U.S. patent application number 13/053543 was filed with the patent office on 2011-09-29 for cleaning implement comprising hybrid foam.
Invention is credited to Geert Andre DELEERSNYDER, Denis Alfred GONZALES, Peter NESSEL, Tobias Heinz STEINKE.
Application Number | 20110232680 13/053543 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 42315367 |
Filed Date | 2011-09-29 |
United States Patent
Application |
20110232680 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
GONZALES; Denis Alfred ; et
al. |
September 29, 2011 |
CLEANING IMPLEMENT COMPRISING HYBRID FOAM
Abstract
The present invention relates to a cleaning implement comprising
hybrid foam and to a method of cleaning a hard surface with said
cleaning implement.
Inventors: |
GONZALES; Denis Alfred;
(Brussels, BE) ; DELEERSNYDER; Geert Andre;
(Wielsbeke, BE) ; NESSEL; Peter; (Ludwigshafen,
DE) ; STEINKE; Tobias Heinz; (Speyer, DE) |
Family ID: |
42315367 |
Appl. No.: |
13/053543 |
Filed: |
March 22, 2011 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
134/6 ;
15/244.4 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y10T 428/249981
20150401; B32B 2266/02 20130101; B32B 2266/06 20130101; B32B 5/32
20130101; B32B 2266/025 20130101; Y10T 428/249986 20150401; B08B
1/002 20130101; B32B 27/36 20130101; B32B 5/245 20130101; B32B 7/08
20130101; B08B 1/00 20130101; B32B 27/40 20130101; B32B 2266/0285
20130101; A47L 13/17 20130101; B32B 2432/00 20130101; B32B 7/12
20130101; B32B 5/18 20130101; B32B 27/38 20130101; B32B 2270/00
20130101; B32B 2307/732 20130101; A47L 13/16 20130101; B32B
2266/0278 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
134/6 ;
15/244.4 |
International
Class: |
B08B 1/00 20060101
B08B001/00; A47L 13/16 20060101 A47L013/16 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Mar 25, 2010 |
EP |
10157806.0 |
Feb 23, 2011 |
EP |
11155591.8 |
Claims
1. A cleaning implement (1) comprising a hybrid foam (2) wherein
said hybrid foam comprises a melamine formaldehyde resin as
foamable reactive resins, and a substrate material, wherein said
substrate material is selected from the group consisting of mineral
fibres, animal fibres, plant fibres, chemical fibres, natural
fibres, synthetic fibres, fibers of nonwoven fabrics, fibres of
woven materials and mixtures thereof.
2. A cleaning implement (1) according to claim 1, wherein the
substrate material is selected from the group consisting of
polyurethane resins, polyester resins, epoxides and mixtures
thereof.
3. A cleaning implement (1) according to claim 2, wherein said
cleaning implement has a thickness of at least 15 mm.
4. A cleaning implement (1) according to claim 3, having a shape
selected from the group consisting of: cube shape, rectangular
shape, pyramid shape, cylindrical shape, cone shape, pencil eraser
shape, cuboid shape, and tetrahedron shape.
5. A cleaning implement (1) according to claim 4, having a volume
of from 1 cm.sup.3to 10,000 cm.sup.3.
6. A cleaning implement (1) according to claim 5, wherein said
hybrid foam forms (2) a first layer and wherein said cleaning
implement additionally comprises a second layer of material.
7. A cleaning implement (1) according to claim 6, wherein said
second layer of material is second foam layer (3).
8. A cleaning implement (1) according to claim 7, wherein said
second foam layer (3) is selected from the group consisting of
polyurethane foams; polypropylene foams; polyethylene foams;
cellulose foam sponges; naturally occurring sponges; open-cell
polyester foams; and cross-lined polyethylene foams; and
combinations thereof.
9. A cleaning implement (1) according to claim 6, wherein said
layer of hybrid foam and said layer of second foam (3) are joined
by means of a permanent attachment or a temporary attachment.
10. A cleaning implement (1) according to claim 9, wherein said
layer of said hybrid foam (2) and said layer of a second foam (3)
are joined by an attachment means providing a permanent attachment
selected from the group consisting of foam flame laminating the two
layers together; use of a permanent adhesive; sewing the two layers
together; and needle-punching the two layers together; and
combinations thereof.
11. A cleaning implement (1) according to claim 1, wherein the
thickness of said hybrid foam (2) layer is from about 5 mm to about
100 mm.
12. A cleaning implement (1) according to claim 6, wherein said
cleaning implement comprises at least one additional layer.
13. A cleaning implement (1) according to claim 5, wherein said
cleaning implement comprises two outer layers of said hybrid foam
(a) and an inner layer of material.
14. A cleaning implement (1) according to claim 13, wherein said
inner layer is a second foam material.
15. A cleaning implement (1) according to claim 14, wherein said
inner layer of a second foam material is made of a foam material
selected from the group consisting of polyurethane foams,
polypropylene foams, polyethylene foams, cellulose foam sponges,
naturally occurring sponges, open-cell polyester foams, and
cross-lined polyethylene foams, and combinations thereof.
16. A cleaning implement (1) according to claim 1, wherein said
hybrid foam comprises at least one additive selected from the group
consisting of biocides, solids, surfactants, colorants, lubricants,
cross-linkers, fragrances, plasticizers, odor scavengers,
microcapsules and combinations thereof.
17. A method of cleaning a hard surface with a cleaning implement
(1) according to claim 1.
18. A cleaning implement (1) according to claim 1, wherein said
solids are abrasive materials, filler materials, or combinations
thereof.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to a cleaning implement
comprising hybrid foam.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Open-cell foams and in particular melamine-formaldehyde
resin foams (also referred to herein as melamine foams) are well
known in the art for use in industrial applications, for example,
as heat or sound insulating materials as well as for fire
protection purposes. Indeed, in the automotive industry, open-cell
foams are commonly used to insulate motor compartments and driver
cabins of cars and trucks.
[0003] Recently, a novel application for such open-cell foams in
the area of hard surface cleaning has been discovered. Indeed,
cleaning implements of cut or molded pieces of such open-cell foam,
and in particular melamine foam, have become popular to remove
soils and/or stains from hard surfaces (i.e., cleaning of hard
surfaces) such as tiles, walls, floors, sanitary fittings such as
sinks, showers, shower curtains, wash basins, WCs, household
appliances including, but not limited to, refrigerators, freezers,
washing machines, automatic dryers, ovens, microwave ovens,
dishwashers and so on. Indeed, melamine foam sponges are currently
marketed under the tradename Mr. Clean Magic Eraser.RTM..
[0004] It is has been observed that open-cell foam (and melamine
foam in particular) shows good soil and/or stain removal
performance when used to clean hard surfaces, on stains/soils such
as marks on walls and furniture. Indeed, it has been observed that
open-cell foams (and melamine foam in particular) when wetted with
an appropriate solvent, such as tap water, removes soils and/or
stains from a hard surface when said hard surface is brought into
contacted with said wetted modified open-cell foam. By "bringing
into contact" it is meant wiping, swiping, rubbing or the like. In
order for the open-cell foam (and melamine foam in particular) to
optimally remove soils and/or stains from hard surfaces substantial
amounts of an appropriate solvent, such as tap water, have to be
used. Most commonly, tap water is used by the users of melamine
foam when removing soils and/or stains from hard surfaces. When
used with water or any other appropriate solvent, the open-cell
foam (and melamine foam in particular) comes off as small particles
(meaning, the foam crumbles) when brought into contact with a hard
surface. Indeed, a milky suspension of small modified open-cell
foam (and melamine foam in particular) particles in water is
formed. However there has been need for better soil and/or stain
removal with better durability upon use.
[0005] It is therefore, an objective of the present invention to
provide a cleaning implement based on new hybrid foam, wherein said
implement is capable of (improved) cleaning greasy soap scum soils
and neat kitchen dirt (grease) from hard surfaces and at the same
time shows excellent durability upon use.
[0006] It has now been found that the above objective can be met by
the use of hybrid foam according to the present invention to clean
hard surfaces. Indeed, the objectives are met by the cleaning
implement according to the present invention comprising such hybrid
foam, the method of cleaning hard surfaces with such a cleaning
implement or the method of cleaning hard surfaces with the
inventive foams.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The present invention relates to a cleaning implement (1)
comprising a hybrid foam (2) wherein said hybrid foam comprises a
melamine formaldehyde resin as foamable reactive resins, and a
substrate material, wherein said substrate material is selected
from the group consisting of mineral fibres, animal fibres, plant
fibres, chemical fibres, natural fibres, synthetic fibres, fibers
of nonwoven fabrics, fibres of woven materials and mixtures
thereof.
[0008] The present invention further encompasses a method of
cleaning a hard surface with a cleaning implement according to the
present invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a cleaning implement
(1).
[0010] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a cleaning implement (1)
comprising two layers.
DESCRIPTION OF THE REFERENCE NUMERALS
[0011] 1: Cleaning implement [0012] 2: Hybrid foam layer [0013] 3:
Layer of second foam. [0014] 4: Line indicating the separation of
the two layers
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Cleaning Implement
[0015] The cleaning implement (1) herein comprises hybrid foam as
described herein below.
[0016] By a "cleaning implement" it is meant herein an article of
manufacture of any suitable shape and/or size and/or volume
suitable for cleaning, i.e., removing spots and/or stains from hard
surfaces. In a highly preferred embodiment according to the present
invention, the cleaning implement herein is in a shape and/or size
and/or volume suitable for use by a consumer to clean hard surfaces
therewith. Examples of cleaning implements are wipers, brushes,
cleaning cloths or cleaning granules.
[0017] In a preferred embodiment, the cleaning implements herein
are suitable for cleaning/cleansing inanimate surfaces selected
from the group consisting of household hard surfaces; dish
surfaces; surfaces like leather or synthetic leather; and
automotive vehicles surfaces.
[0018] In a highly preferred embodiment, the cleaning implements
herein are suitable to clean household hard surfaces.
[0019] By "household hard surface", it is meant herein any kind of
surface typically found in and around houses like kitchens,
bathrooms, e.g., floors, walls, tiles, windows, cupboards, sinks,
showers, shower plastified curtains, wash basins, WCs, fixtures and
fittings and the like made of different materials like ceramic,
vinyl, no-wax vinyl, linoleum, melamine, glass, Inox.RTM.,
Formica.RTM., any plastics, plastified wood, metal or any painted
or varnished or sealed surface and the like. Household hard
surfaces also include household appliances including, but not
limited to refrigerators, freezers, washing machines, automatic
dryers, ovens, microwave ovens, dishwashers and so on. Such hard
surfaces may be found both in private households as well as in
commercial, institutional and industrial environments.
[0020] Suitable shapes of the cleaning implements (1), such as a
wiper, herein may be selected from the group consisting of: cube
shape, rectangular shape, pyramid shape, cylindrical shape, cone
shape, pencil eraser shape, cuboid shape, tetrahedron shape; sphere
shape; globular shape; and ellipsoid shape. Preferably, said
cleaning implement has a shape selected from the group consisting
of: cube shape, rectangular shape, pencil eraser shape, and cuboid
shape.
[0021] Suitable volumes of the cleaning implements herein may be
from 1 cm.sup.3 to 10,000 cm.sup.3, preferably from 10 cm.sup.3 to
1,000 cm.sup.3, more preferably from 150 cm.sup.3 to 250
cm.sup.3.
[0022] In a highly preferred embodiment herein, the cleaning
implement (1) herein has a cuboid shape defined by three groups of
parallel and equal length sides, referred to as a, b and c, wherein
a ranges from 2 cm to 20 cm, preferably 4 cm to 8 cm, b ranges from
2 cm to 20 cm preferably 8 cm to 15 cm, and c ranges from 1.5 cm to
5 cm, preferably 2 cm to 4 cm.
[0023] In a preferred embodiment, the thickness of said hybrid foam
(2) layer is from 5 mm to 100 mm, preferably from 7 mm to 50 mm,
more preferably 10 mm to 50 mm even more preferably from 15 mm to
50 mm, still more preferably from 20 mm to 40 mm.
[0024] The cleaning implement (1) of a first embodiment of the
present invention as shown in FIG. 1 comprises a single layer (2)
of hybrid foam.
[0025] In a preferred embodiment according to the present invention
the cleaning implements herein may comprise additional layers of
material. Preferably, in the cleaning implement herein said hybrid
foam (2) forms a first layer and said cleaning implement
additionally comprises a second layer of material. Even more
preferably, said second layer of material is a second foam layer
(3) made of a second foam material as discussed herein below. Such
a cleaning implement according to this preferred embodiment is
shown in FIG. 2.
[0026] The layers of hybrid foam (2) and second foam (3) may be
arranged in said cleaning implement in any way suitable. In a
preferred embodiment the layers of hybrid foam (2) and second foam
(3) are arranged parallel to at least one side, preferably two
opposite sides, of the cleaning implement. However, the cleaning
implement may also have an irregular shape. Indeed, the thickness
of the layers may be constant or vary throughout the cleaning
implement. The separation line (4) between the two layers may form
a straight line or may form a bend or be completely irregular. In
addition, the separation plane of the layers may be in the center
of cleaning implement, dividing the implement in two equal parts,
or may be in the upper or lower part of the implement. In addition,
the cleaning implement may be in the shape of a sphere or a globule
or an ellipsoid with the separation plane of the layers forming a
spherical segment or one of the layers, preferably the layer of a
second foam here, forming a sphere in a sphere (similar to the
layers of an onion).
[0027] In this highly preferred embodiment, wherein the cleaning
implement (1) herein has a cuboid shape, the line indicating the
separation (4) of the two layers (or the surface areas where the
two layers are joined together) of the implement is preferably
substantially parallel (preferably parallel) to the side of the
cuboid shaped implement having the largest surface area (as shown
in FIG. 2).
[0028] In another highly preferred embodiment herein the cleaning
implement herein is in the shape of a pencil eraser. By "shape of a
pencil eraser" it is meant herein a voluminous body having six
walls, wherein three pairs of parallel and equally shaped and sized
walls exist and wherein one pair of walls are in the shape of a
parallelogram and the remaining two pairs of walls are of
rectangular shape. In this preferred embodiment, wherein the
cleaning implement herein has the shape of a pencil eraser, the
line indicating the separation of the two layers (or the surface
areas where the two layers are joined together) of the implement is
preferably substantially parallel (preferably parallel) to the side
of implement in the shape of a pencil eraser having the largest
surface area.
[0029] In order to obtain suitable cleaning implements according to
a preferred embodiment of the present invention present invention,
the hybrid foam layer (2) and the second layer of a second foam (3)
have to be attached to each other. This attachment can be achieved
by any attachment means suitable for joining the two layers. The
attachment may be either a permanent attachment (wherein the two
layers cannot be separated without inflicting substantial damage to
the layers) or temporary attachment (wherein the two layers may be
separated without inflicting substantial damage to the layers).
Suitable attachment means providing a permanent attachment are
selected from the group consisting of: foam flame laminating the
two layers together; use of a permanent adhesive; sewing the two
layers together; and needle-punching the two layers together; and
combinations thereof. Suitable attachment means providing a
temporary attachment are selected from the group consisting of: a
weak adhesive; Velcro; and a water-based, water-soluble coating or
adhesive; and combinations thereof.
[0030] In a preferred embodiment here, the attachment of layers
herein is a permanent attachment.
[0031] Foam flame lamination is a continuous process that can
adhere foams and additional materials, if any, to one or both sides
of foam in a single pass. The process of flame lamination involves
the passing of first foam (either the hybrid foam herein or the
second foam herein) over an open flame, which creates a thin layer
of molten foam/polymer. Second foam (either the second foam herein
or the hybrid foam herein, depending on the first step) is pressed
against the first foam while it is still in the molten state. Foams
and additional material, if any, can be adhered to one or both
sides of the foam in a single pass. Furthermore, additional passes
are optional. The strength of the bond depends upon the foams and
additional material, if any, selected and the processing conditions
(i.e., gas type, flame height and spread, foam burn-off and nip
pressure).
[0032] The cleaning implement according to the present invention
may contain more than two layers, wherein said additional layers,
if, any, may be of the same or similar materials as the hybrid foam
or said second foam, or may be made of another material having
similar properties as said second foam or different properties
therefore. Indeed, the cleaning implement herein may be in a
so-called sandwich configuration, wherein three layers are present.
In a preferred embodiment, wherein the cleaning implement herein is
in a sandwich configuration, the middle layer may be said second
foam and at least one of the two outer layers is hybrid foam with
the second outer layer being either hybrid foam or another material
providing other feature, such as abrasiveness or increased
rigidity. In a highly preferred embodiment according to the present
invention the cleaning implement herein comprises two outer layers
of said hybrid foam (a) and an inner layer, preferably of a second
foam material, as discussed herein below.
[0033] The layers of the cleaning implement according to the
present invention may cover each other either partially or fully.
By a "partial coverage" it is meant that at least one of the layers
overlaps the other layer (or other layers, if any) and is not fully
covered by said other layer (or other layers, if any). By a "full
coverage" it is meant that the layers of the cleaning implement do
fully cover each other and that none of the layers substantially
overlap the other layer (or other layers, if any).
[0034] The ratio of said hybrid foam to said second foam in the
cleaning implement according to the present invention is preferably
from 20:1 to 1:20 by volume, more preferable from 10:1 to 1:10 by
volume, even more preferably 5:1 to 1:1, still more preferably 5:1
to 2:1, and most preferably from 4:1 to 3:1 by volume.
[0035] In order to obtain suitable cleaning implements according to
the present invention, the hybrid foam- and second foam-raw
materials may have to be modified in shape and/or size. This
modification can be done by any means known to those skilled in the
art. Suitable means of modifying the shape and/or size of melamine
foam- and second foam-raw materials may be selected from the group
consisting of: cutting, breaking, and tearing, and combinations
thereof.
Hybrid Foam
[0036] By "hybrid foam" it is meant herein foams produced from
3-dimensional and 2-dimensional substrate material and foamable
melamine formaldehyde resin. Optionally, two or more different
foamable reactive resins can also be incorporated into the
substrate material.
[0037] The cleaning implement (1) herein comprises hybrid foam
(2).
[0038] The weight ratio of substrate material to foaming reactive
resin as a general rule is from 1 to 50% by weight, preferably from
5 to 30% by weight, in particular from 10 to 20% by weight.
[0039] Suitable substrate materials for the hybrid foams according
to the invention are all the 3-dimensional and 2-dimensional
materials known to the person skilled in the art, which can be used
as substrate, matrix or skeletal structure/framework. In principle,
substrate material can be designed to be any shape or thickness.
Preferably, 2-dimensional substrate materials are used which are
planar, wherein the third dimension (thickness) is smaller than the
first (length) and second (width) dimensions of the planar
substrate material. The length and width of the planar substrate
material can be the same or different. Suitable substrates used
herein are preferably air permeable allowing melamine foaming
additionally substrates have preferably open cell structure.
[0040] Preferably, the substrate materials are selected from at
least one (foaming) polyurethane resin (PU resin), (foaming)
polyester resin or (foaming) epoxy resin. Preferably the substrate
material is a polyurethane resin. Suitable polyurethane resins used
herein are polyester resins or epoxy resins. By way of example,
such resins can be found in the Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and
Technology (Wiley) in the following chapters: a) Polyesters,
unsaturated: Edition 3, Vol. 11, 2004, pages 41-64; b)
Polyurethanes: Edition 3, Vol. 4, 2003, pages 26-72; and c) Epoxy
Resins: Edition 3, Vol. 9, 2004, pages 678-804. In addition, the
following chapters are found in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of
Industrial Chemistry (Wiley): a) Polyester resins, unsaturated:
Edition 6, Vol. 28, 2003, pages 65-74; b) Polyurethanes: Edition 6,
Vol. 28, 2003, pages 667-722; and c) Epoxy Resins: Edition 6, Vol.
12, 2003, pages 285-303.
[0041] Polyurethane resins in the context of the present invention
are understood in particular to be resins based on polyurethane.
They are preponderantly derived from drying oils (triglycerides,
unsaturated fatty acids), which are first transesterified with
glycerol to a mixture of mono and diglycerides. The resulting
products are subsequently converted to polyurethanes with
diisocyanates, preferably diisocyanatol toluene, with a material
quantity ratio of isocyanate groups: hydroxy groups of 1:1, which
no longer contain isocyanate groups and dry out and harden by air
oxidation, like alkyd resins. Alternatively, they can be produced
from polyalcohols partially esterified with unsaturated acids (e.g.
with tall oil) (glycerol, pentaerythritol) and diisocyanates.
[0042] Polyester resins in the context of the present invention are
understood to be preferably unsaturated polyester resins. In
particular, the polyester resins are reaction resins based on
unsaturated polyesters, produced from unsaturated dicarboxylic
acids such as maleic acid or fumaric acid, and predominantly
divalent alcohols, such as ethylene glycol and propane-1,2-diol,
which solidify into thermosetting masses when used with
polymerization and cross linking. During their manufacture,
copolymerizable monomers (styrene, .alpha.-methyl styrene, vinyl
toluene, methyl methacrylate and others) as solvents or diluting
agents, bifunctional monomers (e.g., divinyl benzene, diallyl
phthalate) as cross linking agents and hardening agent (initiators
of polymerization, e.g. peroxide), activators, pigments, softeners,
anti-static agents, bulking agents and reinforcing agents
(inorganic or organic fibers) can be used.
[0043] Epoxy resins in the context of the present invention are
understood to be preferably both oligomeric compounds having more
than one epoxy group per molecule, which are used in the
manufacture of thermosetting resins, and the corresponding
thermosetting resins themselves. The conversion of the epoxy resin
into a thermosetting resin takes place by means of poly addition
reactions with suitable resins or by means of polymerization with
the epoxy groups. Preferably the manufacture of epoxy resins
results from the conversion in an alkaline medium of bisphenol A
(aromatic dihydroxy compounds) with epichlorohydrin into linked
compounds.
[0044] The polymeric foam materials have preferably open cell
structure. In this connection, the conventional closed cell foam
structures are subsequently treated/reticulated.
[0045] What is known as reticulation is a process, in which the
cell membranes of a foam material are removed, so that the foam
material becomes open celled.
[0046] Reticulation is carried out by enclosing the entire foam
material either as blocks or rolls having a diameter of
approximately l1 in reactors. Firstly the air is then pumped out
and replaced with a combustible gas. By igniting the gas mixture,
the thinnest structures in the foam, the cell membranes, are
ruptured by the wave of heat and pressure and melt onto the cell
walls, making them thicker. Through reticulation, the compression
load deflection of the foam block is reduced by approximately 20%,
whereas, in contrast, the tensile strength and strain value
increase.
[0047] Reticulation creates a high interior temperature in the
block, similar to after the foaming. Therefore, a cooling down time
is necessary after reticulation. Reticulated foams are nearly 100%
open celled and therefore have a minimal flow resistance to gases
or liquids. The most frequent use is in filters of all kinds. In
the present invention, with the help of the reticulation process,
the selected foam is thereby refined so that it has less than 20
pores per centimeter, preferably less than 8 pores per centimeter
and most preferably less than 4 pores per centimeter.
[0048] Alternatively, or in addition to the process of
reticulation, there is the possibility of reducing the density of
the foam through mechanical treatment which introduces additional
holes or spaces into the foam, in addition to the pores already
present in the foam.
[0049] Suitable additional substrate materials used in hybrid foams
are mineral fibers (e.g. glass, mineral wool, basalt), animal
fibers (e.g. silk, wool) vegetal fibers (e.g. cotton), chemical
fibers from natural polymers (e.g. cellulose), and chemical fibers
from synthetic polymers, such as polyamide (PA 6.6--brand
name--nylon, PA 6.0--brand name--perlon), polyester (PET
(polyethylene terephthalate), PBT (polybutylene terephthalate), PVC
(polyvinylchloride), PP (polypropylene), PE (polyethylene), PPS
(polyphenylene sulfide), PAN (polyacrylnitrile), PI (polyimide),
PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene, Teflon) aramide (meta-aramide, brand
name, for example, Nomex, para amide, brand name, for example,
Kevlar), polyamideimide (Kermel). (Ullmann's Encyclopedia of
Industrial Chemistry, Chapter 13, Fibers, 2003, pages 323 to
652.)
[0050] Preferably nonwoven and woven materials are used, as well as
two- and three-dimensional open cell networks made of the above
named fibers.
[0051] Fiber blends of the above named fibers can also be used as
substrate materials. Multi-layered fabrics made of materially
similar fibers of varying density and fabric weights can be used.
In like manner, multi-layered fabrics made of different kinds of
fibers of the same density or different densities or the same
thickness or different thicknesses can be used.
[0052] Suitable as foamable reactive resins are
melamine-formaldehyde resins, particularly preferred
melamine-formaldehyde resins which produce an open cell foam with a
density of .ltoreq.25 g/l, that is, 1.6 to 25 g/l, preferably 2 to
15 g/l, especially preferred 3 to 23 g/l, in particular 4 to 12 g/l
and/or a pore size between 10 and 1000 .mu.m, preferably 50 and 300
.mu.m.
[0053] Methods for producing melamine-formaldehyde resins and their
foams are known from WO-A-01/94436.
[0054] The hybrid foams according to the present invention are
produced as follows: [0055] 1. A solution or dispersion is
produced, comprising a precondensate of the foam material to be
produced and optionally further additional components. E.g.: The
melamine-formaldehyde resins capable of forming foam [0056] 2. The
precondensate is poured on the substrate material and is foamed by
heating and optionally with the help of foaming agent, to a
temperature higher than the boiling point of the foaming agent, in
order to obtain a foam material, [0057] 3. and preferably
optionally, the foam material obtained in step (2) is dried.
[0058] The individual production steps and the different
possibilities for variations are described in more detail
below.
[0059] The melamine-formaldehyde precondensates, as a general rule,
have a molar ratio of formaldehyde to melamine of 5:1 to 1.3:1,
preferably 3.5:1 to 1.5:1.
[0060] Besides melamine, these melamine-formaldehyde condensation
products can contain other thermosetting builders, up to 50% by
weight, preferably up to 20% by weight, and other condensed
aldehydes besides formaldehyde up to 50% by weight, preferably up
to 20% by weight. Preferably, however, it is an unmodified
melamine-formaldehyde condensation product.
[0061] Thermosetting builders that can be used are, by way of
example, alkyl and aryl substituted melamine, urea, urethanes,
carboxylic acid amides, dicyandiamide, guanidine, sulfuryl amide,
sulfonic acid amides, aliphatic amines, glycoles, phenol, and
derivatives thereof.
[0062] Aldehydes that can be used are, by way of example,
acetaldehyde, trimethylol acetaldehyde, acrolein, benzaldehyde,
furfural, glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, phthalaldehyde and
terephthalaldehyde. Additional details about melamine-formaldehyde
condensation products are found in Houben-Weyl, Methods of Organic
Chemistry, Volume 14/2, 1963, pages 319 through 402.
[0063] In a further preferred embodiment, the melamine-formaldehyde
precondensate is present in the mixture in an amount of from 55 to
85%, preferably from 63 to 80% by weight.
[0064] Alcohols, for example, methanol, ethanol or butanol can be
added during the production of the melamine-formaldehyde
precondensate, in order to obtain a partially or fully etherified
condensate.
[0065] The formation of ether groups can affect the solubility of
the melamine-formaldehyde precondensates and the mechanical
characteristics of the completely hardened material.
[0066] As a dispersing agent or emulsifier, anionic, cationic and
nonionic surfactants and mixtures thereof can be used.
[0067] Suitable anionic surfactants, by way of example, are
diphenylene oxide sulfonates, alkane and alkylbenzene sulfonates,
alkyl naphthalene sulfonates, olefin sulfonates, alkyl ether
sulfonates, fatty acid sulfates, ether sulfates, a-sulfo fatty acid
ester, acylamino alkane sulfonates, acylisothionates, alkyl ether
carboxylate, N-acylsarcosinates, alkyl phosphates and alkyl ether
phosphates. As nonionic surfactants alkyl phenol polyglycol ether,
fatty alcohol polyglycol ether, fatty acid polyglycol ether, fatty
acid alkanolamines, ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block
copolymers, aminoxides, glycerol fatty acid ester, sorbitan ester
and alkyl polyglycosides can be used. As cationic emulsifiers, by
way of example, alkyl triammonium salts, alkyl benzyl dimethyl
ammonium salts and alkyl pyridinium salts can be used.
[0068] The dispersing agents and/or emulsifiers can be used in
amounts of from 0.2 to 5% by weight, based on the
melamine-formaldehyde precondensate.
[0069] In principle, the dispersing agents and/or emulsifiers
and/or protective colloid can be added to the raw dispersion at any
point in time; however, they can also already be present in the
solvent when the micro capsule dispersion is introduced.
[0070] Acid compounds can be used as hardening agents, which
catalyze the further condensation of the melamine resin. As a rule,
the amount of this hardening agent is 0.01 to 20% by weight,
preferably 0.05 to 5% by weight, in each case based on the
precondensate. Suitable acid compounds are inorganic and organic
acids selected, by way of example, from the group consisting of
hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid,
formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, toluene sulfonic acid, amido
sulfonic acids, acid anhydrides and mixtures thereof.
[0071] The mixture contains a foaming agent, depending on the
selection of the melamine-formaldehyde precondensate. In this
connection, the amount of foaming agent in the mixture, as a
general rule, corresponds to the desired density of the foam
material.
[0072] In principle, both physical and chemical foaming agents can
be used in the method according to the invention (Encyclopedia of
Polymer Science and Technology, Vol. 1, 3.sup.rd expanded,
Chapter--Additives, pages 203 to 218, 2003).
[0073] "Physical" or "chemical" foaming agents are suitable as
foaming agents. In this connection, "physical" foaming agents are
understood to be volatile liquids or compressed gasses, which
derive their properties as foaming agents from physical conditions
(for example, from temperature, pressure). "Chemical" foaming
agents are understood to be those foaming agents that derive their
properties as foaming agents from chemical reactions or chemical
transfer involving the release of gas.
[0074] Suitable "physical" foaming agents, by way of example, are
hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, halogenated, in particular,
chlorinated and/or fluorinated hydrocarbons, for example, methylene
chloride, chloroform, trichloroethane, fluorochlorohydrocarbons,
partially halogenated fluorochlorohydrocarbons, alcohols, for
example, methanol, ethanol, n- or iso-propanol, ethers, ketones and
esters, by way of example, formic acid methyl ester, formic acid
ethyl ester, acetic acid methyl ester, or acetic acid ethyl ester,
in liquid form, or air, nitrogen and carbon dioxide as gasses.
[0075] Suitable as "chemical" foaming agents are, by way of
example, isocyanate in a mixture with water, wherein carbon dioxide
is released as an effective foaming agent. In addition, carbonates
and bicarbonates in a mixture with acids are suitable, which
likewise create carbon dioxide. Also suitable are azo compounds,
such as azo dicarbonamide.
[0076] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the mixture also
contains at least one foaming agent. This foaming agent is present
in the mixture in an amount of from 0.5 to 60% by weight,
preferably 1 to 40% by weight, especially preferably 1.5 to 30% by
weight, based on the melamine-formaldehyde precondensate. Adding a
physical foaming agent with a boiling point between 0 and
80.degree. C. is preferred.
[0077] In a further embodiment, besides the melamine-formaldehyde
precondensate of the foam material to be produced and the nano
components, the mixture also contains an emulsifier as well as
optionally a hardening agent and optionally a foaming agent.
[0078] In a further embodiment, the mixture is free of further
additives. For some purposes, however, it can be favorable to add
0.1 to 20% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 10% by weight, based on the
melamine-formaldehyde precondensate, of customary additives such as
colorants, flame retardants, UV stabilizers, and agents to reduce
the toxicity of fumes or to boost carbonization.
[0079] It is also possible to add additives to the
melamine-formaldehyde precondensate. In one embodiment, the
abrasive foam materials contain at least one additive from the
group of colorants, aromatic substances, optical brighteners, UV
absorbers and pigments. This additive material is preferably
distributed homogeneously throughout the foam material.
[0080] The established inorganic natural (chalk for, example) or
synthetic pigments (for example, titanium oxide) can be used as
pigments, but also organic pigments.
[0081] The introduction of the foamable reactive resin (step 2)
into the substrate material can be accomplished by all of the
methods known to the person skilled in the art, by way of example,
by impregnating the substrate material with the foamable reactive
resin. Alternatively, (the surface of) the substrate material can
be sprayed with the foamable reactive resin and optionally
subsequently co-extruded or rolled into it (WO-A-2009/077616).
Typically, the foamable reactive resin is applied as evenly as
possible. The method according to the invention can be carried out
in such a way that the substrate material is completely immersed in
the impregnating solution containing the foamable reactive resin or
only one planar surface of the substrate material is dipped.
[0082] In a preferred embodiment, a combination of open celled foam
material and a melamine-formaldehyde resin foam can preferably be
produced discontinuously.
[0083] In this connection, in a foaming apparatus having variable
pressure settings, the solution or dispersion containing a
precondensate from step (1) can be combined with the substrate
material. Various combinations are possible: [0084] 1. The
substrate material is provided and the foamable reactive resin is
applied as evenly as possible. [0085] 2. The substrate material is
saturated with the foamable reactive resin, and is then given its
foam shape. [0086] 3. The melamine-formaldehyde resin is produced
and the substrate material is then added.
[0087] In a further preferred embodiment, a combination of
substrate material and melamine-formaldehyde resin foam can
preferably be produced in a continuous process.
[0088] The combining of substrate material and a
melamine-formaldehyde resin can be achieved in various ways. In
this connection, the substrate material can be conveyed to the
foaming apparatus by means of a conveyor belt. Beforehand, the
substrate material can be compressed, so that during foaming with
the melamine-formaldehyde resin, the full height of the foam (i.e.
the initial thickness of the substrate material) is achieved.
Moreover, during the foaming process, the substrate material can be
expanded, so that it drags along the foam channel, thus losing its
original composite structure. [0089] 1. The substrate material can
be guided along the base of the foaming apparatus. By way of
example, the substrate material can be fixed to the underside of
the foaming apparatus by the use of Velcro. The slurry can be
applied to the substrate material from above. [0090] 2. The
substrate material can be guided above the melamine-formaldehyde
resin in the foaming apparatus, so that during the foaming up, the
melamine-formaldehyde resin can penetrate the substrate material
(and expand). [0091] 3. The melamine-formaldehyde resin can be
sprayed directly into the substrate material and rolled into it.
During the rolling, the excess reaction resin can be removed until
the desired amount of foamable reaction resin is present in the
substrate material.
[0092] In production step (3) the precondensate and the substrate
material, as the case may be, is/are heated to produce foaming. By
heating the solution or dispersion from step (2) to a temperature
higher than the boiling point of the used foaming agent, a foam
material can be obtained. The exact temperature to be used also
depends on the foaming agent utilized (on its boiling point, for
example). The heating in step (3) can be accomplished, for example,
by using hot gasses (such as air or inert gasses) and/or by high
frequency radiation (for example, microwaves).
[0093] Preferably, the energy input can be produced by
electromagnetic radiation, for example, by high frequency radiation
with 5 to 400 kW, preferably 5 to 200 kW, especially preferably 9
to 120 kW per kilogram of the mixture used, in a frequency range of
from 0.2 to 100 GHz, preferably 0.5 to 10 GHz. Magnetrons are
suitable as a source of dielectric radiation, wherein one or more
magnetrons can be irradiated simultaneously.
[0094] The hybrid foam materials produced are subsequently dried,
wherein water and foaming agent remaining in the foam material is
removed.
[0095] The properties of the hybrid foam produced in this way arise
from the foaming melamine-formaldehyde resin used and from the
established bulk density of the substrate material.
[0096] As a general rule, the melamine resin foam materials
produced according to the invention have a density of from 5 to 100
g/l, especially preferably from 10 to 50 g/l.
[0097] Moreover, the hybrid foam can also contain additives.
Suitable additives are, by way of example, flame retardants such as
swelling agents, alkali silicates, melamine, melamine
polyphosphate, melamine cyanurate, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium
hydroxide, ammonium polyphosphate, organic phosphates or also
flame-retarding halogen compounds. Similarly, also suitable as
additives are softeners, nucleating agents, IR absorbers such as
carbon black and graphite, aluminum oxide powder or Al(OH).sub.3,
soluble and insoluble colorants, active biocide substances (such as
fungicide) and pigments.
[0098] Optionally, the hybrid foam can also be reinforced with
additional organic or inorganic components. Such components are
preferably introduced in a blend with the foamable reactive resin.
Suitable reinforcing fillers are, by way of example, short glass
fibers, talcum, chalk or other minerals, nanotubes, layer silicates
or carbon fibers. These additives can be previously introduced into
the substrate.
[0099] In a special embodiment of the process according to the
invention, the substrate material containing the foaming reactive
resin (hybrid foam) can be deformed by pressure. Temperature
deformations of melamine resin foam materials are already known
from EP-A-111 860.
[0100] A method for producing three-dimensional shaped bodies from
open cell flexible thermosetting foam materials, wherein the foam
material either a) is exposed to steam for a period of from 0.1 to
120 minutes at a temperature of 100.degree. C. to 180.degree. C. or
is boiled with water and subsequently shaped under a pressure of
0.1 to 100 bar at a temperature of from 20.degree. C. to
280.degree. C., or b) is shaped under a pressure of from 1.5 to 15
bar and, subsequently in its shaped state is exposed to steam at a
temperature of 100.degree. C. to 180.degree. C. for a period of
from 0.1 to 60 minutes. The terms "pressure shaping" or "pressure
shaping step" in the context of the present invention are
understood to mean the treatment of the substrate material
containing the foaming reactive resin (hybrid foam) at elevated
pressures and elevated temperatures. For this purpose, a suitable
tool known to the person skilled in the art is used, which is
preferably heatable, the shape of which determines the shape
imparted to the shaped body to be produced. In this way, for
example, by means of what are known as "inserts" or tools with
specially shaped surfaces, components (molded components) of the
most diverse appearance and/or thicknesses can be produced.
[0101] Elevated pressure is understood to mean any pressure greater
than atmospheric pressure (1 bar). This step according to the
invention is normally carried out in such a way that the obtained
substrate material containing the foamable reactive resin is
inserted into a suitable form, onto which pressure is applied. In a
preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pressure shaping
step is carried out at an elevated temperature. In this preferred
embodiment, it is referred to as the "thermoform step". In this
connection, in principle it holds true that the higher the
temperature is adjusted, the shorter the dwell time in the form for
the substrate containing the foamable reactive resin.
[0102] Advantageously, the pressure shaping is carried out at a
temperature of from 50.degree. C. to 200.degree. C. and/or at a
pressure of from 2 to 200 bar. Depending on the system used, the
finished component can be removed after a few minutes, for example,
after 0.5 to 2 minutes. As the case may be, the pressure shaping
step can also take place over a longer period of time.
[0103] As a rule, the molded components produced with hybrid foam
according to present invention are of any size, dimensions and
shape, such as stars, spheres, cubes, rectangular solids, rings,
cylinders, hollow cylinders, half shells and strands.
[0104] The hybrid foams according to the invention are
characterized by good yield strength under compression, and good
tear propagation resistance, as well as by great and constant
plasticity. Moreover, they have a low density and are light weight
and exhibit low flammability. The particular advantage of the
hybrid foams according to the invention is based on the fact that
in a simple way they can assume any desired shape and, at the same
time, this shape is very durable.
[0105] By means of a pressure shaping step, the thickness of the
finished (e.g. planar) molded component is normally smaller or, at
a maximum, the same as the thickness of the substrate material
used. Preferably, after the pressure shaping, the hybrid foam has a
thickness of .ltoreq.80% in comparison with the thickness of the
substrate material used. In one embodiment of the present
invention, the thickness of the finished hybrid foam can be reduced
to 10 to 50% of the thickness of the substrate material used.
Additional Material
[0106] The additional layer(s) optionally present in the cleaning
implements herein, may be of any suitable material other than said
modified open-cell. The additional material may be suitable to
provide beneficial features to the cleaning implement, such as
abrasiveness or increased rigidity or increased grip.
[0107] In view thereof, said additional material may be a scouring
material or a scouring pad, foam material, a rigid foam material, a
handle made of a foam material, thermoplastic material, wood, metal
or combinations thereof, and the like.
Second Foam
[0108] In a highly preferred embodiment herein, the cleaning
implement (1) herein comprises (at least) one layer of a second
foam (3).
[0109] Suitable second foams for use herein are selected from the
group of foams consisting of: polyurethane foams; polypropylene
foams; polyethylene foams; cellulose foam sponges; naturally
occurring sponges; open-cell polyester foams; and cross-linked
polyethylene foams; and combinations thereof.
[0110] The thickness of said layer of a second foam if any is
preferably up to 30 mm, preferably from 0.5 mm to 20 mm, more
preferably from 1 mm to 15 mm, even more preferably from 2 mm to 10
mm, and most preferably from 4 mm to 8 mm. Furthermore, in the
preferred embodiment herein, wherein the cleaning implement
comprises a layer of second foam the thickness of said hybrid foam
(2) layer is preferably from 7 mm to 100 mm, more preferably from
15 mm to 25 mm.
[0111] In a preferred embodiment herein, the total volume of said
layer of said second foam in the cleaning implement herein is
preferably from 10 cm.sup.3 to 100 cm.sup.3, more preferably from
20 cm.sup.3 to 70 cm.sup.3, even more preferably from 30 cm.sup.3
to 60 cm.sup.3, and most preferably from 40 cm.sup.3 to 50
cm.sup.3.
Packaging Means
[0112] The cleaning implement herein may be combined in an article
of manufacture with a packaging means.
[0113] The packaging means herein may be any suitable means known
to package cleaning implements. Indeed, particularly suitable
packaging means herein are selected from the group consisting of:
paper bags, plastic bags, cartons, carton boxes, flow wraps,
plastic wraps, and paper wraps, and the like and combinations
thereof.
[0114] The packaging means herein may be printed and/or modified.
In particular, such printing and/or other modification may be used
to associate a brand-name and/or logo of a hard surface cleaner
with said cleaning implement.
Method of Cleaning a Hard Surface
[0115] In another embodiment the present invention encompasses
method of cleaning a hard surface with a cleaning implement as
described herein above.
[0116] In yet another embodiment herein, the present invention
encompasses a method of cleaning a hard surface by bringing a
cleaning implement according to the present invention into contact
with said hard surface. By "cleaning" it is meant herein removing
spots and/or stains from hard surfaces.
[0117] In still another embodiment herein, the present invention
encompasses a method of cleaning a hard surface with hybrid foam
according to the present invention.
[0118] Suitable hard surfaces herein are tiles, walls, floors,
sanitary fittings such as sinks, showers, shower curtains, wash
basins, WCs, household appliances including, but not limited to,
refrigerators, freezers, washing machines, automatic dryers, ovens,
microwave ovens, dishwashers and so on.
[0119] The methods of cleaning a hard surface according to the
present invention may additionally include the step of wetting said
cleaning implement or said hybrid foam with an appropriate solvent,
preferably tap water, more preferably water in combination with a
detergent composition, prior to bringing said cleaning implement
into contact with said hard surface.
EXAMPLES
[0120] The following examples will further illustrate the present
invention. The following Examples are meant to exemplify
compositions according to the present invention but are not
necessarily used to limit or otherwise define the scope of the
present invention.
Example 1
Production of a Foam Material Modified with a Polyester (PET)
Nonwoven Fabric
[0121] 75 parts by weight of a spray dried melamine-formaldehyde
precondensate (mol ratio 1:3) was dissolved in 25 parts by weight
of water. To this resin solution 3% by weight of formic acid, 2% by
weight of Na--C12/C14 alkyl sulfate and 20% by weight pentane were
added (based on the weight of the resin).
[0122] A polyester nonwoven fabric (density--800 g/m.sup.2, 25% by
weight, based on the resin) was saturated with the aqueous
melamine-formaldehyde mixture, then was foamed by means of
microwave radiation in a polypropylene mold (for foaming). After
the foaming, it was dried for 30 minutes.
[0123] The results are summarized in Table 1.
Example 2
Production of a Foam Material Modified with a Reticulated PU Foam
Material
[0124] 75 parts by weight of a spray dried melamine-formaldehyde
precondensate (mol ratio 1:3) was dissolved in 25 parts by weight
of water. To this resin solution 3% by weight formic acid, 2% by
weight of a Na--C12/C14 alkyl sulfate, and 20% by weight pentane
were added (based on the weight of the resin).
[0125] The aqueous melamine-formaldehyde resin mixture was placed
in a polypropylene mold (for foaming), then an open cell PU foam
material (density--30 g/l) was placed on the slurry. This was
foamed by means of microwave radiation. After the foaming, it was
dried for 30 minutes. The results are summarized in Table 1.
Comparison Example A
[0126] 75 parts by weight of a spray dried melamine-formaldehyde
precondensate (mol ratio 1:3) was dissolved in 25 parts by weight
of water. To this resin solution 3% by weight formic acid, 2% by
weight of a Na--C12/C14 alkyl sulfate, and 20% by weight pentane
were added (based on the weight of the resin). This was then
stirred and foamed in a polypropylene mold (for foaming) by means
of microwave radiation. After the foaming, it was dried for 30
minutes.
[0127] The results are summarized in Table 1.
TABLE-US-00001 Tear Propagation Compression Resistance DIN ISO
Density force values 34-1:04-07 [g/l] [N/kN] Method B [N] Example 1
13 66.7 3.48 Example 2 39 47.2 9.02 Comparison 8 34.7 2.07 Example
A
Measurement of Compression Force
[0128] To evaluate the mechanical performance of the melamine resin
foam materials, a measurement of compression force was carried out
according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,666,948. In this connection, a
cylindrical stamp having a diameter of 8 mm and a height of 10 cm
was pressed at an angle of 90.degree. C. [sic translator] into a
cylindrical sample having a diameter of 11 cm and a height of 5 cm
until the sample tore. The tear propagation resistance [N/kN] gives
information about the performance of the foam material.
[0129] Foams and molded components from substrate materials
containing foaming reactive resins
Use of Hybrid Foam According to Present Invention to Clean a Hard
Surface
[0130] A piece of hybrid foam according to present invention is
used to clean a hard surface by wetting a piece of said foam with
water and thereafter bringing it into contact with the hard surface
to be cleaned. The hybrid foam according the present invention
shows an excellent performance in removing greasy soap scum and
neat kitchen dirt from said hard surface.
Cleaning Implement A
[0131] A single layer cleaning implement having a cuboid shape
defined by three groups of parallel and equal length sides,
referred to as a, b and c, with a being 6.5 cm, b being 12 cm, and
c being 3 cm is cut from hybrid foam according to present
invention. The overall shape of Cleaning Implement A is similar to
the cleaning implement of FIG. 1.
[0132] Cleaning Implement A is used to clean hard surfaces. Indeed,
Cleaning Implement A is wetted with water and thereafter brought
into contact with the hard surface to be cleaned. Cleaning
Implement A shows an excellent performance in removing greasy soap
scum and neat kitchen dirt from said hard surface.
Cleaning implement B
[0133] A dual layer cleaning implement having a cuboid shape
defined by three groups of parallel and equal length sides,
referred to as a, b and c, with a being 6.5 cm, b being 12 cm, and
c being 4 cm is made by foam flame laminating a first layer of
hybrid foam according to present invention, having a
thickness--side c--of 2 cm to a second layer of commercially
available polyurethane foam, having a thickness--side c--of 1 cm.
The two layers are joined together at the plane formed by sides a
and b. The overall shape of Cleaning Implement B is similar to the
cleaning implement of FIG. 2.
[0134] Cleaning Implement B is used to clean hard surfaces. Indeed,
Cleaning Implement B is wetted with water and thereafter the hybrid
foam side of Cleaning Implement B is brought into contact with the
hard surface to be cleaned by rubbing said side over the area to be
cleaned. The excessive amount of water is thereafter absorbed by
the polyurethane layer of Cleaning Implement B by swiping the
cleaned surface with said layer. Cleaning Implement B shows an
excellent performance in removing greasy soap scum and neat kitchen
dirt from said hard surface.
Cleaning Implement C
[0135] A dual layer cleaning implement having a cuboid shape
defined by three groups of parallel and equal length sides,
referred to as a, b and c, with a being 6.5 cm, b being 12.5 cm,
and c being 2.5 cm is made by a permanent adhesive a first layer of
hybrid foam according to present invention, having a
thickness--side c--of 2 cm to a second layer of commercially
available polyurethane foam, having a thickness--side c--of 0.5 cm.
The two layers are joined together at the plane formed by sides a
and b. The overall shape of Cleaning Implement C is similar to the
cleaning implement of FIG. 2.
[0136] Cleaning Implement B is used to clean hard surfaces. Indeed,
Cleaning Implement C is wetted with water and thereafter the hybrid
foam according to present invention side of Cleaning Implement C is
brought into contact with the hard surface to be cleaned by rubbing
said side over the area to be cleaned. The excessive amount of
water is thereafter absorbed by the polyurethane layer of Cleaning
Implement C by swiping the cleaned surface with said layer.
Cleaning Implement C shows an excellent performance in removing
greasy soap scum and neat kitchen dirt from said hard surface.
[0137] The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be
understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values
recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension
is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally
equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension
disclosed as "40 mm" is intended to mean "about 40 mm".
[0138] Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced
or related patent or application, is hereby incorporated herein by
reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise
limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it
is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed
herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other
reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such
invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of
a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of
the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning
or definition assigned to that term in this document shall
govern.
[0139] While particular embodiments of the present invention have
been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those
skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can
be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the
invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims
all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of
this invention.
* * * * *