U.S. patent application number 13/157032 was filed with the patent office on 2011-09-29 for systems, circuits and apparatus for in vivo detection of biomolecule concentrations using fluorescent tags.
Invention is credited to Robert D. Black.
Application Number | 20110237909 13/157032 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 22935419 |
Filed Date | 2011-09-29 |
United States Patent
Application |
20110237909 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Black; Robert D. |
September 29, 2011 |
Systems, Circuits and Apparatus For In Vivo Detection of
Biomolecule Concentrations Using Fluorescent Tags
Abstract
Systems are disclosed wherein labeled binding molecules can be
provided in vivo to tissue having biomolecules that specifically
bind the labeled binding molecule. A first optical radiation is
emitted into the tissue in vivo to excite the labeled binding
molecule bound to the biomolecule in vivo. A second optical
radiation that is emitted by the excited labeled binding molecule,
in response to the excitation thereof, can be detected in vivo.
Related telemetric-circuits and apparatus are also disclosed.
Inventors: |
Black; Robert D.; (Raleigh,
NC) |
Family ID: |
22935419 |
Appl. No.: |
13/157032 |
Filed: |
June 9, 2011 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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12126500 |
May 23, 2008 |
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13157032 |
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10005889 |
Nov 7, 2001 |
7378056 |
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12126500 |
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60247574 |
Nov 9, 2000 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
600/317 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61B 5/0071 20130101;
A61B 5/0084 20130101; A61K 49/0058 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
600/317 |
International
Class: |
A61B 5/1455 20060101
A61B005/1455 |
Claims
1. An implantable apparatus comprising: an optical radiation source
configured for in vivo use to emit first optical radiation to
excite local fluorescently labeled binding molecules in vivo which
are selectively bound to target biomolecules; an optical radiation
detector configured for in vivo use to detect second optical
radiation emitted by fluorescence of the labeled binding molecules
bound to the target biomolecules in vivo in response to excitation
exposure to the first optical radiation; a processor circuit,
coupled to the optical radiation source and the optical radiation
detector, that controls the emission of the first optical radiation
and that receives an intensity signal associated with the intensity
of the second optical radiation and transmits a signal associated
with the intensity of the second optical radiation to an ex vivo
system; and a supply of the fluorescently labeled binding molecules
configured to be excited by the first optical radiation, the supply
being encapsulated by a material that dissolves over time to
release the fluorescently labeled binding molecules in vivo
proximate to the target biomolecules to which the fluorescently
labeled binding molecules are configured to bind.
2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the optical radiation
source emits the first optical radiation through a bio-fouling
tissue.
3. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the optical radiation
sensor detects the second optical radiation through a bio-fouling
tissue.
4. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a platform
having a diameter of about 2.0 mm on which the processor circuit,
the optical radiation source, and the optical radiation detector
are mounted.
5. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the supply of the
fluorescently labeled binding molecules is located on a platform
with the optical radiation source, the optical radiation detector,
and the processor circuit.
6. A circuit for detecting biomolecules in vivo, the circuit
comprising: an in vivo optical radiation source configured to emit
first optical radiation; a first in vivo optical radiation detector
configured to detect the first optical radiation to provide an
optical radiation source feed back signal; a second in vivo optical
radiation detector configured to detect second optical radiation
emitted by excited labeled binding molecules; and a processor
circuit, coupled to the in vivo optical radiation source and the
first and second in vivo optical radiation detectors, configured to
change a level of the first optical radiation based on the optical
radiation source feed back signal.
7. A circuit according to claim 6 further comprising: a circuit
board having the processor circuit and, the first and second
optical radiation detectors thereon, wherein the first and second
optical radiation detectors are on opposing sides thereof.
8. A circuit for detecting biomolecules in vivo, the circuit
comprising: an in vivo optical radiation source configured to emit
first optical radiation; an in vivo optical radiation detector
configured to detect second optical radiation emitted by excited
labeled binding molecules; and a processor circuit, coupled to the
in vivo optical radiation source and the in vivo optical radiation
detector, configured to operate in conjunction with the release of
labeled binding molecules for binding with biomolecules associated
with tumors for excitation by the first optical radiation and that
receives an intensity signal associated with the intensity of the
second optical radiation.
Description
CLAIM FOR PRIORITY AND CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 12/126,500 filed May 23, 2008 which is a
divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/005,889 filed
Nov. 7, 2001 which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,378,056 on May 27,
2008, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.
60/247,574 filed Nov. 9, 2000, entitled Methods, Circuits, and
Compositions of Matter for In Vivo Detection of Biomolecule
Concentrations Using Fluorescent Tags, the entire disclosures of
which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to the field of sensors, and
more particularly, to biomolecular sensors.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The ex vivo study of malignant cell populations has
established some general principles by which clinical treatment
protocols are developed. These principles have established
differences between malignant and normal cell populations and have
been employed in the treatment of malignant disease. There have
been attempts to exploit these differences, both in pre-clinical
and clinical studies, to obtain total tumor cell kills and improved
cure rates.
[0004] One of the major obstacles in achieving this goal has been
the difficulty in minimizing normal tissue toxicity while
increasing tumor cell kill (therapeutic index). Thus, some
treatment strategies employ an empirical approach in the treatment
of malignant disease. In particular, the time of delivery and dose
of cytotoxic agents can be guided more by the response and toxicity
to normal tissue than by the effects on the malignant cell
population.
[0005] Unfortunately, this approach may not provide accurate
information on the changes during treatment of a malignant cell
population. Making this information available may allow clinicians
to exploit the differences between malignant and normal cells, and
hence improve the treatment procedures.
[0006] There have been a number of attempts to study changes that
occur within a cell population. However, these attempts have not
shown the ability to monitor the changes on a real time basis.
Indeed, these methods typically provide information at one point in
time and most are designed to provide information on one particular
function or parameter. In addition, most of the conventional
methods can be expensive as well as time consuming. This can be
problematic for patients undergoing extended treatment periods
typical of radiation and chemotherapy, especially when it is
desirable to follow changes both during an active treatment and
subsequent to the active treatment.
[0007] In addition, tumors may have periods in which they are more
susceptible to treatment by radiation or drug therapy. Providing a
monitoring system which can continuously or semi-continuously
monitor and potentially identify such a susceptible condition could
provide increases in tumor destruction rates.
[0008] Numerous tumor specific antigens (TSA) have been identified
and antibodies specific for a number of these TSA's are known. For
example, it has been demonstrated that sigma-2 receptors found on
the surface of cells of the 9L rat brain tumor cell line, the mouse
mammary adenocarcinoma lines 66 (diploid) and 67 (aneuploid), and
the MCF-7 human breast tumor cell line may be markers of tumor cell
proliferation. See Mach R H et al., Sigma 2 receptors as potential
biomarkers of proliferation in breast cancer. Cancer Res Jan. 1,
1997; 57(1):156-61; Al-Nabulsi I et al., Effect of ploidy,
recruitment, environmental factors, and tamoxifen treatment on the
expression of sigma-2 receptors in proliferating and quiescent
tumour cells. Br J Cancer 1999 November; 81(6):925-33. Such markers
may be amenable to detection by non-invasive imaging procedures.
Accordingly, ligands that selectively bind sigma-2 receptors may be
used to assess the proliferative status of tumors, although in vivo
techniques utilizing such ligands have heretofore not been known.
Although the field of tumor-specific treatment is still relatively
unsettled, various researchers have proposed several potentially
important techniques useful in such treatment. For example, the ex
vivo detection of biomolecules can be useful in predicting the
timing for advantageous treatment of tumors. Many of these
techniques use a "hybridization event" to alter the physical or
chemical properties associated with the biomolecules. The
biomolecules having the altered property can be detected, for
example, by optical or chemical means.
[0009] One known technique for the detection of biomolecules,
called Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), involves the
detection of binding between a biomolecule and an enzyme-labeled
antibody specific for the biomolecule. Other methods of detecting
biomolecules utilize immunofluorescence, involving the use of a
fluorescently labeled antibody to indicate the presence of the
biomolecule. The in vivo use of these techniques may involve an
invasive introduction of a sensor into the in vivo site to be
analyzed. Moreover, these techniques may not be reliable if the
surface where the sensor and the tissue interact is not clean. In
particular, in vivo use can cause a sensor to become "bio-fouled"
over time such that the operational properties of the sensor may
change. In particular, proteins may begin to develop on the sensor
within minutes of insertion of the sensor into the tissue, which
may cause the sensor to operate improperly. In view of the
foregoing, there remains a need for circuits, compositions of
matter, and methods which can be used to, inter alia, detect
biomolecular concentrations in vivo.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] The present invention is directed to methods, compositions,
apparatus and circuits for detection of biomolecular concentrations
in vivo.
[0011] Accordingly, a first aspect of the invention provides a
system for detecting biomolecules in vivo, comprising: means for
providing labeled binding molecules in vivo to tissue having
biomolecules, wherein the labeled binding molecules specifically
binds the biomolecules; means for emitting a first optical
radiation into the tissue in vivo to excite the labeled binding
molecule bound to the biomolecule in vivo; and means for detecting,
in vivo, a second optical radiation emitted by the excited labeled
binding molecule in response to the excitation thereof.
[0012] A second aspect of the present invention provides an
implantable apparatus comprising: an optical radiation source
configured for in vivo use to emit first optical radiation to
excite local fluorescently labeled binding molecules in vivo which
are selectively bound to target biomolecules; an optical radiation
detector configured for in vivo use to detect second optical
radiation emitted by fluorescence of the labeled binding molecules
bound to the target biomolecules in vivo in response to excitation
exposure to the first optical radiation; a processor circuit,
coupled to the optical radiation source and the optical radiation
detector, that controls the emission of the first optical radiation
and that receives an intensity signal associated with the intensity
of the second optical radiation and transmits a signal associated
with the intensity of the second optical radiation to an ex vivo
system; and a supply of the fluorescently labeled binding molecules
configured to be excited by the first optical radiation, the supply
being encapsulated by a material that dissolves over time to
release the fluorescently labeled binding molecules in vivo
proximate to the target biomolecules to which the fluorescently
labeled binding molecules are configured to bind.
[0013] In an additional embodiment of the invention, a circuit for
detecting biomolecules in vivo is provided, the circuit comprising:
an in vivo optical radiation source configured to emit first
optical radiation; a first in vivo optical radiation detector
configured to detect the first optical radiation to provide an
optical radiation source feed back signal; a second in vivo optical
radiation detector configured to detect second optical radiation
emitted by excited labeled binding molecules; and a processor
circuit, coupled to the in vivo optical radiation source and the
first and second in vivo optical radiation detectors, configured to
change a level of the first optical radiation based on the optical
radiation source feed back signal.
[0014] In a further embodiment of the present invention, a circuit
for detecting biomolecules in vivo is provided, the circuit
comprising: an in vivo optical radiation source configured to emit
first optical radiation; an in vivo optical radiation detector
configured to detect second optical radiation emitted by excited
labeled binding molecules; and a processor circuit, coupled to the
in vivo optical radiation source and the in vivo optical radiation
detector, configured to operate in conjunction with the release of
labeled binding molecules for binding with biomolecules associated
with tumors for excitation by the first optical radiation and that
receives an intensity signal associated with the intensity of the
second optical radiation.
[0015] In a still further embodiment of the invention, a circuit
for circuit for detecting biomolecules in vivo is provided, the
circuit comprising: an in vivo optical radiation source configured
to emit first optical radiation; an apparatus configured to
controllably release labeled binding molecules for excitation; an
in vivo optical radiation detector configured to detect second
optical radiation emitted by excited labeled binding molecules; and
a processor circuit, coupled to the in vivo optical radiation
source, the in vivo optical radiation detector, and the apparatus,
the processor circuit configured to control the emission of the
first optical radiation and to receive a signal associated with the
intensity of the second optical radiation and configured to
temporally control release of labeled binding molecules from the
apparatus according to a predetermined time interval.
[0016] Accordingly, labeled binding molecules can bind biomolecules
associated with tumor cells. A radiation source can be used to
excite the labeled binding molecules bound to the biomolecules. The
labeled binding molecules emit a second optical radiation in
response to the excitation. A sensor can be used to detect a level
of the optical radiation emitted by the labeled binding molecules.
The level of the second optical radiation can be used to determine
the concentration of biomolecules present. The growth or
proliferation of the tumor cells may be approximated from the
concentration of biomolecules. Embodiments of the invention
advantageously integrate the ability to probe fluorescently tagged
entities with an implantable sensor platform, thus allowing
accurate, real time determinations of biomolecules concentration in
vivo.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of embodiments according
to the present invention.
[0018] FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of embodiments according
to the present invention.
[0019] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of matrix compositions of
matter according to the present invention.
[0020] FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of matrix compositions of
matter according to the present invention.
[0021] FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram that illustrates embodiments
according to the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
[0022] The present invention now will be described more fully
hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which
preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention
may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be
construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather,
these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be
thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the
invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like
elements throughout. In the figures, certain layers, regions, or
components may be exaggerated or enlarged for clarity.
[0023] The terminology used in the description of the invention
herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only
and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used in the
description of the invention and the appended claims, the singular
forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms
as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0024] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms
used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of
ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All
publications, patent applications, patents, and other references
mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The term "tissue," as used herein, can include cells, organs,
bodily fluids, and other biological matter in a biological sample
or the body of a subject. For example, the term tissue can be used
to describe cells, organs and/or other biological matter in a human
body. The term "biomolecule" can include tumor specific antigens
(TSA), such as proteins associated with particular types of tumor
cells. It will be understood that the present invention may be used
for in vivo use or for ex vivo use. It will also be understood that
the term "in vivo" is specifically intended to encompass in situ
applications.
[0025] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention,
biomolecules (e.g., antigens) associated with hyperproliferative
cells (including tumors, cancers, and neoplastic tissue, along with
pre-malignant and non-neoplastic or non-malignant
hyperproliferative cells) are detected. The term "tumor" is
generally understood in the art to mean an abnormal mass of
undifferentiated cells within a multicellular organism. Tumors can
be malignant or benign. Preferably, embodiments of the inventions
disclosed herein are used to detect biomolecules associated with
malignant tumors. Examples of tumors, cancers, and neoplastic
tissue associated with the biomolecules that can be detected by
embodiments of the present invention include but are not limited to
malignant tumors such as breast cancers; osteosarcomas;
angiosarcomas; fibrosarcomas and other sarcomas; sinus tumors;
ovarian, uretal, bladder, prostate and other genitourinary cancers;
colon esophageal and stomach cancers and other gastrointestinal
cancers; lung cancers; myelomas; pancreatic cancers; liver cancers;
kidney cancers; endocrine cancers; skin cancers; and brain or
central and peripheral nervous (CNS) system tumors, malignant or
benign, including gliomas and neuroblastomas. Biomolecules
associated with premalignant and non-neoplastic or non-malignant
hyperproliferative tissue include but are not limited to
biomolecules associated with myelodysplastic disorders; cervical
carcinoma-in-situ; familial intestinal polyposes such as Gardner
syndrome; oral leukoplakias; histiocytoses; keloids; hemangiomas;
psoriasis; and cells made hyperproliferative by viral infections
(e.g., warts).
[0026] Although the present invention is described herein with
reference to the detection of antigens associated with tumor and
other hyperproliferative cells, the present invention may also be
utilized for the measurement of glucose, cell necrosis byproducts,
cell signaling proteins, and the like.
[0027] The embodiments of the present invention are primarily
concerned with use in human subjects, but the embodiments of the
invention may also be used with animal subjects, particularly
mammalian subjects such as primates, mice, rats, dogs, cats,
livestock and horses for veterinary purposes, and for drug
screening and drug development purposes.
[0028] As used herein, the term "optical radiation" can include
radiation that can be used to transmit signals in tissue, such as
radiation in the visible, ultraviolet, infrared and/or other
portions of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
[0029] Although the embodiments described herein refer to
fluorescently labeled binding molecules (i.e., antibodies), it will
be understood that the present invention may be used with any type
label, including fluorescent labels (e.g., fluorescein, rhodamine),
radioactive labels (e.g., .sup.35S, .sup.125I, .sup.131I),
bioluminescent labels (e.g., biotin-streptavidin, green fluorescent
protein (GFP)), and enzyme labels (e.g., horseradish peroxidase,
alkaline phosphatase).
[0030] It will also be understood that while embodiments described
herein refer specifically to antibodies, the present invention may
also be used with other molecules that bind the biomolecules to be
detected. Furthermore, although the present invention is described
with reference to detecting concentrations of antigens, the present
invention may also be used to detect the concentration of any
biomolecules whose detection is desired, including but not limited
to proteins, polypeptides, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and the
like.
[0031] As used herein, the term "antibody" is understood to
encompass all antibodies as that term is understood in the art,
including but not limited to polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, and
single chain antibodies, Fab fragments, and fragments produced by a
Fab expression library. Monoclonal antibodies may be prepared using
any technique which provides for the production of antibody
molecules by continuous cell lines in culture. These include, but
are not limited to, the hybridoma technique, the human B-cell
hybridoma technique, and the EBV-hybridoma technique. See, e.g., G.
Kohler et al. (1975) Nature 256, 495-497; D. Kozbor et al. (1985)
J. Immunol. Methods 81, 31-42; R. J. Cote et al. (1983) Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 80, 2026-2030; and S. P. Cole et al. (1984) Mol.
Cell Biol. 62, 109-120.
[0032] Chimeric antibodies may be produced according to methods set
forth in, for example, S. L. Morrison et al. (1984) Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci., 81, 6851-6855; M. S. Neuberger et al. (1984) Nature
312, 604-608; and S. Takeda et al. (1985) Nature 314, 452-454).
Alternatively, techniques described for the production of single
chain antibodies may be adapted, using methods known in the art, to
produce antigen-specific single chain antibodies. Antibodies may
also be produced by inducing in vivo production in the lymphocyte
population or by screening immunoglobulin libraries or panels of
highly specific binding reagents as disclosed in the literature.
See, e.g., R. Orlandi et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, 86,
3833-3837; and G. Winter et al. (1991) Nature 349, 293-299.
Antibodies with related specificity, but of distinct idiotypic
composition, may be generated by chain shuffling from random
combinatorial immunoglobulin libraries. See e.g., D. R. Burton
(1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88, 11120-11123).
[0033] Antibody fragments which contain specific binding sites for
antigens can also be used. For example, such fragments include, but
are not limited to, the F(ab')2 fragments which can be produced by
pepsin digestion of the antibody molecule and the Fab fragments
which can be generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of the
F(ab')2 fragments. Alternatively, Fab expression libraries may be
constructed to allow rapid and easy identification of monoclonal
Fab fragments with the desired specificity. See W. D. Huse et al.
(1989) Science 254, 1275-1281.
[0034] Fluorescence-based assays are well established for ex vivo
studies and a number of fluorophores and tagged antibody systems
are commercially available. An extensive list of commercially
available pH-dependent fluorophores useful in the practice of the
present invention can be found in R. P. Haugland, Chapter 23 ("pH
Indicators") of Handbook of Fluorescent Probes and Research
Chemicals, Sixth Edition (Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene, Oreg.,
(1996), and HTML version located at www.probes.com).
[0035] According to embodiments of the present invention,
fluorescently labeled binding molecules, such as antibodies, can be
bound to biomolecules, such as antigens, associated with tumor
cells. An optical radiation source can be used to excite the
fluorescently labeled antibodies bound to the antigens. The
fluorescently labeled antibodies emit a second optical radiation in
response to the excitation. A sensor can be used to detect a level
of the optical radiation emitted by the fluorescently labeled
antibodies. The level of emitted optical radiation can be used to
determine the concentration of antigens present. The concentration
of antigen may then be correlated to the amount, or the presence,
or the growth or proliferation behavior of the tumor cells based on
known relationships between concentration of tumor specific antigen
and these parameters, or according to relationships that may be
determined by the skilled artisan.
[0036] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of embodiments according
to the present invention that can be used to determine antigen
levels of in vivo tumor tissue 110. The tumor tissue 110 may be
characterized by a type of tumor specific antigen (TSA) 195 located
at the surface 100 of the tumor tissue 110. For example, a TSA 195
may be found on the surface of cell tissue 110. In general,
suitable biomolecules (i.e., TSAs) indicative of tumor cell
proliferation are essentially independent of many of the
biological, physiological, and/or environmental properties that are
found in solid tumors. Although only a single surface of tissue 110
is shown, it will be understood that embodiments according to the
present invention may be utilized to detect biomolecule
concentrations for a plurality of tissue 110.
[0037] The phase of the tumor tissue 110 may be detected based on a
concentration level of the TSA 195 at the surface 100. For example,
a "growth" phase of the tumor may be characterized by relatively
high concentrations of the TSA 195 and a "remission" phase may be
characterized by relatively low concentrations of TSA 195.
[0038] A platform 105 is located in vivo proximate to the tumor
tissue 110 and may or may not become bio-fouled with a bio-fouling
tissue 190 over time. The platform 105 carries a matrix material
140 that can include fluorescently labeled antibodies 130 that are
suspended in the matrix material 140. The matrix material 140 can
be soluble so that the fluorescently labeled antibodies 130 can be
released from the matrix material 140 over time. The matrix
material 140 can be in the shape of a cylinder as shown, for
example, in FIGS. 3 and 4. Other shapes may be used. The platform
105 can also include a telemetry system that transmits and receive
signals to and from systems which are ex vivo.
[0039] The fluorescently labeled antibodies 130 are selected to
specifically interact or bind with the TSA 195 that characterizes
the tumor tissue 110, but is not associated with normal tissue.
More than one TSA 195 may characterize a the tumor tissue 110.
[0040] When the fluorescently labeled antibodies 130 are released
from the matrix material 140, some of the fluorescently labeled
antibodies 130 bind with the TSA 195 on the surface 100 proximate
to the platform 105 to form a binding complex 160. The unbound
fluorescently labeled antibodies 150 may dissipate over time to
become remote from the platform 105.
[0041] An optical radiation source 120 emits a first optical
radiation 170 that excites the fluorescent labels of the binding
complexes 160 to a higher energy state. In one embodiment of the
invention, the first optical radiation is emitted through a
biofouling tissue 190. Once excited, the fluorescent labels of the
bound complexes emit a second optical radiation 180. The respective
wavelengths of the first optical radiation 170 and the second
optical 180 may be selected to promote penetration of the
bio-fouling tissue 190. The optical radiation source can be, for
example, a laser diode, a high power Light Emitting Diode (LED), or
the like, as described further herein.
[0042] An optical radiation detector 115 can detect the second
optical radiation 180 through bio-fouling tissue 190 thereby
avoiding some of the drawbacks associated with conventional
techniques. A time interval between the emission of the first
optical radiation 170 and detection of the second optical radiation
180 can be selected to allow the fluorescently labeled antibodies
130 to bind with the TSA 195 on the surface 100. The optical
radiation detector 115 can be a photodiode or a phototransistor.
Other devices as described further herein and/or known to those
skilled in the art and may be also be used.
[0043] The optical radiation detector 115 can include an optical
absorption filter to reduce the effects of background noise. The
optical radiation source 120 and the optical radiation detector 115
can be separated by a shield that reduces the amount of the first
optical radiation 170 that reaches the optical radiation detector
115. In some embodiments, the optical radiation detector 115 is
located about 500 micrometers from the bound complexes 160. In
other embodiments, the optical radiation detector 115 includes a
lens that collects and focuses the second optical radiation 180 so
that the separation between the optical radiation detector 115 and
the bound complexes 160 may be increased.
[0044] The intensity of the second optical radiation 180 can be
used to determine the concentration of the TSA 195. In particular,
the TSA 195 that is proximate to the platform 105 may have
fluorescently labeled antibodies 130 bound thereto. Accordingly,
the fluorescent labels may emit the second optical radiation 180
after the excitation of the first optical radiation 170.
[0045] FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of embodiments according
to the present invention. According to FIG. 2, a platform 200 can
be located in vivo proximate to tissue 290 that includes antigens
205. A bio-fouling tissue 225 may develop on portions of the
platform 200 over time. The platform 200 can include first and
second matrix materials 240 and 215, respectively. The first matrix
material 240 can include unlabeled antibodies 220. The second
matrix material 215 can include fluorescently labeled antibodies
210. In some embodiments, additional matrix materials can be used.
As described herein, the matrix materials may include different
concentrations of antibodies and/or mixtures of antibodies wherein
some antibodies may be labeled and others may not be labeled.
[0046] The unlabeled and fluorescently labeled antibodies 220, 210
can be released continuously over time or in phases as described
herein. The release of the respective antibodies may be out of
phase with respect to each other. For example, unlabeled antibodies
220 may be released during a first time interval and the
fluorescently labeled antibodies 210 may be released during a
second time interval. The antibodies may also be released using an
apparatus 270 coupled to the respective matrix material, as
described further herein. The apparatus 270 coupled to each matrix
material may be different. In some embodiments, the apparatus 270
may be used to control the rate of release of the unlabeled and/or
labeled antibodies. The use of a controlled release strategy can be
employed to provide a continuous source of fluorescently-labeled
antibody 230, which can be advantageous in the dynamic biological
environment in which the platform 200 must function.
[0047] The unlabeled antibodies 220 are released into the tissue
290 to provide free unlabeled antibodies 235. The fluorescently
labeled antibodies 210 are released to provide free fluorescently
labeled antibodies 230. Some of the free fluorescently labeled
antibodies 230 bind to the antigens 205 to provide bound antigens
231. Some of the bound antigens 231 become bound to the unlabeled
antibodies 220 at the surface of the second matrix material 240 to
provide bound structures 290 at the surface of the second matrix
material 240. An optical radiation emitter/detector 285 is adjacent
to the second matrix material 285 and can be used to excite the
bound structures 290 and detect a signal as discussed above.
[0048] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of compositions of matter
according to the present invention. According to FIG. 3,
fluorescently labeled antibodies 330 are released from a matrix
material 335 over time. The matrix material can be selected based
on factors such as biocompatibility, time release characteristics,
degradation, interaction with the fluorescently labeled antibodies
330 suspended therein, lack of autofluorescence, etc.
[0049] It will be understood that other fluorescently labeled
antibodies may be included in the matrix material 335 to provide a
mixture of different types of antibodies. The term "different types
of antibodies" will be understood to meant that one type of
antibody may have more than kind of label, i.e., label A and label
B. Alternatively, more than one type of antibody (i.e., antibody A
and antibody B) may have the same label. For example, the matrix
material 335 can include type A and type B fluorescently labeled
antibodies 330. Moreover, the A and B type fluorescently labeled
antibodies 330 may have different concentrations. For example, the
A type fluorescently labeled antibodies 330 can comprise 20% of the
fluorescently labeled antibodies 330 and the type B fluorescently
labeled antibodies 330 can comprise 80% of the fluorescently
labeled antibodies 330. Additional types of fluorescently labeled
antibodies 330 may also be included in varying concentrations.
[0050] It is preferable that the matrix material 335 not react with
or damage the fluorescently labeled antibodies 330 suspended
therein. It is also preferable that the matrix material 335 not
promote bio-fouling at the interaction surface 340 so that the
fluorescently labeled antibodies 330 may be released over time
without undue interference. The matrix material 335 may comprise
one or more of several polymers. The choice of polymer can be
determined empirically as encapsulation, degradation and release
characteristics of polymers in tissue may vary from subject to
subject, or from cell type to cell type, or from sample to sample,
and the like. Suitable biodegradable polymers can be based on
hydrolysis of ester linkages in the polymer, and a variety of
polymers of this type are commercially available and well
characterized. Many of these polymers degrade into small, non-toxic
molecules. Some of the most common biodegradable polymers are
poly(lactic acid) and poly(glycolic acid). Fried, Joel R. Polymer
Science and Technology, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice Hall,
1995, pp. 246-249. In some embodiments according to the present
invention, the matrix material 335 is a mixture of different
materials such as a combination of polylactic acid and polyglycolic
acid. The different materials can occur in a range of
concentrations. For example, the matrix material 335 can comprise
between about 0 and about 50% polylactic acid and/or between about
10 and about 50% polyglycolic acid.
[0051] In some embodiments, time release of the fluorescently
labeled antibodies 330 may be controlled by selecting the matrix
material 335 based on the biocompatibility of the material 335 with
the antibody or biomolecule to be detected, polymer type, polymer
structure (e.g., the physical size and porosity of the polymer
release bead), the molecular weight of the matrix material 335, the
porosity of the matrix material 335, and/or other material
parameters.
[0052] In other embodiments, the matrix material 335 may be coupled
to an apparatus 350 that can affect the rate at which the matrix
material 335 releases the fluorescently labeled antibodies 330. For
example, the apparatus 350 can be a piezoelectric circuit that
vibrates the matrix material 335, thereby causing the fluorescently
labeled antibodies 330 to be released at varying rates. Although
several parameters (e.g., polymer structure, molecular weight,
porosity, etc.) are available to control the rate and time course
of release, other techniques for controlling release may be used.
For example, the polymer may be mounted on top of a piezoelectric
element, whereby the actuation of the element (e.g., mechanically
shaking the polymer with a sinusoidal input to the piezoelectric)
increases the rate of release. Another option for modulating
release rate is to blend the matrix material 335 with an
electrically conducting polymer (e.g., polypyrrole) and, by
oxidizing and reducing the polymer electrochemically, modulate the
porosity of the blend (Kontturi et al., "Polypyrrole as a model
membrane for drug delivery", Journal of Electroanalytical
Chemistry, 1998, 453(1-2), 231-238, Hepel, M. et al., "Application
of the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance for
electrochemically controlled binding and release of chlorpromazine
from conductive polymer matrix", Microchemical Journal, 1997, 56,
54-64, Yano, S. et al., "Extracellular release of a recombinant
gene product by osmotic shock from immobilized microalga in
electroconductive membrane" Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics,
1996, 39, 89-93, Bidan et al., "Incorporation of Sulfonated
Cyclodextrins into Polypyrrole--An Approach for the
Electro-controlled delivering of Neutral-Drugs", Biosensors &
Bioelectronics, 1995, 10, 219-229, Hepel, M. et al.,
"Electrorelease of Drugs from Composite Polymer-Films" ACS
Symposium Series, 1994, 545, 79-97.
[0053] FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of compositions of matter
according to the present invention. According to FIG. 4,
fluorescently labeled antibodies 430 are released within the first,
second, and third matrix material sections 435,440,445. The first
and second matrix material sections 435,440 are separated by a
first separator material 450 that can be devoid of the
fluorescently labeled antibodies 430. The second and third matrix
material sections 440,445 are separated by a second separator
material 455 that can be devoid of the fluorescently labeled
antibodies 430. The different matrix material sections can provide
for "pulses" of labeled material to be released at different times.
In particular, after a barrier dissolves, the underlying matrix
section can provide for a pulsed release of the labeled antibody.
This could be used, for example, to measure a level of antigen
expression over time. Moreover, the first, second, and third matrix
materials sections 435,440,445 can each have different compositions
of fluorescently labeled antibodies 430 to provide different rates
of release over time.
[0054] FIG. 5 is a diagram that illustrates embodiments of in vivo
circuits and systems according to the present invention. A matrix
material 530 includes the fluorescently labeled antibodies that are
released in a tissue 500 as described, for example, in reference to
FIGS. 3 and 4. The matrix material 530 can be coupled to an
apparatus 580 that can vary the rate of release of the
fluorescently labeled antibodies as described, for example, in
reference to FIGS. 3 and 4.
[0055] An optical radiation source 505 can include an amplifier
that responds to a control input A to provide an output current
that passes through a high power light emitting diode that emits
optical radiation 515. The optical radiation 515 can pass through a
bio-fouling tissue 570 and excite the fluorescent labels on the
fluorescently labeled antibodies.
[0056] The excited fluorescent labels can emit an optical radiation
520 that can pass through the bio-fouling tissue 570 to reach an
optical radiation detector 510. For example, the optical radiation
520 impinges a photodetector. In response, the photodetector can
generate a current that can be converted to a voltage level that
represents the level of the optical radiation 520. In some
embodiments according to the present invention, the photodetector
is a photomultiplier. The optical radiation detector 510 can
include an absorption filter to reduce background noise.
[0057] The optical radiation source 505, the optical radiation
detector 510, and the matrix material 530 can operate in
conjunction with a processor circuit 525. The processor circuit 525
can control the release of the fluorescently labeled antibodies
from the matrix material 530 by controlling the apparatus 580 that,
for example, vibrates the matrix material 530 to vary the rate of
release of the fluorescently labeled antibodies.
[0058] The processor circuit 525 can provide an input to the
optical radiation source 505. The processor circuit 525 can monitor
an output signal C from the optical radiation source 505 to
determine, for example, the power output thereof. Other functions
may be monitored and/or controlled.
[0059] The processor circuit 525 can receive a voltage level B from
the optical radiation detector 510 to determine, for example, the
intensity of the optical radiation 520. The processor can provide
an output E to a telemetry system (526). The telemetry system 526
can transmit/receive data to/from an ex vivo system (not shown).
The ex vivo system can control the release of the fluorescently
labeled antibodies by transmitting a signal into the body for
reception by the in vivo system. The in vivo system can release
fluorescently labeled antibodies in response to the signal from the
ex vivo system. Other signals can be transmitted from the ex vivo
system. In some embodiments, the transmitted/received data is
digitally encoded. Other types of data transmission may be
used.
[0060] The in vivo system can transmit data to the ex vivo system.
For example, the in vivo system can transmit data associated with
the intensity of the optical radiation 520. The in vivo system can
transmit other data to the ex vivo system. Accordingly, the in vivo
system can be implanted for in vivo use whereby the ex vivo system
can control operations of the in vivo system including receiving
data from the in vivo system without an associated invasive
procedure.
[0061] In some embodiments, the in vivo system is powered remotely
through the tissue in which it is implanted. For example, the in
vivo system can include an inductor that provides power to the in
vivo system via an inductively coupled power signal from the ex
vivo system. In some embodiments, the in vivo system has a diameter
of approximately 2 mm.
[0062] In the embodiments of the invention described above, a light
emitting diode (LED) or laser diode (for greater excitation
intensity) can be used as the excitation source and a photodiode
can be used to detect the corresponding emission signal. Integral
emission and absorption filters can be introduced as needed in the
form of dielectric coatings on the diode elements. Light emitting
diodes, and photodetectors are now commonly available. These
devices can be extremely compact, with a laser diode being
typically less than 100 .mu.m. Thin film deposition and fiber optic
technologies known to the skilled artisan permit the construction
of extremely sharp optical filters.
[0063] An external sensor package for the optical implant apparatus
described above may be about 2 mm.times.10 mm in the form of a
rounded cylinder. This configuration may ease insertion into a
subject when used in conjunction with a device similar to a biopsy
needle. The standardization of package size and geometry may enable
a diverse range of coatings such as diamond like carbon (DLC) or
glasses of various compositions and plastics. The inner portion of
the package can be used to provide a hermetic seal isolating the
device from the effects of moisture and attack by the body.
[0064] In some embodiments, laser diodes are mounted on a heat sink
and emit light from front and rear facets perpendicular to the
circuit board. The optical power from the rear facet can be
measured by a photodetector mounted on the opposite side of the
circuit board. This permits feed back control of the optical power.
On one side of the optical barrier dividing the cylinder, a signal
photodiode receives the return fluorescence or the absorption
signal to be ratioed, as in the case of oxygen measurements. An
optical rejection filter can be deposited on the photodetector to
reduce background noise. The telemetry coil, drivers and other
electronics can be distributed on either side of the circuit
board.
[0065] The embodiments of the invention described herein may afford
effective baseline correction, a potentially important
consideration in the practice of the present invention. Changes in
diode laser output as a function of time can be accommodated
through the use of standard photodiode feedback techniques.
Measurements before and after insertion can be used to provide an
initial baseline. This may be helpful in assessing background
fluorescence and the degree of non-specific binding. The influence
of external lighting as a parameter may also be assessed. The
lifetime of the implant may be as long as six months or even more
in some cases.
[0066] One advantage of this detection scheme is that it may be
relatively resistant to the accretion of material on the outer
surface of the sensor ("biofouling"). One aspect of the invention
provides for emission and absorption wavelengths through whatever
over layer covers the sensor surface. The circuit may also be
coated with a biocompatible optical translucent layer. Although
close proximity of the target fluorophore to the sensor is
desirable, significant leeway is obtained for detection of signals
away from the site of sensor implantation. As discussed herein, one
embodiment includes a time-released, tagged antibody or
event-activated hybridization reaction. Continuous monitoring of
the implanted sensor is possible so that kinetics of the reaction
can also be assessed.
[0067] In embodiments of the present invention, a lens system may
or may not be present, but the detector is preferably placed in
close proximity (e.g., about 500 micrometers) to the source of
fluorescence. In this way, the detector may become the image plane.
The sensor may alternatively be non-imaging and accordingly may be
used as a binary-state detector for the presence or absence of
fluorescent signal.
[0068] As disclosed above, according to embodiments of the present
invention, fluorescently labeled antibodies can be coupled to
antigens associated with tumor cells. An optical radiation source
can be used to excite the fluorescently labeled antibodies coupled
to the antigens. The fluorescently labeled antibodies emit optical
radiation in response to the excitation. A sensor can be used to
detect a level of the optical radiation emitted by the
fluorescently labeled antibodies. The level of optical radiation
can be used to determine the concentration of antigens present on
the surface of the tissue. The concentration of antigens may then
be correlated to the proliferative state or growth behavior of the
tissue. In the drawings and specification, typical preferred
embodiments and methods according to the present invention have
been disclosed. Although specific terms have been used, they are
used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes
of limitation, the scope of the present invention being set forth
in the following claims.
* * * * *
References