U.S. patent application number 12/971319 was filed with the patent office on 2011-09-22 for 6-substituted 2-quinolinones and 2-quinoxalinones as poly(adp-ribose) polymerase inhibitors.
Invention is credited to Jerome Emile Georges Guillemont, Dominique Jean-Pierre Mabire, Maria Victorina Francisca Somers, Jacobus Alphonsus Josephus van Dun, Walter Boudewijn Leopold Wouters.
Application Number | 20110230491 12/971319 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 34639300 |
Filed Date | 2011-09-22 |
United States Patent
Application |
20110230491 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Mabire; Dominique Jean-Pierre ;
et al. |
September 22, 2011 |
6-SUBSTITUTED 2-QUINOLINONES AND 2-QUINOXALINONES AS
POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASE INHIBITORS
Abstract
The present invention provides compounds of formula (I), their
use as PARP inhibitors as well as pharmaceutical compositions
comprising said compounds of formula (I) ##STR00001## wherein n,
R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and X have defined meanings.
Inventors: |
Mabire; Dominique Jean-Pierre;
(US) ; Guillemont; Jerome Emile Georges; (US)
; van Dun; Jacobus Alphonsus Josephus; (Tielen, BE)
; Somers; Maria Victorina Francisca; (Vosselaar, BE)
; Wouters; Walter Boudewijn Leopold; (Kapellen,
BE) |
Family ID: |
34639300 |
Appl. No.: |
12/971319 |
Filed: |
December 17, 2010 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10596086 |
May 30, 2006 |
7879857 |
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PCT/EP2004/013164 |
Nov 18, 2004 |
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12971319 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
514/249 ;
514/312; 544/354; 546/157 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 9/10 20180101; C07D
241/44 20130101; A61P 35/00 20180101; A61P 1/04 20180101; A61P
25/22 20180101; A61P 25/16 20180101; C07D 401/12 20130101; A61P
37/04 20180101; A61P 3/10 20180101; A61P 17/02 20180101; A61P 19/10
20180101; A61P 19/02 20180101; A61P 21/00 20180101; C07D 407/06
20130101; A61P 29/00 20180101; A61P 21/04 20180101; A61P 43/00
20180101; C04B 35/632 20130101; A61P 25/30 20180101; A61P 25/28
20180101; A61P 37/00 20180101; A61P 25/14 20180101; C07D 409/14
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
514/249 ;
544/354; 546/157; 514/312 |
International
Class: |
A61K 31/498 20060101
A61K031/498; C07D 241/44 20060101 C07D241/44; C07D 215/227 20060101
C07D215/227; A61K 31/4709 20060101 A61K031/4709; A61P 35/00
20060101 A61P035/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Dec 5, 2003 |
EP |
03078859.0 |
Claims
1. A compound of formula (I), ##STR00071## the N-oxide forms, the
pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts and the
stereo-chemically isomeric forms thereof, wherein n is 0, 1 or 2; X
is N or CR.sup.5, wherein R.sup.5 is hydrogen or taken together
with R.sup.1 may form a bivalent radical of formula
--CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CH--; R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-6alkyl or thienyl;
R.sup.2 is hydrogen or hydroxy or taken together with R.sup.3 or
R.sup.4 may form .dbd.O; R.sup.3 is a radical selected from
--(CH.sub.2).sub.s--NR.sup.6R.sup.7 (a-1), --O--H (a-2),
--O--R.sup.8 (a-3), --S--R.sup.9 (a-4), or --C.ident.N (a-5),
wherein s is 0, 1, 2 or 3; R.sup.6 is --CHO, C.sub.1-6alkyl,
hydroxyC.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.1-6alkylcarbonyl,
di(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.1-6alkyloxyC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.1-6alkylcarbonylaminoC.sub.1-6alkyl,
piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkylaminocarbonyl, piperidinyl,
piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl, piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkylaminocarbonyl,
C.sub.1-6alkyloxy, thienylC.sub.1-6alkyl, pyrrolylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
arylC.sub.1-6alkylpiperidinyl, arylcarbonylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
arylcarbonylpiperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
haloindozolylpiperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl, or
arylC.sub.1-6alkyl(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl; R.sup.7 is
hydrogen or C.sub.1-6alkyl; R.sup.8 is C.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.1-6alkylcarbonyl or di(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl;
and R.sup.9 is di(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl; or R.sup.3 is
a group of formula --Z-- (b-1), wherein Z is a heterocyclic ring
system selected from ##STR00072## wherein each R.sup.10
independently is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy,
##STR00073## C.sub.1-6alkyloxyC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.1-6alkyloxyC.sub.1-6alkylamino, arylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
di(phenylC.sub.2-6alkenyl), piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-10cycloalkylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
aryloxy(hydroxy)C.sub.1-6alkyl, haloindazolyl, arylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
arylC.sub.2-6alkenyl, morpholino, C.sub.1-6alkylimidazolyl, or
pyridinylC.sub.1-6alkylamino; R.sup.4 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl,
furanyl, pyridinyl, arylC.sub.1-6alkyl or ##STR00074## aryl is
phenyl or phenyl substituted with halo, C.sub.1-6alkyl or
C.sub.1-6alkyloxy; with the proviso that when n is 0, X is N,
R.sup.2 is hydrogen, R.sup.3 is a group of formula (b-1), Z is the
heterocyclic ring system (c-2) or (c-4) wherein said heterocyclic
ring system Z is attached to the rest of the molecule with a
nitrogen atom, and R.sup.10 is hydrogen; then R.sup.4 is other than
C.sub.1-6alkyl or pyridinyl.
2. A compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein n is 0 or 1; X is N or
CR.sup.5, wherein R.sup.5 is hydrogen; R.sup.3 is a radical
selected from (a-1), (a-2) or (a-3) or is a group of formula (b-1)
i.e. --Z--; s is 0, 1 or 2; R.sup.6 is --CHO, C.sub.1-6alkyl,
piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl, arylcarbonylpiperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl or
arylC.sub.1-6alkyl(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl; R.sup.8 is
C.sub.1-6alkyl; when R.sup.3 is a group of formula (b-1) then Z is
a heterocyclic ring system selected from (c-2) or (c-4); and each
R.sup.10 independently is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl or
C.sub.1-6alkyloxyC.sub.1-6alkylamino
3. (canceled)
4. (canceled)
5. (canceled)
6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising pharmaceutically
acceptable carriers and as an active ingredient a therapeutically
effective amount of a compound as claimed in claim 1.
7. A process of preparing a pharmaceutical composition as claimed
in claim 6 wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and a
compound as claimed in claim 1 are intimately mixed.
8. Use of a compound for the manufacture of a medicament for the
treatment of a PARP mediated disorder, wherein said compound is a
compound of formula (I) ##STR00075## the N-oxide forms, the
pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts and the
stereo-chemically isomeric forms thereof, wherein n is 0, 1 or 2; X
is N or CR.sup.5, wherein R.sup.5 is hydrogen or taken together
with R.sup.1 may form a bivalent radical of formula
--CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CH--; R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-6alkyl or thienyl;
R.sup.2 is hydrogen or hydroxy or taken together with R.sup.3 or
R.sup.4 may form .dbd.O; R.sup.3 is a radical selected from
--(CH.sub.2).sub.s--NR.sup.6R.sup.7 (a-1), --O--H (a-2),
--O--R.sup.8 (a-3), --S--R.sup.9 (a-4), or --C.ident.N (a-5),
wherein s is 0, 1, 2 or 3; R.sup.6 is --CHO, C.sub.1-6alkyl,
hydroxyC.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.1-6alkylcarbonyl,
di(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.1-6alkyloxyC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.1-6alkylcarbonylaminoC.sub.1-6alkyl,
piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkylaminocarbonyl, piperidinyl,
piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl, piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkylaminocarbonyl,
C.sub.1-6alkyloxy, thienylC.sub.1-6alkyl, pyrrolylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
arylC.sub.1-6alkylpiperidinyl, arylcarbonylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
arylcarbonylpiperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
haloindozolylpiperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl, or
arylC.sub.1-6alkyl(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl; R.sup.7 is
hydrogen or C.sub.1-6alkyl; R.sup.8 is C.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.1-6alkylcarbonyl or di(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl;
and R.sup.9 is di(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl; or R.sup.3 is
a group of formula --Z-- (b-1), wherein Z is a heterocyclic ring
system selected from ##STR00076## wherein each R.sup.10
independently is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy,
##STR00077## C.sub.1-6alkyloxyC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.1-6alkyloxyC.sub.1-6alkylamino, arylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
di(phenylC.sub.2-6alkenyl), piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-10cycloalkylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
aryloxy(hydroxy)C.sub.1-6alkyl, haloindazolyl, arylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
arylC.sub.2-6alkenyl, morpholino, C.sub.1-6alkylimidazolyl, or
pyridinylC.sub.1-6alkylamino; R.sup.4 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl,
furanyl, pyridinyl, arylC.sub.1-6alkyl or ##STR00078## aryl is
phenyl or phenyl substituted with halo, C.sub.1-6alkyl or
C.sub.1-6alkyloxy.
9. Use according to claim 8 of a PARP inhibitor of formula (I) for
the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a PARP-1
mediated disorder
10. Use according to claims 8 and 9 wherein the treatment involves
chemosensitization.
11. Use according to claims 8 and 9 wherein the treatment involves
radiosensitization.
12. A combination of a compound with a chemotherapeutic agent
wherein said compound is a compound of formula (I) ##STR00079## the
N-oxide forms, the pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts and
the stereo-chemically isomeric forms thereof, wherein n is 0, 1 or
2; X is N or CR.sup.5, wherein R.sup.5 is hydrogen or taken
together with R.sup.1 may form a bivalent radical of formula
--CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CH--; R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-6alkyl or thienyl;
R.sup.2 is hydrogen or hydroxy or taken together with R.sup.3 or
R.sup.4 may form .dbd.O; R.sup.3 is a radical selected from
--(CH.sub.2).sub.s--NR.sup.6R.sup.7 (a-1), --O--H (a-2),
--O--R.sup.8 (a-3), --S--R.sup.9 (a-4), or --C.ident.N (a-5),
wherein s is 0, 1, 2 or 3; R.sup.6 is --CHO, C.sub.1-6alkyl,
hydroxyC.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.1-6alkylcarbonyl,
di(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.1-6alkyloxyC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.1-6alkylcarbonylaminoC.sub.1-6alkyl,
piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkylaminocarbonyl, piperidinyl,
piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl, piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkylaminocarbonyl,
C.sub.1-6alkyloxy, thienylC.sub.1-6alkyl, pyrrolylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
arylC.sub.1-6alkylpiperidinyl, arylcarbonylC.sub.1-6 alkyl,
arylcarbonylpiperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
haloindozolylpiperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl, or
arylC.sub.1-6alkyl(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl; R.sup.7 is
hydrogen or C.sub.1-6alkyl; R.sup.8 is C.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.1-6alkylcarbonyl or di(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl;
and R.sup.9 is di(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl; or R.sup.3 is
a group of formula --Z-- (b-1), wherein Z is a heterocyclic ring
system selected from ##STR00080## wherein each R.sup.10
independently is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy,
##STR00081## C.sub.1-6alkyloxyC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.1-6alkyloxyC.sub.1-6alkylamino, arylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
di(phenylC.sub.2-6alkenyl), piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-10cycloalkylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
aryloxy(hydroxy)C.sub.1-6alkyl, haloindazolyl, arylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
arylC.sub.2-6alkenyl, morpholino, C.sub.1-6alkylimidazolyl, or
pyridinylC.sub.1-6alkylamino; R.sup.4 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl,
furanyl, pyridinyl, arylC.sub.1-6alkyl or ##STR00082## aryl is
phenyl or phenyl substituted with halo, C.sub.1-6alkyl or
C.sub.1-6alkyloxy.
13. (canceled)
14. A pharmaceutical composition comprising pharmaceutically
acceptable carriers and as an active ingredient a therapeutically
effective amount of a compound as claimed in claim 2.
15. (canceled)
16. (canceled)
17. A method of treating in a subject a PARP mediated disorder,
said method comprising administering to the subject a
therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 2.
18. A method for enhancing the effectiveness of chemotherapy
comprising administration of a compound according to claim 2, in a
therapeutically effective amount so as to increase sensitivity of
cells to chemotherapy, prior to administration of said chemotherapy
.
19. A method for enhancing the effectiveness of radiotherapy
comprising administration of a compound according to claim 2, in a
therapeutically effective amount so as to increase sensitivity of
cells to ionizing radiation, prior to administration of said
radiotherapy.
20.-25. (canceled)
26. A combination of a compound with a chemotherapeutic agent
wherein said compound is a compound of claim 2.
27. (canceled)
28. (canceled)
29. A product made by the process of claim 13.
30. A pharmaceutical composition made by the process of claim
13.
31. (canceled)
32. (canceled)
33. (canceled)
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to inhibitors of PARP and
provides compounds and compositions containing the disclosed
compounds. Moreover, the present invention provides methods of
using the disclosed PARP inhibitors for instance as a medicine.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is
a member of the PARP enzyme family consisting of PARP-1 and several
recently identified novel poly(ADP-ribosylating) enzymes. PARP is
also referred to as poly(adenosine 5'-diphospho-ribose) polymerase
or PARS (poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase).
[0003] PARP-1 is a major nuclear protein of 116 kDa consisting of
three domains: the N-terminal DNA binding domain containing two
zinc fingers, the automodification domain and the C-terminal
catalytic domain. It is present in almost all eukaryotes. The
enzyme synthesizes poly(ADP-ribose), a branched polymer that can
consist of over 200 ADP-ribose units. The protein acceptors of
poly(ADP-ribose) are directly or indirectly involved in maintaining
DNA integrity. They include histones, topoisomerases, DNA and RNA
polymerases, DNA ligases, and Ca.sup.2+- and Mg.sup.2+-dependent
endonucleases. PARP protein is expressed at a high level in many
tissues, most notably in the immune system, heart, brain and
germ-line cells. Under normal physiological conditions, there is
minimal PARP activity. However, DNA damage causes an immediate
activation of PARP by up to 500-fold.
[0004] Among the many functions attributed to PARP, and especially
PARP-1, is its major role in facilitating DNA repair by
ADP-ribosylation and therefore co-ordinating a number of DNA repair
proteins. As a result of PARP activation, NAD.sup.+ levels
significantly decline. Extensive PARP activation leads to severe
depletion of NAD.sup.+ in cells suffering from massive DNA damage.
The short half-life of poly(ADP-ribose) results in a rapid turnover
rate. Once poly(ADP-ribose) is formed, it is quickly degraded by
the constitutively active poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG),
together with phosphodiesterase and (ADP-ribose) protein lyase.
PARP and PARG form a cycle that converts a large amount of
NAD.sup.+ to ADP-ribose. In less than an hour, over-stimulation of
PARP can cause a drop of NAD.sup.+ and ATP to less than 20% of the
normal level. Such a scenario is especially detrimental during
ischaemia when deprivation of oxygen has already drastically
compromised cellular energy output. Subsequent free radical
production during reperfusion is assumed to be a major cause of
tissue damage. Part of the ATP drop, which is typical in many
organs during ischaemia and reperfusion, could be linked to
NAD.sup.+ depletion due to poly(ADP-ribose) turnover. Thus, PARP or
PARG inhibition is expected to preserve the cellular energy level
thereby potentiating the survival of ischaemic tissues after
insult.
[0005] Poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis is also involved in the induced
expression of a number of genes essential for inflammatory
response. PARP inhibitors suppress production of inducible nitric
oxide synthase (iNOS) in macrophages, P-type selectin and
intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in endothelial cells.
Such activity underlies the strong anti-inflammation effects
exhibited by PARP inhibitors. PARP inhibition is able to reduce
necrosis by preventing translocation and infiltration of
neutrophils to the injured tissues.
[0006] PARP is activated by damaged DNA fragments and, once
activated, catalyzes the attachment of up to 100 ADP-ribose units
to a variety of nuclear proteins, including histones and PARP
itself. During major cellular stresses the extensive activation of
PARP can rapidly lead to cell damage or death through depletion of
energy stores. As four molecules of ATP are consumed for every
molecule of NAD.sup.+ regenerated, NAD.sup.+ is depleted by massive
PARP activation, in the efforts to re-synthesize NAD.sup.+, ATP may
also become depleted.
[0007] It has been reported that PARP activation plays a key role
in both NMDA- and NO-induced neurotoxicity. This has been
demonstrated in cortical cultures and in hippocampal slices wherein
prevention of toxicity is directly correlated to PARP inhibition
potency. The potential role of PARP inhibitors in treating
neurodegenerative diseases and head trauma has thus been recognized
even if the exact mechanism of action has not yet been
elucidated.
[0008] Similarly, it has been demonstrated that single injections
of PARP inhibitors have reduced the infarct size caused by ischemia
and reperfusion of the heart or skeletal muscle in rabbits. In
these studies, a single injection of 3-amino-benzamide (10 mg/kg),
either one minute before occlusion or one minute before
reperfusion, caused similar reductions in infarct size in the heart
(32-42%) while 1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline (1 mg/kg), another PARP
inhibitor, reduced infarct size by a comparable degree (38-48%)
These results make it reasonable to assume that PARP inhibitors
could salvage previously ischaemic heart or reperfusion injury of
skeletal muscle tissue.
[0009] PARP activation can also be used as a measure of damage
following neurotoxic insults resulting from exposure to any of the
following inducers like glutamate (via NMDA receptor stimulation),
reactive oxygen intermediates, amyloid .beta.-protein,
N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or its active
metabolite N-methyl-4 phenylpyridine (MPP.sup.+), which participate
in pathological conditions such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease and
Parkinson's disease. Other studies have continued to explore the
role of PARP activation in cerebellar granule cells in vitro and in
MPTP neurotoxicity. Excessive neural exposure to glutamate, which
serves as the predominate central nervous system neurotransmitter
and acts upon the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and other
subtype receptors, most often occurs as a result of stroke or other
neurodegenerative processes. Oxygen deprived neurons release
glutamate in great quantities during ischaemic brain insult such as
during a stroke or heart attack. This excess release of glutamate
in turn causes over-stimulation (excitotoxicity) of
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), AMPA, Kainate and MGR receptors, which
open ion channels and permit uncontrolled ion flow (e.g., Ca.sup.2+
and Na.sup.+ into the cells and K.sup.+ out of the cells) leading
to overstimulation of the neurons. The over-stimulated neurons
secrete more glutamate, creating a feedback loop or domino effect
which ultimately results in cell damage or death via the production
of proteases, lipases and free radicals. Excessive activation of
glutamate receptors has been implicated in various neurological
diseases and conditions including epilepsy, stroke, Alzheimer's
disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS),
Huntington's disease, schizophrenia, chronic pain, ischemia and
neuronal loss following hypoxia, hypoglycemia, ischemia, trauma,
and nervous insult. Glutamate exposure and stimulation has also
been implicated as a basis for compulsive disorders, particularly
drug dependence. Evidence includes findings in many animal species,
as well as in cerebral cortical cultures treated with glutamate or
NMDA, that glutamate receptor antagonists (i.e., compounds which
block glutamate from binding to or activating its receptor) block
neural damage following vascular stroke. Attempts to prevent
excitotoxicity by blocking NMDA, AMPA, Kainate and MGR receptors
have proven difficult because each receptor has multiple sites to
which glutamate may bind and hence finding an effective mix of
antagonists or universal antagonist to prevent binding of glutamate
to all of the receptor and allow testing of this theory, has been
difficult. Moreover, many of the compositions that are effective in
blocking the receptors are also toxic to animals. As such, there is
presently no known effective treatment for glutamate
abnormalities.
[0010] The stimulation of NMDA receptors by glutamate, for example,
activates the enzyme neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), leading
to the formation of nitric oxide (NO), which also mediates
neurotoxicity. NMDA neurotoxicity may be prevented by treatment
with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors or through targeted
genetic disruption of nNOS in vitro.
[0011] Another use for PARP inhibitors is the treatment of
peripheral nerve injuries, and the resultant pathological pain
syndrome known as neuropathic pain, such as that induced by chronic
constriction injury (CCI) of the common sciatic nerve and in which
transsynaptic alteration of spinal cord dorsal horn characterized
by hyperchromatosis of cytoplasm and nucleoplasm (so-called "dark"
neurons) occurs.
[0012] Evidence also exists that PARP inhibitors are useful for
treating inflammatory bowel disorders, such as colitis.
Specifically, colitis was induced in rats by intraluminal
administration of the hapten trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in 50%
ethanol. Treated rats received 3-aminobenzamide, a specific
inhibitor of PARP activity. Inhibition of PARP activity reduced the
inflammatory response and restored the morphology and the energetic
status of the distal colon.
[0013] Further evidence suggests that PARP inhibitors are useful
for treating arthritis. Further, PARP inhibitors appear to be
useful for treating diabetes. PARP inhibitors have been shown to be
useful for treating endotoxic shock or septic shock.
[0014] PARP inhibitors have also been used to extend the lifespan
and proliferative capacity of cells including treatment of diseases
such as skin aging, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis,
osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, muscular dystrophy, degenerative
diseases of skeletal muscle involving replicative senescence,
age-related muscular degeneration, immune senescence, AIDS, and
other immune senescence disease; and to alter gene expression of
senescent cells.
[0015] It is also known that PARP inhibitors, such as 3-amino
benzamide, affect overall DNA repair in response, for example, to
hydrogen peroxide or ionizing radiation.
[0016] The pivotal role of PARP in the repair of DNA strand breaks
is well established, especially when caused directly by ionizing
radiation or, indirectly after enzymatic repair of DNA lesions
induced by methylating agents, topoisomerases I inhibitors and
other chemotherapeutic agents as cisplatin and bleomycin. A variety
of studies using "knockout" mice, trans-dominant inhibition models
(over-expression of the DNA-binding domain), antisense and small
molecular weight inhibitors have demonstrated the role of PARP in
repair and cell survival after induction of DNA damage. The
inhibition of PARP enzymatic activity should lead to an enhanced
sensitivity of the tumor cells towards DNA damaging treatments.
[0017] PARP inhibitors have been reported to be effective in
radiosensitizing (hypoxic) tumor cells and effective in preventing
tumor cells from recovering from potentially lethal and sublethal
damage of DNA after radiation therapy, presumably by their ability
to prevent DNA strand break rejoining and by affecting several DNA
damage signaling pathways.
[0018] PARP inhibitors have been used to treat cancer. In addition,
U.S. Pat. No. 5,177,075 discusses several isoquinolines used for
enhancing the lethal effects of ionizing radiation or
chemotherapeutic agents on tumor cells. Weltin et al., "Effect of
6(5-Phenanthridinone, an Inhibitor of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase,
on Cultured Tumor Cells", Oncol. Res., 6:9, 399-403 (1994),
discusses the inhibition of PARP activity, reduced proliferation of
tumor cells, and a marked synergistic effect when tumor cells are
co-treated with an alkylating drug.
[0019] A recent comprehensive review of the state of the art has
been published by Li and Zhang in IDrugs 2001, 4(7): 804-812.
[0020] There continues to be a need for effective and potent PARP
inhibitors, and more particularly PARP-1 inhibitors which produce
minimal side effects. The present invention provides compounds,
compositions for, and methods of, inhibiting PARP activity for
treating cancer and/or preventing cellular, tissue and/or organ
damage resulting from cell damage or death due to, for example,
necrosis or apoptosis. The compounds and compositions of the
present invention are especially useful in enhancing the
effectiveness of chemotherapy and radiotherapy where a primary
effect of the treatment is that of causing DNA damage in the
targeted cells.
BACKGROUND PRIOR ART
[0021] EP 371564, published on Jun. 6, 1990, discloses
(1H-azol-1-ylmethyl) substituted quinoline, quinazoline or
quinoxaline derivatives. The described compounds suppress the
plasma elimination of retinoic acids. More in particular the
compounds
3-ethyl-6-[2-methyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-2(1H)-quinoxalinone
(compound No. 20 in the present application),
3-ethyl-6-[1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-2-methylpropyl]-2(1H)-quinoxalinone
(compound No. 21 in the present application),
6-[2-methyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-3-(2-thienyl)-2(1H)-quinoxal-
inone (compound No. 22 in the present application),
6-[2-methyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-3-(thienyl)-2(1H)-quinoxalin-
one (compound No. 23 in the present application),
6-[1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-2-methylpropyl]-3-(3-thienyl)-2(1H)-quinoxalinone
(compound No. 24 in the present application) and
6-[1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)pentyl]-3-methyl-2(1H)-quinoxalinone
(compound No. 25 in the present application) are disclosed.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0022] This invention concerns compounds of formula (I)
##STR00002##
the N-oxide forms, the addition salts and the stereo-chemically
isomeric forms thereof, wherein [0023] n is 0, 1 or 2; [0024] X is
N or CR.sup.5, wherein R.sup.5 is hydrogen or taken together with
R.sup.1 may form a bivalent radical of formula
--CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CH--; [0025] R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-6alkyl or
thienyl; [0026] R.sup.2 is hydrogen or hydroxy or taken together
with R.sup.3 or R.sup.4 may form .dbd.O; [0027] R.sup.3 is a
radical selected from
[0027] --(CH.sub.2).sub.s--NR.sup.6R.sup.7 (a-1),
--O--H (a-2),
--O--R.sup.8 (a-3),
--S--R.sup.9 (a-4), or
--C.ident.N (a-5), [0028] wherein [0029] s is 0, 1, 2 or 3; [0030]
R.sup.6 is --CHO, C.sub.1-6alkyl, hydroxyC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.1-6alkylcarbonyl, di(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.1-6alkyloxyC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.1-6alkylcarbonylaminoC.sub.1-6alkyl,
piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkylaminocarbonyl, piperidinyl,
piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl, piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkylaminocarbonyl,
C.sub.1-6alkyloxy, thienylC.sub.1-6alkyl, pyrrolylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
arylC.sub.1-6alkylpiperidinyl, arylcarbonylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
arylcarbonylpiperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
haloindozolylpiperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl, or
arylC.sub.1-6alkyl(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl; [0031]
R.sup.7 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-6alkyl; [0032] R.sup.8 is
C.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.1-6alkylcarbonyl or
di(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl; and [0033] R.sup.9 is
di(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl; or R.sup.3 is a group of
formula
[0033] --Z-- (b-1), [0034] wherein [0035] Z is a heterocyclic ring
system selected from
[0035] ##STR00003## [0036] wherein each R.sup.10 independently is
hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy,
[0036] ##STR00004## [0037] C.sub.1-6alkyloxyC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.1-6alkyloxyC.sub.1-6alkylamino, arylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
di(phenylC.sub.2-6alkenyl), piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-10cycloalkylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
aryloxy(hydroxy)C.sub.1-6alkyl, haloindazolyl, arylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
arylC.sub.2-6alkenyl, morpholino, C.sub.1-6alkylimidazolyl, or
pyridinylC.sub.1-6alkylamino; [0038] R.sup.4 is hydrogen,
C.sub.1-6alkyl, furanyl, pyridinyl, arylC.sub.1-6alkyl or
[0038] ##STR00005## [0039] aryl is phenyl or phenyl substituted
with halo, C.sub.1-6alkyl or C.sub.1-6alkyloxy; [0040] with the
proviso that when [0041] n is 0, X is N, R.sup.2 is hydrogen,
R.sup.3 is a group of formula (b-1), Z is the heterocyclic ring
system (c-2) or (c-4) wherein said heterocyclic ring system Z is
attached to the rest of the molecule with a nitrogen atom, and
R.sup.10 is hydrogen; then [0042] R.sup.4 is other than
C.sub.1-6alkyl or pyridinyl.
[0043] Whenever the heterocyclic ring system Z contains a
--CH.sub.2--, --CH.dbd., or --NH-- moiety the substituent R.sup.10
or the rest of the molecule can be attached to the carbon or
nitrogen atom in which case one or both hydrogen atoms are
replaced.
[0044] The compounds of formula (I) may also exist in their
tautomeric forms. Such forms although not explicitly indicated in
the above formula are intended to be included within the scope of
the present invention.
[0045] A number of terms used in the foregoing definitions and
hereinafter are explained hereunder. These terms are sometimes used
as such or in composite terms.
[0046] As used in the foregoing definitions and hereinafter, halo
is generic to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo; C.sub.1-6alkyl
defines straight and branched chain saturated hydrocarbon radicals
having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as, e.g. methyl, ethyl,
propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, 1-methylethyl, 2-methylpropyl,
2-methyl-butyl, 2-methylpentyl and the like; C.sub.1-6alkanediyl
defines bivalent straight and branched chained saturated
hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as, for
example, methylene, 1,2-ethanediyl, 1,3-propanediyl-1,4-butanediyl,
1,5-pentanediyl, 1,6-hexanediyl and the branched isomers thereof
such as, 2-methylpentanediyl, 3-methylpentanediyl,
2,2-dimethylbutanediyl, 2,3-dimethylbutanediyl and the like;
C.sub.2-6alkenyl defines straight and branched chain hydrocarbon
radicals containing one double bond and having from 2 to 6 carbon
atoms such as, for example, ethenyl, 2-propenyl, 3-butenyl,
2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 3-methyl-2-butenyl, and the like;
C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl includes cyclic hydrocarbon groups having from
3 to 10 carbons, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,
cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl
and the like.
[0047] The term "addition salt" comprises the salts which the
compounds of formula (I) are able to form with organic or inorganic
bases such as amines, alkali metal bases and earth alkaline metal
bases, or quaternary ammonium bases, or with organic or inorganic
acids, such as mineral acids, sulfonic acids, carboxylic acids or
phosphorus containing acids.
[0048] The term "addition salt" further comprises pharmaceutically
acceptable salts, metal complexes and solvates and the salts
thereof, that the compounds of formula (I) are able to form.
[0049] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" means
pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts. The
pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts as
mentioned hereinabove are meant to comprise the therapeutically
active non-toxic acid and non-toxic base addition salt forms which
the compounds of formula (I) are able to form. The compounds of
formula (I) which have basic properties can be converted in their
pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts by treating said
base form with an appropriate acid. Appropriate acids comprise, for
example, inorganic acids such as hydrohalic acids, e.g.
hydrochloric or hydrobromic acid; sulfuric; nitric; phosphoric and
the like acids; or organic acids such as, for example, acetic,
propanoic, hydroxyacetic, lactic, pyruvic, oxalic, malonic,
succinic (i.e. butanedioic acid), maleic, fumaric, malic, tartaric,
citric, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic,
p-toluenesulfonic, cyclamic, salicylic, p-aminosalicylic, pamoic
and the like acids.
[0050] The compounds of formula (I) which have acidic properties
may be converted in their pharmaceutically acceptable base addition
salts by treating said acid form with a suitable organic or
inorganic base. Appropriate base salt forms comprise, for example,
the ammonium salts, the alkali and earth alkaline metal salts, e.g.
the lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium salts and the
like, salts with organic bases, e.g. the benzathine,
N-methyl-D-glucamine, hydrabamine salts, and salts with amino acids
such as, for example, arginine, lysine and the like.
[0051] The terms acid or base addition salt also comprise the
hydrates and the solvent addition forms which the compounds of
formula (I) are able to form. Examples of such forms are e.g.
hydrates, alcoholates and the like.
[0052] The term "metal complexes" means a complex formed between a
compound of formula (I) and one or more organic or inorganic metal
salt or salts. Examples of said organic or inorganic salts comprise
the halogenides, nitrates, sulfates, phosphates, acetates,
trifluoroacetates, trichloroacetates, propionates, tartrates,
sulfonates, e.g. methylsulfonates, 4-methylphenylsulfonates,
salicylates, benzoates and the like of the metals of the second
main group of the periodical system, e.g. the magnesium or calcium
salts, of the third or fourth main group, e.g. aluminium, tin, lead
as well as the first to the eighth transition groups of the
periodical system such as, for example, chromium, manganese, iron,
cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc and the like.
[0053] The term stereochemically isomeric forms of compounds of
formula (I), as used hereinbefore, defines all possible compounds
made up of the same atoms bonded by the same sequence of bonds but
having different three-dimensional structures which are not
interchangeable, which the compounds of formula (I) may possess.
Unless otherwise mentioned or indicated, the chemical designation
of a compound encompasses the mixture of all possible
stereochemically isomeric forms which said compound may possess.
Said mixture may contain all diastereomers and/or enantiomers of
the basic molecular structure of said compound. All
stereochemically isomeric forms of the compounds of formula (I)
both in pure form or in admixture with each other are intended to
be embraced within the scope of the present invention.
[0054] The N-oxide forms of the compounds of formula (I) are meant
to comprise those compounds of formula (I) wherein one or several
nitrogen atoms are oxidized to the so-called N-oxide, particularly
those N-oxides wherein one or more of the piperidine-, piperazine
or pyridazinyl-nitrogens are N-oxidized.
[0055] Whenever used hereinafter, the term "compounds of formula
(I)" is meant to include also the N-oxide forms, the
pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts and all
stereoisomeric forms.
[0056] The compounds described in EP 371564 suppress the plasma
elimination of retinoic acids. The compounds
3-ethyl-6-[2-methyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-2(1H)-quinoxalinone
(compound No. 20 in the present application),
3-ethyl-6-[1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-2-methylpropyl]-2(1H)-quinoxalinone
(compound No. 21 in the present application),
6-[2-methyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-3-(2-thienyl)-2(1H)-quinoxal-
inone (compound No. 22 in the present application),
6-[2-methyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-3-(thienyl)-2(1H)-quinoxalin-
one (compound No. 23 in the present application),
6-[1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-2-methylpropyl]-3-(3-thienyl)-2(1H)-quinoxalinone
(compound No. 24 in the present application) and
6-[1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)pentyl]-3-methyl-2(1H)-quinoxalinone
(compound No. 25 in the present application) have been disclosed in
EP 371564. Unexpectedly, it has been found that the compounds of
the present invention show PARP inhibitory activity.
[0057] A first group of interesting compounds consists of those
compounds of formula (I) wherein one or more of the following
restrictions apply: [0058] a) n is 0 or 1; [0059] b) X is N or
CR.sup.5, wherein R.sup.5 is hydrogen; [0060] c) R.sup.3 is a
radical selected from (a-1), (a-2) or (a-3) or is a group of
formula (b-1) i.e. --Z--; [0061] d) s is 0, 1 or 2; [0062] e)
R.sup.6 is --CHO, C.sub.1-6alkyl, piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
arylcarbonylpiperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl or
arylC.sub.1-6alkyl(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl; [0063] f)
R.sup.8 is C.sub.1-6alkyl; [0064] g) when R.sup.3 is a group of
formula (b-1) then Z is a heterocyclic ring system selected from
(c-2) or (c-4); and [0065] h) each R.sup.10 independently is
hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl or
C.sub.1-6alkyloxyC.sub.1-6alkylamino.
[0066] A second group of interesting compounds consists of those
compounds of formula (I) wherein one or more of the following
restrictions apply:
a) n is 0; b) X is N or CR.sup.5, wherein R.sup.5 is hydrogen; c)
R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-6alkyl; d) R.sup.2 is hydrogen or hydroxy or
taken together with R.sup.4 may form .dbd.O; e) R.sup.3 is a
radical selected from (a-1) or (a-2); f) s is 0 or 1; g) R.sup.6 is
--CHO or C.sub.1-6alkyl; and
##STR00006##
h) R.sup.4 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl or [0067] A third group of
interesting compounds consists of those compounds of formula (I),
the first group of interesting compounds or the second group of
interesting compounds wherein Z is a heterocyclic ring system other
than the heterocyclic ring system of formula (c-2) or (c-4). [0068]
A group of preferred compounds consists of those compounds of
formula (I) wherein n is 0 or 1; X is N or CR.sup.5, wherein
R.sup.5 is hydrogen; R.sup.3 is a radical selected from (a-1),
(a-2) or (a-3) or is a group of formula (b-1) i.e. --Z--; s is 0, 1
or 2; R.sup.6 is --CHO, C.sub.1-6alkyl, piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
arylcarbonylpiperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl or
arylC.sub.1-6alkyl(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl; R.sup.8 is
C.sub.1-6alkyl; when R.sup.3 is a group of formula (b-1) then Z is
a heterocyclic ring system selected from (c-2) or (c-4); and each
R.sup.10 independently is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl or
C.sub.1-6alkyloxyC.sub.1-6alkylamino. [0069] A further group of
preferred compounds consists of those compounds of formula (I)
wherein n is 0; X is N or CR.sup.5, wherein R.sup.5 is hydrogen;
R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-6alkyl; R.sup.2 is hydrogen or hydroxy or taken
together with R.sup.4 may form .dbd.O; R.sup.3 is a radical
selected from (a-1) or (a-2); s is 0 or 1; R.sup.6 is --CHO or
C.sub.1-6alkyl; and R.sup.4 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl or
[0069] ##STR00007## [0070] An even further group of preferred
compounds consists of those compounds of formula (I), the group of
preferred compounds or the further group of preferred compounds
wherein Z is a heterocyclic ring system other than the heterocyclic
ring system of formula (c-2) or (c-4).
[0071] The most preferred compounds are compound No 1, compound No
5, compound No 7, compound No 3 and compound No 17.
##STR00008##
[0072] The compounds of formula (I) can be prepared according to
the general methods described in EP 371564.
[0073] A number of such preparation methods will be described
hereinafter in more detail.
[0074] Other methods for obtaining final compounds of formula (I)
are described in the examples.
[0075] Compounds of formula (I) wherein R.sup.2 is hydrogen and
R.sup.3 is --NR.sup.7--CHO wherein R.sup.7 is hydrogen or methyl,
herein referred to as compounds of formula (I-b), can be prepared
starting from compounds of formula (I), wherein R.sup.2 taken
together with R.sup.3 forms .dbd.O, herein referred to as compounds
of formula (I-a), in the presence of formamide or methylformamide,
here indicated as intermediates of formula (II), and formic
acid.
##STR00009##
[0076] Compounds of formula (I), wherein R.sup.3 is hydroxy, herein
referred to as compounds of formula (I-c), can be prepared by
converting the keton moiety of compounds of formula (I-a) into an
hydroxy group, with an appropriate reductant, e.g., sodium
borohydride in a suitable solvent, e.g. methanol and
tetrahydrofuran.
##STR00010##
[0077] Compounds of formula (I-a) can be prepared by converting
compounds of formula (I-c), wherein R.sup.2 is hydrogen, herein
referred to as compounds of formula (I-c-1), in the presence of a
suitable oxidant such as chromium trioxide and an acid such as
sulfuric acid, in a suitable solvent such as 2-propanone.
##STR00011##
[0078] Intermediates of formula (IV), wherein W is an appropriate
leaving group such as, for example, chloro, bromo,
methanesulfonyloxy or benzenesulfonyloxy can be prepared from
compounds of formula (I-c-1) by treating said compounds with a
suitable reagent e.g. methanesulfonyloxy chloride or
benzenesulfonyloxy chloride, or a halogenating reagent such as e.g.
POCl.sub.3 or SOCl.sub.2.
##STR00012##
[0079] Compounds of formula (I), defined as compounds of formula
(I) wherein R.sup.b is as defined in R.sup.6 and R.sup.c is as
defined in R.sup.7, or R.sup.b and R.sup.c taken together with the
nitrogen to which they are attached, form an appropriate
heterocyclic ring system as defined in Z, herein referred to as
compounds of formula (I-h), can be prepared by reacting an
intermediate of formula (IV) with an intermediate of formula (V).
The reaction can be performed in a reaction-inert solvent such as
dimethylformamide or acetonitrile, and optionally in the presence
of a suitable base such as, for example, sodium carbonate,
potassium carbonate or thriethylamine.
##STR00013##
[0080] The compounds of formula (I) may also be converted into each
other via art-known reactions or functional group transformations.
A number of such transformations are already described hereinabove.
Other examples are hydrolysis of carboxylic esters to the
corresponding carboxylic acid or alcohol; hydrolysis of amides to
the corresponding carboxylic acids or amines; hydrolysis of
nitriles to the corresponding amides; amino groups on imidazole or
phenyl may be replaced by a hydrogen by art-known diazotation
reactions and subsequent replacement of the diazo-group by
hydrogen; alcohols may be converted into esters and ethers; primary
amines may be converted into secondary or tertiary amines; double
bonds may be hydrogenated to the corresponding single bond; an iodo
radical on a phenyl group may be converted in to an ester group by
carbon monoxide insertion in the presence of a suitable palladium
catalyst.
[0081] Hence, compounds of formula (I), (I-a), (I-b), (I-c),
(I-c-1), (I-h), (I-i), (I-j) and (I-k) can optionally be the
subject of one or more of the following conversions in any desired
order:
(i) converting a compound of formula (I) into a different compound
of formula (I); (ii) converting a compound of formula (I) into the
corresponding acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof; (iii) converting
a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide of a compound of
formula (I) into the parent compound of formula (I); (iv) preparing
a stereochemical isomeric form of a compound of formula (I) or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof.
[0082] Intermediates of formula (VII), wherein R.sup.d and R.sup.e
are appropriate radicals or taken together with the carbon to which
they are attached, form an appropriate heterocyclic ring system as
defined in Z, can be prepared by hydrolysing intermediates of
formula (VI), wherein R.sup.3 is a group of formula (b-1) or a
radical of formula (a-1) wherein s is other than 0, herein referred
to as R.sup.g, according to art-known methods, such as stirring the
intermediate (VI) in an aqueous acid solution in the presence of a
reaction inert solvent, e.g. tetrahydrofuran. An appropriate acid
is for instance hydrochloric acid.
##STR00014##
[0083] Compounds of formula (I) wherein R.sup.2 is hydrogen and
R.sup.g is as defined above, herein referred to as compounds of
formula (I-k), can be prepared starting from intermediates of
formula (VII), by a selective hydrogenation of said intermediate
with an appropriate reducing agent such as, for example with a
noble catalyst, such as platinum-on-charcoal, palladium-on-charcoal
and the like and an appropriate reductant such as hydrogen in a
suitable solvent such as methanol.
##STR00015##
[0084] Compounds of formula (I) can be prepared by hydrolysing
intermediates of formula (VIII), according to art-known methods, by
submitting the intermediates of formula (VIII) to appropriate
reagents, such as, tinchloride, acetic acid and hydrochloric acid,
in the presence of a reaction inert solvent, e.g.
tetrahydrofuran.
##STR00016##
[0085] Compounds of formula (I) can be prepared starting from
N-oxides of formula (IX) by converting the intermediates of formula
(IX) in the presence of a suitable reagent such as sodium carbonate
or acetic anhydride and when appropriate in a solvent such as
dichloromethane.
##STR00017##
[0086] The compounds of formula (I) wherein X is CH herein referred
to as compounds of formula (I-j), may also be obtained by cyclizing
an intermediate of formula (X).The cyclization reaction of
intermediates of formula (X) may be conducted according to
art-known cyclizing procedures. Preferably the reaction is carried
out in the presence of a suitable Lewis Acid, e.g. aluminum
chloride either neat or in a suitable solvent such as, for example,
an aromatic hydrocarbon, e.g. benzene, chlorobenzene, methylbenzene
and the like; halogenated hydrocarbons, e.g. trichloromethane,
tetrachloromethane and the like; an ether, e.g. tetrahydrofuran,
1,4-dioxane and the like; or mixtures of such solvents. Somewhat
elevated temperatures, preferably between 70.degree.-100.degree.
C., and stirring may enhance the rate of the reaction.
##STR00018##
[0087] The compounds of formula (I), wherein X is N, herein
referred to as compounds of formula (I-i) may be obtained by
condensing an appropriate ortho-benzenediamine of formula (XI) with
an ester of formula (XII) wherein R.sup.h is C.sub.1-6alkyl. The
condensation of the substituted ortho-diamine of formula (XI) and
the ester of formula (XII) can be carried out in the presence of a
carboxylic acid, e.g. acetic acid and the like, a mineral acid such
as, for example hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, or a sulfonic
acid such as, for example, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic
acid, 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid and the like. Somewhat elevated
temperatures may be appropriate to enhance the rate of the reaction
and in some cases the reaction may even be carried out at the
reflux temperature of the reaction mixture. The water which is
liberated during the condensation may be removed from the mixture
by azeotropical distillation, distillation and the like
methods.
##STR00019##
[0088] Intermediates of formula (XI) can be prepared by a nitro to
amine reduction reaction starting with an intermediate of formula
(XIII) in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Raney Nickel and
an appropriate reductant such as hydrogen in a suitable solvent
such as methanol.
##STR00020##
[0089] Intermediates of formula (XIII) can be prepared by
hydrolysing intermediates of formula (XIV), according to art-known
methods, such as stirring the intermediate (XIV) in an aqueous acid
solution in the presence of a reaction inert solvent, e.g.
tetrahydrofuran. An appropriate acid is for instance hydrochloric
acid.
##STR00021##
[0090] Intermediates of formula (X) can conveniently be prepared by
reacting an aniline of formula (XV) with a halide of formula (XVI)
in the presence of a base such as pyridine in a suitable solvent
such as dichloromethane.
##STR00022##
[0091] Intermediates of formula (VIII) wherein n is 0, R.sup.2 is
hydrogen or hydroxy and when R.sup.2 is hydrogen then R.sup.3 is
hydroxy herein referred to as intermediates of formula (VIII-a) can
be prepared by treating an intermediate of formula (XVII), wherein
W is halo, with an organolithium reagent such as, e.g.
n-butyllithium in a reaction inert solvent, e.g. tetrahydrofuran,
and subsequently reacting said intermediate with an intermediate of
formula (XVIII) wherein R.sup.i is hydrogen or a radical as defined
in R.sup.3.
##STR00023##
[0092] The present invention also relates to a compound of formula
(I) as defined above for use as a medicine.
[0093] The compounds of the present invention have PARP inhibiting
properties as can be seen from the experimental part
hereinunder.
[0094] The present invention also contemplates the use of compounds
in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of any of the
diseases and disorders in an animal described herein, wherein said
compounds are compounds of formula (I)
##STR00024##
the N-oxide forms, the pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts
and the stereo-chemically isomeric forms thereof, wherein [0095] n
is 0, 1 or 2; [0096] X is N or CR.sup.5, wherein R.sup.5 is
hydrogen or taken together with R.sup.1 may form a bivalent radical
of formula --CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CH--; [0097] R.sup.1 is
C.sub.1-6alkyl or thienyl; [0098] R.sup.2 is hydrogen or hydroxy or
taken together with R.sup.3 or R.sup.4 may form .dbd.O; [0099]
R.sup.3 is a radical selected from
[0099] --(CH.sub.2).sub.s--NR.sup.6R.sup.7 (a-1),
--O--H (a-2),
--O--R.sup.8 (a-3),
--S--R.sup.9 (a-4), or
--C.ident.N (a-5), [0100] wherein [0101] s is 0, 1, 2 or 3; [0102]
R.sup.6 is --CHO, C.sub.1-6alkyl, hydroxyC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.1-6alkylcarbonyl, di(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.1-6alkyloxyC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.1-6alkylcarbonylaminoC.sub.1-6alkyl,
piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkylaminocarbonyl, piperidinyl,
piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl, piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkylaminocarbonyl,
C.sub.1-6alkyloxy, thienylC.sub.1-6alkyl, pyrrolylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
arylC.sub.1-6alkylpiperidinyl, arylcarbonylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
arylcarbonylpiperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
haloindozolylpiperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl, or
arylC.sub.1-6alkyl(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl; [0103]
R.sup.7 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-6alkyl; [0104] R.sup.8 is
C.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.1-6alkylcarbonyl or
di(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl; and [0105] R.sup.9 is
di(C.sub.1-6alkyl)aminoC.sub.1-6alkyl; or R.sup.3 is a group of
formula
[0105] --Z-- (b-1), [0106] wherein [0107] Z is a heterocyclic ring
system selected from
[0107] ##STR00025## [0108] wherein each R.sup.10 independently is
hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy,
[0108] ##STR00026## [0109] C.sub.1-6alkyloxyC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.1-6alkyloxyC.sub.1-6alkylamino, arylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
di(phenylC.sub.2-6alkenyl), piperidinylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-10cycloalkylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
aryloxy(hydroxy)C.sub.1-6alkyl, haloindazolyl, arylC.sub.1-6alkyl,
arylC.sub.2-6alkenyl, morpholino, C.sub.1-6alkylimidazolyl, or
pyridinylC.sub.1-6alkylamino; R.sup.4 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl,
furanyl, pyridinyl, C.sub.1-6alkylaryl or
##STR00027##
[0109] aryl is phenyl or phenyl substituted with halo,
C.sub.1-6alkyl or C.sub.1-6alkyloxy.
[0110] In view of their PARP binding properties the compounds of
the present invention may be used as reference compounds or tracer
compounds in which case one of the atoms of the molecule may be
replaced with, for instance, a radioactive isotope.
[0111] To prepare the pharmaceutical compositions of this
invention, an effective amount of a particular compound, in base or
acid addition salt form, as the active ingredient is combined in
intimate admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,
which carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the
form of preparation desired for administration. These
pharmaceutical compositions are desirably in unitary dosage form
suitable, preferably, for administration orally, rectally,
percutaneously, or by parenteral injection. For example, in
preparing the compositions in oral dosage form, any of the usual
pharmaceutical media may be employed, such as, for example, water,
glycols, oils, alcohols and the like in the case of oral liquid
preparations such as suspensions, syrups, elixirs and solutions; or
solid carriers such as starches, sugars, kaolin, lubricants,
binders, disintegrating agents and the like in the case of powders,
pills, capsules and tablets. Because of their ease in
administration, tablets and capsules represent the most
advantageous oral dosage unit form, in which case solid
pharmaceutical carriers are obviously employed. For parenteral
compositions, the carrier will usually comprise sterile water, at
least in large part, though other ingredients, to aid solubility
for example, may be included. Injectable solutions, for example,
may be prepared in which the carrier comprises saline solution,
glucose solution or a mixture of saline and glucose solution.
Injectable suspensions may also be prepared in which case
appropriate liquid carriers, suspending agents and the like may be
employed. In the compositions suitable for percutaneous
administration, the carrier optionally comprises a penetration
enhancing agent and/or a suitable wetting agent, optionally
combined with suitable additives of any nature in minor
proportions, which additives do not cause a significant deleterious
effect to the skin. Said additives may facilitate the
administration to the skin and/or may be helpful for preparing the
desired compositions. These compositions may be administered in
various ways, e.g., as a transdermal patch, as a spot-on, as an
ointment. It is especially advantageous to formulate the
aforementioned pharmaceutical compositions in dosage unit form for
ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form
as used in the specification and claims herein refers to physically
discrete units suitable as unitary dosages, each unit containing a
predetermined quantity of active ingredient calculated to produce
the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required
pharmaceutical carrier. Examples of such dosage unit forms are
tablets (including scored or coated tablets), capsules, pills,
powder packets, wafers, injectable solutions or suspensions,
teaspoonfuls, tablespoonfuls and the like, and segregated multiples
thereof.
[0112] The compounds of the present invention can treat or prevent
tissue damage resulting from cell damage or death due to necrosis
or apoptosis; can ameliorate neural or cardiovascular tissue
damage, including that following focal ischemia, myocardial
infarction, and reperfusion injury; can treat various diseases and
conditions caused or exacerbated by PARP activity; can extend or
increase the lifespan or proliferative capacity of cells; can alter
the gene expression of senescent cells; can radiosensitize and/or
chemosensitize cells. Generally, inhibition of PARP activity spares
the cells from energy loss, preventing, in the case of neural
cells, irreversible depolarization of the neurons, and thus,
provides neuroprotection.
[0113] For the foregoing reasons, the present invention further
relates to a method of administering a therapeutically effective
amount of the above-identified compounds in an amount sufficient to
inhibit PARP activity, to treat or prevent tissue damage resulting
from cell damage or death due to necrosis or apoptosis, to effect a
neuronal activity not mediated by NMDA toxicity, to effect a
neuronal activity mediated by NMDA toxicity, to treat neural tissue
damage resulting from ischemia and reperfusion injury, neurological
disorders and neurodegenerative diseases; to prevent or treat
vascular stroke; to treat or prevent cardiovascular disorders; to
treat other conditions and/or disorders such as age-related
muscular degeneration, AIDS and other immune senescence diseases,
inflammation, gout, arthritis, atherosclerosis, cachexia, cancer,
degenerative diseases of skeletal muscle involving replicative
senescence, diabetes, head trauma, inflammatory bowel disorders
(such as colitis and Crohn's disease), muscular dystrophy,
osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, chronic and/or acute pain (such as
neuropathic pain), renal failure, retinal ischemia, septic shock
(such as endotoxic shock), and skin aging, to extend the lifespan
and proliferative capacity of cells; to alter gene expression of
senescent cells; chemosensitize and/or radiosensitize (hypoxic)
tumor cells. The present invention also relates to treating
diseases and conditions in an animal which comprises administering
to said animal a therapeutically effective amount of the
above-identified compounds.
[0114] In particular, the present invention relates to a method of
treating, preventing or inhibiting a neurological disorder in an
animal, which comprises administering to said animal a
therapeutically effective amount of the above-identified compounds.
The neurological disorder is selected from the group consisting of
peripheral neuropathy caused by physical injury or disease state,
traumatic brain injury, physical damage to the spinal cord, stroke
associated with brain damage, focal ischemia, global ischemia,
reperfusion injury, demyelinating disease and neurological disorder
relating to neurodegeneration.
[0115] The present invention also contemplates the use of compounds
of formula (I) for inhibiting PARP activity, for treating,
preventing or inhibiting tissue damage resulting from cell damage
or death due to necrosis or apoptosis, for treating, preventing or
inhibiting a neurological disorder in an animal.
[0116] The term "preventing neurodegeneration" includes the ability
to prevent neurodegeneration in patients newly diagnosed as having
a neurodegenerative disease, or at risk of developing a new
degenerative disease and for preventing further neurodegeneration
in patients who are already suffering from or have symptoms of a
neurodegenerative disease.
[0117] The term "treatment" as used herein covers any treatment of
a disease and/or condition in an animal, particularly a human, and
includes: (i) preventing a disease and/or condition from occurring
in a subject which may be predisposed to the disease and/or
condition but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (ii)
inhibiting the disease and/or condition, i.e., arresting its
development; (iii) relieving the disease and/or condition, i.e.,
causing regression of the disease and/or condition.
[0118] The term "radiosensitizer", as used herein, is defined as a
molecule, preferably a low molecular weight molecule, administered
to animals in therapeutically effective amounts to increase the
sensitivity of the cells to ionizing radiation and/or to promote
the treatment of diseases which are treatable with ionizing
radiation. Diseases which are treatable with ionizing radiation
include neoplastic diseases, benign and malignant tumors, and
cancerous cells. Ionizing radiation treatment of other diseases not
listed herein are also contemplated by the present invention.
[0119] The term "chemosensitizer", as used herein, is defined as a
molecule, preferably a low molecular weight molecule, administered
to animals in therapeutically effective amounts to increase the
sensitivity of cells to chemotherapy and/or promote the treatment
of diseases which are treatable with chemotherapeutics. Diseases
which are treatable with chemotherapy include neoplastic diseases,
benign and malignant tumors and cancerous cells. Chemotherapy
treatment of other diseases not listed herein are also contemplated
by the present invention.
[0120] The compounds, compositions and methods of the present
invention are particularly useful for treating or preventing tissue
damage resulting from cell death or damage due to necrosis or
apoptosis.
[0121] The compounds of the present invention can be "anti-cancer
agents", which term also encompasses "anti-tumor cell growth
agents" and "anti-neoplastic agents". For example, the methods of
the invention are useful for treating cancers and chemosensitizing
and/or radiosensitizing tumor cells in cancers such as
ACTH-producing tumors, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute
nonlymphocytic leukemia, cancer of the adrenal cortex, bladder
cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, chronic
lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, colorectal
cancer, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, endometrial cancer, esophageal
cancer, Ewing's sarcoma gallbladder cancer, hairy cell leukemia,
head & neck cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma,
kidney cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (small and/or non-small
cell), malignant peritoneal effusion, malignant pleural effusion,
melanoma, mesothelioma, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma,
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, ovary (germ
cell) cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, penile cancer,
retinoblastoma, skin cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, squamous cell
carcinomas, stomach cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer,
trophoblastic neoplasms, uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, cancer of
the vulva and Wilm's tumor.
[0122] Hence the compounds of the present invention can be used as
"radiosensitizer" and/or "chemosensitizer".
[0123] Radiosensitizers are known to increase the sensitivity of
cancerous cells to the toxic effects of ionizing radiation. Several
mechanisms for the mode of action of radiosensitizers have been
suggested in the literature including: hypoxic cell
radiosensitizers (e.g., 2-nitroimidazole compounds, and
benzotriazine dioxide compounds) mimicking oxygen or alternatively
behave like bioreductive agents under hypoxia; non-hypoxic cell
radiosensitizers (e.g., halogenated pyrimidines) can be analogs of
DNA bases and preferentially incorporate into the DNA of cancer
cells and thereby promote the radiation-induced breaking of DNA
molecules and/or prevent the normal DNA repair mechanisms; and
various other potential mechanisms of action have been hypothesized
for radiosensitizers in the treatment of disease. Many cancer
treatment protocols currently employ radiosensitizers in
conjunction with radiation of x-rays. Examples of x-ray activated
radiosensitizers include, but are not limited to, the following:
metronidazole, misonidazole, desmethylmisonidazole, pimonidazole,
etanidazole, nimorazole, mitomycin C, RSU 1069, SR 4233, EO9, RB
6145, nicotinamide, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), 5-iododeoxyuridine
(IUdR), bromodeoxycytidine, fluorodeoxyuridine (FudR), hydroxyurea,
cisplatin, and therapeutically effective analogs and derivatives of
the same.
[0124] Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancers employs visible light
as the radiation activator of the sensitizing agent. Examples of
photodynamic radiosensitizers include the following, but are not
limited to: hematoporphyrin derivatives, Photofrin, benzoporphyrin
derivatives, tin etioporphyrin, pheoborbide-a,
bacteriochlorophyll-a, naphthalocyanines, phthalocyanines, zinc
phthalocyanine, and therapeutically effective analogs and
derivatives of the same.
[0125] Radiosensitizers may be administered in conjunction with a
therapeutically effective amount of one or more other compounds,
including but not limited to: compounds which promote the
incorporation of radiosensitizers to the target cells; compounds
which control the flow of therapeutics, nutrients, and/or oxygen to
the target cells; chemotherapeutic agents which act on the tumor
with or without additional radiation; or other therapeutically
effective compounds for treating cancer or other disease. Examples
of additional therapeutic agents that may be used in conjunction
with radiosensitizers include, but are not limited to:
5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, 5'-amino-5' deoxythymidine, oxygen,
carbogen, red cell transfusions, perfluorocarbons (e.g., Fluosol 10
DA), 2,3-DPG, BW12C, calcium channel blockers, pentoxyfylline,
antiangiogenesis compounds, hydralazine, and LBSO. Examples of
chemotherapeutic agents that may be used in conjunction with
radiosensitizers include, but are not limited to: adriamycin,
camptothecin, carboplatin, cisplatin, daunorubicin, docetaxel,
doxorubicin, interferon (alpha, beta, gamma), interleukin 2,
irinotecan, paclitaxel, topotecan, and therapeutically effective
analogs and derivatives of the same.
[0126] Chemosensitizers may be administered in conjunction with a
therapeutically effective amount of one or more other compounds,
including but not limited to: compounds which promote the
incorporation of chemosensitizers to the target cells; compounds
which control the flow of therapeutics, nutrients, and/or oxygen to
the target cells; chemotherapeutic agents which act on the tumor or
other therapeutically effective compounds for treating cancer or
other disease. Examples of additional therapeutica agents that may
be used in conjunction with chemosensitizers include, but are not
limited to: methylating agents, toposisomerase I inhibitors and
other chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin and bleomycin.
[0127] The compounds of formula (I) can also be used to detect or
identify the PARP, and more in particular the PARP-1 receptor. For
that purpose the compounds of formula (I) can be labeled. Said
label can be selected from the group consisting of a radioisotope,
spin label, antigen label, enzyme label fluorescent group or a
chemiluminiscent group.
[0128] Those skilled in the art could easily determine the
effective amount from the test results presented hereinafter. In
general it is contemplated that an effective amount would be from
0.01 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg body weight, and in particular from 0.05
mg/kg to 10 mg/kg body weight. It may be appropriate to administer
the required dose as two, three, four or more sub-doses at
appropriate intervals throughout the day. Said sub-doses may be
formulated as unit dosage forms, for example, containing 0.5 to 500
mg, and in particular 1 mg to 200 mg of active ingredient per unit
dosage form.
[0129] The following examples illustrate the present invention.
EXPERIMENTAL PART
[0130] Hereinafter, "BuLi" is defines as butyl-lithium, "DCM" is
defined as dichloromethane, "DIPE" is defined as diisopropyl ether,
"DMF" is defined as N,N-dimethylformamide, "EtOAc" is defined as
ethyl acetate, "EtOH" is defined as ethanol, "MEK" is defined as
methyl ethyl keton, "MeOH" is defined as methanol and "THF" is
defined as tetrahydrofuran.
A. Preparation of the Intermediate Compounds
Example A1
a) Preparation of Intermediate 1
##STR00028##
[0132] A mixture of 1-(4-amino-3-nitrophenyl)-2-methyl-1-propanone
(0.0144 mol) in formic acid (4.93 ml) and formamide (18.2 ml) was
stirred at 160.degree. C. for 15 hours, then cooled to room
temperature, poured out into ice water, basified with a
concentrated ammonium hydroxidesolution and extracted with EtOAc.
The organic layer was separated, dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered and
the solvent was evaporated till dryness, yielding 4.8 g of
intermediate 1.
b) Preparation of Intermediate 2
##STR00029##
[0134] A mixture of intermediate 1 (0.0144 mol) in MeOH (50 ml) was
hydrogenated under a 3 bar pressure for 1 hour with Raney Nickel
(3.4 g) as a catalyst. After uptake of H.sub.2 (3 equiv), the
catalyst was filtered through celite, washed with MeOH and the
filtrate was evaporated till dryness. The product was used without
further purification, yielding 4.7 g of intermediate 2.
Example A2
Preparation of Intermediate 3 and 4
##STR00030##
[0136] Aluminium chloride (0.6928 mol) was added portionwise to a
solution of chloro-acetyl chloride (0.5196 mol) in DCM (50.2 ml)
while the temperature was kept below 30.degree. C.
3-ethyl-2(1H)-quinolinone (0.1732 mol) was added while the
temperature was kept below 30.degree. C. The mixture was stirred
and refluxed for 15 hours, cooled and poured out into ice water.
The precipitate was filtered off, washed with water and taken up in
DCM. The organic solution was stirred and filtered. The precipitate
was dried, yielding 33.5 g of intermediate 3. The filtrate was
extracted. The organic layer was separated, dried (MgSO.sub.4),
filtered and the solvent was evaporated till dryness, yielding
20.46 g of intermediate 4.
Example A3
a) Preparation of Intermediate 5
##STR00031##
[0138] A mixture of 6-bromo-2-chloro-3-methyl-quinoline (0.04483
mol) and CH.sub.3ONa (0.224 mol) in MeOH (200 ml) was stirred at
70.degree. C. for 36 hours. The mixture was cooled, poured into
ice, EtOAc was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The
organic layer was washed with water, dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered
off and evaporated, yielding 11g (97%) of intermediate 5.
b) Preparation of Intermediate 6
##STR00032##
[0140] BuLi 1.6M in hexane (0.0619 mol) was added dropwise at
-60.degree. C. under N.sub.2 flow to a mixture of intermediate 5
(0.0476 mol) in THF (200 ml). The mixture was stirred at
-60.degree. C. for 1 hour. A mixture of
3-(dimethylamino)-1-(2-furanyl)-1-propanone (0.0571 mol) in THF
(100 ml) was added dropwise at -60.degree. C. The mixture was
stirred at -60.degree. C. for 2 hours and then at -40.degree. C.
for 1 hour. The mixture was poured out into a saturated ammonium
chloride solution and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was
separated, dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered and the solvent was
evaporated. The product was used without further purification,
yielding 16.2 g of intermediate 6.
c) Preparation of Intermediate 7
##STR00033##
[0142] A mixture of intermediate 6 (0.0476 mol) in hydrochloric
acid 3N (254 ml) and THF (128 ml) was stirred and refluxed for 6
hours. The mixture was poured out on ice, basified with a
concentrated ammonium hydroxide solution and extracted with EtOAc.
The organic layer was separated, dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered and
the solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified by column
chromatography over silica gel (15-40 .mu.m) (eluent:
DCM/MeOH/NH.sub.4OH 95/5/0.2). The pure fractions were collected
and the solvent was evaporated, yielding 4g (27%) of intermediate
7.
Example A4
Preparation of Intermediate 8
##STR00034##
[0144] nBuLi 1.6M in hexane (0.129 mol) was added dropwise at
-60.degree. C. under N.sub.2 flow to a mixture of
6-bromo-3-ethyl-2-methoxy-quinoline (0.0996 mol) in THF (265 ml).
The mixture was stirred at -60.degree. C. for 1 hour. A mixture of
2-ethyl-butanal (0.119 mol) in THF (100 ml) was added dropwise at
-60.degree. C. The mixture was stirred at -60.degree. C. for 2
hours, then at -40.degree. C. for 1 hour, poured out into a
saturated ammonium chloride solution and extracted with EtOAc. The
organic layer was separated, dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered and the
solvent was evaporated. The product was used without further
purification, yielding 28.62 g of intermediate 8.
Example A5
a) Preparation of Intermediate 9
##STR00035##
[0146] A solution of (2-bromoethyl)-benzene (0.174 mol) in diethyl
ether (125 ml) was added dropwise at 0.degree. C. to a suspension
of Mg turnings (0.21 mol) in diethyl ether (125 ml) and the mixture
was stirred at 0.degree. C. for 1 hour. A solution of
3-methyl-6-quinolinecarboxaldehyde (0.116 mol) in THF (200 ml) was
added dropwise at 0.degree. C. and the mixture was stirred at room
temperature for 2 h. The mixture was poured into ice water,
filtered through celite and the product was extracted with EtOAc.
The organic layer was washed with water, dried (MgSO.sub.4),
filtered off and evaporated. The residue was crystallized from
EtOAc/diethyl ether, yielding 19 g (59%) of intermediate 9.
b) Preparation of Intermediate 10
##STR00036##
[0148] Potassium permanganate (19g) was added dropwise at 5.degree.
C. under N.sub.2 to a solution of intermediate 9 (0.069 mol) in DCM
(300 ml) and tris[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl]amine (2 ml) and the
mixture was stirred at room temperature for the night. The mixture
was filtered through celite and the filtrate was evaporated,
yielding 17g (90%) of intermediate 10.
c) Preparation of Intermediate 11
##STR00037##
[0150] A solution of 3-chloro-benzenecarboperoxoic acid (0.123 mol)
in DCM (200 ml) was added at 5.degree. C. under N.sub.2 to a
solution of intermediate 10 (0.062 mol) in DCM (200 ml), the
mixture was stirred at 5.degree. C. for 1 hour and then at room
temperature for 3 hours. Aqueous potassium carbonate 10% was added
and the product was extracted with DCM. The organic layer was
washed with water, dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered off and evaporated.
The product was used without further purification, yielding 18g
(100%) of intermediate 11.
d) Preparation of Intermediate 12
##STR00038##
[0152] Potassium carbonate 10% (250 ml) was added at room
temperature to a solution of intermediate 11 (0.062 mol) in DCM
(250 ml) and the mixture was stirred for 10 min. Tosyl chloride
(0.093 mol) was added portionwise and the mixture was stirred at
room temperature for 2 hours. The precipitate was filtered off,
washed with water and dried. The residue (10.1 g) was
recrystallized from 2-propanone, yielding 2.8 g (72%) of
intermediate 12.
B. Preparation of the Final Compounds
Example B1
Preparation of Final Compound 1
##STR00039##
[0154] A mixture of intermediate 2 (0.011 mol) and ethyl
2-oxobutanoate (0.022 mol) in EtOH (40 ml) was stirred at
60.degree. C. for 6 hours and then cooled to room temperature. The
solvent was evaporated. The residue was taken up in a saturated
NaHCO.sub.3 solution. The mixture was extracted with DCM. The
organic layer was separated, dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered and the
solvent was evaporated till dryness. The residue was purified by
column chromatography over silica gel (15-40 .mu.m) (eluent:
DCM/MeOH/NH.sub.4OH 99/1/0.1 and 85/15/0.1). The pure fractions
were collected and the solvent was evaporated. The residue (1.9 g)
was purified again by column chromatography over silica gel (15-40
.mu.m) (eluent: cyclohexane/2-propanol/NH.sub.4OH 88/12/1). The
pure fractions were collected and the solvent was evaporated. The
residue was crystallized from DIPE. The precipitate was filtered
off and dried, yielding 0.33 g (11%) of compound 1, melting point
204.degree. C.
Example B2
Preparation of Final Compound 2
##STR00040##
[0156] Aluminium chloride (0.234 mol) was added portionwise to a
solution of
N-[4-[1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-2-methylpropyl]phenyl]-2-methyl-3-phenyl-2--
propenamide (0.026 mol) in chloro-benzene (60 ml) and the mixture
was stirred at 100.degree. C. for 3 hours. The mixture was poured
into ice water, basified with NH.sub.4OH and extracted with DCM.
The mixture was filtered through celite and the filtrate was
decanted. The organic layer was dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered off
and evaporated till dryness. The residue was purified by column
chromatography over silica gel (35-70 .mu.m) (eluent:
DCM/MeOH/NH.sub.4OH 95/5/0.1). The pure fractions were collected
and evaporated. The residue (4 g) was crystallized from MEK,
yielding: 2.12 g (29%) of compound 2, melting point 211.4.degree.
C.
Example B3
Preparation of Final Compound 3
##STR00041##
[0158] Dimethylamine, hydrochloride (0.3 mol) was added portionwise
at room temperature under N.sub.2 flow to a suspension of potassium
carbonate (0.3603 mol) in DMF (300 ml). The mixture was stirred for
30 min. A mixture of intermediate 3 (0.06 mol) and intermediate 4
(0.06 mol) was added carefully. The mixture was stirred at room
temperature for 30 min. Ice water was added. The precipitate was
filtered off, washed with water and the filtrate was extracted with
DCM. The organic layer was separated, dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered
and the solvent was evaporated till dryness. The residue (16.6 g)
was purified by column chromatography over silica gel (20-45 .mu.m)
(eluent: DCM/MeOH/NH.sub.4OH 95/5/0.2). The pure fractions were
collected and the solvent was evaporated. The residue (4.9 g) was
crystallized from 2-propanone and MeOH. The precipitate was
filtered off and dried, yielding 1.2 g of compound 3, melting point
180.degree. C.
Example B4
Preparation of Final Compound 4
##STR00042##
[0160] A mixture of intermediate 7 (0.0113 mol) in MeOH (60 ml) was
hydrogenated at 40.degree. C. under a 4.8 bar pressure for 6 h with
Pd/C 10% (0.35 g) as a catalyst. After uptake of H.sub.2 (1 eq),
the catalyst was filtered over celite and the filtrate was
evaporated. The residue was taken up in water and a concentrated
ammonium hydroxide solution and extracted with DCM. The organic
layer was separated, dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered and the solvent
was evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography
over silica gel (15-40 .mu.m) (eluent: DCM/MeOH/NH.sub.4OH 95/5/0.3
and 93/7/0.5). The pure fractions were collected and the solvent
was evaporated. The residue was crystallized from 2-propanone and
diethyl ether. The precipitate was filtered off and dried, yielding
0.69 g (20%) of compound 4.
Example B5
Preparation of Final Compound 5
##STR00043##
[0162] A mixture of intermediate 8 (0.0996 mol) in hydrochloric
acid 3N (426 ml) and THF (274 ml) was stirred at 70.degree. C.
overnight, then poured out on ice, basified with a concentrated
NH.sub.4OH solution and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was
separated, dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered and the solvent was
evaporated. The residue was crystallized from DCM. The precipitate
was filtered off and dried, yielding: 15.21 g (56%) of compound
5.
Example B6
Preparation of Final Compound 6
##STR00044##
[0164] A mixture of intermediate 12 (0.013 mol) in formamide (61.8
ml) and formic acid (30 ml) was stirred and refluxed for 36 h. The
mixture was cooled to room temperature, poured into ice water and
filtered off. The precipitate was washed with water, 2-propanone
and diethyl ether. The precipitate was dried and recrystallized
from MeOH/THF, yielding 1.74 g (40%) of compound 6, melting point
221.3.degree. C.
Example B7
Preparation of Final Compound 7
##STR00045##
[0166] Sodium hydroborate (0.0151 mol) was added at 0.degree. C.
under N.sub.2 flow to a solution of compound 3 (0.0116 mol) in MeOH
(50 ml). The mixture was stirred for 1 hour and poured out into
water. The organic solvent was evaporated. The aqueous concentrate
was taken up in DCM and water and the mixture was extracted. The
organic layer was separated, dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered and the
solvent was evaporated till dryness. The residue was crystallized
from 2-propanone and MeOH. The precipitate was filtered off, washed
with diethyl ether and dried, yielding 1.2 g of compound 7, melting
point 131.degree. C.
[0167] Table F-1 lists the compounds that were prepared according
to one of the above Examples. The following abbreviations were used
in the tables.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE F-1 ##STR00046## Co. No. 1; Ex. [B1]; mp.
204.degree. C. ##STR00047## Co. No. 2; Ex. [B2]; mp. 211.4.degree.
C. ##STR00048## Co. No. 3; Ex. [B3]; mp. 180.degree. C.
##STR00049## Co. No. 4; Ex. [B4] ##STR00050## Co. No. 5; Ex. [B5]
##STR00051## Co. No. 6; Ex. [B6]; mp. 221.3.degree. C. ##STR00052##
Co. No. 7; Ex. [B7]; mp. 131.degree. C. ##STR00053## Co. No. 8; Ex.
[B1]; mp. 163.degree. C. ##STR00054## Co. No. 9; Ex. [B1]; mp.
215.degree. C. ##STR00055## Co. No. 10; Ex. [B3]; mp. 125.degree.
C. ##STR00056## Co. No. 11; Ex. [B3]; mp. 100.degree. C.
##STR00057## .cndot.HCl (1:2); Co. No. 12; Ex. [B3]; mp.
>260.degree. C. ##STR00058## .cndot.C.sub.2H.sub.2O.sub.4 (2:5).
H2O (1:1); Co. No. 13; Ex. [B3]; mp. 126.degree. C. ##STR00059##
C.sub.2H.sub.2O.sub.4 (1:2); Co. No. 14; Ex. [B3] ##STR00060## Co.
No. 15; Ex. [B5] ##STR00061## Co. No. 16; Ex. [B5] ##STR00062## Co.
No. 17; Ex. [B5]; mp. 212.degree. C. ##STR00063## Co. No. 18; Ex.
[B6]; mp. 212.7.degree. C. ##STR00064## Co. No. 19; Ex. [B7]; mp.
165.degree. C. ##STR00065## EP0371564; Co. No. 20 ##STR00066##
EP0371564; Co. No. 21 ##STR00067## EP0371564; Co. No. 22
##STR00068## EP0371564; Co. No. 23 ##STR00069## EP0371564; Co. No.
24. ##STR00070## EP0371564; Co. No. 25
Pharmacological Example
In Vitro Scintillation Proximity Assay (SPA) for PARP-1 Inhibitory
Activity
[0168] Compounds of the present invention were tested in an in
vitro assay based on SPA technology (proprietary to Amersham
Pharmacia Biotech).
[0169] In principle, the assay relies upon the well established SPA
technology for the detection of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of
biotinylated target proteins, i.e histones. This ribosylation is
induced using nicked DNA activated PARP-1 enzyme and
[.sup.3H]-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ([.sup.3H]-NAD.sup.+)
as ADP-ribosyl donor.
[0170] As inducer of PARP-1 enzyme activity, nicked DNA was
prepared. For this, 25 mg of DNA (supplier: Sigma) was dissolved in
25 ml DNAse buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4; 0.5 mg/ml Bovine Serum
Albumine (BSA); 5 mM MgCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O and 1 mM KCl) to which 50
.mu.l DNAse solution (1 mg/ml in 0.15 M NaCl) was added. After an
incubation of 90 min. at 37.degree. C., the reaction was terminated
by adding 1.45 g NaCl, followed by a further incubation at
58.degree. C. for 15 min. The reaction mixture was cooled on ice
and dialysed at 4.degree. C. for respectively 1.5 and 2 hours
against 1.5 l of 0.2 M KCl, and twice against 1.5 l of 0.01 M KCl
for 1.5 and 2 h respectively. The mixture was aliquoted and stored
at -20.degree. C. Histones (1 mg/ml, type II-A, supplier: Sigma)
were biotinylated using the biotinylation kit of Amersham and
stored aliquoted at -20.degree. C. A stock solution of 100 mg/ml
SPA poly(vinyl toluene) (PVT) beads (supplier: Amersham) was made
in PBS. A stock solution of [.sup.3H]-NAD.sup.+ was made by adding
120 .mu.l of [.sup.3H]-NAD.sup.+ (0.1 mCi/ml, supplier: NEN) to 6
ml incubation buffer (50 mM Tris/HCl, pH 8; 0.2 mM DTT; 4 mM
MgCl.sub.2). A solution of 4 mM NAD.sup.+ (supplier: Roche) was
made in incubation buffer (from a 100 mM stock solution in water
stored at -20.degree. C.). The PARP-1 enzyme was produced using art
known techniques, i.e. cloning and expression of the protein
starting from human liver cDNA. Information concerning the used
protein sequence of the PARP-1 enzyme including literature
references can be found in the Swiss-Prot database under primary
accession number P09874. Biotinylated histones and PVT-SPA beads
were mixed and pre-incubated for 30 min. at room temperature.
PARP-1 enzyme (concentration was lot dependent) was mixed with the
nicked DNA and the mixture was pre-incubated for 30 min. at
4.degree. C. Equal parts of this histones/PVT-SPA beads solution
and PARP-1 enzyme/DNA solution were mixed and 75 .mu.l of this
mixture together with 1 .mu.l of compound in DMSO and 25 .mu.l of
[.sup.3H]-NAD.sup.+ was added per well into a 96-well
microtiterplate. The final concentrations in the incubation mixture
were 2 .mu.g/ml for the biotinylated histones, 2 mg/ml for the
PVT-SPA beads, 2 .mu.g/ml for the nicked DNA and between 5-10
.mu.g/ml for the PARP-1 enzyme. After incubation of the mixture for
15 min. at room temperature, the reaction was terminated by adding
100 .mu.l of 4 mM NAD.sup.+ in incubation buffer (final
concentration 2 mM) and plates were mixed.
[0171] The beads were allowed to sediment for at least 15 min. and
plates transferred to a TopCountNXT.TM. (Packard) for scintillation
counting, values were expressed as counts per minute (cpm). For
each experiment, controls (containing PARP-1 enzyme and DMSO
without compound), a blank incubation (containing DMSO but no
PARP-1 enzyme or compound) and samples (containing PARP-1 enzyme
and compound dissolved in DMSO) were run in parallel. All compounds
tested were dissolved and eventually further diluted in DMSO. In
first instance, compounds were tested at a concentration of
10.sup.-6 M. When the compounds showed activity at 10.sup.-6 M, a
dose-response curve was made wherein the compounds were tested at
concentrations between 10.sup.-5M and 10.sup.-8M. In each test, the
blank value was subtracted from both the control and the sample
values. The control sample represented maximal PARP-1 enzyme
activity. For each sample, the amount of cpm was expressed as a
percentage of the mean cpm value of the controls. When appropriate,
IC.sub.50-values (concentration of the drug, needed to reduce the
PARP-1 enzyme activity to 50% of the control) were computed using
linear interpolation between the experimental points just above and
below the 50% level. Herein the effects of test compounds are
expressed as pIC.sub.50 (the negative log value of the
IC.sub.50-value). As a reference compound,
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide was included to validate the SPA assay.
The tested compounds showed inhibitory activity at the initial test
concentration of 10.sup.-6 M (see Table-2).
In Vitro Filtration Assay for PARP-1 Inhibitory Activity
[0172] Compounds of the present invention were tested in an in
vitro filtration assay assessing PARP-1 activity (triggered in the
presence of nicked DNA) by means of its histone
poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation activity using [.sup.32P]-NAD as ADP-ribosyl
donor. The radioactive ribosylated histones were precipitated by
trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in 96-well filterplates and the
incorporated [.sup.32P] measured using a scintillation counter
[0173] A mixture of histones (stock solution: 5 mg/ml in H.sub.2O),
NAD.sup.+ (stock solution: 100 mM in H.sub.2O), and
[.sup.32P]-NAD.sup.+ in incubation buffer (50 mM Tris/HCl, pH 8;
0.2 mM DTT; 4 mM MgCl.sub.2) was made. A mixture of the PARP-1
enzyme (5-10 .mu.g/ml) and nicked DNA was also made. The nicked DNA
was prepared as described in the in vitro SPA for PARP-1 inhibitory
activity. Seventy-five .mu.l of the PARP-1 enzyme/DNA mixture
together with 1 .mu.l of compound in DMSO and 25 .mu.l of
histones-NAD.sup.+/[.sup.32P]-NAD.sup.+ mixture was added per well
of a 96-well filterplate (0.45 .mu.m, supplier Millipore). The
final concentrations in the incubation mixture were 2.mu.g/ml for
the histones, 0.1 mM for the NAD.sup.+, 200 .mu.M (0.5 .mu.C) for
the [.sup.32P]-NAD.sup.+ and 2.mu.g/ml for the nicked DNA. Plates
were incubated for 15 min. at room temperature and the reaction was
terminated by the addition of 10 .mu.l ice cold 100% TCA followed
by the addition of 10 .mu.l ice-cold BSA solution (1% in H.sub.2O).
The protein fraction was allowed to precipitate for 10 min. at
4.degree. C. and plates were vacuum filtered . The plates were
subsequently washed with, for each well, 1 ml of 10% ice cold TCA,
1 ml of 5% ice cold TCA and 1 ml of 5% TCA at room temperature.
Finally 100 .mu.l of scintillation solution (Microscint 40,
Packard) was added to each well and the plates were transferred to
a TopCountNXT.TM. (supplier: Packard) for scintillation counting
and values were expressed as counts per minute (cpm). For each
experiment, controls (containing PARP-1 enzyme and DMSO without
compound), a blank incubation (containing DMSO but no PARP-1 enzyme
or compound) and samples (containing PARP-1 enzyme and compound
dissolved in DMSO) were run in parallel. All compounds tested were
dissolved and eventually further diluted in DMSO. In first
instance, compounds were tested at a concentration of 10.sup.-5M.
When the compounds showed activity at 10.sup.-5M, a dose-response
curve was made wherein the compounds were tested at concentrations
between 10.sup.-5M and 10.sup.-8M. In each test, the blank value
was subtracted from both the control and the sample values. The
control sample represented maximal PARP-1 enzyme activity. For each
sample, the amount of cpm was expressed as a percentage of the mean
cpm value of the controls. When appropriate, IC.sub.50-values
(concentration of the drug, needed to reduce the PARP-1 enzyme
activity to 50% of the control) were computed using linear
interpolation between the experimental points just above and below
the 50% level. Herein the effects of test compounds are expressed
as pIC.sub.5o (the negative log value of the IC.sub.50-value). As a
reference compound, 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide was included to
validate the filtration assay. The tested compounds showed
inhibitory activity at the initial test concentration of 10.sup.-5M
(see Table-2).
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 In vitro In vitro SPA filtration assay Co No
pIC50 pIC50 1 6.656 2 6.282 5.272 3 6.587 5.586 4 5.983 5.121 5
6.807 6.195 6 6.114 5 7 6.674 6.112 8 6.011 9 6.129 10 6.131 11
6.485 12 6.163 13 6.434 14 6.302 15 5.901 5.441 16 6.328 5.665 17
6.704 5.834 18 5.99 5.196 19 6.127 20 6.359 5.642 21 6.644 5.958 22
6.077 5.364 23 5.844 5.147 24 6.251 5.313 25 6 5.334
[0174] The compounds can be further evaluated in a cellular chemo-
and/or radiosensitization assay, an assay measuring inhibition of
endogenous PARP-1 activity in cancer cell lines and eventually in
an in vivo radiosensitization test.
* * * * *