U.S. patent application number 13/102563 was filed with the patent office on 2011-09-01 for production processes and systems, compositions, surfactants, monomer units, metal complexes, phosphate esters, glycols, aqueous film.
This patent application is currently assigned to E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY CHEMTURA CORPORATION. Invention is credited to Bruno Ameduri, Janet Boggs, Stephan Brandstadter, John Chien, E. Bradley Edwards, Vicki Hedrick, Andrew Jackson, Robert Kaufman, George K. Kostov, Edward Norman, Vimal Sharma.
Application Number | 20110213113 13/102563 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 38961229 |
Filed Date | 2011-09-01 |
United States Patent
Application |
20110213113 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Jackson; Andrew ; et
al. |
September 1, 2011 |
PRODUCTION PROCESSES AND SYSTEMS, COMPOSITIONS, SURFACTANTS,
MONOMER UNITS, METAL COMPLEXES, PHOSPHATE ESTERS, GLYCOLS, AQUEOUS
FILM
Abstract
R.sub.F-compositions including surfactants, foam stabilizers,
monomers, polymers, urethanes, intermediates, metal complexes,
phosphate esters as well as telomerization methods are
provided.
Inventors: |
Jackson; Andrew; (Newark,
DE) ; Sharma; Vimal; (Southbury, CT) ;
Edwards; E. Bradley; (St. Joseph, IL) ; Boggs;
Janet; (Brownsburg, IN) ; Hedrick; Vicki;
(Brookston, IN) ; Brandstadter; Stephan;
(Philadelphia, PA) ; Chien; John; (West Lafayette,
IN) ; Norman; Edward; (Chester Springs, PA) ;
Kaufman; Robert; (St. Louis, MO) ; Ameduri;
Bruno; (Montpellier, FR) ; Kostov; George K.;
(Montpellier, FR) |
Assignee: |
E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND
COMPANY CHEMTURA CORPORATION
Wilmington
DE
|
Family ID: |
38961229 |
Appl. No.: |
13/102563 |
Filed: |
May 6, 2011 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
11899065 |
Sep 4, 2007 |
7964553 |
|
|
13102563 |
|
|
|
|
60841936 |
Sep 1, 2006 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
526/245 ; 528/70;
558/204; 562/556; 562/574; 564/96; 568/677; 570/123 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C11D 3/32 20130101; C08F
220/24 20130101; C07C 317/18 20130101; C11D 1/004 20130101; C11D
3/0031 20130101; C07C 311/09 20130101; C07C 69/653 20130101; C11D
3/349 20130101; C07F 9/091 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
526/245 ;
562/556; 564/96; 562/574; 558/204; 568/677; 528/70; 570/123 |
International
Class: |
C08F 120/22 20060101
C08F120/22; C07C 229/06 20060101 C07C229/06; C07C 311/03 20060101
C07C311/03; C07F 9/141 20060101 C07F009/141; C07C 43/04 20060101
C07C043/04; C08G 18/28 20060101 C08G018/28; C07C 17/00 20060101
C07C017/00 |
Claims
1. A surfactant composition comprising
R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.s, wherein: the R.sub.F group comprises
at least one --CF.sub.3 group; the R.sub.T group comprises
--CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--; n is at least one; and the Qs
group is at least one atom of the periodic table of elements,
wherein at least a portion of the R.sub.F and R.sub.T groups are
hydrophobic relative to the Qs group, and at least a portion of the
Q.sub.s group is hydrophilic relative to the R.sub.F and R.sub.T
groups.
2. The surfactant of claim 1 wherein the R.sub.F group is one of
--C.sub.3F.sub.6 or --C.sub.3F.sub.7.
3. (canceled)
4. (canceled)
5. The surfactant of claim 1 wherein the R.sub.T group comprises
--CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--.
6. (canceled)
7. (canceled)
8. (canceled)
9. (canceled)
10. A foam stabilizer composition comprising
R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.FS, wherein: the R.sub.F group
comprises at least one --CF.sub.3 group; the R.sub.T group
comprises --CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--; n is at least 1; and
the Q.sub.FS group is at least one atom of the periodic table of
elements, wherein at least a portion of the R.sub.F and R.sub.T
groups are hydrophobic relative to the Q.sub.FS group, and at least
a portion of the Q.sub.FS group is hydrophilic relative to the
R.sub.F and R.sub.T groups.
11. The foam stabilizer of claim 10 wherein the R.sub.F group is
one of --C.sub.3F.sub.6 or --C.sub.3F.sub.7.
12. (canceled)
13. (canceled)
14. The foam stabilizer of claim 10 wherein the R.sub.T group
comprises
--CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--.
15. (canceled)
16. (canceled)
17. (canceled)
18. (canceled)
19. A monomer comprising R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.M wherein: the
R.sub.F group comprises at least one --CF.sub.3 group; the R.sub.T
group comprises --CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--; n is at least 1;
and the Q.sub.M group is at least one atom of the periodic table of
elements.
20. The monomer of claim 19 wherein the R.sub.F group is one of
--C.sub.3F.sub.6 or --C.sub.3F.sub.7.
21. (canceled)
22. (canceled)
23. The monomer of claim 19 wherein the R.sub.T group comprises
--CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--.
24. (canceled)
25. (canceled)
26. (canceled)
27. (canceled)
28. A polymer comprising R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.MU, wherein:
the R.sub.F group comprises at least one --CF.sub.3 group; the
R.sub.T group comprises --CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--; n is at
least 1; and the Q.sub.MU group is a portion of a polymer chain
backbone.
29. The polymer of claim 28 wherein the R.sub.F group is one of
--C.sub.3F.sub.6 or --C.sub.3F.sub.7.
30. (canceled)
31. (canceled)
32. The polymer of claim 28 wherein the R.sub.T group comprises
--CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--.
33. (canceled)
34. (canceled)
35. (canceled)
36. (canceled)
37. A urethane comprising R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQu, wherein: the
R.sub.F group comprises at least one --CF.sub.3 group; the R.sub.T
group comprises --CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--; n is at least 1;
and the Q.sub.U group is at least one atom of the periodic table of
elements.
38. The urethane of claim 37 wherein the RF group is one of
--C.sub.3F.sub.6 or --C.sub.3F.sub.7.
39. (canceled)
40. (canceled)
41. The urethane of claim 37 wherein the R.sub.T group comprises
--CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--.
42. (canceled)
43. (canceled)
44. (canceled)
45. (canceled)
46. A glycol comprising R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.H, wherein: the
R.sub.F group comprises at least one --CF.sub.3 group; the R.sub.T
group comprises --CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--; n is at least 1;
and the Q.sub.H group is a portion of a glycol chain backbone.
47. The glycol of claim 46 wherein the R.sub.F group is one of
--C.sub.3F.sub.6 or --C.sub.3F.sub.7.
48. (canceled)
49. (canceled)
50. (canceled)
51. (canceled)
52. (canceled)
53. (canceled)
54. (canceled)
55. A metal complex comprising R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.MC,
wherein: the R.sub.F group comprises at least one --CF.sub.3 group;
the R.sub.T group comprises --CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--; n is
at least 1; and the Q.sub.MC group comprises a charged group
configured to complex one or more metal ions.
56. The metal complex of claim 55 wherein the R.sub.F group is one
of --C.sub.3F.sub.6 or --C.sub.3F.sub.7.
57. (canceled)
58. (canceled)
59. The metal complex of claim 55 wherein the R.sub.T group
comprises
--CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--.
60. (canceled)
61. (canceled)
62. (canceled)
63. (canceled)
64. A phosphate ester composition comprising
R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.PE, wherein: the R.sub.F group
comprises at least two --CF.sub.3 groups; the R.sub.T group
comprises a group having at least two carbons; n is at least 1; and
the Q.sub.PE group is a portion of a phosphate ester.
65. The phosphate ester of claim 64 wherein the R.sub.F group is
one of --C.sub.3F.sub.6 or --C.sub.3F.sub.7.
66. (canceled)
67. (canceled)
68. The phosphate ester of claim 64 wherein the R.sub.T group
comprises
--CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--.
69. (canceled)
70. (canceled)
71. (canceled)
72. (canceled)
73. A composition comprising R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQg, wherein: the
R.sub.F group has a carbon amount greater than C5 and at least one
terminal and at least one pendant --CX.sub.3 group, with X being
one or both of H and F; the R.sub.T group comprises
--CH.sub.2CX.sub.2--; n is greater than 1; and the Qg group is at
least one atom of the periodic table of elements.
74. The composition of claim 73 wherein the R.sub.F group has a
carbon amount between C5 and C17.
75. The composition of claim 73 wherein the R.sub.T group comprises
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--.
76. The composition of claim 73 wherein the R.sub.T group comprises
--CH.sub.2CF.sub.2--.
77. The composition of claim 73 wherein the R.sub.F group comprises
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--.
78. (canceled)
79. (canceled)
80. (canceled)
81. (canceled)
82. (canceled)
83. (canceled)
84. (canceled)
85. (canceled)
86. (canceled)
87. (canceled)
88. (canceled)
89. The composition of claim 73 wherein the R.sub.F group comprises
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CF(CH.sub.2CF.sub.2).sub.l--, l being from 1 to
2.
90. The composition of claim 73 wherein the R.sub.F group comprises
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CF(CH.sub.2C(CF.sub.3)H).sub.m--, m being from 1 to
3.
91. The composition of claim 73 wherein the R.sub.F group comprises
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CF(CH.sub.2CF.sub.2).sub.l(CH.sub.2C(CF.sub.3)H).sub.m--,
l being from 1 to 2 and m being from 1 to 3.
92. A telomerization process comprising exposing a taxogen to a
telogen to form a telomer, the taxogen being one of or more of VDF,
TFP, and ethylene, and the telogen comprises one of
C.sub.3F.sub.6(R.sub.T).sub.nX or C.sub.3F.sub.7(R.sub.T).sub.nX,
wherein X is a halogen, R.sub.T is one or both of
--CH.sub.2CF.sub.2-- and --CH.sub.2C(CF.sub.3)H--, and n is 1 to
4.
93. The telomerization process of claim 92 wherein the taxogen is
VDF and the telogen is (CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)I.
94. The telomerization process of claim 92 wherein the taxogen is
TFP and the telogen is (CF.sub.3).sub.2CF(CH.sub.2CF.sub.2).sub.nI,
wherein n is 1 or 2.
95. (canceled)
96. The telomerization process of claim 92 wherein the taxogen is
TFP and the telogen is
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.2(CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)).-
sub.mI, wherein m is 1 or 2.
97. (canceled)
98. The telomerization process of claim 92 wherein the taxogen is
ethylene and the telogen is
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)CH.-
sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)I.
99. (canceled)
100. A telomerization process comprising exposing a taxogen to a
telogen to form a telomer, the taxogen comprising an olefin having
greater than two carbon atoms, and the telogen comprising at least
five carbon atoms and having at least two --CF.sub.3 groups.
101. The telomerization process of claim 100 wherein the taxogen is
one of ethylene, VDF, TFP, VDF,
4,5,5,5-tetrafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pent-1-ene and/or
6,7,7,7-tetrafluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)hept-1-ene.
Description
RELATED PATENT DATA
[0001] This patent claims priority to U.S. provisional patent
application 60/841,936 which was filed Sep. 1, 2006, entitled
"Production Processes and Systems, Compositions, Surfactants,
Monomer Units, Metal Complexes, Phosphate Esters, Glycols, Aqueous
Film Forming Foams and Foam Stabilizers" and which is incorporated
by reference herein.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present invention relates filed of halogenated
compositions, processes for manufacturing halogenated compositions
and, more specifically, fluorinated compositions; processes for
manufacturing fluorinated compositions and methods for treating
substrates with the fluorinated compositions.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Compositions such as surfactants and polymers, for example,
have incorporated fluorine to affect the performance of the
composition when the composition is used as a treatment for
materials and when the composition is used to enhance the
performance of materials. For example, surfactants incorporating
fluorinated functional groups can be used as fire extinguishants
either alone or in formulations such as aqueous film forming foams
(AFFF). Traditional fluorosurfactants, such as perfluoro-octyl
sulfonate derivatives (PFOS), have linear perfluorinated
portions.
[0004] Polymers incorporating fluorine have been used to, treat
materials, Exemplary fluorinated treatments include compositions
such as Scotchguard.RTM..
SUMMARY
[0005] Compositions and methods for making compositions such as
R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ are provided. The R.sub.F group can include
at least two --CF.sub.3 groups, the R.sub.T group having at least
two carbons; n can be at least 1 and the Q group can include one or
more atoms of the periodic table of elements.
[0006] R.sub.F-Intermediates and methods for making same are also
provided such as R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.g, with the Q.sub.g
group being one or more atoms of the periodic table of
elements.
[0007] Surfactants and methods for making same are provided that
can include R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.S, with the Q.sub.S, group
being at least one atom of the periodic table of elements and at
least a portion of the R.sub.F and R.sub.T groups are hydrophobic
relative to the Q.sub.S group and at least a portion of the Q.sub.S
group is hydrophilic relative to the R.sub.F and R.sub.T
groups.
[0008] Foam stabilizers and methods for making same are provided
that can include R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.FS, with the Q.sub.FS,
group being at least one atom of the periodic table of elements and
at least a portion of the R.sub.F and R.sub.T groups are
hydrophobic relative to the Q.sub.FS group and at least a portion
of the Q.sub.FS group is hydrophilic relative to the R.sub.F and
R.sub.T groups.
[0009] Metal complexes and methods for making same are provided
that can include R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.MC, with the Q.sub.MC
group being at least one atom of the periodic table of
elements.
[0010] Phosphate ester and methods of making same are provided that
can include R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.PE, with the Q.sub.PE group
being a portion of a phosphate ester group.
[0011] Polymers and methods of making same are provided that, can
include R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.MU, with the Q.sub.MU group
being a portion of a polymer chain backbone.
[0012] Urethanes and methods of making same are provided that can
include R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.U, with the Q.sub.U group being
at least one atom of the periodic table of elements.
[0013] Glycols and methods of making same are provided that, can
include R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.H, with the Q.sub.H group being
a portion of a glycol chain backbone.
DRAWINGS
[0014] Embodiments are described below with reference to the
following accompanying drawings.
[0015] FIG. 1 is a general view of exemplary
R.sub.F-compositions.
[0016] FIG. 2 is an exemplary system for preparing compositions
according to an embodiment.
DESCRIPTION
[0017] This disclosure of the invention is submitted in furtherance
of the constitutional purposes of the U.S. Patent Laws "to promote
the progress of science and useful, arts" (Article 1, Section
8).
[0018] Exemplary R.sub.F-compositions and production methods are
described with reference to FIGS. 1-2. Starting materials and/or
intermediate materials as well as processes for producing the same
and/or introducing RF-intermediates compositions into surfactants,
polymers, glycols, monomers, monomer units, phosphate esters, metal
complexes, and/or foam stabilizers can be described in published,
International Patent applications: PCT/US05/03429, entitled
Production, Processes and Systems, Compositions, Surfactants,
Monomer Units, Metal Complexes, Phosphate Esters, Glycols, Aqueous
Film Forming Foams, and Foam. Stabilizers, filed Jan. 28, 2005;
PCT/US05/02617, entitled Compositions, Halogenated Compositions,
Chemical Production and Telomerization Processes, filed Jan. 28,
2005; PCT/US05/03433, entitled Production Processes and Systems,
Compositions, Surfactants, Monomer Units, Metal Complexes,
Phosphate Esters, Glycols, Aqueous Film Forming Foams, and Foam
Stabilizers, filed Jan. 28, 2005; PCT/US05/03137, entitled
Production Processes and Systems, Compositions, Surfactants,
Monomer Units, Metal Complexes, Phosphate Esters, Glycols, Aqueous
Film Forming Foams, and Foam Stabilizers, filed Jan. 28, 2005; and
PCT/US05/03138, entitled Production Processes and Systems,
Compositions, Surfactants, Monomer Units, Metal Complexes,
Phosphate Esters, Glycols, Aqueous Film Forming Foams, and Foam
Stabilizers, filed Jan. 28, 2005; the entirety of all of which are
incorporated by reference herein ("Published International
Applications").
[0019] Referring to FIG. 1, a general view of exemplary
R.sub.F-compositions is shown. R.sub.F-compositions include, but
are not limited to, R.sub.F-surfactants, R.sub.F-monomers,
R.sub.F-monomer units; R.sub.F-metal complexes, R.sub.F-phosphate
esters, R.sub.F-glycols, R.sub.F-urethanes, and or R.sub.F-foam
stabilizers exemplary embodiments, poly-anhydrides, acrylics,
urethanes, metal complexes, poly-enes, and/or phosphate esters can
include R.sub.F portions as well.
[0020] R.sub.F-compositions include compositions that have an
R.sub.F portion and/or R.sub.F portions. The R.sub.F portion can be
R.sub.F groups, such as pendant groups and/or moieties of
compositions. The R.sub.F portion can include at least two
--CF.sub.3 groups and the --CF.sub.3 group's may be terminal. The
R.sub.F groups can be --C.sub.3F.sub.6 or --C.sub.3F.sub.7, for
example. The R.sub.F portion can also include both --CF.sub.3
groups and additional groups containing fluorine, such as
--CF.sub.2-- groups. In exemplary embodiments, the R.sub.F portion
can include a ratio of --CF.sub.2-- groups to --CF.sub.3-- groups
that is less than or equal to two, such as (CF.sub.3).sub.2CF--
groups. The R.sub.F portion can also include three pendant
--CF.sub.3 groups, in other embodiments. The R.sub.F portion can
include at least three pendant --CF.sub.3 groups and at least one
--CF.sub.2-- group. The R.sub.F portion can include at least three
pendant --CF.sub.3-- groups, at least one --CF.sub.2-- group and at
least five --CH.sub.2--, in exemplary embodiments. In exemplary
embodiments, the R.sub.F portion can include a ratio of
--CF.sub.2-- groups to --CH.sub.2-- groups that can be 0.4 to 1.
The R.sub.F portion can include, in exemplary embodiments a ratio
of --CF.sub.2-- groups to --CF.sub.3-- groups that can be 0.4 to 1.
The R.sub.F portion can be a
1,1,1,2,4,4,6,6,13,13,13-undecafluoro-2,8,10-tris(trifluoromethyl)tridecy-
l group, for example.
[0021] The R.sub.F-compositions can include
R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.na, where the R.sub.F group has a carbon
amount greater than C5 and at least one terminal and at least one:
pendant --CX.sub.3 group, with X being one or both of H and F; for
example. The R.sub.F group can have carbon amount between C5 and
C17. Example R.sub.F groups can include
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CF(CH.sub.2CF.sub.2).sub.l--, with l being from 1
to 2; (CF.sub.3).sub.2CF(CH.sub.2C(CF.sub.3)H).sub.m--, with m
being from 1 to 3; and/or
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CF(CH.sub.2CF.sub.2).sub.l(CH.sub.2C(CF.sub.3)H-
).sub.m--, with l being from 1 to 2 and m being from 1 to 3.
[0022] More particularly, the R.sub.F groups can be one or more of:
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--,
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2C(CF.sub.3)HCH.sub.2--,
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2C(CF.sub.3)HCH.sub.2CF.sub.2--,
(CF.sub.3).sub.3CCH.sub.2C(CF.sub.3)H--,
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CF.sub.2--,
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.2--,
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2C(CF.sub.3)H--,
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2C(CF.sub.3)HCH.-
sub.2C(CF.sub.3)H--,
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2C(CF.sub.3)HCH.-
sub.2C(CF.sub.3)H--, and/or
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2C(CF.sub.3)HCH.-
sub.2C(CF.sub.3)HCH.sub.2C(CF.sub.3)H--. According to exemplary
embodiments, the R.sub.F group can further comprise at least a
portion of an (R.sub.T) group or groups.
[0023] The R.sub.T group can include at least one C-2 group. The
R.sub.T group can include a C-3 group and be incorporated into and
form a part of R.sub.F groups via processes described herein, such
as addition reactions employing a carbon nucleophile. The R.sub.T
group can be --C.sub.nH.sub.2n-- wherein n is at least 1, for
example. The R.sub.T group can be butyl, in exemplary embodiments.
The R.sub.T group can be --CH.sub.2CX.sub.2--, with X being H
and/or F, for example. The R.sub.T group can be
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2-- and/or --CH.sub.2CF.sub.2--. The R.sub.T group
can be one or more of: --CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--,
--CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--,
--CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--,
--CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)CH.sub.2--,
--CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--,
--CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)CH.sub.2--,
and/or
--CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--.
The R.sub.T group can repeat in units and the units can be
designated as n with n being greater than 1. In example
implementations these R.sub.T groups can be incorporated into and
form a part of R.sub.F groups via processes described herein, such
as telomerization processes.
[0024] In exemplary implementations, R.sub.F-compositions can
demonstrate desirable surface energies, affect the surface tension
of solutions to which they are exposed, and/or affect the
environmental resistance of materials to which they are applied
and/or incorporated. Exemplary compositions include, but are not
limited to, substrates having R.sub.F-compositions thereover and/or
liquids having R.sub.F-compositions therein. R.sub.F portions can
be incorporated into compositions such as polymers, acrylate
monomers and polymers, glycols, fluorosurfactants, and/or AFFF
formulations. These compositions can be used as dispersing agents
or to treat substrates such as textile fabric, textile yarns,
leather, paper, plastic, sheeting, wood, ceramic clays, as well as,
articles of apparel, wallpaper, paper bags, cardboard boxes, porous
earthenware, construction materials such as brick, stone, wood,
concrete, ceramics, tile, glass, stucco, gypsum, drywall, particle
board, chipboard, carpet, drapery, upholstery, automotive, awning
fabrics, and rainwear. R.sub.F-compositions can be prepared from
R.sub.F-intermediates.
[0025] R.sub.F portions can be incorporated into
R.sub.F-compositions and/or can be starting materials for
R.sub.F-compositions via R.sub.F-intermediates. Exemplary
R.sub.F-intermediates include an R.sub.F portion described above,
as well as at least one functional portion that allows for
incorporation of the R.sub.F portion into compositions to form
R.sub.F-compositions. The Q group of the R.sub.F-composition can be
a Q.sub.g group for R.sub.F-intermediates and this Q.sub.g group
can be the functional portion. Functional portions can include
halogens (e.g., iodine), mercaptan, thiocyanate, sulfonyl chloride,
acid, acid halides, hydroxyl, cyano, acetate, allyl, epoxide,
acrylic ester, ether, sulfate, thiol, phosphate, and/or amines, for
example. Without incorporation and/or reaction,
R.sub.F-intermediates can include R.sub.F-compositions, such as
R.sub.F-monomers and/or ligands of R.sub.F-metal complexes, for
example.
[0026] R.sub.F-intermediates can include R.sub.F-Q.sub.g with
R.sub.F representing the R.sub.F portion and Q.sub.g representing,
for example, the functional portion, and/or, as another example, an
element of the periodic table of elements. In exemplary
embodiments, Q.sub.g is not a proton, methyl, and/or a methylene
group. Exemplary R.sub.F-intermediates include, but are not limited
to, those in Table 1 below.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Exemplary R.sub.F-Intermediates ##STR00001##
##STR00002## ##STR00003## ##STR00004## ##STR00005## ##STR00006##
##STR00007## ##STR00008## ##STR00009## ##STR00010## ##STR00011##
##STR00012## ##STR00013## ##STR00014## ##STR00015## ##STR00016##
##STR00017## ##STR00018##
[0027] Utilizing the systems and methods to prepare starting
materials and/or reaction products described in the Published
International Applications, novel R.sub.F-Intermediates can be
prepared according to examples 1-15 below.
##STR00019## ##STR00020## ##STR00021##
[0028] R.sub.F--Compositions and methods of making
R.sub.F-compositions are described with reference to FIG. 2.
Telomerization process can include exposing a taxogen to a telogen
to form a telomer.
[0029] Referring to FIG. 2, a system 10 is shown for preparing
halogenated compositions that includes reagents such as a taxogen
2, a telogen 4 and an initiator 6 being provided to reactor 8 to
form a product such as telomere 9. In exemplary embodiments, system
10 can perform a telomerization process. According to an
embodiment, taxogen 2 can be exposed to telogen 4 to form a telomer
9. In accordance with another embodiment, taxogen 2 can be exposed
to telogen 4 in the presence of initiator 6. Reactor 8 can also be
configured to provide heat to the reagents during the exposing.
[0030] Taxogen 2 can include at least one CF.sub.3-comprising
compound. The CF.sub.3-comprising compound can have at least two
carbons. In exemplary embodiments, taxogen 2 can comprise an
olefin, such as 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (TFP, trifluoropropene),
ethylene (ethene), 1,1-difluoroethene (VDF),
1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (PFP, pentafluoropropene). In
exemplary embodiments, taxogen 42 can include TFP and telogen 44
can include (CF.sub.3).sub.2CFl with a mole ratio of taxogen 42 to
telogen 44 being from about 0.2:1 to about 10:1, from about 1:1 to
about 5:1, and/or from about 2:1 to about 4:1. Taxogen 2 can
include 4,5,5,5-tetrafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pent-1-ene and/or
6,7,7,7-tetrafluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)hept-1-ene and telogen 4 can
include (CF.sub.3).sub.2CFl, for example.
[0031] According to additional embodiments, taxogen 2 can include
those compounds shown below in Table 2.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Exemplary Taxogens .dbd.CF.sub.2
##STR00022## .dbd. ##STR00023##
[0032] Telogen 4 can include halogens such as fluorine and/or
chlorine. Telogen 4 can include at least 4 fluorine atoms and can
be represented as R.sub.FQ and/or R.sub.CIQ. The R.sub.F group can
include at least four fluorine atoms and the Q group can include
one or more atoms of the periodic table of elements. Exemplary
R.sub.F groups can include:
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)CHCF.sub.2--;
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--;
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)CH.-
sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--.
[0033] R.sub.F-Q can be 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-2-iodopropane
(2-iodoheptafluoropropane, i-C.sub.3F.sub.7I, F.sub.7I), for
example. Exemplary telogens can include the halogenated compounds
described above, such as (CF.sub.3).sub.2CF--, C.sub.6F.sub.13I,
trichloromethane, HP(O)(OEt).sub.2, BrCFClCF.sub.2Br, R--SH (R
being a group having at least one carbon) and/or ROH (R being a
group having at least one carbon). The Q group can be H or I with
the RF group being (CF.sub.3).sub.2CF-- and/or --C.sub.6F.sub.13,
for example. The RCl group can include at least one --CCl.sub.3
group.
[0034] According to additional embodiments, telogen 4 can include
those compounds shown below in Table 3. As exemplary
implementations are shown in Table 3 below, telogens can be
products of telomerizations.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Exemplary Telogens ##STR00024## ##STR00025##
##STR00026## ##STR00027## ##STR00028## ##STR00029## ##STR00030##
##STR00031## ##STR00032## ##STR00033## ##STR00034## ##STR00035##
##STR00036## ##STR00037## ##STR00038## ##STR00039##
##STR00040##
[0035] In exemplary embodiments, taxogen 2 can include
trifluoropropene and telogen 4 can include (CF.sub.3).sub.2CFl,
with a mole ratio, of taxogen 2 to telogen 4 being from about 1:1
to about 1:10, 1:4 to about 4:1, and/or to about 2:1 to about
4:1.
[0036] Reactor 8 can be any lab-scale or industrial-scale reactor
and, in certain embodiments, reactor 8 can be configured to control
the temperature of the reagents therein. According to exemplary
embodiments reactor 8 can, be used to provide a temperature during
the exposing of the reagents: of from about 90.degree. C. to about
180.degree. C.; of from about 60.degree. C. to about 220.degree.
C.; and/or of from about 130.degree. C. to about 150.degree. C.
[0037] According to example implementations, the taxogen can be one
or more of VDF, TFP, and ethylene, and the telogen can include one
of C.sub.3F.sub.6(R.sub.T).sub.nX or
C.sub.3F.sub.7(R.sub.T).sub.nX, wherein X is a halogen. The R.sub.T
can be one, or both of --CH.sub.2CF.sub.2-- and
--CH.sub.2C(CF.sub.3)H--, and n is 1 to 4. More particularly: the
taxogen can be VDF and the telogen can be
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)I; the taxogen can be TFP and
the telogen can be (CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CF.sub.2I; the taxogen
can be TFP and the telogen can be
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.2I; the taxogen
can be TFP and the telogen can be
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CFCH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)I;
the taxogen can be TFP and the telogen can be
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)CH.-
sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)I; the taxogen can be, ethylene and the telogen
can be
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFCH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)CH.-
sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)I; and the taxogen can be
ethylene and the telogen can be
(CF.sub.3).sub.3CCH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)I.
[0038] Telomerization processes can also include exposing a taxogen
to a telogen to form a telomer, with the taxogen comprising an
olefin having greater than two carbon atoms, and the telogen
comprising at least five carbon atoms and having at least two
--CF.sub.3 groups. As an example, the taxogen can be one of
ethylene, VDF, TFP, VDF,
4,5,5,5-tetrafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pent-1-ene and/or
6,7,7,7-tetrafluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)hept-1-ene.
[0039] Telomer 9, produced upon exposing taxogen 2 to telogen 4,
can include R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.na and/or
R.sub.CI(R.sub.T).sub.nH. The R.sub.T group can include at least
one C-2 group having a pendant --CF.sub.3 group, such as
##STR00041##
Exemplary products include
##STR00042##
and/or one or both of
##STR00043##
with R.sub.1 including at least one carbon atom, such as
--CH.sub.2-- and/or --CF.sub.2--, for example. R.sub.T can also
include --CH.sub.2--CF.sub.2--;
--CH.sub.2--(CH.sub.2CF(CF.sub.3).sub.2)CH--; and/or
--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--. In exemplary embodiments, n can be at least
1 and in other embodiments n can be at least 2 and the product can
include one or more of
##STR00044##
for example. According to other implementations n can be 3 or even
at least 4. In exemplary embodiments, n can be at least 1 and in
other embodiments n can be at least 2 and the product can include
one or more of
##STR00045##
Z being H, Br, and/or CI, for example.
[0040] In an exemplary embodiment, the taxogen trifluoropropene can
be exposed to the telogen (CF.sub.3).sub.2CFI to form the
telomer
##STR00046##
and, by way of another example, trifluoropropene can be exposed to
the telogen C.sub.6F.sub.13I to form the telomer
##STR00047##
[0041] In an exemplary embodiment, the taxogen trifluoropropene can
be exposed to the telogen (CF.sub.3).sub.2CFI to form the
telomer
##STR00048##
and, by way of another example, trifluoropropene can be exposed to
the telogen C6F13I to form the telomer
##STR00049##
In accordance with another embodiment, the taxogen trifluoropropene
can also be exposed to the telogen CCl.sub.3Z, (Z.dbd.H, Br, and/or
CI, for example) to form the telomer
##STR00050##
Products having n being at least 2 can be formed when utilizing an
excess of the taxogen as compared to the telogen. For example, at
least a 2:1 mole ratio of the taxogen to the telogen can be
utilized to obtain products having n being at least 2. For example
and by way of example only, at least two moles of the taxogen
trifluoropropene can be exposed to at least one mole of the telogen
(CF.sub.3).sub.2CFI to form one or both of the telomers
##STR00051##
According to exemplary embodiments, telomer 9 can include those
compounds shown in Table 4 below. As exemplary implementations are
shown in Table 4 below, telomers can also be utilized as
telogens.
[0042] Heterotelomerization can also be accomplished via
cotelomerization and/or oligotelomerization. As an example, at
least two different taxogens may be combined with at least one
telogen to facilitate the production of at least a cotelomer. As
another example, telomers may be produced from a first taxogen and
the product telomer may be used in subsequent telomerization with a
second taxogen different from the first taxogen.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Exemplary Telomers ##STR00052## ##STR00053##
##STR00054## ##STR00055## ##STR00056## ##STR00057## ##STR00058##
##STR00059##
[0043] In additional embodiments initiator 6 may be provided to
reactor 8 during the exposing of the reagents. Initiator 6 can
include thermal, photochemical (UV), radical, and/or metal
complexes, for example, including a peroxide such as di-tert-butyl
peroxide. Initiator 6 can also include catalysts, such as Cu.
Initiator 6 and telogen 4 can be provided to reactor 8 at a mole
ratio of initiator 6 to taxogen 2 of from between, about 0.001 to
about 0.05 and/or from between about 0.01 to about 0.03, for
example.
[0044] According to exemplary embodiments, various initiators 6 and
telogens 4 can be used to telomerize taxogen 2 as referenced in
Table 5 below. Telomerizations utilizing photochemical and/or
metal-complex initiators 6 can be carried out in batch conditions
using Carius tube reactors 8. Telomerizations utilizing thermal
and/or peroxide initiators 6 can be carried out in 160 and/or 500
cm.sup.3 Hastelloy reactors 8.
[0045] An embodiment of the disclosure provides R.sub.F-surfactant
compositions that include the R.sub.F portions described above.
Exemplary R.sub.F-surfactant compositions can be referred to as
R.sub.F-Q.sub.S. According to exemplary embodiments the R.sub.F
portion can at least partially include an R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.n
portion as described above. The R(R).sub.n portion of the
surfactant can also include the R.sub.S portion described above. In
accordance with exemplary implementations the R.sub.S portion can
be incorporated to provide additional carbon between the R.sub.F
and/or R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.n portions and the Q.sub.S, portion of
the surfactant. Exemplary R.sub.S portions include
--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--. As an example, the surfactant composition
can comprise R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.S. The R.sub.F group can
comprise at least one --CF.sub.3 group. The R.sub.T group can
comprise --CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--, with n being at least
one. The Q.sub.s group can be at least one atom of the periodic
table of elements, wherein at least a portion of the R.sub.F and
R.sub.T groups are hydrophobic relative to the Q.sub.S, group, and
at least a portion of the Q.sub.S group is hydrophilic relative to
the R.sub.F and R.sub.T groups.
[0046] In a system having at least two parts, R.sub.F can have a
greater affinity for a first part of the system than Q.sub.S, and
Q.sub.S can have a greater affinity for a second part of the system
than R.sub.F. The system can include liquid/liquid systems,
liquid/gas systems, liquid/solid systems, and/or gas/solid systems.
Liquid/liquid systems, for example, can include systems having at
least one liquid part that includes water and another liquid part
that is hydrophobic relative to the part that includes water.
Liquid/liquid systems can also include systems of which water is
not apart; of the system, such as hydrocarbon liquid systems. In
exemplary embodiments, R.sub.F can be hydrophobic relative to
Q.sub.s and/or Q.sub.s can be hydrophilic relative to R.sub.F.
R.sub.F can be hydrophobic and Q.sub.s can be hydrophilic, for
example. The hydrophobic portion can be referred to as the tail of
the R.sub.F-surfactant, and the hydrophilic portion can be referred
to as the head of the R.sub.F-surfactant. The R.sub.F-surfactants
can include those surfactants having a tail or hydrophobic portion
containing fluorine. The R.sub.F-surfactant tail or hydrophobic
portion can be referred to as an R.sub.F portion, and the
R.sub.F-surfactant head or hydrophilic portion can be referred to
as a Q.sub.s portion: The R.sub.F-surfactants can be produced from
RF-intermediates utilizing the methods and systems detailed in
published International Patent applications: PCT/US05/03429,
entitled Production Processes and Systems, Compositions,
Surfactants, Monomer Units, Metal Complexes, Phosphate Esters,
Glycols, Aqueous Film Forming Foams, and Foam Stabilizers, filed
Jan. 28, 2005; PCT/US05/02617, entitled Compositions, Halogenated
Compositions, Chemical Production and Telomerization Processes,
filed Jan. 28, 2005; PCT/US05/03433, entitled Production Processes
and Systems, Compositions Surfactants, Monomer Units, Metal
Complexes, Phosphate. Esters, Glycols, Aqueous Film Forming Foams,
and Foam. Stabilizers, filed Jan. 28, 2005; PCT/US05/03137,
entitled Production Processes and Systems, Compositions,
Surfactants, Monomer Units, Metal Complexes, Phosphate Esters,
Glycols, Aqueous Film Forming Foams, and Foam Stabilizers, filed
Jan. 28, 2005; and PCT/US05/03138, entitled Production Processes
and Systems, Compositions, Surfactants, Monomer Units, Metal
Complexes, Phosphate Esters, Glycols, Aqueous Film Forming Foams,
and Foam Stabilizers, filed Jan. 28, 2005. Exemplary
R.sub.F-surfactants include those in Table 5 below.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 R.sub.F-Surfactants ##STR00060##
##STR00061## ##STR00062## ##STR00063## ##STR00064## ##STR00065##
##STR00066## ##STR00067## ##STR00068## ##STR00069## ##STR00070##
##STR00071## ##STR00072## ##STR00073## ##STR00074##
[0047] Where LC/MS can be used to identify compounds, Table 6 of
LC/MS parameters, below, can be used.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 LC-MS Parameters Column Type: Phenomonex
Luna G18 column, 5 micrometer Column Size: 2 .times. 50 mm Column
Temp: 25.degree. C. Gradient Pump Agilent 1100 Quat Pump G1311A
Detector: Agilent Diode Array Detector G13115B Detector 250 nm
(referenced against 360 nm) Wavelength: Mass Detector: Agilent 1100
MSD G1946C Source: Electrospray Positive Ion Fragmentor: 80
Software ChemStation Rev A.08.03 Conc: Ca 100 ppm Injector:
Rheodyne 10 microliter Elution Type: Gradient Flow Rate: 0.3 mL/min
Mobile Phase: A: Water (J T Baker HPLG grade) w/0.05% HCO.sub.2H B:
Acetonitrile w/0.05% HCO.sub.2H Gradient 90:10 A:B increase to 100%
B in 6 min and then Conditions: hold for 4 min at 100% B
##STR00075##
[0048] According to scheme (16) above, in a flask that can be
equipped with an agitator, thermocouple and a reflux condenser, 30
grams (67 mmol) of
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-8-iodooctane (see,
e.g. Published International Patent Applications), 35 ml of
absolute ethanol, 9.8 grams of potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) and 1.4
ml of glacial acetic acid (HOAc) can be placed to form a mixture.
The mixture can be heated to reflux (about 84.7 C) and maintained
for overnight while stirring. The mixture can be observed as a
light yellow slurry and can be concentrated in vacuo to afford a
viscous yellow slurry. The slurry cab be extracted with 300 mL of
diethyl ether, (decanted twice) and filtered to afford a wet cake
and a filtrate. The wet cake can be washed with three 100 mL
portions of diethyl ether wherein the collected washings can be
combined with the filtrate and concentrated in vacuo to afford
25.28, grams (9.9.5% yield) of the
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-8-thiocyanatooctane
product that can be observed as a light yellow oil. The product
structure can be confirmed by NMR and/or chromatographic
analysis.
##STR00076##
[0049] With reference to scheme (17) above, in a flask that can be
equipped with an agitator, thermocouple, reflux condenser, and a
chlorine gas dispersion tube, 25.2 grams (66.4 mmol) of
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-8-thiocyanatooctane
(refer to scheme (15) above) and 40 ml of glacial acetic acid
(HOAc) can be placed to form a mixture and can be heated to about
60.degree. C. The heated mixture can be sparged via a dispersion
tube with chlorine gas (Cl.sub.2) to form a reaction mixture for
overnight. The reaction mixture can be cooled to about 10.degree.
C. and 50 ml of water added drop-wise. The reaction mixture can be
warmed to RT and 200 ml of CHCl.sub.3 and 100 ml of water added to
form a multiphase mixture from which an organic phase can be
separated from an aqueous phase. The aqueous phase can be collected
and extracted with 200 ml of CHCl.sub.3. The organic phases can be
collected, combined and washed with three 300 ml portions of water
and 300 ml of brine and then dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered
and concentrated in vacuo to afford 26.26 grams (95.3% yield) of
the 7,8,8,8-tetrafluoro-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)octane-1-sulfonyl
chloride product that can be observed as a cloudy colorless oil.
The product structure can be confirmed by NMR and/or
chromatographic analysis.
##STR00077##
[0050] In accordance with scheme (18) above, in a flask that can be
equipped with an agitator, thermocouple and a dry-ice/acetone bath,
17.80 grams (174.5 mmol) of
N.sup.1,N.sup.1-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine in 150 ml of CHCl.sub.3
can be placed to form a mixture. To the mixture, 26.20 grams (62.3
mmol) of
7,8,8,8-tetrafluoro-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)octane-1-sulfonyl
chloride (refer to scheme (16) above) and 150 ml of CHCl.sub.3 can
be added drop-wise over a 40 minute period to form a reaction
mixture while maintaining the reaction temperature at between about
0.degree. C. and -5.degree. C. The reaction mixture can be allowed
to warm to and maintained at RT while stirring for over the
weekend. The reaction mixture can be washed by adding 300 ml of
water, two 300 ml portions of bicarbonate, 300 ml of water, and 300
ml of brine wherein each step can be observed to afford a
multiphase mixture from which an organic phase can be separated
from an aqueous phase and the organic phase can be transferred to
the next step. The washed organic phase can be dried over
Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford
30.23 grams (99.8% yield) of the
##STR00078##
product that can, be observed as a light yellow liquid. The product
structure can be confirmed by NMR and/or chromatographic
analysis.
##STR00079##
[0051] Referring to scheme (19) above, in a flask that can be
equipped with an agitator, thermocouple and an addition funnel, A
mixture of 10.0 grams (20.6 mmol) of
##STR00080##
(refer to scheme (18) above), 50 ml of absolute ethanol (EtOH) and
2.40 grams (20.6 mmol) sodium chloroacetate can be placed to form a
mixture. The mixture, can be heated to reflux (about 79.degree. C.)
and stirred for, a period of time to afford what can be observed as
a thin white slurry. The slurry can be filtered and the filtrate
concentrated in vacuo, dried at 45.degree. C. under high vacuum to
afford 11.29 grams of the
##STR00081##
product that can be observed as light yellow crunchy solid. The
product structure can be confirmed by NMR and/or chromatographic
analysis.
##STR00082##
[0052] Referring to scheme (20) above, in a flask that can be
equipped with an agitator, thermocouple, reflux condenser, and an
addition funnel, 10.0 grams (20.6 mmol) of
##STR00083##
(refer to scheme (18) above), 20 ml of absolute ethanol (EtOH) and
3 ml of water can be placed to form a mixture. To the mixture, at
RT, 9.6 ml of a 50% (wt/wt) H.sub.2O.sub.2 in water can be added
drop-wise over a 5 minute period to form a reaction mixture. The
reaction mixture can be heated to 35.degree. C. and maintained for
overnight. The reaction mixture can be treated portion-wise with 6
grams of decolorizing carbon (neutral) over a 2 hour period at
35.degree. C. to form a slurry and heated to 50.degree. C. and
maintained stirring for overnight. A sample of the slurry can be
collected and filtered and tested negative with KI/Starch paper for
any unquenched peroxide. The remainder of the slurry can be
filtered through celite and stripped of EtOH on a rotary
evaporator. Trace EtOH can be removed by co-stripping three times
with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.3 to afford a concentrate. The concentrate can
be concentrated in vacuo (2 hour under high vacuum at 45.degree.
C.) to afford 10:03 grams (97.4% yield) of the
##STR00084##
product that can be observed as an off-white crunchy solid. The
product structure can be confirmed by NMR and/or chromatographic
analysis.
##STR00085##
[0053] In conformity with scheme (21) above, in a sealable tube
that can be equipped with an agitator and a thermocouple, 10.0
grams (20.6 mmol) of
##STR00086##
(refer to scheme (18) above), 2.1 grams (41.1 mmol) of
chloromethane in 25 mL of methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) can be
placed to form a mixture and heated to 55.degree. C. for an
extended period of time. Stirring can be halted, the bottle cooled
below about 0.degree. C., vented, and the mixture concentrated in
vacuo to afford 9.81 grams (88.9% yield) of the
##STR00087##
product that can be observed as a white waxy solid. The product
structure can be confirmed by NMR and/or chromatographic
analysis.
##STR00088##
[0054] Referring to scheme (22) above, in a flask that can be
equipped with an agitator, thermocouple, reflux condenser, and an
addition funnel, 5 grams (0.01 mole) of
5,6,6,6-tetrafluoro-3-(2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)propyl)-5-(-
trifluoromethyl)hexane-1-sulfonyl chloride (see, e.g. International
Patent Applications), 1.2 grams (0.01 mole) of methyl
2-(ethylamino)acetate and 10 mL of chloroform can be placed to form
a mixture and chilled to 0.degree. C. To the mixture, 3 mL of
triethylamine (TEA) and 10 mL of chloroform can be added drop wise
to form a reaction; mixture. The peak temperature during addition
can be about 3.9.degree. C. The reaction mixture can be allowed to
warm to room temperature while stirring and maintained for
overnight. To the reaction mixture, 26 mL of chloroform can be
added and washed with two 25 mL portions a saturated solution
NaHCO.sub.3 in water, two 25 mL portions of water and 25 mL of a
saturated NaCl solution in water to form multiphase mixtures from
which an organic phase can be separated from an aqueous phase. The
organic phase can be collected, dried and concentrated to form a
concentrate. To the concentrate, 25 mL of chloroform can be added
to form a diluent. To the diluent, 25 mL of a 5% (wt/wt) solution
of HCl in water can be added to afford an acidified diluent. To the
acidified diluent, 25 mL of a 1N solution of NaOH can be added to
form a neutral multiphase mixture from which an organic phase can
be separated from an aqueous phase. The organic phase can be dried
and concentrated to afford 3.45 grams of the
##STR00089##
product that can be observed as a yellow oil (59.5% yd.). The
product structure can be confirmed by NMR and/or chromatographic
analysis.
##STR00090##
[0055] In reference to scheme (23) above, in a 60 mL reactor that
can be equipped with an agitator, ethane delivery apparatus and a
thermocouple, 23.0 grams (50.4 mmol) of
1,1,1,2,4,4,7,7,7-nonafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-6-iodoheptane
(see, e.g. Published Patent Applications) and 0.95 grams (2.5 mmol)
of di-(t-butylcyclohexyl) peroxydicarbamate (Akzo Nobel--Perkadox
16S) can be placed to form a mixture. The reactor can be sealed and
heated to about 50.degree. C. while stirring. To the reactor,
ethylene can be added in a continuous fashion to afford and
maintain a reactor pressure of about 260 psig to form a reaction
mixture. After about 2 hours, the ethylene feed and heating can be
discontinued, the reaction cooled to about 10.degree. C., the
agitation stopped and the reactor vented and opened. To the
reaction mixture, 1.0 gram of Perkadox 16S can be added and heating
continued, for 3 hours. To the reaction mixture, 0.9 gram of
Perkadox 16S can be added, the reactor heated to about 50.degree.
C., pressurized with ethylene to about 260 psig and maintained for
about 5 hours. To the reaction mixture, additional Perkadox 16S can
be added and the above reaction conditions established and
maintained for overnight. The reaction mixture can be collected and
placed on a Kugelrohr distillation apparatus to afford 26.05 grams
of the 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)-8-iodooctane
product. The product structure can be confirmed by NMR and/or
chromatographic analysis.
##STR00091##
[0056] Conforming to scheme (24) above, in a sealable tube that can
be equipped with an agitator, thermocouple, reflux condenser, and
an addition funnel, 6.0 grams (11.5 mmol) of
##STR00092##
(see, e.g. Published International Patent Applications) and 1.2
grams (23 mmol) of chloromethane (CH.sub.3Cl) in 30 of
methyl-tert-butyl ether (tBuOMe) can be placed to form a mixture
and heated to about 55.degree. C. for an extended period of time. A
thick layer can be observed to have settled on the bottom of the
tube restricting the stirring. The tube can be cooled and vented,
and heated to regain homogeneity. The stir bar can be replaced with
a different type and the contents were cooled, and charged with an
additional 2.9 grams of CH.sub.3Cl. Once sealed, the heating can be
resumed. A thick layer can be observed to have settled out again.
The tube can be sonicated to homogenize and stirred at 55.degree.
C. for overnight. The tube can be cooled below about 0.degree. C.
and vented where the contents of the tube can be observed as a
multiphase mixture wherein a liquid phase can be separated from a
clear orange tar. The liquid phase can be discarded and ether added
and the contents heated and sonicated to dissolve. The contents can
be cooled to RT and the ether decanted from the tar that can be
observed to have reformed (precipitated). The tar can be dissolved
in dichloromethane, transferred and concentrated to afford to 5.41
grams (90.0% yield) of the
##STR00093##
product that can be observed as an orange semi-solid. The product
structure can be confirmed by NMR and/or chromatographic
analysis.
##STR00094##
[0057] In reference to scheme (25) above, in a' reactor that can be
equipped with an agitator, thermocouple, and an ethylene addition
apparatus, 23 grams (50.4 mmol) of 1,1,1,2,6,6-hexafluoro-2,4-bis
(trifluoromethyl)-6-iodohexane (see, e.g. Published Patent
Applications) and 0.95 grams (2.5 mmol) of di-(t-butylcyclohexyl)
peroxydicarbamate (Akzo Nobel--Perkadox 16S) can be added to form a
mixture. The reactor can be, sealed, heated to 50.degree. C. while
stirring and continuously pressurized to about 260 psig with
ethylene (reactions conditions) to form a reaction mixture. After 2
hours, the ethylene feed and heating can be discontinued, the
reaction cooled to about 10.degree. C., the agitation can be
discontinued and the reactor vented and opened. To the reaction
mixture, 1.0 grams of the Perkadox 16S can be added, reaction
conditions restored and maintained for over a weekend. To the
reaction mixture, 0.9 grams of Perkadox 16S can be added and the
reaction conditions restored and, maintained for from about 5 hours
24 hours wherein additional Perkadox 16S can be added. The reaction
mixture can be collected and placed on a Kugelrohr distillation
apparatus to 26.05 grams of the
1,1,1,2,6,6-hexafluoro-2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-8-iodooctane
product. The product structure can be confirmed by NMR and/or
chromatographic analysis.
##STR00095##
[0058] Referring to scheme (26) above, in a sealable tube that can
be equipped with an agitator and a thermocouple, 7.1 grams (13.6
mmol)
3,3,7,8,8,8-hexafluoro-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)octane-1-sulfonic
acid(3-dimethylaminopropyl)amide (see, e.g. Published Patent
Applications) and 1.4 grams (27.2 mmol) of chloromethane and 30 mL
of methyl-tert-butyl ether can be placed to form a mixture. The
mixture can be heated to 55.degree. C. and maintained for an
extended period of time. A thick layer can be observed to have
settled on the bottom of the tube thereby restricting the stirring.
The tube can be cooled and vented and heated to regain homogeneity.
The agitator can be replaced with a different type and the contents
cooled and charged with an additional 3.1 grams of CH.sub.3Cl. The
tube can be sealed and the heating resumed. A layer can be observed
to have settled out again. The tube can be sonicated to homogenize
and stirred at 55.degree. C. for overnight to form a multiphase
mixture from which a liquid phase can be separated from a tar
phase. The tube can be cooled to below about 0.degree. C., vented
and the liquid decanted from the tar. To the tar, ether can be
added and the contents heated and sonicated to dissolve. The
mixture can be cooled to RT and the liquid decanted from the tar
that can be observed to have reformed. The tar can be dissolved in
dichloromethane, transferred and concentrated to afford 7.0 grams
(90.0% yield) of the
3,3,7,8,8,8-hexafluoro-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)octane-1-sulfonic
acid(3-trimethylaminopropyl)amido chloride product that can be
observed as an orange semi-solid. The product structure can be
confirmed by NMR and/or chromatographic analysis.
##STR00096##
[0059] According to scheme (27) above, in a flask that can be
equipped with an agitator, thermocouple and a reflux condenser, 20
grams (27 mmol) of
1,1,1,2,4,4,6,6-octafluoro-2,8,10,12-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-14-iodo-
tetradecane (see, e.g. Published Patent Applications), 20 ml of
absolute ethanol, 3.9 grams (40.5 mmol) of potassium thiocyanate
(KSCN) and 0.5 ml of glacial acetic acid (HOAc) can be placed to
form a mixture. The mixture can be heated to reflux (84.7 C) and
maintained stirring for overnight. The mixture can be concentrated
in vacuo to afford what can be observed as a thick yellow slurry.
The slurry can be extracted with 300 ml of diethyl ether and
decanted twice and filtered to afford a wet, cake and a filtrate.
The wet cake can be washed with three 100 ml portions of diethyl
ether and the filtrates combined. The combined filtrates can be
concentrated in vacuo to afford 17.12 grams (94.6% yield) of the
1,1,1,2,4,4,6,6-octafluoro-2,8,10,12-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-14-thiocya-
natotetradecane product that can be observed as a light yellow oil.
The product structure can be confirmed by NMR and/or
chromatographic analysis.
##STR00097##
[0060] Referring to scheme (28) above, in a flask that can be,
equipped with an agitator, thermocouple, reflux condenser, and a
dispersion tube, A yellow solution of 17.1 grams (25.5 mmol) of
1,1,1,2,4,4,6,6-octafluoro-2,8,10,12-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-14-thiocya-
natotetradecane (refer to, scheme (23) above) and 30 ml of HOAc can
be placed to form a mixture. The mixture can be heated to about
60.degree. C. and sparged via the dispersion tube with chlorine gas
(Cl.sub.2) for overnight. The flow of chlorine can be observed to
have stopped overnight, causing the reaction material to back up
into the trap. A portion of the mixture, what can be observed as a
white liquid, can remain in the flask and can still be in contact
with the thermocouple. Chlorination can be continued for about two
overnight periods to afford what can be observed as a slurry. The
slurry can be cooled to about 10.degree. C. and about 40 ml of
water can be added drop wise to form a reaction mixture. The
reaction mixture can be warmed to room temperature (RT) and diluted
with about 200 ml of chloroform (CHCl.sub.3) and about 100 ml of
water to form a multiphase mixture from which an organic phase can
be separated from an aqueous phase. The aqueous phase can be
extracted with 200 ml of CHCl.sub.3 and the organic phases
combined. The combined extracts can be washed with three 300 mL
portions of water and the organic phase collected. The organic
phase can be washed with 300 ml of brine and dried over
Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford
16.52 grams (91.0% yield) of the
9,9,11,11,13,14,14,14-octafluoro-3,5,7,13-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)tetrad-
ecane-1-sulfonyl chloride that can, be observed as a cloudy
colorless oil. The product structure can be confirmed by NMR and/or
chromatographic analysis.
##STR00098##
[0061] In reference to scheme (29) above, in a flask that can be
equipped with an agitator, thermocouple, reflux condenser, addition
funnel and a dry-ice/acetone bath, 16.5 grams (23.1 mmol) of
9,9,11,11,13,14,14,14-octafluoro-3,5,7,13-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)tetrad-
ecane-1-sulfonyl chloride (refer to scheme (24) above) and 50 mL of
CHCl.sub.3 can be placed to form a mixture. In the addition funnel,
6.60 grams (64.9 mmol) of 3-dimethylaminopropylamine and 50 ml of
CHCl.sub.3 can be added to form an addition mixture. To the
mixture, the addition mixture can be added drop-wise over a 30
minute period to form a reaction mixture while maintaining the
temperature at between about 0.degree. C. and -5.degree. C. The
reaction mixture can be allowed to warm to room temperature (RT)
and stir overnight. The reaction mixture can be washed with one 200
ml portion of water, two 200 ml portions of a saturated solution of
bicarbonate and one 200 ml portion of brine wherein each step can
be observed to form a multiphase mixture from which an organic
phase can be separated from an aqueous phase. The organic phase can
be collected and dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and
concentrated in vacuo to afford 39.30 grams (95.9% yield) of
the
##STR00099##
product that can be observed as a light yellow liquid. The product
structure can be confirmed by NMR and/or chromatographic
analysis.
##STR00100##
[0062] According to scheme (30) above, in a flask that can be
equipped with an agitator, thermocouple, reflux condenser, and an
addition funnel, 5.80 grams of
##STR00101##
(refer to scheme (26) above), 15 ml of absolute ethanol and 1.1 ml
of water at RT can be placed to form a mixture. To the mixture, 3.5
ml of 50% H.sub.2O.sub.2 can be added drop-wise over a 1 minute
period to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture can be
heated to 35.degree. C. and maintained, for over the weekend. The
reaction mixture can be treated portion-wise with 5 grams of
decolorizing carbon (neutral) over a 1 hour period at 35.degree. C.
to form a slurry. The slurry can be heated to about 50.degree. C.
and maintained for overnight while stirring.
[0063] A sample of the slurry can be filtered and the filtrate
tested negative for the presence of peroxides. The remainder of the
slurry can be filtered through celite to afford a filtrate. The
filtrate can be concentrated in vacuo to afford the
##STR00102##
product that can be observed as an off-white crunchy solid. The
product structure can be confirmed by NMR and/or chromatographic
analysis.
##STR00103##
[0064] In accordance with scheme (31) above, in a sealable tube
that can be equipped with an agitator, 5.50 grams (7.1 mmol) of
##STR00104##
(refer to scheme (26) above), 2.2 grams of chloromethane in 20 mL
of methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) can be placed to form a mixture
and heated to about 55.degree. C. for an extended period of time.
Stirring can be halted and the mixture cooled to below about
0.degree. C. and the tube vented. The mixture can be concentrated
in vacuo to afford the
##STR00105##
product that can be observed as a white waxy solid. The product
structure can be confirmed by NMR and/or chromatographic
analysis.
##STR00106##
[0065] In accordance with scheme (32) above, in a flask that can be
equipped with an agitator, thermocouple, reflux condenser, and an
addition funnel, 5.50 grams (7.1 mmol) of
##STR00107##
(refer to scheme (26) above), 20 mL of absolute ethanol and 0.90
grams (7.1 mmol) of sodium chloroacetate can be placed to form a
mixture. The mixture can be heated to reflux (about 79.degree. C.)
and stirred for a period of about 6.5 days. The reaction mixture
can be observed as a thin white slurry and can be filtered to
afford a filtrate. The filtrate can be concentrated in vacuo and
dried at 45.degree. C. under high vacuum to afford 11.03 grams of
the
##STR00108##
product that can be observed as a light yellow crunchy solid. The
product structure can be confirmed by NMR and/or chromatographic
analysis.
[0066] According to another embodiment, a mercaptan
R.sub.F-intermediate may also be produced by reacting a iodine
R.sub.F-intermediate with thiourea to make the isothiuronium salt
and treating the isothiuronium salt with sodium hydroxide to give
the mercaptan R.sub.F-intermediate plus sodium iodide, as described
in U.S. Pat. No. 3,544,663 herein incorporated by reference.
[0067] In an exemplary aspect of the disclosure, the mercaptan
R.sub.F-intermediate may be attached to a Qs portion such as group
2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1 propane sulfonic acid available from
Lubrizol as AMPS 2403, as generally described in U.S. Pat. No.
4,000,188 herein incorporated by reference.
[0068] Aminoxides of the R.sub.F-surfactants can be produced
according to processes that include those generally described in
U.S. Pat. No. 4,983,769, herein incorporated by reference.
Accordingly, sulfoamidoamines can be combined with ethanol and
water and 70% (wt/wt) hydrogen peroxide and heated to at least
35.degree. C. for 24 hours. Activated carbon can be added and the
mixture and refluxed for about 2 hours. The reaction mixture can be
filtered and the filtrate evaporated to dryness to provide the
amine oxide of the R.sub.F-surfactant.
[0069] In accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure,
processes are provided that can be used to alter the surface
tension of a part of a system having at least two parts. The system
can include, liquid/solid systems, liquid/gas systems, gas/solid
systems, and/or liquid/liquid systems. In an exemplary embodiment,
the liquid/liquid systems can have one part that includes water and
another part that includes a liquid that is relatively hydrophobic
when compared to water. According to another example, the
liquid/liquid system can contain one part that is relatively
hydrophobic when compared to water and/or relatively hydrophobic
when compared to another part of the system. R.sub.F-surfactants
can be used to alter the surface tension of a part of the system,
for example, by adding the R.sub.F-surfactant to the system.
[0070] R.sub.F-surfactants may be used as relatively pure solutions
or as mixtures with other components. For example, and by way of
example only, the R.sub.F-surfactants can be added to a system and
the surface tension of the system determined by the Wilhelmy plate
method and/or using the Kruss Tensiometer method.
[0071] As another example, the surface tensions of
##STR00109##
at various concentrations can be determined and the data as
indicated in Plot #1 below.
[0072] As another example, the surface tensions of
##STR00110##
at various concentrations
[0073] can be determined and the data as indicated in Plot. #2
below.
[0074] As another example, the surface tensions of
##STR00111##
at various concentrations can be determined and the data as
indicated in Plot #3 below.
[0075] As another example, the surface tensions of
##STR00112##
at various concentrations can be determined and the data as
indicated in Plot #4 below.
[0076] As another example, the surface tensions of
##STR00113##
at various concentrations can be determined and the data as
indicated in Plot #5 below.
[0077] As another example, the surface tensions of
##STR00114##
at various concentrations can be determined and the data as
indicated in Plot #6 below.
[0078] As another example, the surface tensions of
##STR00115##
at various concentrations can be determined and the data as
indicated in Plot #7 below.
[0079] As another example, the surface tensions of
##STR00116##
at various concentrations can be determined and the data as
indicated in Plot #8 below:
[0080] As another example, the surface tensions of
##STR00117##
at various concentrations can be determined and the data as
indicated in Plot #9 below.
[0081] As another example, the surface tensions of
##STR00118##
at various concentrations can be determined and the data as
indicated in Plot #10 below.
[0082] As another example, the surface tensions of
##STR00119##
at various concentrations can be determined and the data as
indicated in Plot #11 below.
[0083] As another example, the surface tensions of
##STR00120##
at various concentrations can be determined and the data as
indicated in Plot #12 below.
[0084] As another example, the surface tensions of
##STR00121##
at various concentrations can be determined and the data as
indicated in Plot #13 below.
[0085] R.sub.F-surfactants described above may be incorporated into
detergents, emulsifiers, paints, adhesives, inks, wetting agents,
foamers, and/or defoamers, for example.
[0086] R.sub.F-surfactants can be incorporated into AFFF
formulations and these formulations can be used as fire-fighting
foams, to prevent, and/or extinguish combustion. An exemplary use
of AFFFs that include an R.sub.F-surfactant includes the addition
of the AFFF to high pressure misting systems, the misting systems
being used to prevent and/or extinguish combustion. AFFF
formulations can be provided to a substrate, for example. The
substrate can include liquid and/or solid compositions. The AFFF
formulations can also be dispersed into an atmosphere including
gaseous atmospheres, such air to prevent and/or extinguish
combustion.
[0087] The formulations can include other components such as water
soluble solvents. These solvents may facilitate the solubilization
of the R.sub.F-surfactants and other surfactants. These solvents
can also act as foam stabilizers and/or freeze protection agents.
Exemplary solvents can include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol,
glycerol, ethyl Cellusolve.RTM., butyl Carbitol.RTM., Dowanol
DPM.RTM., Dowanol TPM.RTM., Dowanol PTB.RTM., propylene glycol,
and/or hexylene glycol. Additional components to the formulation,
such as polymeric stabilizers and thickeners, can be incorporated
into the formulation to enhance the foam stability property of a
foam produced'from aeration of the aqueous solution of the
formulation. Exemplary polymeric stabilizers and thickeners include
partially hydrolyzed protein, starches, polyvinyl resins such as
polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamides, carboxyvinyl polymers, and/or
poly(oxyethylene)glycol. Polysaccharide resins, such as xanthan
gum, can be included in the formulation as a foam stabilizer in
formulations for use in preventing or extinguishing polar solvent
combustion, such as alcohol, ketone, and/or ether combustion, for
example. The formulation can also include a buffer to regulate the
pH of the formulation, for example, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine or
sodium acetate, and a corrosion inhibitor such as toluoltriazole or
sodium nitrite may be included. Water soluble electrolytes such as
magnesium sulphate may be included and can improve film-spreading
characteristics of the formulation.
[0088] The R.sub.F-surfactants can also be useful in formulations
that include other surfactants such as alkyl sulfate,
alkylethersulfates, alphaolefinsulfonates, alkyl sulfobetaines,
alkyl polyglycerides, alkylamidopropylbetaines,
alkylimidazolinedicarboxylates, 2-alkylthiopropionamido-2
methyl-propanesulfonoic acid sodium salt, alkyliminodipropinates,
alkylsulfonates, ethoxylated alkylphenols, dialkylsulfosuccinates,
and/or alkyltrimethyl ammonium chloride.
[0089] A variation of AFFF, ARAFFF, an acronym for Alcohol
Resistant Aqueous Film Forming Foam(s), can be used to extinguish
hydrocarbon fires in much the same manner that AFFF foams are used
and may also be used to extinguish fires involving water soluble
solvents such as acetone and isopropanol which conventional AFFF
foams will not extinguish.
[0090] ARAFFF formulations can contain the same ingredients as
conventional AFFF formulations plus a polysaccharide such as
xanthan gum and, in some formulations, a polymeric foam stabilizer.
Polymeric foam stabilizers are offered by DuPont.RTM. and
Dynax.RTM., Inc. An exemplary DuPont product, Forafac.RTM. 1268, is
a water soluble acrylic polymer. An exemplary Dynax product,
DX5011.RTM., is an ethyleneimine polymer. Xanthan-gum is offered by
several suppliers, including Kelco CP (Kelzan) and Rhodia North
America (Rhodopol).
[0091] Polysaccharide alone can be sufficient to make ARAFFF
formulations alcohol resistant, but the amount required produces a
foam concentrate that can be quite viscous. The use of a polymeric
foam stabilizer can permit a reduction in the amount of
polysaccharide required to give useful alcohol resistance.
[0092] Because of the possibility of microbial attack on
polysaccharide solutions, ARAFFF concentrates can contain an
effective amount of a biocide such as Kathon CG ICP, manufactured
by Rohm & Haas. Many other biocides such as Acticide, Nipacide
and Dowicil can also be effective.
[0093] Some ARAFFF formulations can be designed to be proportioned
at different percentages depending on whether the substrate to be
extinguished is a hydrocarbon or an alcohol type substrate, for
example. Alcohol type can include any fuel having a hydroxyl
group.
[0094] Exemplary ARAFFF formulations utilizing the R.sub.F
surfactants can be provided and/or formulated in accordance with
the methods described in the Published International Applications.
Foam stabilizers, such as R.sub.F-stabilizers that include R.sub.F
groups described above, for example, can be prepared.
R.sub.F-stabilizers can include R.sub.F-Q.sub.FS compositions.
Example loam stabilizer compositions can include
R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.FS. The R.sub.F group can comprise at
least one --CF.sub.3 group. The R.sub.T group can comprise
--CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--, with n being at least 1. The
Q.sub.FS group can be at least one atom of the periodic table of
elements, wherein at least a portion of the R.sub.F and R.sub.T
groups are hydrophobic relative to the Q.sub.FS group, and at least
a portion of the Q.sub.FS group is hydrophilic relative to the
R.sub.F and R.sub.T groups.
[0095] According to exemplary embodiments the R.sub.F portion can
at least partially include an R.sub.F(R.sub.T)n portion as
described above. The R.sub.F(R.sub.T)n portion of the surfactant
can also include the R.sub.S portion described above. In accordance
with exemplary implementations the R.sub.S portion can be
incorporated to provide additional carbon between the R.sub.F
and/or R.sub.F(R.sub.T)n portions and the Q.sub.FS portion of the
surfactant. Exemplary R.sub.s portions include
--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2-Q.sub.FS can include portions that have a
greater hydrophilic character than R.sub.F. Exemplary Q.sub.FS
portions include the Qs portions described herein as well as those
having polyalkoxylated amines. Exemplary R.sub.F-Foam Stabilizers
include, but are not limited to those in Table 7 below.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Exemplary R.sub.F-Foam Stabilizers
##STR00122## ##STR00123## ##STR00124## ##STR00125## ##STR00126##
##STR00127##
[0096] R.sub.F-metal complexes such as R.sub.F-Q.sub.MC
incorporating the R.sub.F portions are also provided. The R.sub.F
portions can be incorporated as acid halides or carboxylic acids,
for example, with the acid halide including, but not limited to,
acid fluorides, for example. According to exemplary embodiments the
R.sub.F portion can at least partially include an R.sub.F(R)n
portion as described above. The R.sub.F(R.sub.T)n portion of the
complex can also include the A.sub.S portion described above. In
accordance with exemplary implementations the R.sub.S portion can
be incorporated to provide additional carbon between the R.sub.F
and/or R.sub.F(R.sub.T)n portions and the Q.sub.MC portion of the
complex. Exemplary R.sub.s portions include --CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--.
R.sub.F-metal complexes can include R.sub.F intermediates and, as
such, Q.sub.g can be interchangeable with Q.sub.MC. Q.sub.MC can
include the portion of a ligand of a metal complex that is
coordinated with the complexed metal, for example. Metal complexes
are provided that can include R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.MC. The
R.sub.F group can include at least one --CF.sub.3 group. The
R.sub.T group can include --CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--, with n
being at least 1. The Q.sub.MC group can include a charged group
configured to complex one or more metal ions. Exemplary
R.sub.F-metal complexes include, but are not limited to, those in
Table 8 below.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Exemplary R.sub.F-Metal Complexes
##STR00128## ##STR00129## ##STR00130## ##STR00131## ##STR00132##
##STR00133##
[0097] R.sub.F-metal complexes such as R.sub.F-Q.sub.MC
incorporating the R.sub.F portions are also provided. The R.sub.F
portions can be incorporated as acid halides or carboxylic acids,
for example, with the acid halide including, but not limited to,
acid fluorides, for example. According to exemplary embodiments the
R.sub.F portion can at least partially include an R.sub.F(R.sub.T)n
portion as described above. The R.sub.F(R.sub.T)n portion of the
complex can also include the R.sub.S portion described above. In
accordance with exemplary implementations the R.sub.S portion can
be incorporated to provide additional carbon between the R.sub.F
and/or R.sub.F(R.sub.T)n portions and the Q.sub.MC portion of the
complex. Exemplary R.sub.s portions include --CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--.
R.sub.F-metal complexes can include R.sub.F-intermediates and, as
such, Q.sub.g can be interchangeable with Q.sub.MC. Q.sub.MC can
include the portion of a ligand of a metal complex that is
coordinated with the complexed metal, for example. Exemplary
R.sub.F-metal complexes can be prepared by way of the following
exemplary synthetic steps.
##STR00134##
[0098] An acid fluoride R.sub.F-intermediate can be reacted with an
amino acid such as glycine (2-aminoacetic acid) to produce an
amido-carboxylic acid. The amido-carboxylic acid can be reacted
with chromic, chloride in an alcohol such as methanol and/or
isopropanol to produce an exemplary R.sub.F-metal complex such as a
R.sub.F chrome complex. Exemplary acid R.sub.F-intermediates for
use in preparation of R.sub.F-metal complexes can include ethylene
carboxylic acid R.sub.F-intermediates and/or mixtures of ethylene
carboxylic acid R.sub.F-intermediates and carboxylic acid
R.sub.F-intermediates. Exemplary preparations can be performed in
accordance with U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,351,643, 3,574,518, 3,907,576,
6,525,127 and 6,294,107, herein incorporated by reference.
R.sub.F-metal complexes can include, a ligand having a R.sub.F
portion and a Q.sub.MC portion associated with the metal of the
complex. In exemplary embodiments the Q.sub.MC portion can have a
greater affinity for the metal complex than the R.sub.F portion.
R.sub.F-metal complexes can be used to treat substrates such as
paper, leather, textiles, yarns, fabrics, glass, ceramics, and/or
metals. In some cases, treating substrates with the complexes can
render the substrates less permeable to water and/or oil. The above
described chrome complex solutions can be applied as a surface
treatment of a variety of materials including, but not limited to,
leather by the employment of the methods described in U.S. Pat. No.
3,351,643 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,948,887, herein incorporated by
reference.
[0099] An embodiment of the present invention also provides for
incorporation of the R.sub.F portions into phosphate ester which,
in exemplary embodiments, can be used to treat substrates and/or as
dispersing agents, during the preparation of polymers. Exemplary
R.sub.F-phosphate esters include R.sub.F-Q.sub.PE, with the
Q.sub.PE portion being the phosphate portion of the
R.sub.F-composition. According to exemplary to embodiments the
R.sub.F portion can at least partially include an R.sub.F(R.sub.T)n
portion as described above. The R.sub.F(R.sub.T)n portion of the
ester can also include the R.sub.s portion described above. In
accordance with exemplary implementations the R.sub.s portion can
be incorporated to provide additional carbon between the R.sub.F
and/or R.sub.F(R.sub.T)n portions and the Q.sub.PE portion of the
ester. Exemplary R.sub.S portions include --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--.
Phosphate esters are provided that can include
R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.PE. The R.sub.F group can include at
least two --CF.sub.3 groups. The A.sub.T group can include a group
having at least two carbons, with n being at least 1. The Q.sub.PE
group can be a portion of a phosphate ester. R.sub.F-phosphate
esters, include, but are not limited to, those in Table 9
below.
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Exemplary R.sub.F-Phosphate Esters
##STR00135## ##STR00136## ##STR00137## ##STR00138## ##STR00139##
##STR00140##
[0100] R.sub.F-phosphate esters can be used as dispersing agents in
the preparation of polymers or they can be diluted and used to
treat substrate materials in aqueous bathes, for example, by
ordinary means such as padding, dipping, impregnating, spraying,
etc. These composition can be incorporated into or used to treat
such materials as textile fabric, textile yarns, leather, paper,
plastic, sheeting, wood, ceramic clays, as well as, manufactured
articles of apparel, wallpaper, paper bags, cardboard boxes, porous
earthenware, etc. U.S. Pat. No. 3,112,241 describes methods for
treating materials using phosphate esters and is herein
incorporated by reference. R.sub.F-phosphoric acid ester can be
used to treat substrates such as wood pulp products, including
paper products such as packaging products including food packaging
products.
##STR00141##
[0101] According to scheme (34) above, benzene, pyridine and
phosphorous oxychloride (POCl.sub.3) can be combined to form
mixture A. Mixture A can be chilled to about 7.degree. C., from
about 0.degree. C. to about 15.degree. C., and/or about 2.degree.
C. To mixture A, a mixture of R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.n--OH, pyridine
and benzene can be added to form a reaction mixture. The reaction
mixture can be allowed to warm to room temperature and heated to
reflux and maintained for about one hour to afford a product
mixture that can comprise the mono (n=2), bis (n=1) and tris (n=0)
R.sub.F-phosphate esters. To the product mixture, water can be
added to provide a product mixture that can comprise the acid
esters of the above acid chlorides.
[0102] An embodiment includes the R.sub.F portions incorporated
into glycols, such as R.sub.F-glycols, including R.sub.F-Q.sub.H,
with Q.sub.H representing the ether portion of the glycol after
conjugation or, as hydroxyl functionality before conjugation as the
ether. According to exemplary embodiments the RF portion can at
least partially include an R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.n portion as
described above. The R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.n portion of the glycol
can also include the R.sub.s portion described above. In accordance
with exemplary implementations the R.sub.s portion can be
incorporated to provide additional carbon between the R.sub.F
and/or R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.n portions and the Q.sub.H portion of
the glycol. Exemplary R.sub.s portions include
--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--. Glycols are provided than can include
R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.H. The R.sub.F group can include at
least one --CF.sub.3 group. The R.sub.T group can include
--CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--, with n being at least 1. The
Q.sub.H group can be a portion of a glycol chain backbone.
Exemplary R.sub.F-glycols include, but are not limited to, those in
Table 10 below.
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Exemplary R.sub.F-Glycols ##STR00142##
##STR00143## ##STR00144## ##STR00145## ##STR00146##
##STR00147##
[0103] R.sub.F-glycols can be incorporated into polymers such as
urethanes including polyurethane elastomers, films and coatings,
for example. R.sub.F-glycols can be converted to phosphoric acids
or phosphate esters of those glycols as well. Referring to scheme
35 below, R.sub.F portions can be incorporated into glycols.
[0104] Methods for preparing glycols are described in U.S. Pat. No.
4,898,981, U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,261, U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,550, U.S.
Pat. No. 5,132,445, and Dupau, et. al., Adv. Synth. Catal. 2002.
344. No. 3&4, Procedure B, all of which, are herein
incorporated by reference. For example, and, by way of example
only, an RF-intermediate (QG=SH) can be reacted with a sulfide diol
or 2,6 diox-aspiro (3,3) heptane to produce exemplary
R.sub.F-glycols (Q.sub.H=H.sub.2CH.sub.2CSH.sub.2CH.sub.2--). The
RF-glycol can be used directly or indirectly to prepare a R.sub.F
condensation product such as polyesters, polyureas, polycarbonates
and polyurethanes. The glycol functionality can be incorporated
into block polymers using RF-glycols. U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,261
discloses several other glycols that can benefit from the RF
portion of the present invention and is herein incorporated by
reference.
[0105] R.sub.F-glycols may be converted to phosphoric acid
functionality or phosphate esters (not shown). U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,091,550, 5,132,445, 4,898,981 and 5,491,261 all disclose methods
of preparing diols and converting diols to phosphate esters and are
herein incorporated by reference. In an exemplary implementation,
the diols can be converted to phosphoric acids or phosphate esters
by reacting diols in the presence of phosphoric acid. These
compositions can be incorporated into compounds which can act as
oil and/or grease proofing for paper, as well as, soil release
agents for textile fibers.
##STR00148##
[0106] According to scheme (35) above, pentaethylene glycol and
anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF) can be combined to form a first
mixture. The mixture can be cooled to about 0.degree. C. in an
acetone/ice bath. To the first mixture, sodium
bis(trimethylsilyl)amide in THF can be added to form a second
mixture. The second mixture can be stirred at about 0.degree. C.
for about 15 minutes. To the second mixture, the
R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.n--X, wherein X is a halogen, and THF can be
added drop-wise to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture
can be allowed to warm to room temperature and maintained for about
two hours. The reaction mixture can be heated to about 40.degree.
C. and maintained for overnight. The reaction mixture can be,
allowed to cool to room temperature and a 5% (wt/wt) solution of
HCl can be added to form a multiphase mixture having a pH of about
7, from which an organic phase can be separated from an aqueous
phase. The organic layer can be concentrated in vacuo to afford the
R.sub.F-glycol. The product structure can be confirmed by NMR
and/or chromatographic analysis.
[0107] According to another embodiment of the present invention,
oligomers, polymers, copolymers, acrylics, and/or resins, for
example, can be prepared that include an R.sub.F-monomer unit, such
as R.sub.F-Q.sub.MU. The monomer unit portion, Q.sub.MU, can be a
single unit within a complex of units and the monomer unit need not
repeat within the complex. In an exemplary embodiment, the monomer
unit can be a single unit within the complex or it may be one of
many identical units linked together, such as a homopolymer, for
example. The complex can also include block polymers and/or
polyurethane resins. The R.sub.F of the unit can include a pendant
group of the monomer unit. The monomer unit may be associated with
a complex, perhaps even bonded to the complex, for example, and
Q.sub.MU can include the portion of the monomer unit that is
associated with the complex. The complex may be coated onto a
substrate or it may be chemically bonded to the substrate. For
example, a preparation of R.sub.F-intermediates can be provided to
the substrate and groups such as hydroxyl groups common to
substrates like cotton, may provide sites that allow the
R.sub.F-intermediate to chemically bond to the substrate when,
forming part of, or being associated with a complex. In an
exemplary embodiment, Q.sub.MU can represent the acrylate
functionality of an acrylic and R.sub.F can be a pendant group from
the acrylics chain and/or backbone. Polymers comprising
R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.MU are provided. The R.sub.F group can
include at least one --CF.sub.3 group. The R.sub.T group can
include --CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--, with n being at least 1.
The Q.sub.MU group can be a portion of a polymer chain backbone.
Exemplary. R.sub.F-monomer units include but are not limited to
those in Table 11 below.
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Exemplary R.sub.F-Monomer Units
##STR00149## ##STR00150## ##STR00151## ##STR00152## ##STR00153##
##STR00154##
[0108] In exemplary embodiments oligomers containing a
R.sub.F-monomer unit can be prepared from R.sub.F-monomers.
R.sub.F-monomers can include R.sub.F-intermediates above, but may
contain functionality that allows for their conjugation with
another monomer, but not necessarily the same R.sub.F-monomer. The
monomers can include R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.M. The R.sub.F
group can include at least one --CF.sub.3 group. The R.sub.T group
can include --CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--, with n being at least
1. The Q.sub.M group can be at least one atom, of the periodic
table of elements. Exemplary R.sub.F-monomers include, but are not
limited to those in Table 12 below.
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Exemplary R.sub.F-Monomer Units
##STR00155## ##STR00156## ##STR00157## ##STR00158## ##STR00159##
##STR00160##
[0109] Referring to scheme (36) below, multiple reactions sequences
are shown for the preparation of R.sub.F-monomers having the
R.sub.F group.
##STR00161##
[0110] U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,491,169, 3,282,905, 3,497,575, 3,544,663,
6,566,470, 4,147,851, 4,366,299, 4,439,329, and 5,439,998 all
relate to the use and preparation of acrylic emulsion polymers that
can benefit from the R.sub.F groups and, are herein incorporated by
reference. Thiol R.sub.F-intermediates, iodine
R.sub.F-intermediates, hydroxyl R.sub.F-intermediates, and/or
acetate R.sub.F-intermediates can be converted to R.sub.F-monomers
according to scheme (35) above, and these R.sub.F-monomers can be
used to prepare a composition containing an R.sub.F-monomer
unit.
[0111] For example, and by way of example only, the R.sub.F portion
can be incorporated into a R.sub.F-monomer as described in U.S.
Pat. No. 6,566,470 represented as
R.sub.F--W--X--C(.dbd.O)--C(R.sub.1).dbd.CH.sub.2, with the R.sub.F
portion as described above. W can be an alkylene with 1 to 15
carbons, hydroxyalkylene with 3 to 15 carbons,
--(C.sub.nH.sub.2n)(OC.sub.mH.sub.2m).sub.q--,
--SO.sub.2NR.sub.2--(C.sub.nH.sub.2n)--, or
--CONR.sub.2--(C.sub.nH.sub.2n)--, with n being 1 to 12, m being 2
to 4, q being 1 to 10, and R.sub.1 being an alkyl group with 1 to 4
carbon atoms, for example, X being O, S and/or N(R.sub.2), where
R.sub.2 is as R.sub.1.
##STR00162##
[0112] According to scheme (37) and procedures set forth in the
published international applications, R.sub.F-acrylates can be
prepared wherein R.dbd.CH.sub.3 or H and X is a halogen. The
resulting acrylates can be homopolymerized and/or copolymerized
according to the general procedures listed in the published
international applications. For example and by way of example only,
solutions of R.sub.F-monomers can be provided to a substrate and
allowed to complex, for example, via evaporating the solvent of the
solution to form a complex that includes a R.sub.F-monomer unit,
providing these solutions to a substrate such as glass, nylon,
and/or cotton and allowing the R.sub.F-monomer to become part of a
complex, such as coating the substrate.
[0113] The surface energy of the complex can be determined using
the standard Fowkes method using diiodomethane and water as probe
liquids, and the Zisman method of surface energy analysis using
octane, decane, tetradecane, and hexadecane as, probe liquids.
Contact angle of drops of Zisman probe liquids, as well as the
Fowkes probes, can be determined using a Kruss prop Shape Analysis
System.
[0114] R.sub.F-monomers can be incorporated with other monomers and
then incorporated into the construction of paper materials or used
to treat paper materials. R.sub.F-monomers can also be used to
prepare polymer solutions. Polymeric solutions can be diluted to a
percentage aqueous or non-aqueous solution and then applied to
substrates to be treated, such as paper plates.
[0115] R.sub.F-monomers can also be incorporated into copolymers
with comonomers such as the dialkyl amino alkyl acrylate or
methacrylate or acrylamide or methacrylamide monomer and its amine
salt, quaternary ammonium or amine oxide form, as described in U.S.
Pat. No. 4,147,851, herein incorporated by reference. The general
formula for R.sub.F-monomers can be
R.sub.FqO.sub.2CC(R).dbd.CH.sub.2, with R being H or CH.sub.3, q
being an alkylene of 1 to 15 carbon atoms, hydroxyalkylene of 3 to
15 carbon atoms, or C.sub.nH.sub.2n(OC.sub.qH.sub.2q).sub.m--,
--SO.sub.2NR.sub.1(C.sub.nH.sub.2n)--, or
--CONR.sub.1(C.sub.nH.sub.2n)--, n being 1 to 15, q being 2 to 4,
and m being 1 to 15. Monomers used to form copolymers with
acrylates and the R.sub.F-monomers include those having amine
functionality. These copolymers can be diluted in a solution and
applied or incorporated directly into or on substrates to be
treated, such as paper.
[0116] R.sub.F-monomers can also be used to form acrylate polymers
or other acrylate monomers consistent with those described in U.S.
Pat. No. 4,366,299, herein incorporated by reference. As described,
R.sub.F-monomers can be incorporated into paper products or applied
thereon.
[0117] R.sub.F-monomers, acrylates and/or acrylics, for example,
can be applied to finished carpet or incorporated into the finished
carpet fiber before it is woven into carpet. R.sub.F-monomers can
be applied to carpet by a normal textile finishing process known as
padding, in which the carpet is passed through a bath containing
the R.sub.F-monomer and, for example, latex, water, and/or other
additives such as non-rewetting surfaces. The carpet can then be
passed through nip rollers to control the rate of the add-on before
being dried in a tenter frame.
[0118] R.sub.F-monomers may also be incorporated into the fiber by,
reacting the fiber with R.sub.F-intermediates having isocyanate
functionality, R.sub.F-isocyanate, for example.
[0119] R.sub.F portions can also be incorporated into materials
used to treat calcitic and/or siliceous particulate materials. For
example, R.sub.F-monomers can be incorporated into a copolymer
where the copolymer can either be part of a formulation to treat
these materials or used by itself to treat these materials as
described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,383,569, herein incorporated by
reference. The R.sub.F-monomer can have the general formula
R.sub.F-Q-A-C(O)--C(R).dbd.CH.sub.2 wherein R.sub.F is described
above, R is H or CH.sub.3, A is 0, S, or N(R.sub.1), wherein
R.sub.1 is H or an alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, Q is alkylene
of 1 to about 15 carbon atoms, hydroxyalkylene of 3 to about 15
carbon atoms, --(C.sub.nH.sub.2n)(OC.sub.qH.sub.2q).sub.m--,
--SO.sub.2--NR.sub.1(C.sub.nH.sub.2n)--, or
--CONR.sub.1(C.sub.nH.sub.2n)--, wherein R.sub.1 is H or an alkyl
of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, n is 1 to 15, q is 2 to 4, and m is 1 to
15.
[0120] R.sub.F-compositions and mixtures containing the R.sub.F
portion can be used to treat substrates including hard surfaces
like construction materials such as brick, stone, wood, concrete,
ceramics, tile, glass, stucco, gypsum, drywall, particle board, and
chipboard. These compositions and mixtures can be used alone or in
combination with penetration assistance such as non-ionic
surfactants. These compositions can be applied to the surface of
calcitic and/or siliceous architectural construction material by
known methods, for example, by soaking, impregnation, emersion,
brushing, rolling, or spraying. The compositions can be applied to
the surface to be protected by spraying. Suitable spraying
equipment is commercially available. Spraying with a compressed air
sprayer is an exemplary method of application to the particular
substrate. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,197,382 and 5,674,961 also describe
methods for applying and using polymer solutions and are herein
incorporated by reference.
[0121] In an exemplary process of producing solutions having
components with R.sub.F, an R.sub.F-intermediate having a
methyl-epoxide functionality may be condensed with a monocarboxylic
alkenoic acid to prepare an unsaturated R.sub.F-ester (not shown).
Exemplary methods for producing these kinds of unsaturated esters
are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,415, herein incorporated by
reference. Additional esters may be prepared according to U.S. Pat.
No. 4,478,975, herein incorporated by reference. Components of
these solutions can also include dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate,
and these components can be applied in organic and inorganic
solvents, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,120,892 herein
incorporated by reference. R.sub.F-monomers can also be combined
with other monomers to produce copolymers or in solutions with
amino and sulfur monomers as described by U.S. Pat. No. 5,629,372
herein incorporated by reference.
[0122] R.sub.F-intermediates having amine functionality can also be
reacted with tetrachlorophthalic anhydride using U.S. Pat. No.
4,043,923 as an exemplary reaction scheme (not shown). U.S. Pat.
No. 4,043,923 is herein incorporated by reference. The reaction
product can be mixed with a carpet cleaning solution to provide
soil repellency.
[0123] In exemplary embodiments urethanes containing a
R.sub.FQ.sub.U (R.sub.F-Urethanes) can be prepared from
R.sub.F-Intermediates. R.sub.F-Urethanes can include
R.sub.F-intermediates above, but may contain functionality that
allows for their conjugation with another R.sub.FQ.sub.U compounds,
but not necessarily the same R.sub.FQ.sub.U compound. According to
exemplary embodiments the R.sub.F portion of the urethane can at
least partially include an R.sub.F(R.sub.T)n portion as described
above. The R.sub.F(R.sub.T)n portion of the urethane can also
include the R.sub.s portion described above. In accordance with
exemplary implementations the R.sub.s portion can be incorporated
to provide additional carbon between the R.sub.F and/or
R.sub.F(R.sub.T)n portions and the Q.sub.U portion of the urethane.
Exemplary R.sub.s portions include --CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--.
Urethanes comprising R.sub.F(R.sub.T).sub.nQ.sub.U are provided.
The R.sub.F group can include at least one --CF.sub.3 group. The
R.sub.T group can include --CF.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CF.sub.3)--, with n
being at least 1. The Q.sub.U group can be at least one atom of the
periodic table of elements. Exemplary R.sub.F-urethanes, such as
R.sub.F-Q.sub.u, can include, but are not limited to those listed
in Table 13 below.
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Exemplary R.sub.F-Urethanes ##STR00163##
##STR00164## ##STR00165## ##STR00166## ##STR00167##
##STR00168##
[0124] In compliance with the statute, the invention has been
described in language more or less specific as to structural and
methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the
invention is not limited to the specific features shown and
described, since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred
forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is,
therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the
proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in
accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.
* * * * *