U.S. patent application number 12/931762 was filed with the patent office on 2011-08-18 for solar collector for evaporation of aqueous solutions.
Invention is credited to Alexander Levin.
Application Number | 20110197879 12/931762 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 44368768 |
Filed Date | 2011-08-18 |
United States Patent
Application |
20110197879 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Levin; Alexander |
August 18, 2011 |
Solar collector for evaporation of aqueous solutions
Abstract
The invention is related to solar collectors intended to perform
technological processes and specifically, to solar collectors used
for concentration by evaporation of aqueous solutions. The proposed
solar collector concentrates the aqueous solution by combination of
heating the upper thin layer of this solution (this heating is
accompanied with evaporation a significant part of this layer) and
carrying away of the obtained vapors from the internal space of the
solar collector by air stream introduced constantly into the
internal space. In another version of this invention the obtained
vapors are condensing on the surface of cooling water flowing
through the solar collector.
Inventors: |
Levin; Alexander;
(Binyamina, IL) |
Family ID: |
44368768 |
Appl. No.: |
12/931762 |
Filed: |
February 11, 2011 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
126/636 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B01D 1/0035 20130101;
Y02A 20/212 20180101; F24S 23/77 20180501; F24S 70/225 20180501;
Y02W 10/37 20150501; Y02B 10/20 20130101; F24S 10/50 20180501; C02F
1/14 20130101; F24S 80/40 20180501; Y02E 10/40 20130101; B01D 5/006
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
126/636 |
International
Class: |
F24J 2/32 20060101
F24J002/32 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Feb 14, 2010 |
IL |
203931 |
Claims
1. A solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous solution
accompanied with removal of water vapors and other volatile
substances from said aqueous solution; said solar collector
consists of: a horizontal trough, which comprises, in turn, a base
wall, two opposite sidewalls and two opposite end walls; glazing
covering the aperture of said horizontal trough; a metal horizontal
sheet, which is mounted in said trough and divides its internal
space into a upper section and a lower section; the upper side of
said metal horizontal sheet is provided with a selective coating
and the lower side of said metal horizontal sheet is provided with
coating with high emittance in the infrared range of spectrum; said
lower section of said horizontal trough is filled up to a certain
level with said aqueous solution to be partially evaporated; two
inlet connections and two outlet connections are installed in said
opposite end walls of said horizontal trough and serve for supply
the aqueous solution to be partially evaporated and the air into
the lower section of the trough, and removal of the concentrated
aqueous solution and the humidified hot air from said horizontal
trough; wherein said inlet connection for air supply is arranged
above the level of the aqueous solution in the trough; said outlet
connection for air removal is arranged above the level of the
aqueous solution in said horizontal trough.
2. A solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous solution
accompanied with removal of water vapors and other volatile
substances from said aqueous solution as claimed in claim 1,
wherein said horizontal trough is oriented in direction
west-east.
3. A solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous solution
accompanied with removal of water vapors and other volatile
substances from said aqueous solution as claimed in claim 1,
wherein a longitudinal tracking reflector is mounted along the
horizontal trough.
4. A solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous solution
accompanied with removal of water vapors and other volatile
substances from said aqueous solution as claimed in claim 1,
wherein the one end wall of the horizontal trough is provided with
two inlet connections for supply the aqueous solution to be
partially evaporated and the air, and the opposite end wall is
provided with two outlet connections for removal of the
concentrated aqueous solution and the humidified hot air from said
horizontal trough.
5. A solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous solution
accompanied with removal of water vapors and other volatile
substances from said aqueous solution as claimed in claim 1,
wherein the one end wall of the horizontal trough is provided with
the inlet connection for supply the aqueous solution to be
partially evaporated and the outlet connection for removal of the
humidified hot air from said horizontal trough, and the opposite
end wall is provided with the outlet connection for removal of the
concentrated aqueous solution and with the inlet connection for air
supply into said horizontal trough.
6. A solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous solution
accompanied with removal of water vapors and other volatile
substances from said aqueous solution as claimed in claim 1,
wherein there is a floating grid, which floats on the layer of said
aqueous solution to be concentrated.
7. A solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous solution
accompanied with removal of water vapors and other volatile
substances from said aqueous solution, wherein said solar collector
consists of a horizontal trough, which comprises in turn a base
wall, two opposite sidewalls and two opposite end walls; glazing
covering the aperture of said horizontal trough; a metal horizontal
sheet, which is mounted in said horizontal trough and divides its
internal space into a upper section and a lower section; the upper
side of said metal horizontal sheet is provided with a selective
coating and the lower side of said metal horizontal sheet is
provided with coating with high emittance in the infrared range of
spectrum; an inlet connection and an outlet connection are
installed in said opposite end walls of said horizontal trough and
serve for supply the air into the lower section of the trough and
removal the humidified hot air from said horizontal trough; a
breadth from fabric is pulled by fastenings between the opposite
end walls of said solar collector; an array of horizontal
cross-bars is installed between the opposite sidewall said
cross-bars are supporting said breadth; an array of distributing
pipes, which are arranged above said breadth and said supporting
cross-bars; said distributing pipes serve for supply the aqueous
solution to be partially evaporated on said breadth; an array of
transverse ribs is mounted on the base wall of the horizontal
trough; said transverse ribs form two types of sub-trays; said
first type of said sub-trays serves for collecting the concentrated
aqueous solution and said second type of said sub-trays serves for
collecting of condensate; said side walls of said sub-trays are
provided with openings for drainage of condensate and concentrated
aqueous solution.
8. A solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous solution
accompanied with removal of water vapors and other volatile
substances from said aqueous solution as claimed in claim 7,
wherein there are wicks, which are joined with the breadth at the
places of its maximum deflection.
9. A solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous solution
accompanied with removal of water vapors and other volatile
substances from said aqueous solution as claimed in claim 7,
wherein the sub-trays, of the second type are provided additionally
with inlet connections for supply of chilling water, and the
horizontal trough is provided with an opening for equalizing the
pressure in the lower section of the solar collector with the
ambient pressure.
10. A solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous
solution accompanied with removal of water vapors and other
volatile substances from said aqueous solution, wherein said solar
collector consists of: a horizontal trough, which comprises in turn
a base wall, two opposite sidewalls and two opposite end walls;
glazing covering the aperture of said horizontal trough; a metal
horizontal sheet, which is mounted in said horizontal trough and
divides its internal space into a upper section and a lower
section; the upper side of said metal horizontal sheet is provided
with a selective coating and the lower side of said metal
horizontal sheet is provided with coating with high emittance in
the infrared range of spectrum; said lower section of said
horizontal trough is filled up to a certain level with said aqueous
solution to be partially evaporated; an inlet connection and an
outlet connection are installed in said opposite end walls of said
horizontal trough and serve for supply of the air into the lower
section of the trough and removal of the humidified hot air from
said horizontal trough; a breadth from fabric is pulled by
fastenings between the opposite sidewalls in the lower section of
said solar collector; two distributing pipes are situated above the
longitudinal margins of said breadth; two longitudinal ribs on the
internal side of said base wall form two types of sub-trays; a
central sub-tray, which serves for collecting the concentrated
aqueous solution and two lateral sub-trays, which serve for
collecting condensate; said central and lateral sub-trays are
provided with openings for drainage of concentrated aqueous
solution and condensate.
11. A solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous
solution accompanied with removal of water vapors and other
volatile substances from said aqueous solution as claimed in claim
10, wherein the trough is tilted and there is the sole longitudinal
distributing pipe, which supplying the aqueous solution to be
partially evaporated and concentrated on the upper margin of the
breadth; base wall is provided with one longitudinal rib, which
forms two types of sub-trays; one sub-tray serves for collecting
the concentrated aqueous solution and the second one--for
collecting the condensate; said sub-trays are provided with
openings for drainage of said condensate and said concentrated
aqueous solution.
12. A solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous
solution accompanied with removal of water vapors and other
volatile substances from said aqueous solution as claimed in claim
11, wherein the breadth is placed on the internal surface of the
base wall and there is a sole opening for drainage of said
condensate and said concentrated aqueous solution.
13. A solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous
solution accompanied with removal of water vapors and other
volatile substances from said aqueous solution as claimed in claim
11, wherein the tilted trough is oriented in direction
east-west.
14. A solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous
solution accompanied with removal of water vapors and other
volatile substances from said aqueous solution as claimed in claim
11, wherein a longitudinal tracking reflector is positioned along
the tilted trough.
15. A solar collector designed as it is claimed in claim 1, wherein
said solar collector is intended for water heating.
Description
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH
[0001] Not applicable.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The invention is related to solar collectors intended to
perform technological processes and specifically, to solar
collectors used for concentration by evaporation of aqueous
solutions.
[0003] There are two main systems intended to evaporate an aqueous
solution with usage of solar heating this aqueous solution.
[0004] Open ponds for concentration and crystallization of brines
are widely used in chemical industry. It is a cheap but, at the
same time, very extensive process, which requires large-size ponds.
On the other hand, if the aqueous solution contains volatile
contaminants, then the vapors of these contaminants are entering
immediately into the atmosphere.
[0005] There are some closed systems disclosed in patent
literature, which use combination of heating aqueous solutions by
solar radiation with absorption of obtained vapors by a gas
stream.
[0006] U.S. Pat. No. 4,310,382 "Method of and a device for
vaporizing and recovering water from aqueous solutions" describes
the method of recovering water by vaporizing aqueous solutions;
this method employs a heat pump circuit having a compressor,
condenser, extension valve and evaporator for a heat transfer
medium. The circulation channel for a gas stream which is capable
of absorbing water vapor includes a gas washing station into which
is sprayed the aqueous solution to be vaporized. The gas stream is
guided past the condenser of the heat pump which acts as a heater
and the heated gas is delivered into the gas washing station where
is absorbs water. The water saturated gas stream is fed past the
evaporator which acts as a refrigerating device and the water
contents from the gas stream is condensed on the evaporator and
returned into a galvanizing bath for example.
[0007] U.S. Pat. No. 4,344,824 "Recirculating natural convection
solar still" describes a solar still utilizing recirculating air
driven by natural convection to evaporate pure water from saline
water. The pure water evaporated into the air is removed by a
condenser and the condenser also cools the air thereby causing its
density to increase. The air density difference within the still,
due to temperature differences, causes the air to flow in the
desired pattern. This natural convection may be augmented by a fan
or fans, if desired, to increase the output of the still. The same
air is continuously circulated thereby reducing the thermal losses
that occur when moist air is removed from the still. A
recirculating pump is the only mechanical device required when the
still is in the natural convection mode of operation.
[0008] U.S. Pat. No. 4,853,088 "Solar enhanced separation of
volatile components from a liquid" describes an apparatus for
separating a volatile component from a volatile-containing liquid
to produce a substantially volatile-free liquid; this apparatus
comprising: an inclined enclosure; a volatile-containing liquid
inlet and a volatile-containing stripping gas outlet at an upper
end of said enclosure; a substantially volatile-free liquid outlet
and a stripping gas inlet at a lower end of said enclosure; a
transparent face panel for admitting solar radiation into said
enclosure; a flow plate positioned along an inclined plane within
said enclosure to form a void space between said flow plate and
said face panel, said flow plate having a top surface in liquid
communication with said volatile-containing liquid inlet and said
top surface facing said face panel to directly receive the solar
radiation admitted into said enclosure; convex protrusions spaced
at intervals on said top surface of said flow plate, said
protrusions having a perpendicular orientation relative to the
inclination of said flow plate to agitate liquids flowing down said
top surface of said flow plate; a stripper gas conveying means at
said stripper gas inlet for conveying a stripper gas upwards
through said void space; and a volatile recovery means in fluid
communication with said volatile-containing stripping gas
outlet.
[0009] U.S. Pat. No. 4,363,703 "Thermal gradient
humidification-dehumidification desalination system" describes
solar energy desalination process utilizing solar radiation
directly for the evaporation of salt water. Ambient air takes on
water vapor as the air passes through an evaporative medium. It is
then directed between a saline water-covered, solar absorbing
surface and a solar collecting housing. The resulting heated and
moisture-saturated air is cooled in a heat exchange means where
condensation of fresh water occurs. Simultaneously, cool salt water
is utilized as the cooling water in the heat exchange means, and
takes on the heat of condensation given up by the condensing vapor.
The heated salt water from the heat exchange means is partially
directed over the solar absorbing surface, and at least a portion
of it is also directed to wet the evaporative medium. Several
optional sub-processes are described for operation of the system
during periods of reduced insolation, and an alternative process is
described for operation of the process on a floating platform.
[0010] However, all these patents are not suitable for
concentration by evaporation of aqueous solutions with high degree
of concentration of soluble components. There are some examples
processes that involve such form of concentration: concentration of
diluted desiccants in refrigeration systems of absorbing type;
concentration of natural brines for production of mineral salts as
in Dead Sea Industries; concentration mineralized wastewaters.
[0011] In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 5,195,504 should be noted. It
describes an improved affordable, rugged, but light-weight
box-oven-type solar cooker with the ability to overcome the
recognized prior art limitations, such as: difficulty in achieving
cooking temperatures in morning, evening and winter; restriction in
reflector adjustment; heat loss through glazier cover; the
inability to produce high temperatures in a short period of time
and, more importantly, the inability of heat storage to continue
cooking after sundown. The cooker assembly comprises a
revolutionary round or hemispherical shaped cooking chamber
allowing the maximum amount of sunlight to cover its inner surface,
creating a higher and more even heat distribution for cooking; an
unhinged reflector frame is pivotally mounted by arms to the
housing and can adjust through a 360 degree angle. With this
unlimited mobility the sun's rays can be focused into the cooking
chamber substantially at any angle of the sun's position regardless
of time of day, or geographic location. A glazier frame
accommodates at least three glaziers and disallows much of the heat
loss from the cooking chamber. A first glazier, because of its
close proximity to the chamber, acts as a lid or cover and protects
against further heat loss. An overhead booster reflector may be
added to the reflector frame. The subject assembly may be capable
of heat storage utilizing a heat collecting fluid and allows
cooking to continue during periods of cloud cover and even
hours.
[0012] Therefore, there is an argent need in effective and cheap
solar collectors used for concentration aqueous solutions by their
evaporation.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0013] The invention proposes a solar collector used for
concentration aqueous solutions by their evaporation; the proposed
solar collector is designed as a substantially horizontal trough
with following features:
[0014] the horizontal trough which comprises a base wall, two
sidewalls and two opposite end walls; the horizontal trough is
divided by a metal horizontal sheet into the upper section and the
lower section;
[0015] the upper side of the metal horizontal sheet is provided
with a selective coating and the lower side of this metal
horizontal sheet is provided with coating with high emittance in
the infrared range of spectrum;
[0016] the upper section of the trough is covered with glazing;
[0017] the lower section of the trough is filled up to a certain
level with the aqueous solution to be partially evaporated;
[0018] the first end wall is provided with two inlet connections
for supply of the aqueous solution to be partially evaporated and
the air into the lower section of the trough, wherein the inlet
connection for air supply is arranged above the level of the
aqueous solution in the trough. In the same manner, the second
opposite end wall of the horizontal trough is provided with two
outlet connections for removal of the concentrated aqueous solution
and the humidified hot air from the horizontal trough, wherein the
outlet connection for air supply is arranged above the level of the
aqueous solution in the trough.
[0019] In another version the first end wall is provided with the
inlet connection for supply of the aqueous solution and with the
outlet connection for removal humidified hot air, and the second
end wall is provided with the outlet connection for removal of the
concentrated aqueous solution and the inlet connection for
supplying the air (counter-flow mode).
[0020] It is possible to apply a floating grid from foamed polymer
in order to diminish mixing of the layers of the aqueous solution
caused by interaction between the surface of the aqueous solution
with the flowing air. In such a way, the proposed design of the
solar collector utilizes the optical property of water and aqueous
solution: with shifting electromagnetic radiation from visible
range to infrared range absorption coefficient is increasing in
such degree, that the light penetration depth in water changing
from 10 m to some millimeters and less (see: W. M. Irvine and J. B.
Pollack, "Infrared optical properties of water and ice spheres,"
Icarus, 8, 324-360, 1968). As a result, this solar collector
provides sharp temperature gradient near the upper surface of the
aqueous solution with maximum temperature in the upper layers and
effective evaporation process from these upper layers into the
internal free space of the lower section of the trough.
[0021] In another design of the proposed solar collector
evaporation process of the aqueous solution is executed on a
breadth from fabric; this breadth is pulled by spring-wise elements
or by other fastenings between the opposite end walls in the lower
section of the solar collector.
In order to diminish maximum deflection of the breadth under its
weight; it is possible to install in the lower section of the solar
collector an array of horizontal cross bars, which are support the
breadth.
[0022] Aqueous solution to be partially evaporated and concentrated
is supplied on the breadth from an array of distributing pipes,
which are arranged above the breadth and the supporting cross bars.
Runoff of the concentrated aqueous solution from the breadth occurs
at the place its maximum sagging between the supporting cross bars.
In such a way, the bottom of the solar collector presents a tray
for collecting the concentrated aqueous solution. This bottom can
be divided by an array of transverse ribs, which form two types of
sub-trays; the first one serves for collecting the concentrated
aqueous solution and the second one--for collecting condensate that
is obtained as a result of condensation of water vapors on the
surface of these sub-trays of the second type having a lower
temperature than the temperature of the water vapors in the
internal space of the lower section.
[0023] In another design of the solar collector with the pulled
breadth, condensation of water vapors in the internal space of the
lower section is executed on the flowing cooling water, which is
supplied into the sub-trays of the second type via openings in the
one side and is drained via the openings in the opposite side of
these sub-trays of the second type.
In this case the internal space of the lower section of the solar
collector is provided with an opening for equalizing the pressure
in the lower section of the solar collector with the ambient
pressure.
[0024] In a further design of the invention, the breadth is pulled
in the internal space of the lower section by an array of the
spring-wise elements or by the other fastenings, which are
installed on the opposite sidewalls of the solar collector trough.
There are two distributing pipes in this case; these distributing
pipes are arranged in longitudinal direction and supply aqueous
solution to be concentrated on the lateral areas of the
breadth.
[0025] The bottom of the trough is provided with two longitudinal
ribs forming a central sub-tray and two lateral sub-trays. The
central sub-tray is provided with a drainage opening, which serves
for removal of concentrated aqueous solution, and the lateral
sub-trays are provided with two drainage openings serving to remove
condensate.
[0026] This design of the solar collector with the breadth pulled
in the internal space of the lower section between the opposite
sidewalls of the solar collector trough allows arranging the solar
collector in a tilted position; preferably in the direction of
east-west. In this case the longitudinal rib is shifted to the
lower sidewall of the solar collector trough, and in the same
manner openings for drainage of condensate and the concentrated
aqueous solution are positioned in the vicinity of this
longitudinal rib; the opening for condensate drainage--above the
longitudinal rib and the opening for concentrated solution
drainage--underneath the longitudinal rib. The single longitudinal
distributing pipe is situated above the upper longitudinal edge of
the pulled breadth.
[0027] In another design of the tilted solar collector with the
pulled breadth, condensation of water vapors in the internal space
of the lower section is executed on the flowing cooling water,
which is supplied onto a capillary structure placed on the internal
surface of the base wall; this supply is executed via a
distributing pipe positioned above the upper longitudinal edge of
the capillary structure. Cooling water mixed with condensate is
removed via the opening, which is arranged above the longitudinal
rib.
[0028] In this case the internal space of the lower section of the
solar collector is provided with an opening for equalizing the
pressure in the lower section of the solar collector with the
ambient pressure. The tilted solar collector can be designed
without the pulled breadth with the capillary structure on the
internal surface of the base wall and with a distributing pipe
positioned above the upper longitudinal edge of the capillary
structure.
[0029] The solar collector, which is disclosed in this invention
can be applied for heating water for domestic and industrial
applications.
[0030] In order to boost heating ability of the proposed solar
collector, it is possible to apply a longitudinal reflector, which
is pivotally mounted by an arm in a frame that can rotate itself.
In such a way, combined rotations of the arm and the frame of the
longitudinal reflector allow executing tracking after the sun's
motion with reflecting the solar incident light on the aperture of
the solar collector.
[0031] In the cases of the proposed designs of the tilted solar
collector, the longitudinal reflector can be positioned near its
lower longitudinal edge; the longitudinal reflector performs
tracking rotation around an axis, which is in parallel with the
longitudinal direction of the solar collector trough.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING
[0032] FIG. 1a shows a longitudinal vertical cross-section of a
horizontal solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous
solution.
[0033] FIG. 1b shows a longitudinal vertical cross-section of the
horizontal solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous
solution, when the internal lower space of the solar collector is
provided with a floating grid, which suppresses waving and prevents
mixing of the aqueous solution layers in this lower internal
space.
[0034] FIG. 1c shows a transverse vertical cross-section of the
horizontal solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous
solution.
[0035] FIG. 2 shows a transverse vertical cross-section of the
horizontal solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous
solution and a tracking reflector, which is positioned on the
opposite side with respect to the solar collector and the sun.
[0036] FIG. 3a shows a longitudinal vertical cross-section of the
solar horizontal collector with a breadth pulled between the
opposite end walls in the internal space of its lower section.
[0037] FIG. 3b shows a longitudinal vertical cross-section of the
horizontal solar collector with a breadth pulled between the
opposite end walls in the internal space of its lower section and
wicks joined with the breadth at the places of its maximum
deflection.
[0038] FIG. 3c shows a horizontal cross-section A-A of the
horizontal solar collector of FIG. 3a.
[0039] FIG. 4a shows a transverse vertical cross-section of the
horizontal solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous
solution with the breadth pulled between two sidewall of the solar
collector trough.
[0040] FIG. 4b shows a horizontal cross-section B-B of the solar
collector of FIG. 4a.
[0041] FIG. 5a shows a transverse vertical cross-section of the
tilted solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous
solution with the breadth pulled between two sidewalls of the solar
collector trough.
[0042] FIG. 5b shows a transverse vertical cross-section of the
tilted solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous
solution with the breadth pulled between two sidewalls of the solar
collector trough and a capillary structure on the internal surface
of the base wall.
[0043] FIG. 5c shows a transverse vertical cross-section of the
tilted solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous
solution with the capillary structure on the internal surface of
the base wall.
[0044] FIG. 6 shows a transverse vertical cross-section of the
tilted solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous
solution and a tracking reflector, which is positioned on the same
side with respect to the solar collector as the sun.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0045] FIG. 1a shows a longitudinal vertical cross-section of a
horizontal solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous
solution.
[0046] It comprises a solar collector 100 in a form of a horizontal
trough, which consists of in turn a base wall 101, sidewall 102 and
two opposite end walls 103 and 104; the horizontal trough is
divided by a metal horizontal sheet 105 into the upper section 106
and the lower section 107;
[0047] The upper side of the metal horizontal sheet 105 is provided
with a selective coating 108 and the lower side of this metal
horizontal sheet 105 is provided with coating 109 with high
emittance in the infrared range of spectrum.
The upper section of the horizontal trough 100 is covered with
glazing 110.
[0048] The lower section of the horizontal trough 100 is filled up
to a certain level with the aqueous solution to be partially
evaporated;
[0049] The first end wall 103 is provided with two inlet
connections 111 and 112 for supply the aqueous solution to be
partially evaporated and the air into the lower section of the
trough, wherein the inlet connection 112 for air supply is arranged
above the level of the aqueous solution in the trough.
[0050] In the same manner, the second opposite end wall 104 of the
horizontal trough is provided with two outlet connections 113 and
114 for removal of the concentrated aqueous solution and the
humidified hot air from the horizontal trough, wherein the outlet
connection 114 for air removal is arranged above the level of the
aqueous solution in the trough.
[0051] FIG. 1b shows a longitudinal vertical cross-section of a
horizontal solar collector 140 intended for concentration of
aqueous solution with the same units as in FIG. 1a, when the
internal lower space of the solar collector is provided with a
floating grid 120, which suppresses waving and prevents mixing of
the aqueous solution layers in this lower internal space.
[0052] FIG. 1c shows a transverse vertical cross-section A-A of the
solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous solution. It
comprises the solar collector 100 in the form of a horizontal
trough, which consists of, in turn, the base wall 101, two
sidewalls 102 and the end wall 104; the horizontal trough 100 is
divided by metal horizontal sheet 105 into the upper section 106
and the lower section 107.
[0053] The upper side of the metal horizontal sheet 105 is provided
with a selective coating 108 and the lower side of this metal
horizontal sheet 105 is provided with coating 109 with high
emittance in the infrared range of spectrum.
[0054] The upper section of the horizontal solar collector 100 is
covered with glazing 110.
[0055] The lower section of the horizontal trough 100 is filled up
to a certain level with the aqueous solution to be partially
evaporated. The end wall 103 of the horizontal trough is provided
with two inlet connections 111 and 112 for supply of the
concentrated aqueous solution and the air into the horizontal
trough, wherein the inlet connection 112 for air supply is arranged
above the level of the aqueous solution in the trough.
[0056] FIG. 2 shows the a transverse vertical cross-section of the
solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous solution with
a cross-section of a longitudinal reflector intended to boost
heating ability of the solar collector.
[0057] It comprises the solar collector 100 in the form of a
horizontal trough, which consists of, in turn, the base wall 101,
two sidewalls 102 and the end wall 104; the horizontal solar
collector 100 is divided by metal horizontal sheet 105 into the
upper section 106 and the lower section 107.
[0058] The upper side of the metal horizontal sheet 105 is provided
with a selective coating 108 and the lower side of this metal
horizontal sheet 105 is provided with coating 109 with high
emittance in the infrared range of spectrum.
[0059] The upper section of the horizontal soak collector 100 is
covered with glazing 110.
[0060] The lower section of the horizontal solar collector 100 is
filled up to a certain level with the aqueous solution to be
partially evaporated. The end wall 103 of the horizontal trough is
provided with two inlet connections 111 and 112 for supply of the
concentrated aqueous solution and the air into the horizontal
trough, wherein the inlet connection 112 for air supply is arranged
above the level of the aqueous solution in the trough.
[0061] A longitudinal reflector 205 with its frame is pivotally
mounted by arm 202 on post 201, which, in turn, is mounted on base
208. A first axle 206 and a first tracking mechanism 207 allow
turning arm 202 with respect to post 201, and a second axle 203 and
a second tracking mechanism 204 allow turning the longitudinal
reflector 205 with its frame with respect to arm 202.
[0062] FIG. 3a shows a longitudinal vertical cross-section of the
solar collector with a breadth pulled between the opposite end
walls in the internal space of its lower section.
[0063] It comprises a solar collector 310 in a form of a horizontal
trough, which consists of, in turn, a base wall 101, two sidewalls
102 and two opposite end walls 103 and 104; the horizontal trough
is divided by a metal horizontal sheet 105 into the upper section
106 and the lower section 107.
[0064] The upper side of the metal horizontal sheet 105 is provided
with a selective coating 108 and the lower side of this metal
horizontal sheet 105 is provided with coating 109 with high
emittance in the infrared range of spectrum.
[0065] The upper section of the solar collector 310 is covered with
glazing 110.
[0066] The first end wall 103 is provided with the inlet 112 for
supply the air into the lower section of the trough and the second
opposite end wall 104 of the horizontal trough is provided with the
outlet connection 114 for removal of the humidified hot air from
the horizontal trough.
[0067] Breadth 301 from fabric is pulled by fastenings 303 between
the opposite end walls 103 and 104 in the lower section of the
solar collector.
[0068] An array of horizontal cross bars 302 is installed between
the opposite sidewalls 102.
[0069] Aqueous solution to be partially evaporated and concentrated
is supplying on breadth 301 from an array of distributing pipes
304, which are arranged above the breadth and the supporting cross
bars. The base wall 101 is provided with an array of transverse
ribs 306 which form two types of sub-trays; the sub-tray 311 serve
for collecting the draining concentrated aqueous solution and the
sub-trays 312 serve for collecting condensate that is obtained as a
result of condensation of water vapors on the surface of these
sub-trays 312 of the second type having a lower temperature than
the temperature of the water vapors in the internal space of its
lower section.
[0070] The obtained condensate is drained via openings 307 and the
concentrated aqueous solution is drained via openings 308.
[0071] FIG. 3b shows a longitudinal vertical cross-section of the
solar collector with breadth 301 pulled between the opposite end
walls in the internal space with the same parts as in FIG. 3 and
wicks 305 joined with breadth 301 at the places of its maximum
deflection.
[0072] FIG. 3c shows a horizontal cross-section A-A of the solar
collector of FIG. 3a.
[0073] FIG. 4a shows a transverse vertical cross-section of the
horizontal solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous
solution with the breadth pulled between two sidewalls of the solar
collector trough. It comprises a solar collector 400 in a form of a
horizontal trough, which consists of, in turn, a base wall 101, two
sidewalls 102 and the end wall 103; the horizontal trough is
divided by a metal horizontal sheet 105 into the upper section 106
and the lower section 107.
[0074] The upper side of the metal horizontal sheet 105 is provided
with a selective coating 108 and the lower side of this metal
horizontal sheet 105 is provided with coating 109 with high
emittance in the infrared range of spectrum.
[0075] The upper section of the horizontal solar collector 400 is
covered with glazing 110.
[0076] The end wall 103 is provided with the inlet 403 for supply
the air into the lower section of the trough.
[0077] Breadth 401 from fabric is pulled by fastenings 402 between
the opposite sidewalls 102 in the lower section of the solar
collector. Two distributing pipes 407 are situated above the
longitudinal margins of breadth 401.
[0078] The base wall 101 is provided with two longitudinal ribs
405, which form two types of sub-trays; sub-tray 410 serves for
collecting the draining concentrated aqueous solution and two
sub-trays 411 serve for collecting condensate that is obtained as a
result of condensation of water vapors on the surface of these
sub-trays 411 of the second type having a lower temperature than
the temperature of the water vapors in the internal space of the
lower section.
[0079] The obtained condensate is drained via openings 406 and the
concentrated aqueous solution is drained via openings 404.
[0080] FIG. 4b shows a horizontal cross-section B-B of the solar
collector of FIG. 4a. It comprises the same elements as in FIG. 4a
and, additionally, the end wall 104 is provided with the outlet
connection 114 for removal of the humidified hot air from the
horizontal trough.
[0081] FIG. 5a shows a transverse vertical cross-section of the
tilted solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous
solution with the breadth pulled between two sidewalls of the solar
collector trough. It comprises a solar collector 500 in a form of a
tilted trough, which consists of in turn: a supporting wall 501, a
base wall 101, two sidewalls 102 and the end wall 103; the trough
is divided by a metal sheet 105 into the upper section 106 and the
lower section 107.
[0082] The upper side of the metal sheet 105 is provided with a
selective coating 108 and the lower side of this metal sheet 105 is
provided with coating 109 with high emittance in the infrared range
of spectrum.
[0083] The upper section of the tilted solar collector 500 is
covered with glazing 110.
[0084] The end wall 103 is provided with the inlet 403 for supply
the air into the lower section of the trough.
[0085] Breadth 401 from fabric is pulled by fastenings 402 between
the opposite sidewalls 102 in the lower section of the solar
collector.
[0086] A distributing pipe 503 serves for supply the aqueous
solution to be partially evaporated and concentrated on the
breadth.
[0087] The base wall 101 is provided with one longitudinal rib 505,
which forms two types of sub-trays; the sub-tray 510 serves for
collecting the concentrated aqueous solution and the sub-tray 511
serves for collecting condensate that is obtained as a result of
condensation of water vapors on the surface of this sub-tray 511 of
the second type having a lower temperature than the temperature of
the water vapors in the internal space of the lower section.
[0088] The obtained condensate is drained via opening 506 and the
concentrated aqueous solution is drained via opening 504.
[0089] FIG. 5b shows a transverse vertical cross-section of the
tilted solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous
solution with the breadth pulled between two sidewalls of the solar
collector trough and a porous coating of the internal surface of
the base wall.
[0090] It comprises the same parts as the solar collector in FIG.
5a without the inlet 403 for supply the air into the lower section
of the trough and, additionally, the tilted solar collector
consists of following elements: a capillary structure 508 on the
internal surface of the base wall 101; a distributing pipe 502,
which is positioned above the upper longitudinal edge of the
capillary structure 508 and serves for supply cooling water;
opening 512 for equalizing the pressure in the lower section of the
solar collector with the ambient pressure.
[0091] Opening 506 serves for draining mixture of the cooling water
with obtained condensate.
[0092] FIG. 5c shows a transverse vertical cross-section of the
tilted solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous
solution with the capillary structure on the internal surface of
the base wall.
It comprises the same parts as the solar collector in FIG. 5b
without the distributing pipes 503 and 502, and without breadth 401
and its fastenings 402.
[0093] A distributing pipe 513, which is positioned above the upper
longitudinal edge of the capillary structure 508, serves for supply
of the aqueous solution on this capillary structure 508. The
longitudinal rib 505, opening 506 for draining condensate and the
sub-trays 510 and 511 are cancelled too.
[0094] FIG. 6 shows a transverse vertical cross-section of the
tilted solar collector intended for concentration of aqueous
solution and a tracking reflector, which is positioned on the same
side with respect to the solar collector as the sun.
[0095] It comprises a solar collector 500 in a form of a tilted
trough, which consists of, in turn: a supporting wall 501, a base
wall 101, two sidewalls 102 and the end wall 103; the trough is
divided by a metal sheet 105 into the upper section 106 and the
lower section 107.
[0096] The upper side of the metal sheet 105 is provided with a
selective coating 108 and the lower side of this metal sheet 105 is
provided with coating 109 with high emittance in the infrared range
of spectrum.
[0097] The upper section of the tilted solar collector 500 is
covered with glazing 110.
[0098] The end wall 103 is provided with the inlet 403 for supply
the air into the lower section of the trough.
[0099] Breadth 401 from fabric is pulled by fastenings 402 between
the opposite sidewalls 102 in the lower section of the solar
collector. A distributing pipe 503 serves for supply the aqueous
solution to be partially evaporated and concentrated on the
breadth.
[0100] The base wall 101 is provided with one longitudinal rib 505,
which forms two types of sub-trays; the sub-tray 510 serves for
collecting the concentrated aqueous solution and the sub-tray 511
serves for collecting condensate that is obtained as a result of
condensation of water vapors on the surface of this sub-tray 511 of
the second type having a lower temperature than the temperature of
the water vapors in the internal space of the lower section.
[0101] The obtained condensate is drained via opening 506 and the
concentrated aqueous solution is drained via opening 504.
[0102] A boosting unit 600 comprises base 601 with post 602 mounted
on it and a longitudinal reflector 603, which is pivotally joined
with post 602 through axle 604; a tracking mechanism 605 executes
turning the longitudinal reflector 603 in accordance with the sun
motion.
* * * * *