyphosate:140 ae g/ha dicamba) to 621 ae g/ha (428 ae g/ha
glyphosate: 193 ae g/ha dicamba) depending upon the weed species
and weed height. Combining glyphosate and dicamba allows decreased
herbicide use to achieve the same level of weed control as shown
below. The spectrum of weeds that may be controlled at any given
herbicide application rate may therefore be increased when the
herbicides are combined.
[0062] Transgenic plants having herbicide tolerance may be made as
described in the art. Dicamba tolerance may be conferred, for
example, by a gene for dicamba monooxygenase (DMO) from Pseudomonas
maltophilia (e.g. U.S. Patent Application No: 20030135879).
Examples of sequences that may be used in this regard are also
found in U.S. Patent Application 60/811,276, incorporated by
reference herein in its entirety. Additional auxin-like
herbicide-degrading activities are also known, including a
dehalogenase activity (Wang, 1996).
[0063] Unmodified and modified protein molecules and their
corresponding nucleic acid molecules providing herbicide tolerances
to one or more of these herbicides are well known in the art. They
are exemplified below and are incorporated herein by reference:
[0064] a) sequences encoding tolerance to glyphosate include
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthases (EPSPS; U.S. Pat. No.
5,627,061, U.S. Pat. No. RE39,247, U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,497, U.S.
Pat. No. 5,094,945, WO04074443, and WO004009761), glyphosate
oxidoreductase (GOX; U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,175), glyphosate
decarboxylase (WO05003362 and U.S. Patent Application 20040177399),
and glyphosate-N-acetyl transferase (GAT; e.g. U.S. Patent
publications 20030083480 and 20070079393) conferring tolerance to
glyphosate;
[0065] b) dicamba monooxygenase (DMO, encoded by ddmC) conferring
tolerance to auxin-like herbicides such as dicamba (U.S. Patent
Applications 20030115626, 20030135879; Wang et al., 1996; Herman et
al., 2005);
[0066] c) phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (bar) conferring
tolerance to phosphinothricin or glufosinate (U.S. Pat. No.
5,646,024, U.S. Pat. No. 5,561,236, EP 275,957; U.S. Pat. No.
5,276,268; U.S. Pat. No. 5,637, 489;U.S. Pat. No. 5,273,894);
[0067] d) 2,2-dichloropropionic acid dehalogenase conferring
tolerance to 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (Dalapon) (WO9927116);
[0068] e) acetohydroxyacid synthase or acetolactate synthase
conferring tolerance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors such as
sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, triazolopyrimidine,
pyrimidyloxybenzoates and phthalide (U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,105; U.S.
Pat. No. 5,767,366, U.S. Pat. No. 4,761,373; U.S. Pat. No.
5,633,437; U.S. Pat. No. 6,613,963; U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,659; U.S.
Pat. No. 5,141,870; U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,824; U.S. Pat. No.
5,605,011);
[0069] f) haloarylnitrilase (Bxn) for conferring tolerance to
bromoxynil (WO8704181A1; U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648; WO8900193A);
[0070] g) modified acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase for conferring
tolerance to cyclohexanedione (sethoxydim) and
aryloxyphenoxypropionate (haloxyfop) (U.S. Pat. No. 6,414,222);
[0071] h) dihydropteroate synthase (sulI) for conferring tolerance
to sulfonamide herbicides (U.S. Pat. No. 5,597,717; U.S. Pat. No.
5,633,444; U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,046);
[0072] i) 32 kD photosystem II polypeptide (psbA) for conferring
tolerance to triazine herbicides (Hirschberg et al., 1983);
[0073] j) anthranilate synthase for conferring tolerance to
5-methyltryptophan (U.S. Pat. No. 4,581,847);
[0074] k) dihydrodipicolinic acid synthase (dapA) for conferring to
tolerance to aminoethyl cysteine (WO8911789);
[0075] l) phytoene desaturase (crtI) for conferring tolerance to
pyridazinone herbicides such as norflurazon (JP06343473);
[0076] m) hydroxy-phenyl pyruvate dioxygenase for conferring
tolerance to cyclopropylisoxazole herbicides such as isoxaflutole
(WO 9638567; U.S. Pat. No. 6,268,549); Pat. No. n) modified
protoporphyrinogen oxidase I (protox) for conferring tolerance to
protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors (U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,602);
and
[0077] o) aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase (AAD-1, AAD-12) for
conferring tolerance to an herbicide containing an aryloxyalkanoate
moiety (WO05107437; WO07053482). Examples of such herbicides
include phenoxy auxins (such as 2,4-D and dichlorprop), pyridyloxy
auxins (such as fluroxypyr and triclopyr),
aryloxyphenoxypropionates (AOPP) acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase
(ACCase) inhibitors (such as haloxyfop, quizalofop, and diclofop),
and 5-substituted phenoxyacetate protoporphyrinogen oxidase IX
inhibitors (such as pyraflufen and flumiclorac).
[0078] Variants of DMOs having a capability to degrade auxin-like
herbicides, as well as glyphosate or other herbicide tolerance
genes, can readily be prepared and assayed for activity according
to standard methods. Such sequences can also be identified by
techniques known in the art such as nucleic acid hybridization, for
example, from suitable organisms including bacteria that degrade
auxin-like herbicides such as dicamba or other herbicides (U.S.
Pat. No. 5,445,962; Cork and Krueger, 1991; Cork and Khalil, 1995).
Variants can also be chemically synthesized, for example, using the
known DMO polynucleotide sequences according to techniques well
known in the art. For instance, DNA sequences may be synthesized by
phosphoamidite chemistry in an automated DNA synthesizer. Chemical
synthesis may be desirable because codons preferred by the host in
which the DNA sequence will be expressed may be used to optimize
expression.
[0079] Modification and changes may be made to the polypeptide
sequence of a protein such as the DMO sequences provided herein
while retaining enzymatic activity. The following is a discussion
based upon changing the amino acids of a protein to create an
equivalent, or even an improved, modified polypeptide and
corresponding coding sequences. It is known, for example, that
certain amino acids may be substituted for other amino acids in a
protein structure without appreciable loss of interactive binding
capacity with structures such as binding sites on substrate
molecules. Since it is the interactive capacity and nature of a
protein that defines that protein's biological functional activity,
certain amino acid sequence substitutions can be made in a protein
sequence, and, of course, its underlying DNA coding sequence, and
nevertheless obtain a protein with like properties. It is thus
contemplated that various changes may be made in the DMO peptide
sequences described herein or other herbicide tolerance
polypeptides and corresponding DNA coding sequences without
appreciable loss of their biological utility or activity.
[0080] In making such changes, the hydropathic index of amino acids
may be considered. The importance of the hydropathic amino acid
index in conferring interactive biologic function on a protein is
generally understood in the art (Kyte et al., 1982). It is accepted
that the relative hydropathic character of the amino acid
contributes to the secondary structure of the resultant protein,
which in turn defines the interaction of the protein with other
molecules, for example, enzymes, substrates, receptors, DNA,
antibodies, antigens, and the like.
[0081] It is known in the art that amino acids may be substituted
by other amino acids having a similar hydropathic index or score
and still result in a protein with similar biological activity,
i.e., still obtain a biological functionally equivalent protein. In
making such changes, the substitution of amino acids whose
hydropathic indices are within .+-.2 is preferred, those which are
within .+-.1 are particularly preferred, and those within .+-.0.5
are even more particularly preferred.
[0082] It is also understood in the art that the substitution of
like amino acids can be made effectively on the basis of
hydrophilicity. U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101 states that the greatest
local average hydrophilicity of a protein, as governed by the
hydrophilicity of its adjacent amino acids, correlates with a
biological property of the protein. It is understood that an amino
acid can be substituted for another having a similar hydrophilicity
value and still obtain a biologically equivalent protein. In such
changes, the substitution of amino acids whose hydrophilicity
values are within .+-.2 is preferred, those which are within .+-.1
are particularly preferred, and those within .+-.0.5 are even more
particularly preferred. Exemplary substitutions which take these
and various of the foregoing characteristics into consideration are
well known to those of skill in the art and include: arginine and
lysine; glutamate and aspartate; serine and threonine; glutamine
and asparagine; and valine, leucine and isoleucine.
[0083] A gene conferring herbicide tolerance will typically be
linked to a plant promoter driving expression of the gene in an
amount sufficient to confer the herbicide tolerance. Promoters
suitable for this and other uses are well known in the art.
Examples describing such promoters include U.S. Pat. No. 6,437,217
(maize RS81 promoter), U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,876 (rice actin
promoter), U.S. Pat. No. 6,426,446 (maize RS324 promoter), U.S.
Pat. No. 6,429,362 (maize PR-1 promoter), U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,526
(maize A3 promoter), U.S. Pat. No. 6,177,611 (constitutive maize
promoters), U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,322,938, 5,352,605, 5,359,142 and
5,530,196 (35S promoter), U.S. Pat. No. 6,433,252 (maize L3 oleosin
promoter), U.S. Pat. No. 6,429,357 (rice actin 2 promoter as well
as a rice actin 2 intron), U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,848 (root specific
promoter), U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,714 (light inducible promoters),
U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,078 (salt inducible promoters), U.S. Pat. No.
6,252,138 (pathogen inducible promoters), U.S. Pat. No. 6,175,060
(phosphorus deficiency inducible promoters), U.S. Pat. No.
6,388,170 (bidirectional promoters), U.S. Pat. No. 6,635,806
(gamma-coixin promoter), and U.S. patent application Ser. No.
09/757,089 (maize chloroplast aldolase promoter). Additional
promoters that may find use are a nopaline synthase (NOS) promoter
(Ebert et al., 1987), the octopine synthase (OCS) promoter (which
is carried on tumor-inducing plasmids of Agrobacterium
tumefaciens), the caulimovirus promoters such as the cauliflower
mosaic virus (CaMV) 19S promoter (Lawton et al., 1987), the CaMV
35S promoter (Odell et al., 1985), the figwort mosaic virus
35S-promoter (Walker et al., 1987), the sucrose synthase promoter
(Yang et al., 1990), the R gene complex promoter (Chandler et al.,
1989), the chlorophyll a/b binding protein gene promoter, CaMV35S
(U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,322,938; 5,352,605; 5,359,142; and 5,530,196),
FMV35S (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,051,753; 5,378,619), a PC1SV promoter
(e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,019, and the promoter of SEQ ID NO:15),
the SCP1 promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 6,677,503); and AGRtu.nos (GenBank
Accession V00087; Depicker et al, 1982; Bevan et al., 1983)
promoters, and the like.
[0084] Benefit may be obtained for the expression of herbicide
tolerance genes by use of a sequence coding for a transit peptide.
For example, incorporation of a suitable chloroplast transit
peptide, such as, the Arabidopsis thaliana EPSPS CTP (Klee et al.,
1987), and the Petunia hybrida EPSPS CTP (della-Cioppa et al.,
1986) has been shown to target heterologous EPSPS protein sequences
to chloroplasts in transgenic plants. DMO may also be targeted to
chloroplasts. Chloroplast transit peptides (CTPs) are engineered to
be fused to the N-terminus of a protein to direct the protein into
the plant chloroplast. Such sequences may find use in connection
with a nucleic acid conferring dicamba tolerance in particular.
Many chloroplast-localized proteins are expressed from nuclear
genes as precursors and are targeted to the chloroplast by a
chloroplast transit peptide that is removed during the import
process. Examples of chloroplast proteins include the small subunit
(RbcS2) of ribulose-1,5,-bisphosphate carboxylase such as from pea
(Pisum sativum), ferredoxin, ferredoxin oxidoreductase, the
light-harvesting complex protein I and protein II, and thioredoxin
F. Other exemplary chloroplast targeting sequences include the
maize cab-m7 signal sequence (Becker et al., 1992; PCT WO
97/41228), the pea glutathione reductase signal sequence (Creissen
et al., 1995; PCT WO 97/41228), and the CTP of the Nicotiana
tobaccum ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit
chloroplast transit peptide (SSU-CTP) (Mazur, et al., 1985). Use of
AtRbcS4 (CTP1; U.S. Pat. No. 5,728,925), AtShkG (CTP2; Klee et al.,
1987), AtShkGZm (CTP2synthetic; see SEQ ID NO:14 of WO04009761),
PsRbcS (Coruzzi et al., 1984), and those disclosed in U.S.
Provisional Appln. Ser. No. 60/891,675 with the invention in
particular may be of benefit, for instance with regard to
expression of a DMO polypeptide (e.g. see SEQ ID NOs:3-14 for
peptide sequences of CTPs and the nucleic acid sequences that
encode them).
[0085] A 5' UTR that functions as a translation leader sequence is
a DNA genetic element located between the promoter sequence of a
gene and the coding sequence. The translation leader sequence is
present in the fully processed mRNA upstream of the translation
start sequence. The translation leader sequence may affect
processing of the primary transcript to mRNA, mRNA stability or
translation efficiency. Examples of translation leader sequences
include maize and petunia heat shock protein leaders (U.S. Pat. No.
5,362,865), plant virus coat protein leaders, plant rubisco
leaders, among others (Turner and Foster, 1995). Non-limiting
examples of 5' UTRs that may in particular be of benefit for use
GmHsp (U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,122), PhDnaK (U.S. Pat. No. 5,362,865),
AtAntl, TEV (Carrington and Freed, 1990), and AGRtunos (GenBank
Accession V00087; Bevan et al., 1983) .
[0086] The 3' non-translated sequence, 3' transcription termination
region, or poly adenylation region means a DNA molecule linked to
and located downstream of a structural polynucleotide molecule and
includes polynucleotides that provide polyadenylation signal and
other regulatory signals capable of affecting transcription, mRNA
processing or gene expression. The polyadenylation signal functions
in plants to cause the addition of polyadenylate nucleotides to the
3' end of the mRNA precursor. The polyadenylation sequence can be
derived from the natural gene, from a variety of plant genes, or
from T-DNA genes. An example of a 3' transcription termination
region is the nopaline synthase 3' region (nos 3'; Fraley et al.,
1983). The use of different 3' nontranslated regions is exemplified
(Ingelbrecht et al., 1989). Polyadenylation molecules from a Pisum
sativum RbcS2 gene (Ps.RbcS2-E9; Coruzzi et al., 1984) and
AGRtu.nos (Genbank Accession E01312) in particular may be of
benefit for use with the invention.
[0087] Any of the techniques known in the art for introduction of
transgenes into plants may be used to prepare a herbicide tolerant
plant in accordance with the invention (see, for example, Miki et
al., 1993). Suitable methods for transformation of plants are
believed to include virtually any method by which DNA can be
introduced into a cell, such as by electroporation as illustrated
in U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,253; microprojectile bombardment as
illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,015,580; 5,550,318; 5,538,880;
6,160,208; 6,399,861; and 6,403,865; Agrobacterium-mediated
transformation as illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,635,055;
5,824,877; 5,591,616; 5,981,840; and 6,384,301; and protoplast
transformation as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,184, etc.
Through the application of techniques such as these, the cells of
virtually any plant species may be stably transformed, and these
cells developed into transgenic plants. Techniques that may be
particularly useful in the context of cotton transformation are
disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,846,797, 5,159,135, 5,004,863, and
6,624,344; and techniques for transforming Brassica plants in
particular are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,871;
and techniques for transforming soybean are disclosed in for
example in Zhang et al., 1999 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,384,301).
Techniques for transforming corn are disclosed, for example, in
U.S. Pat. No. 7,060,876, U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,616, and
WO9506722.
[0088] After effecting delivery of exogenous DNA to recipient
cells, the next steps generally concern identifying the transformed
cells for further culturing and plant regeneration. In order to
improve the ability to identify transformants, one may desire to
employ a selectable or screenable marker gene with a transformation
vector prepared in accordance with the invention. In this case, one
would then generally assay the potentially transformed cell
population by exposing the cells to a selective agent or agents, or
one would screen the cells for the desired marker gene trait.
[0089] Cells that survive the exposure to the selective agent, or
cells that have been scored positive in a screening assay, may be
cultured in media that supports regeneration of plants. In an
exemplary embodiment, any suitable plant tissue culture media, for
example, MS and N6 media may be modified by including further
substances such as growth regulators. Tissue may be maintained on a
basic media with growth regulators until sufficient tissue is
available to begin plant regeneration efforts, or following
repeated rounds of manual selection, until the morphology of the
tissue is suitable for regeneration, typically at least 2 weeks,
then transferred to media conducive to shoot formation. Cultures
are transferred periodically until sufficient shoot formation has
occurred. Once shoot are formed, they are transferred to media
conducive to root formation. Once sufficient roots are formed,
plants can be transferred to soil for further growth and
maturity.
[0090] To confirm the presence of the exogenous DNA or
"transgene(s)" in the regenerating plants, a variety of assays may
be performed. Such assays include, for example, "molecular
biological" assays, such as Southern and Northern blotting and
PCR.TM.; "biochemical" assays, such as detecting the presence of a
protein product, e.g., by immunological means (ELISAs and Western
blots) or by enzymatic function; plant part assays, such as leaf or
root assays; and also, by analyzing the phenotype of the whole
regenerated plant.
[0091] Once a transgene has been introduced into a plant, that gene
can be introduced into any plant sexually compatible with the first
plant by crossing, without the need for ever directly transforming
the second plant. Therefore, as used herein the term "progeny"
denotes the offspring of any generation of a parent plant prepared
in accordance with the instant invention, wherein the progeny
comprises a selected DNA construct prepared in accordance with the
invention. A "transgenic plant" may thus be of any generation.
"Crossing" a plant to provide a plant line having one or more added
transgenes or alleles relative to a starting plant line, as
disclosed herein, is defined as the techniques that result in a
particular sequence being introduced into a plant line by crossing
a starting line with a donor plant line that comprises a transgene
or allele of the invention. To achieve this one could, for example,
perform the following steps: (a) plant seeds of the first (starting
line) and second (donor plant line that comprises a desired
transgene or allele) parent plants; (b) grow the seeds of the first
and second parent plants into plants that bear flowers; (c)
pollinate a flower from the first parent plant with pollen from the
second parent plant; and (d) harvest seeds produced on the parent
plant bearing the fertilized flower.
[0092] The crop may be a dicot crop selected from the group
consisting of alfalfa, beans, broccoli, cabbage, carrot,
cauliflower, celery, Chinese cabbage, cotton, cucumber, eggplant,
lettuce, melon, pea, pepper, peanut, potato, pumpkin, radish,
rapeseed, spinach, soybean, squash, sugarbeet, sunflower, tomato,
and watermelon. Preferably, the crop is a soybean or cotton
crop.
[0093] The crop may be a monocot crop selected from the group
consisting of corn, onion, rice, sorghum, wheat, rye, millet,
sugarcane, oat, triticale, switchgrass, and turfgrass. Preferably,
the crop is corn.
[0094] Nucleic acid molecules providing tolerance to glyphosate,
glufosinate, dicamba, and 2,4-D are disclosed above. These nucleic
acid molecules are introduced in soybean or cotton by
transformation methods as disclosed above.
[0095] Equipment and methods known in the art are used to apply
various herbicide treatments as disclosed herein. The application
rates of herbicides maybe varied, for instance as described above,
depending upon the soil texture, pH, organic matter content,
tillage systems, and the size of the weed, and can be determined by
consulting the herbicide label for the proper herbicide rate.
[0096] The preparation of herbicide compositions for use in
connection with the current invention will be apparent to those of
skill in the art in view of the disclosure. Such compositions,
which are commercially available, will typically include, in
addition to the active ingredient, components such as surfactants,
solid or liquid carriers, solvents and binders. Examples of
surfactants that may be used for application to plants include the
alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or ammonium salts of aromatic
sulfonic acids, e.g., ligno-, phenol-, naphthalene- and
dibutylnaphthalenesulfonic acid, and of fatty acids of
arylsulfonates, of alkyl ethers, of lauryl ethers, of fatty alcohol
sulfates and of fatty alcohol glycol ether sulfates, condensates of
sulfonated naphthalene and its derivatives with formaldehyde,
condensates of naphthalene or of the naphthalenesulfonic acids with
phenol and formaldehyde, condensates of phenol or phenolsulfonic
acid with formaldehyde, condensates of phenol with formaldehyde and
sodium sulfite, polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether, ethoxylated
isooctyl-, octyl-or nonylphenol, tributylphenyl polyglycol ether,
alkylaryl polyether alcohols, isotridecyl alcohol, ethoxylated
castor oil, ethoxylated triarylphenols, salts of phosphated
triarylphenolethoxylates, lauryl alcohol polyglycol ether acetate,
sorbitol esters, lignin-sulfite waste liquors or methylcellulose,
or mixtures of these. Common practice in the case of surfactant use
is about 0.25% to 1.0% by weight, and more commonly about 0.25% to
0.5% by weight.
[0097] Compositions for application to plants may be solid or
liquid. Where solid compositions are used, it may be desired to
include one or more carrier materials with the active compound.
Examples of carriers include mineral earths such as silicas, silica
gels, silicates, talc, kaolin, attaclay, limestone, chalk, loess,
clay, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, calcium sulfate, magnesium
sulfate, magnesium oxide, ground synthetic materials, fertilizers
such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate,
thiourea and urea, products of vegetable origin such as cereal
meals, tree bark meal, wood meal and nutshell meal, cellulose
powders, attapulgites, montmorillonites, mica, vermiculites,
synthetic silicas and synthetic calcium silicates, or mixtures of
these. Solid formulations may be formulated as dusts, dispersible
powders, granules, microcapsules and the like. Liquid formulations
may include aqueous and non-aqueous solutions, emulsions, and the
like.
[0098] For liquid solutions, water-soluble compounds or salts may
be included, such as sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, sodium
chloride, potassium chloride, sodium acetate, ammonium hydrogen
sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium acetate, ammonium formate,
ammonium oxalate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate,
ammonium thiosulfate, ammonium hydrogen diphosphate, ammonium
dihydrogen monophosphate, ammonium sodium hydrogen phosphate,
ammonium thiocyanate, ammonium sulfamate or ammonium carbamate.
[0099] Other exemplary components in herbicidal compositions
include binders such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol,
partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate, carboxymethylcellulose,
starch, vinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymers and polyvinyl
acetate, or mixtures of these; lubricants such as magnesium
stearate, sodium stearate, talc or polyethylene glycol, or mixtures
of these; antifoams such as silicone emulsions, long-chain
alcohols, phosphoric esters, acetylene diols, fatty acids or
organofluorine compounds, and complexing agents such as: salts of
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), salts of
trinitrilotriacetic acid or salts of polyphosphoric acids, or
mixtures of these.
[0100] Also, disclosed are methods of minimizing development of
herbicide resistant weeds in the future by rotating a first
cropping system in a first year comprising a crop tolerant to one
or more herbicides and accompanying herbicidal treatments with a
second cropping system in a second year comprising a crop tolerant
to one or more herbicides and accompanying herbicidal treatments,
wherein the second crop has tolerance to a different herbicide or a
combination of herbicides.
[0101] The cropping systems disclosed herein incorporate not only
the use of crops that are tolerant to one or more herbicides and
the use of chemical weed control means such as types, rates, and
timing of herbicide applications but also the use of cultural means
such as crop rotation with other transgenic crops having tolerance
to one or more herbicides and mechanical weed control means such as
tilling, resulting in novel integrated weed management.
[0102] A crop tolerant to one or more herbicides belonging to
different mode of action groups is produced and utilized in a
cropping system of the present invention. These herbicides are
approved by Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) and non-limiting
examples are found in Table 2 (Mallory-Smith and Retzinger Jr,
2003; Herbicide Handbook, 2002,; Schmidt, 1997).
[0103] The invention should be read in view of these
definitions:
[0104] "Auxin-like" herbicides refers to herbicides of four
chemical families: phenoxy, carboxylic acid (or pyridine), benzoic
acid, and quinaline carboxylic acid. These types of herbicides
mimic or act like the natural plant growth regulators called
auxins. The action of auxinic herbicides appears to affect cell
wall plasticity and nucleic acid metabolism, which can lead to
uncontrolled cell division and growth.
[0105] Phenoxy herbicides are most common and have been used as
herbicides since the 1940s when (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid
(2,4-D) was discovered. Other examples include
4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB),
2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid (2,4-DP),
(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T),
2-(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)Propionic Acid (2,4,5-TP),
2-(2,4-dichloro-3-methylphenoxy)-N-phenylpropanamide (clomeprop),
(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid (MCPA),
4-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)butyric acid (MCPB), and
2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid (MCPP).
[0106] The next largest chemical family is the carboxylic acid
herbicides, also called pyridine herbicides. Examples include
3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (Clopyralid),
4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (picloram),
(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (triclopyr), and
4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-2-pyridyloxyacetic acid
(fluroxypyr).
[0107] Examples of benzoic acids include 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid
(dicamba), 3,5,6-trichloro-o-anisic acid (tricamba), and
3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (chloramben). Dicamba is a
particularly useful herbicide for use in the present invention. A
fourth chemical family of auxinic herbicides is the quinaline
carboxylic acid family, an example of which is
3,7-dichloro-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid (quinclorac). This
herbicide is unique in that it also will control some grass weeds,
unlike the other auxin-like herbicides which essentially control
only broadleaf or dicotyledonous plants. Another herbicide in this
category is 7-chloro-3-methyl-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid
(quinmerac).
[0108] "Dicamba" refers to 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid or
3,6-dichloro-2-methoxy benzoic acid and its acids and salts. Its
salts include isopropylamine, diglycoamine, dimethylamine,
potassium and sodium. Examples of commercial formulations of
dicamba include, without limitation, Banvel.TM. (as DMA salt),
Clarity.TM. (as DGA salt), VEL-58-CS-11.TM. and Vanquish.TM. (as
DGA salt, BASF).
[0109] A comprehensive list of weeds that are controlled by dicamba
can be found at www.greenbook.net/docs/Label/L2281.pdf. The
herbicide is particularly useful for control of taller weeds and
more difficult to control weeds such as purslane, sicklepod,
morninglory and wild buckwheat. Dicamba can be used to control
weeds not susceptible to other herbicides. Following the
application of ClarityTM, a formulation of dicamba, a minimum
accumulation of one inch of rainfall or overhead irrigation
followed by a 14 day waiting period for the 4 to 8 ounce/acre rates
or a 28 day waiting period for the 16 ounce/acre rates has been
recommend for controlling weeds in a soybean field (see Table 22 in
VanGessel and Majek, 2005). The Clarity.RTM. label recommends that
it be applied at least 15 days prior to sorghum planting.
Similarly, for cotton, a waiting period of 21 days is recommended
after applying Clarity.RTM. or Banvel.RTM. to the field, before
planting the cotton seeds (Craig et al., 2005,
www.ipmcenters.org/cropprofiles/docs/tncotton.html) and no
pre-emergence and post-emergence application are label recommended.
For post-emergent weed control in corn, dicamba is the 5th most
widely used herbicide for broad leaf weeds. However, although the
optimal rate for broad leaf weed control is between 280 to 560 g/h
(grams/hectare), the average use rate in corn is 168 g/h as at
higher use rates and under certain environmental conditions,
dicamba can injure corn. In a cropping system comprising crop
plants displaying tolerance to dicamba, more flexibility is
available to a grower in the timing and usage rate for dicamba
application.
[0110] "Glyphosate" refers to N-phosphonomethylglycine and salts
thereof. Glyphosate is commercially available in numerous
formulations. Examples of these formulations of glyphosate include,
without limitation, those sold by Monsanto Company as ROUNDUP.RTM.,
ROUNDUP.RTM. ULTRA, ROUNDUP.RTM. ULTRAMAX, ROUNDUP.RTM. CT,
ROUNDUP.RTM. EXTRA, ROUNDUP.RTM. BIACTIVE, ROUNDUP.RTM. BIOFORCE,
RODEO.RTM., POLARIS.RTM., SPARK.RTM. and ACCORD.RTM. herbicides,
all of which contain glyphosate as its isopropylammonium salt,
ROUNDUP.RTM. WEATHERMAX containing glyphosate as its potassium
salt; ROUNDUP.RTM. DRY and RIVAL.RTM. herbicides, which contain
glyphosate as its ammonium salt; ROUNDUP.RTM. GEOFORCE, which
contains glyphosate as its sodium salt; and TOUCHDOWN.RTM.
herbicide, which contains glyphosate as its trimethylsulfonium
salt.
[0111] "First treatment" refers to application of one or more
herbicides sequentially or in a tank-mix at pre-planting, planting,
pre-emergence, or at a combination of these stages.
[0112] "Second treatment" refers to applying one or more herbicides
sequentially or in a tank-mix at an early post-emergence stage.
[0113] "Third treatment" refers to applying one or more herbicides
sequentially or in a tank-mix at a late post-emergence stage. These
stages are different for each crop. Generally it refers to
development of crop canopy which influences both shading of weed
growth and ability to get application equipment through the rows of
the crop.
[0114] "Fourth treatment" refers to applying one or more herbicides
sequentially or in a tank-mix at a pre-harvest stage. Preharvest is
generally defined as when crop and weeds are still green and
growing to a point where post emergence herbicides can still be
effective.
[0115] "Fifth treatment" refers to applying one or more herbicides
sequentially or in a tank-mix at a post-harvest stage when a crop
has been removed. This can either be a treatment in fall or spring,
treatment between a fallow period, or treatment between a crop
planting in double crop planting situations.
[0116] An "herbicide resistant weed" is defined as a weed biotype
that is no longer controllable at a herbicide rate that previously
used to controlled it, and the trait is passed to offspring
(heritable). Non-limiting examples of these weeds are given in
Table 1.
[0117] "Tough weed" refers to weeds that are difficult to
control.
[0118] "Volunteer plant" means a herbicide tolerant crop plant that
grows from a seed that was left after harvest in or on the soil
from the previous growing season.
[0119] "Cropping system" refers to an interactive combination of a
crop, any herbicide tolerance exhibited by it, and accompanying
herbicidal treatment options available at different stages of crop
development, yielding a productive crop.
[0120] "Transgenic" cells and organisms include cells and organisms
that do not normally degrade a herbicide, such as dicamba, but
which have been transformed so that they are able to degrade this
herbicide and exhibit agronomically useful levels of tolerance to
the application of the herbicide.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Herbicide tolerant weeds. Classification as
per WSSA or HRAC; see Table 2. ACCase inhibitors resistant weeds
(Group 1 or A) Alopecurus myosuroides, Avena fatua, Avena sterilis,
Avena sterilis ludoviciana, Brachiaria plantaginea, Bromus
diandrus, Bromus rigidus, Cynosurus echinatus, Digitaria ciliaris,
Digitaria ischaemum, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa colona,
Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinochloa oryzicola, Echinochloa
phyllopogon, Eleusine indica, Eriochloa punctata, Hordeum glaucum,
Hordeum leporinum, Ischaemum rugosum, Leptochloa chinensis, Lolium
multiflorum, Lolium perenne, Lolium persicum, Lolium rigidum,
Phalaris minor, Phalaris paradoxa, Rottboellia exalta, Setaria
faberi, Setaria viridis, Setaria viridis var. robusta-alba
Schreiber, Setaria viridis var. robusta-purpurea, Snowdenia
polystachea, Sorghum halepense, Sorghum Sudanese ALS inhibitors
resistant weeds (Group 2 or B) Alisma plantago-aquatica, Alopecurus
myosuroides, Amaranthus blitoides, Amaranthus hybridus, Amaranthus
lividus, Amaranthus palmeri, Amaranthus powellii, Amaranthus
quitensis, Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
tuberculatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida, Ammania
auriculata, Ammania coccinea, Anthemis cotula, Apera spica-venti,
Avena fatua, Avena sterilis ludoviciana, Bacopa rotundifolia,
Bidens pilosa, Bidens subalternans, Brassica tournefortii, Bromus
tectorum, Camelina microcarpa, Chenopodium album, Chrysanthemum
coronarium, Conyza bonariensis, Conyza Canadensis, Cuscuta
campestris, Cyperus difformis, Damasonium minus, Descurainia
Sophia, Digitaria sanguinalis, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Echinochloa
colona, Echinochloa crus-galli, Echium plantagineum, Elatine
triandra var. pedicellata, Eleusine indica, Euphorbia heterophylla,
Fallopia convolvulus, Fimbristylis miliacea, Galeopsis tetrahit,
Galium spurium, Helianthus annuus, Hordeum glaucum, Iva
xanthifolia, Ixophorus unisetus, Kochia scoparia, Lactuca serriola,
Limnocharis flava, Limnophila erecta, Limnophila sessiliflora,
Lindernia dubia, Lindernia dubia var. major, Lindernia micrantha,
Lindernia procumbens, Lolium multiflorum, Lolium perenne, Lolium
rigidum, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Monochoria korsakowii,
Monochoria vaginalis, Neslia paniculata, Papaver rhoeas, Parthenium
hysterophorus, Pentzia suffruticosa, Phalaris minor, Raphanus
raphanistrum, Raphanus sativus, Rapistrum rugosum, Rotala indica
var. uliginosa, Sagittaria guyanensis, Sagittaria montevidensis,
Sagittaria pygmaea, Salsola iberica, Scirpus juncoides var.
ohwianus, Scirpus mucronatus, Setaria faberi, Setaria lutescens,
Setaria viridis, Setaria viridis var. robusta-alba Schreiber, Sida
spinosa, Sinapis arvensis, Sisymbrium orientale, Sisymbrium
thellungii, Solanum ptycanthum, Sonchus asper, Sonchus oleraceus,
Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum halepense, Stellaria media, Thlaspi
arvense, Xanthium strumarium Arylaminopropionic acids resistant
weeds (Group 25 or Z (unclassified)) Avena fatua, Avena sterilis
ludoviciana Bipyridiliums resistant weeds (Group 22 or D)
Amaranthus lividus, Arctotheca calendula, Bidens pilosa, Conyza
bonariensis, Conyza Canadensis, Conyza sumatrensis, Crassocephalum
crepidiodes, Cuphea carthagenenis, Eleusine indica, Epilobium
adenocaulon, Erigeron philadelphicus, Hordeum glaucum, Hordeum
leporinum, Ischaemum rugosum, Landoltia punctata, Lepidium
virginicum, Lolium rigidum, Monochoria korsakowii, Poa annua,
Solanum americanum, Solanum nigrum, Vulpia bromoides, Youngia
japonica Carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors resistant weeds (Group
12 or F1) Hydrilla verticillata, Raphanus raphanistrum Cellulose
inhibitors resistant weeds (Group 20 & 21 or L) Echinochloa
erecta Chloroacetamides and others resistant weeds (Group 15 or K3)
Echinochloa crus-galli, Lolium rigidum Dinitroanilines and others
resistant weeds (Group 3 or K1) Alopecurus myosuroides, Amaranthus
palmeri, Avena fatua, Echinochloa crus-galli, Eleusine indica,
Fumaria densiflora, Lolium rigidum, Poa annua, Setaria viridis,
Sorghum halepense Glycines resistant weeds (Group 9 or G)
Amaranthus palmeri, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Conyza bonariensis,
Conyza Canadensis, Eleusine indica, Lolium multiflorum, Lolium
rigidum, Plantago lanceolata Mitosis inhibitors resistant weeds
(Group 23 or K2) Lolium rigidum Nitriles and others resistant weeds
(Group 6 or C3) Senecio vulgaris Organoarsenical resistant weeds
(Group 17 or Z (unclassified)) Xanthium strumarium Photosystem II
inhibitors resistant weeds (Group 5 or C1 (atrazine type)) Abutilon
theophrasti, Alopecurus myosuroides, Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
blitoides, Amaranthus cruentus, Amaranthus hybridus, Amaranthus
lividus, Amaranthus palmeri, Amaranthus powellii, Amaranthus
retroflexus, Amaranthus rudis, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Arenaria
serpyllifolia, Atriplex patula, Bidens tripartite, Brachypodium
distachyon, Brassica campestris, Bromus tectorum, Capsella bursa-
pastoris, Chamomilla suaveolens, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium
ficifolium, Chenopodium hybridum, Chenopodium polyspermum,
Chenopodium strictum var. Glaucophyllum, Chloris inflate, Conyza
bonariensis, Conyza Canadensis, Crypsis schoenoides, Datura
stramonium, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa crus-galli,
Epilobium adenocaulon, Epilobium tetragonum, Fallopia convolvulus,
Galinsoga ciliate, Kochia scoparia, Lolium rigidum, Lophochloa
smyrnacea, Matricaria matricarioides, Panicum capillare, Panicum
dichotomiflorum, Phalaris paradoxa, Plantago lagopus, Poa annua,
Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum hydropiper, Polygonum lapathifolium,
Polygonum pensylvanicum, Polygonum persicaria, Polypogon
monspeliensis, Portulaca oleracea, Raphanus raphanistrum, Senecio
vulgaris, Setaria faberi, Setaria glauca, Setaria verticillata,
Setaria viridis, Setaria viridis var. Major, Sinapis arvensis,
Solanum nigrum, Sonchus asper, Stellaria media, Urochloa
panicoides, Urtica urens PPO inhibitors resistant weeds (Group 14
or E) Amaranthus rudis, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Euphorbia
heterophylla Pyrazoliums resistant weeds (Group Z (unclassified))
Avena fatua Synthetic auxins/Auxin-like herbicides resistant weeds
(Group 4 or O) Carduus nutans, Carduus pycnocephalus, Centaurea
solstitialis, Cirsium arvense, Commelina diffusa, Convolvulus
arvensis, Daucus carota, Digitaria ischaemum, Echinochloa colona,
Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinochloa crus-pavonis, Fimbristylis
miliacea, Galeopsis tetrahit, Galium spurium, Kochia scoparia,
Limnocharis flava, Limnophila erecta, Matricaria perforate, Papaver
rhoeas, Ranunculus acris, Sinapis arvensis, Soliva sessilis,
Sphenoclea zeylanica, Stellaria media Thiocarbamates and others
resistant weeds (Group 8 or N) Avena fatua, Echinochloa crus-galli,
Echinochloa oryzicola, Echinochloa phyllopogon, Lolium rigidum,
Nassella trichotoma, Poa annua, Stipa neesiana Triazoles, ureas,
isoxazolidiones resistant weeds (Group 11 or F3) Agrostis
stolonifera, Lolium rigidum, Poa annua, Polygonum aviculare Ureas
and amides resistant weeds (Group 7 or C2) Alopecurus japonicus,
Alopecurus myosuroides, Amaranthus powellii, Amaranthus
retroflexus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Apera spica-venti, Beckmannia
syzigachne, Bromus tectorum, Chenopodium album, Chloris inflate,
Conyza canadensis, Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crus-galli,
Echinochloa erecta, Euphorbia heterophylla, Lolium multiflorum,
Lolium rigidum, Phalaris minor, Poa annua, Portulaca oleracea,
Senecio vulgaris
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Herbicides classified by primary site of
action HRAC WSSA Group Mode of Action Chemical Family Active
Ingredient Group A Inhibition of acetyl Aryloxyphenoxy-
clodinafop-propargyl 1 CoA carboxylase propionates cyhalofop-butyl
(ACCase) `FOPs` diclofop-methyl fenoxaprop-P-ethyl
fluazifop-P-butyl haloxyfop-R-methyl propaquizafop
quizalofop-P-ethyl Cyclohexanediones alloxydim `DIMs` butroxydim
(clefoxydim proposed) clethodim cycloxydim sethoxydim tepraloxydin
tralkoxydim B Inhibition of acetolactate synthase Sulfonylureas
amidosulfuron 2 ALS azimsulfuron (acetohydroxyacid synthase AHAS)
bensulfuron-methyl chlorimuron-ethyl chlorsulfuron cinosulfuron
cyclosulfamuron ethametsulfuron-methyl ethoxysulfuron flazasulfuron
flupyrsulfuron-methyl- Na foramsulfuron halosulfuron-methyl
imazosulfuron iodosulfuron metsulfuron-methyl nicosulfuron
oxasulfuron primisulfuron-methyl prosulfuron pyrazosulfuron-ethyl
rimsulfuron sulfometuron-methyl sulfosulfuron thifensulfuron-methyl
triasulfuron tribenuron-methyl trifloxysulfuron
triflusulfuron-methyl tritosulfuron Imidazolinones imazapic
imazamethabenz-methyl imazamox imazapyr imazaquin imazethapyr
Triazolopyrimidines cloransulam-methyl diclosulam florasulam
flumetsulam metosulam Pyrimidinyl(thio)benzoates bispyribac-Na
pyribenzoxim pyriftalid pyrithiobac-Na pyriminobac-methyl
Sulfonylaminocarbonyl- flucarbazone-Na triazolinones
procarbazone-Na C1 Inhibition of photosynthesis at Triazines
ametryne 5 photosystem II atrazine cyanazine desmetryne
dimethametryne prometon prometryne propazine simazine simetryne
terbumeton terbuthylazine terbutryne trietazine Triazinones
hexazinone metamitron metribuzin Triazolinone amicarbazone Uracils
bromacil lenacil terbacil Pyridazinones pyrazon = chloridazon
Phenyl-carbamates desmedipham phenmedipham C2 Inhibition of
photosynthesis at Ureas chlorobromuron 7 photosystem II
chlorotoluron chloroxuron dimefuron diuron ethidimuron fenuron
fluometuron (see F3) isoproturon isouron linuron methabenzthiazuron
metobromuron metoxuron monolinuron neburon siduron tebuthiuron
Amides propanil pentanochlor C3 Inhibition of photosynthesis at
Nitriles bromofenoxim (also M) 6 photosystem II bromoxynil (also
group M) ioxynil (also group M) Benzothiadiazinone bentazon
Phenyl-pyridazines pyridate pyridafol D Photosystem-I-electron
diversion Bipyridyliums diquat 22 paraquat E Inhibition of
protoporphyrinogen Diphenylethers acifluorfen-Na 14 oxidase bifenox
(PPO) chlomethoxyfen fluoroglycofen-ethyl fomesafen halosafen
lactofen oxyfluorfen Phenylpyrazoles fluazolate pyraflufen-ethyl
N-phenylphthalimides cinidon-ethyl flumioxazin flumiclorac-pentyl
Thiadiazoles fluthiacet-methyl thidiazimin Oxadiazoles oxadiazon
oxadiargyl Triazolinones azafenidin carfentrazone-ethyl
sulfentrazone Oxazolidinediones pentoxazone Pyrimidindiones
benzfendizone butafenacil Others pyrazogyl profluazol F1 Bleaching:
Pyridazinones norflurazon 12 Inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis
at the phytoene desaturase step (PDS) Pyridinecarboxamides
diflufenican picolinafen Others beflubutamid fluridone
flurochloridone flurtamone F2 Bleaching: Triketones mesotrione 28
Inhibition of 4-hydroxyphenyl- sulcotrione pyruvate-dioxygenase
(4-HPPD) Isoxazoles isoxachlortole isoxaflutole Pyrazoles
benzofenap pyrazolynate pyrazoxyfen Others benzobicyclon F3
Bleaching: Triazoles amitrole 11 Inhibition of carotenoid
biosynthesis (in vivo inhibition of (unknown target) lycopene
cyclase) Isoxazolidinones clomazone 13 Ureas fluometuron (see C2)
Diphenylether aclonifen G Inhibition of EPSP synthase Glycines
glyphosate 9 sulfosate H Inhibition of glutamine synthetase
Phosphinic acids glufosinate-ammonium 10 bialaphos = bilanaphos I
Inhibition of DHP (dihydropteroate) Carbamates asulam 18 synthase
K1 Microtubule assembly inhibition Dinitroanilines benefin =
benfluralin 3 butralin dinitramine ethalfluralin oryzalin
pendimethalin trifluralin Phosphoroamidates amiprophos-methyl
butamiphos Pyridines dithiopyr thiazopyr Benzamides propyzamide =
pronamide tebutam Benzenedicarboxylic acids DCPA = chlorthal- 3
dimethyl K2 Inhibition of mitosis/microtubule Carbamates
chlorpropham 23 organisation propham carbetamide K3 Inhibition of
cell division Chloroacetamides acetochlor 15 (Inhibition of VLCFAs;
see Remarks) alachlor butachlor dimethachlor dimethanamid
metazachlor metolachlor pethoxamid pretilachlor propachlor
propisochlor thenylchlor Acetamides diphenamid napropamide
naproanilide Oxyacetamides flufenacet mefenacet Tetrazolinones
fentrazamide Others anilofos cafenstrole indanofan piperophos L
Inhibition of cell wall (cellulose) Nitriles dichlobenil 20
synthesis chlorthiamid Benzamides isoxaben 21 Triazolocarboxamides
flupoxam M Uncoupling (Membrane disruption) Dinitrophenols DNOC 24
dinoseb dinoterb N Inhibition of lipid synthesis--not
Thiocarbamates butylate 8 ACCase inhibition cycloate dimepiperate
EPTC esprocarb molinate orbencarb pebulate prosulfocarb thiobencarb
= benthiocarb tiocarbazil triallate vernolate Phosphorodithioates
bensulide Benzofuranes benfuresate ethofumesate
Chloro-Carbonic-acids TCA 26 dalapon flupropanate O Synthetic
auxins (auxin-like) Phenoxy-carboxylic-acids clomeprop 4
2,4-D 2,4-DB dichlorprop = 2,4-DP MCPA MCPB mecoprop = MCPP = CMPP
Benzoic acids chloramben dicamba tricamba 2,3,6-TBA Pyridine
clopyralid carboxylic acids fluroxypyr picloram triclopyr Quinoline
carboxylic acids quinclorac (also group L) quinmerac Others
benazolin-ethyl P Inhibition of auxin transport Phthalamates
naptalam 19 Semicarbazones diflufenzopyr-Na R . . . . . . . . . S .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z Unknown
Arylaminopropionic acids Flamprop-M-methyl/- 25 isopropyl
Pyrazolium difenzoquat 8 Organoarsenicals DSMA 17 MSMA Others
bromobutide 27 (chloro)-flurenol cinmethylin cumyluron dazomet
dymron = daimuron methyl-dimuron = methyl-dymron etobenzanid
fosamine metam oxaziclomefone oleic acid pelargonic acid
pyributicarb
EXAMPLES
[0121] The following examples are included to illustrate
embodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated by those of
skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples that
follow represent techniques discovered by the inventor to function
well in the practice of the invention. However, those of skill in
the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that
many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are
disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without
departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. More
specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents which are
both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for
the agents described herein while the same or similar results would
be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications
apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the
spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the
appended claims.
Example 1
Cropping Systems for Managing Weeds
[0122] One embodiment of the present invention is exemplified by
Tables 3-5, in which crops tolerant to glyphosate, dicamba,
glufosinate, 2,4 D, or a combination thereof (I to X) are utilized
with accompanying herbicidal treatments (First to Fifth) at
different stages of plant growth and development for managing
weeds. For soybean, plant growth stages may be defined as follows:
emergence is termed the "VE" growth stage, while early
post-emergence soybean stages are often termed "VC" to "V3", and
late post-emergence soybean stages are termed "V4" to "R2" (e.g.
McWilliams et al., 1999). "Pre-harvest" typically occurs after
soybean is physiologically mature, but before harvest, while
"post-harvest" occurs after harvest has occurred. "Pre-emergence"
application of herbicide therefore refers to an application prior
to crop and weed emergence either, before or after planting.
[0123] For cotton the timing of growth stages and related herbicide
application may be defined as follows:
[0124] Pre-Emergence: any time prior to emergence of the crop for
the purposes of controlling winter and spring weeds.
[0125] Early Post-Emerge: applications that are made from the time
the crop emerges through the vegetative growth stage, i.e. until
the pin-head square stage.
[0126] Late Post-Emerge: Applications that are made during the
reproductive stage of cotton growth, i.e. from pin-head square
stage until the initiation of boll opening.
[0127] Pre-Harvest: Applications made from the initiation of boll
opening until just prior to harvest. Most product labels include a
prohibition on applying within a certain number of days prior to
harvest. For example, Roundup can not be applied within 7 days of
harvest. For other products this pre-harvest restriction may be 40
to 70 days.
[0128] Post-harvest: Applications made after the harvest for the
purpose of controlling late season weeds that may be present at
harvest time or emerge prior to the winter season.
[0129] One of skill in the art would understand that there are no
restrictions on how close applications can be made to crop
emergence or crop harvest. However, certain products may have
limitations on the label based on crop injury potential (e.g. do
not apply with 21 days of planting) or because of chemical residue
levels in the seed (e.g. do not apply within 40 days of
harvest).
[0130] Various herbicide options for each treatment are indicated
by letters A, B, C, and so on. Use of these herbicide tolerant
crops, their accompanying treatments at various stages of growth
results in management of weeds, current herbicide resistant weeds,
tough weeds, volunteer plants, and minimizing the development of
herbicide resistant weeds in future. Herbicide rates are given in
Table 4 and 5 for soybean and cotton, respectively. Exemplary
herbicides for use with corn are shown in Table 6. Equipment and
methods known in the art are used for applying herbicide
treatments.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Treatments and various options provided for
managing weeds in exemplary cropping systems I-XII of the present
invention. G--glyphosate, Gl--glufosinate, Pre--a preemergence
herbicide, D--dicamba, Gr--a graminicide, Di-2,4-D, Post--a
postemergent herbicide, P--paraquat. A graminicide is not used with
corn unless the corn has tolerance to the class of herbicides used
for controlling grasses, such as a fops herbicide. glyphosate,
glyphosate, glyphosate dicamba glyphosate dicamba glyphosate
glyphosate, dicamba, and and and dicamba and and dicamba,
glufosinate glyphosate dicamba glufosinate glufosinate glufosinate
2,4-D dicamba and 2,4-D glufosinate 2,4-D and 2,4-D and 2,4-D
Treatment tolerant tolerant tolerant tolerant tolerant tolerant
tolerant tolerant tolerant tolerant tolerant tolerant & Timing
Options I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII First (1) A None None
None None None None None None None None None None Preplant, B
Tilling Tilling Tilling Tilling Tilling Tilling Tilling Tilling
Tilling Tilling Tilling Tilling at plant, C G G G G G G G G G G G G
pre-emerge D Gl D Gl Gl D Di D D D Di D D or a combination E Pre P
Pre Pre P P P Gl P P Gl Gl F P Gl P P Gl Gl Gl Di Gl Gl Di Di G G,
Gl Pre G, Gl G, Gl Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre H G, Pre G, D G,
Pre G, Pre G, D G, Di G, D P G, D G, Di P P I G, P G, P G, P G, P
G, P G, P G, P G, D G, P G, P G, D G, D J G, Gl, Pre G, Gl G, Gl,
Pre G, Gl, Pre G, Gl G, Gl G, Gl G, Gl G, Gl G, Gl G, Gl G, Gl K G,
Gl, P G, Pre G, Gl, P G, Gl, P G, Pre G, Pre G, Pre G, Di G, Pre G,
Pre G, Di G, Di L G, Gl, G, D, P G, Gl, G, Gl, G, D, P G, Di, P G,
D, P G, Pre G, D, P G, Di, P G, Pre G, Pre Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P M
G, Pre, P G, D, Gl G, Pre, P G, Pre, P G, D, Gl G, Di, Gl G, D, Gl
G, P G, D, Gl G, Di, Gl G, P G, P N Gl, Pre G, D, Pre Gl, Pre Gl,
Pre G, D, Pre G, Di, Pre G, D, Pre G, D, Gl G, D, Pre G, Di, Pre G,
D, Gl G, D, Gl O Gl, P G, P, Gl Gl, P Gl, P G, P, Gl G, P, Gl G, P,
Gl G, D, Di G, P, Gl G, P, Gl G, D, Di G, D, Di P Gl, Pre, P G, P,
Pre Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P G, P, Pre G, P, Pre G, P, Pre G, D, Pre
G, P, Pre G, P, Pre G, D, Pre G, D, Pre Q Pre, P G, Gl, Pre Pre, P
Pre, P G, Gl, Pre G, Gl, Pre G, Gl, Pre G, D, P G, Gl, Pre G, Gl,
Pre G, D, P G, D, P R G, D, P, G, D, P, G, Di, P, G, D, P, G, Gl,
Di G, D, P, G, Di, P, G, Gl, Di G, Gl, Di Gl Gl Gl Gl Gl Gl S G, D,
P, G, D, P, G, Di, P, G, D, P, G, Gl, Pre G, D, P, G, Di, P, G, Gl,
Pre G, Gl, Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre T G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, Di,
Gl, G, D, Gl, G, Gl, P G, D, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Gl, P G, Gl, P Pre
Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre U G, P, Gl, G, P, Gl, G, P, Gl, G, P, Gl, G,
Di, Pre G, P, Gl, G, P, Gl, G, Di, Pre G, Di, Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre
Pre Pre V G, D, P, G, D, P, G, Di, P, G, D, P, G, Di, P G, D, P, G,
Di, P, G, Di, P G, Di, P Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre
Gl, Pre W D, P D, P Di, P D, P G, Pre, P D, P Di, P G, Pre, P G,
Pre, P X D, Gl D, Gl Di, Gl D, Gl G, D, Gl, D, Gl Di, Gl G, D, Gl,
G, D, Gl, Di Di Di Y D, Pre D, Pre Di, Pre D, Pre G, D, Gl, D, Pre
Di, Pre G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, Pre Pre Pre Z P, Gl P, Gl P, Gl P, Gl
G, D, Gl, P P, Gl P, Gl G, D, Gl, P G, D, Gl, P AA P, Pre P, Pre P,
Pre P, Pre G, Gl, Di, P, Pre P, Pre G, Gl, Di, G, Gl, Di, Pre Pre
Pre AB Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre G, Gl, Di, P Gl, Pre Gl, Pre
G, Gl, Di, P G, Gl, Di, P AC D, P, Gl D, P, Gl Di, P, Gl D, P, Gl
G, Gl, D, P, Gl Di, P, Gl G, Gl, G, Gl, Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P AD D,
P, Pre D, P, Pre Di, P, Pre D, P, Pre G, Di, D, P, Pre Di, P, Pre
G, Di, G, Di, Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P AE D, Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre Di, Gl,
D, Gl, Pre G, D, Gl, D, Gl, Pre Di, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, Di, Pre
Di, Pre Pre Di, Pre Pre AF D, P, Gl, D, P, Gl, Di, P, Gl, D, P, Gl,
G, D, Gl, D, P, Gl, Di, P, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, Di, P Pre Pre
Pre Pre Di, P Pre Pre Di, P AG P, Gl, Pre P, Gl, Pre P, Gl, Pre P,
Gl, Pre G, Gl, Di, P, Gl, Pre P, Gl, Pre G, Gl, Di, G, Gl, Di, Pre,
P Pre, P Pre, P AH G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, Pre, P Pre, P Pre,
P AI G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P AJ G, D,
Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, Di, Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P Pre, P AK D, Gl
D, Gl D, Gl AL D, Di D, Di D, Di AM D, Pre D, Pre D, Pre AN D, P D,
P D, P AO Gl, Di Gl, Di Gl, Di AP Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre AQ Gl, P
Gl, P Gl, P AR Di, Pre Di, Pre Di, Pre AS Di, P Di, P Di, P AT Pre,
P Pre, P Pre, P AU D, Gl, Di D, Gl, Di D, Gl, Di AV D, Gl, Pre D,
Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre AW D, Gl, P D, Gl, P D, Gl, P AX Gl, Di, Gl, Di,
Gl, Di, Pre Pre Pre AY Gl, Di, P Gl, Di, P Gl, Di, P AZ Gl, Pre, P
Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P BA Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P BB D, Gl,
Di, D, Gl, Di, D, Gl, Di, Pre Pre Pre BC D, Gl, Di, P D, Gl, Di, P
D, Gl, Di, P BD Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P BE D,
Di, D, Di, D, Di, Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P BF D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, Pre,
P Pre, P Pre, P BG D, Gl, Di, D, Gl, Di, D, Gl, Di, Pre, P Pre, P
Pre, P BH Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Pre Pre Pre BI Gl, Di, P Gl, Di,
P Gl, Di, P BJ Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P BK Di, Pre; P Di;
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Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P
Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P Pre, P BI G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D,
Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G,
D, Di, G, D, Di, Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre,
P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P
Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P BJ G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D,
Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl,
G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, Post, Pre, P
Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P
Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P
Post, Pre, P BK G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di,
Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di,
Gl, G, Di, Gl, Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P
Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P
Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P BL G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D,
Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G,
D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, Gl, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl,
Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post,
Gl, Post, Post, Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P
Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P BM D D D D D D D D D D D D BN D,
Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D,
Di BO D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl
D, Gl D, Gl BP D, Post D, Post D, Post D, Post D, Post D, Post D,
Post D, Post D, Post D, Post D, Post D, Post BQ D, Pre D, Pre D,
Pre D, Pre D, Pre D, Pre D, Pre D, Pre D, Pre D, Pre D, Pre D, Pre
BR D, P D, P D, P D, P D, P D, P D, P D, P D, P D, P D, P D, P BS
D, Di, Gl D, Di, Gl D, Di, Gl D, Di, Gl D, Di, Gl D, Di, Gl D, Di,
Gl D, Di, Gl D, Di, Gl D, Di, Gl D, Di, Gl D, Di, Gl BT D, Di, D,
Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di,
D, Di, Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post
BU D, Di, Pre D, Di, Pre D, Di, Pre D, Di, Pre D, Di, Pre D, Di,
Pre D, Di, Pre D, Di, Pre D, Di, Pre D, Di, Pre D, Di, Pre D, Di,
Pre BV D, Di, P D, Di, P D, Di, P D, Di, P D, Di, P D, Di, P D, Di,
P D, Di, P D, Di, P D, Di, P D, Di, P D, Di, P BW D, Gl, D, Gl, D,
Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl,
Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post BX D,
Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre D,
Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre BY
D, Gl, P D, Gl, P D, Gl, P D, Gl, P D, Gl, P D, Gl, P D, Gl, P D,
Gl, P D, Gl, P D, Gl, P D, Gl, P D, Gl, P BZ D, Post, D, Post, D,
Post, D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D,
Post, D, Post, D, Post, Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre
Pre CA D, Post, P D, Post, P D, Post, P D, Post, P D, Post, P D,
Post, P D, Post, P D, Post, P D, Post, P D, Post, P D, Post, P D,
Post, P CB D, Pre, P D, Pre, P D, Pre, P D, Pre, P D, Pre, P D,
Pre, P D, Pre, P D, Pre, P D, Pre, P D, Pre, P D, Pre, P D, Pre, P
CC D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di,
Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di,
Gl, Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post CD
D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl,
D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl,
Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre CE D, Di, Gl, P D,
Di, Gl, P D, Di, Gl, P D, Di, Gl, P D, Di, Gl, P D, Di, Gl, P D,
Di, Gl, P D, Di, Gl, P D, Di, Gl, P D, Di, Gl, P D, Di, Gl, P D,
Di, Gl, P CF D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D,
Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, Post, Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre
Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post,
Pre Post, Pre Pre CG D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D,
Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, Post, P Post, P Post, P
Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P
Post, P CH D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di,
D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre,
P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P CI D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl,
D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl,
Post, Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre
Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Pre CJ D, Gl, D,
Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl,
D, Gl, Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P
Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P CK D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D,
Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, Pre, P
Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre,
P Pre, P CL D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D, Post,
D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, Pre, P Pre, P
Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre,
P CM D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di,
Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di,
Gl, Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre
Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre CN D,
Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D,
Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl,
Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P
Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P CO D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl,
D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl,
D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P
Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P CP D, Di, D, Di,
D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D,
Di, Post, Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post,
Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post,
Pre, P Post, Pre, P Pre, P CQ D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D,
Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, Post, Post, Pre, P
Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P
Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P
Pre, P CR D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D,
Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D,
Di, Gl, Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post,
Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post,
Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P CS Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di
Di Di CT Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl
Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl CU Di, Post Di, Post Di, Post Di, Post
Di, Post Di, Post Di, Post Di, Post Di, Post Di, Post Di, Post Di,
Post CV Di, Pre Di, Pre Di, Pre Di, Pre Di, Pre Di, Pre Di, Pre Di,
Pre Di, Pre Di, Pre Di, Pre Di, Pre CW Di, P Di, P Di, P Di, P Di,
P Di, P Di, P Di, P Di, P Di, P Di, P Di, P CX Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di,
Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl,
Di, Gl, Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post
CY Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl,
Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre
Pre Pre Pre CZ Di, Gl, P Di, Gl, P Di, Gl, P Di, Gl, P Di, Gl, P
Di, Gl, P Di, Gl, P Di, Gl, P Di, Gl, P Di, Gl, P Di, Gl, P Di, Gl,
P DA Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post,
Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Pre Pre
Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre DB Di, Post, P Di, Post, P
Di, Post, P Di, Post, P Di, Post, P Di, Post, P Di, Post, P Di,
Post, P Di, Post, P Di, Post, P Di, Post, P Di, Post, P DC Di, Pre,
P Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P
Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P DD Di, Gl,
Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di,
Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Post, Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre
Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post,
Pre Pre DE Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl,
Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Post, P Post, P Post, P
Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P
Post, P DF Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl,
Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P
Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P DG Di,
Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post,
Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Pre, P Pre, P
Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre,
P DH Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di,
Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Post, Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P
Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P
Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Pre, P DI Gl Gl
Gl Gl Gl Gl Gl Gl Gl Gl Gl Gl DJ Gl, Post Gl, Post Gl, Post Gl,
Post Gl, Post Gl, Post Gl, Post Gl, Post Gl, Post Gl, Post Gl, Post
Gl, Post DK Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre
Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre DL Gl, P Gl, P Gl, P Gl, P
Gl, P Gl, P Gl, P Gl, P Gl, P Gl, P Gl, P Gl, P DM Gl, Post, Gl,
Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post,
Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre
Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre DN Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl,
Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post,
Gl, Post, Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P
Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P DO Gl, Post, P Gl, Post, P Gl, Post, P
Gl, Post, P Gl, Post, P Gl, Post, P Gl, Post, P Gl, Post, P Gl,
Post, P Gl, Post, P Gl, Post, P Gl, Post, P DP Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre,
P Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P
Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P DQ Post Post Post Post
Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post DR Post, Pre Post, Pre
Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post,
Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre DS Post, P Post, P Post, P Post,
P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P
DT Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P
Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P
Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P DU Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre
Pre Pre Pre DV Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P
Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P DW P P P P P P P P P P P P
G--glyphosate, Pre--a preemergence herbicide, D--dicamba, Gr--a
graminicide, Di-2,4-D, Post--a postemergent herbicide,
P--paraquat.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Examples of herbicides and rates for use in
soybean cropping systems. Maximum Family Common name Trade name
Supplier Rate/Acre a.i./Acre/season Herbicides suitable for the
first treatment EPSPS Glyphosate Roundup Monsanto 11-44 oz/A 7.2875
lbs/A inhibitors Weathermax Auxin-like Dicamba Clarity BASF 4-24
oz/A 2 lbs/A herbicides 2,4-D Acetanilide alachlor Intrro Monsanto
4-6 pts/A 3 lbs/A alachlor Lasso Monsanto 4-6 pts/A 3 lbs/A
alachlor Micro Tech Monsanto 5-6 pts/A 3 lbs/A dimethanamid-P
Establish Tenkoz 12-21 oz/A 0.9844 lbs/A dimethanamid-P Outlook
BASF 12-21 oz/A 0.9844 lbs/A flufenacet Define Bayer 8-14 oz/A
0.4375 lbs/A metolachlor Stalwart Sipcam Agro 1-2.75 pts/A 2.75
lbs/A s-metolachlor Brawl Tenkoz 1-2.6 pt/A 2.48 lbs/A
s-metolachlor Dual II Syngenta 1-2.5 pts/A 2.38 lbs/A Magnum ALS
chlorimuron- Classic Dupont 1.25-3 oz/A 0.0468 lbs/A ethyl
chlorimuron- Canopy EX Dupont 1.1-3.3 oz/A 0.0608 lbs/A ethyl +
tribenuron- methyl cloransulam- FirstRate Dow 0.6-0.75 oz/A
0.055125 lb/A methyl flumetsulam Python Dow 0.8-1.33 oz/A 0.07
lbs/A imazaquin Scepter BASF 2.15-2.8 oz/A 0.245 lbs/A imazethapyr
Pursuit BASF 4 oz/A 0.063 lbs/A thifensulfuron + tribenuron +
Affinity Dupont 0.6-1.0 oz/A 0.05625 lb/A metsulfuron
thifensulfuron- Harmony GT Dupont 0.083 oz/A 0.046875 lbs/A methyl
XP ALS + DiNA imazethapyr + Pursuit Plus BASF 2.5 pts/A 0.063 lbs/
pendimethalin A + 1.48 lbs/A ALS + PPO chlorimuron- Canopy XL
Dupont 2.5-7.0 oz/A 0.3167 lb/A ethyl + sulfentrazone BLEACHER
clomazone Command FMC 1.33-3.33 pt/A 1.25 lb/A norflurazon Solicam
Syngenta 1.9-2.5 lbs/A 1.96 lbs/A DiNA ethalfluralin Sonilan Dow
1.5-3 pts/A 1.125 lb/A pendimethalin Acumen Tenkoz 1.2-3.6 pt/A
1.48 lb/A pendimethalin Helena Helena 1.2-3.6 pts/A 1.48 lb/A
pendimethalin pendimethalin Pendimax Dow 1.2-3.6 pts/A 1.48 lb/A
pendimethalin Prowl BASF 1.2-3.6 pts/A 1.48 lb/A pendimethalin
Prowl H2O BASF 1.5-3 pts/A 1.5 lb/A trifluralin Bayonet Helena 5-10
lbs/A 1 lb/A trifluralin Treflan Dow 1-2.5 pts/A 1.25 lb/A
trifluralin Trilin Griffin 1-2.5 pts/A 1.25 lb/A Glycine +
glyphosate + Extreme BASF 3 pts/A 0.56 lbs ae/A ALS imazethapyr
glyphosate + 3 lbs + 0.06375 lbs/A imazethapyr PPO carfentrazone-
Aim FMC 0.5-1.6 oz/A 0.025 lb/A ethyl flumioxazin Encompass Tenkoz
2-3 oz/A 0.095625 lb/A flumioxazin Valor Valent 2-3 oz/A 0.09562
lbs/A fomesafen Flexstar Syngenta 0.75-1.5 pt/A 0.375 lb/A
oxyfluorfen Galigan Makhteshim Agan 0.5-2 pts/A 0.75 lbs/A
sulfentrazone Blanket Tenkoz 3-8 oz/A 0.375 lb/A sulfentrazone
Spartan FMC 4.5-12 oz/A 0.375 lbs/A Triazine linuron Linex Griffin
1-2 pts/A 1 lb/A linuron Lorox Griffin 0.67-2 lbs/A 1 lb/A
metribuzin Metribuzin Makhteshim Agan 0.33-1.17 lbs/A 0.8775 lb/A
metribuzin Metribuzin AgValue 0.33-1.17 lbs/A 0.8775 lb/A
metribuzin Sencor Bayer 0.33-1.17 lbs/A 0.8775 lbs/A Triazine +
Acetanilide metribuzin + flufenacet Axiom DF Bayer 7-13 oz/A 0.5525
lb/A Bipyridiliums Paraquat Gramoxone Syngenta 8-16 oz/A 0/75 lb/A
Inteon Herbicides suitable for the second and third treatment ESPS
Glyphosate Roundup Monsanto 11-44 oz/A 7.2875 lbs/A inhibitors
Weathermax GS glufosinate- Liberty Bayer 28-34 oz/A 0.809 lbs ai/A
inhibitors ammonium Auxin-like Dicamba Clarity BASF 4-24 oz/A 2
lbs/A herbicides 2,4-D Acetanilide s-metolachlor Dual II Syngenta
1-2.5 pts/A 2.38 lbs/A Magnum ACCase clethodim Trigger Albaugh 4-16
oz/A 0.5 lbs/A (Graminicides) clethodim Volunteer Tenkoz 4-16 oz/A
0.5 lbs/A clethodim Select Valent 4-16 oz/A 0.5 lbs/A clethodim
Select MAX Valent 8-32 oz/A 0.5 lbs/A fluazifop-p-butyl Fusilade DX
Syngenta 6-24 oz/A 0.51 lb/A fluazifop-p- Fusion Syngenta 6-12 oz/A
0.48 lb/A butyl + fenoxyprop- p-ethyl quizalofop-ethyl Assure II
Dupont 5-12 oz/A 0.12375 lb/A sethoxydim Poast BASF 0.5-2.5 pts/A
0.9375 lbs/A sethoxydim Poast Herbicide Micro Flo 0.5-2.5 pts/A
0.9375 lbs/A ALS imazamox Raptor BASF 4-5 oz/A 0.04 lb ae/A
imazethapyr Pursuit BASF 4 oz/A 0.063 lbs/A PPO acifluorfen Ultra
Blazer UPI 0.5-1.5 pt/A 0.5 lbs/A fomesafen Reflex Syngenta
0.75-1.5 pt/A 0.375 lb/A fomesafen Flexstar Syngenta 0.75-1.5 pt/A
0.375 lb/A lactofen Cobra Valent 6-12.5 oz/A 0.4 lbs/A lactofen
Phoenix Valent 6-12.5 oz/A 0.4 lbs/A PSII Site B bentazon Basagran
Micro Flo 1-3 pts/A 2 lbs/A bentazon Basagran BASF 1-3 pts/A 2
lbs/A Herbicides suitable for the fourth treatment And/or one or
more herbicides suitable for 2.sup.nd and 3.sup.rd treatment
Herbicides suitable for the fifth treatment Bipyridiliums Paraquat
Gramoxone Syngenta 8-16 oz/A 0/75 lb/A Inteon And/or one or more
herbicides suitable for the Ist treatment
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Examples of herbicides and rates for use in
cotton cropping systems. Granular (G), Wettable powders (W or WP),
Dry flowable (DF), Water dispersible granules (WDG), Soluble Powder
(S), Water soluble (SL), Liquid (L), Aqueous solution (AS),
Emulsifiable concentrate (E or EC), Microencapsulated Emulsion
(ME), Flowable (F), fluid ounce (fl oz), and pints (pt). Use
Rates/Acre of Family Chemical Trade Supplier Formulation
Formulation Herbicides suitable for the first treatment EPSPS
inhibitors glyphosate Roundup Monsanto 5.5 SL 11 to 32 fl oz
Auxin-like 2,4-D Various Dow 4 L 12 to 24 fl oz dicamba Clarity
Syngenta 4.5 L 8 fl oz Bipyridiliums paraquat Gramoxone Syngenta 3
SL 11 to 21 fl oz DiNA pendimethalin Prowl BASF 3.3 EC 1.2 to 3.6
pt pendimethalin Prowl BASF 3.3 EC 1.2 to 2.4 pt trifuralin Treflan
Dow 4 EC 1 to 2 pt pendimethalin Prowl BASF 3.3 EC 1.8 to 3.6 pt GS
inhibitors glufosinate-ammonium Ignite Bayer 2.34 L 22 to 29 fl oz
Organoarsenicals MSMA Various Helena 6 L 2.67 pt PPO inhibitors
carfentrazone Aim FMC 2 EC 0.8 to 1.6 fl oz flumioxazin Valor
Valent 51 WP 1 to 2 oz Pyrimidinylthio- pyrithiobac Staple DuPont
85 SP 0.5 to 1.0 oz benzoate Sulfonylurea thifensulfuron + Harmony
DuPont 75 WDG 0.5 oz tribenuron Extra Triazole clomazone Command
FMC 3 ME 1.3 to 3.3 pt Ureas and amides diuron Direx Griffin 4 F
1.5 to 2 pt diuron Direx DuPont 4 L 1.6 to 2 pt flumeturon Cotoran
Griffin 4 F 2 to 3 pt Norflurazon Solicam Syngenta DF 1.25 to 2.5
lb Herbicides suitable for the second and third treatments
Aryloxyphenoxy fluazifop p-butyl Fusilade Syngenta 2 EC 8 to 12 fl
oz propionate quizalofop p-ethyl Assure DuPont 0.88 EC 7 to 8 fl oz
Fenoxaprop Whip 360 Bayer 0.66 EC 0.7 to 1 pt Auxin-like dicamba
Clarity BASF 4 SL 8 to 48 fl oz 2,4-D Barrage Helena 4.7 EC 1 to 2
pt Bipyridiliums paraquat Gramoxone Syngenta 3 SL 13 to 26 fl oz
Chloroacetamide s-metolachlor Dual Syngenta 7.6 EC 1 to 1.33 pt
s-metolachlor Dual Syngenta 7.6 EC 1 to 1.33 pt Cyclohexanedione
clethodim Select Valent 2 EC 6 to 8 fl oz sethoxydim Poast BASF
1.53 EC 16 fl oz DiNA pendimethalin Prowl BASF 3.3 EC 1.8 to 2.4 pt
EPSPS inhibitors glyphosate Roundup Monsanto 5.5 SL 22 fl oz GS
inhibitors glufosinate-ammonium Ignite Bayer 2.34 L 22 to 29 fl oz
Organoarsenicals MSMA Various Helena 6 L 1 pt DSMA Various Helena
3.6 L 1 gal MSMA Various Helena 6 L 2.67 pt PPO inhibitors
carfentrazone Aim FMC 2 EC 0.8 to 1.6 fl oz flumioxazin Valor
Valent 51 WDG 2 oz lactofen Cobra Valent 2 EC 6 to 12 fl oz Protox
inhibitors Oxyflourfen Goal 2XL DowAgro 2 EC 1 to 2 pt PS II
inhibitors prometryn Caparol Syngenta 4 F 1.3 to 2.4 pt
Pyrimidinylthio- pyrithiobac Staple DuPont 85 SP 1.2 oz benzoate
Sulfonylurea trifloxysulfuron-sodium Envoke Syngenta 75 WDG 0.1 oz
Ureas and amides fluometuron Cotoran Griffin 4 L 2 to 3.2 pt diuron
Direx Griffin 4 L 1.6 to 2.4 pt linuron Linex Griffin 4 L 2 pt
Herbicides suitable for the fourth treatment EPSPS inhibitors
glyphosate Roundup Monsanto 5.5 SL 16 to 22 fl oz Auxin-like
dicamba Clarity BASF 4 SL 8 to 48 fl oz 2,4-D Barrage Helena 4.7 EC
1 to 2 pt Defoliant dimethipin Harvade Chemtura 5 F 8 to 10 fl oz
GS inhibitors glufosinate-ammonium Ignite Bayer 2.34 L 22 to 29 fl
oz PPO carfentrazone-ethyl Aim FMC 2 EC 1 to 1.5 fl oz Herbicides
suitable for the fifth treatment Bipyridiliums paraquat Gramoxone
Syngenta 2.5 L 2.5 to 4.0 pt One or more herbicides suitable for
the first treatment
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Exemplary pre-emergence and post-emergence
herbicides and combinations for use with dicamba on corn in
cropping systems of the present invention. Pre-emergence includes
the first and/or fifth treatment. Post-emergence includes the
second, third, fourth treatments, and/or fifth treatment. Pre- or
Post- emergent Chemical Family Common name Trade Name treatment
Chloroacetamides- Acetochlor Dual Magnum Pre (can acetanilides
Metolachlor/ also be S-metolachlor used Post) Alachlor Triazines
Atrazine Pre and Simazine Post 4HPPD Isoxazoles + CONVERGE Pre
mesotrione mesotrione Callisto ALS/Growth Flumetsulam Python Pre
Regulator Clopyralid Stinger Clopyralid + Hornet Flumetsulam
Dinitroanilines Pendimethalin Prowl Pre EPSPS inhibitor Glyphosate
Roundup Post ALS Sulfonylureas Accent Post (Rimsulfuron,
nicosulfuron) & Imidazolinones Lightning (can (imazethapyr)
also be applied pre) Phosphonic acid Glufosinate Liberty Post
Semicarbazones Diflufenzopyr Distinct Post (+dicamba) 4-HPPD
Mesotrione + Callisto Post Isoxazole Balance Triazine atrazine Post
Auxins: 2,4-D Lontrel, Stinger Post Phenoxyacetic acids clopyralid
Pyridine carboxylic acids PS2 inhibitors Bromoxynil Buctril,
Pardner Post Nitriles Bentazon Basagran benzothiadiazinones PPO's
Post N-phenylphthalamides Flumiclorac Resource Triazolinones
Carfentrazone Aim EW
Example 2
A Method for Minimizing the Development of Herbicide Resistant
Weeds
[0131] As shown in Table 7, a method for minimizing the development
of a herbicide resistant weed population is exemplified by rotating
a first cropping system (I to XII; Table 3) in a first year
comprising a crop tolerant to one or more low-risk herbicides and
accompanying herbicidal treatments with a second cropping system (I
to XII; Table 3) in a second year comprising a crop tolerant to one
or more low-risk herbicides and accompanying herbicidal treatments.
For example, if the crop in the first cropping system is tolerant
to glyphosate then the crop in the second cropping system can be
tolerant to an auxin like herbicide or tolerant to glyphosate and
an auxin like herbicides. Herbicide rates are given in Table 4 and
Table 5 for soybean and cotton, respectively. Equipments and
methods known in the art are used for applying various herbicide
treatments.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Examples of methods for minimizing the
development of herbicide resistant weeds by rotating a first
cropping system with a second cropping system. Second Cropping
System Options I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII First Cropping
I X X X X X X X X X X X System Options II X X X X X X X X X X X III
X X X X X X X X X X X IV X X X X X X X X X X X V X X X X X X X X X
X X VI X X X X X X X X X X X VII X X X X X X X X X X X VIII X X X X
X X X X X X X IX X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XI X
X X X X X X X X X X XII X X X X X X X X X X X
Example 3
Production of Transgenic Soybean Having Dicamba and Glyphosate
Tolerances for Use in Cropping Systems for Manging Weeds
[0132] Methods for producing transgenic seeds having glyphosate
tolerance are known in the art and such seeds can be produced by
persons of skill in the art by using a polynucleotide encoding
glyphosate resistant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase
(EPSPS) as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,061, U.S. Pat. No.
RE39,247, U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,497 and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,094,945,
WO04074443 and WO04009761, all of which are hereby incorporated by
reference. Soybean breeding lines containing the Roundup Ready.RTM.
trait event 40-3-2 (Padgette et al., 1995) have been produced.
Seeds from soybean plant designated as MON19788 have been deposited
under ATCC Accession No. PTA-6708.
[0133] Glyphosate tolerant plants can also be produced by
incorporating polynucleotides encoding glyphosate degrading enzymes
such as glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX, U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,175,
herein incorporated by reference), a glyphosate-N-acetyl
transferase (GAT, U.S. Patent Publ. 20030083480, herein
incorporated by reference), and a glyphosate decarboxylase
(WO05003362; US Patent Application 20040177399, herein
incoroporated by reference).
[0134] Dicamba tolerant soybean plants have been described in U.S.
provisional application Ser. No. 60/811,276, filed Jun. 6, 2006. A
suitable line from each was crossed and progeny seeds were screened
with herbicide applications of glyphosate and dicamba to obtain
progeny expressing both genes and exhibiting tolerance to both
dicamba and glyphosate. Alternatively, coding sequences conferring
tolerance to one or both of the herbicides can be directly
introduced into a given line.
[0135] Transgenic seeds having dicamba and glyphosate tolerances
were tested for their tolerance to dicamba, glyphosate, or both
herbicides. Table 8 shows tolerance of transgenic soybeans carrying
glyphosate and dicamba tolerance transgenes to glyphosate, dicamba,
and glyphosate and dicamba at various stages of plant growth.
Injury was not seen on plants when either or both herbicides were
applied at pre-emergence stage. Post-emergence treatments of either
or both herbicides at V3, R1, and R3-4 showed only little
injury.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Tolerance of transgenic soybeans carrying
glyphosate and dicamba tolerance transgenes to glyphosate, dicamba,
and glyphosate and dicamba. Pre- Post-emergence emergence treatment
treatment V3 R1 R3-4 20 8 7 18 Rate DAT DAT DAT DAT gm % injury
(Average of 4 Plant Line Herbicide Applied ae/ha replications)
Non-transgenic Control CLARITY 561 99.0 83.8 71.3 85.0 RWMax 841
0.0 81.3 66.3 67.5 CLARITY + RWMax 561 + 841 99.5 93.8 81.3 99.0
RR1 + DMO Line 1 CLARITY 561 0.0 7.0 6.3 4.5 RWMax 841 0.0 3.5 3.5
11.3 CLARITY + RWMax 561 + 841 0.0 3.0 4.0 10.0 RR1 + DMO Line 2
CLARITY 561 0.0 5.3 6.3 5.3 RWMax 841 0.0 4.5 4.5 11.7 CLARITY +
RWMax 561 + 841 0.0 5.0 4.0 8.8 RR1 + DMO Line 3 CLARITY 561 0.0
9.0 8.8 7.5 RWMax 841 0.0 3.5 4.0 11.3 CLARITY + RWMax 561 + 841
0.0 4.5 3.5 10.0 RR1 + DMO Line 4 CLARITY 561 0.0 8.5 8.8 3.5 RWMax
841 0.0 3.5 3.5 11.3 CLARITY + RWMax 561 + 841 0.0 4.5 4.5 8.8 RR2
+ DMO Line 1 CLARITY 561 0.0 8.5 6.3 5.3 RWMax 841 0.0 3.5 3.5 3.0
CLARITY + RWMax 561 + 841 0.0 5.0 4.5 5.0 RR2 + DMO Line 2 CLARITY
561 0.0 9.0 6.3 3.0 RWMax 841 0.0 3.5 6.3 3.0 CLARITY + RWMax 561 +
841 0.0 9.5 7.0 3.0 RR2 + DMO Line 3 CLARITY 561 0.0 9.5 7.5 3.5
RWMax 841 0.0 3.5 6.3 4.5 CLARITY + RWMax 561 + 841 0.0 8.5 3.5 3.3
RR2 + DMO Line 4 CLARITY 561 0.0 5.3 5.8 3.0 RWMax 841 0.0 16.5
17.0 4.0 CLARITY + RWMax 561 + 841 0.0 11.0 3.5 5.3
Example 4
Production of Transgenic Soybean Having Dicamba and Glufosinate
Tolerances for Use in Cropping Systems for Managing Weeds
[0136] Soybean transgenic event 469-13-19 carrying a transgene for
dicamba tolerance and glufosinate tolerance was produced by
transforming soybean according to Zhang et al. (1999) with a plant
transformation vector carrying a gene encoding DMO, and a gene for
phosphinothricin acetyltransferase. The transgenic plants were
grown and sprayed with either CLARITY (dicamba) and LIBERTY
(glufosinate) herbicides alone or both as a tank mixture at an
application rate of 561 g/ha (0.5 lb/a) as a postemergence
treatment at V3 and evaluated for tolerance. The results shown in
the Table 9 indicate that transgenic plants carrying a transgene
for both glufosinate and dicamba are tolerant to either or both
herbicides.
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Transgenic soybean carrying a transgene for
both glufosinate and dicamba shows tolerance to either or both
herbicides. Rate % injury (15 DAT) Treatment gm ae/ha (Mean of 6
replications) UNTREATED 0 0.0 CHECK NE3001 LIBERTY 561 98.3 CLARITY
561 88.3 LIBERTY 561 CLARITY 561 98.3 UNTREATED 0 0.0 CHECK
469-13-19 LIBERTY 561 19.2 CLARITY 561 2.7 LIBERTY 561 25.0 CLARITY
561
Example 5
Production of Transgenic Soybean Having Dicamba, Glufosinate, and
Glyphosate Tolerances for Use in Cropping Systems for Managing
Weeds
[0137] A soybean transformation event comprising transgenes for
dicamba tolerance and glufosinate tolerance was produced by
transforming soybean according to Zhang et al. (1999) with a plant
transformation vector carrying a gene encoding DMO, and a gene for
phosphinothricin acetyltransferase. A soybean plant comprising this
event was crossed with a soybean plant comprising a transgenic
event produced as above carrying a gene specifying tolerance to
glyphosate. Plants comprising transgenic event (A19788) and
carrying genes for tolerance to all three herbicides were tested
for their tolerance to these herbicides, applied individually and
in combination. A wild type soybeans control (A3525, Asgrow) showed
80-83% injury at 14 DAT with Clarity and RWMax (Roundup
WeatherMAX), whereas Liberty and various tank mix combinations of
three herbicides caused greater than 95% injury. The transgenic
event showed less than 5% injury for Clarity, RWMax, or
Clarity+RWMax treatment. Injury was between 15% and 18% for
Liberty, Liberty+Clarity, or Liberty+Clarity+RWMax treatment.
Example 6
Use of Transgenic Soybean Having Dicamba and Glyphosate Tolerance
in Cropping Systems
[0138] In this example, use of dicamba and glyphosate tolerant
soybean in managing glyphosate tolerant or resistant weeds is
demonstrated. Transgenic seeds are planted using a four row planter
in 30'' rows in a field infested naturally with weeds disclosed
below. The plots are 25 feet long and replicated 3 times with the
center two rows sprayed and the outside rows left as running checks
(unsprayed, used to rate weed control). The plots are rated for
pre-emergence weed control compared to the ROUNDUP only plot. The
plots are rated for post-emergence weed control compared to the
running check 21 days after each post-emergence application. Injury
to the transgenic soybean is rated 7 days after each post-emergence
treatment. Plots are subjected to the treatments specified in Table
10. Treatments 11 through 14 are varied depending upon the target
weed species. POSTin treatment 11 and 12 refers to application on
3'' weeds and POST in treatment 13, 14 refers to application on 6''
weeds.
[0139] Herbicide rates are as follows unless otherwise noted in
Table 10: Roundup (Rup; Roundup WeatherMAX): 1.12 lbs ae/A;
Clarity: 16 oz/A; INTRRO: 2 qts/A; Authority First: 3 oz/A;
FirstRate: 0.3 oz/A; Scepter: 2.8 oz/A; Classic: 1.25 oz/A;
Boundary: 2.1 pints/A; Valor: 2 oz/A; Gangster: 1.8 oz/A; Synchrony
XP: 0.375 oz/A; Pursuit: 4 oz/A; Flexstar: 12 oz/A; Prowl H2O: 2
pts/A; Cobra 12.5: oz/A; Raptor: 4 oz/A. AMS at 2% w/w added to all
treatments containing Roundup. 3 WAT is 3 weeks after
treatment.
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Herbicide application regimes. PRE Early
POST (usually on 6''weed) Late POST (V5 to R1) 1) Roundup Roundup
on 6'' weeds Roundup (3 WAT) 2) Roundup Roundup + Clarity 3'' weeds
Roundup + Clarity 3) Roundup Roundup + Clarity 6'' weeds Roundup +
Clarity 4) Roundup Roundup + 4 oz Clarity 3'' weeds Roundup +
Clarity 5) Roundup Roundup + 4 oz Clarity 6'' weeds Roundup +
Clarity 6) Roundup + Clarity Roundup Roundup 7) Roundup + Clarity
Roundup + Clarity Roundup 8) Roundup + Clarity Roundup + Clarity
Roundup + Clarity 9) Roundup + Clarity Roundup Rup1.5 + Clarity1.5
10) Rup + Authority First Roundup Roundup 11) Treatment to
determine if .sup. weeds are resistant to .sup. ALS inhibiting
herbicides 12) Current commercial standard 13) Treatment 1 14)
Treatment 2
[0140] If the weed is a Palmer pigweed or waterhemp then treatments
11-14 are as follows: 11) Roundup+Classic PRE fb Pursuit POST; 12)
Roundup+Valor+2,4-D PRE fb Roundup+Cobra POST; 13) Roundup+INTRRO
PRE fb Roundup+Clarity POST; 14) Roundup+Prowl H2O PRE fb
Roundup+Clarity POST.
[0141] If the weed is a common or giant ragweed then treatments
11-14 are as follows: 11) Roundup+Scepter PRE fb FirstRate POST;
12) Roundup+FirstRate PRE fb Roundup+Flexstar POST; 13)
Roundup+FirstRate PRE fb Roundup+Clarity POST; 14) Roundup+Boundary
PRE fb Roundup+Clarity POST.
[0142] If the weed is lambsquarters or morningglory then treatments
11-14 are as follows: 11) Roundup+Scepter PRE fb Synchrony XP POST;
2) Roundup+FirstRate PRE fb Roundup+Raptor POST; 13) Roundup+Valor
PRE fb Roundup+Clarity POST; 14) Roundup+Gangster PRE fb
Roundup+Clarity POST.
[0143] If the weed is marestail then treatments 11-14 are as
follows: 11) Roundup+Classic PRE fb FirstRate POST; 12)
Roundup+Valor+2,4-D PRE fb Roundup+FirstRate POST; 13)
Roundup+Boundary+2,4-D PRE fb Roundup+Clarity POST; 14)
Roundup+Gangster+2,4-D PRE fb Roundup+Clarity POST.
[0144] It is expected that target weeds that are known to be
resistant to glyphosate will not be controlled well by glyphosate
alone. A mixture of glyphosate and dicamba is expected to provide
good control of broadleaf weeds that are resistant to glyphosate.
Treatments that include a pre-emergence herbicide at planting and a
mixture of glyphosate and dicamba post-emergence is expected to
provide good control of glyphosate resistant broadleaf weeds.
Example 7
Use of Dicamba for Treatment of Glyphosate-Resistant and Hard to
Control Weed Populations
[0145] In this example, use of dicamba tolerance in managing weeds
is demonstrated. Herbicide treatments are applied to homogeneous
well drained fields, preferably no till fields, having a uniform
population of weeds such as glyphosate resistant broadleaf weeds
and other tough-to-control broadleaf weeds such as pigweed sp.,
morningglory sp.,sesbania, sicklepod, prickly sida using a
randomized complete block design (RCBD) format with 3 replications
in several locations. The following treatments at the rate
indicated are applied prior to the emergence of the weeds. Weed
control rating by each species (i.e., % of control) are taken at 7
and 21 days after application to determine weed control.
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Treatments for control of weed populations.
Treatment Rate (lb/Ac) 1 Clarity 0.25 2 Clarity 0.5 3 Clarity 0.75
4 Clarity 1.0 5 Acetochlor 1.5 6 Clarity + Acetochlor 0.25 + 1.5 7
Clarity + Acetochlor 0.5 + 1.5 8 pendimethalin 0.825 9 Clarity +
0.25 + 0.825 pendimethalin 10 Clarity + 0.5 + 0.825 pendimethalin
11 Reflex 0.25 12 Clarity + 0.25 + 0.25 Reflex 13 Clarity + 0.5 +
0.25 Reflex 14 Untreated
[0146] Treatments as shown below in Table 12 may be applied after
weed emergence in fields having populations of target weeds such as
glypho sate resistant broadleaf weeds and other tough-to-control
broadleaf weeds such as pigweed sp., morningglory sp., sesbania,
sicklepod, prickly sida in an RCBD format with 3-4 replications in
several locations. The following treatments at the rate indicated
are applied when weeds are 4-8 inches tall. Weed control rating by
each species (i.e., % of control) at 10 and 21 DAT is noted to
estimate post emergence burndown of existing weeds and to determine
length of residual control.
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Additional exemplary herbicide treatment
regimes for hard to control weeds. Treatments Rate (lb/A) 1 Clarity
0.125 2 Clarity 0.25 3 Clarity 0.5 4 Clarity + 0.25 Roundup
WeatherMax 0.56 5 Clarity + 0.25 Roundup WeatherMax 0.75 6 Clarity
+ 0.25 Roundup WeatherMax 1.12 7 Clarity + 0.5 Roundup WeatherMax
0.75 8 Clarity + 0.25 Ignite 0.31 9 Clarity + 0.25 Ignite 0.42 10
Clarity + 0.25 Ignite 0.53 11 Roundup WeatherMax + 0.75 Ignite 0.21
12 Roundup WeatherMax + 0.375 Ignite 0.42 13 Roundup WeatherMax +
0.75 Ignite 0.42 14 Roundup WeatherMax + 0.75 Ignite + 0.42 Clarity
0.25 15 Nontreated
[0147] All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed
herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in
light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods
of this invention have been described in terms of preferred
embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that
variations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods and in
the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described
herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the
invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain
agents that are both chemically and physiologically related may be
substituted for the agents described herein while the same or
similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and
modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be
within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by
the appended claims.
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Sequence CWU 1
1
151441DNAArtificialSynthetic construct 1atg ata gag gtg aaa ccg att
aac gca gag gat acc tat gaa cta agg 48Met Ile Glu Val Lys Pro Ile
Asn Ala Glu Asp Thr Tyr Glu Leu Arg1 5 10 15cat aga ata ctc aga cca
aac cag ccg ata gaa gcg tgt atg ttt gaa 96His Arg Ile Leu Arg Pro
Asn Gln Pro Ile Glu Ala Cys Met Phe Glu 20 25 30agc gat tta ctt cgt
ggt gca ttt cac tta ggc ggc ttt tac agg ggc 144Ser Asp Leu Leu Arg
Gly Ala Phe His Leu Gly Gly Phe Tyr Arg Gly 35 40 45aaa ctg att tcc
ata gct tca ttc cac cag gcc gag cac tcg gaa ctc 192Lys Leu Ile Ser
Ile Ala Ser Phe His Gln Ala Glu His Ser Glu Leu 50 55 60caa ggc cag
aaa cag tac cag ctc cga ggt atg gct acc ttg gaa ggt 240Gln Gly Gln
Lys Gln Tyr Gln Leu Arg Gly Met Ala Thr Leu Glu Gly65 70 75 80tat
cgt gag cag aaa gcg gga tca act cta gtt aaa cac gct gaa gaa 288Tyr
Arg Glu Gln Lys Ala Gly Ser Thr Leu Val Lys His Ala Glu Glu 85 90
95atc ctt cgt aag agg ggg gcg gac atg ctt tgg tgt aat gcg agg aca
336Ile Leu Arg Lys Arg Gly Ala Asp Met Leu Trp Cys Asn Ala Arg Thr
100 105 110tcc gcc tca ggc tac tac aaa aag tta ggc ttc agc gag cag
gga gag 384Ser Ala Ser Gly Tyr Tyr Lys Lys Leu Gly Phe Ser Glu Gln
Gly Glu 115 120 125ata ttt gac acg ccg cca gta gga cct cac atc ctg
atg tat aaa agg 432Ile Phe Asp Thr Pro Pro Val Gly Pro His Ile Leu
Met Tyr Lys Arg 130 135 140atc aca taa 441Ile
Thr1452146PRTArtificialSynthetic Construct 2Met Ile Glu Val Lys Pro
Ile Asn Ala Glu Asp Thr Tyr Glu Leu Arg1 5 10 15His Arg Ile Leu Arg
Pro Asn Gln Pro Ile Glu Ala Cys Met Phe Glu 20 25 30Ser Asp Leu Leu
Arg Gly Ala Phe His Leu Gly Gly Phe Tyr Arg Gly 35 40 45Lys Leu Ile
Ser Ile Ala Ser Phe His Gln Ala Glu His Ser Glu Leu 50 55 60Gln Gly
Gln Lys Gln Tyr Gln Leu Arg Gly Met Ala Thr Leu Glu Gly65 70 75
80Tyr Arg Glu Gln Lys Ala Gly Ser Thr Leu Val Lys His Ala Glu Glu
85 90 95Ile Leu Arg Lys Arg Gly Ala Asp Met Leu Trp Cys Asn Ala Arg
Thr 100 105 110Ser Ala Ser Gly Tyr Tyr Lys Lys Leu Gly Phe Ser Glu
Gln Gly Glu 115 120 125Ile Phe Asp Thr Pro Pro Val Gly Pro His Ile
Leu Met Tyr Lys Arg 130 135 140Ile Thr145357PRTPisum sativum 3Met
Ala Ser Met Ile Ser Ser Ser Ala Val Thr Thr Val Ser Arg Ala1 5 10
15Ser Arg Gly Gln Ser Ala Ala Met Ala Pro Phe Gly Gly Leu Lys Ser
20 25 30Met Thr Gly Phe Pro Val Arg Lys Val Asn Thr Asp Ile Thr Ser
Ile 35 40 45Thr Ser Asn Gly Gly Arg Val Lys Cys 50
55485PRTArabidopsis thaliana 4Met Ala Ser Ser Met Leu Ser Ser Ala
Thr Met Val Ala Ser Pro Ala1 5 10 15Gln Ala Thr Met Val Ala Pro Phe
Asn Gly Leu Lys Ser Ser Ala Ala 20 25 30Phe Pro Ala Thr Arg Lys Ala
Asn Asn Asp Ile Thr Ser Ile Thr Ser 35 40 45Asn Gly Gly Arg Val Asn
Cys Met Gln Val Trp Pro Pro Ile Glu Lys 50 55 60Lys Lys Phe Glu Thr
Leu Ser Tyr Leu Pro Asp Leu Thr Asp Ser Gly65 70 75 80Gly Arg Val
Asn Cys 85576PRTArabidopsis thaliana 5Met Ala Gln Val Ser Arg Ile
Cys Asn Gly Val Gln Asn Pro Ser Leu1 5 10 15Ile Ser Asn Leu Ser Lys
Ser Ser Gln Arg Lys Ser Pro Leu Ser Val 20 25 30Ser Leu Lys Thr Gln
Gln His Pro Arg Ala Tyr Pro Ile Ser Ser Ser 35 40 45Trp Gly Leu Lys
Lys Ser Gly Met Thr Leu Ile Gly Ser Glu Leu Arg 50 55 60Pro Leu Lys
Val Met Ser Ser Val Ser Thr Ala Cys65 70 75676PRTArabidopsis
thaliana 6Met Ala Gln Val Ser Arg Ile Cys Asn Gly Val Gln Asn Pro
Ser Leu1 5 10 15Ile Ser Asn Leu Ser Lys Ser Ser Gln Arg Lys Ser Pro
Leu Ser Val 20 25 30Ser Leu Lys Thr Gln Gln His Pro Arg Ala Tyr Pro
Ile Ser Ser Ser 35 40 45Trp Gly Leu Lys Lys Ser Gly Met Thr Leu Ile
Gly Ser Glu Leu Arg 50 55 60Pro Leu Lys Val Met Ser Ser Val Ser Thr
Ala Cys65 70 75772PRTPetunia hybrida 7Met Ala Gln Ile Asn Asn Met
Ala Gln Gly Ile Gln Thr Leu Asn Pro1 5 10 15Asn Ser Asn Phe His Lys
Pro Gln Val Pro Lys Ser Ser Ser Phe Leu 20 25 30Val Phe Gly Ser Lys
Lys Leu Lys Asn Ser Ala Asn Ser Met Leu Val 35 40 45Leu Lys Lys Asp
Ser Ile Phe Met Gln Lys Phe Cys Ser Phe Arg Ile 50 55 60Ser Ala Ser
Val Ala Thr Ala Cys65 70869PRTTriticum aestivum 8Met Ala Ala Leu
Val Thr Ser Gln Leu Ala Thr Ser Gly Thr Val Leu1 5 10 15Ser Val Thr
Asp Arg Phe Arg Arg Pro Gly Phe Gln Gly Leu Arg Pro 20 25 30Arg Asn
Pro Ala Asp Ala Ala Leu Gly Met Arg Thr Val Gly Ala Ser 35 40 45Ala
Ala Pro Lys Gln Ser Arg Lys Pro His Arg Phe Asp Arg Arg Cys 50 55
60Leu Ser Met Val Val659171DNAPisum sativum 9atggcttcta tgatatcctc
ttccgctgtg acaacagtca gccgtgcctc tagggggcaa 60tccgccgcaa tggctccatt
cggcggcctc aaatccatga ctggattccc agtgaggaag 120gtcaacactg
acattacttc cattacaagc aatggtggaa gagtaaagtg c
17110255DNAArabidopsis thaliana 10atggcttcct ctatgctctc ttccgctact
atggttgcct ctccggctca ggccactatg 60gtcgctcctt tcaacggact taagtcctcc
gctgccttcc cagccacccg caaggctaac 120aacgacatta cttccatcac
aagcaacggc ggaagagtta actgtatgca ggtgtggcct 180ccgattgaaa
agaagaagtt tgagactctc tcttaccttc ctgaccttac cgattccggt
240ggtcgcgtca actgc 25511228DNAArabidopsis thaliana 11atggcgcaag
ttagcagaat ctgcaatggt gtgcagaacc catctcttat ctccaatctc 60tcgaaatcca
gtcaacgcaa atctccctta tcggtttctc tgaagacgca gcagcatcca
120cgagcttatc cgatttcgtc gtcgtgggga ttgaagaaga gtgggatgac
gttaattggc 180tctgagcttc gtcctcttaa ggtcatgtct tctgtttcca cggcgtgc
22812228DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic primer 12atggcgcaag
ttagcagaat ctgcaatggt gtgcagaacc catctcttat ctccaatctc 60tcgaaatcca
gtcaacgcaa atctccctta tcggtttctc tgaagacgca gcagcatcca
120cgagcttatc cgatttcgtc gtcgtgggga ttgaagaaga gtgggatgac
gttaattggc 180tctgagcttc gtcctcttaa ggtcatgtct tctgtttcca cggcgtgc
22813216DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic primer 13atggcccaga
tcaacaacat ggcccagggc atccagaccc tgaaccctaa ctctaacttc 60cacaagccgc
aagtgcccaa gtctagctcc ttcctcgtgt tcggctccaa gaagctcaag
120aatagcgcca attccatgct ggtcctgaag aaagactcga tcttcatgca
gaagttctgc 180tcctttcgca tcagtgcttc ggttgcgact gcctgc
21614207DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic primer 14atggcggcac
tggtgacctc ccagctcgcg acaagcggca ccgtcctgtc ggtgacggac 60cgcttccggc
gtcccggctt ccagggactg aggccacgga acccagccga tgccgctctc
120gggatgagga cggtgggcgc gtccgcggct cccaagcaga gcaggaagcc
acaccgtttc 180gaccgccggt gcttgagcat ggtcgtc
20715433DNAArtificialSynthetic primer 15agatcttgag ccaatcaaag
aggagtgatg tagacctaaa gcaataatgg agccatgacg 60taagggctta cgcccatacg
aaataattaa aggctgatgt gacctgtcgg tctctcagaa 120cctttacttt
ttatgtttgg cgtgtatttt taaatttcca cggcaatgac gatgtgaccc
180aacgagatct tgagccaatc aaagaggagt gatgtagacc taaagcaata
atggagccat 240gacgtaaggg cttacgccca tacgaaataa ttaaaggctg
atgtgacctg tcggtctctc 300agaaccttta ctttttatat ttggcgtgta
tttttaaatt tccacggcaa tgacgatgtg 360acctgtgcat ccgctttgcc
tataaataag ttttagtttg tattgatcga cacggtcgag 420aagacacggc cat
433
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References