U.S. patent application number 13/151045 was filed with the patent office on 2011-09-29 for method and system to search objects in published literature for information discovery tasks.
This patent application is currently assigned to Proquest LLC. Invention is credited to Matthew Dunie, Craig W. Emerson.
Application Number | 20110238669 13/151045 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 38198186 |
Filed Date | 2011-09-29 |
United States Patent
Application |
20110238669 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Dunie; Matthew ; et
al. |
September 29, 2011 |
METHOD AND SYSTEM TO SEARCH OBJECTS IN PUBLISHED LITERATURE FOR
INFORMATION DISCOVERY TASKS
Abstract
The present invention relates to the identification, extraction,
linking, storage and provisioning of data that constitute the
captioned components of published or "print ready" literature for
computerized information discovery activities including search,
browse and data mining. These components, or objects, include the
tabular presentation of data ("tables") and graphics such as
"figures", "images" and "illustrations" typically used to
supplement the textual narrative of the publication.
Inventors: |
Dunie; Matthew; (Great
Falls, VA) ; Emerson; Craig W.; (Lothian,
MD) |
Assignee: |
Proquest LLC
Ann Arbor
MI
|
Family ID: |
38198186 |
Appl. No.: |
13/151045 |
Filed: |
June 1, 2011 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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12816652 |
Jun 16, 2010 |
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13151045 |
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11717123 |
Mar 13, 2007 |
7765199 |
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12816652 |
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60783459 |
Mar 17, 2006 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
707/741 ;
707/769; 707/792; 707/E17.002; 707/E17.069 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G06F 16/5854 20190101;
G06F 16/93 20190101; G06F 16/33 20190101; G06F 16/58 20190101 |
Class at
Publication: |
707/741 ;
707/792; 707/769; 707/E17.002; 707/E17.069 |
International
Class: |
G06F 17/30 20060101
G06F017/30 |
Claims
1-68. (canceled)
69. A system for processing information from a plurality of objects
contained in a plurality of documents, the system comprising: an
objects content processing system including a processor to extract
data from the plurality of objects; an image repository system
including computer readable media that stores object images and
images of the plurality of documents; and an index that stores data
extracted from the plurality of objects, associations between the
plurality of objects, and index descriptors assigned to each of the
plurality of objects.
70. A system as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a first
interface that receives queries to search the index for extracted
data responsive to each of the queries.
71. A system as claimed in claim 2, further comprising a second
interface that displays objects and objects in response to a
request.
72. A system as claimed in claim 3, wherein the objects content
processing system further includes a computer program that links
each of the plurality of objects with a respective one of the
plurality of documents.
73. A system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the objects content
processing system further includes a user interface for accessing
data extracted from the plurality of objects and links between the
plurality of objects with a respective one of the plurality of
documents.
74. A system as claimed in claim 5, wherein the user interface is
adapted to allow for indexing the plurality of objects based on the
data extracted from the plurality of objects.
75. A system as claimed in claim 5, wherein the objects content
processing system further includes a computer program that indexes
the plurality of objects based on data extracted from the plurality
of objects.
76. A method of identifying information in a database responsive to
a query from a user, the database containing information regarding
a plurality of documents, at least some of the plurality of
documents containing objects, containing extracted information
regarding the objects, and containing assigned index descriptors
relating to the information contained in the objects, the method
comprising: receiving the query from the user; accessing the
database in response to the query; determining whether any objects
are responsive to the query; and transmitting information regarding
the responsive objects to the user.
Description
RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application No. 60/783,459 filed Mar. 17, 2006 entitled "Method and
System to Index Captioned Objects in Published Literature for
Information Discovery Tasks," the disclosure of which also is
entirely incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND
[0002] 1. Field
[0003] The present invention relates generally to automatic
information capture techniques and, more particularly to the
secondary publishing (or, abstracting and indexing) industry.
[0004] 2. Background
[0005] Captioned components such as figures and tables represent
the distilled essence of research communicated in academic
articles. Although the marginalia surrounding these displays of
data is useful, researchers are eager to view the actual data
collected, observed, or modeled to determine the article's
relevance to their work. Raw data sets are usually unavailable, but
the processed data displayed in figures and tables are as, or even
more, valuable.
[0006] The primary objective of a literature search is to find
articles containing information most relevant to researchers'
interests. Neither traditional article-level indexing provided by
standard Abstracting & Indexing (A & I) services, nor
full-text indexing whereby all text within a document is indexed,
can restrict a result set to only those publications which contain
data of interest.
[0007] For one reason, many key variables are excluded from
traditional A&I searches because, although discretely
important, they are generally not reflected in the more general
nature of the author's abstract or the article title, traditional
grist for the A&I indexing mill. Also, variables can be hidden
from full-text searches because critical text within figures and
tables is actually part of an image file which is not indexed (and
made searchable) in full-text search systems. Web harvesters (e.g.
Google) do not distil text from images. Furthermore, variables are
`diluted` in full-text indexes because many matches are peripheral;
i.e., the variable of interest appears as an indirect reference
(e.g. in a literature reference cited within an article). As a
result, the identified article may not actually contain a figure or
table including that particular variable.
[0008] A secondary objective of a literature search has been more
intractable--and arguably more valuable. Any variable appearing in
a figure or table within an article can be searched and linked to
other studies examining the same variable. Traditional A&I
services are adequate tools to help answer research questions, but
there remains a need for indexing other information such as, for
example, tables and figures that goes further. By revealing data
links in studies across disciplines, new avenues of research can be
illuminated.
SUMMARY
[0009] It is understood that other embodiments of the present
invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art
from the following detailed description, wherein it is shown and
described only various embodiments of the invention by way of
illustration. As will be realized, the invention is capable of
other and different embodiments and its several details are capable
of modification in various other respects, all without departing
from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly,
the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as
illustrative in nature and not as restrictive.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] Various aspects of a system for indexing and locating
captioned objects is illustrated by way of example, and not by way
of limitation, in the accompanying drawings, wherein:
[0011] FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate an exemplary document having a
captioned object along with a detailed view of the captioned
object;
[0012] FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate another exemplary document having
a captioned object along with a detailed view of that captioned
object;
[0013] FIG. 2C illustrates an exemplary section of a document
referencing a captioned object;
[0014] FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary computer system on which an
embodiment of the present invention may be implemented;
[0015] FIG. 4 depicts a flowchart of an exemplary algorithm of
indexing captioned objects according to the principles of the
present invention;
[0016] FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary extraction rule;
[0017] FIG. 6 depicts an exemplary system for extracting, indexing,
searching and retrieving captioned objects in accordance with the
principles of the present invention;
[0018] FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary extracted object as XML;
[0019] FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary editorial screen for
extracting information about captioned objects in accordance with
the principles of the present invention;
[0020] FIG. 9 graphically depicts an association between related
objects and abstracts;
[0021] FIG. 10 provides a table that illustrates relationships
between objects, attributes, and abstracts that are identifiable
according to the principles of the present invention;
[0022] FIGS. 11A-11E depict exemplary interface screen shots of a
search application involving captioned objects;
[0023] FIGS. 12A and 12B depict exemplary interface screen shots of
another search application;
[0024] FIGS. 13A-13I depict exemplary captioned objects that may be
used in different embodiments of the present invention to provide
advantages over merely textual abstracting and indexing; and
[0025] FIGS. 14A-14E depict exemplary interface screen shots of
another search application involving captioned objects, including
an enhanced abstract.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0026] The detailed description set forth below in connection with
the appended drawings is intended as a description of various
embodiments of the invention and is not intended to represent the
only embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. The
detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of
providing a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it
will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention may
be practiced without these specific details. In some instances,
well known structures and components are shown in block diagram
form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the invention. In
particular, exemplary embodiments are provided below that
specifically describe camera-ready or printed documents. Such
specifics are for illustrative purposes only and one of ordinary
skill will recognize that documents of various, different formats
may be used without departing from the scope of the present
invention.
Captioned Objects in Published Research
[0027] FIG. 1A is an illustration of a print or camera-ready
document from which captioned objects may be extracted by
embodiments of the present invention. As described herein, a print
or camera-ready document is a document which is already in a
printed publication, or shortly going to be made available for
dissemination via a publication. For the purposes of exposition,
and without loss of the wider contexts in which this invention is
intended to serve, these documents are assumed to contain scholarly
content meant for dissemination to a wider audience of researchers,
and will be referred to as "research articles". The print-ready
articles may be associated with a traditional paper-based
publication, or be available via an "e journal". Regardless of the
channel in which the articles have been, or will be, disseminated,
these research articles contain several distinct components that
are recognized in the art. In the abstracting, indexing and search
context, these components are commonly referred to in the art as
"citation" information (for example, "title", "author(s)",
"publication", "volume", "issue", "page numbers") that can uniquely
identify the article and its associated publication, an "abstract"
(a short section of text that summarizes the document), the
"full-text" (the main body of the document) and "cited references"
(references to other articles used by the authors(s) in the
article). An abstract may be provided by the author(s), or an
abstract may be written by a third-party such as an abstracting and
indexing service, or other secondary publisher.
[0028] Within the full-text, the author's exposition may require
the provision of information that cannot be concisely conveyed
using a textual narrative. This is especially true in the
presentation of research studies, where a textual
exposition/explanation of numeric data and statistical results may
be cumbersome. In these circumstances, authors may present the
desired information in the form of distinct components or objects
placed within the full-text and make references to these objects in
the textual narrative. In the art, these components are commonly
referred to as "tables" and "figures". A table is a row and column
presentation of data that may be presented without there being a
trend or pattern of relationship between sets of data values. A
figure is a visual presentation of results, including graphs,
charts, diagrams, photos, drawings, schematics, maps, etc.
According to the conventions of written communication, content such
as tables and figures are distinct entities in of themselves and
typically contain a caption that consists of a referential label
(e.g., "FIG. 1", "FIG. 4", etc.) and a description (e.g., "Vitamin
E concentrations in fish eggs and muscle tissue" or "The effect of
dietary rapeseed oil (a) and dietary vitamin E and copper (b) on
Fe.sup.2+-induced lipid oxidation of pig liver."). Of particular
interest to the present description are these captioned objects or
components found in print-ready articles.
[0029] According to FIG. 1A, the full-text of an article 100
commences on Page 1 102 (after the title, author and abstract
sections) and continues to page 10 104 (which includes the
commencement of the citations). The full-text consists of the
textual narrative, arranged in two columns and two captioned
objects. Of the visible pages depicted, Pages 2 and 8 contain
objects 106, 108 pertaining to one or more embodiments of the
present invention.
[0030] FIG. 1B depicts an exploded view of one of the objects 108
on page 8. According to the illustration, this object denoted by
the authors as "FIG. 2" comprises a caption and two line graphs.
The line graphs in the object also contain information of interest
to researchers in the axes labels such as the measurement units of
the variables depicted. In addition to the labels, there are also
various legends associated with the different axes. This valuable
information which is the focus of the present invention is not
captured by indexing or search systems in the prior art.
[0031] FIG. 2A illustrates another exemplary full-text article 200
along with FIG. 2B that depicts an exploded view of one of the
objects 204 of the article that occurs on Page 3 202. According to
the illustration, the object to be identified and extracted is what
is described in the art as a `table` which in this specific
instance summarizes Vitamin E concentration in fish eggs and muscle
tissue data arranged in rows with data elements. FIG. 2C depicts an
exploded view 208 of a section of Page 2 206 where the first
reference 210 to this object 204 is made by the authors in the
full-text of the article specifically the paragraph beginning with
"Vitamin E in Fish Tissues." Comparing the contents of this
paragraph of referential text with that of the captioned object
(table), it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the
information content of the table object is far richer than the
summary provided by the author within the full-text For example,
specific tissues are detailed in the object (e.g., gonad vs. muscle
vs. spleen, etc.) but not in the summary. Moreover, vitamin E
concentrations of live and commercial fish feed are displayed in
the object, but are absent from the summary.
Hardware Overview
[0032] FIG. 3 is a block diagram that illustrates a computer system
300 upon which an embodiment of the invention may be implemented.
Computer system 300 includes a bus 302 or other communication
mechanism for communicating information, and a processor 304
coupled with bus 302 for processing information. Computer system
300 also includes a main memory 306, such as a random access memory
(RAM) or other dynamic storage device, coupled to bus 302 for
storing information and instructions to be executed by processor
304. Main memory 306 may also be used for storing temporary
variables or other intermediate information during execution of
instructions to be executed by processor 304. Computer system 300
further includes a read only memory (ROM) 308 or other static
storage device coupled to bus 302 for storing static information
and instructions for processor 304. A storage device 310, such as a
magnetic disk or optical disk, is provided and coupled to bus 302
for storing information and instructions.
[0033] Computer system 300 may be coupled via bus 302 to a display
312, such as a cathode ray tube (CRT), for displaying information
to a computer user. An input device 314, including alphanumeric and
other keys, is coupled to bus 302 for communicating information and
command selections to processor 304. Another type of user input
device is cursor control 316, such as a mouse, a trackball, or
cursor direction keys for communicating direction information and
command selections to processor 304 and for controlling cursor
movement on display 312. This input device typically has two
degrees of freedom in two axes, a first axis (e.g., x) and a second
axis (e.g., y), that allows the device to specify positions in a
plane.
[0034] Computer system 300 operates in response to processor 304
executing one or more sequences of one or more instructions
contained in main memory 306. Such instructions may be read into
main memory 306 from another computer-readable medium, such as
storage device 310. Execution of the sequences of instructions
contained in main memory 306 causes processor 304 to perform the
process steps described herein. In alternative embodiments,
hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with
software instructions to implement the invention. Thus, embodiments
of the invention are not limited to any specific combination of
hardware circuitry and software.
[0035] The term "computer-readable medium" as used herein refers to
any medium that participates in providing instructions to processor
304 for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including but
not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and
transmission media. Non-volatile media includes, for example,
optical or magnetic disks, such as storage device 310. Volatile
media includes dynamic memory, such as main memory 306.
Transmission media includes coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber
optics, including the wires that comprise bus 302. Transmission
media can also take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as
those generated during radio-wave and infra-red data
communications.
[0036] Common forms of computer-readable media include, for
example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape,
or any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, any other optical medium,
punchcards, papertape, any other physical medium with patterns of
holes, a RAM, a PROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory
chip or cartridge, a carrier wave as described hereinafter, or any
other medium from which a computer can read.
[0037] Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in
carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to
processor 304 for execution. For example, the instructions may
initially be carried on a magnetic disk of a remote computer. The
remote computer can load the instructions into its dynamic memory
and send the instructions over a telephone line using a modem. A
modem local to computer system 300 can receive the data on the
telephone line and use an infra-red transmitter to convert the data
to an infra-red signal. An infra-red detector can receive the data
carried in the infra-red signal and appropriate circuitry can place
the data on bus 302. Bus 302 carries the data to main memory 306,
from which processor 304 retrieves and executes the instructions.
The instructions received by main memory 306 may optionally be
stored on storage device 310 either before or after execution by
processor 304.
[0038] Computer system 300 also includes a communication interface
318 coupled to bus 302. Communication interface 318 provides a
two-way data communication coupling to a network link 320 that is
connected to a local network 322. For example, communication
interface 318 may be an integrated services digital network (ISDN)
card or a modem to provide a data communication connection to a
corresponding type of telephone line. As another example,
communication interface 318 may be a local area network (LAN) card
to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN.
Wireless links may also be implemented. In any such implementation,
communication interface 318 sends and receives electrical,
electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams
representing various types of information.
[0039] Network link 320 typically provides data communication
through one or more networks to other data devices. For example,
network link 320 may provide a connection through local network 322
to a host computer 324 or to data equipment operated by an Internet
Service Provider (ISP) 326. ISP 326 in turn provides data
communication services through the world wide packet data
communication network now commonly referred to as the "Internet"
328. Local network 322 and Internet 328 both use electrical,
electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams.
The signals through the various networks and the signals on network
link 320 and through communication interface 318, which carry the
digital data to and from computer system 300, are exemplary forms
of carrier waves transporting the information.
[0040] Computer system 300 can send messages and receive data,
including program code, through the network(s), network link 320
and communication interface 318. In the Internet example, a server
330 might transmit a requested code for an application program
through Internet 328, ISP 326, local network 322 and communication
interface 318. The received code may be executed by processor 304
as it is received, and/or stored in storage device 310, or other
non-volatile storage for later execution. In this manner, computer
system 300 may obtain application code in the form of a carrier
wave.
[0041] Thus, two or more computers may be used to provide the full
functionality of the present invention using networked or connected
computer systems. For example, the input and output devices used by
a computer user to communicate instructions and view information
may be located on another computer system. When the two computer
systems are connected via the Internet, a computer user on the
other computer system may output in a local web-browser and can
communicate instructions to the computer application on computer
system 300 using a local input device such as the user's keyboard.
The user's instructions are transmitted through the network,
received by communications interface and transferred to processor
internally via the bus.
[0042] Thus, embodiments of the present invention may be
implemented as one or more modules, routines, or applications that
are executed by the computer systems of FIG. 300. One of ordinary
skill will recognize that the software, regardless of it specific
structure, may be stored on a variety of different media and when
executed, causes the computer platform to operate as
programmed.
Extracting, Linking, Indexing and Storing Captioned Objects
[0043] FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating the steps performed in
extracting, linking, indexing and storing an object record for
information discovery tasks according to an embodiment of the
present invention, starting with step S410. At step S415, a
print-ready article is loaded and readied for extraction. This step
may include the retrieval of a batch of full-text articles from a
publisher and splitting into individual articles or full-text
components. Alternatively, this step may include using a `crawler`
to fetch components of a full-text article and storing the
components locally. This technique may be applied to full-text
articles that are available in mark-up language such as HTML that
supports embedded resource links.
[0044] At step S420, extraction rules are applied to the full-text
record. The extraction rules specify the type of captioned
components to be identified and extracted, as well as the
attributes and optionally attribute values that need to be
extracted. According to a preferred embodiment, the extraction
rules are specified for all captioned objects in the full-text.
Generally speaking however, the objects to be extracted and their
attributes are dictated by externally defined business requirements
such as the intended information discovery use to which the
extracted objects are to service, or even the intended audience.
For example, the construction of a "map image" database may require
only maps and their attributes be extracted from the full-text
record. Likewise, the extraction rules may be specific to a
particular publisher, journal, or file format (e.g., PDF vs. HTML
vs. XML), or to a combination of these factors. The extraction
rules may also specify attributes associated with the full-text of
the article to be captured. According to a preferred embodiment,
one such full-text attribute is the "Reference Text" such as 210,
which is the fragment of the full-text that contains the reference
to the to-be-extracted object. In another embodiment, the sequence
of objects as they occur within the full-text is collected.
[0045] The extraction rules may also specify how the identified
objects are to be labeled or tagged for future reference within the
system. Assignment of "object ids" is advantageous, since the
object id is typically the key which is used to store and retrieve
the object record from the database repository.
[0046] Step S425 is a decision point where the success of the
extraction is evaluated. Generally speaking, this step is a quality
control point that prevents problems in extraction cascading
`downstream`. For example, an error condition may be flagged if the
full-text makes reference to `Table 6` and the extraction routine
does not identify this object. A failure condition (`No`) leads to
extraction error handling Step S460. At Step S460, the cause of the
failure is identified. Fixable failures such as those stemming from
data format changes (e.g., a a change in the XML schema) are
reprocessed through Step S415, whereas corrupt or mal-formed
records follow the Reject step 465. The rejection step may include
communicating the identified rejected record and the reason for
rejection back to the primary provider and submission of a request
for a resubmission of the record.
[0047] The success condition at Step S425 may be based on
deterministic rules or may be according to probabilistic success
thresholds for the extracted objects and the list of attributes
specified for extraction. The error condition described previously
is an example of a deterministic rule. An example of a
probabilistic success threshold relates to object extraction from
an image file of the full-text. In this instance, locating the span
of the object within the image file may be performed with a degree
of certainty that does not fall within acceptable success
thresholds.
[0048] Step S430 is a collation step where a number of different
records, often from disparate sources, have to be readied prior to
linking. According to one embodiment of the present invention,
these records that need to be ready and accessible may include the
`Abstract` record and the source (or publication/publisher
information) record.
[0049] Step S435 links the extracted object records to the
corresponding abstract and source records. At the completion of
this step, each extracted object record may be associated with an
abstract record, the original full-text record and the source
record from which the object was extracted. The source record may
contain information about the article's access rights and the time
when access may be granted to the public. At this linking step,
these source-based attributes are associated with, or transferred
to, the object record. The source attributes may include access
rights which may differ by publisher. In other words, extracted
objects from a publisher may have the same access rights as the
full-text records, whereas access rights for objects from another
publisher may have differing access rights than the full-text
records from that publisher.
[0050] Step S440 is a quality control decision point, similar to
S425, where the outcome of the linking step S435 is evaluated. The
error handling step S470 determines the cause of the linking
failure and may result in a reprocessing of the linking step, or an
outright rejection of the object records.
[0051] Indexing step S445 follows a successful linking operation.
In general, this step constitutes the editorial functions
comprising the steps of: validation of extraction and linking
steps, assignment of search/browse attribute values, assignment of
subject specific descriptors, and authority control tasks such as
spelling and name normalization. Step S447 is the final decision
point, where the fully created object record, its attributes and
assigned attributes are verified to be suitable for addition to the
objects repository. Records that do not meet the passing conditions
are rejected and may be attached to appropriate error resolution
processes after which the record may be re-inserted at the
appropriate process point described previously.
[0052] At Step S450, the fully constructed object record is stored
in an objects data repository from where it may be packaged or
repurposed for specific information discovery tasks including
retrospective searching, alerting systems and browsing. The nature
of the associations created within the object record, amongst
objects records and between the objects, abstracts and full-text
are discussed in detail below. In general, objects may be
associated with each other according to the existence of a specific
attribute (e.g., "Figure") or specific attribute value (Image
type="Map") that is identified by extraction step S420 or assigned
at indexing step S445. Specified attributes may be multiply
occurring. For example, the attribute INDEX TERM may contain the
two values "Sediment Slurries" and "Salinity". Furthermore, objects
may be bi-directionally linked to the corresponding abstract record
and full-text record. The bi-directional linkages facilitate
retrieval modalities using both the full-text/abstract as the
"base" and the indexed object themselves. In other words, a search
and retrieval system may be designed to allow users to search for
full-texts and/or abstracts and then communicate the object records
associated with each retrieved full-text or abstract record.
Alternatively, the search system may allow a user to search or
browse a repository of objects and then find or view the associated
abstract or full-text records.
[0053] While the foregoing discussion specifies a method of
indexing a set of objects from a single full-text article, it must
be appreciated that in a production operation, an objects
extraction system must be designed to address issues of scale and
be readily deployed to leverage existing A&I work-flows and
data flows that are not "objects" focused, but rather full-text and
abstracts focused.
Objects Content Processing System
[0054] FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a scalable content processing
system 600 that may be implemented on computer system 300 for
objects extraction, linking, indexing and storage to support an
objects-enhanced search/browse service 680 that, in conjunction
with a user-interface, facilitates the matching of user queries
against a stored index, displays search results and retrieves
documents or document components for display to the user. For the
purposes of exposition, and without loss of the full inventive
nature of the specified method, this section will make references
to full-text article 100 and full-text article 200 which may be
articles from which objects may be extracted using the method
described in FIG. 4.
[0055] Object Loader 610 is the input sub-system of objects content
processing system 600 and is designed to retrieve or accept
disparate full-text sources or `feeds` and create a standardized
output for Object Extractor 620. The Object Loader may in turn
comprise one or more interfaces 612, 614, 616, 618 where each
interface handles a specific type of full-text feed.
[0056] According to a preferred embodiment, a software interface is
created based on the electronic media format or "content type" that
print-ready documents are received in. According to the
illustration depicted, HTML interface 612 accepts full-text feeds
from full-text content repositories that are stored in HTML format.
XML interface 614 processes print-ready records which are available
in XML format, PDF interface 616 for print-ready records available
in PDF (Portable Document Format) and so on. According to the
illustration depicted, print-ready article 100 is supplied to the
content processing system as an XML document while print-ready
article 200 is supplied in PDF format.
[0057] In another embodiment, interfaces may be designed by the
primary publisher or in another embodiment by publisher/media type
combinations. This componentized approach allows the addition of
new interfaces to support new media formats without requiring major
modifications to other components of the content processing system
600. For example, the addition of print-ready documents supplied in
a proprietary typesetting media format merely requires the creation
of a new interface that may be attached to Object Loader 610.
[0058] Each content type interface may contain one or more software
packages that are required to perform the extraction of objects
from that specific content type. For the HTML interface an HTML
parser may be employed. Similarly, for XML documents an XML parser
and a style-sheet processor may be readied and used. PDF documents
may require a PDF reader that extracts text and identifies the
location of objects in the file. For scanned or bit-mapped
documents (e.g., TIFF files) an OCR (Optical Character Recognition)
package may be used to recognize and extract both text and
images.
[0059] Object extractor module 620 processes a print-ready article
according to the specific extraction rules 625 specified for the
media-type and/or content source.
[0060] FIG. 5 is an illustration of an extraction rules
configuration that may be applied to a specific document (or, set
of documents). This illustration relates to extraction from PDF
source documents. The depicted configuration is evaluated by
extraction step S420 (see flowchart of FIG. 4) prior to the actual
processing of the document. Stepping through the configuration, the
first extraction rule specifies that only objects that are
`Figures` are to be extracted. In other words, if a table is
encountered in the extraction process, it will be ignored. The
configuration next specifies that the caption text for the
specified objects (in this case, figure objects) is to be
identified and extracted, as well as the size of the object. The
extraction rules further specify that in-text references and their
page numbers are to be captured. The final rule specifies that the
captured object need not be passed on for OCR recognition because
extraction of other information from the object is to be performed
manually, or due to other business specifications.
[0061] Object Loader 620 and Object Extractor 620 sub-systems may
be controlled by a Scheduler supervisory system 627 that performs
scheduled invocations of these sub-systems according to
pre-configured business and/or operational rules. Periodicity of
publisher updates is one such business rule. For example, Publisher
A may make print-ready articles available on a monthly basis,
whereas Publisher B may provide this content on a bi-monthly basis.
Alternatively, an electronic journal may provide newly published
articles on a daily basis. In similar fashion, on the operational
side, Scheduler sub-system 627 may be configured to remove,
compress or archive previously processed print-ready feeds.
[0062] FIG. 7 is an illustration of the output of Object Extractor
620 for a single object within a print-ready article that may be
processed by the objects content processing system. According to
one embodiment, the format of the output may be specified in
extraction rules repository 625. According to the illustration
depicted, this output format configuration parameter has been set
to XML and includes a number of predetermined attributes for which
values will be extracted. According to another embodiment, this
output may be in plain ASCII format. In another embodiment,
file-based output may be deactivated altogether in favor of a
computationally efficient in-memory data-structure or software
object. Additionally, the output rules may specify additional
transformations to the extracted data based on requirements of
display services 685. For example, uniform size thumbnail images of
extracted images may be generated for display to the user.
Similarly, extracted tables from documents in HTML format may be
converted to images (e.g., JPEG or GIF) for uniformity in display
size based on the limitation of output screen area size in the user
interface.
[0063] The illustrated XML 700 encapsulates the specified
attributes and attribute values for a specific content source.
These information components include an in-article object reference
("FIG. 2") 702, the type of object extracted ("Figure") 704, the
source 706 from which the object was extracted
("PLoS_V.sub.--3_I.sub.--12_DOI.sub.--30426.sub.--15457885_Document.xml")-
, the caption of the object extracted, the source file reference of
the object, its size and file-type and the references to this
object within the textual narrative (in-text reference), including
the physical page location where the object is referred to in the
textual narrative. According to the illustration depicted, there
are two such in-text references that occur on page 1 of the
print-ready article.
[0064] Editorial System 630 supports the objects indexing
activities step S445. The editorial system may be connected to an
Abstract Loader sub-system 635 with which traditional abstract
records 636 may be loaded into the abstracts repository 633. In
addition, the editorial system may contain a publications database
repository 638 which serves as a centralized or authoritative
source of publication and publisher information. Editorial Indexing
sub-system 650 provides editorial work-flow functionality by way of
a user-interface, utility tools and software for editors to
interact with the contents of the data repositories and perform
editorial value-add tasks. These tasks include the assignment of
domain-specific descriptors, synonyms, normalization of spellings,
standardization of record attributes such as author names, citation
information, etc., for which a knowledge base repository 652 may be
used. In addition, machine-aided indexing software (MAI) 655
processes may be applied to facilitate, supplement or replace the
human effort involved in the indexing process. When MAI is used in
a supplemental role, the software processes input records and using
configured rule-bases selects a set of suitable descriptor or index
terms for approval by human editors. In a fully automated
configuration, the MAI software assigns index terms without the
human review step.
[0065] The editorial system and the repositories described minimize
data duplication of abstract records. For example, when the
contents of an abstract are appropriate for two disciplines (e.g.,
"Biophysics" and "Geological Sciences"), and presumably to be made
available for search/browse according to these subject categories,
a single abstract record may contain assigned descriptors from both
subject areas. This preferred approach is contrasted to one where
the abstract record is duplicated, one for every subject area for
which descriptor terms needs to be assigned. The advantage of the
data minimization approach is to be appreciated in the context of
indexing objects where within a single article, multiple objects
are available for extraction and indexing, and where each extracted
object may be indexed for multiple subject areas. Clearly, the
duplication approach would have detrimental implications for
scaling any objects indexing operation.
[0066] Editorial System 630 addresses another operational reality,
viz., the asynchronous availability of abstract records and object
records (extracted from the print-ready article). Operational
factors apart, this situation is the result of established
publisher practices where abstracts are typically made available
before the full-text and/or print ready articles. When newly
extracted objects are received into Objects Records repository 632,
Object/Abstract Linker 640 programmatically verifies the
availability of the associated abstract record in abstracts
repository 633. Attributes from the Publications Database 638 may
also be associated or linked via a database key with the objects
and abstract records. Furthermore, the linker assigns unique
identifiers to the objects to facilitate search and browse
activities that are supplied to end-users by search services
680.
[0067] According to a preferred embodiment of the present
invention, the Object/Abstract Linker 640 processes objects in
batch mode and signals editorial indexing process 650 when a new
set of objects is ready for indexing. According to another
embodiment the linker may be attached first to MAI software 655
which in turn signals the availability of objects for indexing. In
yet another embodiment when the publisher feeds are completely
synchronized, the object/abstract linker may be configured to run
in real-time.
Object Validation and Descriptor Assignment Sub-System
[0068] FIG. 8 is an illustration of a user-interface 800 that may
be provided by Editorial Indexing sub-system 650 in accordance with
one embodiment of the present invention.
[0069] According to the illustration depicted, the user-interface
provides an `Object Data` tab 810 where the captured object and its
automatically extracted attributes are displayed as well as input
areas for editorial corrections and descriptor assignment based on
editorial rules or policies. Output display area 815 presents the
image of the extracted object, and display areas 820 and 825
display the extracted caption and full-text reference,
respectively. Input area 830 comprises a set of input widgets for
the human editor to assign specific attribute values to the
extracted object. These widgets may consist of textboxes,
checkboxes, radio buttons and drop-down selection lists. When the
object extraction system is configured to extract descriptor terms
automatically, or if the extraction process is integrated with a
Machine Aided Indexing (MAI) sub-system 655, the user interface may
present pre-selected attribute values for review to the editor.
According to the illustration depicted the value of `Scatter Plot`
for the attribute `Category` may have been automatically determined
and the editorial system may be configured to have this value
selected by default, thereby minimizing the input time. The input
selections may also be presented by way of pick-lists when multiple
attribute values have been automatically extracted. For example,
the extraction rules for the attribute `Geographic Terms` may
result in the identification of multiple geographic areas.
Furthermore, when probabilistic extraction rules are employed, a
multiple selection pick-list may display attribute values above a
pre-configured threshold.
[0070] The editorial indexing step supports the requirement that a
single object may be subject to the assignment of multiple sets of
attribute values. For example, an object being indexed for two
disparate subject areas may require entirely different values to a
common attribute such as "Descriptor". In this scenario, a graph
object detailing the salt concentration in different lakes may
require the assignment of the descriptor value "Salinity" for a
technical subject area, but the value "Saltiness" for inclusion in
a non-technical database. More uncommon, but supported is the
ability to assign different sets of attributes (and therefore
attribute values) to a single extracted object.
[0071] The editorial interface 800 may also contain additional
access points to other attributes of the extracted object.
According to the embodiment depicted, the `Administrative` tab
provides access to key information about the associated `linked`
abstract record and/or full-text record. These data elements may
include citation and location information. Furthermore, the
location information may be displayed within the user interface as
hyperlinks that, upon user selection, present the associated
abstract or full-text to the user for visual inspection.
[0072] Abstract/Object Output Generator 660 performs Store Object
step S450 in which the extracted and indexed object records are
stored into Search/Browse indexes 670 that may be used by a
Search/Browse service 680 to facilitate the search and retrieval of
stored objects. Additionally, the output generator may place
processed full-text and object image data into Image Repository 680
to support Display Services 685. The Output Generator's rule-base
665 supplies both business and technology rules for the extraction
and storage of objects. The business rules may include periodicity
of extraction, types of objects to be extracted (e.g., by
publisher, by object type, etc.) and the nature of full-text and
full-text image linkage. The technology rules may comprise the
desired output format to support a specific search engine,
destination file system locations, update/replace rules and so on.
Store Object step S450 may comprise additional steps for the
display of the images of the objects. For example, a uniform sized
thumbnail image may be created from the originally extracted image.
In like manner, an image of an object may be stored in a standard
image format. In a preferred embodiment, the standard format is
JPEG. In cases where the original image format is not JPEG (e.g.,
GIF), the objects image may be sent to an image conversion software
utility that creates a JPEG equivalent. A further processing step
relates to the preservation of the publisher copyright at the
individual object level. For this, a `watermarking` software
application may be applied to the images of the extracted objects
whereby the copyright text is overlaid onto the extracted
object.
[0073] According to another embodiment of the present invention,
Abstract/Object Output Generator 660 may be configured to output
`object bundles`--pre-specified sub-sets of objects and
attributes--that may be used as `feeds` to external systems and
applications. For example, the extracted objects and the
value-added attributes may be re-supplied back to the primary
publisher as an XML feed. Alternatively, a manifest of abstracts,
objects and citation information for a specific research area may
be extracted and made available for download and use at a
researcher's workstation. Further, these object bundles may contain
security attributes for their electronic transmission or copyright
attributes for which additional software applications, such as the
watermarking application described, may be employed.
Associating Objects Records with Abstracts/Full-Text for
Search/Browse
[0074] According to one embodiment of the present invention,
Search/Browse Services sub-system 680 facilitates the
objects-enhanced searching of conventional abstract and full-text
indexes as well as search/browse of objects, independent of their
association with the abstract (or full-text).
[0075] FIG. 9 is a diagram that illustrates the associations
created by the content processing system and stored in
Search/Browse indexes 670 that may be used by search/browse
services 680. According to the illustration, Search/Browse index
670 contains two full-text records and their corresponding abstract
records. For the purposes of simplified exposition, Full-text
Record1 ("FT1", with associated abstract record "A1") is (assumed
and) depicted as containing two objects ("O1", "O2") while
Full-text Record2 ("FT2", with associated abstract record "A2") is
depicted as containing one object ("O3"). Furthermore, in
accordance with indexing step S445, each object may contain
assigned or identified attributes OA1 . . . OA4 each with assigned
attribute values that may be multiply occurring. In the
illustration, object attribute OA1 is singly occurring
(O1.fwdarw."V1", O2.fwdarw."V2" and O3.fwdarw."V2") while object
attribute OA2 is multiply occurring (Object Record1 contains values
"W1" and "W2" for this attribute).
[0076] The thin arrow lines depict the links or indexes that
facilitate searches across objects and abstracts (and their
associated full-text). With these constructed links, a traditional
search of abstract attributes (e.g., "descriptors") will retrieve
abstract records that meet the specified search, but will
additionally contain information about objects associated with each
abstract in the result set. If the search returns abstract A1, then
the associated objects O1 and O2 may be accessed by traversing the
links (for example, in order to display thumbnail images of these
objects). Similarly, a search of the objects attributes will
contain information that could be provided to link back to the
associated abstract record, or full-text record.
[0077] The thick arrow lines depict the links that facilitate an
"objects only" search or browse modality, one that is independent
of the abstract or full-text records from which the objects were
constructed. For example, a computer user may want to find all
objects that are of type "Figure" and which contain "vitamin E" as
an assigned descriptor. Creating these associations in the
Search/Browse Index 670 according to the method described enables
unprecedented and novel searching and browsing capabilities than
those offered in the art.
[0078] For the purpose of exposition, FIG. 10 is an illustration of
the indexing of object attributes and attribute values according to
an embodiment of the present invention described above. According
to the illustration, there are four (extracted and/or assigned)
attributes 1002, 1004, 1006, 1008: "Type", "Geography", "Predictive
Model" and "Descriptors". These attributes may be singly occurring,
multiply occurring, or be binary (yes or no). For example, the
object "Type" attribute 1002 illustrates a singly occurring
attribute, while "Geography" 1004 and "Descriptor" 1008 may be
multiply occurring. The "Predictive Model" 1006 attribute is an
illustration of an attribute that may be binary in nature whereby
its value may be one of `true` or `false`. Using this limited set
of attributes and their values, the table 1000 additionally
illustrates the occurrence of these attributes and/or attribute
values in the three representative objects Object1 1010, Object2
1012 (both of which are associated with Abstract/Full-text1 1020)
and Object3 1014 (associated with Abstract/Full-text2 1022). Even
this simple illustration reveals the advantages of indexing objects
in the manner described. For example, the table 1000 illustrates a
link between Object1 1010 and Object3 1014 based on the `Salinity`
attribute value 1016 of the "Descriptor" 1008 attribute. Since
Object1 1010 is associated with Abstract1 1020 and Object3 1014 is
associated with Abstract/Full-text2 1022, there is now an implicit
link between Abstract/Full-text1 1020 and Abstract/Full-text2 1022
which may not have existed without the inclusion of objects
data.
Exemplary Uses of a Captioned Objects-Enhanced Index in Information
Discovery
Retrospective Searching
[0079] FIGS. 11A-11E illustrate an exemplary search user-interface
1100 which may be integrated with Search/Browse Services 680 and
Display Services 685 that may be implemented on computer system
300. In general terms, the search interface allows users to: [0080]
input queries that are matched against stored indexes of both
traditional abstract/full-text records and the objects index,
[0081] view a result set comprising a set of records that matched
the specified query, [0082] view the full record, and [0083]
navigate between abstract, full-text and object components.
[0084] Search interface 1100 may also comprise a plurality of
navigational links and user-interface widgets that facilitate
ease-of-use and/or access to ancillary activities important to the
research work-flow (for example, saving search results).
[0085] According to the illustration depicted in FIG. 11A, the
query text-box 1110 allows the user to specify a query (`light
absorption`). Search button 1120, when `clicked`, submits this
query to a matcher in Search/Browse Services 680. The user may
specify that the search be conducted against specific subject
areas.
[0086] FIG. 11B is an illustration of a search results page 1130
comprising a result set 1132 displayed as a `Summary format`. The
main display consists of published works (abstracts or full-text)
that matched the specified search criteria (query, subject areas
and other search parameters). Each result record--such as record
1135--contains display elements by which the user may assess the
usefulness of the record to his/her information need without having
to view the entire record. According to the embodiment
illustration, these attributes consist of the title, search terms
in context fragment of the abstract text and descriptors. The
descriptors 1136 that have been assigned may be hyperlinked whereby
each hyperlink is in essence a pre-constructed query for the
displayed descriptor. For example, should the user click the
descriptor `Mathematical models`, a new search results page would
be displayed containing all records that have this descriptor.
[0087] In addition to abstract record attributes, the summary view
for each abstract may contain additional navigational links. For
example, View Record link 1137 associated with each record summary
may provide the user access to the associated full-record of the
abstract. Similarly `Full-Text` link 1138 may provide access to the
print-ready version (e.g., in PDF format) of the article. In other
words, when a user selects this link, a request for the article is
made to Display Services 685 which, using the parameters supplied
in the request, locates the required image data within Image
Repository 677 and presents the data to the user.
[0088] User interface tab 1140 labeled `Tables & Figures` in
FIG. 11B is a objects index search results indicator and conveys to
the user the number of object records that matched the specified
query, and is also a hyperlink for the user to view the matched
objects. According to the embodiment depicted, the user interface
transparently performs a search of the objects index without the
user explicitly selecting the objects database to be included in
the search in search interface 1100. However, it should be evident
to those skilled in the art that alternative user interfaces may be
constructed where the choice of inclusion of the objects index as a
distinct `database` is under the control of the user.
[0089] FIG. 11C is an illustration of an objects search results
page 1150 displayed to the user when objects search results
indicator tab 1140 is selected or clicked. Objects results set 1152
comprise a list of object records that matched the query. As with
abstract summary display 1132, object summary record 1155 contains
display elements by which the user may assess the usefulness of the
record to his/her information need. According to the illustration,
objects summary results display 1155 may consist of the caption
text, a thumbnail image of the object, and its publication source
and assigned descriptors 1156, which as with the abstract summary
display may be hyperlinked to provide access to objects with the
selected descriptor.
[0090] Furthermore, the summary display may contain additional
navigational links to facilitate additional or `detailed` access to
the specific record. For example, the thumbnail image may be
hyperlinked to a full-image view of the specific object. According
to a preferred embodiment, the full-image of the object is provided
to the user by means of a `pop-up` window. In another embodiment,
the object may be placed in a user-controlled dynamically resizable
output area where the image expands or shrinks depending upon the
size of the output area. Similarly, View Record link 1157 may
provide access to the full contents of the objects record 1155.
[0091] FIG. 11D is an illustration of an object record view 1160
displayed when the user clicks View Record link 1157. This display
comprises the full complement of object attributes captured,
indexed, assigned and stored by the objects processing framework.
View Abstract link 1162 provides access to the associated abstract
record attributes of the specific object. Similarly, Full-text link
1163 may provide access to the print-ready version of the article
from which the specific object was extracted and indexed.
[0092] FIG. 11E is an illustration of the abstract record view
associated with object record 1155. Tables & Figures attribute
1165 contains thumbnail images of the objects associated with this
abstract. Object record's 1155 image is thumbnailed as FIG. 1.
These images may be hyperlinked to their corresponding object
record views such as object record view 1160 for FIG. 1. Thus the
user is able to seamlessly navigate between objects and abstracts
records bi-directionally, i.e., from abstracts to objects and vise
versa.
[0093] FIGS. 14A-14E illustrate another exemplary search
user-interface 1400, which may also be integrated with
Search/Browse Services 680 and Display Services 685 that may be
implemented on computer system 300. Generally, the search
user-interface 1400 allows users to perform the same functions as
search user-interface 1100.
[0094] As shown in FIG. 14A, the query text-box 1400 allows the
user to specify a search query (again, `light absorption`). Search
button 1420, when `clicked,` submits the entered query to a matcher
in Search/Brows Services 680. The user may specify that the search
be conducted against specific subject areas (here CSA Illumina
Natural Sciences and Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt
databases) or in a specified date range. One of ordinary skill in
the art would recognize that there are a number of categories by
which a search could be restricted.
[0095] FIG. 14B is an illustration of an objects search results
page 1430 (similar to that of FIG. 11C). The objects search results
page 1430 includes a objects search results set 1431, which is also
displayed in a "summary format." The summary objects search results
set 1431 includes tabs that include Published Works 1432 (abstracts
or full-text); Tables & Figures 1433; and Web Sites 1434 that
matched the entered search query (in FIG. 14B, the Tables &
Figures tab 1433 is the active tab. Each object result record, such
as object record 1435, contains display elements regarding an
object record through which the user may gain a quick understanding
of the general subject matter and usefulness of the object record
without having to view the entire record. In this embodiment, the
summary of the record 1435 contains a title of the object, here
"FIG. 3. Profiles of . . . "; a thumbnail of the object, here a
graph; the title of the article in which the object appears, here
"Photosynthesis within isobilateral eucalyptus leaves"; the authors
of the article, here Evans and Vogelman; and the title, page
numbers, and date of the publication in which the object and
article appear. On the righthand side of the objects search results
page, 1430, the object record summary 1435 also indicates the
database in which the object appears, here "CSA Illumina Natural
Sciences"; and the Object Descriptors, here Depth, Monochromatic
light, and Relative absoprtance (note that light is italicized
because the word light was part of the search query). In this
embodiment, the Object Descriptors 1436 have been hyperlinked to
allow the user to click on the hyperlink, e.g., Depth, and a new
search results page(s) would be displayed containing all object
records having this Object Descriptor.
[0096] Object summary record 1435 also contains additional
navigational links, such as View Record 1437, View Abstract 1438,
Full-Text Linking 1439, Link to Holdings, InterLibrary Loan, and
Documents Delivery. In this embodiment, the View Record link 1437
associated with each record summary provides the user access to the
associated full-record of the object as shown in FIG. 14C. The View
Abstract link 1438 provides access to an enhanced abstract, which
is shown for object summary record 1435 in FIG. 14D. The Full-Text
link 1439 may provide access to the full article or a print-ready
version (e.g., in PDF format) of the article containing the object.
In other words, when a user selects this link, a request for the
article is made to Display Services 685 which, using the parameters
supplied in the request, locates the required image data within
Image Repository 677 and presents the data to the user.
[0097] FIG. 14C is another illustration of an object record view
1450, which is displayed when the user clicks the View Record link
1437 in object summary record 1435. The object record view also
contains navigational links, which would allow the user to quickly
access the Abstract record and the Full-Text as described above.
This object record view 1450 also contains the attributes regarding
the object record captured, indexed, assigned, and stored by the
object processing framework. For example, object record view
indicates from which Database the object comes; the Image File 1451
(with a link to the original image); the object Caption 1452, here
"FIG. 3. Profiles of . . . "; the Category 1453 of the object, here
Figure, Branch, and ScatterPlot"; the title, author, and source of
the article in which the object appears; and the Object Descriptors
1454 assigned to the object. By clicking on each of the hyperlinks
in Category 1453, e.g., Figure, a new search result will be
provided containing all objects that are categorized as a
Figure.
[0098] In this embodiment, the object record view 1450 also
contains a publisher attribution section 1455. Here, the object
record view 1450 also displays the publisher's name 1456, here
Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; the Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
1456, which are well understood in the publishing industry; an
Object DOI 1457; the publication year of the object and associated
article and source; the ISSN, or International Standard Serial
Number, which is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a
print or electronic periodical publication; and accesssion numbers.
The publisher attribution section 1455 provides users with
information regarding the publisher so that the user is aware of
the publisher and likely holder of the copyright on the object and
full-text article.
[0099] FIG. 14D contains an enhanced abstract 1460 for the article
containing the object 1435. The enhanced abstract 1460 provides a
great deal of useful information in summary format to aid
researchers and other users in more efficiently conducting
research. Again, the enhanced abstract 1460 provides the user with
the name of the database 1461 where the article is located, here
CSA Illumina Natural Sciences. The enhanced abstract 1460 provides
the Title 1462 of the article, here "Photosynthesis within
isobilateral Eucalyptus pauciflora leaves." The enhanced abstract
1460 also provides the names of the authors 1463 and their
affiliations 1464, e.g., where an author is employed, teaches or is
affilliated. The enhanced abstract 1460 provides the source 1465 of
the article containing the object 1435. The enhanced abstract 1460
details some interesting notes 1466 about the article, e.g., the
nubmer of figures, tables, formulas, and references appearing in
the article. The enhanced abstract 1460 also contains thumbnails of
all the objects 1467 appearing in the article.
[0100] When a user holds a cursor over an object 1467 (e.g., FIG. 1
in enhanced abstract 1460), an information balloon 1490 shown in
FIG. 14E appears providing the user with the caption 1491 of the
object; the Category 1492 of the object; and the Object Descriptors
1493. The Category 1492 and Object Descriptors 1493 are hyperlinked
so that user can search by clicking the hyperlinks to receive the
results as described above.
[0101] The enhanced abstract 1460 of FIG. 14D also contains a
standard abstract 1468. As compared to the abstract record and
enhanced abstract 1460, abstract 1468 is a brief summary of a
research article that is often used to help a reader quickly
ascertain the article's purpose (an abstract almost always appears
at the beginning of an article to act as the point-of-entry for a
given article).
[0102] Enhanced abstract 1460 also contains a listing of all the
assigned object descriptors 1469 that have been assigned to the
objects appearing in the article. Each of the object descriptors
has an empty check-box, which allows the user to check the box if
the user wishes to conduct another search using the checked terms.
The enhanced abstract 1460 allows the user to run this additional
search using the checked Object Descriptors with an "and" logic or
an "or" logic by checking a box; but one of ordinary skill in the
art would understand that any search logic could be
implemented.
[0103] The enhanced abstract 1460 also contains publisher
attribution information 1475, which provides much of the same
information that was provided by the publish attribution
information in the object view record of FIG. 14C. In addition, the
publisher attribution information 1475 of the enhanced abstract
1460 provides the electronic ISSN 1476 of the article; the language
1477 in which the article is written; and the last update 1477 of
the article.
[0104] Those skilled in the art will recognize that, while the
enhanced abstract 1460 is described as containing certain fields,
an enhanced abstract according to the present invention could be
implemented using more fields, different fields, or fewer fields
without departing from the invention.
[0105] Those skilled in the art will recognize that the objects
enhanced extraction and indexing may also be incorporated into
other search-based work flow applications such as an alerting
service whereby newly added objects are matched against a database
of stored queries and users are proactively notified (e.g., via
email) about any objects that match their stored queries.
Captioned Objects Browsing
[0106] FIG. 12A is an exemplary graphical user-interface 1200 that
embodies a novel information discovery technique according to one
aspect of the present invention. Specifically, the interface
depicted allows a user to specify an objects search criterion and
then browse or traverse the indexed linkages using an arbitrary
object as the starting point for the traversal.
[0107] Criteria selection area 1205 comprises user-interface
widgets to specify an initial sub-set of objects of interest, based
upon attributes of the object records in the index. According to
the illustration depicted, a Category checkbox list may be
presented for the user to indicate the type of objects to be
included, a geographic area or Country drop-down list and a
check-box to indicate the nature of the statistical analysis
performed. According to the illustration depicted, the user has
selected to retrieve all objects that are of type "Graph". When the
user presses search button 1210, all objects that satisfy the
selection criteria are retrieved. Drop-down box 1220 is populated
with the list of unique primary variables associated with the
records in the search result set. Simultaneously, drop-down box
1225 is populated with thumbnail images of the objects that match
the specified search criteria. These thumbnail images may be
hyperlinked to provide access to a full-size image or alternatively
a full record view of the object.
[0108] After viewing the initial results, the user may select
specific primary variables of interest by clicking on the text
labels listed in drop-down box 1220. When the user indicates a
specific primary variable (`atmospheric CO`), the user-interface is
refreshed simultaneously in Results drop-down 1225 and Primary Link
drop-down box 1230. Results drop-down box 1225 now contains only
those objects which have the selected primary variable `atmospheric
CO`. Primary link drop-down box 1230 is populated with the
variables that are directly associated with the selected primary
variable. According to the illustration depicted, at this point,
the result set contains graph objects that associate `atmospheric
CO` to `air temperature`, `Altitude`, `cloud optical thickness`,
`humidity` and `ozone concentration`.
[0109] To navigate to the second-level associations, the user may
indicate specific variables of interest from Primary Link drop-down
box 1230. According to the illustration depicted, the user selects
`Altitude` and `ozone concentration`. Upon making these selections,
a search (according to the same criteria as originally specified by
the user) is conducted to retrieve all objects that are associated
with these variables. Secondary Link drop down 1240 is populated
with variables associated with the selected primary link variables.
Simultaneously, hyperlinked thumbnail images of the objects are
presented in Secondary Results box 1250. The user may then further
filter the result by selecting a specific secondary link of
interest. According to the illustration depicted, the user selects
`nitrogen oxide`, resulting in secondary search results box 1250
being refreshed with thumbnail images of only those objects that
meet this selection criterion (1260).
[0110] FIG. 12B is an illustration of the full-image view of
hyperlinked thumbnail image 1260 and is a graph object showing the
relationship between the user selected primary links--`altitude`
and `ozone concentration`--and secondary link `nitrogen oxide`. By
browsing the linkages between objects the user is thus able to
discover a potential relationship between the original variable of
interest--`atmospheric CO`--and an indirectly linked variable
`nitrogen oxide`.
[0111] In summary, indexing captioned objects can be immensely
valuable to a researcher interested in linking variables within or
across disciplines. For example:
[0112] 1) Acutely-targeted publication searches can be crafted by
employing objects oriented searches rather than traditional article
level searches.
[0113] 2) Researchers can find tables and figures containing
specific variables, ensuring that the study actually focused on
that variable, rather than simply referring to it indirectly (i.e.
from another publication).
[0114] Example: A Google Scholar.TM. search, or a search using
other search engines, for a time series of sea surface height off
the Galapagos may retrieve many publications that do not actually
contain data on sea surface height off the islands. (In fact, many
of the results may stem from a match in the cited references and
not the actual article). Similarly, a traditional A&I database
search would not guarantee a result list of articles containing the
required quantitative information. However, results from a
captioned objects index, constructed in accordance with embodiments
of the disclosed invention, would include records where those data
were actually part of the search.
[0115] 3) Categories of objects can be easily browsed (e.g., all
photomicrographs of bacteria; all graphs containing a particular
variable; all tables listing a specific element; etc.) Making
visuals for conference presentations or seminars can be greatly
facilitated.
[0116] 4) Spurious correlates can be identified by linking
dependent variables through a series of independent variables. For
example, a dependence of lobster population density on sediment
grain size found in one study, may actually be a dependence on
bottom current speed, the controlling factor of grain size
elucidated in another study that had nothing to do with lobsters
and therefore not `on the radar` of the lobster researcher.
[0117] Another example: Consider two lines of research on Maximum
Sustainable Yield (MSY) in marine fisheries, one in Fisheries
Oceanography and the other in Sociology. Both studies develop a
predictive MSY model based on sea surface temperature (the
oceanographer) and on landing statistics in the context of
fishermen ethics (the sociologist). Both avenues of research would
benefit from the ability to easily link a specific variable to all
other independent variables in many subject areas. Indexing
captioned objects does not simply help answer research questions;
rather, in conjunction with an objects capable computer user
interface, it provides a unique tool with which researchers can
pose questions for future research.
Exemplary Use Cases
[0118] FIGS. 13A-13H accompany exemplary use cases for embodiments
of the present invention. These use cases involve oceanography
specifically but provide exemplary evidence, in general, of the
usefulness and advantages of indexing and linking nontextual
information available from articles.
[0119] ADVANTAGE 1: Identifying data from unlikely sources.
[0120] One advantage provided is that such a system enhances the
ability to identify data from unlikely sources. Physical
oceanographers often require hydrographic information for their
ocean current models, yet their own data are often restricted to
narrow cruise tracks. The ability to broaden their models to
include areas where they did not sample is contingent on
identifying other studies which may contain the data. These data
may be hidden in the traditional article-level indexing because
data in a specific figure or table may not be reflected in the
title or summary. A full-text search would identify hundreds of
irrelevant publications which may mention a specific variable but
not contain corresponding data.
[0121] Specifically, temperature/salinity or "T/S" diagrams, such
as those in FIG. 13A are invaluable to physical oceanographers.
These graphs are from "Bacterial abundance and production and
heterotrophic nanoflagellate abundance in subarctic coastal waters
(western North Pacific Ocean)", Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 23(3)
2001, 263-271. Thus, FIG. 13A would be quickly identified in an
object database even though the context of the research is
biological rather than physical, as evinced by the article and
journal title.
[0122] ADVANTAGE 2: The use of an indexed object database also
simplifies the ability to identify spurious factors.
[0123] Example--One might assume that the growth of microscopic
algae (i.e., "primary production") in the Gulf of Alaska is limited
by the amount of available nutrients (e.g., Nitrogen concentration,
either as nitrate or nitrite).
[0124] How can the assumption be tested? If there are measurements
of primary production at a study site but there is no corresponding
nitrogen data, then how is the assumption tested? A quick search of
the objects database may identify a publication containing the
nitrogen data for the study site, as shown in FIG. 13B.
[0125] This allows plotting of the primary production data against
these values of nitrogen to determine if there is a possible
correlation. It is possible, however, that even if a correlation
exists, the factor controlling primary production may not be
nitrogen, but some other variable that controls nitrogen
distribution. Again, a search of the object database for variables
linked to nitrogen might reveal the information of FIG. 13C.
[0126] Discovery of secondary or spurious correlates--The graph of
FIG. 13C suggests that other variables may be important to primary
production. Nitrogen concentration may be dependent on salinity,
and if so, maybe primary production is linked to salinity and not
to nitrogen concentration; i.e. nitrogen concentration is a
spurious correlate.
[0127] Why would salinity be important to primary production? If a
search for variables linked to salinity identifies the table of
FIG. 13D, then a relationship between salinity and turbidity can be
shown. Because turbidity is a proxy variable for light attenuation,
perhaps light controls primary production? Thus, a conclusion may
be reached that perhaps more research on turbidity and primary
production is warranted.
[0128] ADVANTAGE 3: Ability to identify new avenues of
research.
[0129] Starting with the realization that sea scallop density on
Georges Bank is concentrated on the northern flank (see FIG. 13E),
the question remains why is the density so high here, and not
towards the central bank where primary production is higher?
[0130] A quick search for maps of Georges Bank in the objects
database may reveal several variables which have similar patterns
to scallop density. For example, FIG. 13F shows that scallops are
concentrated in a gravel area.
[0131] Why would scallops prefer to settle on gravel rather than
mud or sand (where food is more plentiful? Perhaps there is a
secondary factor: What variables may be linked to the sediment size
distribution? Another search of the object database may locate a
figure or graph that shows that grain size is related to current
velocity, as does FIG. 13G.
[0132] Perhaps current velocity is more important to scallops than
substrate size. A search of the object database may allow evidence
to be found that supports the hypothesis that current velocity on
Georges Bank varies in the same manner as scallop distribution. For
example, FIG. 13H shows the M2 residual currents on Georges Bank.
Clearly, scallops are abundant where currents are high. But what
variables are linked to current speed that may be important to
scallops? In areas of high currents, suspended silt concentration
is extremely low. A search for suspended silt concentration in the
object database may find that silt lowers the ability of scallops
to feed (i.e. relative crawl velocity of ciliary sections is
lower). The distribution of scallops, therefore, may reflect
increased mortality of scallops in low flow areas. Perhaps this
possibility identifies an area for further research.
Conclusion
[0133] A number of variations to the specific behaviors and steps
described in the above examples may be made without departing from
the scope of the present invention. The various illustrative
logical blocks, modules, circuits, elements, and/or components
described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may
be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a
digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated
circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other
programmable logic component, discrete gate or transistor logic,
discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed
to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose
processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the
processor may be any conventional processor, controller,
microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be
implemented as a combination of computing components, e.g., a
combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of
microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a
DSP core, or any other such configuration.
[0134] The methods or algorithms described in connection with the
embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware,
in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination
of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash
memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard
disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage
medium known in the art. A storage medium may be coupled to the
processor such that the processor can read information from, and
write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the
storage medium may be integral to the processor.
[0135] The previous description is provided to enable any person
skilled in the art to practice the various embodiments described
herein. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily
apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles
defined herein may be applied to other embodiments. Thus, the
claims are not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown
herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the
language claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is
not intended to mean "one and only one" unless specifically so
stated, but rather "one or more." All structural and functional
equivalents to the elements of the various embodiments described
throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known
to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated
herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the
claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be
dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is
explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be
construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. .sctn.112, sixth
paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase
"means for" or, in the case of a method claim, the element is
recited using the phrase "step for."
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