U.S. patent application number 13/028292 was filed with the patent office on 2011-08-04 for antibodies against protective antigen.
This patent application is currently assigned to Human Genome Sciences, Inc.. Invention is credited to Reiner L. Gentz, Michael W. Laird, Craig A. Rosen.
Application Number | 20110189197 13/028292 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 41137965 |
Filed Date | 2011-08-04 |
United States Patent
Application |
20110189197 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Rosen; Craig A. ; et
al. |
August 4, 2011 |
Antibodies Against Protective Antigen
Abstract
The present invention relates to antibodies and related
molecules that specifically bind to protective antigen of Bacillus
anthracis (PA). Such antibodies have uses, for example, in the
prevention and treatment of anthrax and anthrax toxin poisoning.
The invention also relates to nucleic acid molecules encoding
anti-PA antibodies, vectors and host cells containing these nucleic
acids, and methods for producing the same.
Inventors: |
Rosen; Craig A.; (Pasadena,
MD) ; Laird; Michael W.; (San Ramon, CA) ;
Gentz; Reiner L.; (Belo Horizonte, BR) |
Assignee: |
Human Genome Sciences, Inc.
Rockville
MD
|
Family ID: |
41137965 |
Appl. No.: |
13/028292 |
Filed: |
February 16, 2011 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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12421139 |
Apr 9, 2009 |
7906119 |
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13028292 |
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10602727 |
Jun 25, 2003 |
7601351 |
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12421139 |
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60391162 |
Jun 26, 2002 |
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60468651 |
May 8, 2003 |
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60406339 |
Aug 28, 2002 |
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60417305 |
Oct 10, 2002 |
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60426360 |
Nov 15, 2002 |
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60434807 |
Dec 20, 2002 |
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60438004 |
Jan 6, 2003 |
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60443858 |
Jan 31, 2003 |
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60443781 |
Jan 31, 2003 |
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60454613 |
Mar 17, 2003 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/164.1 ;
435/252.33; 530/387.3; 530/388.4; 530/389.5 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07K 16/00 20130101;
C07K 2317/56 20130101; A61P 31/04 20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/164.1 ;
530/389.5; 530/388.4; 530/387.3; 435/252.33 |
International
Class: |
A61K 39/40 20060101
A61K039/40; C07K 16/12 20060101 C07K016/12; C07K 16/46 20060101
C07K016/46; C12N 1/21 20060101 C12N001/21; A61P 31/04 20060101
A61P031/04 |
Claims
1. An isolated antibody or fragment thereof comprising: (a) an
amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical to a VH domain
of any one of the scFvs of SEQ ID NOS:48-56; (b) an amino acid
sequence that is at least 80% identical to a VL domain of any one
of the scFvs of SEQ ID NOS:48-56; or (c) both (a) and (b); wherein
said antibody or fragment thereof specifically binds protective
antigen (PA).
2. The antibody or fragment thereof of claim 1 wherein the antibody
or fragment thereof is a monoclonal antibody.
3. The antibody or fragment thereof of claim 1 wherein the antibody
or fragment thereof is a human antibody.
4. The antibody or fragment thereof of claim 1 wherein the antibody
or fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a
whole immunoglobulin molecule; (b) an scFv; (c) a chimeric
antibody; (d) a Fab fragment; (e) an F(ab')2; and (f) a disulfide
linked Fv.
5. The antibody or fragment thereof of claim 1 which comprises a
heavy chain immunoglobulin constant domain selected from the group
consisting of: (a) a human IgM constant domain; (b) a human IgG1
constant domain; (c) a human IgG2 constant domain; (d) a human IgG3
constant domain; (e) a human IgG4 constant domain; and (f) a human
IgA constant domain.
6. An isolated cell that produces the antibody or fragment thereof
of claim 1.
7. A method of treatment of anthrax infection or anthrax toxin
poisoning comprising administering to an animal the antibody or
fragment thereof of claim 1.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the animal is a human.
9. The method of claim 7 wherein the treatment is prophylactic.
10. The method of claim 7 wherein the antibody or fragment thereof
is administered in combination with a second antibody or fragment
thereof that specifically binds PA.
11. The method of claim 7 wherein the antibody or fragment thereof
is administered in combination with an anti-anthrax agent.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the anti-anthrax agent is
selected from the group consisting of: (a) a soluble form of the
ATR receptor; (b) a soluble form of the CMG2 receptor; (c) an
anti-ATR antibody; (d) an anti-EF antibody; (e) an anti-LF
antibody; (f) an anthrax vaccine; and (g) a polyvalent form of the
P1 peptide.
13. The method of claim 7 wherein the antibody or fragment thereof
is administered in combination with an antibiotic.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the antibiotic is ciprofloxacin
hydrochloride.
15. The method of claim 13 wherein the antibiotic is
doxycycline.
16. The method of claim 13 wherein the antibiotic is selected from
the group consisting of: (a) penicillin G procaine; (b)
amoxicillan; (c) ofloxacin; and (d) levofloxacin.
17. The method of claim 7 wherein the antibody or fragment thereof
is administered in combination with a member selected from the
group consisting of: (a) a protease inhibitor; (b) an
anti-TNF-alpha antibody; and (c) an anti-IL-1beta antibody.
18. A kit comprising the antibody or fragment thereof of claim 1
and a means for administering said antibody to an animal.
19. The kit of claim 18 wherein the animal is a human.
20. An isolated antibody or fragment thereof comprising: (a) the
amino acid sequence of aVH domain of any one of the scFvs of SEQ ID
NOS:48-56; (b) the amino acid sequence of the VL domain of any one
of the scFvs of SEQ ID NOS:48-56; or (c) both (a) and (b); wherein
said antibody or fragment thereof specifically binds PA.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 12/421,139, filed Apr. 9, 2009, which is a continuation of
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/602,727, filed Jun. 25, 2003
(now U.S. Pat. No. 7,601,351, issued Oct. 13, 2009), which claims
benefit under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.119(e) of U.S. Provisional
Application Nos. 60/391,162, filed Jun. 26, 2002, 60/406,339, filed
Aug. 28, 2002, 60/417,305, filed Oct. 10, 2002, 60/426,360, filed
Nov. 15, 2002, 60/434,807, filed Dec. 20, 2002, 60/438,004, filed
Jan. 6, 2003, 60/443,858 filed Jan. 31, 2003, 60/443,781, filed
Jan. 31, 2003, 60/454,613 filed Mar. 17, 2003, and 60/468,651 filed
May 8, 2003. Each of the aforementioned applications is hereby
incorporated by reference in its entirety.
REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING AS TEXT FILE
[0002] This application refers to a "Sequence Listing" listed
below, which is provided as a text file. The text file contains a
document entitled "PF596P1NC1D1.ST25.txt" (160,776 bytes, created
Jan. 26, 2011), which is incorporated by reference in its
entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The present invention relates to antibodies and related
molecules that specifically bind to the protective antigen (PA) of
Bacillus anthracis. Such antibodies have uses, for example, in the
prevention, detection and treatment of anthrax and/or anthrax
related toxins. The invention also relates to nucleic acid
molecules encoding anti-PA antibodies, vectors and host cells
containing these nucleic acids, and methods for producing the same.
The present invention relates to methods and compositions for
preventing, detecting, diagnosing, treating or ameliorating anthrax
and/or anthrax related toxins, comprising administering to an
animal, preferably a human, an effective amount of one or more
antibodies or fragments or variants thereof, or related molecules,
that specifically bind to PA.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] Bacillus anthracis is a Gram-positive, aerobic, spore
forming bacterium that is responsible for the deadly disease
anthrax. There are three recognized routes of anthrax infection
including cutaneous (through skin), gastrointestinal, and pulmonary
(via inhalation) infection. Of the three ways to contract the
disease, inhalation is the avenue that most frequently leads to the
death of the patient.
[0005] Anthrax secretes a deadly three-component exotoxin which is
comprised of three proteins, lethal factor (LF), edema factor (EF),
and protective antigen (PA). The anthrax toxin is a bipartite toxin
that contains A and B moieties, similar to that of diphtheria toxin
and many clostridial toxins. The LF and EF proteins function as
enzymatic A moieties of the toxin, while the PA protein functions
as the B, or binding, moiety.
[0006] During the process of intoxication, PA binds to its cell
surface receptor, (e.g., anthrax receptor (ATR) and/or capillary
morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2)) and is cleaved at the sequence RKKR
(residues 193-196 of SEQ ID NO:2) by cell surface proteases such as
furin. This cleavage releases a 20 kilodalton fragment of the PA
protein, leaving a 63 kilodalton fragment of the PA protein bound
to the cell surface (PA63). Some cleavage to the PA63 form may be
mediated by serum proteases and occur prior to PA, in this case
PA63, binding to the cell surface. Release of the 20 kilodalton PA
fragment enables the PA63 fragment to multimerize into a heptameric
ring structure and exposes a site on PA63 to which LF and EF bind
with high affinity. The complex is then internalized by
receptor-mediated endocytosis. Acidification of the vesicle causes
conformational changes in the pA63 heptamer that result in
transportation of LF and EF toxins across the endosomal membrane,
after which they are released into the cytosol where they exert
their cytotoxic effects. The edema factor (EF) component of edema
toxin (EF+PA) is a calmodulin dependent adenylate cyclase whose
action upsets cellular water homeostasis mechanisms, thereby
resulting in swelling of infected tissues. The lethal factor (LF)
moiety of lethal toxin (LF+PA) is a zinc metalloproteinase that
inactivates mitogen activated protein kinase kinase in vitro.
Lethal factor induces a hyperinflammatory condition in macrophages
resulting in the production of proinflammatory cytokines including
TNF-alpha and interleukin-1beta, which are responsible for shock
and death of anthrax patients. For more detailed reviews of
Bacillus Anthracis infection and anthrax toxin please see, e.g.,
Critical Reviews in Microbiology (2001) 27:167-200, Medical
Progress (1999) 341:815-826, and Microbes and Infection (1999)
2:131-139, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in
their entireties.
[0007] There is a clear need, therefore, for identification and
characterization of compositions, such as antibodies, that
influence the biological activity of anthrax toxins.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The present invention encompasses antibodies (including
molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of, antibody
fragments or variants thereof) that specifically bind to a PA
polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:2) or polypeptide fragment or variant of
PA.
[0009] The present invention relates to methods and compositions
for preventing, treating or ameliorating anthrax disease and/or
symptoms induced by anthrax related toxins (such as lethal toxin or
edema toxin) comprising administering to an animal, preferably a
human, an effective amount of one or more antibodies or fragments
or variants thereof, or related molecules, that specifically bind
to PA or a fragment or variant thereof. In specific embodiments,
the present invention relates to methods and compositions for
preventing, treating or ameliorating a disease or disorder
associated with PA function, comprising administering to an animal,
preferably a human, an effective amount of one or more antibodies
or fragments or variants thereof, or related molecules, that
specifically bind PA or a fragment or variant thereof.
[0010] In other embodiments, antibodies of the invention have a
bactericidal effect on B. anthracis bacteria. By way of
non-limiting example, antibodies of the invention may activate the
classical complement pathway and/or enhance the activation of the
alternative complement pathway which can lead to killing of
bacterial cells. Alternatively, antibodies of the invention may
opsonize B. anthracis bacteria. Opsonized bacteria then may be a
target for antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicty (ADCC). In
another embodiment, antibodies of the invention may catalyze the
generation of hydrogen peroxide from singlet molecular oxygen and
water which chemical reaction results in the efficient killing of
bacteria.
[0011] In specific embodiments, antibodies of the invention are
administered in combination with other therapeutics or
prophylactics such as a soluble form of an anthrax receptor (e.g.,
SEQ ID NO:3, described in Nature (2002) 414:225-229 (which is
hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), e.g., a
polypeptide comprising amino acids 1-227 or 41-227 of SEQ ID NO:3)
or a soluble form of the CMG2 receptor (SEQ ID NO:42, described in
Scobie et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
(2003) 100:5170-5174 which is hereby incorporated by reference in
its entirety, e.g., a polypeptide comprising amino acids 33-318 of
SEQ ID NO:42). Other therapeutics or prophylactics that may be
administered in combination with an antibody of the present
invention include mutant forms of PA such as the EF/LF
translocation deficient forms of PA described in International
Publication Number WO01/82788 and in Science (2001) 292:695-697,
both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their
entireties. Other therapeutics or prophylactics that may be
administered in combination with an antibody of the present
invention include peptide inhibitors that block LF binding to PA
such as the P1 peptide, or its polyvalent form described in Nature
Biotechnology (2002) 19:958-961 which is hereby incorporated by
reference in its entirety. Still other therapeutics or
prophylactics that may be administered in combination with an
antibody of the present invention include, but are not limited to
antibiotics, anthrax vaccines, antibodies immunoreactive with LF,
EF or other protein moieties of Bacillus anthracis.
[0012] Another embodiment of the present invention includes the use
of the antibodies of the invention as a diagnostic tool to monitor
the presence of PA.
[0013] Single chain Fv's (scFvs) that specifically bind PA
polypeptide (SEQ ID NOS:48-65) have been identified. Thus, the
invention encompasses these scFvs, listed in Table 1. In addition,
the invention encompasses cell lines engineered to express
antibodies corresponding to these scFvs which are deposited with
the American Type Culture Collection ("ATCC.TM.") as of the dates
listed in Table 1 and given the ATCC.TM. Deposit Numbers identified
in Table 1. The ATCC.TM. is located at 10801 University Boulevard,
Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, USA. The ATCC.TM. deposit was made
pursuant to the terms of the Budapest Treaty on the International
Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for Purposes of Patent
Procedure.
[0014] Further, the present invention encompasses the
polynucleotides encoding the scFvs, as well as the amino acid
sequences encoding the scFvs. Molecules comprising, or
alternatively consisting of, fragments or variants of these scFvs
(e.g., VH domains, VH CDRs, VL domains, or VL CDRs having an amino
acid sequence of the corresponding region of the recombinant
antibody expressed by a cell line contained in an ATCC.TM. Deposit
referred to in Table 1), that specifically bind to PA or fragments
or variants thereof are also encompassed by the invention, as are
nucleic acid molecules that encode these antibodies and/or
molecules. In specific embodiments, the present invention
encompasses antibodies, or fragments or variants thereof, that bind
to an epitope that comprises the RKKR sequence of amino acid
residues 193 to 196 of SEQ ID NO:2). In other embodiments, the
antibodies of the invention bind an epitope of PA and occlude
access of proteases to the RKKR cleavage site of PA (amino acid
residues 193 to 196 of SEQ ID NO:2). In other embodiments,
antibodies of the invention neutralize the ability of PA to bind to
a cellular anthrax receptor, e.g., ATR (SEQ ID NO:3) or CMG2 (SEQ
ID NO:42). In other embodiments, antibodies of the invention
neutralize the ability of the PA (particularly the PA63 form of PA)
to form oligomers, and more specifically to form heptamers. And in
still other embodiments, antibodies of the invention neutralize the
ability of PA (particularly the PA63 form of PA) to bind to either
EF or LF (SEQ ID NOs:4 or 5, respectively).
[0015] The present invention also provides anti-PA antibodies that
are coupled to a detectable label, such as an enzyme, a fluorescent
label, a luminescent label, or a bioluminescent label. The present
invention also provides anti-PA antibodies that are coupled to a
therapeutic or cytotoxic agent. The present invention also provides
anti-PA antibodies that which are coupled, directly or indirectly,
to a radioactive material.
[0016] In further embodiments, the antibodies of the invention have
a dissociation constant (K.sub.D) of 10.sup.-7 M or less. In
preferred embodiments, the antibodies of the invention have a
dissociation constant (K.sub.D) of 10.sup.-9 M or less.
[0017] In further embodiments, antibodies of the invention have an
off rate (k.sub.off) of 10.sup.-3/sec or less. In preferred
embodiments, antibodies of the invention have an off rate
(k.sub.off) of 10.sup.-4/sec or less. In other preferred
embodiments, antibodies of the invention have an off rate
(k.sub.off) of 10.sup.-5/sec or less.
[0018] The present invention also provides panels of antibodies
(including molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of,
antibody fragments or variants) wherein the panel members
correspond to one, two, three, four, five, ten, fifteen, twenty, or
more different antibodies of the invention (e.g., whole antibodies,
Fabs, F(ab').sub.2 fragments, Fd fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs
(scFvs), anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, and scFvs). The
present invention further provides mixtures of antibodies, wherein
the mixture corresponds to one, two, three, four, five, ten,
fifteen, twenty, or more different antibodies of the invention
(e.g., whole antibodies, Fabs, F(ab').sub.2 fragments, Fd
fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFvs), anti-idiotypic (anti-Id)
antibodies, and scFvs)). The present invention also provides for
compositions comprising, or alternatively consisting of, one, two,
three, four, five, ten, fifteen, twenty, or more antibodies of the
present invention (including molecules comprising, or alternatively
consisting of, antibody fragments or variants thereof). A
composition of the invention may comprise, or alternatively consist
of, one, two, three, four, five, ten, fifteen, twenty, or more
amino acid sequences of one or more antibodies or fragments or
variants thereof. Alternatively, a composition of the invention may
comprise, or alternatively consist of, nucleic acid molecules
encoding one or more antibodies of the invention.
[0019] The present invention also provides for fusion proteins
comprising an antibody (including molecules comprising, or
alternatively consisting of, antibody fragments or variants
thereof) of the invention, and a heterologous polypeptide (i.e., a
polypeptide unrelated to an antibody or antibody domain). Nucleic
acid molecules encoding these fusion proteins are also encompassed
by the invention. A composition of the present invention may
comprise, or alternatively consist of, one, two, three, four, five,
ten, fifteen, twenty or more fusion proteins of the invention.
Alternatively, a composition of the invention may comprise, or
alternatively consist of, nucleic acid molecules encoding one, two,
three, four, five, ten, fifteen, twenty or more fusion proteins of
the invention.
[0020] The present invention also provides for a nucleic acid
molecule(s), generally isolated, encoding an antibody (including
molecules, such as scFvs, VH domains, or VL domains, that comprise,
or alternatively consist of, an antibody fragment or variant
thereof) of the invention. The present invention also provides a
host cell transformed with a nucleic acid molecule of the invention
and progeny thereof. The present invention also provides a method
for the production of an antibody (including a molecule comprising,
or alternatively consisting of, an antibody fragment or variant
thereof) of the invention. The present invention further provides a
method of expressing an antibody (including a molecule comprising,
or alternatively consisting of, an antibody fragment or variant
thereof) of the invention from a nucleic acid molecule. These and
other aspects of the invention are described in further detail
below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0021] FIG. 1 illustrates the ability of antibodies PWD0283 and
PWD0587 to inhibit the binding of biotinylated PA to ATR.
[0022] FIG. 2 graphically depicts the binding of biotinylated-PA to
CHO-K1 cells, J744.A murine macrophages, and human macrophages as
determined by flow cytometry. The solid line depicts biotinylated
--PA binding to cells; the dashed line depicts the background
level.
[0023] FIG. 3 illustrates the ability of two antibodies PWD0283 and
PWD0587 to inhibit pore formation by PA protein using the assay
described in Example 5.
[0024] FIG. 4 illustrates the ability of antibodies PWD0283 and
PWD0587 to inhibit lethal toxin (LT)-mediated cell killing. Data
are presented as mean.+-.SD absorbance at 490 nm.
[0025] FIG. 5 illustrates the effect of prophylactic intravenous
administration of PWD0283 and PWD0587 60 minutes prior to exposure
of male Fisher 344 rats to Lethal Toxin. CAT002 is an
isotype-matched (IgG1) negative control antibody. A single
intravenous injection of PWD0283 or PWD0587 60 minutes prior to
injection of lethal toxin provided 100% survival at 24 hours with
no apparent ill effects. In contrast, a single injection of the
negative control mAb, CAT002, provided no protection with 0%
survival and an average TTM of 100 minutes. Vehicle or no study
agent also provided no protection with 0% survival and an average
TTM of 99 minutes and 91 minutes, respectively.
[0026] FIG. 6 shows the 14 day survival curves of the New Zealand
White Rabbits (n=12) that received:
[0027] a) no treatment (vehicle) two days prior to;
[0028] b) prophylactic treatment (1, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg sc) two
days prior to; or
[0029] c) therapeutic treatment (40 mg/kg iv) within 1 hour
after
challenge via aerosol inhalation of approximately
195.times.LD.sub.50, of B. anthracis spores. Experimental details
are described more fully in Example 11. Statistical p-values were
obtained from a 2-sided log-rank test. The p-values for the
comparison among all groups are <0.0001, regardless of inclusion
or exclusion of the 40 mg/kg iv group in the analysis. The p-values
marked in the graph are for the comparison versus the vehicle
control group.
[0030] FIG. 7 shows the 28 day survival curves of cynomolgus
monkeys (n=10 per group) that received no treatment (vehicle) or
prophylactic treatment via subcutaneous administration of anti-PA
monoclonal antibody PWD0587 (10, 20 or 40 mg/kg), two days prior to
challenge via aerosol inhalation of approximately
186.times.LD.sub.50, of B. anthracis spores. Experimental details
are described more fully in Example 12. Statistical p-values were
obtained from a 2-sided log-rank test. The P values for the
comparison among all groups are <0.0001. The P values marked in
the graph are for the comparison versus the vehicle control
group.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Definitions
[0031] The term "antibody," as used herein, refers to
immunoglobulin molecules and immunologically active portions of
immunoglobulin molecules, i.e., molecules that contain an antigen
binding site that specifically binds an antigen. As such, the term
antibody encompasses not only whole antibody molecules, but also
antibody multimers and antibody fragments, as well as variants
(including derivatives) of antibodies, antibody multimers and
antibody fragments. Examples of molecules which are described by
the term "antibody" herein include, but are not limited to: single
chain Fvs (scFvs), Fab fragments, Fab' fragments, F(ab').sub.2,
disulfide linked Fvs (sdFvs), Fvs, and fragments comprising or
alternatively consisting of, either a VL or a VH domain. The term
"single chain Fv" or "scFv" as used herein refers to a polypeptide
comprising a VL domain of antibody linked to a VH domain of an
antibody.
[0032] Antibodies of the invention include, but are not limited to,
monoclonal, multispecific, human or chimeric antibodies, single
chain antibodies, Fab fragments, F(ab') fragments, anti-idiotypic
(anti-Id) antibodies (including, e.g., anti-Id antibodies to
antibodies of the invention), intracellularly-made antibodies
(i.e., intrabodies), and epitope-binding fragments of any of the
above. The immunoglobulin molecules of the invention can be of any
type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA and IgY), class (e.g.,
IgG.sub.1, IgG.sub.2, IgG.sub.3, IgG.sub.4, IgA.sub.1 and
IgA.sub.2) or subclass of immunoglobulin molecule. Preferably, an
antibody of the invention comprises, or alternatively consists of,
a VH domain, VH CDR, VL domain, or VL CDR having an amino acid
sequence of any one of the cell lines in the ATCC.TM. Deposits
referred, to referred to in Table 1, or a fragment or variant
thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the immunoglobulin is an IgG1
isotype. In another preferred embodiment, the immunoglobulin is an
IgG4 isotype. Immunoglobulins may have both a heavy and light
chain. An array of IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgY heavy chains
may be paired with a light chain of the kappa or lambda forms.
Antibodies of the invention may also include multimeric forms of
antibodies. For example, antibodies of the invention may take the
form of antibody dimers, trimers, or higher-order multimers of
monomeric immunoglobulin molecules. Dimers of whole immunoglobulin
molecules or of F(ab')2 fragments are tetravalent, whereas dimers
of Fab fragments or scFv molecules are bivalent. Individual
monomers withon an antibody multimer may be identical or different,
i.e., they may be heteromeric or homomeric antibody multimers. For
example, individual antibodies within a multimer may have the same
or different binding specificities.
[0033] Multimerization of antibodies may be accomplished through
natural aggregation of antibodies or through chemical or
recombinant linking techniques known in the art. For example, some
percentage of purified antibody preparations (e.g., purified IgG1
molecules) spontaneously form protein aggregates containing
antibody homodimers, and other higher-order antibody multimers.
Alternatively, antibody homodimers may be formed through chemical
linkage techniques known in the art. For example,
heterobifunctional crosslinking agents including, but not limited
to, SMCC [succinimidyl
4-(maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate] and SATA
[N-succinimidyl S-acethylthio-acetate] (available, for example,
from Pierce Biotechnology, Inc. (Rockford, Ill.)) can be used to
form antibody multimers. An exemplary protocol for the formation of
antibody homodimers is given in Ghetie et al., Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences USA (1997) 94:7509-7514, which is
hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Antibody
homodimers can be converted to Fab'2 homodimers through digestion
with pepsin. Another way to form antibody homodimers is through the
use of the autophilic T15 peptide described in Zhao and Kohler, The
Journal of Immunology (2002) 25:396-404, which is hereby
incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0034] Alternatively, antibodies can be made to multimerize through
recombinant DNA techniques. IgM and IgA naturally form antibody
multimers through the interaction with the mature J chain
polypeptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO:44). Non-IgA or non-IgM molecules,
such as IgG molecules, can be engineered to contain the J chain
interaction domain of IgA or IgM, thereby conferring the ability to
form higher order multimers on the non-IgA or non-IgM molecules.
(see, for example, Chintalacharuvu et al., (2001) Clinical
Immunology 101:21-31. and Frigerio et al., (2000) Plant Physiology
123:1483-94., both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in
their entireties.) IgA dimers are naturally secreted into the lumen
of mucosa-lined organs. This secretion is mediated through
interaction of the J chain with the polymeric IgA receptor (pIgR)
on epithelial cells. If secretion of an IgA form of an antibody (or
of an antibody engineered to contain a J chain interaction domain)
is not desired, it can be greatly reduced by expressing the
antibody molecule in association with a mutant J chain that does
not interact well with pIgR (e.g., SEQ ID NOS:45-47; Johansen et
al., The Journal of Immunology (2001) 167:5185-5192 which is hereby
incorporated by reference in its entirety). Expression of an
antibody with one of these mutant J chains will reduce its ability
to bind to the polymeric IgA receptor on epithelial cells, thereby
reducing transport of the antibody across the epithelial cell and
its resultant secretion into the lumen of mucosa lined organs. ScFv
dimers can also be formed through recombinant techniques known in
the art; an example of the construction of scFv dimers is given in
Goel et al., (2000) Cancer Research 60:6964-6971 which is hereby
incorporated by reference in its entirety. Antibody multimers may
be purified using any suitable method known in the art, including,
but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography.
[0035] By "isolated antibody" is intended an antibody removed from
its native environment. Thus, an antibody produced by, purified
from and/or contained within a hybridoma and/or a recombinant host
cell is considered isolated for purposes of the present
invention.
[0036] Unless otherwise defined in the specification, specific
binding by an antibody to PA means that an antibody binds PA but
does not significantly bind to (i.e., cross react with) proteins
other than PA, such as other proteins in the same family of
proteins). An antibody that binds PA protein and does not
cross-react with other proteins is not necessarily an antibody that
does not bind said other proteins in all conditions; rather, the
PA-specific antibody of the invention preferentially binds PA
compared to its ability to bind said other proteins such that it
will be suitable for use in at least one type of assay or
treatment, i.e., give low background levels or result in no
unreasonable adverse effects in treatment. It is well known that
the portion of a protein bound by an antibody is known as the
epitope. An epitope may either be linear (i.e., comprised of
sequential amino acids residues in a protein sequences) or
conformational (i.e., comprised of one or more amino acid residues
that are not contiguous in the primary structure of the protein but
that are brought together by the secondary, tertiary or quaternary
structure of a protein). Given that PA-specific antibodies bind to
epitopes of PA, an antibody that specifically binds PA may or may
not bind fragments of PA and/or variants of PA (e.g., proteins that
are at least 90% identical to PA) depending on the presence or
absence of the epitope bound by a given PA-specific antibody in the
PA fragment or variant. Likewise, PA-specific antibodies of the
invention may bind species orthologues of PA (including fragments
thereof) depending on the presence or absence of the epitope
recognized by the antibody in the orthologue. Additionally,
PA-specific antibodies of the invention may bind modified forms of
PA, for example, PA fusion proteins. In such a case when antibodies
of the invention bind PA fusion proteins, the antibody must make
binding contact with the PA moiety of the fusion protein in order
for the binding to be specific. Antibodies that specifically bind
to PA can be identified, for example, by immunoassays or other
techniques known to those of skill in the art, e.g., the
immunoassays described in the Examples below.
[0037] Antibodies of the invention may also include multimeric
forms of antibodies. For example, antibodies of the invention may
take the form of antibody dimers, trimers, or higher-order
multimers of monomeric immunoglobulin molecules. Dimers of whole
immunoglobulin molecules or of F(ab').sub.2 fragments are
tetravalent, whereas dimers of Fab fragments or scFv molecules are
bivalent. Individual monomers within an antibody multimer may be
identical or different, i.e., they may be heteromeric or homomeric
antibody multimers. For example, individual antibodies within a
multimer may have the same or different binding specificities.
Multimerization of antibodies may be accomplished through natural
aggregation of antibodies or through chemical or recombinant
linking techniques known in the art. For example, some percentage
of purified antibody preparations (e.g., purified IgG1 molecules)
spontaneously form protein aggregates containing antibody
homodimers, and other higher-order antibody multimers.
Alternatively, antibody homodimers may be formed through chemical
linkage techniques known in the art. For example,
heterobifunctional crosslinking agents including, but not limited
to, SMCC [succinimidyl
4-(maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate] and SATA
[N-succinimidyl S-acethylthio-acetate] (available, for example,
from Pierce Biotechnology, Inc. (Rockford, Ill.)) can be used to
form antibody multimers. An exemplary protocol for the formation of
antibody homodimers is given in Ghetie et al., Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences USA (1997) 94:7509-7514, which is
hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Antibody
homodimers can be converted to Fab'2 homodimers through digestion
with pepsin. Alternatively, antibodies can be made to multimerize
through recombinant DNA techniques. IgM and IgA naturally form
antibody multimers through the interaction with the J chain
polypeptide. Non-IgA or non-IgM molecules, such as IgG molecules,
can be engineered to contain the J chain interaction domain of IgA
or IgM, thereby conferring the ability to form higher order
multimers on the non-IgA or non-IgM molecules. (see, for example,
Chintalacharuvu et al., (2001) Clinical Immunology 101:21-31 and
Frigerio et al., (2000) Plant Physiology 123:1483-94, both of which
are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.) ScFv
dimers can also be formed through recombinant techniques known in
the art; an example of the construction of scFv dimers is given in
Goel et al., (2000) Cancer Research 60:6964-6971, which is hereby
incorporated by reference in its entirety. Antibody multimers may
be purified using any suitable method known in the art, including,
but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography.
[0038] The term "variant" as used herein refers to a polypeptide
that possesses a similar or identical amino acid sequence as a PA
polypeptide, a fragment of a PA polypeptide, an anti-PA antibody or
antibody fragment thereof. A variant having a similar amino acid
sequence refers to a polypeptide that satisfies at least one of the
following: (a) a polypeptide comprising, or alternatively
consisting of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 30%, at
least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%,
at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least
80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% or at least 99%
identical to the amino acid sequence of PA polypeptide (SEQ ID
NO:2), a fragment of a PA polypeptide, an anti-PA antibody or
antibody fragment thereof (including a VH domain, VHCDR, VL domain,
or VLCDR having an amino acid sequence of any one or more scFvs or
recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines in the ATCC.TM.
Deposits referred to in Table 1) described herein; (b) a
polypeptide encoded by a nucleotide sequence, the complementary
sequence of which hybridizes under stringent conditions to a
nucleotide sequence encoding PA (SEQ ID NO:2), a fragment of a PA
polypeptide, an anti-PA antibody or antibody fragment thereof
(including a VH domain, VHCDR, VL domain, or VLCDR having an amino
acid sequence of any one of the scFvs referred to in Table 1),
described herein, of at least 5 amino acid residues, at least 10
amino acid residues, at least 15 amino acid residues, at least 20
amino acid residues, at least 25 amino acid residues, at least 30
amino acid residues, at least 40 amino acid residues, at least 50
amino acid residues, at least 60 amino residues, at least 70 amino
acid residues, at least 80 amino acid residues, at least 90 amino
acid residues, at least 100 amino acid residues, at least 125 amino
acid residues, or at least 150 amino acid residues; and (c) a
polypeptide encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is at least 30%,
at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least
55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at
least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% or at least
99%, identical to the nucleotide sequence encoding a PA
polypeptide, a fragment of a PA polypeptide, an anti-PA antibody or
antibody fragment thereof (including a VH domain, VHCDR, VL domain,
or VLCDR having an amino acid sequence of any one or more scFvs or
recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines in the ATCC.TM.
Deposits referred to in Table 1), described herein. A polypeptide
with similar structure to a PA polypeptide, a fragment of a PA
polypeptide, an anti-PA antibody or antibody fragment thereof,
described herein refers to a polypeptide that has a similar
secondary, tertiary or quaternary structure of a PA polypeptide, a
fragment of a PA polypeptide, an anti-PA antibody, or antibody
fragment thereof, described herein. The structure of a polypeptide
can determined by methods known to those skilled in the art,
including but not limited to, X-ray crystallography, nuclear
magnetic resonance, and crystallographic electron microscopy.
Preferably, a variant PA polypeptide, a variant fragment of a PA
polypeptide, or a variant anti-PA antibody and/or antibody fragment
possesses similar or identical function and/or structure as the
reference PA polypeptide, the reference fragment of a PA
polypeptide, or the reference anti-PA antibody and/or antibody
fragment, respectively.
[0039] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid
sequences or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are
aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be
introduced in the sequence of a first amino acid or nucleic acid
sequence for optimal alignment with a second amino acid or nucleic
acid sequence). The amino acid residues or nucleotides at
corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then
compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the
same amino acid residue or nucleotide at the corresponding position
in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that
position. The percent identity between the two sequences is a
function of the number of identical positions shared by the
sequences (i.e., % identity=number of identical overlapping
positions/total number of positions .times.100%). In one
embodiment, the two sequences are the same length.
[0040] The determination of percent identity between two sequences
can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm known to those
of skill in the art. An example of a mathematical algorithm for
comparing two sequences is the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2264-2268 (1990), modified as in
Karlin and Altschul Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-5877 (1993).
The BLASTn and BLASTx programs of Altschul, et al. J. Mol. Biol.
215:403-410 (1990) have incorporated such an algorithm. BLAST
nucleotide searches can be performed with the BLASTn program
(score=100, wordlength=12) to obtain nucleotide sequences
homologous to a nucleic acid molecules of the invention. BLAST
protein searches can be performed with the BLASTx program
(score=50, wordlength=3) to obtain amino acid sequences homologous
to a protein molecules of the invention. To obtain gapped
alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can be utilized as
described in Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3589-3402
(1997). Alternatively, PSI-BLAST can be used to perform an iterated
search which detects distant relationships between molecules (Id.).
When utilizing BLAST, Gapped BLAST, and PSI-BLAST programs, the
default parameters of the respective programs (e.g., BLASTx and
BLASTn) can be used.
[0041] Another example of a mathematical algorithm utilized for the
comparison of sequences is the algorithm of Myers and Miller,
CABIOS (1989). The ALIGN program (version 2.0) which is part of the
GCG sequence alignment software package has incorporated such an
algorithm. Other algorithms for sequence analysis known in the art
include ADVANCE and ADAM as described in Torellis and Robotti
Comput. Appl. Biosci., 10:3-5 (1994); and FASTA described in
Pearson and Lipman Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85:2444-8 (1988). Within
FASTA, ktup is a control option that sets the sensitivity and speed
of the search.
[0042] The term "derivative" as used herein, refers to a variant
polypeptide of the invention that comprises, or alternatively
consists of, an amino acid sequence of a PA polypeptide, a fragment
of a PA polypeptide, or an antibody of the invention that
specifically binds to a PA polypeptide, which has been altered by
the introduction of amino acid residue substitutions, deletions or
additions. The term "derivative" as used herein also refers to a PA
polypeptide, a fragment of a PA polypeptide, an antibody that
specifically binds to a PA polypeptide which has been modified,
e.g., by the covalent attachment of any type of molecule to the
polypeptide. For example, but not by way of limitation, a PA
polypeptide, a fragment of a PA polypeptide, or an anti-PA
antibody, may be modified, e.g., by glycosylation, acetylation,
pegylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known
protecting/blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, linkage to a
cellular ligand or other protein, etc. A derivative of a PA
polypeptide, a fragment of a PA polypeptide, or an anti-PA
antibody, may be modified by chemical modifications using
techniques known to those of skill in the art, including, but not
limited to, specific chemical cleavage, acetylation, formylation,
metabolic synthesis of tunicamycin, etc. Further, a derivative of a
PA polypeptide, a fragment of a PA polypeptide, or an anti-PA
antibody, may contain one or more non-classical amino acids. A
polypeptide derivative possesses a similar or identical function as
a PA polypeptide, a fragment of a PA polypeptide, or an anti-PA
antibody, described herein.
[0043] The term "fragment" as used herein refers to a polypeptide
comprising an amino acid sequence of at least 5 amino acid
residues, at least 10 amino acid residues, at least 15 amino acid
residues, at least 20 amino acid residues, at least 25 amino acid
residues, at least 30 amino acid residues, at least 35 amino acid
residues, at least 40 amino acid residues, at least 45 amino acid
residues, at least 50 amino acid residues, at least 60 amino
residues, at least 70 amino acid residues, at least 80 amino acid
residues, at least 90 amino acid residues, at least 100 amino acid
residues, at least 125 amino acid residues, at least 150 amino acid
residues, at least 175 amino acid residues, at least 200 amino acid
residues, or at least 250 amino acid residues, of the amino acid
sequence of PA, or an anti-PA antibody (including molecules such as
scFv's, that comprise, or alternatively consist of, antibody
fragments or variants thereof) that specifically binds to PA.
[0044] The term "host cell" as used herein refers to the particular
subject cell transfected with a nucleic acid molecule and the
progeny or potential progeny of such a cell. Progeny may not be
identical to the parent cell transfected with the nucleic acid
molecule due to mutations or environmental influences that may
occur in succeeding generations or integration of the nucleic acid
molecule into the host cell genome.
[0045] Antibodies of the present invention are preferably provided
in an isolated form, and preferably are substantially purified. By
"isolated" is intended an antibody removed from its native
environment. Thus, for example, an antibody produced and/or
contained within a recombinant host cell is considered isolated for
purposes of the present invention.
Antibody Structure
[0046] The basic antibody structural unit is known to comprise a
tetramer. Each tetramer is composed of two identical pairs of
polypeptide chains, each pair having one "light" (about 25
kilodalton) and one "heavy" chain (about 50-70 kilodalton). The
amino-terminal portion of each chain includes a variable region of
about 100 to 110 or more amino acids primarily responsible for
antigen recognition. Herein the terms "heavy chain" and "light
chain" refer to the heavy and light chains of an antibody unless
otherwise specified. The carboxy-terminal portion of each chain
defines a constant region primarily responsible for effector
function. Human light chains are classified as kappa and lambda
light chains. Heavy chains are classified as mu, delta, gamma,
alpha, or epsilon, and define the antibody's isotype as IgM, IgD,
IgG, IgA, and IgE, respectively. See generally, Fundamental
Immunology Ch. 7 (Paul, W., ed., 2nd ed. Raven Press, N.Y. (1989))
(incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes). The
variable regions of each light/heavy chain pair form the antibody
binding site.
[0047] Thus, an intact IgG antibody has two binding sites. Except
in bifunctional or bispecific antibodies, the two binding sites are
the same.
[0048] The chains all exhibit the same general structure of
relatively conserved framework regions (FR) joined by three hyper
variable regions, also called complementarity determining regions
or CDRs. The CDRs from the heavy and the light chains of each pair
are aligned by the framework regions, enabling binding to a
specific epitope. From N-terminal to C-terminal, both light and
heavy chains comprise the domains FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3
and FR4. The assignment of amino acids to each domain is in
accordance with the definitions of Kabat Sequences of Proteins of
Immunological Interest (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
Md. (1987 and 1991)), or Chothia & Lesk, J. Mol. Biol.
196:901-917 (1987); Chothia et al., Nature 342:878-883 (1989).
[0049] A bispecific or bifunctional antibody is an artificial
hybrid antibody having two different heavy/light chain pairs and
two different binding sites. Bispecific antibodies can be produced
by a variety of methods including fusion of hybridomas or linking
of Fab' fragments. See, e.g., Songsivilai & Lachmann Clin. Exp.
Immunol. 79: 315-321 (1990), Kostelny et al. J Immunol. 148:1547
1553 (1992). In addition, bispecific antibodies may be formed as
"diabodies" (Holliger et al. "`Diabodies': small bivalent and
bispecific antibody fragments" PNAS USA 90:6444-6448 (1993)) or
"Janusins" (Traunecker et al. "Bispecific single chain molecules
(Janusins) target cytotoxic lymphocytes on HIV infected cells" EMBO
J. 10:3655-3659 (1991) and Traunecker et al. "Janusin: new
molecular design for bispecific reagents" Int J Cancer Suppl
7:51-52 (1992)).
[0050] Production of bispecific antibodies can be a relatively
labor intensive process compared with production of conventional
antibodies and yields and degree of purity are generally lower for
bispecific antibodies. Bispecific antibodies do not exist in the
form of fragments having a single binding site (e.g., Fab, Fab',
and Fv).
Anti-PA Antibodies
[0051] Using phage display technology, single chain antibody
molecules ("scFvs") that specifically bind to PA (or fragments or
variants thereof) have been identified (Example 1). Molecules
comprising, or alternatively consisting of, fragments or variants
of these scFvs (e.g., VH domains, VH CDRs, VL domains, or VL CDRs
having an amino acid sequence of the corresponding region of the
antibody expressed by a cell line contained in an ATCC.TM. Deposit
referred to in Table 1), that specifically bind to PA (or fragments
or variants thereof) are also encompassed by the invention, as are
nucleic acid molecules that encode these scFvs, and/or
molecules.
[0052] In particular, the invention relates to scFvs comprising, or
alternatively consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from
the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 48-56, preferably SEQ ID NOs:50
and 53 as referred to in Table 1 below. Molecules comprising, or
alternatively consisting of, fragments or variants of these scFvs
(e.g., VH domains, VH CDRs, VL domains, or VL CDRs having an amino
acid sequence of any one of those referred to in Table 1), that
specifically bind to PA are also encompassed by the invention, as
are nucleic acid molecules that encode these scFvs, and/or
molecules (e.g., SEQ ID NOs:57-65).
[0053] The present invention provides antibodies (including
molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of, antibody
fragments or variants thereof) that specifically bind to a
polypeptide or a polypeptide fragment of PA. In particular, the
invention provides antibodies corresponding to the scFvs referred
to in Table 1. Such scFvs may routinely be "converted" to
immunoglobulin molecules by inserting, for example, the nucleotide
sequences encoding the VH and/or VL domains of the scFv into an
expression vector containing the constant domain sequences and
engineered to direct the expression of the immunoglobulin molecule,
as described in more detail in Example 6 below.
[0054] NS0 cell lines that express IgG1 antibodies that comprise
the VH and VL domains of scFvs of the invention have been deposited
with the American Type Culture Collection ("ATCC.TM.") on the dates
listed in Table 1 and given the ATCC.TM. Deposit Numbers identified
in Table 1. The ATCC.TM. is located at 10801 University Boulevard,
Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, USA. The ATCC.TM. deposit was made
pursuant to the terms of the Budapest Treaty on the international
recognition of the deposit of microorganisms for purposes of patent
procedure.
[0055] Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention provides
antibodies that comprise the VH and VL domains of scFvs of the
invention.
[0056] In a preferred embodiment, an antibody of the invention is
the antibody expressed by cell line NSO PA 2973 (PWD0587) #240-22
(See Table 1).
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Anti-PA scFvs scFv scFv protein DNA AAs of
AAs of AAs of AAs of AAs of AAs Cell Line ATCC .TM. ATCC .TM. SEQ
ID SEQ ID VH VH VH VH VL AAs of AAs of of VL Expressing Deposit
Deposit scFv NO: NO: Domain CDR1 CDR2 CDR3 Domain VL CDR1 VL CDR2
CDR3 antibody Number Date PWB2447 48 57 1-125 26-35 50-66 99-114
140-248 162-172 188-194 227-237 PWC2004 49 58 1-123 26-35 50-66
99-112 140-251 162-175 191-197 230-240 PWD0283 50 59 1-118 26-35
50-66 99-107 136-246 158-170 186-192 225-235 PWD0323 51 60 1-117
26-35 50-66 99-106 134-244 156-168 184-190 223-233 PWD0422 52 61
1-117 26-35 50-66 99-106 134-244 156-168 184-190 223-233 PWD0587 53
62 1-117 26-35 50-66 99-106 134-244 156-168 184-190 223-233 NSO PA
PTA-4796 Nov. 2973 11, 2002 (PWD0587) #240-22 PWD0791 54 63 1-120
26-35 50-66 99-109 138-248 160-172 188-194 227-237 PHD2222 55 64
1-117 26-35 50-66 99-106 134-244 156-168 184-190 223-233 PHD2581 56
65 1-117 26-35 50-66 99-106 134-244 156-168 184-190 223-233
[0057] The present invention encompasses antibodies (including
molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of, antibody
fragments or variants thereof) that specifically bind to a PA
polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or fusion protein thereof. A PA
polypeptide includes, but is not limited to, PA (SEQ ID NO:2).
Protective Antigen
[0058] Antibodies of the present invention bind PA polypeptide or
fragments or variants thereof. The following section describes the
PA polypeptides, fragments and variants that may be bound by the
antibodies of the invention in more detail.
[0059] The PA protein is a 764 amino acid protein (SEQ ID NO:2)
comprising a signal sequence from amino acid residues 1-29, and a
735 amino acid secreted protein which undergoes further process
upon binding to an anthrax receptor, (e.g., ATR or CMG2) on the
cell surface. The 735 amino acid secreted protein, also known as
PA83 because it has a molecular weight of approximately 83
kilodaltons, has a structure that is largely made up of
antiparallel beta pleated sheets with only a few short
alpha-helices. The protein can be divided into four domains: Domain
I (amino acid residues 30-287 of SEQ ID NO:2), Domain II (amino
acid residues 288-516 of SEQ ID NO:2), Domain III (amino acid
residues 517-624 of SEQ ID NO:2), and Domain IV (amino acid
residues 625-764) of SEQ ID NO:2). In its native form, Domain I
contains two calcium ions and the protease cleavage site RKKR at
amino acid residues 193-196 of SEQ ID NO:2. Thus, Domain I contains
the entire 20 kilodalton fragment (PA20, amino acid residues 30-196
of SEQ ID NO:2) that is cleaved off of PA upon binding to an
anthrax receptor (e.g., ATR or CMG2) at the cell surface. That
portion of Domain I that remains after cleavage of PA20 forms the N
terminus of active PA63 and may be involved in binding LF and EF.
Domain II is the heptamerization domain and also contains a large
flexible loop that is implicated in membrane insertion. Domain III,
is small and its function is not clearly understood. Domain IV is
the receptor binding domain.
[0060] Thus, in specific embodiments, antibodies of the invention
may bind the intact 735 amino acid secreted form of PA (PA83),
polypeptides that comprise or alternatively consist of the PA63
protein, the PA20 fragment, and/or any one or more of domains I,
II, III, or IV. In preferred embodiments, antibodies of the
invention bind PA83 and prevent its cleavage of the PA20 fragment
from the PA63 fragment by proteases. In other embodiments,
antibodies of the invention bind the PA63 form of PA and prevent
oligomerization, and in particular heptamerization of PA63.
[0061] In certain embodiments, the antibodies of the present
invention specifically bind PA polypeptide. An antibody that
specifically binds PA may, in some embodiments, bind fragments,
variants (including species orthologs of PA), multimers or modified
forms of PA. For example, an antibody specific for PA may bind the
PA moiety of a fusion protein comprising all or a portion of
PA.
[0062] PA proteins may be found as monomers or multimers (i.e.,
dimers, trimers, tetramers, and higher multimers). Accordingly, the
present invention relates to antibodies that bind PA proteins found
as monomers or as part of multimers. In specific embodiments,
antibodies of the invention bind PA monomers, dimers, trimers or
heptamers. In additional embodiments, antibodies of the invention
bind at least dimers, at least trimers, or at least tetramers
containing one or more PA polypeptides.
[0063] Antibodies of the invention may bind PA homomers or
heteromers. As used herein, the term homomer, refers to a multimer
containing only PA proteins of the invention (including PA
fragments such as PA63, variants, and fusion proteins, as described
herein). These homomers may contain PA proteins having identical or
different polypeptide sequences. In a specific embodiment, a
homomer of the invention is a multimer containing only PA proteins
having an identical polypeptide sequence. In another specific
embodiment, antibodies of the invention bind PA homomers containing
PA proteins having different polypeptide sequences. In specific
embodiments, antibodies of the invention bind a PA homodimer (e.g.,
containing PA proteins having identical or different polypeptide
sequences). In additional embodiments, antibodies of the invention
bind at least a homodimer, at least a homotrimer, or at least a
homotetramer of PA.
[0064] In specific embodiments antibodies of the present invention
bind PA homoheptamers.
[0065] As used herein, the term heteromer refers to a multimer
containing heterologous proteins (i.e., proteins containing
polypeptide sequences that do not correspond to a polypeptide
sequences encoded by the PA gene) in addition to the PA proteins of
the invention. In a specific embodiment, antibodies of the
invention bind a heterodimer, a heterotrimer, or a heterotetramer.
In additional embodiments, the antibodies of the invention bind at
least a heterodimer, at least a heterotrimer, or at least
a-heterotetramer containing one or more PA polypeptides.
[0066] In specific embodiments, antibodies of the present invention
bind a PA heteroheptamer.
[0067] Antibodies of the invention may bind PA multimers that are
the result of hydrophobic, hydrophilic, ionic and/or covalent
associations and/or may be indirectly linked, by for example,
liposome formation. Thus, in one embodiment, antibodies of the
invention may bind PA multimers, such as, for example,
homoheptamers, that are formed when PA proteins (such as PA63
polypeptide monomers) contact one another in solution. In another
embodiment, antibodies of the invention may bind heteromultimers,
such as, for example, heteroheptamers, that are formed when
proteins of the invention contact antibodies to the PA polypeptides
(including antibodies to the heterologous polypeptide sequence in a
fusion protein) in solution. In other embodiments, multimers bound
by one or more antibodies of the invention are formed by covalent
associations with and/or between the PA proteins of the invention.
Such covalent associations may involve one or more amino acid
residues contained in the polypeptide sequence of the protein
(e.g., the polypeptide sequence recited in SEQ ID NO:2). In one
instance, the covalent associations are cross-linking between
cysteine residues located within the polypeptide sequences of the
proteins which interact in the native (i.e., naturally occurring)
polypeptide. In another instance, the covalent associations are the
consequence of chemical or recombinant manipulation. Alternatively,
such covalent associations may involve one or more amino acid
residues contained in the heterologous polypeptide sequence in a PA
fusion protein. In one example, covalent associations are between
the heterologous sequence contained in a fusion protein (see, e.g.,
U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,925). In a specific example, the covalent
associations are between the heterologous sequence contained in a
PA-Fc or PA-human serum albumin (PA-HSA) fusion protein (as
described herein).
[0068] Antibodies of the invention may bind PA multimers generated
using chemical techniques known in the art. For example, proteins
desired to be contained in the multimers of the invention may be
chemically cross-linked using linker molecules and linker molecule
length optimization techniques known in the art (see, e.g., U.S.
Pat. No. 5,478,925, which is herein incorporated by reference in
its entirety). Additionally, multimers that antibodies of the
invention may bind can be generated using techniques known in the
art to form one or more inter-molecule cross-links between the
cysteine residues located within the polypeptide sequence of the
proteins desired to be contained in the multimer (see, e.g., U.S.
Pat. No. 5,478,925, which is herein incorporated by reference in
its entirety). Further, proteins that antibodies of the invention
may bind can be routinely modified by the addition of cysteine or
biotin to the C terminus or N-terminus of the polypeptide sequence
of the protein and techniques known in the art may be applied to
generate multimers containing one or more of these modified
proteins (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,925, which is herein
incorporated by reference in its entirety). Additionally,
techniques known in the art may be applied to generate liposomes
containing the protein components desired to be contained in the
multimer that antibodies of the invention may bind (see, e.g., U.S.
Pat. No. 5,478,925, which is herein incorporated by reference in
its entirety).
[0069] Alternatively, multimers that antibodies of the invention
may bind can be generated using genetic engineering techniques
known in the art. In one embodiment, proteins contained in
multimers that may be bound by one or more antibodies of the
invention are produced recombinantly using fusion protein
technology described herein or otherwise known in the art (see,
e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,925, which is herein incorporated by
reference in its entirety). In a specific embodiment,
polynucleotides coding for a homodimer that may be bound by one or
more antibodies of the invention are generated by ligating a
polynucleotide sequence encoding a PA polypeptide to a sequence
encoding a linker polypeptide and then further to a synthetic
polynucleotide encoding the translated product of the polypeptide
in the reverse orientation from the original C-terminus to the
N-terminus (lacking the leader sequence) (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.
5,478,925, which is herein incorporated by reference in its
entirety). In another embodiment, recombinant techniques described
herein or otherwise known in the art are applied to generate
recombinant PA polypeptides which contain a transmembrane domain
and which can be incorporated by membrane reconstitution techniques
into liposomes (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,925, which is herein
incorporated by reference in its entirety). In another embodiment,
two or more PA polypeptides are joined through synthetic linkers
(e.g., peptide, carbohydrate or soluble polymer linkers). Examples
include those peptide linkers described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,073,627
(hereby incorporated by reference). Proteins comprising multiple PA
polypeptides separated by peptide linkers may be produced using
conventional recombinant DNA technology. In specific embodiments,
antibodies of the invention bind proteins comprising multiple PA
polypeptides separated by peptide linkers.
[0070] Another method for preparing multimer PA polypeptides
involves use of PA polypeptides fused to a leucine zipper or
isoleucine polypeptide sequence. Leucine zipper domains and
isoleucine zipper domains are polypeptides that promote
multimerization of the proteins in which they are found. Leucine
zippers were originally identified in several DNA-binding proteins
(Landschulz et al., Science 240:1759, (1988)), and have since been
found in a variety of different proteins. Among the known leucine
zippers are naturally occurring peptides and derivatives thereof
that dimerize or trimerize. Examples of leucine zipper domains
suitable for producing soluble multimeric PA proteins are those
described in PCT application WO 94/10308, hereby incorporated by
reference. Recombinant fusion proteins comprising a soluble PA
polypeptide fused to a peptide that dimerizes or trimerizes in
solution are expressed in suitable host cells, and the resulting
soluble multimeric PA is recovered from the culture supernatant
using techniques known in the art. In specific embodiments,
antibodies of the invention bind PA-leucine zipper fusion protein
monomers and/or PA-leucine zipper fusion protein multimers.
[0071] Antibodies that bind PA receptor polypeptides may bind them
as isolated polypeptides or in their naturally occurring state. By
"isolated polypeptide" is intended a polypeptide removed from its
native environment. Thus, a polypeptide produced and/or contained
within a recombinant host cell is considered isolated for purposes
of the present invention. Also intended as an "isolated
polypeptide" are polypeptides that have been purified, partially or
substantially, from a recombinant host cell. For example, a
recombinantly produced version of the PA polypeptide may be
substantially purified by the one-step method described in Smith
and Johnson, Gene 67:31-40 (1988). Thus, antibodies of the present
invention may bind recombinantly and/or naturally produced PA
polypeptides. In a specific embodiment, antibodies of the present
invention bind a PA secreted by a cell, preferably a bacterial
cell, comprising a polynucleotide encoding amino acids 1 to 764 of
SEQ ID NO:2 operably associated with a regulatory sequence that
controls gene expression. In a specific embodiment, antibodies of
the present invention bind PA purified from a bacterial cell
culture, wherein said PA is encoded by a polynucleotide encoding
amino acids 1 to 764 of SEQ ID NO:2 operably associated with a
regulatory sequence that controls expression of said
polynucleotide. In other specific embodiments, antibodies of the
present invention bind a PA polypeptide expressed by a cell
comprising a polynucleotide encoding amino acids 197 to 764 of SEQ
ID NO:2 operably associated with a regulatory sequence that
controls gene expression. In still other embodiments, antibodies of
the present invention bind a PA polypeptide expressed by a cell
comprising a polynucleotide encoding amino acids 625 to 764 of SEQ
ID NO:2 operably associated with a regulatory sequence that
controls gene expression.
[0072] Antibodies of the present invention that may bind PA
polypeptide fragments comprising or alternatively, consisting of,
an amino acid sequence contained in SEQ ID NO:2. Protein fragments
may be "free-standing," or comprised within a larger polypeptide of
which the fragment forms a part or region, most preferably as a
single continuous region. Antibodies of the present invention may
bind polypeptide fragments, including, for example, fragments that
comprise or alternatively, consist of from about amino acid
residues: 1 to 29, 30 to 59, 60 to 89, 90 to 119, 120 to 149, 150
to 175, 176 to 196, 197 to 226, 227 to 256, 257 to 287, 288 to 312,
313 to 337, 338 to 362, 363 to 387, 388 to 412, 413 to 437, 438 to
462, 463 to 487, 488 to 516, 517 to 542, 543 to 569, 570 to 569,
570 to 596, 597 to 624, 625 to 652, 653 to 680, 681 to 708, 709 to
736, and/or 737 to 764 of SEQ ID NO:2. In this context "about"
includes the particularly recited value, larger or smaller by
several (5, 4, 3, 2, or 1) amino acids, at either extreme or at
both extremes. Moreover, polypeptide fragments that antibodies of
the invention may bind can be at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50,
60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 175 or 200 amino
acids in length. In this context "about" includes the particularly
recited value, larger or smaller by several (5, 4, 3, 2, or 1)
amino acids, at either extreme or at both extremes.
[0073] Preferably, antibodies of the present invention bind
polypeptide fragments selected from the group: a polypeptide
comprising or alternatively, consisting of, the full length PA
polypeptide (amino acid residues 1 to 764 in SEQ ID NO:2); a
polypeptide comprising or alternatively, consisting of, the
secreted form of PA (amino acid residues 30 to 764 in SEQ ID NO:2);
a polypeptide comprising or alternatively, consisting of, the PA20
fragment (amino acid residues from about 30 to about 196 in SEQ ID
NO:2); a polypeptide comprising or alternatively, consisting of,
the PA63 fragment (amino acid residues from about 197 to about 764
in SEQ ID NO:2); a polypeptide comprising or alternatively,
consisting of, PA domain I (amino acid residues 30 to 287 of SEQ ID
NO:2); a polypeptide comprising or alternatively, consisting of, PA
domain II (amino acid residues 288 to 516 of SEQ ID NO:2); a
polypeptide comprising or alternatively, consisting of, PA domain
111 (amino acid residues 517 to 624 of SEQ ID NO:2); a polypeptide
comprising or alternatively, consisting of, PA domain IV (amino
acid residues 625 to 764 of SEQ ID NO:2); a polypeptide comprising
or alternatively, consisting of, fragment of the predicted mature
PA polypeptide; and a polypeptide comprising, or alternatively,
consisting of, one, two, three, four or more, epitope bearing
portions of the PA receptor protein. In additional embodiments, the
polypeptide fragments of the invention comprise, or alternatively,
consist of, any combination of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or all 8 of the
above members. The amino acid residues constituting these domains
may vary slightly (e.g., by about 1 to about 15 amino acid
residues) depending on the criteria used to define each domain.
[0074] Domain I contains the proteolytic cleavage site. When the
secreted form of PA is cleaved at this site, a 20 kilodalton
fragment (PA20) is released from PA, generating the biologically
active 63 kilodalton PA63 fragment. Thus, in specific embodiments
antibodies of the invention bind an epitope at or near this
cleavage site and prevent the cleavage of the secreted form of PA
that results in the generation of PA20 and PA63. In specific
embodiments, antibodies of the invention that prevent cleavage of
PA into PA20 and PA63 may bind one or more PA peptides (as well as
the native amino acid secreted form of the protein, PA83, see,
e.g., Example 2) selected from the group consisting of: (a) amino
acid residues 190 to 209 of SEQ ID NO:2; (b) amino acid residues
181 to 201 of SEQ ID NO:2; (c) amino acid residues 198 to 212 of
SEQ ID NO:2; (d) amino acid residues 196 to 212 of SEQ ID NO:2; (e)
amino acid residues 194 to 212 of SEQ ID NO:2; (f) amino acid
residues 192 to 212 of SEQ ID NO:2; (g) amino acid residues 190 to
212 of SEQ ID NO:2; (h) amino acid residues 188 to 212 of SEQ ID
NO:2; (i) amino acid residues 186 to 212 of SEQ ID NO:2; (j) amino
acid residues 184 to 212 of SEQ ID NO:2; and (k) amino acid
residues 181 to 195 of SEQ ID NO:2.
[0075] Domain IV of PA is important for interactions between PA and
its receptor (e.g., ATR (SEQ ID NO:3) or CMG2 (SEQ ID NO:42)).
Accordingly, in preferred embodiments, antibodies of the present
invention bind PA polypeptide fragments comprising, or
alternatively consisting of amino acid residues 625 to 764 of SEQ
ID NO:2. In preferred embodiments, the antibodies of the invention
that bind all or a portion of domain IV of PA prevent PA from
binding to ATR and/or CMG2. In other preferred embodiments, the
antibodies of the invention that bind all or a portion of domain IV
of PA protect cells from death induced by anthrax toxins.
[0076] Antibodies of the invention may also bind fragments
comprising, or alternatively, consisting of structural or
functional attributes of PA. Such fragments include amino acid
residues that comprise alpha-helix and alpha-helix forming regions
("alpha-regions"), beta-sheet and beta-sheet-forming regions
("beta-regions"), turn and turn-forming regions ("turn-regions"),
coil and coil-forming regions ("coil-regions"), hydrophilic
regions, hydrophobic regions, alpha amphipathic regions, beta
amphipathic regions, surface forming regions, and high antigenic
index regions (i.e., containing four or more contiguous amino acids
having an antigenic index of greater than or equal to 1.5, as
identified using the default parameters of the Jameson-Wolf
program) of complete (i.e., full-length) PA. Certain preferred
regions are those set out in Table 2 and include, but are not
limited to, regions of the aforementioned types identified by
analysis of the amino acid sequence depicted in (SEQ ID NO:2), such
preferred regions include; Garnier-Robson predicted alpha-regions,
beta-regions, turn-regions, and coil-regions; Chou-Fasman predicted
alpha-regions, beta-regions, and turn-regions; Kyte-Doolittle
predicted hydrophilic regions; Eisenberg alpha and beta amphipathic
regions; Emini surface-forming regions; and Jameson-Wolf high
antigenic index regions, as predicted using the default parameters
of these computer programs.
[0077] The data representing the structural or functional
attributes of PA set forth in Table 2, as described above, was
generated using the various modules and algorithms of the DNA*STAR
set on default parameters. Column I represents the results of a
Garnier-Robson analysis of alpha helical regions; Column II
represents the results of a Chou-Fasman analysis of alpha helical
regions; Column 111 represents the results of a Garnier Robson
analysis of beta sheet regions; Column IV represents the results of
a Chou-Fasman analysis of beta sheet regions; Column V represents
the results of a Garnier Robson analysis of turn regions; Column VI
represents the results of a Chou-Fasman analysis of turn regions;
Column VII represents the results of a Garnier Robson analysis of
coil regions; Column VIII represents a Kyte-Doolittle
hydrophilicity plot; Column; Column IX represents the results of an
Eisenberg analysis of alpha amphipathic regions; Column X
represents the results of an Eisenberg analysis of beta amphipathic
regions; Column XI represents the results of a Karplus-Schultz
analysis of flexible regions; Column XII represents the
Jameson-Wolf antigenic index score; and Column XIII represents the
Emini surface probability plot.
[0078] In a preferred embodiment, the data presented in columns
VIII, XII, and XIII of Table 2 can be used to determine regions of
PA which exhibit a high degree of potential for antigenicity.
Regions of high antigenicity are determined from the data presented
in columns VIII, XII, and/or XIII by choosing values which
represent regions of the polypeptide which are likely to be exposed
on the surface of the polypeptide in an environment in which
antigen recognition may occur in the process of initiation of an
immune response.
[0079] The above-mentioned preferred regions set out in Table 2
include, but are not limited to, regions of the aforementioned
types identified by analysis of the amino acid sequence set out in
SEQ ID NO:2. As set out in Table 2, such preferred regions include
Garnier-Robson alpha-regions, beta-regions, turn-regions, and
coil-regions, Chou-Fasman alpha-regions, beta-regions, and
turn-regions, Kyte-Doolittle hydrophilic regions, Eisenberg alpha-
and beta-amphipathic regions, Karplus-Schulz flexible regions,
Jameson-Wolf regions of high antigenic index and Emini
surface-forming regions. Among preferred polypeptide fragments
bound by one or more antibodies of the invention are those that
comprise regions of PA that combine several structural features,
such as several (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4) of the same or different
region features set out above and in Table 2.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Res Position I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
XI XII XIII Met 1 A A . . . . . 1.59 . . . 0.75 2.90 Lys 2 A A . .
. . . 1.12 . . . 0.75 4.54 Lys 3 A A . B . . . 0.70 . . . 0.75 2.64
Arg 4 A A . B . . . 0.20 . . . 0.75 2.20 Lys 5 A A . B . . . 0.38 .
. F 0.75 0.77 Val 6 . A B B . . . 0.17 . . . 0.60 0.60 Leu 7 . A B
B . . . -0.48 . . . -0.30 0.25 Ile 8 . A B B . . . -1.11 . . .
-0.60 0.12 Pro 9 . A B B . . . -2.03 * . . -0.60 0.17 Leu 10 . A B
B . . . -2.38 . * . -0.60 0.17 Met 11 A A . B . . . -1.83 . . .
-0.60 0.32 Ala 12 A A . B . . . -1.91 . . . -0.60 0.30 Leu 13 A A .
B . . . -1.83 . . . -0.60 0.26 Ser 14 . A B B . . . -2.48 . . .
-0.60 0.21 Thr 15 . . B B . . . -1.97 . . . -0.60 0.16 Ile 16 . . B
B . . . -1.67 . . . -0.60 0.25 Leu 17 . . B B . . . -1.39 . . .
-0.60 0.25 Val 18 . . B B . . . -0.92 . . . -0.60 0.25 Ser 19 . . B
B . . . -0.62 . * F -0.36 0.36 Ser 20 . . . . . T C -1.12 . * F
0.33 0.70 Thr 21 . . . . . T C -0.23 . * F 0.42 0.78 Gly 22 . . . .
. T C -0.28 . * F 1.56 1.01 Asn 23 . . . . . T C -0.31 . * F 0.90
0.56 Leu 24 A A . . . . . -0.01 . . . 0.06 0.27 Glu 25 A A . . . .
. -0.30 . . . -0.03 0.47 Val 26 A A . . . . . 0.01 . * . -0.12 0.30
Ile 27 A A . . . . . -0.50 . * . 0.39 0.63 Gln 28 A A . . . . .
-0.46 * * . 0.30 0.27 Ala 29 A A . . . . . 0.36 * * . 0.30 0.72 Glu
30 A A . . . . . 0.36 * * . 0.45 1.79 Val 31 A A . . . . . 1.21 * *
F 0.90 1.79 Lys 32 A A . . . . . 2.21 * * F 0.90 2.84 Gln 33 A A .
. . . . 1.40 * * F 0.90 3.21 Glu 34 A A . . . . . 1.18 * * F 0.90
3.57 Asn 35 A A . . . . . 1.18 * * F 0.90 1.47 Arg 36 A A . . . . .
2.03 * * F 0.60 1.37 Leu 37 A A . . . . . 1.69 * . F 0.90 1.37 Leu
38 A A . . . . . 1.69 * . F 0.94 1.14 Asn 39 . . . . . T C 1.39 * .
F 2.18 1.01 Glu 40 A . . . . T . 1.09 * . F 2.02 1.64 Ser 41 . . .
. . T C 0.68 * . F 2.86 2.66 Glu 42 . . . . T T . 1.49 . . F 3.40
2.22 Ser 43 . . . . T T . 1.96 . . F 3.06 2.22 Ser 44 . . . . T T .
1.14 . . F 2.72 1.64 Ser 45 . . . . T T . 0.33 . . F 1.93 0.78 Gln
46 . . B . . T . 0.29 . . F 0.59 0.48 Gly 47 . . B B . . . 0.04 . .
F -0.45 0.35 Leu 48 . . B B . . . 0.10 . . F -0.45 0.41 Leu 49 . .
B B . . . -0.30 . . . -0.60 0.37 Gly 50 . . B B . . . -0.30 . . .
-0.60 0.33 Tyr 51 . . B B . . . -0.30 . . . -0.60 0.53 Tyr 52 . . B
B . . . -0.77 . . . -0.45 1.08 Phe 53 . . B B . . . 0.04 . . .
-0.60 0.90 Ser 54 . . B . . . . 0.16 . * . -0.40 0.92 Asp 55 . A B
. . . . 0.50 . * . -0.60 0.51 Leu 56 . A B . . . . 0.16 . * . -0.45
1.02 Asn 57 . A . . T . . 0.19 . * . 0.10 0.77 Phe 58 . A . . T . .
0.29 . * . 0.10 0.71 Gln 59 A A . . . . . -0.27 . * . -0.60 0.85
Ala 60 . A B B . . . -1.12 . * . -0.60 0.39 Pro 61 . A B B . . .
-0.62 . * . -0.60 0.34 Met 62 . A B B . . . -0.92 . * . -0.60 0.28
Val 63 . A B B . . . -0.52 . . . -0.60 0.37 Val 64 . . B B . . .
-0.83 . . . -0.60 0.32 Thr 65 . . B B . . . -0.56 . . F -0.20 0.47
Ser 66 . . B B . . . -0.69 . . F 0.05 0.92 Ser 67 . . B B . . .
-0.09 . . F 0.75 1.22 Thr 68 . . B . . T . -0.04 . . F 2.00 1.42
Thr 69 . . . . T T . 0.51 . * F 2.50 0.87 Gly 70 . . . . T T .
-0.07 . * F 2.25 0.87 Asp 71 . . B . . T . 0.02 . * F 1.00 0.42 Leu
72 . . B . . . . 0.02 . * F 0.55 0.45 Ser 73 . . B . . . . 0.03 . *
F 0.90 0.61 Ile 74 . . B . . T . 0.34 . * F 0.85 0.49 Pro 75 . . B
. . T . -0.12 . * F 1.00 1.04 Ser 76 . . . . . T C -0.12 . . F 1.05
0.64 Ser 77 . . . . . T C 0.69 * . F 1.20 1.57 Glu 78 A A . . . . .
0.10 * . F 0.90 1.64 Leu 79 . A B . . . . 0.78 * . F 0.71 0.86 Glu
80 . A . . T . . 0.69 * . F 1.37 0.99 Asn 81 . A . . . . C 0.99 . .
F 1.43 0.76 Ile 82 . . . . . . C 1.29 * . F 2.04 1.61 Pro 83 . . .
. . . C 1.29 . . F 2.60 1.49 Ser 84 . . . . T T . 1.86 * . F 2.44
1.61 Glu 85 A . . . . T . 1.16 * . F 1.18 3.59 Asn 86 A . . . . T .
1.16 . . F 0.92 2.01 Gln 87 . . . . T T . 1.74 * . F 1.06 2.60 Tyr
88 . . B B . . . 1.37 * . . -0.15 2.01 Phe 89 . . B B . . . 0.78 .
. . -0.45 1.26 Gln 90 . . B B . . . 0.49 . . . -0.60 0.51 Ser 91 .
. B B . . . 0.19 * . . -0.60 0.34 Ala 92 . . B B . . . -0.16 * . .
-0.60 0.53 Ile 93 . . B B . . . -0.61 . . . -0.60 0.30 Trp 94 A . .
. . T . -0.80 * * . -0.20 0.20 Ser 95 A . . . . T . -0.76 * * .
-0.20 0.14 Gly 96 A . . . . T . -1.31 * * . -0.20 0.39 Phe 97 A . .
. . T . -0.68 * * . -0.20 0.27 Ile 98 . A B B . . . 0.26 * * . 0.30
0.41 Lys 99 A A . B . . . 0.24 . * . 0.60 0.83 Val 100 . A . B . .
C 0.54 . * F 1.70 1.28 Lys 101 . A . B . . C 0.89 . * F 2.00 3.05
Lys 102 . A . . . . C 1.34 . . F 2.30 2.64 Ser 103 . . . . . T C
1.92 . * F 3.00 5.57 Asp 104 A . . . . T . 1.18 . . F 2.50 4.02 Glu
105 A . . . . T . 1.44 . . F 2.20 1.74 Tyr 106 . . B . . T . 1.09 .
. . 1.45 1.31 Thr 107 A . . B . . . 0.74 . . . 0.15 1.13 Phe 108 A
. . B . . . 0.46 . . . -0.30 0.88 Ala 109 A . . B . . . 0.46 . . .
-0.60 0.57 Thr 110 A . . B . . . 0.46 . . F 0.06 0.65 Ser 111 A . .
. . T . 0.67 * . F 0.82 1.22 Ala 112 A . . . . T . 0.12 * . F 1.63
1.64 Asp 113 A . . . . T . 0.51 * . F 1.69 0.84 Asn 114 . . . . . T
C 0.50 * . F 2.10 0.91 His 115 . . . B . . C 0.52 * . . 0.74 0.89
Val 116 . . B B . . . -0.03 * * . 0.03 0.56 Thr 117 . . B B . . .
0.56 * . . -0.18 0.26 Met 118 . . B B . . . 0.56 . . . -0.39 0.32
Trp 119 A . . B . . . 0.56 . . . -0.30 0.71 Val 120 A . . . . T .
0.59 . . . 0.10 0.86 Asp 121 A . . . . T . 0.59 . . F 1.00 1.50 Asp
122 A . . . . T . 0.01 . . F 1.00 1.06 Gln 123 A . . . . T . 0.61 *
. F 1.15 1.00 Glu 124 A A . B . . . 0.94 * . F 0.75 0.96 Val 125 A
A . B . . . 1.21 . . . 0.75 1.15 Ile 126 A A . B . . . 0.91 * . .
0.30 0.67 Asn 127 A A . B . . . 0.91 * . . 0.60 0.52 Lys 128 A A .
. . . . 0.61 * . F 0.60 1.13 Ala 129 A A . . . . . 0.61 * . F 1.50
2.15 Ser 130 . A . . . . C 1.51 * . F 2.30 2.15 Asn 131 . . . . . T
C 1.51 . * F 3.00 2.15 Ser 132 . . . . . T C 1.62 . * F 2.40 1.49
Asn 133 A . . . . T . 0.77 . * F 2.20 2.18 Lys 134 . . B . . T .
1.36 . * F 1.60 1.12 Ile 135 . A B . . . . 1.70 . * F 1.20 1.45 Arg
136 . A B . . . . 1.36 . * . 0.75 1.80 Leu 137 . A B . . . . 1.77 .
* F 0.75 0.89 Glu 138 A A . . . . . 0.96 . * F 0.90 2.49 Lys 139 A
A . . . . . 0.67 . * F 0.90 1.05 Gly 140 A . . B . . . 1.56 * . F
0.60 1.99 Arg 141 A . . B . . . 0.56 . . F 0.90 1.99 Leu 142 A . .
B . . . 1.41 . * . 0.30 0.70 Tyr 143 A . . B . . . 0.52 . * . 0.45
1.41 Gln 144 . . B B . . . 0.48 . * . -0.30 0.50 Ile 145 . . B B .
. . 0.58 . * . -0.45 1.06 Lys 146 . . B B . . . 0.47 * * . -0.45
1.06 Ile 147 . . B B . . . 1.39 * * . -0.15 1.06 Gln 148 . . B B .
. . 1.63 . * . 0.45 2.96 Tyr 149 . . B . . . . 1.63 . * . 0.95 2.56
Gln 150 . . B . . . . 2.31 . * F 0.80 5.88 Arg 151 . . . . T . .
1.96 . . F 1.84 5.25 Glu 152 . . . . . . C 2.84 . . F 1.98 4.83 Asn
153 . . . . . T C 2.89 . . F 2.52 4.83 Pro 154 . . . . . T C 2.79 .
. F 2.86 4.93 Thr 155 . . . . T T . 1.98 . . F 3.40 2.82 Glu 156 A
. . . . T . 1.87 . * F 2.66 1.45 Lys 157 A A . . . . . 1.17 . * F
1.92 1.56 Gly 158 A A . . . . . 1.21 . * F 1.43 0.94 Leu 159 A A .
. . . . 0.61 . * . 1.09 1.08 Asp 160 A A . . . . . 0.68 . * . 0.30
0.45 Phe 161 . . B B . . . 0.39 . * . -0.30 0.71 Lys 162 . . B B .
. . 0.03 . * . -0.60 0.90 Leu 163 . . B B . . . 0.38 . * . -0.60
0.78 Tyr 164 . . B B . . . 0.89 . * . -0.45 1.50 Trp 165 A . . B .
. . 0.89 . * . 0.15 1.01 Thr 166 A . . B . . . 1.59 . * F 0.30 2.11
Asp 167 A . . B . . . 1.59 . . F 0.90 2.17 Ser 168 A . . . . T .
2.44 . . F 2.20 4.12 Gln 169 . . . . . T C 2.69 . . F 3.00 5.71 Asn
170 . . . . . T C 2.12 . . F 2.70 5.93 Lys 171 . . . . . T C 1.54 .
. F 2.40 3.28 Lys 172 . A B . . . . 1.24 . . F 1.50 1.33 Glu 173 .
A B . . . . 1.24 . . F 1.20 1.11 Val 174 . A B . . . . 1.24 . . F
1.03 0.74 Ile 175 . A B . . . . 1.24 . . F 1.31 0.62 Ser 176 . . B
. . T . 0.39 . . F 1.99 0.58 Ser 177 . . B . . T . 0.34 . . F 1.37
0.64 Asp 178 . . . . T T . -0.47 . . F 2.80 1.58 Asn 179 . . . . .
T C 0.18 . . F 2.17 0.97 Leu 180 A A . . . . . 1.07 . . . 1.29 1.12
Gln 181 A A . . . . . 0.56 . . . 1.01 1.16 Leu 182 A A . . . . .
0.90 . . . -0.02 0.60 Pro 183 A A . . . . . 0.90 . . F 0.60 1.45
Glu 184 A A . . . . . 0.94 . * F 0.60 1.45 Leu 185 A A . . . . .
1.46 . . F 0.90 3.51 Lys 186 A A . . . . . 1.16 * . F 0.90 3.04 Gln
187 A A . . . . . 1.97 * . F 1.24 2.35 Lys 188 A A . . . . . 1.88 .
* F 1.58 4.59 Ser 189 A . . . . T . 1.99 * * F 2.32 3.07 Ser 190 A
. . . . T . 2.84 . * F 2.66 3.48 Asn 191 . . . . T T . 2.84 . . F
3.40 3.48 Ser 192 . . . . T T . 2.96 . . F 3.06 5.19 Arg 193 . . .
. T . . 2.61 . . F 2.52 7.58 Lys 194 . . . . T . . 2.60 . . F 2.18
6.32 Lys 195 . . . . T . . 2.60 . . F 1.84 6.80 Arg 196 . . B . . .
. 2.01 . . F 1.10 4.65 Ser 197 . . B . . . . 1.97 . . F 1.10 2.35
Thr 198 . . B . . . . 1.64 . . F 1.10 1.16 Ser 199 . . . . T T .
1.29 . . F 1.25 0.92 Ala 200 . . . . . T C 0.39 * . F 0.71 0.99 Gly
201 . . . . . T C 0.07 * . F 0.97 0.51 Pro 202 . . B . . T . 0.37 *
. F 1.03 0.59 Thr 203 . . B . . . . 0.79 . . F 1.69 0.97 Val 204 .
. B . . T . 1.09 . . F 2.60 1.92 Pro 205 . . B . . T . 1.68 * . F
2.34 2.07 Asp 206 . . B . . T . 2.02 * . F 2.42 2.31 Arg 207 . . B
. . T . 1.89 * . F 2.50 5.20 Asp 208 . . . . T T . 1.31 * . F 2.98
3.33 Asn 209 . . . . T T . 1.96 * . F 3.06 1.40 Asp 210 . . . . T T
. 2.17 * . F 3.40 1.10 Gly 211 . . . . . T C 1.87 * . F 2.86 1.10
Ile 212 . . . . . T C 0.94 * . F 2.37 0.92 Pro 213 . . . . . T C
0.94 * . F 1.73 0.45 Asp 214 . . . . . T C 0.09 * * F 1.39 0.79 Ser
215 . . B . . T . 0.09 * * F 0.85 0.84 Leu 216 . A B . . . . 0.09 .
* . 0.60 0.94 Glu 217 . A B . . . . 0.73 . * . 0.60 0.56 Val 218 A
A . . . . . 0.63 . . . 0.30 0.65 Glu 219 A A . . . . . -0.22 . . .
0.45 1.14 Gly 220 A A . . . . . 0.08 . * . 0.30 0.49 Tyr 221 A . .
B . . . 0.03 . * . 0.45 1.10 Thr 222 A . . B . . . 0.08 . * . 0.30
0.47 Val 223 A . . B . . . 0.93 . * . 0.56 0.95 Asp 224 A . . B . .
. 0.98 . . . 0.82 0.98 Val 225 A . . . . . . 1.43 . * F 1.88 1.36
Lys 226 A . . . . . . 1.37 . * F 2.14 3.58 Asn 227 . . B . . T .
0.98 . * F 2.60 3.09 Lys 228 . . B . . T . 1.02 . * F 2.34 3.61 Arg
229 . . B . . T . 0.72 . . F 2.08 1.49 Thr 230 . . B . . T . 1.37 *
. F 1.52 1.24 Phe 231 . . B . . . . 1.03 * . F 0.91 0.96 Leu 232 .
. B . . . . 0.14 . . . -0.40 0.51 Ser 233 . . . . . T C -0.20 . . .
0.00 0.25 Pro 234 . . . . T T . -0.31 * . . 0.20 0.39 Trp 235 . . .
. T T . -0.89 * . . 0.20 0.75 Ile 236 A . . . . T . -0.22 * . .
-0.20 0.39 Ser 237 A . . B . . . 0.59 * . . -0.60 0.35 Asn 238 A A
. B . . . 0.93 . . . -0.60 0.57 Ile 239 A A . B . . . 1.19 . . .
0.45 1.63 His 240 A A . B . . . 1.13 . . . 0.75 2.44 Glu 241 A A .
. . . . 1.21 . . F 0.90 1.50 Lys 242 A A . . . . . 1.20 . . F 0.90
1.76 Lys 243 A A . . . . . 1.24 . . F 0.90 1.87 Gly 244 A A . . . .
. 1.89 . * F 0.90 2.16 Leu 245 A . . . . . . 1.97 * . F 1.44
1.69
Thr 246 A . . . . T . 1.67 * . F 1.98 1.69 Lys 247 . . B . . T .
1.32 * . F 2.02 2.29 Tyr 248 . . B . . T . 1.07 * * F 2.36 3.72 Lys
249 . . . . T T . 1.41 * . F 3.40 3.99 Ser 250 . . . . . . C 2.27 *
. F 2.66 3.45 Ser 251 . . . . . T C 2.29 * * F 2.52 4.41 Pro 252 .
. . . . T C 1.94 * * F 2.18 2.32 Glu 253 . . . . T T . 1.88 * . F
2.04 2.32 Lys 254 . . . . T T . 1.24 * . F 1.40 2.50 Trp 255 . . .
. T . . 1.24 . . F 1.20 1.63 Ser 256 . . B . . . . 1.54 . . F 0.80
1.26 Thr 257 . . B . . . . 1.54 * . F 1.10 1.05 Ala 258 . . . . T .
. 1.30 * . F 1.20 1.55 Ser 259 . . . . . . C 0.96 * . F 1.90 1.81
Asp 260 . . . . . T C 1.24 * . F 2.40 1.68 Pro 261 . . . . . T C
0.84 * . F 3.00 2.78 Tyr 262 . . . . T T . 1.16 * . F 2.60 1.80 Ser
263 . . . . . T C 1.79 * . F 2.40 1.86 Asp 264 A A . . . . . 1.23 *
. F 1.50 2.41 Phe 265 A A . . . . . 0.92 * . F 0.90 1.14 Glu 266 A
A . . . . . 0.79 * * F 0.90 1.23 Lys 267 A A . . . . . 1.14 * * F
0.75 0.73 Val 268 A A . . . . . 0.56 * * F 0.90 1.65 Thr 269 A . .
B . . . 0.56 * * F 0.75 0.67 Gly 270 A . . B . . . 1.30 * * F 0.75
0.56 Arg 271 A . . B . . . 1.30 * * F 0.90 1.50 Ile 272 . . B B . .
. 0.40 * * F 1.20 1.67 Asp 273 . . . . T T . 0.96 * * F 2.30 1.25
Lys 274 . . . . . T C 1.06 * * F 2.25 0.86 Asn 275 . . . . . T C
1.40 * * F 2.40 1.89 Val 276 . . . . . T C 0.70 * * F 3.00 1.96 Ser
277 . . . . . T C 1.70 * * F 2.55 0.99 Pro 278 . . . . . T C 1.67 *
* F 2.40 1.21 Glu 279 A . . . . T . 1.41 * * F 1.90 2.21 Ala 280 A
. . . . T . 0.60 * * F 1.60 2.56 Arg 281 A . . . . . . 0.60 . * .
0.65 1.36 His 282 . . B B . . . 0.31 . * . 0.30 0.58 Pro 283 . . B
B . . . -0.07 . * . -0.30 0.58 Leu 284 A . . B . . . -0.31 . * .
-0.30 0.30 Val 285 A . . B . . . 0.07 * * . -0.60 0.35 Ala 286 A .
. B . . . -0.93 * . . -0.60 0.35 Ala 287 . . B B . . . -1.76 . . .
-0.60 0.29 Tyr 288 . . B B . . . -1.58 . . . -0.60 0.29 Pro 289 . .
B B . . . -1.62 . . . -0.60 0.40 Ile 290 . . B B . . . -0.77 . . .
-0.60 0.29 Val 291 . . B B . . . -0.78 . * . -0.60 0.31 His 292 . .
B B . . . -0.19 . * . -0.60 0.20 Val 293 . . B B . . . 0.06 . . .
-0.30 0.49 Asp 294 A . . B . . . -0.62 . . . 0.45 1.07 Met 295 A A
. . . . . -0.62 . . . 0.30 0.55 Glu 296 A A . . . . . -0.58 . * .
-0.30 0.52 Asn 297 A A . . . . . -0.84 . . . -0.30 0.26 Ile 298 A A
. . . . . 0.06 . . . -0.60 0.35 Ile 299 A A . . . . . 0.06 . . .
0.30 0.40 Leu 300 A A . . . . . 0.66 . . . 0.04 0.40 Ser 301 A A .
. . . . 0.66 . . F 1.13 0.99 Lys 302 A A . . . . . 0.66 . . F 1.92
2.36 Asn 303 . . . . . T C 1.24 . . F 2.86 4.95 Glu 304 . . . . T T
. 1.82 * . F 3.40 4.95 Asp 305 . . . . T T . 2.63 * . F 3.06 3.57
Gln 306 . . . . T T . 2.93 . . F 2.72 3.85 Ser 307 . . . . T . .
2.58 . . F 2.18 3.57 Thr 308 . . B . . . . 2.58 . . F 1.42 3.09 Gln
309 . . . . T . . 2.28 . . F 1.76 2.98 Asn 310 . . . . . T C 2.28 .
. F 2.04 2.98 Thr 311 . . . . . T C 1.97 * * F 2.32 3.57 Asp 312 .
. . . T T . 2.38 . * F 2.80 2.98 Ser 313 . . B . . T . 2.38 * . F
2.42 3.62 Gln 314 . . B B . . . 1.49 * . F 1.74 3.62 Thr 315 . . B
B . . . 1.19 * * F 1.46 1.52 Arg 316 . . B B . . . 1.54 * . F 0.88
1.52 Thr 317 . . B B . . . 1.54 * . F 0.90 1.76 Ile 318 . . B B . .
. 1.53 * . F 0.90 1.96 Ser 319 . . B . . T . 1.23 * . F 1.60 1.44
Lys 320 . . . . T T . 1.23 * . F 2.00 1.34 Asn 321 . . . . . T C
0.82 * . F 2.10 2.76 Thr 322 . . . . . T C 1.24 . . F 2.40 2.76 Ser
323 . . . . . T C 1.82 . . F 3.00 2.70 Thr 324 . . . . . T C 2.09 .
. F 2.40 2.42 Ser 325 . . . . . T C 1.73 . . F 2.36 2.29 Arg 326 .
. . . . T C 1.43 . . F 2.32 2.46 Thr 327 . . . . . . C 1.74 . . F
2.08 2.29 His 328 . . . . . T C 1.19 * . F 2.54 2.95 Thr 329 . . B
. . T . 1.47 . . F 2.60 1.12 Ser 330 . . B . . T . 1.42 . * F 2.04
1.06 Glu 331 . . B . . T . 1.31 . * F 1.63 0.77 Val 332 . . . . . .
C 1.03 . * F 1.37 0.86 His 333 . . . . . T C 1.07 . * F 1.31 0.64
Gly 334 . . . . . T C 0.52 . * . 1.20 0.64 Asn 335 A . . . . T .
0.79 . * . 0.10 0.64 Ala 336 A . . . . T . 0.20 . * . 0.70 0.64 Glu
337 A A . . . . . 0.76 . * . 0.30 0.66 Val 338 A A . . . . . 0.09 .
* . 0.30 0.55 His 339 A A . . . . . -0.27 . * . -0.30 0.47 Ala 340
A A . . . . . -0.27 . * . -0.60 0.24 Ser 341 . A B . . . . -0.57 *
* . -0.60 0.53 Phe 342 . A B . . . . -0.91 * . . -0.60 0.27 Phe 343
. A B . . . . -0.40 . . . -0.60 0.27 Asp 344 . . . . T T . -0.67 *
* . 0.20 0.20 Ile 345 . . . . T T . -0.93 * * . 0.20 0.30 Gly 346 .
. . . T T . -0.93 * * F 0.65 0.26 Gly 347 . . . . . T C -0.82 * * F
1.05 0.21 Ser 348 . . . . . . C -0.47 * * F -0.05 0.30 Val 349 . .
B . . . . -1.17 * * F 0.05 0.30 Ser 350 . . B . . T . -0.58 * * .
-0.20 0.26 Ala 351 . . B . . T . -0.23 . . . -0.08 0.26 Gly 352 . .
B . . T . -0.19 . . . 0.04 0.57 Phe 353 . . B . . T . 0.11 . . F
0.61 0.57 Ser 354 . . . . . . C 0.67 . . F 0.73 0.91 Asn 355 . . .
. . T C 0.67 . . F 1.20 1.24 Ser 356 . . . . . T C 0.94 . . F 1.08
1.91 Asn 357 . . . . . T C 0.43 . . F 1.56 2.06 Ser 358 . . . . . T
C 0.54 . . F 0.69 0.95 Ser 359 . . . B . . C -0.04 . . F 0.17 0.72
Thr 360 . . B B . . . -0.04 . . F -0.45 0.31 Val 361 . . B B . . .
0.22 . . . -0.30 0.39 Ala 362 . . B B . . . -0.08 . * . -0.30 0.40
Ile 363 . . B B . . . -0.59 . * . -0.30 0.37 Asp 364 . . B B . . .
-0.59 . * . -0.30 0.41 His 365 . . B . . . . -1.09 . * . -0.10 0.54
Ser 366 A A . . . . . -0.82 . * . -0.30 0.64 Leu 367 . A B . . . .
-0.58 * * . -0.30 0.38 Ser 368 . A . . . . C 0.31 * * . -0.40 0.28
Leu 369 . A . . . . C 0.42 . . . -0.10 0.36 Ala 370 A A . . . . .
0.14 * . . 0.30 0.86 Gly 371 A A . . . . . 0.16 * . F 0.75 0.93 Glu
372 A A . . . . . 0.38 * . F 0.00 1.18 Arg 373 A A . . . . . 0.68 .
. F 0.60 1.18 Thr 374 A A . . . . . 1.18 * . F 0.90 2.06 Trp 375 A
A . . . . . 1.17 * . . 0.75 1.72 Ala 376 A A . . . . . 1.17 * . .
0.30 0.87 Glu 377 A A . . . . . 0.36 . . . -0.60 0.60 Thr 378 A A .
. . . . 0.24 . . . -0.60 0.47 Met 379 A A . . . . . 0.24 . . .
-0.30 0.74 Gly 380 . A . . . . C -0.06 . . . -0.10 0.62 Leu 381 . A
. . . . C 0.53 . . . -0.40 0.43 Asn 382 A A . . . . . 0.22 . . F
-0.15 0.73 Thr 383 A A . . . . . -0.06 * . F 0.60 1.07 Ala 384 A A
. . . . . 0.66 . * F 0.00 1.31 Asp 385 A A . . . . . 0.19 . * F
0.90 1.59 Thr 386 A A . . . . . 1.00 . * F 0.45 0.91 Ala 387 A A .
. . . . 0.41 * * F 0.60 1.45 Arg 388 A A . . . . . 0.72 * * . 0.30
0.88 Leu 389 A A . . . . . 0.42 . * . 0.30 0.98 Asn 390 A . . . . T
. 0.53 * * . 0.10 0.68 Ala 391 . . B . . T . 0.60 * * . 0.70 0.68
Asn 392 . . B . . T . 0.33 * * . -0.05 1.29 Ile 393 . . B . . T .
0.22 * * . 0.10 0.59 Arg 394 . . B B . . . 0.72 * * . -0.30 0.95
Tyr 395 . . B B . . . 0.38 * * . -0.30 0.85 Val 396 . . B B . . .
0.66 * * . -0.15 1.20 Asn 397 . . B . . T . 0.07 * * F 0.25 0.88
Thr 398 . . B . . T . 0.74 * * F -0.05 0.57 Gly 399 . . . . T T .
-0.26 * . F 0.80 1.19 Thr 400 . . B . . T . -0.26 * . F -0.05 0.52
Ala 401 . . B B . . . 0.60 * . F -0.45 0.56 Pro 402 . . B B . . .
-0.26 * . . -0.60 0.91 Ile 403 . . B B . . . -0.76 * . . -0.60 0.47
Tyr 404 . . B B . . . -0.62 * . . -0.60 0.38 Asn 405 . . B B . . .
-0.62 . . . -0.60 0.38 Val 406 . . B B . . . -0.34 . . . -0.60 0.79
Leu 407 . . B B . . . -0.43 . . . -0.60 0.73 Pro 408 . . B . . T .
-0.36 . . F -0.05 0.61 Thr 409 . . B . . T . -0.97 . . F -0.05 0.67
Thr 410 . . B . . T . -1.78 . . F -0.05 0.61 Ser 411 . . B . . T .
-1.27 . . F -0.05 0.32 Leu 412 . . B B . . . -0.41 . . . -0.60 0.22
Val 413 . . B B . . . -0.20 . . . -0.30 0.31 Leu 414 . . B B . . .
0.11 . . . -0.30 0.37 Gly 415 . . . . T T . 0.11 . . F 0.65 0.77
Lys 416 A . . . . T . -0.40 . . F 0.40 1.50 Asn 417 A . . . . T .
-0.18 . . F 0.40 1.50 Gln 418 A . . . . T . 0.37 . . F 1.00 1.54
Thr 419 A . . B . . . 0.29 . * F 0.60 1.11 Leu 420 A . . B . . .
0.68 . * F -0.45 0.48 Ala 421 A . . B . . . 0.04 . * . -0.30 0.56
Thr 422 A . . B . . . 0.09 . * . -0.30 0.39 Ile 423 A . . B . . .
0.09 . * . 0.30 0.95 Lys 424 A . . B . . . 0.40 . * F 0.90 1.62 Ala
425 A A . . . . . 1.21 . * F 0.90 1.81 Lys 426 A A . . . . . 0.99 .
* F 0.90 4.47 Glu 427 A A . . . . . 1.00 * * F 0.90 1.84 Asn 428 A
A . . . . . 1.89 * * F 0.90 2.44 Gln 429 A A . B . . . 0.96 * . F
0.90 2.12 Leu 430 A A . B . . . 0.73 . . F 0.45 0.86 Ser 431 . A B
B . . . 0.10 . . F -0.45 0.44 Gln 432 . A B B . . . -0.11 . . .
-0.60 0.26 Ile 433 . A B B . . . -0.11 * . . -0.60 0.48 Leu 434 . A
B B . . . -0.11 . . . -0.60 0.58 Ala 435 . . B . . T . 0.46 . . .
-0.20 0.54 Pro 436 . . B . . T . 0.51 . . F 0.10 1.20 Asn 437 . . .
. T T . 0.30 . . F 0.50 2.27 Asn 438 . . . . T T . 0.89 . . F 0.50
3.48 Tyr 439 . . . . T . . 1.74 . . F 0.30 3.02 Tyr 440 . . B . . T
. 2.33 . . F 0.40 3.75 Pro 441 . . . . T T . 1.73 . . F 0.80 3.75
Ser 442 . . . . T T . 1.14 . . F 0.50 1.97 Lys 443 . . B . . T .
0.93 . . F 0.40 1.27 Asn 444 . A B . . . . 0.29 * . F 0.60 1.27 Leu
445 . A B . . . . -0.06 . . . -0.30 0.67 Ala 446 . A B . . . .
-0.66 * . . -0.30 0.34 Pro 447 . A B . . . . -0.36 * . . -0.60 0.17
Ile 448 . A B . . . . -0.99 * * . -0.60 0.34 Ala 449 A A . . . . .
-0.99 * . . -0.60 0.34 Leu 450 . A B . . . . -0.18 * * . -0.60 0.38
Asn 451 . A B . . . . 0.41 * * . 0.04 0.90 Ala 452 A A . . . . .
-0.08 * * F 1.58 1.48 Gln 453 A A . . . . . 0.51 * * F 1.62 1.56
Asp 454 . . . . T T . 0.80 * * F 3.06 1.30 Asp 455 . . . . T T .
1.30 . * F 3.40 1.72 Phe 456 . . . . T T . 1.09 . * F 3.06 1.43 Ser
457 . . B . . T . 0.79 . . F 2.32 1.33 Ser 458 . . B B . . . 0.48 .
. F 0.53 0.56 Thr 459 . . . B . . C -0.12 . . F 0.09 0.93 Pro 460 .
. . B . . C -0.12 . . F -0.25 0.69 Ile 461 . . . B T . . 0.33 . * F
-0.05 0.82 Thr 462 . . B B . . . 0.63 . . . -0.60 0.89 Met 463 . .
B B . . . 0.93 . . . -0.60 0.93 Asn 464 . . B . . T . 0.54 * . .
-0.05 2.30 Tyr 465 . . B . . T . -0.06 * . . -0.05 1.38 Asn 466 . .
. . . T C 0.83 * * . 0.15 1.15 Gln 467 A . . . . T . 0.33 . * .
-0.05 1.24 Phe 468 A A . . . . . 0.93 . . . -0.60 0.65 Leu 469 A A
. . . . . 0.98 * . . 0.30 0.70 Glu 470 A A . . . . . 0.91 . . .
0.30 0.81 Leu 471 A A . . . . . 0.96 . . . 0.45 1.35 Glu 472 A A .
. . . . 0.96 . . F 0.90 3.27 Lys 473 A A . . . . . 0.84 . * F 0.90
3.27 Thr 474 A A . . . . . 1.77 . * F 0.90 3.27 Lys 475 A A . . . .
. 0.96 . * F 0.90 3.70 Gln 476 A A . . . . . 1.77 . * F 0.90 1.53
Leu 477 A A . . . . . 1.46 . * . 0.98 1.77 Arg 478 . A B . . . .
1.41 . * . 1.21 1.27 Leu 479 . A B . . . . 1.72 * * . 1.44 1.23 Asp
480 . . B . . T . 0.82 * * F 2.22 2.58 Thr 481 . . B . . T . 0.58 .
* F 2.30 0.98 Asp 482 . . B . . T . 1.04 . * F 1.92 1.86 Gln 483 .
. B . . T . 0.93 . * F 1.69 1.10 Val 484 . . B B . . . 0.86 . . .
0.31 1.23 Tyr 485 . . B B . . . 0.27 * . . -0.07 0.52 Gly 486 . . B
B . . . 0.27 * . . -0.60 0.30 Asn 487 . . B B . . . 0.02 . . .
-0.60 0.58 Ile 488 . . B B . . . 0.02 . * . -0.60 0.58 Ala 489 . .
B B . . . 0.18 . * . -0.60 0.95 Thr 490 . . B B . . . 0.42 . . .
-0.60 0.51 Tyr 491 . . B . . . . 0.77 * . . -0.25 1.26 Asn 492 . .
B . . . . 0.42 * . . 0.39 2.01 Phe 493 . . B . . T . 1.42 . . .
0.93 1.38 Glu 494 . . . . T T . 1.16 . * F 2.42 1.72 Asn 495 . . .
. T T . 1.58 . * F 2.61 0.80 Gly 496 . . . . T T . 0.97 . * F 3.40
1.80
Arg 497 . . B B . . . 0.97 . * F 2.11 0.77 Val 498 . . B B . . .
1.36 . * F 1.77 0.80 Arg 499 . . B B . . . 1.01 . * . 1.55 1.17 Val
500 . . B B . . . 0.71 . * F 1.33 0.59 Asp 501 . . B B . . . 1.06 .
* F 0.96 1.07 Thr 502 . . . . . . C 0.66 . * F 1.63 0.87 Gly 503 .
. . . . T C 1.21 . * F 1.20 1.24 Ser 504 . . . . . T C 1.10 . * F
0.93 0.99 Asn 505 . . . . . T C 1.10 * . F 0.96 1.19 Trp 506 . . .
. . T C 0.29 * . F 0.69 0.89 Ser 507 . . . . . . C 0.39 * . F 0.07
0.55 Glu 508 . . B . . . . 0.73 * . . -0.40 0.53 Val 509 . . B B .
. . 0.14 * * . -0.60 0.87 Leu 510 . . B B . . . 0.14 * . F -0.15
0.46 Pro 511 . . . B . . C 0.43 * . F 0.05 0.46 Gln 512 . . . B . .
C 0.42 * . F 0.20 1.06 Ile 513 A . . B . . . 0.11 * . F 0.00 1.86
Gln 514 A . . B . . . 0.38 * * F 0.60 1.74 Glu 515 A . . B . . .
1.30 * * F 0.60 1.01 Thr 516 . . B B . . . 0.62 * . F 0.60 2.83 Thr
517 . . B B . . . -0.27 * * F 0.60 1.15 Ala 518 . . B B . . . -0.08
* * . 0.30 0.46 Arg 519 . . B B . . . -0.08 * * . -0.60 0.28 Ile
520 . . B B . . . -0.42 * * . -0.60 0.31 Ile 521 . . B B . . .
-0.07 * * . -0.36 0.30 Phe 522 . . B B . . . 0.24 * * . 0.78 0.31
Asn 523 . . . B T . . 0.02 * * F 1.57 0.74 Gly 524 . . . . T T .
-0.09 * * F 2.21 0.87 Lys 525 . . . . . T C -0.01 . . F 2.40 1.62
Asp 526 . . . . . T C 0.02 . . F 2.01 0.83 Leu 527 . . . . . T C
0.72 * * F 1.77 0.62 Asn 528 A A . . . . . 0.83 * . . 1.08 0.54 Leu
529 A A . . . . . 1.29 * . . 0.84 0.63 Val 530 A A . . . . . 0.36 *
. . 0.75 1.50 Glu 531 A A . . . . . -0.23 * * . 0.60 0.65 Arg 532 A
A . . . . . -0.01 * . . 0.30 0.80 Arg 533 A A . . . . . -0.87 * . .
0.75 1.09 Ile 534 . A B . . . . -0.06 * . . 0.60 0.47 Ala 535 . A B
. . . . 0.59 * . . 0.30 0.38 Ala 536 . A B . . . . 0.29 . . . -0.30
0.30 Val 537 . A B . . . . 0.18 * . . -0.30 0.58 Asn 538 . . . . .
T C -0.14 . . F 1.65 0.96 Pro 539 . . . . . T C -0.07 . . F 2.10
1.46 Ser 540 . . . . . T C 0.52 * . F 2.40 1.63 Asp 541 . . . . . T
C 0.80 . . F 3.00 1.75 Pro 542 . . . . . . C 1.34 . . F 2.50 1.64
Leu 543 . . B . . . . 1.39 . . F 2.00 1.76 Glu 544 . . B . . . .
1.39 . . F 1.70 2.11 Thr 545 A . . . . . . 1.69 . . F 1.10 2.11 Thr
546 A . . . . . . 1.09 . . F 1.10 4.27 Lys 547 A . . . . T . 0.99 .
* F 1.30 2.44 Pro 548 A . . . . T . 0.99 . * F 1.00 2.44 Asp 549 A
. . . . T . 1.03 . * F 1.00 1.39 Met 550 A . . . . T . 1.34 * * F
1.30 1.39 Thr 551 A A . . . . . 1.07 * * . 0.75 1.56 Leu 552 A A .
. . . . 0.21 * * . 0.60 0.94 Lys 553 A A . . . . . 0.47 * * F 0.45
0.79 Glu 554 A A . . . . . -0.42 * * F 0.90 1.09 Ala 555 A A . . .
. . -0.41 * * . 0.30 0.93 Leu 556 A A . . . . . -0.80 * * . 0.60
0.47 Lys 557 A A . . . . . -0.33 * * . -0.30 0.23 Ile 558 A A . . .
. . -1.08 * * . -0.60 0.23 Ala 559 A A . . . . . -1.08 * * . -0.60
0.24 Phe 560 . A B . . . . -0.49 * * . -0.60 0.19 Gly 561 . A B . .
. . 0.11 . * . -0.32 0.48 Phe 562 . . B . . . . 0.07 . * . 0.46
0.73 Asn 563 . . . . . . C 0.61 . . F 1.24 1.36 Glu 564 . . . . . T
C 1.20 . . F 2.32 1.36 Pro 565 . . . . T T . 1.09 . * F 2.80 2.53
Asn 566 . . . . T T . 1.43 . * F 2.52 1.30 Gly 567 . . . . T T .
1.89 . * F 2.24 1.30 Asn 568 . . . . . . C 1.89 . * F 0.66 1.31 Leu
569 . . B . . . . 1.54 . * . 0.23 1.41 Gln 570 . . B . . . . 1.80 .
* . 0.15 1.41 Tyr 571 . . B . . T . 1.80 * * . 0.85 1.76 Gln 572 .
. B . . T . 1.26 * * F 1.80 3.56 Gly 573 . . B . . T . 0.94 * * F
2.00 1.44 Lys 574 . . B . . T . 1.76 * * F 1.80 1.33 Asp 575 . A B
. . . . 1.06 * * F 1.50 1.33 Ile 576 . A B . . . . 1.30 . * F 1.30
1.16 Thr 577 . A B . . . . 0.60 * * F 0.95 0.97 Glu 578 . A B . . .
. 0.94 * * . 0.30 0.50 Phe 579 . A B . . . . 0.20 * * . -0.15 1.15
Asp 580 . A . . T . . 0.20 * * . 0.10 0.69 Phe 581 . A . . T . .
1.09 * * . 0.70 0.67 Asn 582 . . . . T T . 1.40 . * . 0.65 1.34 Phe
583 . . . . T T . 1.09 . * F 1.40 1.38 Asp 584 A . . . . T . 1.49 .
* F 0.40 2.31 Gln 585 A . . . . T . 1.49 . * F 1.28 1.92 Gln 586 .
. . . T . . 2.19 * * F 1.76 3.85 Thr 587 . . . . . . C 1.30 * * F
2.14 3.70 Ser 588 . . . . . T C 2.04 * * F 1.72 1.50 Gln 589 . . .
. T T . 2.04 * * F 2.80 1.73 Asn 590 . . . . T T . 2.04 * * F 2.52
1.93 Ile 591 . . . . . T C 1.23 * * F 2.04 2.49 Lys 592 . A . . . .
C 0.96 * . F 1.36 1.19 Asn 593 . A B . . . . 1.26 * . F 0.13 0.75
Gln 594 . A B . . . . 0.44 * . F 0.60 1.84 Leu 595 . A B . . . .
0.44 * * . 0.30 0.76 Ala 596 . A B . . . . 0.74 * * . -0.30 0.76
Glu 597 A A . . . . . 0.39 . . . -0.30 0.44 Leu 598 A A . . . . .
0.39 . . . -0.30 0.78 Asn 599 A A . . . . . -0.50 . . . 0.45 1.23
Ala 600 A . . B . . . 0.07 . . . -0.30 0.50 Thr 601 A . . B . . .
0.34 . . . -0.60 0.95 Asn 602 A . . B . . . -0.51 . . . -0.60 0.85
Ile 603 . . B B . . . -0.51 . . . -0.60 0.63 Tyr 604 . . B B . . .
-0.51 * . . -0.60 0.36 Thr 605 . A B B . . . 0.12 * . . -0.60 0.37
Val 606 . A B B . . . -0.46 * * . -0.15 1.06 Leu 607 A A . B . . .
-0.41 * * . -0.30 0.47 Asp 608 A A . B . . . -0.33 * * F 0.45 0.66
Lys 609 A A . B . . . -0.09 * * F 0.45 0.73 Ile 610 A A . B . . .
-0.37 * * F 0.90 1.42 Lys 611 A A . B . . . 0.53 * * F 0.75 0.86
Leu 612 A A . . . . . 0.74 . * F 0.75 0.86 Asn 613 A A . . . . .
0.74 . * . 0.45 1.22 Ala 614 A A . . . . . -0.19 . * . 0.30 0.98
Lys 615 A A . . . . . -0.11 . * . -0.30 0.83 Met 616 A . . B . . .
-1.04 * * . -0.30 0.43 Asn 617 A . . B . . . -0.12 * * . -0.60 0.30
Ile 618 A . . B . . . -0.12 . * . -0.30 0.29 Leu 619 A . . B . . .
0.51 . * . -0.30 0.49 Ile 620 A . . B . . . 0.58 . * . 0.60 0.61
Arg 621 A . . B . . . 0.48 * * . 0.75 1.70 Asp 622 A . . B . . .
0.44 * * F 0.90 1.78 Lys 623 . A B . . . . 1.09 * * F 0.90 3.46 Arg
624 . A B . . . . 1.90 * . . 1.03 2.77 Phe 625 . A B . . . . 2.90 .
. . 1.31 2.77 His 626 . A . . T . . 2.79 . . . 1.99 2.71 Tyr 627 .
A . . T . . 2.79 . * . 2.27 2.23 Asp 628 . . . . T T . 1.86 * . F
2.80 4.13 Arg 629 . . . . T T . 1.16 . * F 2.52 2.13 Asn 630 . . .
. T T . 1.00 . . F 2.24 1.37 Asn 631 . . . . T T . 0.69 . . . 1.66
0.61 Ile 632 . . B B . . . 0.34 . * . -0.02 0.31 Ala 633 . . B B .
. . 0.34 . * . -0.60 0.19 Val 634 . . B B . . . 0.23 . * . -0.30
0.20 Gly 635 A . . B . . . -0.07 * . . 0.30 0.50 Ala 636 A A . . .
. . -0.92 . * F 0.75 0.66 Asp 637 A A . . . . . -0.89 * . F 0.45
0.66 Glu 638 A A . B . . . -0.26 * . F 0.45 0.49 Ser 639 A A . B .
. . 0.60 * . F 0.75 0.98 Val 640 A A . B . . . 0.36 * . F 0.90 1.02
Val 641 A A . B . . . 0.91 * . . 0.60 0.59 Lys 642 A A . B . . .
1.02 * . . 0.30 0.60 Glu 643 A A . . . . . 1.02 * . . 0.75 1.59 Ala
644 A A . . . . . 0.47 * . . 0.75 3.70 His 645 A A . . . . . 0.43 *
. . 0.75 1.37 Arg 646 A A . B . . . 1.29 * . . 0.60 0.56 Glu 647 A
A . B . . . 0.94 * . . 0.54 0.89 Val 648 A A . B . . . 0.64 * . .
0.78 0.87 Ile 649 A A . B . . . 0.92 * . . 1.02 0.60 Asn 650 . . .
. . T C 0.96 * . F 2.01 0.50 Ser 651 . . . . . T C 0.50 * . F 2.40
1.16 Ser 652 . . . . . T C -0.31 * . F 2.16 1.64 Thr 653 . . . . .
T C -0.27 . . F 1.77 0.84 Glu 654 A A . . . . . -0.19 . . F 0.33
0.52 Gly 655 A A . . . . . -0.19 . . F 0.09 0.32 Leu 656 A A . . .
. . -0.78 . * . -0.30 0.35 Leu 657 A A . . . . . -0.48 * . . -0.60
0.14 Leu 658 A A . . . . . -0.12 * . . -0.60 0.24 Asn 659 A A . . .
. . -0.12 * * . -0.30 0.59 Ile 660 A A . . . . . -0.67 * * F 0.90
1.19 Asp 661 A . . . . T . 0.26 * * F 1.30 1.01 Lys 662 A . . . . T
. 1.11 * * F 1.30 1.23 Asp 663 A . . . . T . 1.03 * * F 1.30 3.51
Ile 664 A . . . . T . 0.22 * * F 1.30 1.47 Arg 665 . . B B . . .
0.81 * * F 0.75 0.61 Lys 666 . . B B . . . 0.47 * . F 0.75 0.49 Ile
667 . . B B . . . 0.18 * . . 0.30 0.69 Leu 668 . . B . . T . -0.71
* * . 0.70 0.55 Ser 669 . . B . . T . -0.68 * . . -0.20 0.19 Gly
670 . . B . . T . -0.79 * . . -0.20 0.20 Tyr 671 . . B . . T .
-1.72 * . . -0.20 0.43 Ile 672 . . B B . . . -0.83 * . . -0.60 0.22
Val 673 . . B B . . . -0.02 * . . -0.30 0.39 Glu 674 . . B B . . .
-0.03 . . . 0.30 0.42 Ile 675 . . B B . . . 0.31 . . . 0.30 0.86
Glu 676 A . . B . . . 0.21 . . F 0.90 2.01 Asp 677 A . . . . T .
0.29 . . F 1.30 1.15 Thr 678 A . . . . T . 1.19 . * F 1.30 1.35 Glu
679 A . . . . T . 1.19 . . F 1.30 1.56 Gly 680 A . . . . T . 1.22 *
. F 1.30 1.62 Leu 681 A A . . . . . 0.33 * . F 0.75 0.83 Lys 682 A
A . . . . . 0.33 * . F 0.75 0.34 Glu 683 A A . . . . . 0.64 * * .
0.30 0.55 Val 684 A A . . . . . 0.76 * * . 0.75 1.11 Ile 685 A A .
. . . . 0.86 * * . 0.75 1.09 Asn 686 A . . . . T . 1.67 * * . 1.00
0.98 Asp 687 A . . . . T . 1.02 * * . 1.15 2.21 Arg 688 A . . . . T
. 0.21 * . . 1.15 3.12 Tyr 689 A . . . . T . 1.07 . . . 1.15 1.60
Asp 690 . . B . . . . 1.07 . * . 0.95 1.54 Met 691 . . B B . . .
0.77 . . . -0.30 0.55 Leu 692 . . B B . . . 0.47 . . . -0.60 0.47
Asn 693 . . B B . . . -0.46 . . . -0.30 0.38 Ile 694 . . B B . . .
-0.10 . . . -0.60 0.32 Ser 695 . . B B . . . -0.10 . . F 0.19 0.75
Ser 696 . . B B . . . 0.50 . . F 1.13 0.81 Leu 697 . . B B . . .
0.97 * * F 1.62 1.92 Arg 698 A . . . . T . 1.01 * * F 2.66 1.42 Gln
699 . . . . T T . 1.59 * * F 3.40 2.12 Asp 700 . . . . T T . 1.19 *
* F 3.06 3.71 Gly 701 . . . . T T . 0.60 * * F 2.72 1.64 Lys 702 .
. B . . . . 1.41 * * F 1.33 0.66 Thr 703 . . B . . . . 0.60 * * F
1.29 0.66 Phe 704 . A B . . . . 0.64 * * . -0.30 0.58 Ile 705 . A B
. . . . 0.69 * * . 0.30 0.58 Asp 706 A A . . . . . 0.79 * * . 0.64
0.80 Phe 707 A A . . . . . 0.74 * * . 0.53 1.46 Lys 708 A A . . . .
. 1.06 * . F 1.62 3.34 Lys 709 . A . . T . . 1.80 * . F 2.66 3.34
Tyr 710 . . . . T T . 1.88 * * F 3.40 7.72 Asn 711 . . . . T T .
1.67 * * F 3.06 3.18 Asp 712 . . . . T T . 1.56 * * F 2.72 2.46 Lys
713 . . B . . T . 1.27 * * F 1.68 1.29 Leu 714 . . B B . . . 0.33 *
* . 0.79 1.26 Pro 715 . . B B . . . 0.28 * * . -0.30 0.53 Leu 716 .
. B B . . . 0.28 * * . -0.60 0.35 Tyr 717 . . B B . . . 0.07 * . .
-0.60 0.69 Ile 718 . . B B . . . 0.02 . * . -0.60 0.69 Ser 719 . .
B B . . . 0.59 . * . -0.45 1.35 Asn 720 . . B . . T . 0.84 . * F
0.10 1.35 Pro 721 . . . . T T . 0.80 . * F 0.80 3.85 Asn 722 . . .
. T T . 1.04 . * F 0.80 2.13 Tyr 723 . . . . T T . 1.08 . * F 0.80
2.13 Lys 724 . . B B . . . 1.13 . * . -0.15 1.02 Val 725 . . B B .
. . 0.54 . * . -0.60 1.00 Asn 726 . . B B . . . -0.10 . * . -0.60
0.64 Val 727 . . B B . . . -0.41 . * . -0.60 0.24 Tyr 728 . . B B .
. . -0.12 . * . -0.60 0.46 Ala 729 . . B B . . . -0.17 . * . -0.60
0.58 Val 730 A . . B . . . 0.69 . * . -0.15 1.35 Thr 731 A . . B .
. . 0.38 . . F 0.60 1.38 Lys 732 . . B B . . . 0.34 . . F 0.60 1.97
Glu 733 . . B B . . . -0.30 * . F 0.60 1.86 Asn 734 . . B B . . .
0.29 * . F 0.45 0.91 Thr 735 . . B B . . . 0.93 . . F 0.45 0.73 Ile
736 . . B B . . . 0.94 . . . -0.30 0.65 Ile 737 . . B B . . . 0.90
. . . -0.26 0.54 Asn 738 . . B . . T . 0.90 * . F 0.93 0.65 Pro 739
. . . . . T C 0.56 * . F 2.22 1.49 Ser 740 . . . . . T C 0.87 * . F
2.56 2.11 Glu 741 . . . . T T . 1.44 * . F 3.40 2.19 Asn 742 . . .
. T T . 2.03 . * F 3.06 2.04 Gly 743 . . . . T T . 1.72 . . F 2.72
2.04 Asp 744 . . . . T T . 1.93 . . F 2.38 1.70 Thr 745 . . . . . T
C 1.89 * . F 1.54 1.70 Ser 746 . . . . . T C 1.00 * . F 1.20 1.70
Thr 747 A . . . . T . 1.04 * . F 0.85 0.71
Asn 748 A . . . . T . 1.43 * . F 0.85 0.99 Gly 749 A . . . . T .
0.54 * . F 1.30 1.48 Ile 750 A . . B . . . 0.04 * . F 0.45 0.72 Lys
751 . . B B . . . -0.54 * . F 0.45 0.37 Lys 752 . . B B . . . -0.93
* . F -0.15 0.26 Ile 753 . . B B . . . -1.23 * . . -0.60 0.32 Leu
754 . . B B . . . -0.84 * . . -0.30 0.22 Ile 755 . . B B . . . 0.09
* . . -0.30 0.22 Phe 756 . . B B . . . -0.30 * . . 0.04 0.62 Ser
757 . . . . . T C -0.59 * . F 1.73 0.74 Lys 758 . . . . T T . 0.30
* . F 1.82 1.65 Lys 759 . . . . . T C 0.22 * . F 2.86 3.30 Gly 760
. . . . T T . 0.77 * . F 3.40 1.73 Tyr 761 . . . . T . . 1.08 * . F
2.71 0.85 Glu 762 . . B . . . . 0.99 * . . 1.52 0.55 Ile 763 . . B
. . . . 0.56 * . . 0.58 0.71 Gly 764 . . B . . . . 0.12 . . . 0.24
0.58
[0080] In another aspect, the invention provides an antibody that
binds a peptide or polypeptide comprising an epitope-bearing
portion of a polypeptide described herein. The epitope of this
polypeptide portion is an immunogenic or antigenic epitope of a
polypeptide of the invention.
[0081] As to the selection of peptides or polypeptides bearing an
antigenic epitope (i.e., that contain a region of a protein
molecule to which an antibody can bind), it is well known in that
art that relatively short synthetic peptides that mimic part of a
protein sequence are routinely capable of eliciting an antiserum
that reacts with the partially mimicked protein. See, for instance,
Sutcliffe, J. G., Shinnick, T. M., Green, N. and Learner, R. A.
(1983) Antibodies that react with predetermined sites on proteins.
Science 2/9:660-666. Peptides capable of eliciting protein-reactive
sera are frequently represented in the primary sequence of a
protein, can be characterized by a set of simple chemical rules,
and are confined neither to immunodominant regions of intact
proteins (i.e., immunogenic epitopes) nor to the amino or carboxyl
terminals.
[0082] Antigenic epitope-bearing peptides and polypeptides are
therefore useful to raise antibodies, including monoclonal
antibodies, that bind to a PA polypeptide of the invention. See,
for instance, Wilson et al., Cell 37:767-778 (1984) at 777.
Antigenic epitope-bearing peptides and polypeptides preferably
contain a sequence of at least seven, more preferably at least nine
and most preferably between at least about 15 to about 30 amino
acids contained within the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
[0083] Antibodies of the invention may bind one or more antigenic
PA polypeptides or peptides including, but not limited to: a
polypeptide comprising amino acid residues from about 39 to about
45 of SEQ ID NO:2; a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues
from about 129 to about 134 of SEQ ID NO:2; a polypeptide
comprising amino acid residues from about 151 to about 157 of SEQ
ID NO:2; a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues from about
168 to about 172 of SEQ ID NO:2; a polypeptide comprising amino
acid residues from about 189 to about 195 of SEQ ID NO:2; a
polypeptide comprising amino acid residues from about 203 to about
213 of SEQ ID NO:2; a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues
from about 225 to about 230 of SEQ ID NO:2; a polypeptide
comprising amino acid residues from about 246 to about 253 of SEQ
ID NO:2; a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues from about
259 to about 264 of SEQ ID NO:2; a polypeptide comprising amino
acid residues from about 273 to about 280 of SEQ ID NO:2; a
polypeptide comprising amino acid residues from about 302 to about
307 of SEQ ID NO:2; a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues
from about 309 to about 314 of SEQ ID NO:2; a polypeptide
comprising amino acid residues from about 319 to about 331 of SEQ
ID NO:2; a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues from about
452 to about 457 of SEQ ID NO:2; a polypeptide comprising amino
acid residues from about 480 to about 483 of SEQ ID NO:2; a
polypeptide comprising amino acid residues from about 494 to about
498 of SEQ ID NO:2; a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues
from about 523 to about 527 of SEQ ID NO:2; a polypeptide
comprising amino acid residues from about 538 to about 544 of SEQ
ID NO:2; a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues from about
564 to about 567 of SEQ ID NO:2; a polypeptide comprising amino
acid residues from about 572 to about 575 of SEQ ID NO:2; a
polypeptide comprising amino acid residues from about 587 to about
591 of SEQ ID NO:2; a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues
from about 626 to about 631 of SEQ ID NO:2; a polypeptide
comprising amino acid residues from about 650 to about 653 of SEQ
ID NO:2; a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues from about
697 to about 701 of SEQ ID NO:2; a polypeptide comprising amino
acid residues from about 708 to about 713 of SEQ ID NO:2; a
polypeptide comprising amino acid residues from about 739 to about
745 of SEQ ID NO:2; and/or a polypeptide comprising amino acid
residues from about 757 to about 762 of SEQ ID NO:2. In this
context "about" includes the particularly recited range, larger or
smaller by several (5, 4, 3, 2, or 1) amino acids, at either
terminus or at both termini. Epitope-bearing PA peptides and
polypeptides may be produced by any conventional means. Houghten,
R. A., "General method for the rapid solid-phase synthesis of large
numbers of peptides: specificity of antigen-antibody interaction at
the level of individual amino acids," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
82:5131-5135 (1985). This "Simultaneous Multiple Peptide Synthesis
(SMPS)" process is further described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,631,211 to
Houghten et al. (1986).
[0084] As one of skill in the art will appreciate, PA polypeptides
and the epitope-bearing fragments thereof described herein can be
combined with parts of the constant domain of immunoglobulins
(IgG), resulting in chimeric polypeptides. These fusion proteins
facilitate purification and show an increased half-life in vivo.
This has been shown, e.g., for chimeric proteins consisting of the
first two domains of the human CD4-polypeptide and various domains
of the constant regions of the heavy or light chains of mammalian
immunoglobulins (EPA 394,827; Traunecker et al., Nature 331:84-86
(1988)). Fusion proteins that have a disulfide-linked dimeric
structure due to the IgG part can also be more efficient in binding
and neutralizing other molecules than the monomeric PA protein or
protein fragment alone (Fountoulakis et al., J Biochem
270:3958-3964 (1995)). Thus, antibodies of the invention may bind
the PA moiety of fusion proteins that comprise all or a portion of
a PA polypeptide.
[0085] Recombinant DNA technology known to those skilled in the art
can be used to create novel mutant proteins or "muteins" including
single or multiple amino acid substitutions, deletions, additions
or fusion proteins. Such modified polypeptides can show, e.g.,
enhanced activity or increased stability. In addition, they may be
purified in higher yields and show better solubility than the
corresponding natural polypeptide, at least under certain
purification and storage conditions. Antibodies of the present
invention may also bind such modified PA polypeptides or PA
polypeptide fragments or variants.
[0086] For instance, for many proteins, it is known in the art that
one or more amino acids may be deleted from the N-terminus or
C-terminus without substantial loss of biological function, or loss
of the ability to be bound by a specific antibody. For instance,
Ron et al., J. Biol. Chem., 268:2984-2988 (1993) reported modified
KGF proteins that had heparin binding activity even if 3, 8, or 27
amino-terminal amino acid residues were missing.
[0087] However, even if deletion of one or more amino acids from
the N-terminus of a protein results in modification or loss of one
or more biological functions of the protein, other functional
activities (e.g., biological activities, ability to multimerize,
ability to bind EF or LF may still be retained. For example, the
ability of shortened PA polypeptides to induce and/or bind to
antibodies which recognize the complete or mature forms of the PA
polypeptides generally will be retained when less than the majority
of the residues of the complete or mature polypeptide are removed
from the N-terminus. Whether a particular polypeptide lacking
N-terminal residues of a complete polypeptide retains such
immunologic activities can readily be determined by routine methods
described herein and otherwise known in the art. It is not unlikely
that a PA polypeptide with a large number of deleted N-terminal
amino acid residues may retain some biological or immunogenic
activities. In fact, peptides composed of as few as six PA amino
acid residues may often evoke an immune response.
[0088] Accordingly, the present invention further provides
antibodies that bind polypeptides having one or more residues
deleted from the amino terminus of the PA amino acid sequence of
SEQ ID NO:2 up to the serine residue at position number 463. In
particular, the present invention provides antibodies that bind
polypeptides comprising the amino acid sequence of residues
n.sup.1-764 of SEQ ID NO:2, where n.sup.1 is an integer from 31 to
759 corresponding to the position of the amino acid residue in SEQ
ID NO:2.
[0089] More in particular, the invention provides antibodies that
bind polypeptides comprising, or alternatively consisting of, the
amino acid sequence of residues of V-31 to G-764; K-32 to G-764;
Q-33 to G-764; E-34 to G-764; N-35 to G-764; R-36 to G-764; L-37 to
G-764; L-38 to G-764; N-39 to G-764; E-40 to G-764; S-41 to G-764;
E-42 to G-764; S-43 to G-764; S-44 to G-764; S-45 to G-764; Q-46 to
G-764; G-47 to G-764; L-48 to G-764; L-49 to G-764; G-50 to G-764;
Y-51 to G-764; Y-52 to G-764; F-53 to G-764; S-54 to G-764; D-55 to
G-764; L-56 to G-764; N-57 to G-764; F-58 to G-764; Q-59 to G-764;
A-60 to G-764; P-61 to G-764; M-62 to G-764; V-63 to G-764; V-64 to
G-764; T-65 to G-764; S-66 to G-764; S-67 to G-764; T-68 to G-764;
T-69 to G-764; G-70 to G-764; D-71 to G-764; L-72 to G-764; S-73 to
G-764; I-74 to G-764; P-75 to G-764; S-76 to G-764; S-77 to G-764;
E-78 to G-764; L-79 to G-764; E-80 to G-764; N-81 to G-764; I-82 to
G-764; P-83 to G-764; S-84 to G-764; E-85 to G-764; N-86 to G-764;
Q-87 to G-764; Y-88 to G-764; F-89 to G-764; Q-90 to G-764; S-91 to
G-764; A-92 to G-764; I-93 to G-764; W-94 to G-764; S-95 to G-764;
G-96 to G-764; F-97 to G-764; I-98 to G-764; K-99 to G-764; V-100
to G-764; K-101 to G-764; K-102 to G-764; S-103 to G-764; D-104 to
G-764; E-105 to G-764; Y-106 to G-764; T-107 to G-764; F-108 to
G-764; A-109 to G-764; T-110 to G-764; S-111 to G-764; A-112 to
G-764; D-113 to G-764; N-114 to G-764; H-115 to G-764; V-116 to
G-764; I-117 to G-764; M-118 to G-764; W-119 to G-764; V-120 to
G-764; D-121 to G-764; D-122 to G-764; Q-123 to G-764; E-124 to
G-764; V-125 to G-764; I-126 to G-764; N-127 to G-764; K-128 to
G-764; A-129 to G-764; S-130 to G-764; N-131 to G-764; S-132 to
G-764; N-133 to G-764; K-134 to G-764; I-135 to G-764; R-136 to
G-764; L-137 to G-764; E-138 to G-764; K-139 to G-764; G-140 to
G-764; R-141 to G-764; L-142 to G-764; Y-143 to G-764; Q-144 to
G-764; I-145 to G-764; K-146 to G-764; I-147 to G-764; Q-148 to
G-764; Y-149 to G-764; Q-150 to G-764; R-151 to G-764; E-152 to
G-764; N-153 to G-764; P-154 to G-764; T-155 to G-764; E-156 to
G-764; K-157 to G-764; G-158 to G-764; L-159 to G-764; D-160 to
G-764; F-161 to G-764; K-162 to G-764; L-163 to G-764; Y-164 to
G-764; W-165 to G-764; T-166 to G-764; D-167 to G-764; S-168 to
G-764; Q-169 to G-764; N-170 to G-764; K-171 to G-764; K-172 to
G-764; E-173 to G-764; V-174 to G-764; I-175 to G-764; S-176 to
G-764; S-177 to G-764; D-178 to G-764; N-179 to G-764; L-180 to
G-764; Q-181 to G-764; L-182 to G-764; P-183 to G-764; E-184 to
G-764; L-185 to G-764; K-186 to G-764; Q-187 to G-764; K-188 to
G-764; S-189 to G-764; S-190 to G-764; N-191 to G-764; S-192 to
G-764; R-193 to G-764; K-194 to G-764; K-195 to G-764; R-196 to
G-764; S-197 to G-764; T-198 to G-764; S-199 to G-764; A-200 to
G-764; G-201 to G-764; P-202 to G-764; T-203 to G-764; V-204 to
G-764; P-205 to G-764; D-206 to G-764; R-207 to G-764; D-208 to
G-764; N-209 to G-764; D-210 to G-764; G-211 to G-764; I-212 to
G-764; P-213 to G-764; D-214 to G-764; S-215 to G-764; L-216 to
G-764; E-217 to G-764; V-218 to G-764; E-219 to G-764; G-220 to
G-764; Y-221 to G-764; T-222 to G-764; V-223 to G-764; D-224 to
G-764; V-225 to G-764; K-226 to G-764; N-227 to G-764; K-228 to
G-764; R-229 to G-764; T-230 to G-764; F-231 to G-764; L-232 to
G-764; S-233 to G-764; P-234 to G-764; W-235 to G-764; I-236 to
G-764; S-237 to G-764; N-238 to G-764; I-239 to G-764; H-240 to
G-764; E-241 to G-764; K-242 to G-764; K-243 to G-764; G-244 to
G-764; L-245 to G-764; T-246 to G-764; K-247 to G-764; Y-248 to
G-764; K-249 to G-764; S-250 to G-764; S-251 to G-764; P-252 to
G-764; E-253 to G-764; K-254 to G-764; W-255 to G-764; S-256 to
G-764; T-257 to G-764; A-258 to G-764; S-259 to G-764; D-260 to
G-764; P-261 to G-764; Y-262 to G-764; S-263 to G-764; D-264 to
G-764; F-265 to G-764; E-266 to G-764; K-267 to G-764; V-268 to
G-764; T-269 to G-764; G-270 to G-764; R-271 to G-764; I-272 to
G-764; D-273 to G-764; K-274 to G-764; N-275 to G-764; V-276 to
G-764; S-277 to G-764; P-278 to G-764; E-279 to G-764; A-280 to
G-764; R-281 to G-764; H-282 to G-764; P-283 to G-764; L-284 to
G-764; V-285 to G-764; A-286 to G-764; A-287 to G-764; Y-288 to
G-764; P-289 to G-764; I-290 to G-764; V-291 to G-764; H-292 to
G-764; V-293 to G-764; D-294 to G-764; M-295 to G-764; E-296 to
G-764; N-297 to G-764; I-298 to G-764; I-299 to G-764; L-300 to
G-764; S-301 to G-764; K-302 to G-764; N-303 to G-764; E-304 to
G-764; D-305 to G-764; Q-306 to G-764; S-307 to G-764; T-308 to
G-764; Q-309 to G-764; N-310 to G-764; T-311 to G-764; D-312 to
G-764; S-313 to G-764; Q-314 to G-764; T-315 to G-764; R-316 to
G-764; T-317 to G-764; I-318 to G-764; S-319 to G-764; K-320 to
G-764; N-321 to G-764; T-322 to G-764; S-323 to G-764; T-324 to
G-764; S-325 to G-764; R-326 to G-764; T-327 to G-764; H-328 to
G-764; T-329 to G-764; S-330 to G-764; E-331 to G-764; V-332 to
G-764; H-333 to G-764; G-334 to G-764; N-335 to G-764; A-336 to
G-764; E-337 to G-764; V-338 to G-764; H-339 to G-764; A-340 to
G-764; S-341 to G-764; F-342 to G-764; F-343 to G-764; D-344 to
G-764; I-345 to G-764; G-346 to G-764; G-347 to G-764; S-348 to
G-764; V-349 to G-764; S-350 to G-764; A-351 to G-764; G-352 to
G-764; F-353 to G-764; S-354 to G-764; N-355 to G-764; S-356 to
G-764; N-357 to G-764; S-358 to G-764; S-359 to G-764; T-360 to
G-764; V-361 to G-764; A-362 to G-764; I-363 to G-764; D-364 to
G-764; H-365 to G-764; S-366 to G-764; L-367 to G-764; S-368 to
G-764; L-369 to G-764; A-370 to G-764; G-371 to G-764; E-372 to
G-764; R-373 to G-764; T-374 to G-764; W-375 to G-764; A-376 to
G-764; E-377 to G-764; T-378 to G-764; M-379 to G-764; G-380 to
G-764; L-381 to G-764; N-382 to G-764; T-383 to G-764; A-384 to
G-764; D-385 to G-764; T-386 to G-764; A-387 to G-764; R-388 to
G-764; L-389 to G-764; N-390 to G-764; A-391 to G-764; N-392 to
G-764; I-393 to G-764; R-394 to G-764; Y-395 to G-764; V-396 to
G-764; N-397 to G-764; T-398 to G-764; G-399 to G-764; T-400 to
G-764; A-401 to G-764; P-402 to G-764; I-403 to G-764; Y-404 to
G-764; N-405 to G-764; V-406 to G-764; L-407 to G-764; P-408 to
G-764; T-409 to G-764; T-410 to G-764; S-411 to G-764; L-412 to
G-764; V-413 to G-764; L-414 to G-764; G-415 to G-764; K-416 to
G-764; N-417 to G-764; Q-418 to G-764; T-419 to G-764; L-420 to
G-764; A-421 to G-764; T-422 to G-764; I-423 to G-764; K-424 to
G-764; A-425 to G-764; K-426 to G-764; E-427 to G-764; N-428 to
G-764; Q-429 to G-764; L-430 to G-764; S-431 to G-764; Q-432 to
G-764; I-433 to G-764; L-434 to G-764; A-435 to G-764; P-436 to
G-764; N-437 to G-764; N-438 to G-764; Y-439 to G-764; Y-440 to
G-764; P-441 to G-764; S-442 to G-764; K-443 to G-764; N-444 to
G-764; L-445 to G-764; A-446 to G-764; P-447 to G-764; I-448 to
G-764; A-449 to G-764; L-450 to G-764; N-451 to G-764; A-452 to
G-764; Q-453 to G-764; D-454 to G-764; D-455 to G-764; F-456 to
G-764; S-457 to G-764; S-458 to G-764; T-459 to G-764; P-460 to
G-764; I-461 to G-764; T-462 to G-764; M-463 to G-764; N-464 to
G-764; Y-465 to G-764; N-466 to G-764; Q-467 to G-764; F-468 to
G-764; L-469 to G-764; E-470 to G-764; L-471 to G-764; E-472 to
G-764; K-473 to G-764; T-474 to G-764; K-475 to G-764; Q-476 to
G-764; L-477 to G-764; R-478 to G-764; L-479 to G-764; D-480 to
G-764; T-481 to G-764; D-482 to G-764; Q-483 to G-764; V-484 to
G-764; Y-485 to G-764; G-486 to G-764; N-487 to G-764; I-488 to
G-764; A-489 to G-764; T-490 to G-764; Y-491 to G-764; N-492 to
G-764; F-493 to G-764; E-494 to G-764; N-495 to G-764; G-496 to
G-764; R-497 to G-764; V-498 to G-764; R-499 to G-764; V-500 to
G-764; D-501 to G-764; T-502 to G-764; G-503 to G-764; S-504 to
G-764; N-505 to G-764; W-506 to G-764; S-507 to G-764; E-508 to
G-764; V-509 to G-764; L-510 to G-764; P-511 to G-764; Q-512 to
G-764; I-513 to G-764; Q-514 to G-764; E-515 to G-764; T-516 to
G-764; T-517 to G-764; A-518 to G-764; R-519 to G-764; I-520 to
G-764; I-521 to G-764; F-522 to G-764; N-523 to G-764; G-524 to
G-764; K-525 to G-764; D-526 to G-764; L-527 to G-764; N-528 to
G-764; L-529 to G-764; V-530 to G-764; E-531 to G-764; R-532 to
G-764; R-533 to G-764; I-534 to G-764; A-535 to G-764; A-536 to
G-764; V-537 to G-764; N-538 to G-764; P-539 to G-764; S-540 to
G-764; D-541 to G-764; P-542 to G-764; L-543 to G-764; E-544 to
G-764; T-545 to G-764; T-546 to G-764; K-547 to G-764; P-548 to
G-764; D-549 to G-764; M-550 to G-764; T-551 to G-764; L-552 to
G-764; K-553 to G-764; E-554 to G-764; A-555 to G-764; L-556 to
G-764; K-557 to G-764; I-558 to G-764; A-559 to G-764; F-560 to
G-764; G-561 to G-764; F-562 to G-764; N-563 to G-764; E-564 to
G-764; P-565 to G-764; N-566 to G-764; G-567 to G-764; N-568 to
G-764; L-569 to G-764; Q-570 to G-764; Y-571 to G-764; Q-572 to
G-764; G-573 to G-764; K-574 to G-764; D-575 to G-764; I-576 to
G-764; I-577 to G-764; E-578 to G-764; F-579 to G-764; D-580 to
G-764; F-581 to G-764; N-582 to G-764; F-583 to G-764; D-584 to
G-764; Q-585 to G-764; Q-586 to G-764; T-587 to G-764; S-588 to
G-764; Q-589 to G-764; N-590 to G-764; I-591 to G-764; K-592 to
G-764; N-593 to G-764; Q-594 to G-764; L-595 to G-764; A-596 to
G-764; E-597 to G-764; L-598 to G-764; N-599 to G-764; A-600 to
G-764; T-601 to G-764; N-602 to G-764; I-603 to G-764; Y-604 to
G-764; T-605 to G-764; V-606 to G-764; L-607 to G-764; D-608 to
G-764; K-609 to G-764; I-610 to G-764; K-611 to G-764; L-612 to
G-764; N-613 to G-764; A-614 to G-764; K-615 to G-764; M-616 to
G-764; N-617 to G-764; I-618 to G-764; L-619 to G-764; I-620 to
G-764; R-621 to G-764; D-622 to G-764; K-623 to G-764; R-624 to
G-764; F-625 to G-764; H-626 to G-764; Y-627 to G-764; D-628 to
G-764; R-629 to G-764; N-630 to G-764; N-631 to G-764; I-632 to
G-764; A-633 to G-764; V-634 to G-764; G-635 to G-764; A-636 to
G-764; D-637 to G-764; E-638 to G-764; S-639 to G-764; V-640 to
G-764; V-641 to G-764; K-642 to G-764; E-643 to G-764; A-644 to
G-764; H-645 to G-764; R-646 to G-764; E-647 to G-764; V-648 to
G-764; I-649 to G-764; N-650 to G-764; S-651 to G-764; S-652 to
G-764; T-653 to G-764; E-654 to G-764; G-655 to G-764; L-656 to
G-764; L-657 to G-764; L-658 to G-764; N-659 to G-764; I-660 to
G-764; D-661 to G-764; K-662 to G-764; D-663 to G-764; I-664 to
G-764; R-665 to G-764; K-666 to G-764; I-667 to G-764; L-668 to
G-764; S-669 to G-764; G-670 to G-764; Y-671 to G-764; I-672 to
G-764; V-673 to G-764; E-674 to G-764; I-675 to G-764; E-676 to
G-764; D-677 to G-764; T-678 to G-764; E-679 to G-764; G-680 to
G-764; L-681 to G-764; K-682 to G-764; E-683 to G-764; V-684 to
G-764; I-685 to G-764; N-686 to G-764; D-687 to G-764; R-688 to
G-764; Y-689 to G-764; D-690 to G-764; M-691 to G-764; L-692 to
G-764; N-693 to G-764; I-694 to G-764; S-695 to G-764; S-696 to
G-764; L-697 to G-764; R-698 to G-764; Q-699 to G-764; D-700 to
G-764; G-701 to G-764; K-702 to G-764; T-703 to G-764; F-704 to
G-764; I-705 to G-764; D-706 to G-764; F-707 to G-764; K-708 to
G-764; K-709 to G-764; Y-710 to G-764; N-711 to G-764; D-712 to
G-764; K-713 to G-764; L-714 to G-764; P-715 to G-764; L-716 to
G-764; Y-717 to G-764; I-718 to G-764; S-719 to G-764; N-720 to
G-764; P-721 to G-764; N-722 to G-764; Y-723 to G-764; K-724 to
G-764; V-725 to G-764; N-726 to G-764; V-727 to G-764; Y-728 to
G-764; A-729 to G-764; V-730 to G-764; T-731 to G-764; K-732 to
G-764; E-733 to G-764; N-734 to G-764; T-735 to G-764; I-736 to
G-764; I-737 to G-764; N-738 to G-764; P-739 to G-764; S-740 to
G-764; E-741 to G-764; N-742 to G-764; G-743 to G-764; D-744 to
G-764; T-745 to G-764; S-746 to G-764; T-747 to G-764; N-748 to
G-764; G-749 to G-764; I-750 to G-764; K-751 to G-764; K-752 to
G-764; I-753 to G-764; L-754 to G-764; I-755 to G-764; F-756 to
G-764; S-757 to G-764; K-758 to G-764; and/or K-759 to G-764; of
the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
[0090] As mentioned above, even if deletion of one or more amino
acids from the C-terminus of a protein results in modification of
loss of one or more biological functions of the protein, other
functional activities (e.g., biological activities, ability to
multimerize, ability to bind EF or LF) may still be retained. For
example, the ability of the shortened PA polypeptide to induce
and/or bind to antibodies which recognize the complete or mature
forms of the PA polypeptide generally will be retained when less
than the majority of the residues of the complete or mature
polypeptide are removed from the C-terminus. Whether a particular
polypeptide lacking C-terminal residues of a complete polypeptide
retains such immunologic activities can readily be determined by
routine methods described herein and otherwise known in the art. It
is not unlikely that a PA polypeptide with a large number of
deleted C-terminal amino acid residues may retain some biological
or immunogenic activities. In fact, peptides composed of as few as
six PA amino acid residues may often evoke an immune response.
[0091] Accordingly, the present invention further provides
antibodies that bind polypeptides having one or more residues
deleted from the carboxy terminus of the amino acid sequence of the
PA polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 up to the arginine residue
at position number 36. In particular, the present invention
provides antibodies that bind polypeptides comprising the amino
acid sequence of residues 30-m.sup.1 of SEQ ID NO:2, where m.sup.1
is an integer from 36 to 763 corresponding to the position of the
amino acid residue in SEQ ID NO:2.
[0092] More in particular, the invention provides antibodies that
bind polypeptides comprising, or alternatively consisting of, the
amino acid sequence of residues E-30 to I-763; E-30 to E-762; E-30
to Y-761; E-30 to G-760; E-30 to K-759; E-30 to K-758; E-30 to
S-757; E-30 to F-756; E-30 to I-755; E-30 to L-754; E-30 to I-753;
E-30 to K-752; E-30 to K-751; E-30 to I-750; E-30 to G-749; E-30 to
N-748; E-30 to T-747; E-30 to S-746; E-30 to T-745; E-30 to D-744;
E-30 to G-743; E-30 to N-742; E-30 to E-741; E-30 to S-740; E-30 to
P-739; E-30 to N-738; E-30 to I-737; E-30 to I-736; E-30 to T-735;
E-30 to N-734; E-30 to E-733; E-30 to K-732; E-30 to T-731; E-30 to
V-730; E-30 to A-729; E-30 to Y-728; E-30 to V-727; E-30 to N-726;
E-30 to V-725; E-30 to K-724; E-30 to Y-723; E-30 to N-722; E-30 to
P-721; E-30 to N-720; E-30 to S-719; E-30 to I-718; E-30 to Y-717;
E-30 to L-716; E-30 to P-715; E-30 to L-714; E-30 to K-713; E-30 to
D-712; E-30 to N-711; E-30 to Y-710; E-30 to K-709; E-30 to K-708;
E-30 to F-707; E-30 to D-706; E-30 to I-705; E-30 to F-704; E-30 to
T-703; E-30 to K-702; E-30 to G-701; E-30 to D-700; E-30 to Q-699;
E-30 to R-698; E-30 to L-697; E-30 to S-696; E-30 to S-695; E-30 to
I-694; E-30 to N-693; E-30 to L-692; E-30 to M-691; E-30 to D-690;
E-30 to Y-689; E-30 to R-688; E-30 to D-687; E-30 to N-686; E-30 to
I-685; E-30 to V-684; E-30 to E-683; E-30 to K-682; E-30 to L-681;
E-30 to G-680; E-30 to E-679; E-30 to T-678; E-30 to D-677; E-30 to
E-676; E-30 to I-675; E-30 to E-674; E-30 to V-673; E-30 to I-672;
E-30 to Y-671; E-30 to G-670; E-30 to S-669; E-30 to L-668; E-30 to
I-667; E-30 to K-666; E-30 to R-665; E-30 to I-664; E-30 to D-663;
E-30 to K-662; E-30 to D-661; E-30 to I-660; E-30 to N-659; E-30 to
L-658; E-30 to L-657; E-30 to L-656; E-30 to G-655; E-30 to E-654;
E-30 to T-653; E-30 to S-652; E-30 to S-651; E-30 to N-650; E-30 to
I-649; E-30 to V-648; E-30 to E-647; E-30 to R-646; E-30 to H-645;
E-30 to A-644; E-30 to E-643; E-30 to K-642; E-30 to V-641; E-30 to
V-640; E-30 to S-639; E-30 to E-638; E-30 to D-637; E-30 to A-636;
E-30 to G-635; E-30 to V-634; E-30 to A-633; E-30 to I-632; E-30 to
N-631; E-30 to N-630; E-30 to R-629; E-30 to D-628; E-30 to Y-627;
E-30 to H-626; E-30 to F-625; E-30 to R-624; E-30 to K-623; E-30 to
D-622; E-30 to R-621; E-30 to I-620; E-30 to L-619; E-30 to I-618;
E-30 to N-617; E-30 to M-616; E-30 to K-615; E-30 to A-614; E-30 to
N-613; E-30 to L-612; E-30 to K-611; E-30 to I-610; E-30 to K-609;
E-30 to D-608; E-30 to L-607; E-30 to V-606; E-30 to T-605; E-30 to
Y-604; E-30 to I-603; E-30 to N-602; E-30 to T-601; E-30 to A-600;
E-30 to N-599; E-30 to L-598; E-30 to E-597; E-30 to A-596; E-30 to
L-595; E-30 to Q-594; E-30 to N-593; E-30 to K-592; E-30 to I-591;
E-30 to N-590; E-30 to Q-589; E-30 to S-588; E-30 to T-587; E-30 to
Q-586; E-30 to Q-585; E-30 to D-584; E-30 to F-583; E-30 to N-582;
E-30 to F-581; E-30 to D-580; E-30 to F-579; E-30 to E-578; E-30 to
T-577; E-30 to I-576; E-30 to D-575; E-30 to K-574; E-30 to G-573;
E-30 to Q-572; E-30 to Y-571; E-30 to Q-570; E-30 to L-569; E-30 to
N-568; E-30 to G-567; E-30 to N-566; E-30 to P-565; E-30 to E-564;
E-30 to N-563; E-30 to F-562; E-30 to G-561; E-30 to F-560; E-30 to
A-559; E-30 to I-558; E-30 to K-557; E-30 to L-556; E-30 to A-555;
E-30 to E-554; E-30 to K-553; E-30 to L-552; E-30 to T-551; E-30 to
M-550; E-30 to D-549; E-30 to P-548; E-30 to K-547; E-30 to T-546;
E-30 to T-545; E-30 to E-544; E-30 to L-543; E-30 to P-542; E-30 to
D-541; E-30 to S-540; E-30 to P-539; E-30 to N-538; E-30 to V-537;
E-30 to A-536; E-30 to A-535; E-30 to I-534; E-30 to R-533; E-30 to
R-532; E-30 to E-531; E-30 to V-530; E-30 to L-529; E-30 to N-528;
E-30 to L-527; E-30 to D-526; E-30 to K-525; E-30 to G-524; E-30 to
N-523; E-30 to F-522; E-30 to I-521; E-30 to I-520; E-30 to R-519;
E-30 to A-518; E-30 to T-517; E-30 to T-516; E-30 to E-515; E-30 to
Q-514; E-30 to I-513; E-30 to Q-512; E-30 to P-511; E-30 to L-510;
E-30 to V-509; E-30 to E-508; E-30 to S-507; E-30 to W-506; E-30 to
N-505; E-30 to S-504; E-30 to G-503; E-30 to T-502; E-30 to D-501;
E-30 to V-500; E-30 to R-499; E-30 to V-498; E-30 to R-497; E-30 to
G-496; E-30 to N-495; E-30 to E-494; E-30 to F-493; E-30 to N-492;
E-30 to Y-491; E-30 to T-490; E-30 to A-489; E-30 to I-488; E-30 to
N-487; E-30 to G-486; E-30 to Y-485; E-30 to V-484; E-30 to Q-483;
E-30 to D-482; E-30 to T-481; E-30 to D-480; E-30 to L-479; E-30 to
R-478; E-30 to L-477; E-30 to Q-476; E-30 to K-475; E-30 to T-474;
E-30 to K-473; E-30 to E-472; E-30 to L-471; E-30 to E-470; E-30 to
L-469; E-30 to F-468; E-30 to Q-467; E-30 to N-466; E-30 to Y-465;
E-30 to N-464; E-30 to M-463; E-30 to T-462; E-30 to I-461; E-30 to
P-460; E-30 to T-459; E-30 to S-458; E-30 to S-457; E-30 to F-456;
E-30 to D-455; E-30 to D-454; E-30 to Q-453; E-30 to A-452; E-30 to
N-451; E-30 to L-450; E-30 to A-449; E-30 to I-448; E-30 to P-447;
E-30 to A-446; E-30 to L-445; E-30 to N-444; E-30 to K-443; E-30 to
S-442; E-30 to P-441; E-30 to Y-440; E-30 to Y-439; E-30 to N-438;
E-30 to N-437; E-30 to P-436; E-30 to A-435; E-30 to L-434; E-30 to
I-433; E-30 to Q-432; E-30 to S-431; E-30 to L-430; E-30 to Q-429;
E-30 to N-428; E-30 to E-427; E-30 to K-426; E-30 to A-425; E-30 to
K-424; E-30 to I-423; E-30 to T-422; E-30 to A-421; E-30 to L-420;
E-30 to T-419; E-30 to Q-418; E-30 to N-417; E-30 to K-416; E-30 to
G-415; E-30 to L-414; E-30 to V-413; E-30 to L-412; E-30 to S-411;
E-30 to T-410; E-30 to T-409; E-30 to P-408; E-30 to L-407; E-30 to
V-406; E-30 to N-405; E-30 to Y-404; E-30 to I-403; E-30 to P-402;
E-30 to A-401; E-30 to T-400; E-30 to G-399; E-30 to T-398; E-30 to
N-397; E-30 to V-396; E-30 to Y-395; E-30 to R-394; E-30 to I-393;
E-30 to N-392; E-30 to A-391; E-30 to N-390; E-30 to L-389; E-30 to
R-388; E-30 to A-387; E-30 to T-386; E-30 to D-385; E-30 to A-384;
E-30 to T-383; E-30 to N-382; E-30 to L-381; E-30 to G-380; E-30 to
M-379; E-30 to T-378; E-30 to E-377; E-30 to A-376; E-30 to W-375;
E-30 to T-374; E-30 to R-373; E-30 to E-372; E-30 to G-371; E-30 to
A-370; E-30 to L-369; E-30 to S-368; E-30 to L-367; E-30 to S-366;
E-30 to H-365; E-30 to D-364; E-30 to I-363; E-30 to A-362; E-30 to
V-361; E-30 to T-360; E-30 to S-359; E-30 to S-358; E-30 to N-357;
E-30 to S-356; E-30 to N-355; E-30 to S-354; E-30 to F-353; E-30 to
G-352; E-30 to A-351; E-30 to S-350; E-30 to V-349; E-30 to S-348;
E-30 to G-347; E-30 to G-346; E-30 to I-345; E-30 to D-344; E-30 to
F-343; E-30 to F-342; E-30 to S-341; E-30 to A-340; E-30 to H-339;
E-30 to V-338; E-30 to E-337; E-30 to A-336; E-30 to N-335; E-30 to
G-334; E-30 to H-333; E-30 to V-332; E-30 to E-331; E-30 to S-330;
E-30 to T-329; E-30 to H-328; E-30 to T-327; E-30 to R-326; E-30 to
S-325; E-30 to T-324; E-30 to S-323; E-30 to T-322; E-30 to N-321;
E-30 to K-320; E-30 to S-319; E-30 to I-318; E-30 to T-317; E-30 to
R-316; E-30 to T-315; E-30 to Q-314; E-30 to S-313; E-30 to D-312;
E-30 to T-311; E-30 to N-310; E-30 to Q-309; E-30 to T-308; E-30 to
S-307; E-30 to Q-306; E-30 to D-305; E-30 to E-304; E-30 to N-303;
E-30 to K-302; E-30 to S-301; E-30 to L-300; E-30 to I-299; E-30 to
I-298; E-30 to N-297; E-30 to E-296; E-30 to M-295; E-30 to D-294;
E-30 to V-293; E-30 to H-292; E-30 to V-291; E-30 to I-290; E-30 to
P-289; E-30 to Y-288; E-30 to A-287; E-30 to A-286; E-30 to V-285;
E-30 to L-284; E-30 to P-283; E-30 to H-282; E-30 to R-281; E-30 to
A-280; E-30 to E-279; E-30 to P-278; E-30 to S-277; E-30 to V-276;
E-30 to N-275; E-30 to K-274; E-30 to D-273; E-30 to I-272; E-30 to
R-271; E-30 to G-270; E-30 to T-269; E-30 to V-268; E-30 to K-267;
E-30 to E-266; E-30 to F-265; E-30 to D-264; E-30 to S-263; E-30 to
Y-262; E-30 to P-261; E-30 to D-260; E-30 to S-259; E-30 to A-258;
E-30 to T-257; E-30 to S-256; E-30 to W-255; E-30 to K-254; E-30 to
E-253; E-30 to P-252; E-30 to S-251; E-30 to S-250; E-30 to K-249;
E-30 to Y-248; E-30 to K-247; E-30 to T-246; E-30 to L-245; E-30 to
G-244; E-30 to K-243; E-30 to K-242; E-30 to E-241; E-30 to H-240;
E-30 to I-239; E-30 to N-238; E-30 to S-237; E-30 to I-236; E-30 to
W-235; E-30 to P-234; E-30 to S-233; E-30 to L-232; E-30 to F-231;
E-30 to T-230; E-30 to R-229; E-30 to K-228; E-30 to N-227; E-30 to
K-226; E-30 to V-225; E-30 to D-224; E-30 to V-223; E-30 to T-222;
E-30 to Y-221; E-30 to G-220; E-30 to E-219; E-30 to V-218; E-30 to
E-217; E-30 to L-216; E-30 to S-215; E-30 to D-214; E-30 to P-213;
E-30 to I-212; E-30 to G-211; E-30 to D-210; E-30 to N-209; E-30 to
D-208; E-30 to R-207; E-30 to D-206; E-30 to P-205; E-30 to V-204;
E-30 to T-203; E-30 to P-202; E-30 to G-201; E-30 to A-200; E-30 to
S-199; E-30 to T-198; E-30 to S-197; E-30 to R-196; E-30 to K-195;
E-30 to K-194; E-30 to R-193; E-30 to S-192; E-30 to N-191; E-30 to
S-190; E-30 to S-189; E-30 to K-188; E-30 to Q-187; E-30 to K-186;
E-30 to L-185; E-30 to E-184; E-30 to P-183; E-30 to L-182; E-30 to
Q-181; E-30 to L-180; E-30 to N-179; E-30 to D-178; E-30 to S-177;
E-30 to S-176; E-30 to I-175; E-30 to V-174; E-30 to E-173; E-30 to
K-172; E-30 to K-171; E-30 to N-170; E-30 to Q-169; E-30 to S-168;
E-30 to D-167; E-30 to T-166; E-30 to W-165; E-30 to Y-164; E-30 to
L-163; E-30 to K-162; E-30 to F-161; E-30 to D-160; E-30 to L-159;
E-30 to G-158; E-30 to K-157; E-30 to E-156; E-30 to T-155; E-30 to
P-154; E-30 to N-153; E-30 to E-152; E-30 to R-151; E-30 to Q-150;
E-30 to Y-149; E-30 to Q-148; E-30 to I-147; E-30 to K-146; E-30 to
I-145; E-30 to Q-144; E-30 to Y-143; E-30 to L-142; E-30 to R-141;
E-30 to G-140; E-30 to K-139; E-30 to E-138; E-30 to L-137; E-30 to
R-136; E-30 to I-135; E-30 to K-134; E-30 to N-133; E-30 to S-132;
E-30 to N-131; E-30 to S-130; E-30 to A-129; E-30 to K-128; E-30 to
N-127; E-30 to I-126; E-30 to V-125; E-30 to E-124; E-30 to Q-123;
E-30 to D-122; E-30 to D-121; E-30 to V-120; E-30 to W-119; E-30 to
M-118; E-30 to T-117; E-30 to V-116; E-30 to H-115; E-30 to N-114;
E-30 to D-113; E-30 to A-112; E-30 to S-111; E-30 to T-110; E-30 to
A-109; E-30 to F-108; E-30 to T-107; E-30 to Y-106; E-30 to E-105;
E-30 to D-104; E-30 to S-103; E-30 to K-102; E-30 to K-101; E-30 to
V-100; E-30 to K-99; E-30 to I-98; E-30 to F-97; E-30 to G-96; E-30
to S-95; E-30 to W-94; E-30 to I-93; E-30 to A-92; E-30 to S-91;
E-30 to Q-90; E-30 to F-89; E-30 to Y-88; E-30 to Q-87; E-30 to
N-86; E-30 to E-85; E-30 to S-84; E-30 to P-83; E-30 to I-82; E-30
to N-81; E-30 to E-80; E-30 to L-79; E-30 to E-78; E-30 to S-77;
E-30 to S-76; E-30 to P-75; E-30 to I-74; E-30 to S-73; E-30 to
L-72; E-30 to D-71; E-30 to G-70; E-30 to T-69; E-30 to T-68; E-30
to S-67; E-30 to S-66; E-30 to T-65; E-30 to V-64; E-30 to V-63;
E-30 to M-62; E-30 to P-61; E-30 to A-60; E-30 to Q-59; E-30 to
F-58; E-30 to N-57; E-30 to L-56; E-30 to D-55; E-30 to S-54; E-30
to F-53; E-30 to Y-52; E-30 to Y-51; E-30 to G-50; E-30 to L-49;
E-30 to L-48; E-30 to G-47; E-30 to Q-46; E-30 to S-45; E-30 to
S-44; E-30 to S-43; E-30 to E-42; E-30 to S-41; E-30 to E-40; E-30
to N-39; E-30 to L-38; E-30 to L-37; and/or E-30 to R-36 of the
amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
[0093] The invention also provides antibodies that bind
polypeptides having one or more amino acids deleted from both the
amino and the carboxyl termini of a PA polypeptide, which may be
described generally as having residues n.sup.1-m.sup.1 of SEQ ID
NO:2, where n.sup.1 and m.sup.1 are integers as described
above.
[0094] It will be recognized in the art that some amino acid
sequence of PA can be varied without significant effect of the
structure or function of the protein. If such differences in
sequence are contemplated, it should be remembered that there will
be critical areas on the protein which determine activity. Such
areas will usually comprise residues which make up the ligand
binding site or the death domain, or which form tertiary structures
which affect these domains.
[0095] Thus, the invention further includes antibodies that bind
variations of the PA protein which show substantial PA protein
activity or which include regions of PA such as the protein
fragments discussed below. Such mutants include deletions,
insertions, inversions, repeats, and type substitution. Guidance
concerning which amino acid changes are likely to be phenotypically
silent can be found in Bowie, J. U. et al., Science 247:1306-1310
(1990).
[0096] Thus, antibodies of the present invention may bind a
fragment, derivative, or analog of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2.
Such fragments, variants or derivatives may be (i) one in which at
least one or more of the amino acid residues are substituted with a
conserved or non-conserved amino acid residue (preferably a
conserved amino acid residue(s), and more preferably at least one
but less than ten conserved amino acid residues) and such
substituted amino acid residue may or may not be one encoded by the
genetic code, or (ii) one in which one or more of the amino acid
residues includes a substituent group, or (iii) one in which the
mature polypeptide is fused with another compound, such as a
compound to increase the half-life of the polypeptide (for example,
polyethylene glycol), or (iv) one in which the additional amino
acids are fused to the mature polypeptide, such as an IgG Fc fusion
region peptide or leader or secretory sequence or a sequence which
is employed for purification of the mature polypeptide or a
proprotein sequence. Such fragments, derivatives and analogs are
deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art from the
teachings herein.
[0097] Of particular interest are substitutions of charged amino
acids with another charged amino acid and with neutral or
negatively charged amino acids. The latter results in proteins with
reduced positive charge to improve the characteristics of the PA
protein. The prevention of aggregation is highly desirable.
Aggregation of proteins not only results in a loss of activity but
can also be problematic when preparing pharmaceutical formulations,
because they can be immunogenic. (Pinckard et al., Clin Exp.
Immunol. 2:331-340 (1967); Robbins et al., Diabetes 36:838-845
(1987); Cleland et al. Crit. Rev. Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems
10:307-377 (1993)).
[0098] The replacement of amino acids can also change the
selectivity of binding to cell surface receptors. Ostade et al.,
Nature 361:266-268 (1993) describes certain mutations resulting in
selective binding of TNF-alpha to only one of the two known types
of TNF receptors. Thus, the antibodies of the present invention may
bind a PA protein that contains one or more amino acid
substitutions, deletions or additions, either from natural
mutations or human manipulation.
[0099] As indicated, changes are preferably of a minor nature, such
as conservative amino acid substitutions that do not significantly
affect the folding or activity of the protein (see Table 3).
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Conservative Amino Acid Substitutions.
Aromatic Phenylalanine Tryptophan Tyrosine Hydrophobic Leucine
Isoleucine Valine Polar Glutamine Asparagine Basic Arginine Lysine
Histidine Acidic Aspartic Acid Glutamic Acid Small Alanine Serine
Threonine Methionine Glycine
[0100] In specific embodiments, the number of substitutions,
additions or deletions in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2
and/or any of the polypeptides or polypeptide fragments described
herein is 75, 70, 60, 50, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6,
5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or 30-20, 20-15, 20-10, 15-10, 10-1, 5-10, 1-5, 1-3
or 1-2.
In specific embodiments, the antibodies of the invention bind PA
polypeptides or fragments or variants thereof that contains any one
or more of the following conservative mutations in PA: M1 replaced
with A, G, I, L, S, T, or V; K2 replaced with H, or R; K3 replaced
with H, or R; R4 replaced with H, or K; K5 replaced with H, or R;
V6 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; L7 replaced with A, G, I,
S, T, M, or V; I8 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; L10
replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; M11 replaced with A, G, I, L,
S, T, or V; A12 replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; L13 replaced
with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; S14 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or
V; T15 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; I16 replaced with A,
G, L, S, T, M, or V; L17 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; V18
replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; S19 replaced with A, G, I, L,
T, M, or V; S20 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; T21 replaced
with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; G22 replaced with A, I, L, S, T, M, or
V; N23 replaced with Q; L24 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V;
E25 replaced with D; V26 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; I27
replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; Q28 replaced with N; A29
replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; E30 replaced with D; V31
replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; K32 replaced with H, or R;
Q33 replaced with N; E34 replaced with D; N35 replaced with Q; R36
replaced with H, or K; L37 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V;
L38 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; N39 replaced with Q; E40
replaced with D; S41 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; E42
replaced with D; S43 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; S44
replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; S45 replaced with A, G, I, L,
T, M, or V; Q46 replaced with N; G47 replaced with A, I, L, S, T,
M, or V; L48 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; L49 replaced
with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; G50 replaced with A, I, L, S, T, M, or
V; Y51 replaced with F, or W; Y52 replaced with F, or W; F53
replaced with W, or Y; S54 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V;
D55 replaced with E; L56 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; N57
replaced with Q; F58 replaced with W, or Y; Q59 replaced with N;
A60 replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; M62 replaced with A, G,
I, L, S, T, or V; V63 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; V64
replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; T65 replaced with A, G, I, L,
S, M, or V; S66 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; S67 replaced
with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; T68 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or
V; T69 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; G70 replaced with A,
I, L, S, T, M, or V; D71 replaced with E; L72 replaced with A, G,
I, S, T, M, or V; S73 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; I74
replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; S76 replaced with A, G, I, L,
T, M, or V; S77 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; E78 replaced
with D; L79 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; E80 replaced with
D; N81 replaced with Q; I82 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V;
S84 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; E85 replaced with D; N86
replaced with Q; Q87 replaced with N; Y88 replaced with F, or W;
F89 replaced with W, or Y; Q90 replaced with N; S91 replaced with
A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; A92 replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V;
I93 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; W94 replaced with F, or
Y; S95 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; G96 replaced with A,
I, L, S, T, M, or V; F97 replaced with W, or Y; I98 replaced with
A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; K99 replaced with H, or R; V100 replaced
with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; K101 replaced with H, or R; K102
replaced with H, or R; S103 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V;
D104 replaced with E; E105 replaced with D; Y106 replaced with F,
or W; T107 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; F108 replaced with
W, or Y; A109 replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; T110 replaced
with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; S111 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M,
or V; A112 replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; D113 replaced with
E; N114 replaced with Q; H115 replaced with K, or R; V116 replaced
with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; T117 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M,
or V; M118 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or V; W119 replaced with
F, or Y; V120 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; D121 replaced
with E; D122 replaced with E; Q123 replaced with N; E124 replaced
with D; V125 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; I126 replaced
with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; N127 replaced with Q; K128 replaced
with H, or R; A129 replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; S130
replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; N131 replaced with Q; S132
replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; N133 replaced with Q; K134
replaced with H, or R; I135 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V;
R136 replaced with H, or K; L137 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or
V; E138 replaced with D; K139 replaced with H, or R; G140 replaced
with A, I, L, S, T, M, or V; R141 replaced with H, or K; L142
replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; Y143 replaced with F, or W;
Q144 replaced with N; I145 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V;
K146 replaced with H, or R; I147 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or
V; Q148 replaced with N; Y149 replaced with F, or W; Q150 replaced
with N; R151 replaced with H, or K; E152 replaced with D; N153
replaced with Q; T155 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; E156
replaced with D; K157 replaced with H, or R; G158 replaced with A,
I, L, S, T, M, or V; L159 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V;
D160 replaced with E; F161 replaced with W, or Y; K162 replaced
with H, or R; L163 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; Y164
replaced with F, or W; W165 replaced with F, or Y; T166 replaced
with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; D167 replaced with E; S168 replaced
with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; Q169 replaced with N; N 170 replaced
with Q; K171 replaced with H, or R; K172 replaced with H, or R;
E173 replaced with D; V174 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M;
I175 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; S176 replaced with A, G,
I, L, T, M, or V; S177 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; D178
replaced with E; N179 replaced with Q; L180 replaced with A, G, I,
S, T, M, or V; Q181 replaced with N; L182 replaced with A, G, I, S,
T, M, or V; E184 replaced with D; L185 replaced with A, G, I, S, T,
M, or V; K186 replaced with H, or R; Q187 replaced with N; K188
replaced with H, or R; S189 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V;
S190 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; N191 replaced with Q;
S192 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; R193 replaced with H, or
K; K194 replaced with H, or R; K195 replaced with H, or R; R196
replaced with H, or K; S197 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V;
T198 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; S199 replaced with A, G,
I, L, T, M, or V; A200 replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; G201
replaced with A, I, L, S, T, M, or V; T203 replaced with A, G, I,
L, S, M, or V; V204 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; D206
replaced with E; R207 replaced with H, or K; D208 replaced with E;
N209 replaced with Q; D210 replaced with E; G211 replaced with A,
I, L, S, T, M, or V; I212 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V;
D214 replaced with E; S215 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V;
L216 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; E217 replaced with D;
V218 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; E219 replaced with D;
G220 replaced with A, I, L, S, T, M, or V; Y221 replaced with F, or
W; T222 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; V223 replaced with A,
G, I, L, S, T, or M; D224 replaced with E; V225 replaced with A, G,
I, L, S, T, or M; K226 replaced with H, or R; N227 replaced with Q;
K228 replaced with H, or R; R229 replaced with H, or K; T230
replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; F231 replaced with W, or Y;
L232 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; S233 replaced with A, G,
I, L, T, M, or V; W235 replaced with F, or Y; I236 replaced with A,
G, L, S, T, M, or V; S237 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V;
N238 replaced with Q; I239 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V;
H240 replaced with K, or R; E241 replaced with D; K242 replaced
with H, or R; K243 replaced with H, or R; G244 replaced with A, I,
L, S, T, M, or V; L245 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; T246
replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; K247 replaced with H, or R;
Y248 replaced with F, or W; K249 replaced with H, or R; S250
replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; S251 replaced with A, G, I,
L, T, M, or V; E253 replaced with D; K254 replaced with H, or R;
W255 replaced with F, or Y; S256 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or
V; T257 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; A258 replaced with G,
I, L, S, T, M, or V; S259 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V;
D260 replaced with E; Y262 replaced with F, or W; S263 replaced
with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; D264 replaced with E; F265 replaced
with W, or Y; E266 replaced with D; K267 replaced with H, or R;
V268 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; T269 replaced with A, G,
I, L, S, M, or V; G270 replaced with A, I, L, S, T, M, or V; R271
replaced with H, or K; I272 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V;
D273 replaced with E; K274 replaced with H, or R; N275 replaced
with Q; V276 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; S277 replaced
with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; E279 replaced with D; A280 replaced
with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; R281 replaced with H, or K; H282
replaced with K, or R; L284 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V;
V285 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; A286 replaced with G, I,
L, S, T, M, or V; A287 replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; Y288
replaced with F, or W; I290 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V;
V291 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; H292 replaced with K, or
R; V293 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; D294 replaced with E;
M295 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or V; E296 replaced with D;
N297 replaced with Q; I298 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V;
I299 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; L300 replaced with A, G,
I, S, T, M, or V; S301 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; K302
replaced with H, or R; N303 replaced with Q; E304 replaced with D;
D305 replaced with E; Q306 replaced with N; S307 replaced with A,
G, I, L, T, M, or V; T308 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V;
Q309 replaced with N; N310 replaced with Q; T311 replaced with A,
G, I, L, S, M, or V; D312 replaced with E; S313 replaced with A, G,
I, L, T, M, or V; Q314 replaced with N; T315 replaced with A, G, I,
L, S, M, or V; R316 replaced with H, or K; T317 replaced with A, G,
I, L, S, M, or V; I318 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; S319
replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; K320 replaced with H, or R;
N321 replaced with Q; T322 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V;
S323 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; T324 replaced with A, G,
I, L, S, M, or V; S325 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; R326
replaced with H, or K; T327 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V;
H328 replaced with K, or R; T329 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or
V; S330 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; E331 replaced with D;
V332 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; H333 replaced with K, or
R; G334 replaced with A, I, L, S, T, M, or V; N335 replaced with Q;
A336 replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; E337 replaced with D;
V338 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; H339 replaced with K, or
R; A340 replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; S341 replaced with A,
G, I, L, T, M, or V; F342 replaced with W, or Y; F343 replaced with
W, or Y; D344 replaced with E; I345 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M,
or V; G346 replaced with A, I, L, S, T, M, or V; G347 replaced with
A, I, L, S, T, M, or V; S348 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V;
V349 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; S350 replaced with A, G,
I, L, T, M, or V; A351 replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; G352
replaced with A, I, L, S, T, M, or V; F353 replaced with W, or Y;
S354 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; N355 replaced with Q;
S356 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; N357 replaced with Q;
S358 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; S359 replaced with A, G,
I, L, T, M, or V; T360 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; V361
replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; A362 replaced with G, I, L,
S, T, M, or V; I363 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; D364
replaced with E; H365 replaced with K, or R; S366 replaced with A,
G, I, L, T, M, or V; L367 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V;
S368 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; L369 replaced with A, G,
I, S, T, M, or V; A370 replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; G371
replaced with A, I, L, S, T, M, or V; E372 replaced with D; R373
replaced with H, or K; T374 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V;
W375 replaced with F, or Y; A376 replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or
V; E377 replaced with D; T378 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V;
M379 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or V; G380 replaced with A, I,
L, S, T, M, or V; L381 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; N382
replaced with Q; T383 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; A384
replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; D385 replaced with E; T386
replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; A387 replaced with G, I, L,
S, T, M, or V; R388 replaced with H, or K; L389 replaced with A, G,
I, S, T, M, or V; N390 replaced with Q; A391 replaced with G, I, L,
S, T, M, or V; N392 replaced with Q; I393 replaced with A, G, L, S,
T, M, or V; R394 replaced with H, or K; Y395 replaced with F, or W;
V396 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; N397 replaced with Q;
T398 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; G399 replaced with A, I,
L, S, T, M, or V; T400 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; A401
replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; I403 replaced with A, G, L,
S, T, M, or V; Y404 replaced with F, or W; N405 replaced with Q;
V406 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; L407 replaced with A, G,
I, S, T, M, or V; T409 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; T410
replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; S411 replaced with A, G, I,
L, T, M, or V; L412 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; V413
replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; L414 replaced with A, G, I,
S, T, M, or V; G415 replaced with A, I, L, S, T, M, or V; K416
replaced with H, or R; N417 replaced with Q; Q418 replaced with N;
T419 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; L420 replaced with A, G,
I, S, T, M, or V; A421 replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; T422
replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; I423 replaced with A, G, L,
S, T, M, or V; K424 replaced with H, or R; A425 replaced with G, I,
L, S, T, M, or V; K426 replaced with H, or R; E427 replaced with D;
N428 replaced with Q; Q429 replaced with N; L430 replaced with A,
G, I, S, T, M, or V; S431 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V;
Q432 replaced with N; I433 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V;
L434 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; A435 replaced with G, I,
L, S, T, M, or V; N437 replaced with Q; N438 replaced with Q; Y439
replaced with F, or W; Y440 replaced with F, or W; S442 replaced
with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; K443 replaced with H, or R; N444
replaced with Q; L445 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; A446
replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; I448 replaced with A, G, L,
S, T, M, or V; A449 replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; L450
replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; N451 replaced with Q; A452
replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; Q453 replaced with N; D454
replaced with E; D455 replaced with E; F456 replaced with W, or Y;
S457 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; S458 replaced with A, G,
I, L, T, M, or V; T459 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; I461
replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; T462 replaced with A, G, I,
L, S, M, or V; M463 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or V; N464
replaced with Q; Y465 replaced with F, or W; N466 replaced with Q;
Q467 replaced with N; F468 replaced with W, or Y; L469 replaced
with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; E470 replaced with D; L471 replaced
with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; E472 replaced with D; K473 replaced
with H, or R; T474 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; K475
replaced with H, or R; Q476 replaced with N; L477 replaced with A,
G, I, S, T, M, or V; R478 replaced with H, or K; L479 replaced with
A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; D480 replaced with E; T481 replaced with A,
G, I, L, S, M, or V; D482 replaced with E; Q483 replaced with N;
V484 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; Y485 replaced with F, or
W; G486 replaced with A, I, L, S, T, M, or V; N487 replaced with Q;
I488 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; A489 replaced with G, I,
L, S, T, M, or V; T490 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; Y491
replaced with F, or W; N492 replaced with Q; F493 replaced with W,
or Y; E494 replaced with D; N495 replaced with Q; G496 replaced
with A, I, L, S, T, M, or V; R497 replaced with H, or K; V498
replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; R499 replaced with H, or K;
V500 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; D501 replaced with E;
T502 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; G503 replaced with A, I,
L, S, T, M, or V; S504 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; N505
replaced with Q; W506 replaced with F, or Y; S507 replaced with A,
G, I, L, T, M, or V; E508 replaced with D; V509 replaced with A, G,
I, L, S, T, or M; L510 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; Q512
replaced with N; I513 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; Q514
replaced with N; E515 replaced with D; T516 replaced with A, G, I,
L, S, M, or V; T517 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; A518
replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; R519 replaced with H, or K;
I520 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; I521 replaced with A, G,
L, S, T, M, or V; F522 replaced with W, or Y; N523 replaced with Q;
G524 replaced with A, I, L, S, T, M, or V; K525 replaced with H, or
R; D526 replaced with E; L527 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V;
N528 replaced with Q; L529 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V;
V530 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; E531 replaced with D;
R532 replaced with H, or K; R533 replaced with H, or K; I534
replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; A535 replaced with G, I, L,
S, T, M, or V; A536 replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; V537
replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; N538 replaced with Q; S540
replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; D541 replaced with E; L543
replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; E544 replaced with D; T545
replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; T546 replaced with A, G, I,
L, S, M, or V;
K547 replaced with H, or R; D549 replaced with E; M550 replaced
with A, G, I, L, S, T, or V; I551 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M,
or V; L552 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; K553 replaced with
H, or R; E554 replaced with D; A555 replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M,
or V; L556 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; K557 replaced with
H, or R; I558 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; A559 replaced
with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; F560 replaced with W, or Y; G561
replaced with A, I, L, S, T, M, or V; F562 replaced with W, or Y;
N563 replaced with Q; E564 replaced with D; N566 replaced with Q;
G567 replaced with A, I, L, S, T, M, or V; N568 replaced with Q;
L569 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; Q570 replaced with N;
Y571 replaced with F, or W; Q572 replaced with N; G573 replaced
with A, I, L, S, T, M, or V; K574 replaced with H, or R; D575
replaced with E; I576 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; T577
replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; E578 replaced with D; F579
replaced with W, or Y; D580 replaced with E; F581 replaced with W,
or Y; N582 replaced with Q; F583 replaced with W, or Y; D584
replaced with E; Q585 replaced with N; Q586 replaced with N; T587
replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; S588 replaced with A, G, I,
L, T, M, or V; Q589 replaced with N; N590 replaced with Q; I591
replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; K592 replaced with H, or R;
N593 replaced with Q; Q594 replaced with N; L595 replaced with A,
G, I, S, T, M, or V; A596 replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V;
E597 replaced with D; L598 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V;
N599 replaced with Q; A600 replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V;
T601 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; N602 replaced with Q;
I603 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; Y604 replaced with F, or
W; T605 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; V606 replaced with A,
G, I, L, S, T, or M; L607 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V;
D608 replaced with E; K609 replaced with H, or R; I610 replaced
with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; K611 replaced with H, or R; L612
replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; N613 replaced with Q; A614
replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; K615 replaced with H, or R;
M616 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or V; N617 replaced with Q;
I618 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; L619 replaced with A, G,
I, S, T, M, or V; I620 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; R621
replaced with H, or K; D622 replaced with E; K623 replaced with H,
or R; R624 replaced with H, or K; F625 replaced with W, or Y; H626
replaced with K, or R; Y627 replaced with F, or W; D628 replaced
with E; R629 replaced with H, or K; N630 replaced with Q; N631
replaced with Q; I632 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; A633
replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; V634 replaced with A, G, I,
L, S, T, or M; G635 replaced with A, I, L, S, T, M, or V; A636
replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; D637 replaced with E; E638
replaced with D; S639 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; V640
replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; V641 replaced with A, G, I,
L, S, T, or M; K642 replaced with H, or R; E643 replaced with D;
A644 replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; H645 replaced with K, or
R; R646 replaced with H, or K; E647 replaced with D; V648 replaced
with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; I649 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M,
or V; N650 replaced with Q; S651 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or
V; S652 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; T653 replaced with A,
G, I, L, S, M, or V; E654 replaced with D; G655 replaced with A, I,
L, S, T, M, or V; L656 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; L657
replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; L658 replaced with A, G, I,
S, T, M, or V; N659 replaced with Q; I660 replaced with A, G, L, S,
T, M, or V; D661 replaced with E; K662 replaced with H, or R; D663
replaced with E; I664 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; R665
replaced with H, or K; K666 replaced with H, or R; I667 replaced
with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; L668 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M,
or V; S669 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; G670 replaced with
A, I, L, S, T, M, or V; Y671 replaced with F, or W; I672 replaced
with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; V673 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T,
or M; E674 replaced with D; I675 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or
V; E676 replaced with D; D677 replaced with E; T678 replaced with
A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; E679 replaced with D; G680 replaced with A,
I, L, S, T, M, or V; L681 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V;
K682 replaced with H, or R; E683 replaced with D; V684 replaced
with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; I685 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M,
or V; N686 replaced with Q; D687 replaced with E; R688 replaced
with H, or K; Y689 replaced with F, or W; D690 replaced with E;
M691 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or V; L692 replaced with A, G,
I, S, T, M, or V; N693 replaced with Q; I694 replaced with A, G, L,
S, T, M, or V; S695 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; S696
replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; L697 replaced with A, G, I,
S, T, M, or V; R698 replaced with H, or K; Q699 replaced with N;
D700 replaced with E; G701 replaced with A, I, L, S, T, M, or V;
K702 replaced with H, or R; T703 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or
V; F704 replaced with W, or Y; I705 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M,
or V; D706 replaced with E; F707 replaced with W, or Y; K708
replaced with H, or R; K709 replaced with H, or R; Y710 replaced
with F, or W; N711 replaced with Q; D712 replaced with E; K713
replaced with H, or R; L714 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V;
L716 replaced with A, G, I, S, T, M, or V; Y717 replaced with F, or
W; I718 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; S719 replaced with A,
G, I, L, T, M, or V; N720 replaced with Q; N722 replaced with Q;
Y723 replaced with F, or W; K724 replaced with H, or R; V725
replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; N726 replaced with Q; V727
replaced with A, G, I, L, S, T, or M; Y728 replaced with F, or W;
A729 replaced with G, I, L, S, T, M, or V; V730 replaced with A, G,
I, L, S, T, or M; T731 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; K732
replaced with H, or R; E733 replaced with D; N734 replaced with Q;
T735 replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; I736 replaced with A, G,
L, S, T, M, or V; I737 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; N738
replaced with Q; S740 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; E741
replaced with D; N742 replaced with Q; G743 replaced with A, I, L,
S, T, M, or V; D744 replaced with E; T745 replaced with A, G, I, L,
S, M, or V; S746 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or V; T747
replaced with A, G, I, L, S, M, or V; N748 replaced with Q; G749
replaced with A, I, L, S, T, M, or V; I750 replaced with A, G, L,
S, T, M, or V; K751 replaced with H, or R; K752 replaced with H, or
R; I753 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V; L754 replaced with A,
G, I, S, T, M, or V; I755 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V;
F756 replaced with W, or Y; S757 replaced with A, G, I, L, T, M, or
V; K758 replaced with H, or R; K759 replaced with H, or R; G760
replaced with A, I, L, S, T, M, or V; Y761 replaced with F, or W;
E762 replaced with D; I763 replaced with A, G, L, S, T, M, or V;
G764 replaced with A, I, L, S, T, M, or V; of SEQ ID NO:2.
In specific embodiments, the antibodies of the invention bind PA
polypeptides or fragments or variants thereof, that contains any
one or more of the following non-conservative mutations in PA: M1
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K2 replaced
with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K3
replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
R4 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; K5 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; V6 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L7
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; I8 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; P9 replaced with D, E,
H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, or C; L10 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; M11 replaced with D, E,
H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; A12 replaced with D, E, H, K, R,
N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L13 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; S14 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; T15 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; I16
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L17 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V18 replaced with D, E,
H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S19 replaced with D, E, H, K, R,
N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S20 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; T21 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; G22 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N23
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or
C; L24 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E25
replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; V26 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; I27
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; Q28 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; A29
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E30 replaced
with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V31
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K32 replaced
with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; Q33
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or
C; E34 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; N35 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M,
V, F, W, Y, P, or C; R36 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M,
V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L37 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; L38 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; N39 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V,
F, W, Y, P, or C; E40 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M,
V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S41 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; E42 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M,
V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S43 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; S44 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; S45 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
Q46 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y,
P, or C; G47 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
L48 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L49
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; G50 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; Y51 replaced with D, E,
H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; Y52 replaced with
D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; F53 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; S54
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; D55 replaced
with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L56
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N57 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; F58
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C;
Q59 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y,
P, or C; A60 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
P61 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F,
W, Y, or C; M62 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; V63 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V64
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T65 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S66 replaced with D, E,
H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S67 replaced with D, E, H, K, R,
N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T68 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; T69 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; G70 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; D71
replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; L72 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S73
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; I74 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; P75 replaced with D, E,
H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, or C; S76 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S77 replaced with D, E,
H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E78 replaced with H, K, R, A, G,
I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L79 replaced with D, E,
H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E80 replaced with H, K, R, A, G,
I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N81 replaced with D, E,
H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; I82 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; P83 replaced with D, E,
H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, or C; S84 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E85 replaced with H, K,
R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N86 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; Q87
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or
C; Y88 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V,
P, or C; F89 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T,
M, V, P, or C; Q90 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T,
M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; S91 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; A92 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; I93 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; W94
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C;
S95 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; G96
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; F97 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; I98
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K99 replaced
with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V100
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K101 replaced
with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K102
replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
S103 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; D104
replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; E105 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; Y106 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S,
T, M, V, P, or C; T107 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; F108 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T,
M, V, P, or C; A109 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; T110 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
S111 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; A112
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; D113 replaced
with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N114
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or
C; H115 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; V116 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
T117 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; M118
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; W119 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; V120
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; D121 replaced
with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; D122
replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; Q123 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W,
Y, P, or C; E124 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N,
Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V125 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; I126 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; N127 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W,
Y, P, or C; K128 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; A129 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; S130 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
N131 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y,
P, or C; S132 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
N133 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y,
P, or C; K134 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; I135 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; R136 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; L137 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; E138 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; K139 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; G140 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; R141 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; L142 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; Y143 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M,
V, P, or C; Q144 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M,
V, F, W, Y, P, or C; I145 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; K146 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; I147 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; Q148 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V,
F, W, Y, P, or C; Y149 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I,
L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; Q150 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I,
L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; R151 replaced with D, E, A, G, I,
L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E152 replaced with H, K, R,
A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N153 replaced with
D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; P154
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y,
or C; T155 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
E156 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; K157 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; G158 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; L159 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
D160 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; F161 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T,
M, V, P, or C; K162 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N,
Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L163 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; Y164 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S,
T, M, V, P, or C; W165 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I,
L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; T166 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; D167 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V,
N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S168 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; Q169 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T,
M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; N170 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I,
L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; K171 replaced with D, E, A, G, I,
L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K172 replaced with D, E, A,
G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E173 replaced with H,
K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V174 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; I175 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S176 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S177 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; D178 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M,
V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N179 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G,
I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; L180 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; Q181 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G,
I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; L182 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; P183 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G,
I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, or C; E184 replaced with H, K, R,
A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L185 replaced with
D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K186 replaced with D, E, A,
G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; Q187 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; K188 replaced
with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S189
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S190 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N191 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; S192 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; R193 replaced with D,
E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K194 replaced
with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K195
replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
R196 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; S197 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
T198 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S199
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; A200 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; G201 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; P202 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, or C; T203 replaced with
D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V204 replaced with D, E, H,
K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; P205 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A,
G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, or C; D206 replaced with H, K,
R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; R207 replaced
with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; D208
replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; N209 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W,
Y, P, or C; D210 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N,
Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; G211 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; I212 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; P213 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q,
F, W, Y, or C; D214 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V,
N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S215 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; L216 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; E217 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; V218 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; E219 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; G220 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; Y221 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M,
V, P, or C; T222 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; V223 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; D224
replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; V225 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K226
replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
N227 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y,
P, or C; K228 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; R229 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N,
Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T230 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; F231 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S,
T, M, V, P, or C; L232 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; S233 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
P234 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F,
W, Y, or C; W235 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S,
T, M, V, P, or C; I236 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; S237 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
N238 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y,
P, or C; I239 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
H240 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; E241 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; K242 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N,
Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K243 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M,
V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; G244 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; L245 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; T246 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
K247 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; Y248 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M,
V, P, or C; K249 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; S250 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; S251 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
P252 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F,
W, Y, or C; E253 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N,
Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K254 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M,
V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; W255 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q,
A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; S256 replaced with D, E, H, K, R,
N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T257 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; A258 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; S259 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
D260 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; P261 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N,
Q, F, W, Y, or C; Y262 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I,
L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; S263 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; D264 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V,
N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; F265 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A,
G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; E266 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I,
L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K267 replaced with D, E, A,
G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V268 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T269 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; G270 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; R271 replaced with
D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; I272 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; D273 replaced with H,
K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K274 replaced
with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N275
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or
C; V276 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S277
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; P278 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, or C;
E279 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; A280 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
R281 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; H282 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; P283 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M,
V, N, Q, F, W, Y, or C; L284 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; V285 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; A286 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
A287 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; Y288
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C;
P289 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F,
W, Y, or C; I290 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; V291 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; H292
replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
V293 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; D294
replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; M295 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E296
replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; N297 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W,
Y, P, or C; I298 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; I299 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L300
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S301 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K302 replaced with D,
E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N303 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; E304
replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; D305 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; Q306 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M,
V, F, W, Y, P, or C; S307 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; T308 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; Q309 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W,
Y, P, or C; N310 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M,
V, F, W, Y, P, or C; T311 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; D312 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N,
Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S313 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; Q314 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M,
V, F, W, Y, P, or C; T315 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; R316 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; T317 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; I318 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
S319 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K320
replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
N321 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y,
P, or C; T322 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
S323 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T324
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S325 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; R326 replaced with D,
E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T327 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; H328 replaced with D,
E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T329 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S330 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E331 replaced with H, K, R, A,
G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V332 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; H333 replaced with D, E, A, G,
I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; G334 replaced with D, E,
H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N335 replaced with D, E, H, K, R,
A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; A336 replaced with D, E,
H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E337 replaced with H, K, R, A, G,
I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V338 replaced with D, E,
H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; H339 replaced with D, E, A, G, I,
L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; A340 replaced with D, E, H,
K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S341 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N,
Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; F342 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G,
I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; F343 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q,
A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; D344 replaced with H, K, R, A, G,
I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; I345 replaced with D, E,
H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; G346 replaced with D, E, H, K, R,
N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; G347 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; S348 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; V349 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
S350 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; A351
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; G352 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; F353 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; S354 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N355 replaced with D,
E, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; S356 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N357 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; S358 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S359 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T360 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V361 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; A362 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; I363 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
D364 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; H365 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; S366 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; L367 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
S368 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L369
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; A370 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; G371 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E372 replaced with H, K, R, A,
G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; R373 replaced with D,
E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T374 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; W375 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; A376 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E377 replaced with H,
K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T378 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; M379 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; G380 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L381 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; N382 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S,
T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; T383 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; A384 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; D385 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; T386 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; A387 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
R388 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; L389 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
N390 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y,
P, or C; A391 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
N392 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y,
P, or C; I393 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
R394 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; Y395 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M,
V, P, or C; V396 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; N397 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W,
Y, P, or C; T398 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; G399 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T400
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; A401 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; P402 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, or C; I403
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; Y404 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; N405
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or
C; V406 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L407
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; P408 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, or C;
T409 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T410
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S411 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L412 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V413 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L414 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; G415 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; K416 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; N417 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T,
M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; Q418 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I,
L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; T419 replaced with D, E, H, K, R,
N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L420 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; A421 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; T422 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
I423 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K424
replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
A425 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K426
replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
E427 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; N428 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V,
F, W, Y, P, or C; Q429 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S,
T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; L430 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; S431 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; Q432 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V,
F, W, Y, P, or C; I433 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; L434 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
A435 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; P436
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y,
or C; N437 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F,
W, Y, P, or C; N438 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T,
M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; Y439 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A,
G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; Y440 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N,
Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; P441 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, or C; S442 replaced with
D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K443 replaced with D, E, A,
G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N444 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; L445 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; A446 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; P447 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, or C; I448 replaced with
D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; A449 replaced with D, E, H,
K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L450 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N,
Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N451 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L,
S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; A452 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N,
Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; Q453 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L,
S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; D454 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I,
L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; D455 replaced with H, K, R,
A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; F456 replaced with
D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; S457 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S458 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T459 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; P460 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G,
I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, or C; I461 replaced with D, E, H,
K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T462 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N,
Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; M463 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; N464 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M,
V, F, W, Y, P, or C; Y465 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G,
I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; N466 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G,
I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; Q467 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; F468 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; L469 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E470 replaced with H,
K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L471 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E472 replaced with H,
K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K473 replaced
with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T474
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K475 replaced
with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; Q476
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or
C; L477 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; R478
replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
L479 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; D480
replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; T481 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; D482
replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; Q483 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W,
Y, P, or C; V484 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; Y485 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V,
P, or C; G486 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
N487 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y,
P, or C; I488 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
A489 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T490
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; Y491 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; N492
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or
C; F493 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V,
P, or C; E494 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; N495 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S,
T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; G496 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; R497 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V,
N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V498 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; R499 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N,
Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V500 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; D501 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N,
Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T502 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; G503 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; S504 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N505
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or
C; W506 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V,
P, or C; S507 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
E508 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; V509 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
L510 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; P511
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y,
or C; Q512 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F,
W, Y, P, or C; I513 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; Q514 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F,
W, Y, P, or C; E515 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V,
N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T516 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; T517 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; A518 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
R519 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; I520 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
I521 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; F522
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C;
N523 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y,
P, or C; G524 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
K525 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; D526 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; L527 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; N528 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F,
W, Y, P, or C; L529 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; V530 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
E531 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; R532 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; R533 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N,
Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; I534 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; A535 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; A536 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V537
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N538 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; P539
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y,
or C; S540 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
D541 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; P542 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V,
N, Q, F, W, Y, or C; L543 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; E544 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N,
Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T545 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; T546 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K547 replaced with D,
E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; P548 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, or C;
D549 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; M550 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
T551 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L552
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K553 replaced
with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E554
replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; A555 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L556
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K557 replaced
with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; I558
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; A559 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; F560 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; G561 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; F562 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; N563 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; E564
replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; P565 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q,
F, W, Y, or C; N566 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T,
M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; G567 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; N568 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T,
M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; L569 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; Q570 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T,
M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; Y571 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A,
G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; Q572 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A,
G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; G573 replaced with D, E, H,
K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K574 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L,
S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; D575 replaced with H, K, R, A,
G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; I576 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T577 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E578 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L,
S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; F579 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; D580 replaced with H, K,
R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; F581 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; N582
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or
C; F583 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V,
P, or C; D584 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; Q585 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S,
T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; Q586 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G,
I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; T587 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S588 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; Q589 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S,
T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; N590 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G,
I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; I591 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K592 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S,
T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N593 replaced with D, E, H, K, R,
A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; Q594 replaced with D, E,
H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; L595 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; A596 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E597 replaced with H, K, R, A,
G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L598 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N599 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; A600 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T601 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N602 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G,
I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; I603 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; Y604 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q,
A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; T605 replaced with D, E, H, K, R,
N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V606 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; L607 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; D608 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; I0609 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N,
Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; I610 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; K611 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; L612 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; N613 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V,
F, W, Y, P, or C; A614 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; K615 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; M616 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; N617 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F,
W, Y, P, or C; I618 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; L619 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
I620 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; R621
replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
D622 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; K623 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F,
W, Y, P, or C; R624 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N,
Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; F625 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G,
I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; H626 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S,
T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; Y627 replaced with D, E, H, K, R,
N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; D628 replaced with H, K, R,
A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; R629 replaced with
D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N630 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; N631
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or
C; I632 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; A633
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V634 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; G635 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; A636 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; D637 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L,
S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E638 replaced with H, K, R, A,
G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S639 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V640 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V641 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; K642 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V,
N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E643 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S,
T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; A644 replaced with D, E, H, K, R,
N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; H645 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T,
M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; R646 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L,
S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E647 replaced with H, K, R, A,
G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V648 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; I649 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N650 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G,
I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; S651 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S652 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; T653 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; E654 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q,
F, W, Y, P, or C; G655 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; L656 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
L657 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L658
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N659 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; I660
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; D661 replaced
with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K662
replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
D663 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; I664 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
R665 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; K666 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; I667 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; L668 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S669
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; G670 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; Y671 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; I672 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V673 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E674 replaced with H, K, R, A,
G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; I675 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E676 replaced with H, K, R, A,
G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; D677 replaced with H,
K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T678 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E679 replaced with H,
K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; G680 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L681 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K682 replaced with D, E, A, G,
I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E683 replaced with H, K,
R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V684 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; I685 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N686 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; D687 replaced with H,
K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; R688 replaced
with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; Y689
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C;
D690 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y,
P, or C; M691 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
L692 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N693
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or
C; I694 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S695
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S696 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L697 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; R698 replaced with D, E, A, G,
I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; Q699 replaced with D, E,
H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; D700 replaced
with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; G701
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K702 replaced
with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T703
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; F704 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; I705
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; D706 replaced
with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; F707
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C;
K708 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P,
or C; K709 replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; Y710 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S,
T, M, V, P, or C; N711 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S,
T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; D712 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L,
S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K713 replaced with D, E, A, G,
I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L714 replaced with D, E,
H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; P715 replaced with D, E, H, K, R,
A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, or C; L716 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; Y717 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; I718 replaced with D, E,
H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; S719 replaced with D, E, H, K, R,
N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N720 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I,
L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; P721 replaced with D, E, H, K, R,
A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, or C; N722 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; Y723 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; K724
replaced with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C;
V725 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N726
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or
C; V727 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; Y728
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C;
A729 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; V730
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T731 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K732 replaced with D,
E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E733 replaced
with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N734
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or
C; T735 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; I736
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; I737 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N738 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; P739 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, or C;
S740 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; E741
replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; N742 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W,
Y, P, or C; G743 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; D744 replaced with H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W,
Y, P, or C; T745 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or
C; S746 replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; T747
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; N748 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, F, W, Y, P, or C; G749
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; I750 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K751 replaced with D,
E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K752 replaced
with D, E, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; I753
replaced with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; L754 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; I755 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; F756 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; S757 replaced with D, E,
H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K758 replaced with D, E, A, G, I,
L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; K759 replaced with D, E, A,
G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; G760 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; Y761 replaced with D, E, H, K,
R, N, Q, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, P, or C; E762 replaced with H, K,
R, A, G, I, L, S, T, M, V, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; I763 replaced
with D, E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; G764 replaced with D,
E, H, K, R, N, Q, F, W, Y, P, or C; of SEQ ID NO:2.
[0103] Amino acids in the PA protein that are essential for
function can be identified by methods known in the art, such as
site-directed mutagenesis or alanine-scanning mutagenesis
(Cunningham and Wells, Science 244:1081-1085 (1989)). The latter
procedure introduces single alanine mutations at every residue in
the molecule. The resulting mutant molecules are then tested for
biological activity such as receptor binding or protein
multimerization, pore formation, and toxin translocation. Sites
that are critical for ligand-receptor binding can also be
determined by structural analysis such as crystallization, nuclear
magnetic resonance or photoaffinity labeling (Smith et al., J. Mol.
Biol. 224:899-904 (1992) and de Vos et al. Science 255:306-312
(1992)). In preferred embodiments, antibodies of the present
invention bind regions of PA that are essential for PA function. In
other preferred embodiments, antibodies of the present invention
bind regions of PA that are essential for PA function and inhibit
or abolish PA function.
[0104] Additionally, protein engineering, may be employed to
improve or alter the characteristics of PA polypeptides.
Recombinant DNA technology known to those skilled in the art can be
used to create novel mutant proteins or muteins including single or
multiple amino acid substitutions, deletions, additions or fusion
proteins. Such modified polypeptides can show, e.g., enhanced
activity or increased stability. In addition, they may be purified
in higher yields and show better solubility than the corresponding
natural polypeptide, at least under certain purification and
storage conditions. Antibodies of the present invention may bind
such modified PA polypeptides.
[0105] Non-naturally occurring variants of PA may be produced using
art-known mutagenesis techniques, which include, but are not
limited to oligonucleotide mediated mutagenesis, alanine scanning,
PCR mutagenesis, site directed mutagenesis (see e.g., Carter et
al., Nucl. Acids Res. 13:4331 (1986); and Zoller et al., Nucl.
Acids Res. 10:6487 (1982)), cassette mutagenesis (see e.g., Wells
et al., Gene 34:315 (1985)), restriction selection mutagenesis (see
e.g., Wells et al., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser A 317:415
(1986)).
[0106] Thus, the invention also encompasses antibodies that bind PA
derivatives and analogs that have one or more amino acid residues
deleted, added, and/or substituted. For example, cysteine residues
can be deleted or substituted with another amino acid residue in
order to eliminate disulfide bridges; N-linked glycosylation sites
can be altered or eliminated to achieve, for example, expression of
a homogeneous product that is more easily recovered and purified
from yeast hosts which are known to hyperglycosylate N-linked
sites. To this end, a variety of amino acid substitutions at one or
both of the first or third amino acid positions on any one or more
of the glycosylation recognition sequences in the PA polypeptides
and/or an amino acid deletion at the second position of any one or
more such recognition sequences will prevent glycosylation of the
PA at the modified tripeptide sequence (see, e.g., Miyajimo et al.,
EMBO J 5(6):1193-1197). Additionally, one or more of the amino acid
residues of PA polypeptides (e.g., arginine and lysine residues)
may be deleted or substituted with another residue to eliminate
undesired processing by proteases such as, for example, furins or
kexins.
[0107] The antibodies of the present invention also include
antibodies that bind a polypeptide comprising, or alternatively,
consisting of a polypeptide comprising, or alternatively,
consisting of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 including the leader;
a polypeptide comprising, or alternatively, consisting of the
polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 minus the amino terminal methionine; a
polypeptide comprising, or alternatively, consisting of the
polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 minus the leader; a polypeptide
comprising, or alternatively, consisting of the PA domain I; a
polypeptide comprising, or alternatively, consisting of the PA
domain II; a polypeptide comprising, or alternatively, consisting
of the PA domain III; a polypeptide comprising, or alternatively,
consisting of the PA domain IV; a polypeptide comprising, or
alternatively, consisting of the PA20 fragment; a polypeptide
comprising, or alternatively, consisting of the PA63 fragment; as
well as polypeptides which are at least 80% identical, more
preferably at least 90% or 95% identical, still more preferably at
least 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the polypeptides described
above (the polypeptide and polypeptide fragments of SEQ ID NO:2),
and portions of such polypeptides with at least 30 amino acids and
more preferably at least 50 amino acids.
[0108] By a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least, for
example, 95% "identical" to a reference amino acid sequence of a PA
polypeptide is intended that the amino acid sequence of the
polypeptide is identical to the reference sequence except that the
polypeptide sequence may include up to five amino acid alterations
per each 100 amino acids of the reference amino acid of the PA
polypeptide. In other words, to obtain a polypeptide having an
amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to a reference amino
acid sequence, up to 5% of the amino acid residues in the reference
sequence may be deleted or substituted with another amino acid, or
a number of amino acids up to 5% of the total amino acid residues
in the reference sequence may be inserted into the reference
sequence. These alterations of the reference sequence may occur at
the amino or carboxy terminal positions of the reference amino acid
sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed
either individually among residues in the reference sequence or in
one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.
[0109] As a practical matter, whether any particular polypeptide is
at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to, for instance,
the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2 can be determined
conventionally using known computer programs such the Bestfit
program (Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 for Unix,
Genetics Computer Group, University Research Park, 575 Science
Drive, Madison, Wis. 53711. When using Bestfit or any other
sequence alignment program to determine whether a particular
sequence is, for instance, 95% identical to a reference sequence
according to the present invention, the parameters are set, of
course, such that the percentage of identity is calculated over the
full length of the reference amino acid sequence and that gaps in
homology of up to 5% of the total number of amino acid residues in
the reference sequence are allowed.
[0110] In a specific embodiment, the identity between a reference
(query) sequence (a sequence of the present invention) and a
subject sequence, also referred to as a global sequence alignment,
is determined using the FASTDB computer program based on the
algorithm of Brutlag et al. (Comp. App. Biosci. 6:237-245 (1990)).
Preferred parameters used in a FASTDB amino acid alignment are:
Matrix=PAM 0, k-tuple=2, Mismatch Penalty=1, Joining Penalty=20,
Randomization Group Length=0, Cutoff Score=1, Window Size=sequence
length, Gap Penalty=5, Gap Size Penalty=0.05, Window Size=500 or
the length of the subject amino acid sequence, whichever is
shorter. According to this embodiment, if the subject sequence is
shorter than the query sequence due to N- or C-terminal deletions,
not because of internal deletions, a manual correction is made to
the results to take into consideration the fact that the FASTDB
program does not account for N- and C-terminal truncations of the
subject sequence when calculating global percent identity. For
subject sequences truncated at the N- and C-termini, relative to
the query sequence, the percent identity is corrected by
calculating the number of residues of the query sequence that are
N- and C-terminal of the subject sequence, which are not
matched/aligned with a corresponding subject residue, as a percent
of the total bases of the query sequence. A determination of
whether a residue is matched/aligned is determined by results of
the FASTDB sequence alignment. This percentage is then subtracted
from the percent identity, calculated by the above FASTDB program
using the specified parameters, to arrive at a final percent
identity score. This final percent identity score is what is used
for the purposes of this embodiment. Only residues to the N- and
C-termini of the subject sequence, which are not matched/aligned
with the query sequence, are considered for the purposes of
manually adjusting the percent identity score. That is, only query
residue positions outside the farthest N- and C-terminal residues
of the subject sequence. For example, a 90 amino acid residue
subject sequence is aligned with a 100 residue query sequence to
determine percent identity. The deletion occurs at the N-terminus
of the subject sequence and therefore, the FASTDB alignment does
not show a matching/alignment of the first 10 residues at the
N-terminus. The 10 unpaired residues represent 10% of the sequence
(number of residues at the N- and C-termini not matched/total
number of residues in the query sequence) so 10% is subtracted from
the percent identity score calculated by the FASTDB program. If the
remaining 90 residues were perfectly matched the final percent
identity would be 90%. In another example, a 90 residue subject
sequence is compared with a 100 residue query sequence. This time
the deletions are internal deletions so there are no residues at
the N- or C-termini of the subject sequence which are not
matched/aligned with the query. In this case the percent identity
calculated by FASTDB is not manually corrected. Once again, only
residue positions outside the N- and C-terminal ends of the subject
sequence, as displayed in the FASTDB alignment, which are not
matched/aligned with the query sequence are manually corrected for.
No other manual corrections are made for the purposes of this
embodiment.
[0111] The present application is also directed to antibodies that
bind proteins containing polypeptides at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%,
98% or 99% identical to the PA polypeptide sequence set forth
herein as n.sup.1-m.sup.1. In preferred embodiments, the present
invention encompasses antibodies that bind proteins containing
polypeptides at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to
polypeptides having the amino acid sequence of the specific PA N-
and C-terminal deletions recited herein.
[0112] In certain preferred embodiments, antibodies of the
invention bind PA fusion proteins as described above wherein the PA
portion of the fusion protein are those described as
n.sup.1-m.sup.1 herein.
Antibodies of the Invention May Bind Modified PA Polypeptides
[0113] It is specifically contemplated that antibodies of the
present invention may bind modified forms of PA proteins SEQ ID
NO:2). In specific embodiments, antibodies of the present invention
bind PA polypeptides (such as those described above) including, but
not limited to naturally purified PA polypeptides, PA polypeptides
produced by chemical synthetic procedures, and PA polypeptides
produced by recombinant techniques from a prokaryotic or eukaryotic
host, including, for example, bacterial, yeast, higher plant,
insect and mammalian cells using, for example, the recombinant
compositions and methods described above. Depending upon the host
employed in a recombinant production procedure, the polypeptides
may be glycosylated or non-glycosylated. In addition, PA
polypeptides may also include an initial modified methionine
residue, in some cases as a result of host-mediated processes.
[0114] In addition, antibodies of the present invention may bind PA
proteins that were chemically synthesized using techniques known in
the art (e.g., see Creighton, Proteins: Structures and Molecular
Principles, W.H. Freeman & Co., N.Y. (1983), and Hunkapiller,
et al., Nature 310:105-111(1984)). For example, a peptide
corresponding to a fragment of a PA polypeptide can be synthesized
by use of a peptide synthesizer. Furthermore, if desired,
nonclassical amino acids or chemical amino acid analogs can be
introduced as a substitution or addition into the PA polypeptide
sequence. Non-classical amino acids include, but are not limited
to, to the D-isomers of the common amino acids, 2,4-diaminobutyric
acid, a-amino isobutyric acid, 4-aminobutyric acid, Abu, 2-amino
butyric acid, g-Abu, e-Ahx, 6-amino hexanoic acid, Aib, 2-amino
isobutyric acid, 3-amino propionic acid, ornithine, norleucine,
norvaline, hydroxyproline, sarcosine, citrulline, homocitrulline,
cysteic acid, t-butylglycine, t-butylalanine, phenylglycine,
cyclohexylalanine, b-alanine, fluoro-amino acids, designer amino
acids such as b-methyl amino acids, Ca-methyl amino acids,
Na-methyl amino acids, and amino acid analogs in general.
Furthermore, the amino acid can be D (dextrorotary) or L
(levorotary).
[0115] The invention additionally encompasses antibodies that bind
PA polypeptides that are differentially modified during or after
translation, e.g., by glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation,
amidation, derivatization by known protecting/blocking groups,
proteolytic cleavage, linkage to an antibody molecule or other
cellular ligand, etc. Any of numerous chemical modifications may be
carried out by known techniques, including but not limited to,
specific chemical cleavage by cyanogen bromide, trypsin,
chymotrypsin, papain, V8 protease, NaBH.sub.4, acetylation,
formylation, oxidation, reduction, metabolic synthesis in the
presence of tunicamycin; etc.
[0116] Additional post-translational modifications to PA
polypeptides for example, e.g., N-linked or O-linked carbohydrate
chains, processing of N-terminal or C-terminal ends), attachment of
chemical moieties to the amino acid backbone, chemical
modifications of N-linked or O-linked carbohydrate chains, and
addition or deletion of an N-terminal methionine residue as a
result of prokaryotic host cell expression. The polypeptides may
also be modified with a detectable label, such as an enzymatic,
fluorescent, isotopic or affinity label to allow for detection and
isolation of the protein.
[0117] Also provided by the invention are antibodies that bind
chemically modified derivatives of PA polypeptides which may
provide additional advantages such as increased solubility,
stability and circulating time of the polypeptide, or decreased
immunogenicity (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,337). The chemical moieties
for derivitization may be selected from water soluble polymers such
as polyethylene glycol, ethylene glycol/propylene glycol
copolymers, carboxymethylcellulose, dextran, polyvinyl alcohol and
the like. The polypeptides may be modified at random positions
within the molecule, or at predetermined positions within the
molecule and may include one, two, three or more attached chemical
moieties.
[0118] The polymer may be of any molecular weight, and may be
branched or unbranched. For polyethylene glycol, the preferred
molecular weight is between about 1 kilodalton and about 100
kilodalton (the term "about" indicating that in preparations of
polyethylene glycol, some molecules will weigh more, some less,
than the stated molecular weight) for ease in handling and
manufacturing. Other sizes may be used, depending on the desired
therapeutic profile (e.g., the duration of sustained release
desired, the effects, if any on biological activity, the ease in
handling, the degree or lack of antigenicity and other known
effects of the polyethylene glycol to a therapeutic protein or
analog). For example, the polyethylene glycol may have an average
molecular weight of about 200, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000,
3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, 6000, 6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 8500,
9000, 9500, 10,000, 10,500, 11,000, 11,500, 12,000, 12,500, 13,000,
13,500, 14,000, 14,500, 15,000, 15,500, 16,000, 16,500, 17,000,
17,500, 18,000, 18,500, 19,000, 19,500, 20,000, 25,000, 30,000,
35,000, 40,000, 50,000, 55,000, 60,000, 65,000, 70,000, 75,000,
80,000, 85,000, 90,000, 95,000, or 100,000 kilodalton.
[0119] As noted above, the polyethylene glycol may have a branched
structure. Branched polyethylene glycols are described, for
example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,575; Morpurgo et al., Appl.
Biochem. Biotechnol. 56:59-72 (1996); Vorobjev et al., Nucleosides
Nucleotides 18:2745-2750 (1999); and Caliceti et al., Bioconjug.
Chem. 10:638-646 (1999), the disclosures of each of which are
incorporated herein by reference.
[0120] The polyethylene glycol molecules (or other chemical
moieties) should be attached to the protein with consideration of
effects on functional or antigenic domains of the protein. There
are a number of attachment methods available to those skilled in
the art, e.g., EP 0 401 384, herein incorporated by reference
(coupling PEG to G-CSF), see also Malik et al., Exp. Hematol
20:1028-1035 (1992) (reporting pegylation of GM-CSF using tresyl
chloride). For example, polyethylene glycol may be covalently bound
through amino acid residues via a reactive group, such as, a free
amino or carboxyl group. Reactive groups are those to which an
activated polyethylene glycol molecule may be bound. The amino acid
residues having a free amino group may include lysine residues and
the N-terminal amino acid residues; those having a free carboxyl
group may include aspartic acid residues, glutamic acid residues
and the C-terminal amino acid residue. Sulfhydryl groups may also
be used as a reactive group for attaching the polyethylene glycol
molecules. Preferred for therapeutic purposes is attachment at an
amino group, such as attachment at the N-terminus or lysine
group.
[0121] As suggested above, polyethylene glycol may be attached to
proteins via linkage to any of a number of amino acid residues. For
example, polyethylene glycol can be linked to a proteins via
covalent bonds to lysine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,
or cysteine residues. One or more reaction chemistries may be
employed to attach polyethylene glycol to specific amino acid
residues (e.g., lysine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, or
cysteine) of the protein or to more than one type of amino acid
residue (e.g., lysine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,
cysteine and combinations thereof) of the protein.
[0122] One may specifically desire proteins chemically modified at
the N-terminus. Using polyethylene glycol as an illustration of the
present composition, one may select from a variety of polyethylene
glycol molecules (by molecular weight, branching, etc.), the
proportion of polyethylene glycol molecules to protein (or peptide)
molecules in the reaction mix, the type of pegylation reaction to
be performed, and the method of obtaining the selected N-terminally
pegylated protein. The method of obtaining the N-terminally
pegylated preparation (i.e., separating this moiety from other
monopegylated moieties if necessary) may be by purification of the
N-terminally pegylated material from a population of pegylated
protein molecules. Selective proteins chemically modified at the
N-terminus modification may be accomplished by reductive alkylation
which exploits differential reactivity of different types of
primary amino groups (lysine versus the N-terminal) available for
derivatization in a particular protein. Under the appropriate
reaction conditions, substantially selective derivatization of the
protein at the N-terminus with a carbonyl group containing polymer
is achieved.
[0123] As indicated above, pegylation of the proteins of the
invention may be accomplished by any number of means. For example,
polyethylene glycol may be attached to the protein either directly
or by an intervening linker. Linkerless systems for attaching
polyethylene glycol to proteins are described in Delgado et al.,
Crit. Rev. Thera. Drug Carrier Sys. 9:249-304 (1992); Francis et
al., Intern. J. of Hematol. 68:1-18 (1998); U.S. Pat. No.
4,002,531; U.S. Pat. No. 5,349,052; WO 95/06058; and WO 98/32466,
the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by
reference.
[0124] One system for attaching polyethylene glycol directly to
amino acid residues of proteins without an intervening linker
employs tresylated MPEG, which is produced by the modification of
monmethoxy polyethylene glycol (MPEG) using tresylchloride
(ClSO.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.3). Upon reaction of protein with
tresylated MPEG, polyethylene glycol is directly attached to amine
groups of the protein. Thus, the invention includes
protein-polyethylene glycol conjugates produced by reacting
proteins of the invention with a polyethylene glycol molecule
having a 2,2,2-trifluoreothane sulphonyl group.
[0125] Polyethylene glycol can also be attached to proteins using a
number of different intervening linkers. For example, U.S. Pat. No.
5,612,460, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by
reference, discloses urethane linkers for connecting polyethylene
glycol to proteins. Protein-polyethylene glycol conjugates wherein
the polyethylene glycol is attached to the protein by a linker can
also be produced by reaction of proteins with compounds such as
MPEG-succinimidylsuccinate, MPEG activated with
1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole, MPEG-2,4,5-trichloropenylcarbonate,
MPEG-p-nitrophenolcarbonate, and various MPEG-succinate
derivatives. A number additional polyethylene glycol derivatives
and reaction chemistries for attaching polyethylene glycol to
proteins are described in WO 98/32466, the entire disclosure of
which is incorporated herein by reference. Pegylated protein
products produced using the reaction chemistries set out herein are
included within the scope of the invention.
[0126] The number of polyethylene glycol moieties attached to each
PA polypeptide (i.e., the degree of substitution) may also vary.
For example, the pegylated proteins of the invention may be linked,
on average, to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, or
more polyethylene glycol molecules. Similarly, the average degree
of substitution within ranges such as 1-3, 2-4, 3-5, 4-6, 5-7, 6-8,
7-9, 8-10, 9-11, 10-12, 11-13, 12-14, 13-15, 14-16, 15-17, 16-18,
17-19, or 18-20 polyethylene glycol moieties per protein molecule.
Methods for determining the degree of substitution are discussed,
for example, in Delgado et al., Crit. Rev. Thera. Drug Carrier Sys.
9:249-304 (1992).
[0127] As mentioned the antibodies of the present invention may
bind PA polypeptides that are modified by either natural processes,
such as posttranslational processing, or by chemical modification
techniques which are well known in the art. It will be appreciated
that the same type of modification may be present in the same or
varying degrees at several sites in a given PA polypeptide. PA
polypeptides may be branched, for example, as a result of
ubiquitination, and they may be cyclic, with or without branching.
Cyclic, branched, and branched cyclic PA polypeptides may result
from posttranslational natural processes or may be made by
synthetic methods. Modifications include acetylation, acylation,
ADP-ribosylation, amidation, covalent attachment of flavin,
covalent attachment of a heme moiety, covalent attachment of a
nucleotide or nucleotide derivative, covalent attachment of a lipid
or lipid derivative, covalent attachment of phosphotidylinositol,
cross-linking, cyclization, disulfide bond formation,
demethylation, formation of covalent cross-links, formation of
cysteine, formation of pyroglutamate, formylation,
gamma-carboxylation, glycosylation. GPI anchor formation,
hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristoylation, oxidation,
pegylation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation,
racemization, selenoylation, sulfation, transfer-RNA mediated
addition of amino acids to proteins such as arginylation, and
ubiquitination. (See, for instance, PROTEINS--STRUCTURE AND
MOLECULAR PROPERTIES, 2nd Ed., T. E. Creighton, W. H. Freeman and
Company, New York (1993); POSTTRANSLATIONAL COVALENT MODIFICATION
OF PROTEINS, B. C. Johnson, Ed., Academic Press, New York, pgs.
1-12 (1983); Seifter et al., Meth Enzymol 182:626-646 (1990);
Rattan et al., Ann NY Acad Sci 663:48-62 (1992)).
Anti-PA Antibodies
[0128] In one embodiment, the invention provides antibodies (e.g.,
antibodies comprising two heavy chains and two light chains linked
together by disulfide bridges) that specifically bind PA (SEQ ID
NO:2) or fragments or variants thereof, wherein the amino acid
sequence of the heavy chain and the amino acid sequence of the
light chain are the same as the amino acid sequence of a heavy
chain and a light chain of one or more scFvs or cell lines referred
to in Table 1. In another embodiment, the invention provides
antibodies (each consisting of two heavy chains and two light
chains linked together by disulfide bridges to form an antibody)
that specifically bind PA or fragments or variants thereof, wherein
the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain or the amino acid
sequence of the light chain are the same as the amino acid sequence
of a heavy chain or a light chain of one or more scFvs or cell
lines referred to in Table 1. Immunospecific binding to PA
polypeptides may be determined by immunoassays known in the art or
described herein for assaying specific antibody-antigen binding.
Molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of, fragments or
variants of these antibodies that specifically bind to PA are also
encompassed by the invention, as are nucleic acid molecules
encoding these antibodies molecules, fragments and/or variants (SEQ
ID NOS:57-65).
[0129] In one embodiment of the present invention, antibodies that
specifically bind to a PA or a fragment or variant thereof,
comprise a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of a heavy
chain of at least one of the scFvs referred to in Table 1 or cell
lines contained in the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1
and/or a light chain of at least one of the scFvs referred to in
Table 1 or cell lines contained in the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred
to in Table 1.
[0130] In another embodiment of the present invention, antibodies
that specifically bind to PA or a fragment or variant thereof,
comprise a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of any one of
the VH domains of at least one of the scFvs referred to in Table 1
or at least one of the recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell
lines contained in the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1
and/or any one of the VL domains of at least one of the scFvs
referred to in Table 1 or at least one of the recombinant
antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained in the ATCC.TM.
Deposits referred to in Table 1. In preferred embodiments,
antibodies of the present invention comprise the amino acid
sequence of a VH domain and VL domain from a single scFv referred
to in Table 1 or single recombinant antibody expressed by a cell
line contained in an ATCC.TM. Deposit referred to in Table 1. In
alternative embodiments, antibodies of the present invention
comprise the amino acid sequence of a VH domain and a VL domain
from different scFvs referred to in Table 1 or different
recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained in the
ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1. Molecules comprising, or
alternatively consisting of, antibody fragments or variants of the
VH and/or VL domains of at least one of the scFvs referred to in
Table 1 or at least one of the recombinant antibodies expressed by
the cell lines contained in the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in
Table 1 that specifically bind to PA are also encompassed by the
invention, as are nucleic acid molecules encoding these VH and VL
domains, molecules, fragments and/or variants (SEQ ID
NOS:57-65).
[0131] The present invention also provides antibodies that
specifically bind to a polypeptide, or polypeptide fragment or
variant of PA, wherein said antibodies comprise, or alternatively
consist of, a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of any one,
two, three, or more of the VH CDRs contained in a VH domain of one
or more scFvs referred to in Table 1 or at least one of the
recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained in the
ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1. In particular, the
invention provides antibodies that specifically bind PA or
fragments or variants thereof, comprising, or alternatively
consisting of, a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of a VH
CDR1 contained in a VH domain of one or more scFvs or at least one
of the recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained
in the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1. In another
embodiment, antibodies that specifically bind PA, comprise, or
alternatively consist of, a polypeptide having the amino acid
sequence of a VH CDR2 contained in a VH domain of one or more scFvs
referred to in Table 1 or one or more recombinant antibodies
expressed by the cell lines contained in the ATCC.TM. Deposits
referred to in Table 1. In a preferred embodiment, antibodies that
specifically bind PA or fragments or variants thereof, comprise, or
alternatively consist of a polypeptide having the amino acid
sequence of a VH CDR3 contained in a VH domain of one or more scFvs
referred to in Table 1 or one or more recombinant antibodies
expressed by the cell lines contained in the ATCC.TM. Deposits
referred to in Table 1. Molecules comprising, or alternatively
consisting of, these antibodies, or antibody fragments or variants
thereof, that specifically bind to PA or a PA fragment or variant
thereof are also encompassed by the invention, as are nucleic acid
molecules encoding these antibodies, molecules, fragments and/or
variants (SEQ ID NOS:57-65).
[0132] The present invention also provides antibodies that
specifically bind to a PA polypeptide or a polypeptide fragment or
variant of PA, wherein said antibodies comprise, or alternatively
consist of, a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of any one,
two, three, or more of the VL CDRs contained in a VL domain of one
or more scFvs referred to in Table 1 or one or more recombinant
antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained in the ATCC.TM.
Deposits referred to in Table 1. In particular, the invention
provides antibodies that specifically bind PA or a fragment or
variant thereof, comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a
polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of a VL CDR1 contained
in a VL domain of one or more scFvs referred to in Table 1 or one
or more recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines
contained in the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1. In
another embodiment, antibodies that specifically bind PA or a
fragment or variant thereof, comprise, or alternatively consist of,
a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of a VL CDR2 contained
in a VL domain of one or more scFvs referred to in Table 1 or one
or more recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines
contained in the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1. In a
preferred embodiment, antibodies that specifically bind PA or a
fragment or variant thereof, comprise, or alternatively consist of
a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of a VL CDR3 contained
in a VL domain of one or more scFvs referred to in Table 1 or one
or more recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines
contained in the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1.
Molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of, these
antibodies, or antibody fragments or variants thereof, that
specifically bind to PA or a PA fragment or variant thereof are
also encompassed by the invention, as are nucleic acid molecules
encoding these antibodies, molecules, fragments and/or variants
(SEQ ID NOS:57-65).
[0133] The present invention also provides antibodies (including
molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of, antibody
fragments or variants) that specifically bind to PA polypeptide or
a fragment or variant of a PA, wherein said antibodies comprise, or
alternatively consist of, one, two, three, or more VH CDRs and one,
two, three or more VL CDRs, as contained in a VH domain or VL
domain of one or more scFvs referred to in Table 1 or one or more
recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained in the
ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1. In particular, the
invention provides for antibodies that specifically bind to a PA
polypeptide or polypeptide fragment or variant of PA, wherein said
antibodies comprise, or alternatively consist of, a VH CDR1 and a
VL CDR1, a VH CDR1 and a VL CDR2, a VH CDR1 and a VL CDR3, a VH
CDR2 and a VL CDR1, VH CDR2 and VL CDR2, a VH CDR2 and a VL CDR3, a
VH CDR3 and a VH CDR1, a VH CDR3 and a VL CDR2, a VH CDR3 and a VL
CDR3, or any combination thereof, of the VH CDRs and VL CDRs
contained in a VH domain or VL domain of one or more scFvs referred
to in Table 1 or one or more recombinant antibodies expressed by
the cell lines contained in the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in
Table 1. In a preferred embodiment, one or more of these
combinations are from the same scFv or the same recombinant
antibody expressed by cell line contained in an ATCC.TM. deposit as
disclosed in Table 1. Molecules comprising, or alternatively
consisting of, fragments or variants of these antibodies, that
specifically bind to PA or a fragment or variant thereof are also
encompassed by the invention, as are nucleic acid molecules
encoding these antibodies, molecules, fragments or variants (SEQ ID
NOS:57-65).
Nucleic Acid Molecules Encoding Anti-PA Antibodies
[0134] The present invention also provides for nucleic acid
molecules, generally isolated, encoding an antibody of the
invention (including molecules comprising, or alternatively
consisting of, antibody fragments or variants thereof).
[0135] In a specific embodiment, a nucleic acid molecule of the
invention encodes an antibody (including molecules comprising, or
alternatively consisting of, antibody fragments or variants
thereof), comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a VH domain
having an amino acid sequence of any one of the VH domains of at
least one of the scFvs referred to in Table 1 or at least one of
the recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained in
the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1 and a VL domain having
an amino acid sequence of VL domain of at least one of the scFvs
referred to in Table 1 or at least one of the recombinant
antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained in the ATCC.TM.
Deposits referred to in Table 1. In another embodiment, a nucleic
acid molecule of the invention encodes an antibody (including
molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of, antibody
fragments or variants thereof), comprising, or alternatively
consisting of, a VH domain having an amino acid sequence of any one
of the VH domains of at least one of the scFvs referred to in Table
1 or at least one of the recombinant antibodies expressed by the
cell lines contained in the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table
1 or a VL domain having an amino acid sequence of a VL domain of at
least one of the scFvs referred to in Table 1 or at least one of
the recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained in
the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1.
[0136] The present invention also provides antibodies that
comprise, or alternatively consist of, variants (including
derivatives) of the antibody molecules (e.g., the VH domains and/or
VL domains) described herein, which antibodies specifically bind to
PA or a fragment or variant thereof. Standard techniques known to
those of skill in the art can be used to introduce mutations in the
nucleotide sequence encoding a molecule of the invention,
including, for example, site-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated
mutagenesis which result in amino acid substitutions. Preferably,
the variants (including derivatives) encode less than 50 amino acid
substitutions, less than 40 amino acid substitutions, less than 30
amino acid substitutions, less than 25 amino acid substitutions,
less than 20 amino acid substitutions, less than 15 amino acid
substitutions, less than 10 amino acid substitutions, less than 5
amino acid substitutions, less than 4 amino acid substitutions,
less than 3 amino acid substitutions, or less than 2 amino acid
substitutions relative to the reference VH domain, VHCDR1, VHCDR2,
VHCDR3, VL domain, VLCDR1, VLCDR2, or VLCDR3. A "conservative amino
acid substitution" is one in which the amino acid residue is
replaced with an amino acid residue having a side chain with a
similar charge. Families of amino acid residues having side chains
with similar charges have been defined in the art. These families
include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine,
histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic
acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine,
glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), nonpolar side
chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline,
phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), beta-branched side chains
(e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains
(e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine).
Alternatively, mutations can be introduced randomly along all or
part of the coding sequence, such as by saturation mutagenesis, and
the resultant mutants can be screened for biological activity to
identify mutants that retain activity (e.g., the ability to bind
PA).
[0137] For example, it is possible to introduce mutations only in
framework regions or only in CDR regions of an antibody molecule.
Introduced mutations may be silent or neutral missense mutations,
i.e., have no, or little, effect on an antibody's ability to bind
antigen. These types of mutations may be useful to optimize codon
usage, or improve a hybridoma's antibody production. Alternatively,
non-neutral missense mutations may alter an antibody's ability to
bind antigen. The location of most silent and neutral missense
mutations is likely to be in the framework regions, while the
location of most non-neutral missense mutations is likely to be in
CDR, though this is not an absolute requirement. One of skill in
the art would be able to design and test mutant molecules with
desired properties such as no alteration in antigen binding
activity or alteration in binding activity (e.g, improvements in
antigen binding activity or change in antibody specificity).
Following mutagenesis, the encoded protein may routinely be
expressed and the functional and/or biological activity of the
encoded protein, (e.g., ability to specifically bind PA) can be
determined using techniques described herein or by routinely
modifying techniques known in the art.
[0138] In a specific embodiment, an antibody of the invention
(including a molecule comprising, or alternatively consisting of,
an antibody fragment or variant thereof), that specifically binds
PA or a fragment or variant thereof, comprises, or alternatively
consists of, an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide
sequence that hybridizes to a nucleotide sequence that is
complementary to that encoding one of the VH or VL domains of one
or more scFvs referred to in Table 1 or one or more recombinant
antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained in the ATCC.TM.
Deposits referred to in Table 1 under stringent conditions, e.g.,
hybridization to filter-bound DNA in 6.times. sodium
chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45.degree. C. followed by
one or more washes in 0.2.times.SSC/0.1% SDS at about 50-65.degree.
C., under highly stringent conditions, e.g., hybridization to
filter-bound nucleic acid in 6.times.SSC at about 45.degree. C.
followed by one or more washes in 0.1.times.SSC/0.2% SDS at about
68.degree. C., or under other stringent hybridization conditions
which are known to those of skill in the art (see, for example,
Ausubel, F. M. et al., eds., 1989, Current Protocols in Molecular
Biology, Vol. I, Green Publishing Associates, Inc. and John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., New York at pages 6.3.1-6.3.6 and 2.10.3). The
nucleic acid molecules encoding these antibodies are also
encompassed by the invention.
[0139] It is well known within the art that polypeptides, or
fragments or variants thereof, with similar amino acid sequences
often have similar structure and many of the same biological
activities. Thus, in one embodiment, an antibody (including a
molecule comprising, or alternatively consisting of, an antibody
fragment or variant thereof), that specifically binds to PA or
fragments or variants of PA, comprises, or alternatively consists
of, a VH domain having an amino acid sequence that is at least 35%,
at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least
60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at
least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical,
to the amino acid sequence of a VH domain of at least one of the
scFvs referred to in Table 1 or at least one of the recombinant
antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained in the ATCC.TM.
Deposits referred to in Table 1.
[0140] In another embodiment, an antibody (including a molecule
comprising, or alternatively consisting of, an antibody fragment or
variant thereof), that specifically binds to PA or a fragment or
variant of PA, comprises, or alternatively consists of, a VL domain
having an amino acid sequence that is at least 35%, at least 40%,
at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least
65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at
least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical, to the amino
acid sequence of a VL domain of at least one of the scFvs referred
to in Table 1 or at least one of the recombinant antibodies
expressed by the cell lines contained in the ATCC.TM. Deposits
referred to in Table 1.
Methods of Producing Antibodies
[0141] Antibodies in accordance with the invention were prepared
via the utilization of a phage scFv display library. Technologies
utilized for achieving the same are disclosed in the patents,
applications, and references disclosed herein.
[0142] In phage display methods, functional antibody domains are
displayed on the surface of phage particles which carry the
polynucleotide sequences encoding them. In particular, DNA
sequences encoding VH and VL domains are amplified from animal cDNA
libraries (e.g., human or murine cDNA libraries of lymphoid
tissues) or synthetic cDNA libraries. The DNA encoding the VH and
VL domains are joined together by an scFv linker by PCR and cloned
into a phagemid vector (e.g., pCANTAB 6 or pComb 3 HSS). The vector
is electroporated in E. coli and the E. coli is infected with
helper phage. Phage used in these methods are typically filamentous
phage including fd and M13 and the VH and VL domains are usually
recombinantly fused to either the phage gene III or gene VIII.
Phage expressing an antigen binding domain that binds to an antigen
of interest (i.e., a PA polypeptide or a fragment thereof) can be
selected or identified with antigen, e.g., using labeled antigen or
antigen bound or captured to a solid surface or bead. Examples of
phage display methods that can be used to make the antibodies of
the present invention include, but are not limited to, those
disclosed in Brinkman et al., J. Immunol. Methods 182:41-50 (1995);
Ames et al., J. Immunol. Methods 184:177-186 (1995); Kettleborough
et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 24:952-958 (1994); Persic et al., Gene 187
9-18 (1997); Burton et al., Advances in Immunology 57:191-280
(1994); PCT application No. PCT/GB91/O1 134; PCT publications WO
90/02809; WO 91/10737; WO 92/01047; WO 92/18719; WO 93/1 1236; WO
95/15982; WO 95/20401; WO97/13844; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,698,426;
5,223,409; 5,403,484; 5,580,717; 5,427,908; 5,750,753; 5,821,047;
5,571,698; 5,427,908; 5,516,717; 5,780,225; 5,658,727; 5,735,743
and 5,969,108; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in
its entirety.
[0143] For some uses, such as for in vitro affinity maturation of
an antibody of the invention, it may be useful to express the VH
and VL domains of one or more scFvs referred to in Table 1 or one
or more recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines
contained in the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1 as single
chain antibodies or Fab fragments in a phage display library. For
example, the cDNAs encoding the VH and VL domains of the scFvs
referred to in Table 1 or recombinant antibodies expressed by the
cell lines contained in the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table
1 may be expressed in all possible combinations using a phage
display library, allowing for the selection of VH/VL combinations
that bind PA polypeptides with preferred binding characteristics
such as improved affinity or improved off rates. Additionally, VH
and VL segments--and in particular, the CDR regions of the VH and
VL domains of the scFvs referred to in Table 1 or recombinant
antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained in the ATCC.TM.
Deposits referred to in Table 1, in particular, may be mutated in
vitro. Expression of V11 and VL domains with "mutant" CDRs in a
phage display library allows for the selection of VH/VL
combinations that bind PA polypeptides with preferred binding
characteristics such as improved affinity or improved off
rates.
[0144] In particular embodiments, antibodies of the invention
comprise the VH and VL domains of the PWD0587 scFv wherein the V11
domain contains one or more of the following mutations (using amino
acid numbering according to that of SEQ ID NO:53): Q13R, S31W,
I100V, and/or E105D. An antibody comprising the PWD0587 VH domain
with the Q13R, S31W and I100V mutations and the PWD0587 VL domain,
had an approximately 11 fold increase in affinity for the PA
antigen compared to an antibody comprising the PWD0587 heavy and
light chains. Thus, in specific embodiments, an antibody of the
invention comprises the PWD0587 VH domain with the Q13R, S31W and
I100V mutations and the PWD0587 VL domain.
[0145] An antibody comprising the PWD0587 VH domain with the Q13R
and S31W mutations and the PWD0587 VL domain, had an approximately
68 fold increase in affinity for the PA antigen compared to an
antibody comprising the PWD0587 heavy and light chains. Thus, in
specific embodiments, an antibody of the invention comprises the
PWD0587 VH domain with the Q13R and S31W mutations and the PWD0587
VL domain.
[0146] An antibody comprising the PWD0587 VH domain with the Q13R,
S31W, I100V and E105D mutations and the PWD0587 VL domain, had an
approximately 121 fold increase in affinity for the PA antigen
compared to an antibody comprising the PWD0587 heavy and light
chains. Thus, in specific embodiments, an antibody of the invention
comprises the PWD0587 VH domain with the Q13R, S31W, 1100V and
E105D mutations and the PWD0587 VL domain.
[0147] An antibody comprising the PWD0587 VH domain with the Q13R,
S31W and E105D mutations and the PWD0587 VL domain, had an
approximately 665 fold increase in affinity for the PA antigen
compared to an antibody comprising the PWD0587 heavy and light
chains. Thus in specific embodiment an antibody of the invention
comprises the PWD0587 VH domain with the Q13R, S31W and E105D
mutations and the PWD0587 VL domain.
[0148] Preliminary testing of the four mutant forms of the PWD0587
antibody with increased affinities for PA compared to the parental
PWD0587 (unmutated) antibody, indicated that the mutant PWD0587
antibodies behaved comparably to the parental PWD0587 antibody in,
for example, a rubidium release assay (e.g., similar to the assays
described in Example 5). In a rat lethal toxin challenge model
(similar to the assays described in Example 9) an antibody
comprising the PWD0587 VH domain with the Q13R, S31 W and E105D
mutations and the PWD0587 VL domain was slightly more effective
than the parental PWD0587 antibody in preventing lethal toxin
induced death.
Additional Methods of Producing Antibodies
[0149] Antibodies of the invention (including antibody fragments or
variants) can be produced by any method known in the art. For
example, it will be appreciated that antibodies in accordance with
the present invention can be expressed in cell lines including, but
not limited to, myeloma cell lines and hybridoma cell lines.
Sequences encoding the cDNAs or genomic clones for the particular
antibodies can be used for transformation of a suitable mammalian
or nonmammalian host cells or to generate phage display libraries,
for example. Additionally, polypeptide antibodies of the invention
may be chemically synthesized or produced through the use of
recombinant expression systems.
[0150] One way to produce the antibodies of the invention would be
to clone the VH and/or VL domains of an scFv referred to in Table 1
or recombinant antibody expressed by the cell lines contained in
the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1. In order to isolate
the VH and VL domains from bacteria transfected with a vector
containing the scFv, PCR primers complementary to VH or VL
nucleotide sequences (See Example 6), may be used to amplify the VH
and VL sequences. The PCR products may then be cloned using
vectors, for example, which have a PCR product cloning site
consisting of a 5' and 3' single T nucleotide overhang, that is
complementary to the overhanging single adenine nucleotide added
onto the 5' and 3' end of PCR products by many DNA polymerases used
for PCR reactions. The VH and VL domains can then be sequenced
using conventional methods known in the art. Alternatively, the VH
and VL domains may be amplified using vector specific primers
designed to amplify the entire scFv, (i.e. the VH domain, linker
and VL domain.)
[0151] The cloned VH and VL genes may be placed into one or more
suitable expression vectors. By way of non-limiting example, PCR
primers including VH or VL nucleotide sequences, a restriction
site, and a flanking sequence to protect the restriction site may
be used to amplify the VH or VL sequences. Utilizing cloning
techniques known to those of skill in the art, the PCR amplified VH
domains may be cloned into vectors expressing the appropriate
immunoglobulin constant region, e.g., the human IgG1 or IgG4
constant region for VH domains, and the human kappa or lambda
constant regions for kappa and lambda VL domains, respectively.
Preferably, the vectors for expressing the VH or VL domains
comprise a promoter suitable to direct expression of the heavy and
light chains in the chosen expression system, a secretion signal, a
cloning site for the immunoglobulin variable domain, immunoglobulin
constant domains, and a selection marker such as neomycin. The VH
and VL domains may also be cloned into a single vector expressing
the necessary constant regions. The heavy chain conversion vectors
and light chain conversion vectors are then co-transfected into
cell lines to generate stable or transient cell lines that express
full-length antibodies, e.g., IgG, using techniques known to those
of skill in the art (See, for example, Guo et al., J. Clin.
Endocrinol. Metab. 82:925-31 (1997), and Ames et al., J. Immunol.
Methods 184:177-86 (1995) which are herein incorporated in their
entireties by reference).
[0152] The invention provides polynucleotides comprising, or
alternatively consisting of, a nucleotide sequence encoding an
antibody of the invention (including molecules comprising, or
alternatively consisting of, antibody fragments or variants
thereof). The invention also encompasses polynucleotides that
hybridize under high stringency, or alternatively, under
intermediate or lower stringency hybridization conditions, e.g., as
defined supra, to polynucleotides complementary to nucleic acids
having a polynucleotide sequence that encodes an antibody of the
invention or a fragment or variant thereof.
[0153] The polynucleotides may be obtained, and the nucleotide
sequence of the polynucleotides determined, by any method known in
the art. If the amino acid sequences of the VH domains, VL domains
and CDRs thereof, are known, nucleotide sequences encoding these
antibodies can be determined using methods well known in the art,
i.e., the nucleotide codons known to encode the particular amino
acids are assembled in such a way to generate a nucleic acid that
encodes the antibody, of the invention. Such a polynucleotide
encoding the antibody may be assembled from chemically synthesized
oligonucleotides (e.g., as described in Kutmeier et al.,
BioTechniques 17:242 (1994)), which, briefly, involves the
synthesis of overlapping oligonucleotides containing portions of
the sequence encoding the antibody, annealing and ligating of those
oligonucleotides, and then amplification of the ligated
oligonucleotides by PCR.
[0154] Alternatively, a polynucleotide encoding an antibody
(including molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of,
antibody fragments or variants thereof) may be generated from
nucleic acid from a suitable source. If a clone containing a
nucleic acid encoding a particular antibody is not available, but
the sequence of the antibody molecule is known, a nucleic acid
encoding the immunoglobulin may be chemically synthesized or
obtained from a suitable source (e.g., an antibody cDNA library, or
a cDNA library generated from, or nucleic acid, preferably poly A+
RNA, isolated from, any tissue or cells expressing the antibody,
such as hybridoma cells or Epstein Barr virus transformed B cell
lines that express an antibody of the invention) by PCR
amplification using synthetic primers hybridizable to the 3' and 5'
ends of the sequence or by cloning using an oligonucleotide probe
specific for the particular gene sequence to identify, e.g., a cDNA
clone from a cDNA library that encodes the antibody. Amplified
nucleic acids generated by PCR may then be cloned into replicable
cloning vectors using any method well known in the art.
[0155] Once the nucleotide sequence of the antibody (including
molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of, antibody
fragments or variants thereof) is determined, the nucleotide
sequence of the antibody may be manipulated using methods well
known in the art for the manipulation of nucleotide sequences,
e.g., recombinant DNA techniques, site directed mutagenesis, PCR,
etc. (see, for example, the techniques described in Sambrook et
al., 1990, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2d Ed., Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. and Ausubel et
al., eds., 1998, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley
& Sons, NY, which are both incorporated by reference herein in
their entireties), to generate antibodies having a different amino
acid sequence, for example to create amino acid substitutions,
deletions, and/or insertions.
[0156] In a specific embodiment, VH and VL domains of one or more
scFvs referred to in Table 1 or one or more recombinant antibodies
expressed by the cell lines contained in the ATCC.TM. Deposits
referred to in Table 1, or fragments or variants thereof, are
inserted within framework regions using recombinant DNA techniques
known in the art. In a specific embodiment, one, two, three, four,
five, six, or more of the CDRs of a VH and/or a VL domain of one or
more scFvs referred to in Table 1 or one or more recombinant
antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained in the ATCC.TM.
Deposits referred to in Table 1, or fragments or variants thereof,
are inserted within framework regions using recombinant DNA
techniques known in the art. The framework regions may be naturally
occurring or consensus framework regions, and preferably human
framework regions (see, e.g., Chothia et al., J. Mol. Biol. 278:
457-479 (1998) for a listing of human framework regions, the
contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its
entirety). Preferably, the polynucleotides generated by the
combination of the framework regions and CDRs encode an antibody
(including molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of,
antibody fragments or variants thereof) that specifically binds to
a PA polypeptide. Preferably, as discussed supra, polynucleotides
encoding variants of antibodies or antibody fragments having one or
more amino acid substitutions may be made within the framework
regions, and, preferably, the amino acid substitutions do not
significantly alter binding of the antibody to its antigen.
Additionally, such methods may be used to make amino acid
substitutions or deletions of one or more variable region cysteine
residues participating in an intrachain disulfide bond to generate
antibody molecules, or antibody fragments or variants, lacking one
or more intrachain disulfide bonds. Other alterations to the
polynucleotide are encompassed by the present invention and fall
within the ordinary skill of the art.
[0157] The ability to clone and reconstruct megabase-sized human
loci in YACs and to introduce them into the mouse germline provides
a powerful approach to elucidating the functional components of
very large or crudely mapped loci as well as generating useful
models of human disease. Furthermore, the utilization of such
technology for substitution of mouse loci with their human
equivalents could provide unique insights into the expression and
regulation of human gene products during development, their
communication with other systems, and their involvement in disease
induction and progression.
[0158] An important practical application of such a strategy is the
"humanization" of the mouse humoral immune system. Introduction of
human immunoglobulin (Ig) loci into mice in which the endogenous Ig
genes have been inactivated offers the opportunity to study the
mechanisms underlying programmed expression and assembly of
antibodies as well as their role in B cell development.
Furthermore, such a strategy could provide an ideal source for
production of fully human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) an important
milestone towards fulfilling the promise of antibody therapy in
human disease.
[0159] Fully human antibodies are expected to minimize the
immunogenic and allergic responses intrinsic to mouse or
mouse-derivatized Monoclonal antibodies and thus to increase the
efficacy and safety of the administered antibodies. The use of
fully human antibodies can be expected to provide a substantial
advantage in the treatment of chronic and recurring human diseases,
such as cancer, which require repeated antibody
administrations.
[0160] One approach towards this goal was to engineer mouse strains
deficient in mouse antibody production with large fragments of the
human Ig loci in anticipation that such mice would produce a large
repertoire of human antibodies in the absence of mouse antibodies.
Large human Ig fragments would preserve the large variable gene
diversity as well as the proper regulation of antibody production
and expression. By exploiting the mouse machinery for antibody
diversification and selection and the lack of immunological
tolerance to human proteins, the reproduced human antibody
repertoire in these mouse strains should yield high affinity
antibodies against any antigen of interest, including human
antigens. Using the hybridoma technology, antigen-specific human
Monoclonal antibodies with the desired specificity could be readily
produced and selected.
[0161] This general strategy was demonstrated in connection with
the generation of the first XENOMOUSE.TM. transgenic mouse system
strains as published in 1994. See Green et al. Nature Genetics
7:13-21 (1994). The XENOMOUSE.TM. transgenic mouse system strains
were engineered with yeast artificial chromosomes (YACS) containing
germline configuration fragments of the human heavy chain locus and
kappa light chain locus, respectively, which contained core
variable and constant region sequences. Id. The human Ig containing
YACs proved to be compatible with the mouse system for both
rearrangement and expression of antibodies and were capable of
substituting for the inactivated mouse Ig genes. This was
demonstrated by their ability to induce B-cell development, to
produce an adult-like human repertoire of fully human antibodies,
and to generate antigen-specific human monoclonal antibodies. These
results also suggested that introduction of larger portions of the
human Ig loci containing greater numbers of V genes, additional
regulatory elements, and human Ig constant regions might
recapitulate substantially the full repertoire that is
characteristic of the human humoral response to infection and
immunization. The work of Green et al. was recently extended to the
introduction of greater than approximately 80% of the human
antibody repertoire through introduction of megabase sized,
germline configuration YAC fragments of the human heavy chain loci
and kappa light chain loci, respectively, to produce XENOMOUSE.TM.
transgenic mouse system mice. See Mendez et al. Nature Genetics
15:146-156 (1997), Green and Jakobovits J. Exp. Med. 188:483-495
(1998), Green, Journal of Immunological Methods 231:11-23 (1999)
and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/759,620, filed Dec. 3,
1996, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by
reference.
[0162] Such approach is further discussed and delineated in U.S.
patent application Ser. Nos. 07/466,008, filed Jan. 12, 1990,
07/710,515, filed Nov. 8, 1990, 07/919,297, filed Jul. 24, 1992,
07/922,649, filed Jul. 30, 1992, filed 08/031,801, filed Mar. 15,
1993, 08/112,848, filed Aug. 27, 1993, 08/234,145, filed Apr. 28,
1994, 08/376,279, filed Jan. 20, 1995, 08/430, 938, Apr. 27, 1995,
08/464,584, filed Jun. 5, 1995, 08/464,582, filed Jun. 5, 1995,
08/471,191, filed Jun. 5, 1995, 08/462,837, filed Jun. 5, 1995,
08/486,853, filed Jun. 5, 1995, 08/486,857, filed Jun. 5, 1995,
08/486,859, filed Jun. 5, 1995, 08/462,513, filed Jun. 5, 1995,
08/724,752, filed Oct. 2, 1996, and 08/759,620, filed Dec. 3, 1996.
See also Mendez et al. Nature Genetics 15:146-156 (1997) and Green
and Jakobovits J. Exp. Med. 188:483 495 (1998). See also European
Patent No., EP 0 463 151 B1, grant published Jun. 12, 1996,
International Patent Application No., WO 94/02602, published Feb.
3, 1994, International Patent Application No., WO 96/34096,
published Oct. 31, 1996, and WO 98/24893, published Jun. 11, 1998.
The disclosures of each of the above-cited patents, applications,
and references are hereby incorporated by reference in their
entirety.
[0163] Human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) responses have led the
industry to prepare chimeric or otherwise humanized antibodies.
While chimeric antibodies have a human constant region and a murine
variable region, it is expected that certain human anti-chimeric
antibody (HACA) responses will be observed, particularly in chronic
or multi-dose utilizations of the antibody. Thus, it would be
desirable to provide fully human antibodies against PA polypeptides
in order to vitiate concerns and/or effects of HAMA or HACA
responses.
[0164] Monoclonal antibodies specific for PA polypeptides may be
prepared using hybridoma technology. (Kohler et al., Nature 256:495
(1975); Kohler et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 6:511 (1976); Kohler et
al., Eur. J. Immunol. 6:292 (1976); Hammerling et al., in:
Monoclonal Antibodies and T-Cell Hybridomas, Elsevier, N.Y., pp.
571-681 (1981)). Briefly, XENOMOUSE.TM. transgenic mouse system
mice may be immunized with PA polypeptides. After immunization, the
splenocytes of such mice are extracted and fused with a suitable
myeloma cell line. Any suitable myeloma cell line, such as the
myeloma cell line (SP2O), available from the ATCC.TM., may be
employed in accordance with the present invention; however, it is
preferable to employ the parent myeloma cell line (SP2O), available
from the ATCC.TM.. After fusion, the resulting hybridoma cells are
selectively maintained in HAT medium, and then cloned by limiting
dilution as described by Wands et al. (Gastroenterology 80:225-232
(1981)). The hybridoma cells obtained through such a selection are
then assayed to identify clones which secrete antibodies capable of
binding the PA polypeptides.
[0165] For some uses, including in vivo use of antibodies in humans
and in vitro detection assays, it may be preferable to use human or
chimeric antibodies. Completely human antibodies are particularly
desirable for therapeutic treatment of human patients. See also,
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,444,887 and 4,716,111; and PCT publications WO
98/46645, WO 98/50435, WO 98/24893, WO98/16654, WO 96/34096, WO
96/35735, and WO 91/10741; each of which is incorporated herein by
reference in its entirety. In a specific embodiment, antibodies of
the present invention comprise one or more VH and VL domains of the
invention and constant regions from another immunoglobulin
molecule, preferably a human immunoglobulin molecule. In a specific
embodiment, antibodies of the present invention comprise one or
more CDRs corresponding to the VH and VL domains of the invention
and framework regions from another immunoglobulin molecule,
preferably a human immunoglobulin molecule. In other embodiments,
an antibody of the present invention comprises one, two, three,
four, five, six or more VL CDRs or VH CDRs corresponding to one or
more of the VH or VL domains of one or more scFvs referred to in
Table 1 or one or more recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell
lines contained in the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1, or
fragments or variants thereof, and framework regions (and,
optionally one or more CDRs not present in the scFvs referred to in
Table 1 or recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines
contained in the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1) from a
human immunoglobulin molecule. In a preferred embodiment, an
antibody of the present invention comprises a VH CDR3, VL CDR3, or
both, corresponding to the same recombinant antibody, or different
recombinant antibodies selected from the recombinant antibodies
expressed by the cell lines contained in the ATCC.TM. Deposits
referred to in Table 1, or fragments or variants thereof, and
framework regions from a human immunoglobulin.
[0166] A chimeric antibody is a molecule in which different
portions of the antibody are derived from different immunoglobulin
molecules such as antibodies having a human variable region and a
non-human (e.g., murine) immunoglobulin constant region or vice
versa. Methods for producing chimeric antibodies are known in the
art. See e.g., Morrison, Science 229:1202 (1985); Oi et al.,
BioTechniques 4:214 (1986); Gillies et al., J. Immunol. Methods
125:191-202 (1989); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,807,715; 4,816,567; and
4,816,397, which are incorporated herein by reference in their
entirety. Chimeric antibodies comprising one or more CDRs from
human species and framework regions from a non-human immunoglobulin
molecule (e.g., framework regions from a murine, canine or feline
immunoglobulin molecule) (or vice versa) can be produced using a
variety of techniques known in the art including, for example,
CDR-grafting (EP 239,400; PCT publication WO 91/09967; U.S. Pat.
Nos. 5,225,539; 5,530,101; and 5,585,089), veneering or resurfacing
(EP 592,106; EP 519,596; Padlan, Molecular Immunology
28(4/5):489-498 (1991); Studnicka et al., Protein Engineering
7(6):805-814 (1994); Roguska et al., PNAS 91:969-973 (1994)), and
chain shuffling (U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,352). In a preferred
embodiment, chimeric antibodies comprise a human CDR3 having an
amino acid sequence of any one of the VH CDR3s or VL CDR3s of a VH
or VL domain of one or more of the scFvs referred to in Table 1, or
a variant thereof, and non-human framework regions or human
framework regions different from those of the frameworks in the
corresponding scFv disclosed in Table 1. Often, framework residues
in the framework regions will be substituted with the corresponding
residue from the CDR donor antibody to alter, preferably improve,
antigen binding. These framework substitutions are identified by
methods well known in the art, e.g., by modeling of the
interactions of the CDR and framework residues to identify
framework residues important for antigen binding and sequence
comparison to identify unusual framework residues at particular
positions. (See, e.g., Queen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,089;
Riechmann et al., Nature 352:323 (1988), which are incorporated
herein by reference in their entireties.)
[0167] Intrabodies are antibodies, often scFvs, that are expressed
from a recombinant nucleic acid molecule and engineered to be
retained intracellularly (e.g., retained in the cytoplasm,
endoplasmic reticulum, or periplasm). Intrabodies may be used, for
example, to ablate the function of a protein to which the intrabody
binds. The expression of intrabodies may also be regulated through
the use of inducible promoters in the nucleic acid expression
vector comprising the intrabody. Intrabodies of the invention can
be produced using methods known in the art, such as those disclosed
and reviewed in Chen et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 5:595-601 (1994);
Marasco, W. A., Gene Ther. 4:11-15 (1997); Rondon and Marasco,
Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 51:257-283 (1997); Proba et al., J. Mol.
Biol. 275:245-253 (1998); Cohen et al., Oncogene 17:2445-2456
(1998); Ohage and Steipe, J. Mol. Biol. 291:1119-1128 (1999); Ohage
et al., J. Mol. Biol. 291:1129-1134 (1999); Wirtz and Steipe,
Protein Sci. 8:2245-2250 (1999); Zhu et al., J. Immunol. Methods
231:207-222 (1999); and references cited therein.
[0168] Recombinant expression of an antibody of the invention
(including antibody fragments or variants thereof (e.g., a heavy or
light chain of an antibody of the invention), requires construction
of an expression vector(s) containing a polynucleotide that encodes
the antibody. Once a polynucleotide encoding an antibody molecule
(e.g., a whole antibody, a heavy or light chain of an antibody, or
portion thereof (preferably, but not necessarily, containing the
heavy or light chain variable domain)), of the invention has been
obtained, the vector(s) for the production of the antibody molecule
may be produced by recombinant DNA technology using techniques well
known in the art. Thus, methods for preparing a protein by
expressing a polynucleotide containing an antibody encoding
nucleotide sequence are described herein. Methods which are well
known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct
expression vectors containing antibody coding sequences and
appropriate transcriptional and translational control signals.
These methods include, for example, in vitro recombinant DNA
techniques, synthetic techniques, and in vivo genetic
recombination. The invention, thus, provides replicable vectors
comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an antibody molecule of
the invention (e.g., a whole antibody, a heavy or light chain of an
antibody, a heavy or light chain variable domain of an antibody, or
a portion thereof, or a heavy or light chain CDR, a single chain
Fv, or fragments or variants thereof), operably linked to a
promoter. Such vectors may include the nucleotide sequence encoding
the constant region of the antibody molecule (see, e.g., PCT
Publication WO 86/05807; PCT Publication WO 89/01036; and U.S. Pat.
No. 5,122,464, the contents of each of which are hereby
incorporated by reference in its entirety) and the variable domain
of the antibody may be cloned into such a vector for expression of
the entire heavy chain, the entire light chain, or both the entire
heavy and light chains.
[0169] The expression vector(s) is(are) transferred to a host cell
by conventional techniques and the transfected cells are then
cultured by conventional techniques to produce an antibody of the
invention. Thus, the invention includes host cells containing
polynucleotide(s) encoding an antibody of the invention (e.g.,
whole antibody, a heavy or light chain thereof, or portion thereof,
or a single chain antibody, or a fragment or variant thereof),
operably linked to a heterologous promoter. In preferred
embodiments, for the expression of entire antibody molecules,
vectors encoding both the heavy and light chains may be
co-expressed in the host cell for expression of the entire
immunoglobulin molecule, as detailed below.
[0170] A variety of host-expression vector systems may be utilized
to express the antibody molecules of the invention. Such
host-expression systems represent vehicles by which the coding
sequences of interest may be produced and subsequently purified,
but also represent cells which may, when transformed or transfected
with the appropriate nucleotide coding sequences, express an
antibody molecule of the invention in situ. These include, but are
not limited to, bacteriophage particles engineered to express
antibody fragments or variants thereof (single chain antibodies),
microorganisms such as bacteria (e.g., E. coli, B. subtilis)
transformed with recombinant bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA or
cosmid DNA expression vectors containing antibody coding sequences;
yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces, Pichia) transformed with recombinant
yeast expression vectors containing antibody coding sequences;
insect cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression
vectors (e.g., baculovirus) containing antibody coding sequences;
plant cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression
vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic
virus, TMV) or transformed with recombinant plasmid expression
vectors (e.g., Ti plasmid) containing antibody coding sequences; or
mammalian cell systems (e.g., COS, CHO, BHK, 293, 3T3, NS0 cells)
harboring recombinant expression constructs containing promoters
derived from the genome of mammalian cells (e.g., metallothionein
promoter) or from mammalian viruses (e.g., the adenovirus late
promoter; the vaccinia virus 7.5K promoter). Preferably, bacterial
cells such as Escherichia coli, and more preferably, eukaryotic
cells, especially for the expression of whole recombinant antibody
molecule, are used for the expression of a recombinant antibody
molecule. For example, mammalian cells such as Chinese hamster
ovary cells (CHO), in conjunction with a vector such as the major
intermediate early gene promoter element from human cytomegalovirus
is an effective expression system for antibodies (Foecking et al.,
Gene 45:101 (1986); Cockett et al., Bio/Technology 8:2 (1990);
Bebbington et al., Bio/Techniques 10:169 (1992); Keen and Hale,
Cytotechnology 18:207 (1996)). These references are incorporated in
their entireties by reference herein.
[0171] In bacterial systems, a number of expression vectors may be
advantageously selected depending upon the use intended for the
antibody molecule being expressed. For example, when a large
quantity of such a protein is to be produced, for the generation of
pharmaceutical compositions of an antibody molecule, vectors which
direct the expression of high levels of fusion protein products
that are readily purified may be desirable. Such vectors include,
but are not limited to, the E. coli expression vector pUR278
(Ruther et al., EMBO 1. 2:1791 (1983)), in which the antibody
coding sequence may be ligated individually into the vector in
frame with the lac Z coding region so that a fusion protein is
produced; pIN vectors (Inouye & Inouye, Nucleic Acids Res.
13:3101-3109 (1985); Van Heeke & Schuster, J. Biol. Chem.
24:5503-5509 (1989)); and the like. pGEX vectors may also be used
to express foreign polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione
5-transferase (GST). In general, such fusion proteins are soluble
and can easily be purified from lysed cells by adsorption and
binding to matrix glutathione agarose beads followed by elution in
the presence of free glutathione. The pGEX vectors are designed to
include thrombin or factor Xa protease cleavage sites so that the
cloned target gene product can be released from the GST moiety.
[0172] In an insect system, Autographa californica nuclear
polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) may be used as a vector to express
foreign genes. The virus grows in Spodoptera frugiperda cells.
Antibody coding sequences may be cloned individually into
non-essential regions (for example, the polyhedrin gene) of the
virus and placed under control of an AcNPV promoter (for example,
the polyhedrin promoter).
[0173] In mammalian host cells, a number of viral-based expression
systems may be utilized. In cases where an adenovirus is used as an
expression vector, the antibody coding sequence of interest may be
ligated to an adenovirus transcription/translation control complex,
e.g., the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. This
chimeric gene may then be inserted in the adenovirus genome by in
vitro or in vivo recombination. Insertion in a non-essential region
of the viral genome (e.g., region E1 or E3) will result in a
recombinant virus that is viable and capable of expressing the
antibody molecule in infected hosts (e.g., see Logan & Shenk,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 8 1:355-359 (1984)). Specific initiation
signals may also be required for efficient translation of inserted
antibody coding sequences. These signals include the ATG initiation
codon and adjacent sequences. Furthermore, the initiation codon
must be in phase with the reading frame of the desired coding
sequence to ensure translation of the entire insert. These
exogenous translational control signals and initiation codons can
be of a variety of origins, both natural and synthetic. The
efficiency of expression may be enhanced by the inclusion of
appropriate transcription enhancer elements, transcription
terminators, etc. (see, e.g., Bittner et al., Methods in Enzymol.
153:51-544 (1987)).
[0174] In addition, a host cell strain may be chosen which
modulates the expression of the inserted sequences, or modifies and
processes the gene product in the specific fashion desired. Such
modifications (e.g., glycosylation) and processing (e.g., cleavage)
of protein products may be important for the function of the
protein. Different host cells have characteristic and specific
mechanisms for the post-translational processing and modification
of proteins and gene products. Appropriate cell lines or host
systems can be chosen to ensure the correct modification and
processing of the foreign protein expressed. To this end,
eukaryotic host cells which possess the cellular machinery for
proper processing of the primary transcript, glycosylation, and
phosphorylation of the gene product may be used. Such mammalian
host cells include, but are not limited to, CHO, VERY, BHK, HeLa,
COS, NSO, MDCK, 293, 3T3, W138, and in particular, breast cancer
cell lines such as, for example, BT483, Hs578T, HTB2, BT2O and
T47D, and normal mammary gland cell line such as, for example,
CRL7O3O and Hs578Bst.
[0175] For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant
proteins, stable expression is preferred. For example, cell lines
which stably express the antibody may be engineered. Rather than
using expression vectors which contain viral origins of
replication, host cells can be transformed with DNA controlled by
appropriate expression control elements (e.g., promoter, enhancer,
sequences, transcription terminators, polyadenylation sites, etc.),
and a selectable marker. Following the introduction of the foreign
DNA, engineered cells may be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an
enriched media, and then are switched to a selective media. The
selectable marker in the recombinant plasmid confers resistance to
the selection and allows cells to stably integrate the plasmid into
their chromosomes and grow to form foci which in turn can be cloned
and expanded into cell lines. This method may advantageously be
used to engineer cell lines which express the antibody molecule.
Such engineered cell lines may be particularly useful in screening
and evaluation of compositions that interact directly or indirectly
with the antibody molecule.
[0176] A number of selection systems may be used, including but not
limited to, the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler et
al., Cell 11:223 (1977)), hypoxanthineguanine
phosphoribosyltransferase (Szybalska & Szybalski, Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 48:202 (1992)), and adenine
phosphoribosyltransferase (Lowy et al., Cell 22:8 17 (1980)) genes
can be employed in tk-, hgprt- or aprt-cells, respectively. Also,
antimetabolite resistance can be used as the basis of selection for
the following genes: dhfr, which confers resistance to methotrexate
(Wigler at al., Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:357 (1980); O'Hare et al.,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:1527 (1981)); gpt, which confers
resistance to mycophenolic acid (Mulligan & Berg, Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 78:2072 (1981)); neo, which confers resistance to
the aminoglycoside G-418 (Clinical Pharmacy 12:488-505; Wu and Wu,
Biotherapy 3:87-95 (1991); Tolstoshev, Ann. Rev. Pharmacol.
Toxicol. 32:573-596 (1993); Mulligan, Science 260:926-932 (1993);
and Morgan and Anderson, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 62: 191-217 (1993); TIB
TECH 11(5):155-2 15 (May, 1993)); and hygro, which confers
resistance to hygromycin (Santerre et al., Gene 30:147 (1984)).
Methods commonly known in the art of recombinant DNA technology may
be routinely applied to select the desired recombinant clone, and
such methods are described, for example, in Ausubel at al. (eds.),
Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, NY
(1993); Kriegler, Gene Transfer and Expression, A Laboratory
Manual, Stockton Press, NY (1990); and in Chapters 12 and 13,
Dracopoli at al. (eds), Current Protocols in Human Genetics, John
Wiley & Sons, NY (1994); Colberre-Garapin et al., J. Mol. Biol.
150:1 (1981), which are incorporated by reference herein in their
entireties.
[0177] The expression levels of an antibody molecule can be
increased by vector amplification (for a review, see Bebbington and
Hentschel, "The use of vectors based on gene amplification for the
expression of cloned genes in mammalian cells" in DNA Cloning, Vol.
3. (Academic Press, New York, 1987)). When a marker in the vector
system expressing antibody is amplifiable, increase in the level of
inhibitor present in culture of host cell will increase the number
of copies of the marker gene. Since the amplified region is
associated with the coding sequence of the antibody, production of
the antibody will also increase (Crouse et al., Mol. Cell. Biol.
3:257 (1983)).
[0178] Vectors which use glutamine synthase (GS) or DHFR as the
selectable markers can be amplified in the presence of the drugs
methionine sulphoximine or methotrexate, respectively. An advantage
of glutamine synthase based vectors are the availability of cell
lines (e.g., the murine myeloma cell line, NSO) which are glutamine
synthase negative. Glutamine synthase expression systems can also
function in glutamine synthase expressing cells (e.g. Chinese
Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells) by providing additional inhibitor to
prevent the functioning of the endogenous gene. A glutamine
synthase expression system and components thereof are detailed in
PCT publications: WO87/04462; WO86/05807; WO89/01036; WO89/10404;
and WO91/06657 which are incorporated in their entireties by
reference herein. Additionally, glutamine synthase expression
vectors that may be used according to the present invention are
commercially available from suppliers, including, for example Lonza
Biologics, Inc. (Portsmouth, N.H.). Expression and production of
monoclonal antibodies using a GS expression system in murine
myeloma cells is described in Bebbington et al., Bio/technology
10:169 (1992) and in Biblia and Robinson Biotechnol. Prog. 11:1
(1995) which are incorporated in their entireties by reference
herein.
[0179] The host cell may be co-transfected with two expression
vectors of the invention, the first vector encoding a heavy chain
derived polypeptide and the second vector encoding a light chain
derived polypeptide. The two vectors may contain identical
selectable markers which enable equal expression of heavy and light
chain polypeptides. Alternatively, a single vector may be used
which encodes, and is capable of expressing, both heavy and light
chain polypeptides. In such situations, the light chain is
preferably placed before the heavy chain to avoid an excess of
toxic free heavy chain (Proudfoot, Nature 322:52 (1986); Kohler,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:2 197 (1980)). The coding sequences
for the heavy and light chains may comprise cDNA or genomic
DNA.
[0180] Once an antibody molecule of the invention (including
molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of, antibody
fragments or variants thereof) has been chemically synthesized or
recombinantly expressed, it may be purified by any method known in
the art for purification of an immunoglobulin molecule, or more
generally, a protein molecule, such as, for example, by
chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, particularly by
affinity for the specific antigen after Protein A, and sizing
column chromatography), centrifugation, differential solubility, or
by any other standard technique for the purification of proteins.
Further, the antibodies of the present invention may be fused to
heterologous polypeptide sequences described herein or otherwise
known in the art, to facilitate purification.
[0181] Antibodies of the present invention include naturally
purified products, products of chemical synthetic procedures, and
products produced by recombinant techniques from a prokaryotic or
eukaryotic host, including, for example, bacterial, yeast, higher
plant, insect and mammalian cells. Depending upon the host employed
in a recombinant production procedure, the antibodies of the
present invention may be glycosylated or may be non-glycosylated.
In addition, antibodies of the invention may also include an
initial modified methionine residue, in some cases as a result of
host-mediated processes.
[0182] Antibodies of the invention can be chemically synthesized
using techniques known in the art (e.g., see Creighton, 1983,
Proteins: Structures and Molecular Principles, W.H. Freeman &
Co., N.Y., and Hunkapiller, M., et al., 1984, Nature 310:105-111).
For example, a peptide corresponding to a fragment of an antibody
of the invention can be synthesized by use of a peptide
synthesizer. Furthermore, if desired, nonclassical amino acids or
chemical amino acid analogs can be introduced as a substitution or
addition into the antibody polypeptide sequence. Non-classical
amino acids include, but are not limited to, to the D-isomers of
the common amino acids, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, a-amino isobutyric
acid, 4-aminobutyric acid, Abu, 2-amino butyric acid, g-Abu, e-Ahx,
6-amino hexanoic acid, Aib, 2-amino isobutyric acid, 3-amino
propionic acid, ornithine, norleucine, norvaline, hydroxyproline,
sarcosine, citrulline, homocitrulline, cysteic acid,
t-butylglycine, t-butylalanine, phenylglycine, cyclohexylalanine,
b-alanine, fluoro-amino acids, designer amino acids such as
b-methyl amino acids, Ca-methyl amino acids, Na-methyl amino acids,
and amino acid analogs in general. Furthermore, the amino acid can
be D (dextrorotary) or L (levorotary).
[0183] The invention encompasses antibodies which are
differentially modified during or after translation, e.g., by
glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, amidation,
derivatization by known protecting/blocking groups, proteolytic
cleavage, linkage to an antibody molecule or other cellular ligand,
etc. Any of numerous chemical modifications may be carried out by
known techniques, including but not limited, to specific chemical
cleavage by cyanogen bromide, trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain, V8
protease, NaBH4, acetylation, formylation, oxidation, reduction,
metabolic synthesis in the presence of tunicamycin, etc.
[0184] Additional post-translational modifications encompassed by
the invention include, for example, e.g., N-linked or O-linked
carbohydrate chains, processing of N-terminal or C-terminal ends),
attachment of chemical moieties to the amino acid backbone,
chemical modifications of N-linked or O-linked carbohydrate chains,
and addition or deletion of an N-terminal methionine residue as a
result of procaryotic host cell expression. The antibodies may also
be modified with a detectable label, such as an enzymatic,
fluorescent, radioisotopic or affinity label to allow for detection
and isolation of the antibody.
[0185] Examples of suitable enzymes include horseradish peroxidase,
alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, glucose oxidase or
acetylcholinesterase; examples of suitable prosthetic group
complexes include streptavidin/biotin and avidin/biotin; examples
of suitable fluorescent materials include biotin, umbelliferone,
fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine,
dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or
phycoerythrin; an example of a luminescent material includes
luminol; examples of bioluminescent materials include luciferase,
luciferin, and aequorin; and examples of suitable radioactive
material include a radioactive metal ion, e.g., alpha-emitters such
as, for example, 213Bi, or other radioisotopes such as, for
example, iodine (131I, 125I, 123I, 121I), carbon (14C), sulfur
(35S), tritium (3H), indium (115mIn, 113mIn, 112In, 111In), and
technetium (99Tc, 99 mTc), thallium (201Ti), gallium (68Ga, 67Ga),
palladium (103Pd), molybdenum (99Mo), xenon (133Xe), fluorine
(18F), 153Sm, 177Lu, 159Gd, 149Pm, 140La, 175Yb, 166Ho, 90Y, 47Sc,
186Re, 188Re, 142Pr, 105Rh, 97Ru, 68Ge, 57Co, 65Zn, 85Sr, 32P,
153Gd, 169Yb, 51Cr, 54Mn, 75Se, 113Sn, and 117Tin.
[0186] In specific embodiments, antibodies of the invention may be
labeled with Europium. For example, antibodies of the invention may
be labelled with Europium using the DELFIA Eu-labeling kit (catalog
#1244-302, Perkin Elmer Life Sciences, Boston, Mass.) following
manufacturer's instructions.
[0187] In specific embodiments, antibodies of the invention are
attached to macrocyclic chelators useful for conjugating radiometal
ions, including but not limited to, 111In, 177Lu, 90Y, 166Ho,
153Sm, 215Bi and 225Ac to polypeptides. In a preferred embodiment,
the radiometal ion associated with the macrocyclic chelators
attached to antibodies of the invention is 111In. In another
preferred embodiment, the radiometal ion associated with the
macrocyclic chelator attached to antibodies polypeptides of the
invention is 90Y. In specific embodiments, the macrocyclic chelator
is 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid
(DOTA). In specific embodiments, the macrocyclic chelator is
.alpha.-(5-isothiocyanato-2-methoxyphenyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraaza-cyclododecan-
e-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid. In other specific embodiments, the
DOTA is attached to the antibody of the invention via a linker
molecule. Examples of linker molecules useful for conjugating a
macrocyclic chelator such as DOTA to a polypeptide are commonly
known in the art--see, for example, DeNardo et al., Clin Cancer
Res. 4(10):2483-90, 1998; Peterson et al., Bioconjug. Chem.
10(4):553-7, 1999; and Zimmerman et al, Nucl. Med. Biol.
26(8):943-50, 1999 which are hereby incorporated by reference in
their entirety. In addition, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,652,361 and
5,756,065, which disclose chelating agents that may be conjugated
to antibodies, and methods for making and using them, are hereby
incorporated by reference in their entireties.
[0188] In one embodiment, antibodies of the invention are labeled
with biotin. In other related embodiments, biotinylated antibodies
of the invention may be used, for example, as an imaging agent or
as a means of identifying one or more TRAIL receptor coreceptor or
ligand molecules.
[0189] Also provided by the invention are chemically modified
derivatives of antibodies of the invention which may provide
additional advantages such as increased solubility, stability and
in vivo or in vitro circulating time of the polypeptide, or
decreased immunogenicity (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,337). The
chemical moieties for derivitization may be selected from water
soluble polymers such as polyethylene glycol, ethylene
glycol/propylene glycol copolymers, carboxymethylcellulose,
dextran, polyvinyl alcohol and the like. The antibodies may be
modified at random positions within the molecule, or at
predetermined positions within the molecule and may include one,
two, three or more attached chemical moieties.
[0190] The polymer may be of any molecular weight, and may be
branched or unbranched. For polyethylene glycol, the preferred
molecular weight is between about 1 kDa and about 100 kDa (the term
"about" indicating that in preparations of polyethylene glycol,
some molecules will weigh more, some less, than the stated
molecular weight) for ease in handling and manufacturing. Other
sizes may be used, depending on the desired therapeutic profile
(e.g., the duration of sustained release desired, the effects, if
any on biological activity, the ease in handling, the degree or
lack of antigenicity and other known effects of the polyethylene
glycol to a therapeutic protein or analog). For example, the
polyethylene glycol may have an average molecular weight of about
200, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000,
5500, 6000, 6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 8500, 9000, 9500, 10,000,
10,500, 11,000, 11,500, 12,000, 12,500, 13,000, 13,500, 14,000,
14,500, 15,000, 15,500, 16,000, 16,500, 17,000, 17,500, 18,000,
18,500, 19,000, 19,500, 20,000, 25,000, 30,000, 35,000, 40,000,
50,000, 55,000, 60,000, 65,000, 70,000, 75,000, 80,000, 85,000,
90,000, 95,000, or 100,000 kDa.
[0191] As noted above, the polyethylene glycol may have a branched
structure. Branched polyethylene glycols are described, for
example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,575; Morpurgo et al., Appl.
Biochem. Biotechnol. 56:59-72 (1996); Vorobjev et al., Nucleosides
Nucleotides 18:2745-2750 (1999); and Caliceti et al., Bioconjug.
Chem. 10:638-646 (1999), the disclosures of each of which are
incorporated herein by reference.
[0192] The polyethylene glycol molecules (or other chemical
moieties) should be attached to the antibody with consideration of
effects on functional or antigenic domains of the antibody. There
are a number of attachment methods available to those skilled in
the art, e.g., EP 0 401 384, herein incorporated by reference
(coupling PEG to G-CSF), see also Malik et al., Exp. Hematol.
20:1028-1035 (1992) (reporting pegylation of GM-CSF using tresyl
chloride). For example, polyethylene glycol may be covalently bound
through amino acid residues via a reactive group, such as, a free
amino or carboxyl group. Reactive groups are those to which an
activated polyethylene glycol molecule may be bound. The amino acid
residues having a free amino group may include, for example, lysine
residues and the N-terminal amino acid residues; those having a
free carboxyl group may include aspartic acid residues, glutamic
acid residues, and the C-terminal amino acid residue. Sulfhydryl
groups may also be used as a reactive group for attaching the
polyethylene glycol molecules. Preferred for therapeutic purposes
is attachment at an amino group, such as attachment at the
N-terminus or lysine group.
[0193] As suggested above, polyethylene glycol may be attached to
proteins, e.g., antibodies, via linkage to any of a number of amino
acid residues. For example, polyethylene glycol can be linked to a
proteins via covalent bonds to lysine, histidine, aspartic acid,
glutamic acid, or cysteine residues. One or more reaction
chemistries may be employed to attach polyethylene glycol to
specific amino acid residues (e.g., lysine, histidine, aspartic
acid, glutamic acid, or cysteine) of the protein or to more than
one type of amino acid residue (e.g., lysine, histidine, aspartic
acid, glutamic acid, cysteine and combinations thereof) of the
protein.
[0194] One may specifically desire antibodies chemically modified
at the N-terminus of either the heavy chain or the light chain or
both. Using polyethylene glycol as an illustration, one may select
from a variety of polyethylene glycol molecules (by molecular
weight, branching, etc.), the proportion of polyethylene glycol
molecules to protein (or peptide) molecules in the reaction mix,
the type of pegylation reaction to be performed, and the method of
obtaining the selected N-terminally pegylated protein. The method
of obtaining the N-terminally pegylated preparation (i.e.,
separating this moiety from other monopegylated moieties if
necessary) may be by purification of the N-terminally pegylated
material from a population of pegylated protein molecules.
Selective chemical modification at the N-terminus may be
accomplished by reductive alkylation which exploits differential
reactivity of different types of primary amino groups (lysine
versus the N-terminal) available for derivatization in a particular
protein. Under the appropriate reaction conditions, substantially
selective derivatization of the protein at the N-terminus with a
carbonyl group containing polymer is achieved.
[0195] As indicated above, pegylation of the antibodies of the
invention may be accomplished by any number of means. For example,
polyethylene glycol may be attached to the antibody either directly
or by an intervening linker. Linkerless systems for attaching
polyethylene glycol to proteins are described in Delgado et al.,
Crit. Rev. Thera. Drug Carrier Sys. 9:249-304 (1992); Francis et
al., Intern. J. of Hematol. 68:1-18 (1998); U.S. Pat. No.
4,002,531; U.S. Pat. No. 5,349,052; WO 95/06058; and WO 98/32466,
the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by
reference.
[0196] One system for attaching polyethylene glycol directly to
amino acid residues of antibodies without an intervening linker
employs tresylated MPEG, which is produced by the modification of
monmethoxy polyethylene glycol (MPEG) using tresylchloride
(CISO2CH2CF3). Upon reaction of protein with tresylated MPEG,
polyethylene glycol is directly attached to amine groups of the
protein. Thus, the invention includes antibody-polyethylene glycol
conjugates produced by reacting antibodies of the invention with a
polyethylene glycol molecule having a 2,2,2-trifluoreothane
sulphonyl group.
[0197] Polyethylene glycol can also be attached to antibodies using
a number of different intervening linkers. For example, U.S. Pat.
No. 5,612,460, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated
herein by reference, discloses urethane linkers for connecting
polyethylene glycol to proteins. Antibody-polyethylene glycol
conjugates wherein the polyethylene glycol is attached to the
antibody by a linker can also be produced by reaction of antibodies
with compounds such as MPEG-succinimidylsuccinate, MPEG activated
with 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole, MPEG-2,4,5-trichloropenylcarbonate,
MPEG-p-nitrophenolcarbonate, and various MPEG-succinate
derivatives. A number additional polyethylene glycol derivatives
and reaction chemistries for attaching polyethylene glycol to
proteins are described in WO 98/32466, the entire disclosure of
which is incorporated herein by reference. Pegylated antibody
products produced using the reaction chemistries set out herein are
included within the scope of the invention.
[0198] The number of polyethylene glycol moieties attached to each
antibody of the invention (i.e., the degree of substitution) may
also vary. For example, the pegylated antibodies of the invention
may be linked, on average, to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12,
15, 17, 20, or more polyethylene glycol molecules. Similarly, the
average degree of substitution within ranges such as 1-3, 2-4, 3-5,
4-6, 5-7, 6-8, 7-9, 8-10, 9-11, 10-12, 11-13, 12-14, 13-15, 14-16,
15-17, 16-18, 17-19, or 18-20 polyethylene glycol moieties per
antibody molecule. Methods for determining the degree of
substitution are discussed, for example, in Delgado et al., Crit.
Rev. Thera. Drug Carrier Sys. 9:249-304 (1992).
Characterization of Anti-PA Antibodies
[0199] Antibodies of the present invention (including molecules
comprising, or alternatively consisting of, antibody fragments or
variants thereof) may also be described or specified in terms of
their binding to PA polypeptides or fragments or variants of PA
polypeptides. In specific embodiments, antibodies of the invention
bind PA polypeptides, or fragments or variants thereof, with a
dissociation constant or K.sub.D of less than or equal to
5.times.10.sup.-2 M, 10.sup.-2 M, 5.times.10.sup.-3 M, 10.sup.-3 M,
5.times.10.sup.-4 M, 10.sup.-4 M, 5.times.10.sup.-5 M, or 10.sup.-5
M. More preferably, antibodies of the invention bind PA
polypeptides or fragments or variants thereof with a dissociation
constant or K.sub.D less than or equal to 5.times.10.sup.-6 M,
10.sup.-6 M, 5.times.10.sup.-7 M, 10.sup.-7M, 5.times.10.sup.-8 M,
or 10.sup.-8 M. Even more preferably, antibodies of the invention
bind PA polypeptides or fragments or variants thereof with a
dissociation constant or K.sub.D less than or equal to
5.times.10.sup.-9 M, 5.times.10.sup.-9 M, 10.sup.-10 M,
5.times.10.sup.-11 M, 10.sup.-11 M, 5.times.10.sup.-12 M,
10.sup.-12 M, 5.times..sup.-13 M, 10.sup.-13 M, 5.times.10.sup.-14
M, 10.sup.-14 M, 5.times.10.sup.-15 M, or 10.sup.-15 M. The
invention encompasses antibodies that bind PA polypeptides with a
dissociation constant or K.sub.D that is within any one of the
ranges that are between each of the individual recited values.
[0200] In specific embodiments, antibodies of the invention bind PA
polypeptides or fragments or variants thereof with an off rate
(k.sub.off) of less than or equal to 5.times.10.sup.-2 sec.sup.-1,
10.sup.-2 sec.sup.-1, 5.times.10.sup.-3 sec.sup.-1 or 10.sup.-3
sec.sup.-1. More preferably, antibodies of the invention bind PA
polypeptides or fragments or variants thereof with an off rate
(k.sub.off) less than or equal to 5.times.10.sup.-4 sec.sup.-1,
10.sup.-4 sec.sup.-1, 5.times.10.sup.-5 sec.sup.-1, or 10.sup.-5
sec.sup.-1, 5.times.10.sup.-6 sec.sup.-1, 10.sup.-6 sec.sup.-1,
5.times.10.sup.-7 sec.sup.-1 or 10.sup.-7 sec.sup.-1. The invention
encompasses antibodies that bind PA polypeptides with an off rate
(k.sub.off) that is within any one of the ranges that are between
each of the individual recited values.
[0201] In other embodiments, antibodies of the invention bind PA
polypeptides or fragments or variants thereof with an on rate
(k.sub.on) of greater than or equal to 10.sup.3 M.sup.-1
sec.sup.-1, 5.times.10.sup.3 M.sup.-1 sec.sup.-1, 10.sup.4 M.sup.-1
sec.sup.-1 or 5.times.10.sup.4 M.sup.-1 sec.sup.-1. More
preferably, antibodies of the invention bind PA polypeptides or
fragments or variants thereof with an on rate (k.sub.on) greater
than or equal to 10.sup.5 M.sup.-1 sec.sup.-1, 5.times.10.sup.5
M.sup.-1 sec.sup.-1, 10.sup.6 M.sup.-1 sec.sup.-1, or
5.times.10.sup.6 M.sup.-1 sec.sup.-1 or 10.sup.7M.sup.-1
sec.sup.-1. The invention encompasses antibodies that bind PA
polypeptides with on rate (k.sub.on) that is within any one of the
ranges that are between each of the individual recited values.
[0202] In preferred embodiments, the antibodies of the present
invention (including molecules comprising, or alternatively
consisting of, antibody fragments or variants thereof),
specifically bind to PA polypeptides and do not cross-react with
any other antigens. In preferred embodiments, the antibodies of the
invention specifically bind to PA polypeptides (e.g., SEQ ID NO:2
or fragments or variants thereof) and do not cross-react with other
bacterial binary toxins (A-B toxins) such as those from Clostridum
difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium spiroforme,
Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus and/or Bacillus
thuringiensis.
[0203] In another embodiment, the antibodies of the present
invention (including molecules comprising, or alternatively
consisting of, antibody fragments or variants thereof),
specifically bind to PA polypeptides and cross-react with other
antigens. In other embodiments, the antibodies of the invention
specifically bind to PA polypeptides (e.g., SEQ ID NO:2 or
fragments or variants thereof) and cross-react with other bacterial
binary toxins (A-B toxins) such as those from Clostridum difficile,
Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium spiroforme, Clostridium
botulinum, Bacillus cereus and/or Bacillus thuringiensis.
[0204] In a preferred embodiment, antibodies of the invention
preferentially bind PA (SEQ ID NO:2), or fragments and variants
thereof relative to their ability to bind other antigens (e.g.,
other bacterial binary toxins (A-B toxins) such as those from
Clostridum difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium
spiroforme, Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus and/or Bacillus
thuringiensis). An antibody's ability to preferentially bind one
antigen compared to another antigen may be determined using any
method known in the art.
[0205] By way of non-limiting example, an antibody may be
considered to bind a first antigen preferentially if it binds said
first antigen with a dissociation constant (K.sub.D) that is less
than the antibody's K.sub.D for the second antigen.
[0206] In another non-limiting embodiment, an antibody may be
considered to bind a first antigen preferentially if it binds said
first antigen with an affinity (i.e., K.sub.D) that is at least one
order of magnitude less than the antibody's K.sub.D for the second
antigen. In another non-limiting embodiment, an antibody may be
considered to bind a first antigen preferentially if it binds said
first antigen with an affinity (i.e., K.sub.D) that is at least two
orders of magnitude less than the antibody's K.sub.D for the second
antigen.
[0207] In another non-limiting embodiment, an antibody may be
considered to bind a first antigen preferentially if it binds said
first antigen with an off rate (k.sub.off) that is less than the
antibody's k.sub.off for the second antigen. In another
non-limiting embodiment, an antibody may be considered to bind a
first antigen preferentially if it binds said first antigen with a
k.sub.off that is at least one order of magnitude less than the
antibody's k.sub.off for the second antigen. In another
non-limiting embodiment, an antibody may be considered to bind a
first antigen preferentially if it binds said first antigen with a
k.sub.off that is at least two orders of magnitude less than the
antibody's k.sub.off for the second antigen.
[0208] The invention also encompasses antibodies (including
molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of, antibody
fragments or variants thereof) that have one or more of the same
biological characteristics as one or more of the antibodies
described herein. By "biological characteristics" is meant, the in
vitro or in vivo activities or properties of the antibodies, such
as, for example, the ability to bind to PA polypeptides (e.g.,
either the PA83 or PA63 form of PA); or the ability to inhibit the
cleavage of the PA83 into PA20 and PA63 by proteases such as
trypsin or furin. Additionally, antibodies of the invention may:
prevent oligomerization of PA63, especially heptamerization of
PA63; inhibit or abolish the ability of PA63 to bind to an anthrax
receptor, e.g., ATR and/or CMG2 (See Example 3); inhibit or abolish
the ability of PA63 to bind LF or EF; inhibit or abolish the
ability of PA63 to form pores in membranes (see Example 5); inhibit
or abolish the ability of lethal toxin (LT) to kill cells, such as
macrophages (see Example 8), or animals (see Examples 9-12); or
inhibit or abolish the ability of PA heptamers to translocate LF or
EF across a membrane (see Example 13). Optionally, the antibodies
of the invention will bind to the same epitope as at least one of
the antibodies specifically referred to herein. Such epitope
binding can be routinely determined using assays known in the
art.
[0209] The present invention also provides for antibodies
(including molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of,
antibody fragments or variants thereof), that inhibit or abolish
biological activities of PA. By "biological activities of PA" is
meant, for example, the ability of PA83 to be cleaved by proteases
into PA20 and PA63 fragments; the ability of PA to bind to ATR
and/or CMG2; the ability of PA or PA63 to oligomerize, especially
to heptamerize; the ability of PA63 to bind LF or EF; the ability
of PA63 heptamers to form pores in a membrane; and/or the ability
of PA heptamers to translocate EF or LF across a membrane. In one
embodiment, an antibody that inhibits or abolishes biological
activities of PA comprises, or alternatively consists of a VH
and/or a VL domain of at least one of the scFvs referred to in
Table 1 or recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines
referred to in Table 1, or a fragment or variant thereof. In a
specific embodiment, an antibody that inhibits or abolishes
biological activities of PA comprises, or alternatively consists of
a VH and a VL domain of any one of the scFvs referred to in Table 1
or recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines referred to
in Table 1, or a fragment or variant thereof. Nucleic acid
molecules encoding these antibodies are also encompassed by the
invention.
[0210] The present invention also provides for antibodies
(including molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of,
antibody fragments or variants thereof), that inhibit the cleavage
of the PA83 into PA20 and PA63 by proteases such as trypsin or
furin. See, e.g., Example 2 wherein an antibody that binds peptides
that span the RKKR (residues 193-196 of SEQ ID NO:2) cleavage site
of PA may be predictive of an antibody's ability to inhibit the
cleavage of PA by proteases. Alternatively, a PA cleavage assay is
described in J. Biol. Chem. (1992), 267:16396-402, which is hereby
incorporated by reference in its entirety. In one embodiment, an
antibody that inhibits the cleavage of the PA83 into PA20 and PA63
comprises, or alternatively consists of a VH and/or a VL domain of
at least one of the scFvs referred to in Table 1 or recombinant
antibodies expressed by the cell lines referred to in Table 1, or a
fragment or variant thereof. In a specific embodiment, an antibody
that inhibits the cleavage of the PA83 into PA20 and PA63
comprises, or alternatively consists of a VH and a VL domain of any
one of the scFvs referred to in Table 1 or recombinant antibodies
expressed by the cell lines referred to in Table 1, or a fragment
or variant thereof. Nucleic acid molecules encoding these
antibodies are also encompassed by the invention.
[0211] The present invention also provides for antibodies
(including molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of,
antibody fragments or variants thereof), that block or inhibit the
binding of PA to ATR and/or CMG2 (e.g., see Example 3). In one
embodiment, an antibody that blocks or inhibits the binding of PA
to ATR and/or CMG2 comprises, or alternatively consists of a VH
and/or a VL domain of at least one of the scFvs referred to in
Table 1 or at least one of the recombinant antibodies expressed by
the cell lines contained in the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in
Table 1, or a fragment or variant thereof. In a specific
embodiment, an antibody that blocks or inhibits the binding of PA
to ATR and/or CMG2 comprises, or alternatively consists of a VH and
a VL domain of any one of the scFvs referred to in Table 1 or any
one of the recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines
contained in the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1, or a
fragment or variant thereof. Nucleic acid molecules encoding these
antibodies are also encompassed by the invention.
[0212] The present invention also provides for antibodies
(including molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of,
antibody fragments or variants thereof), that block or inhibit the
ability of PA or PA63 to heptamerize. In one embodiment, an
antibody that blocks or inhibits the ability of PA or PA63 to
heptamerize comprises, or alternatively consists of a VH and/or a
VL domain of at least one of the scFvs referred to in Table 1 or at
least one of the recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines
contained in the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1, or a
fragment or variant thereof. In a specific embodiment, an antibody
that blocks or inhibits the ability of PA63 to heptamerize
comprises, or alternatively consists of a VH and a VL domain of any
one of the scFvs referred to in Table 1 or any one of the
recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained in the
ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1, or a fragment or variant
thereof. Nucleic acid molecules encoding these antibodies are also
encompassed by the invention.
[0213] The present invention also provides for antibodies
(including molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of,
antibody fragments or variants thereof), that block or inhibit the
ability of PA63 to bind EF or LF. In one embodiment, an antibody
that blocks or inhibits the ability of PA63 to bind EF or LF
comprises, or alternatively consists of a VH and/or a VL domain of
at least one of the scFvs referred to in Table 1 or at least one of
the recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained in
the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1, or a fragment or
variant thereof. In a specific embodiment, an antibody that blocks
or inhibits the ability of PA63 to bind EF or LF comprises, or
alternatively consists of a VH and a VL domain of any one of the
scFvs referred to in Table 1 or any one of the recombinant
antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained in the ATCC.TM.
Deposits referred to in Table 1, or a fragment or variant thereof.
Nucleic acid molecules encoding these antibodies are also
encompassed by the invention.
[0214] The present invention also provides for antibodies
(including molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of,
antibody fragments or variants thereof), that block or inhibit the
ability of PA63 heptamers to form pores in membranes. In one
embodiment, an antibody that blocks or inhibits the ability of PA63
heptamers to form pores in membranes comprises, or alternatively
consists of a VH and/or a VL domain of at least one of the scFvs
referred to in Table 1 or at least one of the recombinant
antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained in the ATCC.TM.
Deposits referred to in Table 1, or a fragment or variant thereof.
In a specific embodiment, an antibody that blocks or inhibits the
ability of PA63 heptamers to form pores in membranes comprises, or
alternatively consists of a VH and a VL domain of any one of the
scFvs referred to in Table 1 or any one of the recombinant
antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained in the ATCC.TM.
Deposits referred to in Table 1, or a fragment or variant thereof.
Nucleic acid molecules encoding these antibodies are also
encompassed by the invention.
[0215] The present invention also provides for antibodies
(including molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of,
antibody fragments or variants thereof), that block or inhibit the
ability of PA63 heptamers to translocate EF or LF across membranes.
In one embodiment, an antibody that blocks or inhibits the ability
of PA63 heptamers to translocate EF or LF across membranes
comprises, or alternatively consists of a VH and/or a VL domain of
at least one of the scFvs referred to in Table 1 or at least one of
the recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained in
the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1, or a fragment or
variant thereof. In a specific embodiment, an antibody that blocks
or inhibits the ability of PA63 heptamers to translocate EF or LF
across membranes comprises, or alternatively consists of a VH and a
VL domain of any one of the scFvs referred to in Table 1 or any one
of the recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained
in the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1, or a fragment or
variant thereof. Nucleic acid molecules encoding these antibodies
are also encompassed by the invention.
[0216] The present invention also provides for antibodies
(including molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of,
antibody fragments or variants thereof), that block or inhibit the
ability of anthrax lethal toxin to kill cells or animals. In one
embodiment, an antibody that blocks or inhibits the ability of
anthrax lethal toxin to kill cells or animals comprises, or
alternatively consists of a VH and/or a VL domain of at least one
of the scFvs referred to in Table 1 or at least one of the
recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained in the
ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1, or a fragment or variant
thereof. In a specific embodiment, an antibody that blocks or
inhibits the ability of anthrax lethal toxin to kill cells or
animals comprises, or alternatively consists of a VH and a VL
domain of any one of the scFvs referred to in Table 1 or any one of
the recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines contained in
the ATCC.TM. Deposits referred to in Table 1, or a fragment or
variant thereof. Nucleic acid molecules encoding these antibodies
are also encompassed by the invention.
[0217] The present invention also provides for fusion proteins
comprising, or alternatively consisting of, an antibody (including
molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of, antibody
fragments or variants thereof), that specifically bind to PA fused
to a heterologous polypeptide. Preferably, the heterologous
polypeptide to which the antibody is fused is useful for function
or is useful to target the fusion protein to cells with surface
bound PA molecules. In specific embodiments the invention
encompasses bispecific antibodies in which one antibody binding
site is specific for PA and the second antibody binding site is
specific for a heterologous polypeptide. In one embodiment, a
fusion protein of the invention comprises, or alternatively
consists of, a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of any
one or more of the VH domains of an antibody of the invention or
the amino acid sequence of any one or more of the VL domains of an
antibody of the invention or fragments or variants thereof, and a
heterologous polypeptide sequence. In another embodiment, a fusion
protein of the present invention comprises, or alternatively
consists of, a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of any
one, two, three, or more of the VH CDRs of an antibody of the
invention, or the amino acid sequence of any one, two, three, or
more of the VL CDRs of an antibody of the invention, or fragments
or variants thereof, and a heterologous polypeptide sequence. In a
preferred embodiment, the fusion protein comprises, or
alternatively consists of, a polypeptide having the amino acid
sequence of, a VH CDR3 of an antibody of the invention, or fragment
or variant thereof, and a heterologous polypeptide sequence, which
fusion protein specifically binds to PA. In another embodiment, a
fusion protein comprises, or alternatively consists of a
polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of at least one VH
domain of an antibody of the invention and the amino acid sequence
of at least one VL domain of an antibody of the invention or
fragments or variants thereof, and a heterologous polypeptide
sequence. Preferably, the VH and VL domains of the fusion protein
correspond to a single antibody (or scFv or Fab fragment) of the
invention. In yet another embodiment, a fusion protein of the
invention comprises, or alternatively consists of a polypeptide
having the amino acid sequence of any one, two, three or more of
the VH CDRs of an antibody of the invention and the amino acid
sequence of any one, two, three or more of the VL CDRs of an
antibody of the invention, or fragments or variants thereof, and a
heterologous polypeptide sequence. Preferably, two, three, four,
five, six, or more of the VHCDR(s) or VLCDR(s) correspond to single
antibody (or scFv or Fab fragment) of the invention. Nucleic acid
molecules encoding these fusion proteins are also encompassed by
the invention.
[0218] Antibodies of the present invention (including antibody
fragments or variants thereof) may be characterized in a variety of
ways. In particular, antibodies and related molecules of the
invention may be assayed for the ability to specifically bind to PA
or a fragment or variant of PA, using techniques described herein
or routinely modifying techniques known in the art. Assays for the
ability of the antibodies of the invention to specifically bind PA
or a fragment or variant of PA, may be performed in solution (e.g.,
Houghten, Bio/Techniques 13:412-421 (1992)), on beads (e.g., Lam,
Nature 354:82-84 (1991)), on chips (e.g., Fodor, Nature 364:555-556
(1993)), on bacteria (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409), on spores
(e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,571,698; 5,403,484; and 5,223,409), on
plasmids (e.g., Cull et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
89:1865-1869 (1992)) or on phage (e.g., Scott and Smith, Science
249:386-390 (1990); Devlin, Science 249:404-406 (1990); Cwirla et
al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:7178-7182 (1990); and Felici, J.
Mol. Biol. 222:301-310 (1991)) (each of these references is
incorporated herein in its entirety by reference). Antibodies that
have been identified to specifically bind to PA or a fragment or
variant of PA can then be assayed for their specificity and
affinity for PA using or routinely modifying techniques described
herein or otherwise known in the art (see, e.g., Examples 1 and
2).
[0219] The antibodies of the invention may be assayed for specific
binding to PA polypeptides and cross-reactivity with other antigens
by any method known in the art. Immunoassays which can be used to
analyze specific binding and cross-reactivity include, but are not
limited to, competitive and non-competitive assay systems using
techniques such as BIAcore analysis, FACS (fluorescence activated
cell sorter) analysis, immunofluorescence, immunocytochemistry,
radioimmunoassays, ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay),
"sandwich" immunoassays, immunoprecipitation assays, western blots,
precipitin reactions, gel diffusion precipitin reactions,
immunodiffusion assays, agglutination assays, complement-fixation
assays, immunoradiometric assays, fluorescent immunoassays, and
protein A immunoassays, to name but a few. Such assays are routine
and well known in the art (see, e.g., Ausubel et al., eds, 1994,
Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. 1, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York, which is incorporated by reference herein in
its entirety). Exemplary immunoassays are described briefly below
(but are not intended by way of limitation).
[0220] ELISAs comprise preparing antigen, coating the well of a
96-well microtiter plate with the antigen, washing away antigen
that did not bind the wells, adding the antibody of interest
conjugated to a detectable compound such as an enzymatic substrate
(e.g., horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase) to the wells
and incubating for a period of time, washing away unbound
antibodies or non-specifically bound antibodies, and detecting the
presence of the antibodies specifically bound to the antigen
coating the well. In ELISAs, the antibody of interest does not have
to be conjugated to a detectable compound; instead, a second
antibody (which recognizes the antibody of interest) conjugated to
a detectable compound may be added to the well. Alternatively, the
antigen need not be directly coated to the well; instead the ELISA
plates may be coated with an anti-Ig Fc antibody, and the antigen
in the form or a PA-Fc fusion protein, may be bound to the anti-Ig
Fc coated to the plate. This may be desirable so as to maintain the
antigen protein (e.g., the PA polypeptides) in a more native
conformation than it may have when it is directly coated to a
plate. In another alternative, instead of coating the well with the
antigen, the antibody may be coated to the well. In this case, the
detectable molecule could be the antigen conjugated to a detectable
compound such as an enzymatic substrate (e.g., horseradish
peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase). One of skill in the art would
be knowledgeable as to the parameters that can be modified to
increase the signal detected as well as other variations of ELISAs
known in the art. For further discussion regarding ELISAs see,
e.g., Ausubel et al., eds, 1994, Current Protocols in Molecular
Biology, Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York at
11.2.1.
[0221] The binding affinity of an antibody (including an scFv or
other molecule comprising, or alternatively consisting of, antibody
fragments or variants thereof) to an antigen and the off-rate of an
antibody-antigen interaction can be determined by competitive
binding assays. One example of a competitive binding assay is a
radioimmunoassay comprising the incubation of labeled antigen
(e.g., antigen labeled with .sup.3H or .sup.125I), or fragment or
variant thereof with the antibody of interest in the presence of
increasing amounts of unlabeled antigen, and the detection of the
antibody bound to the labeled antigen. The affinity of the antibody
of the present invention for PA and the binding off-rates can be
determined from the data by Scatchard plot analysis. Competition
with a second antibody can also be determined using
radioimmunoassays. In this case, a PA polypeptide is incubated with
an antibody of the present invention conjugated to a labeled
compound (e.g., compound labeled with .sup.3H or .sup.125I) in the
presence of increasing amounts of an unlabeled second anti-PA
antibody. Assays for determining the ability of one antibody to
competitively inhibit the binding of another antibody are known in
the art (See, for example, Harlow, Ed & David Lane, Antibodies:
A Laboratoiy Manual, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1988.
pp. 567-569.) This kind of competitive assay between two
antibodies, may also be used to determine if two antibodies bind
the same, closely associated (e.g., overlapping) or different
epitopes.
[0222] In a preferred embodiment, BIAcore kinetic analysis is used
to determine the binding on and off rates of antibodies (including
antibody fragments or variants thereof) to PA, or fragments of
PA.
[0223] Immunoprecipitation protocols generally comprise lysing a
population of cells in a lysis buffer such as RIPA buffer (1% NP-40
or Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 0.15 M NaCl,
0.01 M sodium phosphate at pH 7.2, 1% Trasylol) supplemented with
protein phosphatase and/or protease inhibitors (e.g., EDTA, PMSF,
aprotinin, sodium vanadate), adding the antibody of interest to the
cell lysate, incubating for a period of time (e.g., 1 to 4 hours)
at 40 degrees C., adding protein A and/or protein G sepharose beads
to the cell lysate, incubating for about an hour or more at 40
degrees C., washing the beads in lysis buffer and resuspending the
beads in SDS/sample buffer. The ability of the antibody of interest
to immunoprecipitate a particular antigen can be assessed by, e.g.,
western blot analysis. One of skill in the art would be
knowledgeable as to the parameters that can be modified to increase
the binding of the antibody to an antigen and decrease the
background (e.g., pre-clearing the cell lysate with sepharose
beads). For further discussion regarding immunoprecipitation
protocols see, e.g., Ausubel et al., eds, 1994, Current Protocols
in Molecular Biology, Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York
at 10.16.1.
[0224] Western blot analysis generally comprises preparing protein
samples, electrophoresis of the protein samples in a polyacrylamide
gel (e.g., 8%-20% SDS-PAGE depending on the molecular weight of the
antigen), transferring the protein sample from the polyacrylamide
gel to a membrane such as nitrocellulose, PVDF or nylon, blocking
the membrane in blocking solution (e.g., PBS with 3% BSA or non-fat
milk), washing the membrane in washing buffer (e.g., PBS-Tween 20),
blocking the membrane with primary antibody (the antibody of
interest) diluted in blocking buffer, washing the membrane in
washing buffer, blocking the membrane with a secondary antibody
(which recognizes the primary antibody, e.g., an anti-human
antibody) conjugated to an enzymatic substrate (e.g., horseradish
peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase) or radioactive molecule (e.g.,
.sup.32P or .sup.125I) diluted in blocking buffer, washing the
membrane in wash buffer, and detecting the presence of the antigen.
One of skill in the art would be knowledgeable as to the parameters
that can be modified to increase the signal detected and to reduce
the background noise. For further discussion regarding western blot
protocols see, e.g., Ausubel et al., eds, 1994, Current Protocols
in Molecular Biology, Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York
at 10.8.1.
Antibody Conjugates
[0225] The present invention encompasses antibodies (including
antibody fragments or variants thereof), recombinantly fused or
chemically conjugated (including both covalent and non-covalent
conjugations) to a heterologous polypeptide (or portion thereof,
preferably at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at
least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90 or at
least 100 amino acids of the polypeptide) to generate fusion
proteins. The fusion does not necessarily need to be direct, but
may occur through linker sequences. For example, antibodies of the
invention may be used to target heterologous polypeptides to
particular cell types (e.g., cancer cells), either in vitro or in
vivo, by fusing or conjugating the heterologous polypeptides to
antibodies of the invention that are specific for particular cell
surface antigens or which bind antigens that bind particular cell
surface receptors. Antibodies of the invention may also be fused to
albumin (including but not limited to recombinant human serum
albumin (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,876,969, issued Mar. 2, 1999,
EP Patent 0 413 622, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,883, issued Jun. 16,
1998, herein incorporated by reference in their entirety)),
resulting in chimeric polypeptides, In a preferred embodiment,
polypeptides and/or antibodies of the present invention (including
fragments or variants thereof) are fused with the mature form of
human serum albumin (i.e., amino acids 1-585 of human serum albumin
as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 of EP Patent 0 322 094) which is herein
incorporated by reference in its entirety. In another preferred
embodiment, polypeptides and/or antibodies of the present invention
(including fragments or variants thereof) are fused with
polypeptide fragments comprising, or alternatively consisting of,
amino acid residues 1-z of human serum albumin, where z is an
integer from 369 to 419, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,883
herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Polypeptides
and/or antibodies of the present invention (including fragments or
variants thereof) may be fused to either the N- or C-terminal end
of the heterologous protein (e.g., immunoglobulin Fc polypeptide or
human serum albumin polypeptide). Polynucleotides encoding fusion
proteins of the invention are also encompassed by the invention.
Such fusion proteins may, for example, facilitate purification and
may increase half-life in vivo. Antibodies fused or conjugated to
heterologous polypeptides may also be used in in vitro immunoassays
and purification methods using methods known in the art. See e.g.,
Harbor et al., supra, and PCT publication WO 93/2 1232; EP 439,095;
Naramura et al., Immunol. Lett. 39:91-99 (1994); U.S. Pat. No.
5,474,981; Gillies et al., PNAS 89:1428-1432 (1992); Fell et al.,
J. Immunol. 146:2446-2452 (1991), which are incorporated by
reference in their entireties.
[0226] The present invention further includes compositions
comprising, or alternatively consisting of, heterologous
polypeptides fused or conjugated to antibody fragments. For
example, the heterologous polypeptides may be fused or conjugated
to a Fab fragment, Fd fragment, Fv fragment, F(ab), fragment, or a
portion thereof. Methods for fusing or conjugating polypeptides to
antibody portions are known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,356,603; 5,622,929; 5,359,046; 5,349,053; 5,447,851; 5,112,946;
EP 307,434; EP 367,166; PCT publications WO 96/04388; WO 91/06570;
Ashkenazi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 10535-10539
(1991); Zheng et al., J. Immunol. 154:5590-5600 (1995); and Vil et
al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:11357-11341 (1992) (said
references incorporated by reference in their entireties).
[0227] Additional fusion proteins of the invention may be generated
through the techniques of gene-shuffling, motif-shuffling,
exon-shuffling, and/or codon-shuffling (collectively referred to as
"DNA shuffling"). DNA shuffling may be employed to modulate the
activities of antibodies (including molecules comprising, or
alternatively consisting of, antibody fragments or variants
thereof), such methods can be used to generate antibodies with
altered activity (e.g., antibodies with higher affinities and lower
dissociation rates). See, generally, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,793;
5,811,238; 5,830,721; 5,834,252; and 5,837,458, and Patten et al.,
Curr. Opinion Biotechnol. 8:724-35 (1997); Harayama, Trends
Biotechnol. 16(2):76-82 (1998); Hansson, et al., J. Mol. Biol.
287:265-76 (1999); and Lorenzo and Blasco, Biotechniques
24(2):308-13 (1998) (each of these patents and publications are
hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). In one
embodiment, polynucleotides encoding antibodies of the invention
may be altered by being subjected to random mutagenesis by
error-prone PCR, random nucleotide insertion or other methods prior
to recombination. In another embodiment, one or more portions of a
polynucleotide encoding an antibody which portions specifically
bind to PA may be recombined with one or more components, motifs,
sections, parts, domains, fragments, etc. of one or more
heterologous molecules.
[0228] Moreover, the antibodies of the present invention (including
antibody fragments or variants thereof), can be fused to marker
sequences, such as a polypeptides to facilitate purification. In
preferred embodiments, the marker amino acid sequence is a
hexa-histidine polypeptide, such as the tag provided in a pQE
vector (QIAGEN, Inc., 9259 Eton Avenue, Chatsworth, Calif., 91311),
among others, many of which are commercially available. As
described in Gentz et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:821-824
(1989), for instance, hexa-histidine provides for convenient
purification of the fusion protein. Other peptide tags useful for
purification include, but are not limited to, the hemagglutinin
"HA" tag, which corresponds to an epitope derived from the
influenza hemagglutinin protein (Wilson et al., Cell 37:767 (1984))
and the FLAG.RTM. tag (STRATAGENE.TM., La Jolla, Calif.).
[0229] The present invention further encompasses antibodies
(including antibody fragments or variants thereof), conjugated to a
diagnostic or therapeutic agent. The antibodies can be used, for
example, as part of a clinical testing procedure to, e.g.,
determine the safety or efficacy of a given treatment regimen.
Detection can be facilitated by coupling the antibody to a
detectable substance. Examples of detectable substances include,
but are not limited to, various enzymes, prosthetic groups,
fluorescent materials, luminescent materials, bioluminescent
materials, radioactive materials, positron emitting metals using
various positron emission tomographies, and nonradioactive
paramagnetic metal ions. The detectable substance may be coupled or
conjugated either directly to the antibody or indirectly, through
an intermediate (such as, for example, a linker known in the art)
using techniques known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No.
4,741,900 for metal ions which can be conjugated to antibodies for
use as diagnostics according to the present invention. Examples of
suitable enzymes include, but are not limited to, horseradish
peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, or
acetylcholinesterase; examples of suitable prosthetic group
complexes include, but are not limited to, streptavidin/biotin and
avidin/biotin; examples of suitable fluorescent materials include,
but are not limited to, umbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein
isothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein,
dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin; an example of a luminescent
material includes, but is not limited to, luminol; examples of
bioluminescent materials include, but are not limited to,
luciferase, luciferin, and aequorin; and examples of suitable
radioactive material include, but are not limited to, iodine
(.sup.121I, .sup.123I, .sup.125I, .sup.131I), carbon (.sup.14C),
sulfur (.sup.35S), tritium (.sup.3H), indium (.sup.111In,
.sup.112In, .sup.113mIn, .sup.115mIn), technetium (.sup.99Tc,
.sup.99mTc), thallium (.sup.201Ti, gallium (.sup.68Ga, .sup.67Ga),
palladium (.sup.103Pd), molybdenum (.sup.99Mo), xenon (.sup.135Xe),
fluorine (.sup.18F), .sup.153Sm, .sup.177Lu, .sup.159Gd,
.sup.149Pm, .sup.140La, .sup.175YB, .sup.166Ho, .sup.90Y,
.sup.47Sc, .sup.186Re, .sup.188Re, .sup.142Pr, .sup.105Rh, and
.sup.97Ru.
[0230] Further, an antibody of the invention (including an scFv or
other molecule comprising, or alternatively consisting of, antibody
fragments or variants thereof), may be coupled or conjugated to a
therapeutic moiety such as a cytotoxin, e.g., a cytostatic or
cytocidal agent, a therapeutic agent or a radioactive metal ion,
e.g., alpha-emitters such as, for example, .sup.213Bi, or other
radioisotopes such as, for example, .sup.103Pd, .sup.135Xe,
.sup.131I, .sup.68Ge, .sup.57Co, .sup.65Zn, .sup.85Sr, .sup.32P,
.sup.35S, .sup.90Y, .sup.153Sm, .sup.153Gd, .sup.169Yb, .sup.51Cr,
.sup.54Mn, .sup.75Se, .sup.113Sn, .sup.90Y, .sup.117Tin,
.sup.186Re, .sup.188Re and .sup.166Ho. In specific embodiments, an
antibody or fragment thereof is attached to macrocyclic chelators
that chelate radiometal ions, including but not limited to,
.sup.177Lu, .sup.90Y, .sup.166Ho, and .sup.153Sm, to polypeptides.
In specific embodiments, the macrocyclic chelator is
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid
(DOTA). In other specific embodiments, the DOTA is attached to the
an antibody of the invention or fragment thereof via a linker
molecule. Examples of linker molecules useful for conjugating DOTA
to a polypeptide are commonly known in the art--see, for example,
DeNardo et al., Clin Cancer Res. 4(10):2483-90, 1998; Peterson et
al., Bioconjug. Chem. 10(4):553-7, 1999; and Zimmerman et al.,
Nucl. Med. Biol. 26(8):943-50, 1999 which are hereby incorporated
by reference in their entirety.
[0231] A cytotoxin or cytotoxic agent includes any agent that is
detrimental to cells. Examples include, but are not limited to,
paclitaxol, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide,
emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine,
vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy
anthracin dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D,
1-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine,
lidocaine, propranolol, thymidine kinase, endonuclease, RNAse, and
puromycin and fragments, variants or homologs thereof. Therapeutic
agents include, but are not limited to, antimetabolites (e.g.,
methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine,
5-fluorouracil decarbazine), alkylating agents (e.g.,
mechlorethamine, thioepa chlorambucil, melphalan, carmustine (BSNU)
and lomustine (CCNU), cyclothosphamide, busulfan, dibromomannitol,
streptozotocin, mitomycin C, and cisdichlorodiamine platinum (II)
(DDP) cisplatin), anthracyclines (e.g., daunorubicin (formerly
daunomycin) and doxorubicin), antibiotics (e.g., dactinomycin
(formerly actinomycin), bleomycin, mithramycin, and anthramycin
(AMC)), and anti-mitotic agents (e.g., vincristine and
vinblastine).
[0232] Techniques known in the art may be applied to label
antibodies of the invention. Such techniques include, but are not
limited to, the use of bifunctional conjugating agents (see e.g.,
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,756,065; 5,714,711; 5,696,239; 5,652,371;
5,505,931; 5,489,425; 5,435,990; 5,428,139; 5,342,604; 5,274,119;
4,994,560; and 5,808,003; the contents of each of which are hereby
incorporated by reference in its entirety) and direct coupling
reactions (e.g., Bolton-Hunter and Chloramine-T reaction).
[0233] The antibodies of the invention which are conjugates can be
used for modifying a given biological response, the therapeutic
agent or drug moiety is not to be construed as limited to classical
chemical therapeutic agents. For example, the drug moiety may be a
protein or polypeptide possessing a desired biological activity.
Such proteins may include, but are not limited to, for example, a
toxin such as abrin, ricin A, alpha toxin, pseudomonas exotoxin, or
diphtheria toxin, saporin, momordin, gelonin, pokeweed antiviral
protein, alpha-sarcin and cholera toxin; a protein such as tumor
necrosis factor, alpha-interferon, beta-interferon, nerve growth
factor, platelet derived growth factor, tissue plasminogen
activator, an apoptotic agent, e.g., TNF-alpha, TNF-beta, AIM I
(see, International Publication No. WO 97/35899), AIM II (see,
International Publication No. WO 97/34911), Fas Ligand (Takahashi
et al., Int. Immunol., 6:1567-1574 (1994)), VEGI (see,
International Publication No. WO 99/23105), a thrombotic agent or
an anti-angiogenic agent, e.g., angiostatin or endostatin; or,
biological response modifiers such as, for example, lymphokines,
interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6),
granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF),
granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), or other growth
factors.
[0234] Antibodies of the invention (including antibody fragments or
variants thereof), may also be attached to solid supports, which
are particularly useful for immunoassays or purification of the
target antigen. Such solid supports include, but are not limited
to, glass, cellulose, polyacrylamide, nylon, polystyrene, polyvinyl
chloride or polypropylene.
[0235] Techniques for conjugating a therapeutic moiety to
antibodies are well known, see, e.g., Amon et al., "Monoclonal
Antibodies For Immunotargeting Of Drugs In Cancer Therapy", in
Monoclonal Antibodies And Cancer Therapy, Reisfeld et al. (eds.),
pp. 243-56 (Alan R. Liss, Inc. 1985); Hellstrom et al., "Antibodies
For Drug Delivery", in Controlled Drug Delivery (2nd Ed.), Robinson
et al. (eds.), pp. 623-53 (Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1987); Thorpe,
"Antibody Carriers Of Cytotoxic Agents In Cancer Therapy: A
Review", in Monoclonal Antibodies '84: Biological And Clinical
Applications, Pinchera et al. (eds.), pp. 475-506 (1985);
"Analysis, Results, And Future Prospective Of The Therapeutic Use
Of Radiolabeled Antibody In Cancer Therapy", in Monoclonal
Antibodies For Cancer Detection And Therapy, Baldwin et al. (eds.),
pp. 303-16 (Academic Press 1985), and Thorpe et al., "The
Preparation And Cytotoxic Properties Of Antibody-Toxin Conjugates",
Immunol. Rev. 62:119-58 (1982).
[0236] Alternatively, an antibody of the invention can be
conjugated to a second antibody to form an antibody heteroconjugate
as described by Segal in U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980, which is
incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0237] An antibody of the invention (including an other molecules
comprising, or alternatively consisting of, an antibody fragment or
variant thereof), with or without a therapeutic moiety conjugated
to it, administered alone or in combination with cytotoxic
factor(s) and/or cytokine(s) can be used as a therapeutic.
Uses of Antibodies of the Invention
[0238] Antibodies of the present invention may be used, for
example, but not limited to, to purify, detect, and target the
polypeptides of the present invention, including both in vitro and
in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic methods. For example, the
antibodies have use in immunoassays for qualitatively and
quantitatively measuring levels of PA polypeptides in biological
and non-biological samples. See, e.g., Harlow et al., Antibodies: A
Laboratory Manual, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2nd ed.
1988) (incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). By way of
another non-limiting example, antibodies of the invention may be
administered to individuals as a form of passive immunization.
[0239] Prophylactic or therapeutic treatment with anti-PA
antibodies has advantages over other anti-anthrax agents, such as
antibiotics, in that anti-PA antibodies provide protection against
drug resistant strains; anti-PA antibodies can be given as either a
single dose treatment or can be given in multiple doses (e.g.,
bi-weekly or monthly dosing); individual doses of anti-PA
antibodies will have a relatively long duration of effect; can be
administered subcutaneously in addition to other routes of
administration (e.g., intravenously), and will be useful in
re-exposure or flare situations. Given that the anti-PA antibodies
provided herein are fully human antibodies, the risk of side
effects due to anti-PA treatment will be minimal when administered
as fully human antibodies.
Epitope Mapping
[0240] The present invention provides antibodies (including
antibody fragments or variants thereof), that can be used to
identify epitopes of a PA polypeptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO:2)) using
techniques described herein or otherwise known in the art.
Fragments which function as epitopes may be produced by any
conventional means. (See, e.g., Houghten, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 82:5131-5135 (1985), further described in U.S. Pat. No.
4,711,211.) Identified epitopes of antibodies of the present
invention may, for example, be used as vaccine candidates, i.e., to
immunize an individual to elicit antibodies against the naturally
occurring forms of PA polypeptides.
Diagnostic Uses of Antibodies
[0241] Labeled antibodies of the invention (including molecules
comprising, or alternatively consisting of, antibody fragments or
variants thereof) which specifically bind to a PA polypeptide can
be used for diagnostic purposes to detect, diagnose, prognose, or
monitor the presence of the intact Bacillus anthracis spore or
organism, or simply the components of anthrax toxin. In specific
embodiments, labeled antibodies of the invention (including
molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of, antibody
fragments or variants thereof) which specifically bind to a PA
polypeptide can be used for diagnostic purposes to detect,
diagnose, prognose, or monitor the course of anthrax infection.
[0242] The invention provides for the detection of expression of a
PA polypeptide comprising: (a) assaying the expression of a PA
polypeptide in a (biological--or non-biological) sample from an
individual using one or more antibodies of the invention that
specifically binds to PA; and (b) detecting the presence of PA
polypeptide in the sample.
[0243] The invention provides for the detection of aberrant
expression of a PA polypeptide comprising: (a) assaying the
expression of a PA polypeptide in from one strain of Bacillus
anthracis using one or more antibodies of the invention that
specifically binds to PA; and (b) comparing the level of a PA
polypeptide in the biological sample with a standard level of a PA
polypeptide, e.g., in a reference strain of Bacillus anthracis,
whereby an increase or decrease in the assayed level of a PA
polypeptide compared to the standard level of a PA polypeptide is
indicative of aberrant expression.
[0244] By "biological sample" is intended any fluids and/or cells
obtained from an individual, body fluid, body tissue, body cell,
cell line, tissue culture, bacterial culture, or other source which
may contain a PA polypeptide protein or mRNA. Body fluids include,
but are not limited to, sera, plasma, urine, synovial fluid,
pleural fluid, edema fluid, spinal fluid, saliva, and mucous.
Tissues samples may be taken from virtually any tissue in the body.
Tissue samples may also be obtained from autopsy material. Methods
for obtaining tissue biopsies and body fluids from mammals are well
known in the art. Where the biological sample is to include mRNA, a
tissue biopsy is the preferred source.
[0245] One aspect of the invention is the detection and diagnosis
of a disease or disorder associated with Bacillus anthracis or
anthrax toxins in an animal, preferably a mammal and most
preferably a human.
Therapeutic and Prophylactic Uses of Antibodies
[0246] One or more antibodies of the present invention (including
molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of, antibody
fragments or variants thereof) that specifically bind to PA may be
used locally or systemically in the body as a prophylactic or a
therapeutic. The present invention is further directed to
antibody-based therapies which involve administering antibodies of
the invention (including molecules comprising, or alternatively
consisting of, antibody fragments or variants thereof) to an
animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human, for
treating individuals infected with Bacillus anthracis bacteria
and/or B. anthracis spores or individuals that have been exposed to
B. anthracis bacteria, B. anthracis spores and/or anthrax toxins.
Anthrax infection occurs when an animal has B. anthracis bacteria
and/or B. anthracis spores within its body or in contact with the
surface of its body. An animal may be considered as poisoned with
anthrax toxin when it has within its body or in contact with the
surface of its body, lethal toxin, edema toxin, lethal factor or
edema factor.
[0247] Therapeutic compounds of the invention include, but are not
limited to, antibodies of the invention and nucleic acids encoding
antibodies of the invention as described herein. The treatment
and/or prevention of anthrax infection and/or anthrax toxin
poisoning includes alleviating or preventing symptoms associated
with anthrax infection and/or anthrax toxin poisoning.
[0248] For example, bacteremia occurs in almost all cases of
anthrax that progress to a fatal outcome. Antibodies of the
invention may be used to prevent the development of bacteremia in
anthrax patients or to treat patients that have developed
bacteremia associated with anthrax infection. In specific
embodiments, anti-PA antibodies of the invention which activate the
complement cascade, i.e. IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgA1 and IgM
antibodies, are used to prevent the development of bacteremia in
anthrax patients or to treat patients that have developed
bacteremia associated with anthrax infection.
[0249] In other embodiments, antibodies of the invention may have a
bactericidal and or bacteriostatic effect on B. anthracis bacteria.
By way of non-limiting example, antibodies of the invention may
activate the classical complement pathway and/or enhance the
activation of the alternative complement pathway. Alternatively,
antibodies of the invention may opsonize B. anthracis bacteria.
Opsonized bacteria then may be a target for antibody dependent
cell-mediated cytotoxicty (ADCC). In another embodiment, antibodies
of the invention may catalyze the generation of hydrogen peroxide
from singlet molecular oxygen and water which chemical reaction
results in the efficient killing of bacteria. Armed with the
teachings provided herein, one of ordinary skill in the art will
know how to use the antibodies of the present invention for
diagnostic, monitoring or therapeutic purposes without undue
experimentation.
[0250] Antibodies of the invention may be provided in
pharmaceutically acceptable compositions as known in the art or as
described herein.
Therapeutic/Prophylactic Compositions and Administration
[0251] The invention provides methods of treatment, inhibition and
prophylaxis by administration to a subject of an effective amount
of antibody (or fragment or variant thereof) or pharmaceutical
composition of the invention, preferably an antibody of the
invention. In a preferred aspect, an antibody or fragment or
variant thereof is substantially purified (i.e., substantially free
from substances that limit its effect or produce undesired
side-effects). The subject is preferably an animal, including but
not limited to, animals such as cows, pigs, horses, chickens, cats,
dogs, etc., and is preferably a mammal, and most preferably a
human.
[0252] Formulations and methods of administration that can be
employed when the compound comprises a nucleic acid or an
immunoglobulin are described above; additional appropriate
formulations and routes of administration can be selected from
among those described herein below.
[0253] Various delivery systems are known and can be used to
administer antibody or fragment or variant thereof of the
invention, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles,
microcapsules, recombinant cells capable of expressing the antibody
or antibody fragment, receptor-mediated endocytosis (see, e.g., Wu
and Wu, J. Biol. Chem. 262:4429-4432 (1987)), construction of a
nucleic acid as part of a retroviral or other vector, etc. Methods
of introduction include, but are not limited to, intradermal,
intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous,
intranasal, epidural, and oral routes. The compositions may be
administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or
bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous
linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and
may be administered together with other biologically active agents.
Administration can be systemic or local. In addition, it may be
desirable to introduce the pharmaceutical compositions of the
invention into the central nervous system by any suitable route,
including intraventricular and intrathecal injection;
intraventricular injection may be facilitated by an
intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir,
such as an Ommaya reservoir. Pulmonary administration can also be
employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation
with an aerosolizing agent.
[0254] The preferred route of administration for antibodies of the
invention will depend, in part, on the time of administration
relative to the time of exposure or potential exposure to anthrax
bacterium, anthrax spores, and/or anthrax derived toxins such as
lethal toxin and edema toxin. For example, if administration of the
antibody to an individual occurs after an actual or suspected
exposure to anthrax bacterium, anthrax spores, and/or anthrax
derived toxins, it would be most expedient to deliver the
antibodies via a route which will provide the quickest time to
maximum concentration (Tmax) and/or the greatest maximum
concentration (Cmax) of serum anti-PA antibody levels. The shortest
Tmax in serum is achieved using intravenous administration, because
the antibody is delivered directly to the serum. It has also been
shown in pharmacokinetic studies using rabbits and cynomolgus
monkeys, that intramuscular administration results in a slightly
higher Cmax and a slightly faster Tmax as compared to subcutaneous
administration. Thus, post-exposure administration of antibodies of
the invention is preferably performed intravenously. However, due
to the time, materials and facilities required for intravenous
administration, other routes of administration (such as
intramuscular or subcutaneous administration) may be preferable for
post-exposure administration of anti-PA antibodies especially in
mass exposure events, exposure events in isolated areas or in
battlefield conditions, or other similar situations.
[0255] On the other hand, if the time the antibody stays in the
body (residence time) is the greatest clinical consideration, it
may be preferable to administer the antibody via a route that
provides for a relatively long terminal half life of the antibody
in serum and a long residence time. If antibodies are being
administered prophylactically, prior to exposure or potential
exposure to anthrax bacterium, anthrax spores, and/or anthrax
derived toxins, it would be desirable to ensure the greatest
longevity of the efficacy of the prophylactic antibody treatment by
administering the antibodies via the route that provides for a
relatively long terminal half life of the antibody in serum and a
long residence time. It has been shown in pharmacokinetic studies
using rabbits and cynomolgus monkeys, that that intramuscular or
subcutaneous administration gives a longer terminal half life
and/or residence time compared to intravenous administration. Thus,
pre-exposure administration of anti-PA antibodies of the invention
is preferably performed intramuscularly or subcutaneously.
[0256] In a preferred embodiment the antibody of the invention is
formulated in 10 mM sodium citrate, 1.8% glycine, 1.0% sucrose,
0.02% polysorbate 80 (w/v), pH 6.5. In another preferred
embodiment, the antibody of the invention is formulated in 10 mM
sodium citrate, 1.8% glycine, 1.0% sucrose, 0.02% polysorbate 80
(w/v), pH 6.5 for subcutaneous, intramuscular and/or intravenous
administration. Of course, any formulation suitable for clinical
administration may be used.
[0257] In a specific embodiment, it may be desirable to administer
the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention locally to the
area in need of treatment; this may be achieved by, for example,
and not by way of limitation, local infusion during surgery,
topical application, e.g., in conjunction with a wound dressing
after surgery, by injection, by means of a catheter, by means of a
suppository, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a
porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes,
such as sialastic membranes, or fibers. Preferably, when
administering a protein, including an antibody, of the invention,
care must be taken to use materials to which the protein does not
absorb.
[0258] In another embodiment, the composition can be delivered in a
vesicle, in particular a liposome (see Langer, Science
249:1527-1535 (1990); Treat et al., in Liposomes in the Therapy of
Infectious Disease and Cancer, Lopez-Berestein and Fidler (eds.),
Liss, New York, pp. 353-365 (1989); Lopez-Berestein, ibid., pp. 3
17-327; see generally ibid.).
[0259] In yet another embodiment, the composition can be delivered
in a controlled release system. In one embodiment, a pump may be
used (see Langer, supra; Sefton, CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:20
1 (1987); Buchwald et al., Surgery 88:507 (1980); Saudek et al., N.
Engl. J. Med. 321:574 (1989)). In another embodiment, polymeric
materials can be used (see Medical Applications of Controlled
Release, Langer and Wise (eds.), CRC Pres., Boca Raton, Fla.
(1974); Controlled Drug Bioavailability, Drug Product Design and
Performance, Smolen and Ball (eds.), Wiley, New York (1984); Ranger
and Peppas, J., Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. 23:71 (1983);
see also Levy et al., Science 228:190 (1985); During et al., Ann.
Neurol. 25:35 1 (1989); Howard et al., J. Neurosurg. 7 1:105
(1989)). In yet another embodiment, a controlled release system can
be placed in proximity of the therapeutic target, i.e., the brain,
thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose (see, e.g.,
Goodson, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, supra, vol.
2, pp. 115-138 (1984)).
[0260] Other controlled release systems are discussed in the review
by Langer (Science 249:1527-1535 (1990)).
[0261] In a specific embodiment where the composition of the
invention is a nucleic acid encoding a protein, the nucleic acid
can be administered in vivo to promote expression of its encoded
protein, by constructing it as part of an appropriate nucleic acid
expression vector and administering it so that it becomes
intracellular, e.g., by use of a retroviral vector (see U.S. Pat.
No. 4,980,286), or by direct injection, or by use of microparticle
bombardment (e.g., a gene gun; BIOLISTIC.TM., DUPONT.TM.), or
coating with lipids or cell-surface receptors or transfecting
agents, or by administering it in linkage to a homeobox-like
peptide which is known to enter the nucleus (see e.g., Joliot et
al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:1864-1868 (1991)), etc.
Alternatively, a nucleic acid can be introduced intracellularly and
incorporated within host cell DNA for expression, by homologous
recombination.
[0262] The present invention also provides pharmaceutical
compositions. Such compositions comprise a therapeutically
effective amount of an antibody or a fragment thereof, and a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In a specific embodiment, the
term "pharmaceutically acceptable" means approved by a regulatory
agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S.
Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in
animals, and more particularly in humans. The term "carrier" refers
to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the
therapeutic is administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be
sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of
petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut
oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Water is a
preferred carrier when the pharmaceutical composition is
administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose
and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers,
particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical
excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin,
malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol
monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol,
propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. The composition, if
desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying
agents, or pH buffering agents. These compositions can take the
form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules,
powders, sustained-release formulations and the like. The
composition can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional
binders and carriers such as triglycerides. Oral formulation can
include standard carriers such as pharmaceutical grades of
mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine,
cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc. Examples of suitable
pharmaceutical carriers are described in "Remington's
Pharmaceutical Sciences" by E. W. Martin. Such compositions will
contain a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody or
fragment thereof, preferably in purified form, together with a
suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for proper
administration to the patient. The formulation should suit the mode
of administration.
[0263] In a preferred embodiment, the composition is formulated in
accordance with routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition
adapted for intravenous administration to human beings. Typically,
compositions for intravenous administration are solutions in
sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the composition
may also include a solubilizing agent and a local anesthetic such
as lignocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection. Generally,
the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in
unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water
free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an
ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where
the composition is to be administered by infusion, it can be
dispensed with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical
grade water or saline. Where the composition is administered by
injection, an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can
be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to
administration.
[0264] The compositions of the invention can be formulated as
neutral or salt forms. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include
those formed with anions such as those derived from hydrochloric,
phosphoric, acetic, oxalic, tartaric acids, etc., and those formed
with cations such as those derived from sodium, potassium,
ammonium, calcium, ferric hydroxides, isopropylamine,
triethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, etc.
[0265] The amount of the composition of the invention which will be
effective in the treatment, inhibition and prevention of a disease
or disorder associated with aberrant expression and/or activity of
a polypeptide of the invention can be determined by standard
clinical techniques. In addition, in vitro assays may optionally be
employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose
to be employed in the formulation will also depend on the route of
administration, and the seriousness of the disease or disorder, and
should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and
each patient's circumstances. Effective doses may be extrapolated
from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model
test systems.
[0266] For antibodies, the dosage administered to a patient is
typically 0.1 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg of the patient's body weight.
Preferably, the dosage administered to a patient is between 0.1
mg/kg and 50 mg/kg of the patient's body weight. In specific
embodiments, the dosage administered to a patient is exactly or
about 1 mg/kg of the patient's body weight. In specific
embodiments, the dosage administered to a patient is exactly or
about 3 mg/kg of the patient's body weight. In specific
embodiments, the dosage administered to a patient is exactly or
about 5 mg/kg of the patient's body weight. In specific
embodiments, the dosage administered to a patient is exactly or
about 10 mg/kg of the patient's body weight. In specific
embodiments, the dosage administered to a patient is exactly or
about 20 mg/kg of the patient's body weight. In specific
embodiments, the dosage administered to a patient is exactly or
about 30 mg/kg of the patient's body weight. In specific
embodiments, the dosage administered to a patient is exactly or
about 40 mg/kg of the patient's body weight. Generally, human
antibodies have a longer half-life within the human body than
antibodies from other species due to the immune response to the
foreign polypeptides. Thus, lower dosages of human antibodies and
less frequent administration is often possible. Further, the dosage
and frequency of administration of therapeutic or pharmaceutical
compositions of the invention may be reduced by enhancing uptake
and tissue penetration (e.g., into the brain) of the antibodies by
modifications such as, for example, lipidation.
[0267] Because bacteria and/or toxin will already be present when a
patient is to be treated therapeutically, therapeutic dosages
generally will be greater than prophylactic dosages. In specific
embodiments, a therapeutic dosage of anti-PA antibodies of the
invention will be in the range of 1 to 100 mg/kg of the patient's
body weight. In preferred embodiments, a therapeutic dosage of
anti-PA antibodies of the invention will be in the range of 10 to
40 mg/kg of the patient's body weight. In specific preferred
embodiments, a therapeutic dosage of anti-PA antibodies of the
invention will be exactly or about 10 mg/kg of the patient's body
weight. In specific preferred embodiments, a therapeutic dosage of
anti-PA antibodies of the invention will be exactly or about 20
mg/kg of the patient's body weight. In specific preferred
embodiments, a therapeutic dosage of anti-PA antibodies of the
invention will be exactly or about 30 mg/kg of the patient's body
weight. In specific preferred embodiments, a therapeutic dosage of
anti-PA antibodies of the invention will be exactly or about 40
mg/kg of the patient's body weight.
[0268] In specific embodiments, a prophylactic dose of anti-PA
antibodies of the invention will be in the range of 0.1 to 20 mg/kg
of the patient's body weight. In preferred embodiments, a
prophylactic dose of anti-PA antibodies of the invention will be in
the range of 1 to 10 mg/kg of the patient's body weight. In
specific preferred embodiments, a prophylactic dose of anti-PA
antibodies of the invention will be exactly or about 1 mg/kg of the
patient's body weight. In specific preferred embodiments, a
prophylactic dose of anti-PA antibodies of the invention will be
exactly or about 3 mg/kg of the patient's body weight. In specific
preferred embodiments, a prophylactic dose of anti-PA antibodies of
the invention will be exactly or about 5 mg/kg of the patient's
body weight. In specific preferred embodiments, a prophylactic dose
of anti-PA antibodies of the invention will be exactly or about 10
mg/kg of the patient's body weight.
[0269] Generally, administration of products of a species origin or
species reactivity (in the case of antibodies) that is the same
species as that of the patient is preferred. Thus, in a preferred
embodiment, human antibodies, fragments, or variants, (e.g.,
derivatives), or nucleic acids, are administered to a human patient
for therapy or prophylaxis.
[0270] It is preferred to use high affinity and/or potent in vivo
inhibiting and/or neutralizing antibodies of the invention
(including molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of,
antibody fragments or variants thereof) that specifically bind to
PA, or polynucleotides encoding antibodies that specifically bind
to PA, for both immunoassays and administration to patients. Such
antibodies will preferably have an affinity for PA and/or PA
polypeptide fragments. Preferred binding affinities include those
with a dissociation constant or K.sub.D of less than or equal to
5.times.10.sup.-2 M, 10.sup.-2 M, 5.times.10.sup.-3 M, 10.sup.-3 M,
5.times.10.sup.-4 M, 10.sup.-4 M, 5.times.10.sup.-5 M, or 10.sup.-5
M. More preferably, antibodies of the invention bind PA
polypeptides or fragments or variants thereof with a dissociation
constant or K.sub.D less than or equal to 5.times.10.sup.-6 M,
10.sup.-6 M, 5.times.10.sup.-7 M, 10.sup.-7 M, 5.times.10.sup.-8 M,
or 10.sup.-8 M. Even more preferably, antibodies of the invention
bind PA polypeptides or fragments or variants thereof with a
dissociation constant or K.sub.D less than or equal to
5.times.10.sup.-9 M, 10.sup.-9 M, 5.times.10.sup.-10 M, 10.sup.-10
M, 5.times.10.sup.-11 M, 10.sup.-11 M, 5.times.10.sup.-12 M,
10.sup.-12 M, 5.times..sup.-13 M, 10.sup.-13 M, 5.times.10.sup.-14
M, 10.sup.-14 M, 5.times.10.sup.-15 M, or 10.sup.-15 M.
[0271] As discussed in more detail below, the antibodies of the
present invention may be used either alone or in combination with
other compositions. The antibodies may further be recombinantly
fused to a heterologous polypeptide at the N- or C-terminus or
chemically conjugated (including covalent and non-covalent
conjugations) to polypeptides or other compositions. For example,
antibodies of the present invention may be recombinantly fused or
conjugated to molecules useful as labels in detection assays and
effector molecules such as heterologous polypeptides, drugs,
radionuclides, or toxins. See, e.g., PCT publications WO 92/08495;
WO 91/14438; WO 89/12624; U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,995; and EP
396,387.
[0272] The antibody and antibody compositions of the invention may
be administered alone or in combination with other therapeutic
agents, including but not limited to antibiotics, antivirals,
anti-retroviral agents, steroidal and non-steroidal
anti-inflammatories, conventional immunotherapeutic agents and
cytokines. Combinations may be administered either concomitantly,
e.g., as an admixture, separately but simultaneously or
concurrently; or sequentially. This includes presentations in which
the combined agents are administered together as a therapeutic
mixture, and also procedures in which the combined agents are
administered separately but simultaneously, e.g., as through
separate intravenous lines into the same individual. Administration
"in combination" further includes the separate administration of
one of the compounds or agents given first, followed by the
second.
[0273] In some embodiments, antibodies of the invention that are
administered to an animal, preferably a human, for therapeutic or
prophylactic uses are multimeric antibodies. In specific
embodiments, antibodies of the invention are homodimeric IgG
molecules. In other specific embodiments, antibodies of the
invention are homodimeric IgG1 molecules. In specific embodiments,
antibodies of the invention are homotrimeric IgG molecules. In
other specific embodiments, antibodies of the invention are
trimeric IgG1 molecules. In other specific embodiments, antibodies
of the invention are higher-order multimers of IgG molecules (e.g.,
tetramers, penatmers and hexamers]. In still further specific
embodiments, antibodies of the IgG molecules comprising the higher
order multimers of IgG molecules are IgG1 molecules.
[0274] Alternatively, antibodies of the invention for therapeutic
or prophylactic uses may be administered in combination with
crosslinking agents known in the art, including but not limited to
anti-IgG antibodies.
Combination Administration with Antibiotics, Other Anti-Anthrax
Agents, or Other Anti-Bioterorrism Agents
[0275] The antibodies of the invention (including molecules
comprising, or alternatively consisting of, antibody fragments or
variants thereof) may be administered alone or in combination with
other therapeutic or prophylactic regimens (e.g., radiation
therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy, anti-tumor
agents, anti-angiogenesis and anti-inflammatory agents). In
specific embodiments, antibodies of the invention are administered
in combination with one or more anti-anthrax agents. An
anti-anthrax agent is a substance that is used to treat or prevent
anthrax infection and/or anthrax toxin-poisoning. Such
combinatorial therapy may be administered sequentially and/or
concomitantly.
[0276] The antibodies of the invention may be administered
prophylactically or therapeutically. It is specifically
contemplated that the antibodies of the invention may be
administered to provide protection against anthrax infection and/or
anthrax toxin exposure as a supplementary or supportive measure in
addition to other prophylactic or therapeutic regimens. For
example, conventional treatment for known or suspected anthrax
infection and/or anthrax toxin exposure typically includes
immunization with an anthrax vaccine and/or administration of
antibiotics. However, it takes significant time both for an
individual or animal to build up antibody titers against anthrax
following immunization, and for antibiotic treatment regimens to
effectively control an anthrax infection. During these time
periods, conventional treatment does little to offset the clinical
effect of anthrax toxins on the patient. In one embodiment of the
invention, the antibodies of the invention may be administered as a
form of passive immunization or supportive therapy during the time
period following immunization with an anthrax vaccine, in order to
prevent or lessen the effect of anthrax toxins prior to development
of protective levels of anti-anthrax antibody titers. Another
exemplary use of the antibodies of the invention is as supportive
or supplemental therapy for an individual undergoing antibiotic
treatment for anthrax exposure, in order to prevent or lessen the
effect of anthrax toxins while the antibiotic treatment regimen is
given time to eliminate the anthrax infection.
[0277] In specific embodiments, anti-PA antibodies of the invention
may be administered in combination with other anti-PA antibodies,
or other antibodies reactive with different protein components of
Bacillus anthracis or anthrax toxin components (including EF and
LF).
[0278] In specific embodiments, anti-PA antibodies of the invention
may be administered in combination with one or more antibiotic
agents. In a particular embodiment, anti-PA antibodies of the
invention may be administered in combination with the antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride (Cipro). In other embodiments, anti-PA
antibodies of the invention may be administered in combination with
the antibiotic doxycycline. In other embodiments, anti-PA
antibodies of the invention may be administered in combination with
the antibiotic penicillin G procaine. In other embodiments, anti-PA
antibodies of the invention may be administered in combination with
the antibiotic amoxicillin. In other embodiments, anti-PA
antibodies of the invention may be administered in combination with
the antibiotic ofloxacin. In other embodiments, anti-PA antibodies
of the invention may be administered in combination with the
antibiotic penicillin levofloxacin.
[0279] Other antibiotics that may be administered in combination
with anti-PA antibodies of the invention include, but are not
limited to, aminoglycosides, beta-lactam (glycopeptide),
beta-lactamases, Clindamycin, chloramphenicol, cephalosporins,
erythromycin, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, metronidazole,
cephalothin, cefazolin, penicillins, quinolones, rifampin,
streptomycin, sulfonamide, tetracyclines, imipenem, clarithromycin,
gentamycin, and vancomycin.
[0280] In specific embodiments, antibodies of the invention are
administered in combination with other therapeutics or
prophylactics such as a soluble form of an anthrax receptor (e.g.,
SEQ ID NO:3 described in Nature (2002) 414:225-229 which is hereby
incorporated by reference in its entirety, e.g., a polypeptide
comprising amino acids 1 to 227 of 41-227 SEQ ID NO:3), a soluble
for of the CMG2 receptor (described in Scobie et al., Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences USA (2003) 100:5170-5174 which
is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) or anti-ATR or
anti-CMG2 antibodies that block binding of PA to ATR or CMG2,
respectively. Other therapeutics or prophylactics that may be
administered in combination with an antibody of the present
invention include mutant forms of PA such as the EF/LF
translocation deficient forms of PA described in International
Publication Number WO01/82788 and in Science (2001) 292:695-697,
both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their
entireties. Other therapeutics or prophylactics that may be
administered in combination with an antibody of the present
invention include peptide inhibitors that block LF binding to PA
such as the P1 peptide, or its polyvalent form described in Nature
Biotechnology (2002) 19:958-961 which is hereby incorporated by
reference in its entirety. Still other therapeutics or
prophylactics that may be administered in combination with an
antibody of the present invention include, but are not limited to
antibiotics, anthrax vaccines, antibodies immunoreactive with LF,
EF or other protein moieties of Bacillus anthracis.
[0281] In specific embodiments, antibodies of the invention are
administered in combination with anthrax vaccines, including but
not limited to vaccines such as Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA, also
known as MDPH-PA and BioThrax), manufactured by BioPort
Corporation, Lansing, Mich.; the vaccine manufactured by the Center
for Applied Microbiology & Research (CAMR), Porton Down,
Salisbury, England; vaccines utilizing recombinantly expressed
anthrax PA, LF and/or EF proteins, whether wild-type or mutated
(including both naturally occurring and artificially generated
mutants); and other anthrax vaccines, including live, modified
live, and killed vaccines.
[0282] In another specific embodiment, antibodies and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered in combination with
protease inhibitors. In specific embodiments, antibodies and
antibody compositions of the invention are administered in
combination with furin inhibitors.
Additional Combination Therapies
[0283] In other embodiments, antibody and antibody compositions of
the invention may be administered in combination with
anti-opportunistic infection agents. Anti-opportunistic agents that
may be administered in combination with the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention, include, but are not limited to,
dapsone, pentamidine, atovaquone, isoniazid, rifampin,
pyrazinamide, ethambutol, rifabutin, clarithromycin, azithromycin,
ganciclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir, fluconazole, itraconazole,
ketoconazole, acyclovir, famcicolvir, pyrimethamine, leucovorin,
NEUPOGEN.TM. (filgrastim/G-CSF), and LEUKINE.TM.
(sargramostim/GM-CSF). In a specific embodiment, antibody and
antibody compositions of the invention are used in any combination
with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, dapsone, pentamidine, and/or
atovaquone to prophylactically treat, prevent, and/or diagnose an
opportunistic Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia infection. In another
specific embodiment, antibody and antibody compositions of the
invention are used in any combination with isoniazid, rifampin,
pyrazinamide, and/or ethambutol to prophylactically treat, prevent,
and/or diagnose an opportunistic Mycobacterium avium complex
infection. In another specific embodiment, antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are used in any combination with
rifabutin, clarithromycin, and/or azithromycin to prophylactically
treat, prevent, and/or diagnose an opportunistic Mycobacterium
tuberculosis infection. In another specific embodiment, antibody
and antibody compositions of the invention are used in any
combination with ganciclovir, foscarnet, and/or cidofovir to
prophylactically treat, prevent, and/or diagnose an opportunistic
cytomegalovirus infection. In another specific embodiment, antibody
and antibody compositions of the invention are used in any
combination with fluconazole, itraconazole, and/or ketoconazole to
prophylactically treat, prevent, and/or diagnose an opportunistic
fungal infection. In another specific embodiment, antibody and
antibody compositions of the invention are used in any combination
with acyclovir and/or famcicolvir to prophylactically treat,
prevent, and/or diagnose an opportunistic herpes simplex virus type
I and/or type II infection. In another specific embodiment,
antibody and antibody compositions of the invention are used in any
combination with pyrimethamine and/or leucovorin to
prophylactically treat, prevent, and/or diagnose an opportunistic
Toxoplasma gondii infection. In another specific embodiment,
antibody and antibody compositions of the invention are used in any
combination with leucovorin and/or NEUPOGEN.TM. (filgrastim/G-CSF)
to prophylactically treat, prevent, and/or diagnose an
opportunistic bacterial infection.
[0284] In a further embodiment, the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered in combination with
an antiviral agent. Antiviral agents that may be administered with
the antibody and antibody compositions of the invention include,
but are not limited to, acyclovir, ribavirin, amantadine, and
remantidine.
[0285] In certain embodiments, Therapeutics of the invention are
administered in combination with antiretroviral agents,
nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs),
non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), and/or
protease inhibitors (Pis). NRTIs that may be administered in
combination with the Therapeutics of the invention, include, but
are not limited to, RETROVIR.TM. (zidovudine/AZT), VIDEX.TM.
(didanosine/ddI), HIVID.TM. (zalcitabine/ddC), ZERIT.TM.
(stavudine/d4T), EPIVIR.TM. (lamivudine/3TC), and COMBIVIR.TM.
(zidovudine/lamivudine). NNRTIs that may be administered in
combination with the Therapeutics of the invention, include, but
are not limited to, VIRAMUNE.TM. (nevirapine), RESCRIPTOR.TM.
(delavirdine), and SUSTIVA.TM. (efavirenz). Protease inhibitors
that may be administered in combination with the Therapeutics of
the invention, include, but are not limited to, CRIXIVAN.TM.
(indinavir), NORVIR.TM. (ritonavir), INVIRASE.TM. (saquinavir), and
VIRACEPT.TM. (nelfinavir). In a specific embodiment, antiretroviral
agents, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside
reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and/or protease inhibitors may be
used in any combination with Therapeutics of the invention to treat
AIDS and/or to prevent or treat HIV infection.
[0286] In a specific embodiment, compositions of the invention are
administered in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent.
Chemotherapeutic agents that may be administered with the
compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to,
antibiotic derivatives (e.g., doxorubicin (adriamycin), bleomycin,
daunorubicin, and dactinomycin); antiestrogens (e.g., tamoxifen);
antimetabolites (e.g., fluorouracil, 5-FU, methotrexate,
floxuridine, interferon alpha-2b, glutamic acid, plicamycin,
mercaptopurine, and 6-thioguanine); cytotoxic agents (e.g.,
carmustine, BCNU, lomustine, CCNU, cytosine arabinoside,
cyclophosphamide, estramustine, hydroxyurea, procarbazine,
mitomycin, busulfan, cis-platin, and vincristine sulfate); hormones
(e.g., medroxyprogesterone, estramustine phosphate sodium, ethinyl
estradiol, estradiol, megestrol acetate, methyltestosterone,
diethylstilbestrol diphosphate, chlorotrianisene, and
testolactone); nitrogen mustard derivatives (e.g., mephalen,
chorambucil, mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard) and thiotepa);
steroids and combinations (e.g., bethamethasone sodium phosphate);
and others (e.g., dicarbazine, asparaginase, mitotane, vincristine
sulfate, vinblastine sulfate, etoposide, Topotecan, 5-Fluorouracil,
paclitaxel (TAXOL.TM.), Cisplatin, Cytarabine, and IFN-gamma,
irinotecan (CAMPTOSAR.TM., CPT-11), irinotecan analogs, and
gemcitabine (GEMZAR.TM.)).
[0287] In a specific embodiment, antibody and antibody compositions
of the invention are administered in combination with CHOP
(cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) or any
combination of the components of CHOP. In another embodiment,
antibody and antibody compositions of the invention are
administered in combination with Rituximab. In a further
embodiment, antibody and antibody compositions of the invention are
administered with Rituximab and CHOP, or Rituximab and any
combination of the components of CHOP.
[0288] In additional preferred embodiments, the compositions of the
invention are administered in combination with TRAIL polypeptides
or fragments or variants thereof, particularly of the extracellular
soluble domain of TRAIL.
[0289] In one embodiment, the compositions of the invention are
administered in combination with other members of the TNF family or
antibodies specific for TNF receptor family members. In specific
embodiments Antibodies and antibody compositions of the invention
are administered in combination with anti-TNF-alpha and/or
anti-IL-1Beta antibodies. TNF, TNF-related or TNF-like molecules
that may be administered with the compositions of the invention
include, but are not limited to, soluble forms of TNF-alpha,
lymphotoxin-alpha (LT-alpha, also known as TNF-beta), LT-beta
(found in complex heterotrimer LT-alpha2-beta), OPGL, FasL, CD27L,
CD30L, CD40L, 4-1BBL, DcR3, OX40L, TNF-gamma (International
Publication No. WO 96/14328), TRAIL, AIM-II (International
Publication No. WO 97/34911), APRIL (J. Exp. Med.
188(6):1185-1190), endokine-alpha (International Publication No. WO
98/07880), TR6 (International Publication No. WO 98/30694), OPG,
and neutrokine-alpha (International Publication No. WO 98/18921,
OX40, and nerve growth factor (NGF), and soluble forms of Fas,
CD30, CD27, CD40 and 4-IBB, TR2 (International Publication No. WO
96/34095), DR3 (International Publication No. WO 97/35904), TR5
(International Publication No. WO 98/30693), TR6 (International
Publication No. WO 98/30694), TR7 (International Publication No. WO
98/41629), TRANK, TR9 (International Publication No. WO 98/56892)
TR10 (International Publication No. WO 98/54202), 312C2
(International Publication No. WO 98/06842), and TR12, and soluble
forms CD154, CD70, and CD153.
[0290] In a more preferred embodiment, the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered in combination with
an antimalarial, methotrexate, anti-TNF antibody, ENBREL.TM.
(etanercept) and/or suflasalazine. In one embodiment, the antibody
and antibody compositions of the invention are administered in
combination with methotrexate. In another embodiment, the antibody
and antibody compositions of the invention are administered in
combination with anti-TNF antibody. In another embodiment, the
antibody and antibody compositions of the invention are
administered in combination with methotrexate and anti-TNF
antibody. In another embodiment, the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered in combination with
suflasalazine. In another specific embodiment, the antibody and
antibody compositions of the invention are administered in
combination with methotrexate, anti-TNF antibody, and
suflasalazine. In another embodiment, the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered in combination
ENBREL.TM. (etanercept). In another embodiment, the antibody and
antibody compositions of the invention are administered in
combination with ENBREL.TM. (etanercept) and methotrexate. In
another embodiment, the antibody and antibody compositions of the
invention are administered in combination with ENBREL.TM.
(etanercept), methotrexate and suflasalazine. In another
embodiment, the antibody and antibody compositions of the invention
are administered in combination with ENBREL.TM. (etanercept),
methotrexate and suflasalazine. In other embodiments, one or more
antimalarials is combined with one of the above-recited
combinations. In a specific embodiment, the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered in combination with
an antimalarial (e.g., hydroxychloroquine), ENBREL.TM.
(etanercept), methotrexate and suflasalazine. In another specific
embodiment, the antibody and antibody compositions of the invention
are administered in combination with an antimalarial (e.g.,
hydroxychloroquine), sulfasalazine, anti-TNF antibody, and
methotrexate.
[0291] Conventional nonspecific immunosuppressive agents, that may
be administered in combination with the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to,
steroids, cyclosporine, cyclosporine analogs cyclophosphamide,
cyclophosphamide IV, methylprednisolone, prednisolone,
azathioprine, FK-506, 15-deoxyspergualin, and other
immunosuppressive agents that act by suppressing the function of
responding T cells.
[0292] In specific embodiments, antibody and antibody compositions
of the invention are administered in combination with
immunosuppressants. Immunosuppressants preparations that may be
administered with the antibody and antibody compositions of the
invention include, but are not limited to, ORTHOCLONE.TM. (OKT3),
SANDIMMUNE.TM./NEORAL.TM./SANGDYA.TM. (cyclosporin), PROGRAF.TM.
(tacrolimus), CELLCEPT.TM. (mycophenolate), Azathioprine,
glucorticosteroids, and RAPAMUNE.TM. (sirolimus). In a specific
embodiment, immunosuppressants may be used to prevent rejection of
organ or bone marrow transplantation.
[0293] In a preferred embodiment, the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered in combination with
steroid therapy. Steroids that may be administered in combination
with the antibody and antibody compositions of the invention,
include, but are not limited to, oral corticosteroids, prednisone,
and methylprednisolone (e.g., IV methylprednisolone). In a specific
embodiment, antibody and antibody compositions of the invention are
administered in combination with prednisone. In a further specific
embodiment, the antibody and antibody compositions of the invention
are administered in combination with prednisone and an
immunosuppressive agent. Immunosuppressive agents that may be
administered with the antibody and antibody compositions of the
invention and prednisone are those described herein, and include,
but are not limited to, azathioprine, cylophosphamide, and
cyclophosphamide IV. In another specific embodiment, antibody and
antibody compositions of the invention are administered in
combination with methylprednisolone. In a further specific
embodiment, the antibody and antibody compositions of the invention
are administered in combination with methylprednisolone and an
immunosuppressive agent. Immunosuppressive agents that may be
administered with the antibody and antibody compositions of the
invention and methylprednisolone are those described herein, and
include, but are not limited to, azathioprine, cylophosphamide, and
cyclophosphamide IV.
[0294] The invention also encompasses combining the polynucleotides
and/or polypeptides of the invention (and/or agonists or
antagonists thereof) with other proposed or conventional
hematopoietic therapies. Thus, for example, the polynucleotides
and/or polypeptides of the invention (and/or agonists or
antagonists thereof) can be combined with compounds that singly
exhibit erythropoietic stimulatory effects, such as erythropoietin,
testosterone, progenitor cell stimulators, insulin-like growth
factor, prostaglandins, serotonin, cyclic AMP, prolactin, and
triiodothyzonine. Also encompassed are combinations of the antibody
and antibody compositions of the invention with compounds generally
used to treat aplastic anemia, such as, for example, methenolene,
stanozolol, and nandrolone; to treat iron-deficiency anemia, such
as, for example, iron preparations; to treat malignant anemia, such
as, for example, vitamin B.sub.12 and/or folic acid; and to treat
hemolytic anemia, such as, for example, adrenocortical steroids,
e.g., corticoids. See e.g., Resegotti et al., Panminerva Medica,
23:243-248 (1981); Kurtz, FEBS Letters, 14a:105-108 (1982);
McGonigle et al., Kidney Int., 25:437-444 (1984); and
Pavlovic-Kantera, Expt. Hematol., 8 (supp. 8) 283-291 (1980), the
contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in
their entireties.
[0295] Compounds that enhance the effects of or synergize with
erythropoietin are also useful as adjuvants herein, and include but
are not limited to, adrenergic agonists, thyroid hormones,
androgens, hepatic erythropoietic factors, erythrotropins, and
erythrogenins, See for e.g., Dunn, "Current Concepts in
Erythropoiesis", John Wiley and Sons (Chichester, England, 1983);
Kalmani, Kidney Int., 22:383-391 (1982); Shahidi, New Eng. J. Med.,
289:72-80 (1973); Urabe et al., J. Exp. Med., 149:1314-1325 (1979);
Billat et al., Expt. Hematol., 10:135-140 (1982); Naughton et al.,
Acta Haemat, 69:171-179 (1983); Cognote et al. in abstract 364,
Proceedings 7th Intl. Cong. of Endocrinology (Quebec City, Quebec,
Jul. 1-7, 1984); and Rothman et al., 1982, J. Surg. Oncol.,
20:105-108 (1982). Methods for stimulating hematopoiesis comprise
administering a hematopoietically effective amount (i.e., an amount
which effects the formation of blood cells) of a pharmaceutical
composition containing polynucleotides and/or polypeptides of the
invention to a patient. The polynucleotides and/or polypeptides of
the invention are administered to the patient by any suitable
technique, including but not limited to, parenteral, sublingual,
topical, intrapulmonary and intranasal, and those techniques
further discussed herein. The pharmaceutical composition optionally
contains one or more members of the group consisting of
erythropoietin, testosterone, progenitor cell stimulators,
insulin-like growth factor, prostaglandins, serotonin, cyclic AMP,
prolactin, triiodothyzonine, methenolene, stanozolol, and
nandrolone, iron preparations, vitamin B.sub.12, folic acid and/or
adrenocortical steroids.
[0296] In an additional embodiment, the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered in combination with
hematopoietic growth factors. Hematopoietic growth factors that may
be administered with the antibody and antibody compositions of the
invention include, but are not limited to, LEUKINE.TM.
(sargramostim/GM-CSF) and NEUPOGEN.TM. (filgrastim/G-CSF).
[0297] In an additional embodiment, the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered alone or in
combination with an anti-angiogenic agent(s). Anti-angiogenic
agents that may be administered with the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to,
Angiostatin (ENTREMED.TM., Rockville, Md.), Troponin-1 (Boston Life
Sciences, Boston, Mass.), anti-Invasive Factor, retinoic acid and
derivatives thereof, paclitaxel (TAXOL.TM.), Suramin, Tissue
Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1, Tissue Inhibitor of
Metalloproteinase-2, VEGI, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1,
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-2, and various forms of the lighter
"d group" transition metals.
[0298] Lighter "d group" transition metals include, for example,
vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, niobium, and tantalum
species. Such transition metal species may form transition metal
complexes. Suitable complexes of the above-mentioned transition
metal species include oxo transition metal complexes.
[0299] Representative examples of vanadium complexes include oxo
vanadium complexes such as vanadate and vanadyl complexes. Suitable
vanadate complexes include metavanadate and orthovanadate complexes
such as, for example, ammonium metavanadate, sodium metavanadate,
and sodium orthovanadate. Suitable vanadyl complexes include, for
example, vanadyl acetylacetonate and vanadyl sulfate including
vanadyl sulfate hydrates such as vanadyl sulfate mono- and
trihydrates.
[0300] Representative examples of tungsten and molybdenum complexes
also include oxo complexes. Suitable oxo tungsten complexes include
tungstate and tungsten oxide complexes. Suitable tungstate
complexes include ammonium tungstate, calcium tungstate, sodium
tungstate dihydrate, and tungstic acid. Suitable tungsten oxides
include tungsten (IV) oxide and tungsten (VI) oxide. Suitable oxo
molybdenum complexes include molybdate, molybdenum oxide, and
molybdenyl complexes. Suitable molybdate complexes include ammonium
molybdate and its hydrates, sodium molybdate and its hydrates, and
potassium molybdate and its hydrates. Suitable molybdenum oxides
include molybdenum (VI) oxide, molybdenum (VI) oxide, and molybdic
acid. Suitable molybdenyl complexes include, for example,
molybdenyl acetylacetonate. Other suitable tungsten and molybdenum
complexes include hydroxo derivatives derived from, for example,
glycerol, tartaric acid, and sugars.
[0301] A wide variety of other anti-angiogenic factors may also be
utilized within the context of the present invention.
Representative examples include, but are not limited to, platelet
factor 4; protamine sulphate; sulphated chitin derivatives
(prepared from queen crab shells), (Murata et al., Cancer Res.
51:22-26, 1991); Sulphated Polysaccharide Peptidoglycan Complex
(SP-PG) (the function of this compound may be enhanced by the
presence of steroids such as estrogen, and tamoxifen citrate);
Staurosporine; modulators of matrix metabolism, including for
example, proline analogs, cishydroxyproline,
d,L-3,4-dehydroproline, Thiaproline, alpha,alpha-dipyridyl,
aminopropionitrile fumarate;
4-propyl-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(3H)-oxazolone; Methotrexate;
Mitoxantrone; Heparin; Interferons; 2 Macroglobulin-serum; ChIMP-3
(Pavloff et al., J. Bio. Chem. 267:17321-17326, 1992); Chymostatin
(Tomkinson et al., Biochem J. 286:475-480, 1992); Cyclodextrin
Tetradecasulfate; Eponemycin; Camptothecin; Fumagillin (Ingber et
al., Nature 348:555-557, 1990); Gold Sodium Thiomalate ("GST";
Matsubara and Ziff, J. Clin. Invest. 79:1440-1446, 1987);
anticollagenase-serum; alpha2-antiplasmin (Holmes et al., J. Biol.
Chem. 262(4):1659-1664, 1987); Bisantrene (National Cancer
Institute); Lobenzarit disodium
(N-(2)-carboxyphenyl-4-chloroanthronilic acid disodium or "CCA";
(Takeuchi et al., Agents Actions 36:312-316, 1992); and
metalloproteinase inhibitors such as BB94.
[0302] Additional anti-angiogenic factors that may also be utilized
within the context of the present invention include Thalidomide,
(CELGENE.TM., Warren, N.J.); Angiostatic steroid; AGM-1470 (H. Brem
and J. Folkman J Pediatr. Surg. 28:445-51 (1993)); an integrin
alpha v beta 3 antagonist (C. Storgard et al., J. Clin. Invest.
103:47-54 (1999)); carboxynaminolmidazole; Carboxyamidotriazole
(CAI) (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.); Conbretastatin
A-4 (CA4P) (OXiGENE.TM., Boston, Mass.); Squalamine (Magainin
Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Pa.); TNP-470, (TAP
PHARMACEUTICALS.TM., Deerfield, Ill.); ZD-0101 AstraZeneca.TM.
(London, UK); APRA (CT2584); Benefin, Byrostatin-1 (SC359555);
CGP-41251 (PKC 412); CM101; Dexrazoxane (ICRF187); DMXAA;
Endostatin; Flavopridiol; Genestein; GTE; ImmTher; Iressa (ZDI
839); Octreotide (Somatostatin); Panretin; Penacillamine;
Photopoint; PI-88; Prinomastat (AG-3540) Purlytin; Suradista
(FCE26644); Tamoxifen (NOLVADEX.TM.); Tazarotene;
Tetrathiomolybdate; XELODA.TM. (Capecitabine); and
5-Fluorouracil.
[0303] Anti-angiogenic agents that may be administered in
combination with the compounds of the invention may work through a
variety of mechanisms including, but not limited to, inhibiting
proteolysis of the extracellular matrix, blocking the function of
endothelial cell-extracellular matrix adhesion molecules, by
antagonizing the function of angiogenesis inducers such as growth
factors, and inhibiting integrin receptors expressed on
proliferating endothelial cells. Examples of anti-angiogenic
inhibitors that interfere with extracellular matrix proteolysis and
which may be administered in combination with the antibody and
antibody compositions of the invention include, but are not limited
to, AG-3540 (AGOURON.TM., La Jolla, Calif.), BAY-12-9566
(BAYER.TM., West Haven, Conn.), BMS-275291 (BRISTOL MYERS
SQUIBB.TM., Princeton, N.J.), CGS-27032A (NOVARTIS.TM., East
Hanover, N.J.), Marimastat (British Biotech, Oxford, UK), and
METASTAT.TM. (AETERNA.TM., St-Foy, Quebec). Examples of
anti-angiogenic inhibitors that act by blocking the function of
endothelial cell-extracellular matrix adhesion molecules and which
may be administered in combination with the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to,
EMD-121974 (MERCK.TM. KcgaA Darmstadt, Germany) and VITAXIN.TM.
(IXSYS.TM., La Jolla, Calif./MEDIMMUNE.TM., Gaithersburg, Md.).
Examples of anti-angiogenic agents that act by directly
antagonizing or inhibiting angiogenesis inducers and which may be
administered in combination with the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to,
Angiozyme (Ribozyme, Boulder, Colo.), Anti-VEGF antibody
(GENENTECH.TM., S. San Francisco, Calif.), PTK-787/ZK-225846
(NOVARTIS.TM., Basel, Switzerland), SU-101 (SUGEN.TM., S. San
Francisco, Calif.), SU-5416 (SUGEN.TM./PHARMACIA.TM. Upjohn,
Bridgewater, N.J.), and SU-6668 (SUGEN.TM.). Other anti-angiogenic
agents act to indirectly inhibit angiogenesis. Examples of indirect
inhibitors of angiogenesis which may be administered in combination
with the antibody and antibody compositions of the invention
include, but are not limited to, IM-862 (CYTRAN.TM., Kirkland,
Wash.), Interferon-alpha, IL-12 (ROCHE.TM., Nutley, N.J.), and
Pentosan polysulfate (Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.).
[0304] In particular embodiments, the use of antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention in combination with anti-angiogenic
agents is contemplated for the treatment, prevention, and/or
amelioration of cancers and other hyperproliferative disorders.
[0305] In a preferred embodiment, the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered in combination with
CD40 ligand (CD40L), a soluble form of CD40L (e.g., avrend),
biologically active fragments, variants, or derivatives of CD40L,
anti-CD40L antibodies (e.g., agonistic or antagonistic antibodies),
and/or anti-CD40 antibodies (e.g., agonistic or antagonistic
antibodies).
[0306] In another embodiment, antibody and antibody compositions of
the invention are administered in combination with an
anticoagulant. Anticoagulants that may be administered with the
antibody and antibody compositions of the invention include, but
are not limited to, heparin, warfarin, and aspirin. In a specific
embodiment, antibody and antibody compositions of the invention are
administered in combination with heparin and/or warfarin. In
another specific embodiment, antibody and antibody compositions of
the invention are administered in combination with warfarin. In
another specific embodiment, antibody and antibody compositions of
the invention are administered in combination with warfarin and
aspirin. In another specific embodiment, antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered in combination with
heparin. In another specific embodiment, antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered in combination with
heparin and aspirin.
[0307] In another embodiment, antibody and antibody compositions of
the invention are administered in combination with an agent that
suppresses the production of anticardiolipin antibodies. In
specific embodiments, the polynucleotides of the invention are
administered in combination with an agent that blocks and/or
reduces the ability of anticardiolipin antibodies to bind
phospholipid-binding plasma protein beta 2-glycoprotein I
(b2GPI).
[0308] In a preferred embodiment, the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered in combination with
an antimalarial. Antimalarials that may be administered with the
antibody and antibody compositions of the invention include, but
are not limited to, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, and/or
quinacrine.
[0309] In a preferred embodiment, the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered in combination with
an NSAID.
[0310] In a nonexclusive embodiment, the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered in combination with
one, two, three, four, five, ten, or more of the following drugs:
NRD-101 (HOECHST MARION ROUSSEL.TM.), diclofenac (Dimethaid),
oxaprozin potassium (MONSANTO.TM.), mecasermin (CHIRON.TM.), T-714
(TOYAMA.TM.), pemetrexed disodium (ELI LILLY.TM.), atreleuton
(ABBOTT.TM.), valdecoxib (MONSANTO.TM.), eltenac (Byk Gulden),
campath.TM., AGM-1470 (TAKEDA.TM.), CDP-571 (CELLTECH
CHIROSCIENCE.TM.), CM-101 (CarboMed), ML-3000 (Merckle), CB-2431
(KS Biomedix), CBF-BS2 (KS Biomedix), IL-1Ra gene therapy
(VALENTIS.TM.), JTE-522 (JAPAN TOBACCO.TM.), paclitaxel
(ANGIOTECH.TM.), DW-166HC (Dong Wha), darbufelone mesylate
(WARNER-LAMBERT.TM.), soluble TNF receptor 1 (synergen.TM.;
AMGEN.TM.), IPR-6001 (Institute for Pharmaceutical Research),
trocade (HOFFMAN-LA ROCHE.TM.), EF-5 (SCOTIA PHARMACEUTICALS.TM.),
BIIL-284 (BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM.TM.), BIIF-1149 (BOEHRINGER
INGELHEIM.TM.), LEUKOVAX.TM. (INFLAMMATICS.TM.), MK-671
(MERCK.TM.), ST-1482 (Sigma-Tau), and butixocort propionate
(WARNERLAMBERT.TM.).
[0311] In a preferred embodiment, the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered in combination with
one, two, three, four, five or more of the following drugs:
methotrexate, sulfasalazine, sodium aurothiomalate, auranofin,
cyclosporine, penicillamine, azathioprine, an antimalarial drug
(e.g., as described herein), cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, gold,
ENBREL.TM. (Etanercept), anti-TNF antibody, LJP 394 (LA JOLLA
PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY.TM., San Diego, Calif.) and
prednisolone.
[0312] In an additional embodiment, antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered alone or in
combination with one or more intravenous immune globulin
preparations. Intravenous immune globulin preparations that may be
administered with the antibody and antibody compositions of the
invention include, but not limited to, GAMMAR.TM. (immune serum
globulin), IVEEGAM.TM. (immune serum globulin), SANDOGLOBULFN.TM.
(immune globulin), GAMMAGARD S/D.TM. (immunoglobulin), and
GAMIMUNE.TM. (immune serum globulin). In a specific embodiment,
antibody and antibody compositions of the invention are
administered in combination with intravenous immune globulin
preparations in transplantation therapy (e.g., bone marrow
transplant).
[0313] CD40 ligand (CD40L), a soluble form of CD40L (e.g., avrend),
biologically active fragments, variants, or derivatives of CD40L,
anti-CD40L antibodies (e.g., agonistic or antagonistic antibodies),
and/or anti-CD40 antibodies (e.g., agonistic or antagonistic
antibodies).
[0314] In an additional embodiment, the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered in combination with
cytokines. Cytokines that may be administered with the antibody and
antibody compositions of the invention include, but are not limited
to, GM-CSF, G-CSF, IL2, IL3, IL4, IL5, IL6, IL7, IL10, IL12, IL13,
IL15, anti-CD40, CD40L, IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha,
and TNF-beta. In preferred embodiments, antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered with TRAIL receptor.
In another embodiment, antibody and antibody compositions of the
invention may be administered with any interleukin, including, but
not limited to, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6,
IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IL-16,
IL-17, IL-18, IL-19, IL-20, IL-21, and IL-22. In preferred
embodiments, the antibody and antibody compositions of the
invention are administered in combination with IL4 and IL10.
[0315] In one embodiment, the antibody and antibody compositions of
the invention are administered in combination with one or more
chemokines. In specific embodiments, the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered in combination with
an .alpha.(C.times.C) chemokine selected from the group consisting
of gamma-interferon inducible protein-10 (.gamma.IP-10),
interleukin-8 (IL-8), platelet factor-4 (PF4), neutrophil
activating protein (NAP-2), GRO-.alpha., GRO-.beta., GRO-.gamma.,
neutrophil-activating peptide (ENA-78), granulocyte chemoattractant
protein-2 (GCP-2), and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1, or
pre-B cell stimulatory factor (PBSF)); and/or a .beta.(CC)
chemokine selected from the group consisting of: RANTES (regulated
on activation, normal T expressed and secreted), macrophage
inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1.beta.), macrophage inflammatory
protein-1 beta (MIP-1.alpha.), monocyte chemotactic protein-1
(MCP-1), monocyte chemotactic protein-2 (MCP-2), monocyte
chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3), monocyte chemotactic protein-4
(MCP-4) macrophage inflammatory protein-1 gamma (MIP-1.gamma.),
macrophage inflammatory protein-3 alpha (MIP-3.alpha.), macrophage
inflammatory protein-3 beta (MIP-3.beta.), macrophage inflammatory
protein-4 (MIP-4/DC-CK-1/PARC), eotaxin, Exodus, and I-309; and/or
the .gamma.(C) chemokine, lymphotactin.
[0316] In another embodiment, the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered with chemokine
beta-8, chemokine beta-1, and/or macrophage inflammatory protein-4.
In a preferred embodiment, the antibody and antibody compositions
of the invention are administered with chemokine beta-8.
[0317] In an additional embodiment, the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered in combination with
an IL-4 antagonist. IL-4 antagonists that may be administered with
the antibody and antibody compositions of the invention include,
but are not limited to: soluble IL-4 receptor polypeptides,
multimeric forms of soluble IL-4 receptor polypeptides; anti-IL-4
receptor antibodies that bind the IL-4 receptor without transducing
the biological signal elicited by IL-4, anti-IL4 antibodies that
block binding of IL-4 to one or more IL-4 receptors, and muteins of
IL-4 that bind IL-4 receptors but do not transduce the biological
signal elicited by IL-4. Preferably, the antibodies employed
according to this method are monoclonal antibodies (including
antibody fragments, such as, for example, those described
herein).
[0318] In an additional embodiment, the antibody and antibody
compositions of the invention are administered in combination with
fibroblast growth factors. Fibroblast growth factors that may be
administered with the antibody and antibody compositions of the
invention include, but are not limited to, FGF-1, FGF-2, FGF-3,
FGF-4, FGF-5, FGF-6, FGF-7, FGF-8, FGF-9, FGF-10, FGF-11, FGF-12,
FGF-13, FGF-14, and FGF-15.
Demonstration of Therapeutic or Prophylactic Utility of a
Composition
[0319] The compounds of the invention are preferably tested in
vitro, and then in vivo for the desired therapeutic or prophylactic
activity, prior to use in humans. For example, in vitro assays
which can be used to determine whether administration of a specific
antibody or composition of the present invention is indicated,
include in vitro cell culture assays in which a patient tissue
sample is grown in culture, and exposed to or otherwise
administered an antibody or composition of the present invention,
and the effect of such an antibody or composition of the present
invention upon the tissue sample is observed. In various specific
embodiments, in vitro assays can be carried out with representative
cells of cell types involved in a patient's disorder, to determine
if an antibody or composition of the present invention has a
desired effect upon such cell types. Preferably, the antibodies or
compositions of the invention are also tested in in vitro assays
and animal model systems prior to administration to humans.
[0320] Antibodies or compositions of the present invention for use
in therapy can be tested for their toxicity in suitable animal
model systems, including but not limited to rats, mice, chicken,
cows, monkeys, and rabbits. For in vivo testing of an antibody or
composition's toxicity any animal model system known in the art may
be used.
[0321] Antibodies or compositions of the invention can also be
tested for their ability to reduce bacterial numbers in in vitro
and in vivo assays known to those of skill in the art. Antibodies
or compositions of the invention can also be tested for their
ability to alleviate of one or more symptoms associated with
anthrax disease or anthrax toxin poisoning. Antibodies or antibody
compositions of the invention can also be tested for their ability
to decrease the time course of the infectious disease. Further,
antibodies or compositions of the invention can be tested for their
ability to increase the survival period of animals suffering from
anthrax or anthrax toxin poisoning. Techniques known to those of
skill in the art can be used to analyze the function of the
antibodies or compositions of the invention in vivo.
[0322] Efficacy in treating or preventing bacterial (e.g. Bacillus
anthracis) infection may be demonstrated by detecting the ability
of an antibody or composition of the invention to inhibit the
replication of the bacteria, to inhibit transmission or prevent the
bacteria from establishing itself in its host, or to prevent,
ameliorate or alleviate the symptoms of disease progression. The
treatment is considered therapeutic if there is, for example, a
reduction in bacterial load, amelioration of one or more symptoms,
or a decrease in mortality and/or morbidity following
administration of an antibody or composition of the invention.
Panels/Mixtures
[0323] The present invention also provides for mixtures of
antibodies (including scFvs and other molecules comprising, or
alternatively consisting of, antibody fragments or variants
thereof) that specifically bind to PA or a fragment or variant
thereof, wherein the mixture has at least one, two, three, four,
five or more different antibodies of the invention. In specific
embodiments, the invention provides mixtures of at least 2,
preferably at least 4, at least 6, at least 8, at least 10, at
least 12, at least 15, at least 20, or at least 25 different
antibodies that specifically bind to PA or fragments or variants
thereof, wherein at least 1, at least 2, at least 4, at least 6, or
at least 10, antibodies of the mixture is an antibody of the
invention. In a specific embodiment, each antibody of the mixture
is an antibody of the invention.
[0324] The present invention also provides for panels of antibodies
(including scFvs and other molecules comprising, or alternatively
consisting of, antibody fragments or variants thereof) that
specifically bind to PA or a fragment or variant thereof, wherein
the panel has at least one, two, three, four, five or more
different antibodies of the invention. In specific embodiments, the
invention provides for panels of antibodies that have different
affinities for PA, different specificities for PA, or different
dissociation rates. The invention provides panels of at least 10,
preferably at least 25, at least 50, at least 75, at least 100, at
least 125, at least 150, at least 175, at least 200, at least 250,
at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450, at least
500, at least 550, at least 600, at least 650, at least 700, at
least 750, at least 800, at least 850, at least 900, at least 950,
or at least 1000, antibodies. Panels of antibodies can be used, for
example, in 96 well plates for assays such as ELISAs.
[0325] The present invention further provides for compositions
comprising, one or more antibodies (including molecules comprising,
or alternatively consisting of antibody fragments or variants of
the invention). In one embodiment, a composition of the present
invention comprises, one, two, three, four, five, or more
antibodies that comprise or alternatively consist of, a polypeptide
having an amino acid sequence of any one or more of the VH domains
of a one or more of the scFvs referred to in Table 1 or recombinant
antibodies expressed by the cell lines referred to in Table 1, or a
variant thereof. In another embodiment, a composition of the
present invention comprises, one, two, three, four, five, or more
antibodies that comprise, or alternatively consist of, a
polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of any one or more of the
VH CDR1s of a VH domain of one or more of the scFvs referred to in
Table 1 or recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines
referred to in Table 1, or a variant thereof. In another
embodiment, a composition of the present invention comprises, one,
two, three, four, five or more antibodies that comprise, or
alternatively consist of, a polypeptide having an amino acid
sequence of any one or more of the VH CDR2s of a VH domain of one
or more of the scFvs referred to in Table 1 or recombinant
antibodies expressed by the cell lines referred to in Table 1, or a
variant thereof. In a preferred embodiment, a composition of the
present invention comprises, one, two, three, four, five, or more
antibodies that comprise, or alternatively consist of, a
polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of any one or more of the
VH CDR3s as of a VH domain of one or more of the scFvs or
recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines referred to in
Table 1, or a variant thereof.
[0326] Other embodiments of the present invention providing for
compositions comprising, one or more antibodies (including
molecules comprising, or alternatively consisting of antibody
fragments or variants of the invention) are listed below. In
another embodiment, a composition of the present invention
comprises, one, two, three, four, five, or more antibodies that
comprise, or alternative consist of, a polypeptide having an amino
acid sequence of any one or more of the VL domains of one or more
of the scFvs referred to in Table 1 or recombinant antibodies
expressed by the cell lines referred to in Table 1, or a variant
thereof. In another embodiment, a composition of the present
invention comprises, one, two, three, four, five, or more
antibodies that comprise, or alternatively consist of, a
polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of any one or more of the
VL CDR1s domains of one or more of the scFvs referred to in Table 1
or recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines referred to
in Table 1, or a variant thereof. In another embodiment, a
composition of the present invention comprises, one, two, three,
four, five, or more antibodies that comprise, or alternatively
consist of, a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of any one
or more of the VL CDR2s of one or more of the scFvs referred to in
Table 1 or recombinant antibodies expressed by the cell lines
referred to in Table 1, or a variant thereof. In a preferred
embodiment, a composition of the present invention comprises, one,
two, three, four, five, or more antibodies that comprise, or
alternatively consist of, a polypeptide having an amino acid
sequence of any one or more of the VL CDR3s domains of one or more
of the scFvs referred to in Table 1 or recombinant antibodies
expressed by the cell lines referred to in Table 1, or a variant
thereof.
Kits
[0327] The invention also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit
comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the
ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.
Optionally associated with such container(s) can be a notice in the
form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the
manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products,
which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or
sale for human administration.
[0328] The present invention provides kits that can be used in the
above methods. In one embodiment, a kit comprises an antibody of
the invention, preferably a purified antibody, in one or more
containers. In an alternative embodiment, a kit comprises an
antibody fragment that specifically binds to PA polypeptides or
fragments or variants thereof. In a specific embodiment, the kits
of the present invention contain a substantially isolated PA
polypeptide or fragment or variant thereof as a control.
Preferably, the kits of the present invention further comprise a
control antibody which does not react with PA polypeptides or
fragments or variants thereof. In another specific embodiment, the
kits of the present invention contain a means for detecting the
binding of an antibody to PA polypeptides (e.g., the antibody may
be conjugated to a detectable substrate such as a fluorescent
compound, an enzymatic substrate, a radioactive compound or a
luminescent compound, or a second antibody which recognizes the
first antibody may be conjugated to a detectable substrate). In
specific embodiments, the kit may include a recombinantly produced
or chemically synthesized PA polypeptide. The PA provided in the
kit may also be attached to a solid support. In a more specific
embodiment the detecting means of the above-described kit includes
a solid support to which PA is attached. Such a kit may also
include a non-attached reporter-labeled anti-human antibody. In
this embodiment, binding of the antibody to PA can be detected by
binding of the said reporter-labeled antibody.
[0329] In an additional embodiment, the invention includes a
diagnostic kit for use in screening serum containing antigens of
the polypeptide of the invention. The diagnostic kit includes a
substantially isolated antibody specifically immunoreactive with PA
polypeptides, and means for detecting the binding of PA
polypeptides to the antibody. In one embodiment, the antibody is
attached to a solid support. In a specific embodiment, the antibody
may be a monoclonal antibody. The detecting means of the kit may
include a second, labeled monoclonal antibody. Alternatively, or in
addition, the detecting means may include a labeled, competing
antigen.
[0330] In specific embodiments, a kit of the invention comprises a
means for administering an antibody to an animal, preferably a
human. Means for administering an antibody to an animal include a
syringe.
Gene Therapy
[0331] In a specific embodiment, nucleic acids comprising sequences
encoding antibodies or functional derivatives thereof, are
administered to treat, inhibit or prevent a anthrax or anthrax
toxin poisoning, by way of gene therapy. Gene therapy refers to
therapy performed by the administration to a subject of an
expressed or expressible nucleic acid. In this embodiment of the
invention, the nucleic acids produce their encoded protein that
mediates a therapeutic effect.
[0332] Any of the methods for gene therapy available in the art can
be used according to the present invention. Exemplary methods are
described below.
[0333] For general reviews of the methods of gene therapy, see
Goldspiel et al., Clinical Pharmacy 12:488-505 (1993); Wu and Wu,
Biotherapy 3:87-95 (1991); Tolstoshev, Ann. Rev. Pharmacol.
Toxicol. 32:573-596 (1993); Mulligan, Science 260:926-932 (1993);
and Morgan and Anderson, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 62:191-217 (1993); May,
TIBTECH 1 l(5):155-215 (1993). Methods commonly known in the art of
recombinant DNA technology which can be used are described in
Ausubel et al. (eds.), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John
Wiley & Sons, NY (1993); and Kriegler, Gene Transfer and
Expression, A Laboratory Manual, Stockton Press, NY (1990).
[0334] In a preferred aspect, a composition of the invention
comprises, or alternatively consists of, nucleic acids encoding an
antibody, said nucleic acids being part of an expression vector
that expresses the antibody or fragments or chimeric proteins or
heavy or light chains thereof in a suitable host. In particular,
such nucleic acids have promoters, preferably heterologous
promoters, operably linked to the antibody coding region, said
promoter being inducible or constitutive, and, optionally,
tissue-specific. In another particular embodiment, nucleic acid
molecules are used in which the antibody coding sequences and any
other desired sequences are flanked by regions that promote
homologous recombination at a desired site in the genome, thus
providing for intrachromosomal expression of the antibody encoding
nucleic acids (Koller and Smithies, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
86:8932-8935 (1989); Zijlstra et al., Nature 342:435-438 (1989). In
specific embodiments, the expressed antibody molecule is an scFv;
alternatively, the nucleic acid sequences include sequences
encoding both the heavy and light chains, or fragments or variants
thereof, of an antibody.
[0335] Delivery of the nucleic acids into a patient may be either
direct, in which case the patient is directly exposed to the
nucleic acid or nucleic acid-carrying vectors, or indirect, in
which case, cells are first transformed with the nucleic acids in
vitro, then transplanted into the patient. These two approaches are
known, respectively, as in vivo or ex vivo gene therapy.
[0336] In a specific embodiment, the nucleic acid sequences are
directly administered in vivo, where it is expressed to produce the
encoded product. This can be accomplished by any of numerous
methods known in the art, e.g., by constructing them as part of an
appropriate nucleic acid expression vector and administering it so
that they become intracellular, e.g., by infection using defective
or attenuated retrovirals or other viral vectors (see U.S. Pat. No.
4,980,286), or by direct injection of naked DNA, or by use of
microparticle bombardment (e.g., a gene gun; BIOLISTIC.TM.,
DUPONT.TM.), or coating with lipids or cell-surface receptors or
transfecting agents, encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, or
microcapsules, or by administering them in linkage to a peptide
which is known to enter the nucleus, by administering it in linkage
to a ligand subject to receptor-mediated endocytosis (see, e.g., Wu
and Wu, J. Biol. Chem. 262:4429-4432 (1987)) (which can be used to
target cell types specifically expressing the receptors), etc. In
another embodiment, nucleic acid-ligand complexes can be formed in
which the ligand comprises a fusogenic viral peptide to disrupt
endosomes, allowing the nucleic acid to avoid lysosomal
degradation. In yet another embodiment, the nucleic acid can be
targeted in vivo for cell specific uptake and expression, by
targeting a specific receptor (see, e.g., PCT Publications WO 92/06
180; WO 92/22715; WO92/203 16; WO93/14188, WO 93/20221).
Alternatively, the nucleic acid can be introduced intracellularly
and incorporated within host cell DNA for expression, by homologous
recombination (Koller and Smithies, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
86:8932-8935 (1989); Zijlstra et al., Nature 342:435-438
(1989)).
[0337] In a specific embodiment, viral vectors that contains
nucleic acid sequences encoding an antibody of the invention or
fragments or variants thereof are used. For example, a retroviral
vector can be used (see Miller et al., Meth. Enzymol. 217:581-599
(1993)). These retroviral vectors contain the components necessary
for the correct packaging of the viral genome and integration into
the host cell DNA. The nucleic acid sequences encoding the antibody
to be used in gene therapy are cloned into one or more vectors,
which facilitates delivery of the gene into a patient. More detail
about retroviral vectors can be found in Boesen et al., Biotherapy
6:29 1-302 (1994), which describes the use of a retroviral vector
to deliver the mdr 1 gene to hematopoietic stem cells in order to
make the stem cells more resistant to chemotherapy. Other
references illustrating the use of retroviral vectors in gene
therapy are: Clowes et al., J. Clin. Invest. 93:644-651 (1994);
Klein et al., Blood 83:1467-1473 (1994); Salmons and Gunzberg,
Human Gene Therapy 4:129-141 (1993); and Grossman and Wilson, Curr.
Opin. in Genetics and Devel. 3:110-114 (1993).
[0338] Adenoviruses are other viral vectors that can be used in
gene therapy. Adenoviruses are especially attractive vehicles for
delivering genes to respiratory epithelia. Adenoviruses naturally
infect respiratory epithelia where they cause a mild disease. Other
targets for adenovirus-based delivery systems are liver, the
central nervous system, endothelial cells, and muscle. Adenoviruses
have the advantage of being capable of infecting non-dividing
cells. Kozarsky and Wilson, Current Opinion in Genetics and
Development 3:499-503 (1993) present a review of adenovirus-based
gene therapy. Bout et al., Human Gene Therapy 5:3-10 (1994)
demonstrated the use of adenovirus vectors to transfer genes to the
respiratory epithelia of rhesus monkeys. Other instances of the use
of adenoviruses in gene therapy can be found in Rosenfeld et al.,
Science 252:431-434 (1991); Rosenfeld et al., Cell 68:143-155
(1992); Mastrangeli et al., J. Clin. Invest. 91:225-234 (1993); PCT
Publication WO94/12649; and Wang, et al., Gene Therapy 2:775-783
(1995). In a preferred embodiment, adenovirus vectors are used.
[0339] Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has also been proposed for use
in gene therapy (Walsh et al., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.
204:289-300 (1993); U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,146).
[0340] Another approach to gene therapy involves transferring a
gene to cells in tissue culture by such methods as electroporation,
lipofection, calcium phosphate mediated transfection, or viral
infection. Usually, the method of transfer includes the transfer of
a selectable marker to the cells. The cells are then placed under
selection to isolate those cells that have taken up and are
expressing the transferred gene. Those cells are then delivered to
a patient.
[0341] In this embodiment, the nucleic acid is introduced into a
cell prior to administration in vivo of the resulting recombinant
cell. Such introduction can be carried out by any method known in
the art, including but not limited to transfection,
electroporation, microinjection, infection with a viral or
bacteriophage vector containing the nucleic acid sequences, cell
fusion, chromosome-mediated gene transfer, macrocell-mediated gene
transfer, spheroplast fusion, etc. Numerous techniques are known in
the art for the introduction of foreign genes into cells (see,
e.g., Loeffler and Behr, Meth. Enzymol. 217:599-718 (1993); Cohen
et al., Meth. Enzymol. 217:718-644 (1993); Clin. Pharma. Ther.
29:69-92m (1985)) and may be used in accordance with the present
invention, provided that the necessary developmental and
physiological functions of the recipient cells are not disrupted.
The technique should provide for the stable transfer of the nucleic
acid to the cell, so that the nucleic acid is expressible by the
cell and preferably heritable and expressible by its cell
progeny.
[0342] The resulting recombinant cells can be delivered to a
patient by various methods known in the art. Recombinant blood
cells (e.g., hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells) are preferably
administered intravenously. The amount of cells envisioned for use
depends on the desired effect, patient state, etc., and can be
determined by one skilled in the art.
[0343] Cells into which a nucleic acid can be introduced for
purposes of gene therapy encompass any desired, available cell
type, and include but are not limited to epithelial cells,
endothelial cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, muscle cells,
hepatocytes; blood cells such as T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes,
monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, megakaryocytes,
granulocytes; various stem or progenitor cells, in particular
hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells, e.g., as obtained from bone
marrow, umbilical cord blood, peripheral blood, fetal liver,
etc.
[0344] In a preferred embodiment, the cell used for gene therapy is
autologous to the patient.
[0345] In an embodiment in which recombinant cells are used in gene
therapy, nucleic acid sequences encoding an antibody or fragment
thereof are introduced into the cells such that they are
expressible by the cells or their progeny, and the recombinant
cells are then administered in vivo for therapeutic effect. In a
specific embodiment, stem or progenitor cells are used. Any stem
and/or progenitor cells which can be isolated and maintained in
vitro can potentially be used in accordance with this embodiment of
the present invention (see e.g. PCT Publication WO 94/08598;
Stemple and Anderson, Cell 7 1:973-985 (1992); Rheinwald, Meth.
Cell Bio. 21A:229 (1980); and Pittelkow and Scott, Mayo Clinic
Proc. 71:771 (1986)).
[0346] In a specific embodiment, the nucleic acid to be introduced
for purposes of gene therapy comprises an inducible promoter
operably linked to the coding region, such that expression of the
nucleic acid is controllable by controlling the presence or absence
of the appropriate inducer of transcription.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Isolation and Characterization of scFvs Referred to in Table 1
[0347] Maxisorp tubes (Nunc) were coated overnight with 10
micrograms/ml of PA83 protein in PBS at 4.degree. C. Unbound PA was
removed by washing the tubes with 1.times.PBST and 1.times.PBS
followed by filling the tubes with a 3% milk solution in
1.times.PBS for one hour to block any exposed tube surface.
Approximately 10.sup.13 TU of phage from phage display libraries
available from Cambridge Antibody Technology (Cambridgshire, United
Kingdom) diluted in 3% milk/1.times.PBS was applied to the tube and
incubated for at least 60 minutes at room temperature. Tubes were
washed 10 times with PBS 0.1% Tween-20 and 10 times with PBS. Phage
are eluted by adding 1 ml of 100 mM triethylamine with gentle
shaking after which the solution is immediately neutralized with
0.5 ml of 1.0M Tris-HCl, pH 7.4. Phage were then used to infect 10
ml of mid-log E. coli TG1 by incubating eluted phage with bacteria
for 30 minutes at 37.degree. C. The E. coli were then plated on
2XYT plates containing 2% glucose and 100 micrograms/ml ampicillin.
The resulting bacterial library was then rescued with delta gene 3
helper phage to prepare phage for a subsequent round of selection.
This process is usually repeated for a total of 2-4 rounds of
affinity purification. Specific enrichment of PA binding phage can
be monitored during the selection process. Individual clones from
both the second and the third rounds of selections were screened
for the ability to bind to PA protein using the assay protocol
described below.
PA Binding Assay Protocol for scFv-Phage Library Screening
[0348] Purified full-length PA protein (PA83) was labeled with
Biotin-LC-Sulfo --NHS (Pierce) at a molar challenge ratio of 8:1 in
PBS, 8.0 for 60 minutes at 23.degree. C. Protein was separated from
free label using a NAP 5 gel filtration column (Amersahm-Pharmacia
Biotech) following manufacturer's protocol. A polyclonal antibody
specific for the M13 phage coat (Amersham-Pharmacia Biotech) was
labeled with the electrochemi-luminescent reporter Origen-TAG-NHS
((Ori-TAG), IGEN International, Inc.) at a molar challenge ratio of
5:1 in PBS, 8.0 buffer for 60 minutes at 23.degree. C. Protein was
separated from free label using a NAP 5 gel filtration column
(Amersham-Pharmacia Biotech) following manufacturer's protocol. The
amount of incorporated Origen-TAG label was determined by measuring
the absorbance of the undiluted labeling reaction at 455 nm in a 1
cm cuvette and dividing by 13,700 (extinction coefficient of
Ori-TAG label) to obtain the Ori-TAG label concentration in moles
per liter. This number was divided by the moles per liter IgG
concentration in the labeling reaction. Label concentrations used
in the assay ranged from 3 to 5 labels per IgG molecule. The
biotinylated-PA83 and Origen-TAG labeled anti-M13 antibody were
used to screen phage clones for PA binding as described below.
[0349] Individual E. coli colonies containing phagemid were
inoculated into 96 well plates containing 100 microliters
2.times.TY+100 micrograms/ml ampicillin+2% glucose per well. Plates
were incubated 37 C for 4 hours, shaking. M13K07 helper phage was
added to each well at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 2 to 10
and the plates were incubated for a further 1 hour at 37 C. The
plates were centrifuged in a benchtop centrifuge at 2000 rpm for 10
minutes. The supernatant was removed and cell pellets were
resuspended in 100 microliters 2.times.TY+100 micrograms/ml
ampicillin+50 micrograms/ml kanamycin and incubated at 30 C
overnight, with vigorous shaking. The next day, plates were
centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 min and 100 microliters of
phage-containing supernatant from each well carefully transferred
into a fresh 96-well plate.
[0350] The supernatants containing scFv-phage were screened for
binding to PA83 using the following protocol: In a 96 well plate, 5
microliters of scFv-phage were combined with 150 microliters of 0.5
micrograms/ml Biotin-PA83 and 0.5 micrograms/ml Origen-Tag labeled
anti-M13 polyclonal antibody and 20 micrograms of Streptavidin
coated magnetic beads (Dynal M280 beads). The plate was sealed and
mixed vigorously for 60 minutes at room temperature. The
electrochemiluminescent (ECL) signal was measured in each well of
the plate using an Origen M8 series ECL analyzer (IGEN
International, Inc). Wells that showed ECL signals that were 5-fold
above the assay background were scored as positive PA binders and
submitted for sequencing.
[0351] The complete nucleotide sequence of the scFv insert from 980
PA positive binding phage clones was determined and a numerical
summary of the sequence diversity and ability to bind PA in the
above-described-PA Binding Assay is presented in the Table 4
below.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Summary of ScFv Groups and CDR 3 Sequences
for PA-Binding Phage Clones SEQ SEQ PA HC group, Representative HC
CDR 3 ID LC CDR 3 ID Binding Group LC group scFv clone Seq. NO:
Seq. NO: Pos/Neg 1 HC group 115, PWB2001 HSPGDYAFD 66 ASWDDSL 299 +
LC group 122: Y NGRV 2 HC group 115, PWB2855 HSPGDYAFD 67 ASWDDSL
300 + LC group 135: Y KSRV 3 HC group 115, PWB2916 HSPGDYAFD 68
ASWDDSV 301 + LC group 137: Y NGRV 4 HC group 116, PWB2002
AGRRTQLQP 69 NSRDSSGN 302 + LC group 123: RDFLFEY HVV 5 HC group
116, PWB2175 AGRRTQLQP 70 NSRDSSGN 303 + LC group 127: RDFLFEY HVV
6 HC group 116, PWB2362 AGRRTQLQP 71 NSRDSSGN 304 + LC group 131:
RDFLFEY HVV 7 HC group 116, PWB2447 AGRRTQLQP 72 NSRDSSGN 305 + LC
group 132: RDFLFEY HVV 8 HC group 116, PWB2754 AGRRTQLQP 73
NSRDSSGN 306 + LC group 134: RDFLFEY HVV 9 HC group 117, PWB2006
HSPGDYAFD 74 ASWDDSL 307 + LC group 122: Y NGRV 10 HC group 118,
PWB2008 HSPGDYAFD 75 ASWDDSL 308 + LC group 124: Y NGRV 11 HC group
119, PWB2016 ASYLSTSSSL 76 NSRDSSGN 309 + LC group 123: DY HVV 12
HC group 119, PWB2562 ASYLSTSSSL 77 NSRDSSGN 310 + LC group 133: DY
HVV 13 HC group 120, PWB2018 AGRRTQLQP 78 NSRDSSGN 311 + LC group
123: RDFLFEY HVV 14 HC group 121, PWB2043 DLDSSTIPHR 79 HSRDSSGN
312 + LC group 125 EYGMDV HVL 15 HC group 122, PWB2061 AGRRTQLQP 80
NSRDSSGN 313 + LC group 123: RDFLFEY HVV 16 HC group 123, PWB2144
AGRRTQLQP 81 NSRDSSGN 314 + LC group 123: RDFLFEY HVV 17 HC group
124, PWB2153 AGRRTQLQP 82 NSRDSSGN 315 + LC group 126: RDFLFEY HVV
18 HC group 125, PWB2202 ASNLSTSSSL 83 NSRDSSGN 316 + LC group 123:
DY HVV 19 HC group 126, PWB2216 SGSSWSHFDF 84 SSYTTRST 317 + LC
group 128: RV 20 HC group 127, PWB2281 GSPTGDLNV 85 NSRDSSGN 318 +
LC group 129: DVFDY HVV 21 HC group 128, PWB2301 HSPGDYAFD 86
ASWDDSL 319 + LC group 130: Y NGRV 22 HC group 129, PWB2323
VRDIRPGDYA 87 ASWDDSL 320 + LC group 122: FDY NGRV 23 HC group 130,
PWB2325 AGRRTQLQP 88 NSRDSSGN 321 + LC group 123: RDFLFEY HVV 24 HC
group 131, PWB2334 Not Determined NSRDSSGN 322 + LC group 123: HVV
25 HC group 132, PWB2341 HSPGDYAFD 89 ASWDDSL 323 + LC group 122: Y
NGRV 26 HC group 133, PWB2353 ASYLSTSPSL 90 NSRDSSGN 324 + LC group
123: DY HVV 27 HC group 134, PWB2363 AGRRTQLQP 91 NSRDSSGN 325 + LC
group 123: RDFLFEY HVV 28 HC group 135, PWB2364 HSPGDYAFD 92
ASWDDSL 326 + LC group 122: Y NGRV 29 HC group 136, PWB2376
AGRRTQLQP 93 NSRDSSGN 327 + LC group 123: RDFLFEY HVV 30 HC group
137, PWB2435 SGSSWSHFDF 94 SSYTTRST 328 + LC group 128: RV 31 HC
group 138, PWB2456 AGRRTQLPPR 95 NSRDSSGN 329 + LC group 123:
DFLFEH HVV 32 HC group 139, PWB2466 HSPGDYAFD 96 ASWDDSL 330 + LC
group 122: Y NGRV 33 HC group 140, PWB2502 ASNLSTSPSL 97 NSRDSSGN
331 + LC group 123: DY HVV 34 HC group 141, PWB2532 AGRRTQLQPI 98
NSRDSSGN 332 + LC group 123: DFLFEY HVV 35 HC group 142, PWB2617
AGRRTQLQP 99 NSRDSSGN 333 + LC group 123: RDFLFEY HVV 36 HC group
143, PWB2756 HSPGDYAFD 100 ASWDDSL 334 + LC group 122: Y NGRV 37 HC
group 144, PWB2849 AGRRTQLQP 101 NSRDSSGN 335 + LC group 123:
RDFLFEY HVV 38 HC group 145, PWB2873 GSGYSGYDFP 102 HSRDSSGN 336 +
LC group 136: YYYGMDV HVL 39 HC group 146, PWB2878 AGRRTQLQP 103
NSRDSSGN 337 + LC group 123: RDFLFEY HVV 40 HC group 147, PWB2955
Not Determined NSRDSSGN 338 + LC group 123: HVV 41 HC group 2,
PWC2008 AGRRTQLQP 104 NSRDSSGN 339 + LC group 2: RDFLFEY HVV 42 HC
group 2, PWC2065 AGRRTQLQP 105 NSRDSSGN 340 + LC group 163: RDFLFEY
HVV 43 HC group 2, PWC2963 AGRRTQLQP 106 NSRDSSGN 341 + LC group
188: RDFLFEY HVV 44 HC group 140, PWC2002 DSSSGWFFID 107 QSYDSSLG
342 + LC group 155: Y GYVI 45 HC group 140, PWC2043 ARDSSSGWFF 108
QSYDSSLG 343 + LC group 160: IDY GYVI 46 HC group 140, PWC2302
DSSSGWFFID 109 QSYDSSLG 344 + LC group 165: Y GYVI 47 HC group 140,
PWC2308 DSSSGWFFID 110 QSYDSSLG 345 + LC group 166: Y GYVI 48 HC
group 140, PWC2310 DSSSGWFFID 111 QSYDSSLG 346 + LC group 167: Y
GYVI 49 HC group 140, PWC2361 DSSSGWFFID 112 QSYDSSLG 347 + LC
group 169: Y GYVI 50 HC group 140, PWC2461 DSSSGWFFID 113 QSYDSSLG
348 + LC group 172: Y GYVI 51 HC group 140, PWC2616 DSSSGWFFID 114
QSYDSSLG 349 + LC group 175: Y GYVI 52 HC group 140, PWC2632
DSSSGWFFID 115 + LC group 176: Y 53 HC group 140, PWC2678
DSSSGWFFID 116 QSYDSSLG 350 + LC group 179: Y GYVI 54 HC group 140,
PWC2748 DSSSGWFFID 117 QSYDSSLG 351 + LC group 183: Y GYGI 55 HC
group 141, PWC2004 SRYSSSPFRG 118 HSYDSSISG 352 + LC group 156:
GLDV GI 56 HC group 141, PWC2007 SRYSSSPFRG 119 HSYDSSISG 353 + LC
group 157: GLDV WI 57 HC group 141, PWC2010 SRYSSSPFRG 120
HSYDSSISG 354 + LC group 158: GLDV WI 58 HC group 141, PWC2021
SRYSSSPFRG 121 HSYDSSIR 355 + LC group 159: GLDV GWI 59 HC group
141, PWC2046 SRYSSSPFRG 122 HSYDSSIR 356 + LC group 161: GLDV GGI
60 HC group 141, PWC2057 SRYSSSPFRG 123 HSYDSSISG 357 + LC group
162: GLDV GI 61 HC group 141, PWC2093 SRYSSSPFRG 124 HSYDSSISA 358
+ LC group 164: GLDV WI 62 HC group 141, PWC2375 SRYSSSPFRG 125
HSYDSSISG 359 + LC group 170: GLDV WI 63 HC group 141, PWC2652
SRYSSSPFRG 126 HSYDSSISG 360 + LC group 178: GLDV WI 64 HC group
141, PWC2939 SRYSSSPFRG 127 HSYDSSISG 361 + LC group 187: GLDV WI
65 HC group 142, PWC2068 SSSGCLFIDY 128 QSYDSSLG 362 + LC group
160: GYVI 66 HC group 143, PWC2131 SRYSSSPFRG 129 HSYDSSISG 363 +
LC group 157: GLDV WI 67 HC group 143, PWC2892 SRYSSSPFRG 130
HSYDSSISG 364 ++ LC group 158: GLDV WI 68 HC group 144, PWC2151
DSSSGWFFID 131 QSYDSSLG 365 + LC group 155: Y GYVI 69 HC group 145,
PWC2156 SRYSSSPFRG 132 HSYDSSISG 366 + LC group 157: GLDV WI 70 HC
group 146, PWC2321 SRYSSSPFRG 133 HSYDSSISG 367 + LC group 157:
GLDV WI 71 HC group 147, PWC2332 SRYSSSPFRG 134 HSYDSSISG 368 + LC
group 157: GLDV WI 72 HC group 148, PWC2350 DSSSGWFFI 135 QSYDSSLG
369 + LC group 168: GYVI 73 HC group 149, PWC2386 SSSGWLFIDY 136
QSYDSSLG 370 + LC group 155: GYVI 74 HC group 150, PWC2393
SRYSSSPFRG 137 HSYDSSISG 371 + LC group 171: GLDV WI 75 HC group
151, PWC2412 SRYSSSPFRG 138 HSYDSSISG 372 + LC group 157: GLDV WI
76 HC group 152, PWC2424 DSSSGWFFID 139 QSYDSSLG 373 + LC group
155: Y GYVI 77 HC group 153, PWC2431 DSSSGWFFID 140 QSYDSSLG 374 +
LC group 155: Y GYVI 78 HC group 154, PWC2436 SRYSSSPFRG 141
HSYDSSISG 375 + LC group 157: GLDV WI 79 HC group 155, PWC2444
DSSSGWFFID 142 QSYDSSLG 376 + LC group 155: Y GYVI 80 HC group 156,
PWC2590 TYPYGGGTY 143 QSYDSELS 377 - LC group 173: AFDY GSEL 81 HC
group 157, PWC2606 NAFDY 144 NSLDSRGQ 378 + LC group 174: RVI
82 HC group 158, PWC2643 SAKSGWKST 145 ALYLGGGL 379 - LC group 177:
FDV SWV 83 HC group 159, PWC2682 No seq. AAWDDSL 380 - LC group
180: SAYV 84 HC group 160, PWC2691 DSSSGWLFID 146 QSYDSSLG 381 + LC
group 181: Y GYVI 85 HC group 161, PWC2710 SRYSSSPFRG 147 HSYDSSISG
382 + LC group 157: GLDV WI 86 HC group 161, PWC2722 SRYSSSPFRG 148
HSYDSSISG 383 + LC group 182: GLDV WI 87 HC group 162, PWC2758
DSSSGWLFID 149 QSYDSSLG 384 + LC group 184: Y GYVI 88 HC group 163,
PWC2771 DSSSGWLFID 150 QSYDSSLG 385 + LC group 185: Y GYVI 89 HC
group 164, PWC2792 SRYSSSPFRG 151 HSYDSSISG 386 + LC group 157:
GLDV WI 90 HC group 165, PWC2901 QMIMAARC 152 QSFDNRLR 387 - LC
group 186: GFVV 91 HC group 166, PWC2972 DSSSGWFFI 153 QSYDSSLG 388
+ LC group 155: GYVI 92 HC group 167, PWC2980 DSSSGWFFI 154
QSYDSSLG 389 + LC group 155: GYVI 93 HC group 148 PWD0103 VDHKWDLPF
155 ATWDDNL 390 + LC group 138 DY NGWV 94 HC group 148, PWD0332
VDHKWDLPF 156 ATWDDSL 391 + LC group 194: DY NGWV 95 HC group 148,
PWD0853 VDHKWDLPF 157 ATWDDSL 392 + LC group 249: DY NGWV 96 HC
group 148, PWD1070 VDHKWDLPF 158 AAWDDSL 393 + LC group 272: DY
NGWV 97 HC group 149, PWD0104 LLRGGSTYLD 159 QVWDRSN 394 + LC group
139: AFDN GHVV 98 HC group 149, PWD0384 LLRGGSTYLD 160 QVWDRSN 395
+ LC group 199: AFDN GHVV 99 HC group 150, PWD0106 GWGVFDI 161
AAWDDSL 396 + LC group 140: DGVV 100 HC group 151, PWD0108
VDHNWDLPF 162 SAWDDSL 397 + LC group 141: DY NGWV 101 HC group 151,
PWD0111 VDHNWDLPF 163 ASWDDDL 398 + LC group 143: DY NGWV 102 HC
group 151, PWD0336 VDHNWDLPF 164 AVWDDRM 399 + LC group 195: DY
NGWE 103 HC group 151, PWD0435 VDHNWDLPF 165 AAWDDSL 400 + LC group
208: DY NGWV 104 HC group 151, PWD0757 VDHNWDLPF 166 AVWDDRL 401 +
LC group 234: DY NGWE 105 HC group 151, PWD0848 VDHNWDLPF 167
VDHNWDL 402 + LC group 248: DY PFD 106 HC group 151, PWD0875
VDHNWDLPF 168 AAWDDSL 403 + LC group 253: DY SGWM 107 HC group 151,
PWD0925 VDHNWDLPF 169 ASWDDDL 404 + LC group 257: DY KSWV 108 HC
group 151, PWD1048 VDHNWDLPF 170 AAWDDSL 405 + LC group 269: DY
SGWV 109 HC group 152, PWD0109 VDHNWDLPF 171 ATWDDSL 406 + LC group
142: DY KGWV 110 HC group 152, PWD0171 VDHNWDLPF 172 QQSKSIPIT 407
- LC group 164: DY 111 HC group 152, PWD0366 VDHNWDLPF 173 VAWDDSL
408 + LC group 197: DY NGWM 112 HC group 152, PWD0470 VDHNWDLPF 174
AAWDDSL 409 + LC group 214: DY SGWV 113 HC group 153, PWD0112
VDHKWDLPF 175 AAWDDSL 410 + LC group 144: DY KGWV 114 HC group 153,
PWD0679 VDHKWDLPF 176 SAWDDGL 411 + LC group 227: DY SGWV 115 HC
group 154, PWD0114 VDHKWDLPF 177 ATWDDSLP 412 + LC group 145: DY
GLV 116 HC group 154, PWD0526 VDHKWDLPF 178 EAWDDSLS 413 + LC group
215: DY GPA 117 HC group 154, PWD0810 VDHKWDLPF 179 AAWDDNL 414 -
LC group 239: DY SGP 118 HC group 154, PWD1012 VDHKWDLPF 180
QQTYRTPI 415 + LC group 267: DY T 119 HC group 154, PWD1050
VDHKWDLPF 181 GTWDSRL 416 + LC group 270: DY YVGQV 120 HC group
155, PWD0118 VDHNWDLPF 182 AAWDDSL 417 + LC group 146: DY NGWV 121
HC group 155, PWD0205 VDHNWDLPF 183 AAWDDSL 418 + LC group 172: DY
NGWV 122 HC group 155, PWD0813 VDHNWDLPF 184 ATWDDSL 419 + LC group
241: DY NHWV 123 HC group 155, PWD0827 VDHNWDLPF 185 AAWDDSL 420 +
LC group 244: DY NGHWV 124 HC group 155, PWD1063 VDHNWDLPF 186
AAWDDSL 421 + LC group 271: DY SGVL 125 HC group 156, PWD0121
YVADTSKDV 187 NSRDSSGN 422 + LC group 147: FDI VV 126 HC group 157,
PWD0123 VASTALYFD 188 ASWDDTL 423 + LC group 148: N KGGV 127 HC
group 158, PWD0124 GVYNWNSAA 189 QSYDNSLS 424 + LC group 149: KFDY
GSE 128 HC group 159, PWD0127 TYYYVYYNY 190 NSRDSSGD 425 + LC group
150: MDV PVT 129 HC group 160, PWD0130 VAHGWHLSF 191 SAWDDSL 426 +
LC group 151: DY KGWV 130 HC group 161, PWD0133 SLFRVRGVFF 192
ASRDSSAN 427 + LC group 152: DY QHWV 131 HC group 161, PWD0150
SLFRVRGVFF 193 QSYDSSTG 428 + LC group 158: DY I 132 HC group 162,
PWD0135 GPAGLQLSLD 194 AAWDDSL 429 + LC group 153: I NGLV 133 HC
group 163, PWD0136 VDHRWDLPF 195 STWDGSLN 430 + LC group 154: DY
GWV 134 HC group 164, PWD0139 VDHKWDLPF 196 AAWDDSL 431 + LC group
155: DY NGWV 135 HC group 164, PWD0169 VDHKWDLPF 197 STWDDSLR 432 +
LC group 163: DY GVV 136 HC group 164, PWD0254 VDHKWDLPF 198
AVWDDSL 433 + LC group 181: DY NGWV 137 HC group 164, PWD0811
VDHKWDLPF 199 APWDDSL 434 + LC group 240: DY NGWV 138 HC group 165,
PWD0146 ARDYYFGMD 200 SAWDDSL 435 + LC group 156: V HGPV 139 HC
group 166, PWD0147 GPAGLQLSLD 201 AAWDDSL 436 + LC group 157: I
NGVV 140 HC group 167, PWD0151 DRSKLNAGY 202 QSYDNSLS 437 + LC
group 159: FDS AW 141 HC group 168, PWD0154 TKYSSIVFDL 203 AAWDDSL
438 + LC group 160: NVVV 142 HC group 169, PWD0157 FRFLVWYGE 204
SSRDNSGD 439 + LC group 161: AYFDY RLVL 143 HC group 170, PWD0164
VRGQLLAFDI 205 AAWDDSL 440 + LC group 162: NGWV 144 HC group 171,
PWD0175 VDHKWDLPF 206 ATWDDSL 441 + LC group 165: DY RGWV 145 HC
group 171, PWD0258 VDHKWDLPF 207 ATWDDSV 442 + LC group 182: DY
RGWV 146 HC group 172, PWD0176 GPAGLQLSLD 208 ATWDDSLS 443 +/- LC
group 166: I GWV 147 HC group 173, PWD0177 TKYSSIVFDL 209 AAWDDSL
444 + LC group 167: NAVL 148 HC group 174, PWD0183 AVWDDSLNG 210
VDRRWDL 445 + LC group 168: H PFDY 149 HC group 175, PWD0187
TKYSSIVFDL 211 ASWDDSL 446 + LC group 169: NGV 150 HC group 176,
PWD0189 LDHKWDLPF 212 EAWDDSLS 447 +/- LC group 170: DY GPA 151 HC
group 177, PWD0190 VDHNWDLPF 213 GTWDSRLS 448 + LC group 171: DY
AVV 152 HC group 178, PWD0211 EYYYRWGSY 214 NSRDSSGN 449 +/- LC
group 173: AN PVV 153 HC group 179, PWD0218 VDHKWDLPF 215 TAWDDSL
450 + LC group 174: DY NGWV 154 HC group 180, PWD0228 VDHNWDLPF 216
AAWDDIL 451 + LC group 175: DY NGWV 155 HC group 181, PWD0229
SLFRVRGVFF 217 NSRDSSGN 452 + LC group 176: DY HVV 156 HC group
181, PWD0329 SLFRVRGVFF 218 QAWDSSTT 453 + LC group 193: DY WE 157
HC group 181, PWD0754 SLFRVRGVFF 219 ETWDTSLS 454 + LC group 233:
DY VLV 158 HC group 182, PWD0233 DLGVGRYFD 220 SSRDNSGD 455 + LC
group 177: Y PL 159 HC group 182, PWD0611 DLGVGRYFD 221 SSRDNSGD
456 + LC group 223: Y PL 160 HC group 183, PWD0243 SLFRVRGVFF 222
NSRDSSGN 457 + LC group 178: DY HWV 161 HC group 184, PWD0246
DRSKLNAGY 223 QSYDSSLS 458 + LC group 179: FDS AYV 162 HC group
184, PWD0968 DRSKLNAGY 224 QSYDSGLS 459 + LC group 263: FDS AVV 163
HC group 185, PWD0248 LDHNWDLPF 225 ASWDDSLS 460 + LC group 180: DY
GWV 164 HC group 185, PWD0427 LDHNWDLPF 226 ATWDDSLS 461 + LC group
207: DY GLL 165 HC group 185, PWD0766 LDHNWDLPF 227 ASWDDSL 462
+
LC group 235: DY KGVV 166 HC group 186, PWD0259 TKYSSIVFDL 228
AAWDDRL 463 + LC group 183: SGPV 167 HC group 186, PWD0441
TKYSSIVFDL 229 AAWDDSL 464 + LC group 210: NGML 168 HC group 186,
PWD0824 TKYSSIVFDL 230 AAWDDSL 465 +/- LC group 243: NGP 169 HC
group 187, PWD0268 LDHNWNLPF 231 ATWDDRL 466 + LC group 184: D KGFV
170 HC group 188, PWD0283 VGGAIRFDS 232 SAWDDSLS 467 + LC group
185: GVV 171 HC group 189, PWD0288 SVGRSLAFDI 233 AAWDDSL 468 + LC
group 186: NGHVV 172 HC group 190, PWD0291 RTGDCSYTSC 234 QTWDSTT
469 + LC group 187: Y AS 173 HC group 191, PWD0294 GPAGLQLSLD 235
SAWDDSL 470 + LC group 188: I NGPA 174 HC group 191, PWD0440
GPAGLQLSLD 236 SAWDDSL 471 + LC group 209: I NGPA 175 HC group 192,
PWD0305 VDHKWDLPF 237 ATWDDTL 472 + LC group 189: DY SGLV 176 HC
group 193, PWD0308 FTGWYGAFD 238 ATWDDSV 473 + LC group 190: I NGPA
177 HC group 194, PWD0318 DRYNMVGVL 239 SSYARSNN 474 - LC group
191: RPDS FGV 178 HC group 195, PWD0323 QIWGRFEY 240 AAWDDRL 475 +
LC group 192: NGYV 179 HC group 195, PWD0587 QIWGRFEY 241 AAWDDSL
476 + LC group 219: NGVV 180 HC group 196, PWD0339 GYDFWSGFD 242
QVWDSTS 477 + LC group 196: Y DHRI 181 HC group 197, PWD0355
GWGVFDM 243 AAWDDSL 478 + LC group 140: DGVV 182 HC group 198,
PWD0369 VDHKWDLPF 244 ASWDDSL 479 +/- LC group 198: DF DGWV 183 HC
group 199, PWD0389 ARALFRVSGP 245 SSYSGDVN 480 + LC group 200: Y
FIV 184 HC group 200, PWD0391 DHPYNWNYF 246 QQLNRYPS 481 - LC group
201: DY L 185 HC group 201, PWD0392 GAPAVRHGF 247 QQYYSTPP 482 - LC
group 202: DY T 186 HC group 202, PWD0412 VDHKWDLPF 248 ATWDDSL 483
+ LC group 203: DY KGFV 187 HC group 203, PWD0416 FGTGSSLEV 249
AAWDDSL 484 + LC group 204: NGVV 188 HC group 204, PWD0422 QAFARFEF
250 SSWDDSLN 485 + LC group 205: GVV 189 HC group 205, PWD0424
NLQDIVATIL 251 GTWDSSLN 486 - LC group 206: PFDY TYV 190 HC group
206, PWD0436 VDHNWDLPF 252 SAWDDSL 487 + LC group 141: DY NGWV 191
HC group 207, PWD0451 GDPEELRSDS 253 QSYDSSLS 488 - LC group 211:
YFYYGMDV GSWV 192 HC group 208, PWD0454 LDHKWDLPF 254 EAWDDSLS 489
+ LC group 212: DH GPA 193 HC group 209, PWD0469 TKYSSVAFDL 255
ATWDDSL 490 + LC group 213: NGVV 194 HC group 210, PWD0525
LLRGGSTYLD 256 QVWDRSN 491 + LC group 139: AFDX GHVV 195 HC group
211, PWD0541 Not Determined QQFKSYPL 492 - LC group 216: T 196 HC
group 212, PWD0542 GVYGGGSAG 257 QVWDNSS 493 + LC group 217: LYFDV
GWV 197 HC group 213, PWD0568 GEMATIRY 258 ATWDDSL 494 + LC group
218: NGWV 198 HC group 214, PWD0588 VDHKWDLPF 259 AAWDASL 495 + LC
group 220: DY TSWV 199 HC group 215, PWD0593 VDHNWDLPF 260 AAWDDSL
496 + LC group 221: DY NGVV 200 HC group 216, PWD0605 ASSWYLVFDI
261 AAWDDSL 497 + LC group 222: NGWV 201 HC group 216, PWD0929
ASSWYLVFDI 262 AAWDDSL 498 + LC group 259: NGWV 202 HC group 217,
PWD0615 SLFRVRGVFF 263 GTWDSSLS 499 + LC group 224: DY DGKVV 203 HC
group 218, PWD0635 VDHNWDLPF 264 AAWDDSL 500 + LC group 146: DY
NGWV 204 HC group 219, PWD0638 VDHNWDLPF 265 ATWDDSR 501 + LC group
225: DY GGWV 205 HC group 220, PWD0648 VDRRWDLPF 266 ASWDDSV 502 +
LC group 226: DY GSWV 206 HC group 221, PWD0706 VDHKWDLPF 267
AAWDDSL 503 + LC group 228: DF NGWV 207 HC group 222, PWD0709
GGPPFGSSYD 268 ASWDDDL 504 + LC group 229: V SGLV 208 HC group 223,
PWD0718 PTYGPGSFLI 269 ATWDDSL 505 + LC group 230: DH NGPV 209 HC
group 224, PWD0721 TRGYSLYFDS 270 ATWDDSL 506 + LC group 231: MVGV
210 HC group 225, PWD0730 VDHNWDLPF 271 ATWDDSL 507 + LC group 232:
DY NGWV 211 HC group 226, PWD0773 GPAGLQLSLD 272 AVWDDSL 508 + LC
group 236: I NGVI 212 HC group 227, PWD0776 GPAGLQLSLD 273 AAWDDNL
509 +/- LC group 237: I NGVV 213 HC group 228, PWD0791 VDHKWDLPF
274 AAWDDSL 510 + LC group 144: DY KGWV 214 HC group 229, PWD0808
AGGSSLVFDS 275 AVWDDGL 511 + LC group 238: SGWV 215 HC group 230,
PWD0821 DGPSNYMDV 276 QQYYSTPI 512 - LC group 242: T 216 HC group
231, PWD0830 VDHNWDLPF 277 VAWDDSL 513 + LC group 245: DY NGWV 217
HC group 232, PWD0834 DGDYSSSSLD 278 QSHDNTLG 514 - LC group 246: Y
EV 218 HC group 233, PWD0838 VRVPGRDGM 279 ASWDDSLT 515 -/+ LC
group 247: DV WV 219 HC group 234, PWD0858 GSGSYIAFDI 280 AAWDDSL
516 + LC group 250: SGPVV 220 HC group 235, PWD0864 TTVTTESDWF 281
NSRDSSGN 517 -/+ LC group 251: DL HFDVV 221 HC group 236, PWD0871
VDHNWDLPF 282 ATWDDSL 518 + LC group 252: DY NGFV 222 HC group 237,
PWD0876 GVYGGGSAG 283 QVWDNSS 519 + LC group 217: LYFDV GWV 223 HC
group 238, PWD0880 GPSGLLLGLD 284 AVWDDSL 520 + LC group 254: V
NGVL 224 HC group 239, PWD0884 VASTALYFD 285 AAWDDSL 521 + LC group
255: N TGWV 225 HC group 240, PWD0914 LSGVTLHMD 286 AAWDDSL 522 +
LC group 256: V KGPV 226 HC group 241, PWD0928 VRGGNLAFD 287
AAWDDSL 523 + LC group 258: F SGWV 227 HC group 242, PWD0934
SLFRVRGVFF 288 VTWDGSL 524 + LC group 260: DY GVVM 228 HC group
243, PWD0948 EDHKWDLPF 289 AAWDDSL 525 + LC group 144: DY KGWV 229
HC group 244, PWD0949 GALSSFDS 290 AAWDDSL 526 + LC group 261: NGWV
230 HC group 245, PWD0953 QIWGRFEY 291 AAWDDSL 527 + LC group 262:
NGVV 231 HC group 246, PWD0963 ADHNWDLPF 292 AAWDDSL 528 + LC group
146: DY NGWV 232 HC group 247 PWD0991 AHWGSRVDY 293 AAWDDSL 529 +
LC group 264: NGVV 233 HC group 248, PWD0995 LLRGGSTYLD 294 QVWDRSN
530 + LC group 265: AFDN GHVV 234 HC group 249, PWD1003 Not
Determined NSRDSSGN 531 - LC group 266: LWV 235 HC group 250,
PWD1038 EVGSYFDY 295 AAWDDSL 532 + LC group 268: NGVV 236 HC group
251, PWD1072 VDHNWDLPF 296 AAWDDSL 533 + LC group 273: DY NGWV 237
HC group 252, PWD1077 SLFRVRGVFF 297 NSRDNSGN 534 + LC group 274:
DY LWV 238 HC group 253, PWD1079 GPRFWTGYY 298 QQSLTAW 535 + LC
group 275: DY T
Example 2
Affinity Ranking of mAbs to PA and PA Cleavage Site Peptide
ELISA
[0352] Theoretical considerations suggest that under ideal
circumstances antibody concentration at half-maximal antigen
binding (EC50) is a measure of affinity. In practical terms it can
be used to rank the affinities of antibodies to quickly identify
best binders. The lower the antibody concentration required for 50%
of plateau binding, the higher is the affinity of the antibody for
antigen. In the approach described below, a conventional ELISA is
used to generate binding isotherms for PA antibodies in order to
derive their EC-50 values. Additionally, antibodies may be tested
for their ability to bind peptides that span the RKKR (residues
193-196 of SEQ ID NO:2) cleavage site in PA.
EC-50 ELISA
[0353] Direct Plate Coating with PA: 50 microliters of PA solution
(0.2 .mu.g/ml in PBS) is dispensed to individual wells of 96-well
plates (Immulon-2, Dynex) sealed with Plate sealers (Advanced
Genetic cat. #48461) and incubated overnight at 4.degree. C. Next
day the coating solution is removed, plates are washed 4 times with
PBS with 0.1% Tween-20 and blocked by incubation with 200
microliters of blocking buffer (PBS, 3% BSA) for 1 hr at room
temperature.
[0354] Serial dilutions of anti-PA antibodies are prepared in
diluent buffer (PBS, 0.1% Tween-20, 0.1% BSA). Human IgG2 (Sigma,
cat # I-4139) is used as a negative control. Two 50 microliter
aliquots of each dilution are dispensed into individual wells of
coated and blocked plates. The plates are sealed and incubated for
2 hours at room temperature.
[0355] Next, plates are washed 4 times with PBST (PBS, 0.1%
Tween-20) and 50 microliters of HRP labeled anti-human IgG (Vector,
cat# PI-3000) at concentration 1 microgram/milliliter in diluent
buffer is dispensed to individual wells. Plates are sealed and
incubated for 1 hr at room temperature. In the meantime substrate
solution is prepared by dissolving 1 tablet of TMB (Sigma cat#
T3405) in 5 ml of water. After the tablet is dissolved, 5 ml of the
substrate buffer (0.1 M Na.sub.2PO.sub.4, 0.05 M Citric acid) and 2
microliters of 30% H.sub.20.sub.2 is added.
[0356] Plates are washed 4 times with PBST and 100 microliters of
substrate is added to each well. Plates are incubated for 10 min at
room temperature and the Absorption at 450 nm is measured on
SpectraMax 3000 (Molecular Devices).
[0357] Data analysis Data is analyzed using SofMaxPro 3.0. Binding
curves (on OD 450 versus concentration graphs) are generated using
the four parameter fit model. EC-50 values are calculated
automatically as the concentration of the antibody that provides
50% of the maximum binding (maximum binding is characterized by
parameter D in the four parameter fit equation).
Cleavage Site Peptide ELISA:
[0358] Indirect coating of biotinylated peptides to streptavidin
coated plates: One hundred microliters of Streptavidin (Sigma
S-4762) solution (1 mg/ml in PBS) is dispensed into individual
wells of 96-well plates (Immulon-4, Dynex) sealed with Plate
sealers (Advanced Genetic Cat. #48461) and incubated overnight at
4.degree. C. The next day the coating solution is removed, plates
are washed 4 times with PBS+0.1% Tween-20 and blocked by incubation
with 200 ml of blocking buffer (PBS, 3% BSA) for 1 hour at room
temperature.
[0359] After blocking, the blocking solution is removed, plates are
washed 4 times with PBS+0.1% Tween-20 and 100 microliters per well
of biotinylated peptides (1 mg/ml diluted in 0.1% BSA in PBS) is
incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. The biotinylated peptides
are: sp-186: biotin-SNSRKKRSTSAGPTVPDRDN (amino acids 190-206 of
SEQ ID NO:2); sp-187: biotin-QLPELKQKSSNSRKKRSTSAG (amino acids
181-201 of SEQ ID NO:2); and sp-189: biotin-QLPELKQKSSNSRKK (amino
acids 181-195 of SEQ ID NO:2). The plates are then washed 4 times
with PBST.
[0360] 100 microliters of 3 dilutions (10 micrograms/ml, 1.0
micrograms/ml and 0.1 micrograms/ml) of purified antibody in
duplicate are dispensed into the 96-well plate. The plates are
sealed and incubated for 2 hours at room temperature. Plates are
washed 4 times with PBST and 100 microliters of HRP-labeled goat
anti human IgG (H+L) (Vector, Cat# PI-3000) are dispensed into
individual wells (1 mg/ml in 0.1% BSA in PBST). Plates are sealed
and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. In the meantime,
substrate solution is prepared by dissolving 1 tablet of TMB
(Sigma, Cat# T3405) in 5 ml of water. After the tablet is
dissolved, 5 ml of the substrate buffer (0.1 M Na.sub.2PO.sub.4,
0.05 M Citric acid) and 2 ml of 30% H.sub.2O.sub.2 are added.
Plates are washed 4 times with PBST and 100 microliters of
substrate is added to each well. Plates are incubated for 15
minutes at room temperature and the absorption (at 450 nm) is
measured on SpectraMaxPlus (Molecular Devices).
Example 3
Inhibition of Biotinylated PA Binding to Anthrax Receptors
[0361] The following protocol may be used to test whether an
antibody is able to inhibit the binding of biotinylated PA protein
to the anthrax receptor protein (SEQ ID NO:3).
[0362] Preparation of ATR Protein
[0363] ATR protein was produced by cloning the first 227 amino acid
residues of the ATR protein gene (SEQ ID NO:3, Bradley et al,
(2001) Nature 414:225-229) linked to a polynucleotide encoding the
FLAG.RTM. tag (STRATAGENE.TM., La Jolla, Calif.) (amino acid
residues DYKDDDDK, SEQ ID NO:43) into a mammalian expression vector
(Lonza Biologics). Recombinant soluble ATR protein was expressed
from 293T cells by transient transfection. Three days after
transfection, conditioned media were collected and the ATR protein
with a flag-tag at the carboxy terminus was purified from the media
sample by passing it through an anti-flag monoclonal antibody
affinity column (Sigma.TM.).
[0364] Preparation of PA Protein
[0365] PA protein was produced from a synthetic gene encoding the
B. anthracis PA which was constructed using a combination of
overlapping oligonucleotides and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
The synthetic gene encoding the B. anthracis PA residues E30-G764
of mature PA (SEQ ID NO:2) was codon-optimized for expression in
the bacterium, Escherichia coli. Subsequent PCR amplification
reactions were performed to add a heterologous signal peptide to
the N-terminus of mature PA (E30-G764). PA was produced in E. coli
K-12 cells and extracted from the cell paste upon periplasmic
shock. The PA protein was purified using Q-sepharose-HP and
hydroxyapatite chromatography. PA purity was confirmed by native-
and SDS-PAGE silver staining, N-terminal protein sequencing,
RP-HPLC and SEC-HPLC and was determined to be 96-98% pure.
[0366] To assess the proper function of the PA protein, the ability
of the PA protein to form heptamers after enzymatic cleavage was
evaluated. PA binds to its cell surface receptor and is cleaved by
a furin-like protease to eliminate the N-terminal 20 kilodalton
region. This cleavage permits the PA63 fragment to polymerize and
form a heptameric pore in the membrane. PA63 can also be obtained
in vitro by trypsin digestion (Benson et al, (1998) Biochemistry
37:3941-3948; Ahuja et al, (2001) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.
286:6-11, each of which are herein incorporated by reference in
their entireties). Purified PA (83 kilodaltons) was subjected to
trypsin digestion to determine if the purified PA was capable of
being cleaved to PA63 and if the cleaved PA63 fragments could form
heptamers. The trypsin-treated PA protein was analyzed via SDS-PAGE
and transferred to a membrane for protein sequencing. SDS-PAGE
analysis indicated the trypsin-treated PA protein yielded a 63
kilodalton protein. Subsequent N-terminal sequence analysis
confirmed the correct cleavage position. Moreover, native-PAGE
analysis and mass spectrometry indicated that the 63 kilodalton
subunits formed multimers. Heptameric PA63 was also captured on a
Q-sepharose-HP column.
[0367] Inhibition of PA Binding to ATR Assay
[0368] The assay buffer for this assay consists of 1.times.PBS
(pH7.4, without calcium and Magnesium; catalogue #17-516 from
BioWhittaker), 2% BSA (Sigma, A-0336, stock 30% solution), 1 mM
CaCl.sub.2, 1 mM MgCl.sub.2, 0.1% Tween-20. Calcium and magnesium
need to be added to assay buffer at the time of assay. Biotinylated
PA protein (final concentration 300 ng/ml; biotinylation was
performed using EZ-Link.TM. Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin available from
Pierce Biotechnology) is pre-incubated with antibody preparations
(phage expressing scFv, purified scFv or whole antibody molecules,
such as IgG molecules, comprising the VH and VL domains of specific
scFvs) in assay buffer for 45 minutes, at room temperature with
gentle shaking. Flag-tagged ATR protein (amino acids 1-227 of SEQ
ID NO:3) is then added to the mixture and incubated for an
additional 20 minutes.
[0369] Next, 2.5 microliters of streptavidin coated beads
(DYNABEADS.TM. M-280, DYNAL BIOTECH.TM.) is added to each well
along with anti-flag antibody (SIGMA.TM., catalogue # F3165) (1
microgram/milliliter final concentration) that has been labeled
with ORI-TAG.RTM. (IGEN.TM. International) according to the
manufacturer's directions. The mixture is then incubated for 45
minutes at room temperature with gentle shaking.
Electochemiluminescence is then measured using the M8 ECL unit
(IGEN.TM., International).
[0370] The protein concentrations given in the above-described
assay can be modified by one of skill in the art to optimize assay
performance, as necessary. Additionally, this assay may be modified
to test an antibody's ability to block binding of PA to its
receptor on other primary cells or cell lines, such as macrophage
cell lines.
[0371] FIG. 1 shows results for the ability of antibodies PWD0283
and PWD0587 to inhibit the binding of biotinylated PA to ATR.
[0372] Inhibition of PA Binding to CMG2
[0373] In an assay similar to the one described above antibody
PWD0587 was tested for its ability to block binding of PA to a flag
tagged version of CMG2 protein that also acts as an anthrax
receptor (see, Scobie et al., (2003) Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 100:5170-5174). The CMG2 protein used consisted
of amino acids 33-318 of SEQ ID NO:42 fused to a flag tag (SEQ ID
NO:43). Using this assay, it was shown that an IgG1 format of the
PWD0587 antibody also inhibits the binding of PA to CMG2.
Example 4
Detection of Biotinylated PA binding to PA Receptor by Flow
Cytometry
[0374] In preparation for a series of in vitro studies to test if
anti-PA monoclonal antibodies of the invention can inhibit the
action of PA, flow cytometry analysis of binding of biotinylated PA
protein to CHO-K1 cells, J774A.1 cells, and human macrophages was
performed. CHO-K1 cells are a cell line that have functional ATR
protein on their surface. Both the J774A.1 cells (a murine
macrophage cell line) and human macrophages also possess PA binding
proteins on their surface. For flow cytometry analysis, PA protein
was biotinylated as described above (Example 3) and added to cells
in culture and incubated for 10-20 minutes at room temperature. The
cells were washed and pelleted by centrifugation. Streptavidin PE
was then added to the cell pellets and incubated briefly at room
temperature. After washing, the cells were first resuspended in
propidium iodide to discriminate between live and dead cells, and
then were analyzed on a FACScan. Data were acquired and analyzed
using CellQuest software (Becton Dickinson). As shown in FIG. 2,
biotinylated PA binds specifically to CHO-K1 cells, J774A.1 murine
macrophages, and human macrophages, indicating that these cells
have ATR protein on their surface.
Example 5
.sup.86Rubidium Release Assay
[0375] PA has been shown to interact with the ATR on CHO-K1 cells
(Escuyer and Collier, (1991) Infect. Immunol. 59:3381-3386, which
is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Following
binding of PA to the ATR, a 20 kilodalton peptide is cleaved from
the PA and the remaining PA63 molecules aggregate into heptamers
and form a pore on the cell surface. One assay that has been
developed to measure PA63-mediated pore formation monitors the
release of intracellular .sup.86Rubidium (.sup.86Rb) from cells
that have been pre-loaded with .sup.86Rb. The following protocol
may be used to test whether an antibody is able to inhibit the
ability of PA63 to form pores in membranes.
.sup.86Rubidium Release Assay Using CHO-K1 Cells
[0376] 2.0.times.10.sup.5 CHO-K1 cells (ATCC.TM.#CCL 61, which
express PA Receptor on their surface, see Example 4) are plated in
a 24 well plate in 1 milliliter of culture medium (Ham's F12K
medium with 2 mM L-glutamine adjusted to contain 2.5 g/L sodium
bicarbonate., 90%; fetal bovine serum, 10%). The cells are
incubated for 24 hours at 37.degree. C., 5% CO.sub.2. Medium is
aspirated and replaced with milliliter of fresh culture medium
containing .sup.86Rb at a concentration 1 microCurie/milliliter.
Cells are incubated on ice for 30 minutes after which the medium is
removed and the cells are washed two times with 750 .mu.l of cold
PBS. Next, 1 milliliter of medium containing PA alone or PA which
has been pre-incubated (for 1 hour at 37 degrees on a rotator) with
anti-PA antibody is added to the cells which are then incubated for
1.5 hours on ice. At the end of the incubation period, the cells
are again washed twice with 750 .mu.l of cold PBS. 500 microliters
of cold MES-gluconate buffer, pH4.9 is then added and incubated on
ice for 30 minutes. 100 microliters of supernatant is removed from
cell supernatant and added to 2.0 ml of Supermix OptiPhase
scintillant (Perkin-Elmer Life Sciences) and the radioactivity is
counted using a Wallac Microbeta TRILUX Liquid Scintillation and
Luminescence Counter (Perkin-Elmer). Radioactivity in the medium is
indicative of pore formation by PA63.
[0377] To determine the optimal amount of PA to use in the
.sup.86Rb release assay, PA was titrated by measuring .sup.86Rb
release with different concentrations of PA (18, 6, 2, 0.67, 0.22,
0.074, 0.025, and 0 nM) were added to the assay. Based on this
titration, 5 nM PA was chosen for the subsequent assays.
[0378] In this assay PATD, a mutant of PA which is defective in
pore formation is used as a positive control for inhibition of pore
formation. PATD is identical to wildtype PA with the exception that
it has two amino acid mutations, K426D and D454K using the
numbering of SEQ ID NO:2. PATD is described in Sellman et al., J.
Biol. Chem. (2001), 276:8371-6, Sellman et al., Science
292:695-697, and in International Patent Publication WO01/82788
each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its
entirety.
[0379] FIG. 3 shows the ability of two antibodies PWD0283 and
PWD0587 in whole IgG1 format to inhibit pore formation by PA
protein using the above described assay.
.sup.86Rubidium Release Assay Using Human Macrophages
[0380] The systemic shock and death from anthrax results primarily
from the effects of high levels of cytokines produced by and
released from macrophages that have been affected by the anthrax
lethal toxin. Consequently, it was of interest to evaluate whether
anti-PA antibodies of the invention could inhibit PA-mediated
release of .sup.86Rb from human macrophages.
[0381] Preparation of Human Macrophages
[0382] For the preparation of human macrophages, peripheral blood
mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from various human donors by
FICOLL-HYPAQUE.TM. density gradient centrifugation. PBMC were
incubated with anti-CD14-labeled paramagnetic microbeads (Miltenyi
Biotec). After magnetic labeling, the cells were passed through a
separation column placed in a strong permanent magnet. The
magnetically-labeled cells retained in the column were then eluted,
washed, and counted. CD14+ cells were then placed in 6-well culture
dishes for 10-12 days in medium containing granulocyte-macrophage
colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Medium was replenished every 3
days until the cells were used in the assay.
[0383] Inhibition of .sup.86Rb Release from Human Macrophages by
Anti-PA Monoclonal Antibodies
[0384] The .sup.86Rb release assay was performed as described
above, except for using human macrophages in place of the CHO-K1
cells. Anti-PA monoclonal antibodies PWD0283 and PWD0587 fully
inhibited PA-mediated .sup.86Rb release at antibody concentration
of about 5 nM.
Example 6
Identification and Cloning of VH and VL Domains
[0385] One method to identify and clone VH and VL domains from cell
lines expressing a particular antibody is to perform PCR with VH
and VL specific primers on cDNA made from the antibody expressing
cell lines. Briefly, RNA is isolated from the cell lines and used
as a template for RT-PCR designed to amplify the VH and VL domains
of the antibodies expressed by the EBV cell lines. Cells may lysed
in the TRIzol.RTM. reagent (LIFE TECHNOLOGIES.TM., Rockville. MD)
and extracted with one fifth volume of chloroform. After addition
of chloroform, the solution is allowed to incubate at room
temperature for 10 minutes, and the centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for
15 minutes at 4.degree. C. in a tabletop centrifuge. The
supernatant is collected and RNA is precipitated using an equal
volume of isopropanol. Precipitated RNA is pelleted by centrifuging
at 14,000 rpm for 15 minutes at 4.degree. C. in a tabletop
centrifuge. Following centrifugation, the supernatant is discarded
and washed with 75% ethanol. Following washing, the RNA is
centrifuged again at 800 rpm for 5 minutes at 4.degree. C. The
supernatant is discarded and the pellet allowed to air dry. RNA is
the dissolved in DEPC water and heated to 60.degree. C. for 10
minutes. Quantities of RNA can determined using optical density
measurements.
[0386] cDNA may be synthesized, according to methods well-known in
the art, from 1.5-2.5 micrograms of RNA using reverse transcriptase
and random hexamer primers. cDNA is then used as a template for PCR
amplification of VH and VL domains. Primers used to amplify VH and
VL genes are shown in Table 6. Typically a PCR reaction makes use
of a single 5' primer and a single 3' primer. Sometimes, when the
amount of available RNA template is limiting, or for greater
efficiency, groups of 5' and/or 3' primers may be used. For
example, sometimes all five VH-5' primers and all JH3' primers are
used in a single PCR reaction. The PCR reaction is carried out in a
50 microliter volume containing 1.times.PCR buffer, 2 mM of each
dNTP, 0.7 units of High Fidelity Tag polymerase, 5' primer mix, 3'
primer mix and 7.5 microliters of cDNA. The 5' and 3' primer mix of
both VH and VL can be made by pooling together 22 pmole and 28
pmole, respectively, of each of the individual primers. PCR
conditions are: 96.degree. C. for 5 minutes; followed by 25 cycles
of 94.degree. C. for 1 minute, 50.degree. C. for 1 minute, and
72.degree. C. for 1 minute; followed by an extension cycle of
72.degree. C. for 10 minutes. After the reaction is completed,
sample tubes were stored 4.degree. C.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Primer Sequences Used to Amplify VH and VL
domains. SEQ ID Primer name NO Primer Sequence (5'-3') VH Primers
Hu VH1-5' 6 CAGGTGCAGCTGGTGCAGTCTGG Hu VH2-5' 7
CAGGTCAACTTAAGGGAGTCTGG Hu VH3-5' 8 GAGGTGCAGCTGGTGGAGTCTGG Hu
VH4-5' 9 CAGGTGCAGCTGCAGGAGTCGGG Hu VH5-5' 10
GAGGTGCAGCTGTTGCAGTCTGC Hu VH6-5' 11 CAGGTACAGCTGCAGCAGTCAGG Hu
JH1,2-5' 12 TGAGGAGACGGTGACCAGGGTGCC Hu JH3-5' 13
TGAAGAGACGGTGACCATTGTCCC Hu JH4,5-5' 14 TGAGGAGACGGTGACCAGGGTTCC Hu
JH6-5' 15 TGAGGAGACGGTGACCGTGGTCCC VL Primers Hu Vkappa1-5' 16
GACATCCAGATGACCCAGTCTCC Hu Vkappa2a-5' 17 GATGTTGTGATGACTCAGTCTCC
Hu Vkappa2b-5' 18 GATATTGTGATGACTCAGTCTCC Hu Vkappa3-5' 19
GAAATTGTGTTGACGCAGTCTCC Hu Vkappa4-5' 20 GACATCGTGATGACCCAGTCTCC Hu
Vkappa5-5' 21 GAAACGACACTCACGCAGTCTCC Hu Vkappa6-5' 22
GAAATTGTGCTGACTCAGTCTCC Hu Vlambda1-5' 23 CAGTCTGTGTTGACGCAGCCGCC
Hu Vlambda2-5' 24 CAGTCTGCCCTGACTCAGCCTGC Hu Vlambda3-5' 25
TCCTATGTGCTGACTCAGCCACC Hu Vlambda3b-5' 26 TCTTCTGAGCTGACTCAGGACCC
Hu Vlambda4-5' 27 CACGTTATACTGACTCAACCGCC Hu Vlambda5-5' 28
CAGGCTGTGCTCACTCAGCCGTC Hu Vlambda6-5' 29 AATTTTATGCTGACTCAGCCCCA
Hu Jkappa1-3' 30 ACGTTTGATTTCCACCTTGGTCCC Hu Jkappa2-3' 31
ACGTTTGATCTCCAGCTTGGTCCC Hu Jkappa3-3' 32 ACGTTTGATATCCACTTTGGTCCC
Hu Jkappa4-3' 33 ACGTTTGATCTCCACCTTGGTCCC Hu Jkappa5-3' 34
ACGTTTAATCTCCAGTCGTGTCCC Hu Jlambda1-3' 35 CAGTCTGTGTTGACGCAGCCGCC
Hu Jlambda2-3' 36 CAGTCTGCCCTGACTCAGCCTGC Hu Jlambda3--3' 37
TCCTATGTGCTGACTCAGCCACC Hu Jlambda3b-3' 38 TCTTCTGAGCTGACTCAGGACCC
Hu Jlambda4-3' 39 CACGTTATACTGACTCAACCGCC Hu Jlambda5-3' 40
CAGGCTGTGCTCACTCAGCCGTC Hu Jlambda6-3' 41
AATTTTATGCTGACTCAGCCCCA
[0387] PCR samples are then electrophoresed on a 1.3% agarose gel.
DNA bands of the expected sizes (-506 base pairs for VH domains,
and 344 base pairs for VL domains) can be cut out of the gel and
purified using methods well known in the art. Purified PCR products
can be ligated into a PCR cloning vector (TA vector from Invitrogen
Inc., Carlsbad, Calif.). Individual cloned PCR products can be
isolated after transfection of E. coli and blue/white color
selection. Cloned PCR products may then be sequenced using methods
commonly known in the art.
Example 7
Kinetics of PA binding Analyzed by BIACORE
[0388] For BIAcore analysis, PA and PA heptamer were immobilized on
individual flow cells of a BIAcore.TM. CM5 sensor chip. The PA
monoclonal antibodies, PWD0283 and PWD0587 (IgG1 format), were
diluted from 50 .mu.g/mL (333 nM) to 0.625 .mu.g/mL (4.1 nM). Each
concentration was in contact with the PA proteins during a 4-minute
association phase. The off-rate of the anti-PA monoclonal
antibodies was determined by washing the complex in the presence of
buffer for 5 minutes. The binding data were analyzed using the
BIAevaluation software, Version 3.1. The kinetics of anti-PA
monoclonal antibody binding to PA and to PA heptamer are summarized
in Tables 6 and 7, respectively. Both PWD0283 and PWD0587
antibodies showed high affinity binding to both PA and its
heptamer.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Kinetics of anti-PA monoclonal antibody
binding to PA Anti-PA mAb ka (1/Ms) kd (1/s) KD (M) PWD0283 4.46
.times. 10.sup.6 1.03 .times. 10.sup.-3 2.32 .times. 10.sup.-10
PWD0587 2.44 .times. 10.sup.5 5.30 .times. 10.sup.-4 2.17 .times.
10.sup.-9 ka (1/Ms, association rate constant; kd (1/s),
dissociation rate constant; KD (M)
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Kinetics of anti-PA monoclonal antibody
binding to PA heptamer Anti-PA mAb ka (1/Ms) kd (1/s) KD (M)
PWD0283 2.28 .times. 10.sup.6 4.26 .times. 10.sup.-4 1.87 .times.
10.sup.-10 PWD0587 3.23 .times. 10.sup.5 6.50 .times. 10.sup.-5
2.01 .times. 10.sup.-10 ka (1/Ms, association rate constant; kd
(1/s), dissociation rate constant; KD (M)
Example 8
Inhibition of Lethal Toxin Mediated Cell Killing by Anti-PA
Antibodies
[0389] The ability of anti-PA antibodies to inhibit cell killing
caused by lethal toxin (PA/LF) was evaluated using J774A.1, murine
macrophage cell line (Quinn et al, (1991) J. Biol. Chem.
266:20124-20130, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).
The cells were seeded in a 96-well micro titer plate and incubated
overnight. The next day, fresh medium containing 100 ng/mL PA was
added. Then, 20 .mu.L of DMEM (containing 100 ng/mL PA) and 50
ng/mL LF was added. Cells were incubated for 3 hrs. To detect
viable cells after lethal toxin treatment, 20 .mu.L of CellTiter 96
AQ.sub.ueous One Solution Reagent (PROMEGA.TM.) was added to each
well and cells were incubated for 2.5 hrs. Plates were then read at
490 nm using SpectraMax250 (Molecular Devices). CellTiter 96
AQ.sub.ueous One Solution Reagent contains a tetrazolium compound
which is bioreduced by metabolically active cells into a soluble
colored formazan product. The quantity of formazan product as
measured by absorbance at 490 nm is directly proportional to the
number of living cells.
[0390] The ability of PA mAb, PWD0283 and PWD05687, to inhibit cell
killing was compared with a negative control IgG1 mAb (CAT002). As
shown in FIG. 4, PWD0283 and PWD0587 both inhibited lethal
toxin-induced cell killing in a dose-dependent manner.
Example 9
Prophylactic Use of Anti-PA Antibodies
[0391] Fisher 344 rats are highly susceptible to the lethal effects
of systemic doses of lethal toxin (Sellman et al., (2001) Science
292:695-697 and Ivins et al., (1989) Applied and Environmental
Microbiology 55:2098-2100, both of which are herein incorporated by
reference in their entireties). Lethal toxin is the combination of
the receptor-binding component, PA and the metalloprotease, LF, of
B. anthracis. The following studies were performed to examine the
ability of anti-PA antibodies to act prophylactically by
intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC) or intramuscular (IM)
administration when administered at various times before single or
multiple injections of lethal toxin (also referred to as "PA/LF" in
this example and Example 10). In these studies, the time to
morbundity (TTM) was measured and the number of animals surviving
at 24 hours were counted. The average TTM following injection of
lethal toxin is approximately 90 minutes. Animals that survived
past 24 hours were euthanized. PA (83 kilodaltons) was formulated
at a concentration of 0.45 mg/mL in a buffer containing 50 mM
NaPO.sub.4 and then diluted with phosphate-buffered normal saline
to concentrations of 0.1125 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL. A volume of 0.2 mL
delivered 0.0225 mg or 0.04 mg of PA. Doses of 0.09 mg/kg or 0.16
mg/kg were used. The dose 0.09 mg/kg was based on the lowest
concentration needed to produce 100% lethality. The doses of PA
monoclonal antibody and control monoclonal antibody used were in
10-fold molar excess of the PA dose.
[0392] Recombinant lethal factor (LF) from B. anthracis; List
Biological Laboratories, Inc. (408.866.6363); Lot 1721B was
provided as a lyophilized powder. When reconstituted with 1 mL
sterile water for injection, the solution contained 1.0 mg LF in a
buffer of 5 mM HEPES and 50 mM NaCl. It was then diluted with
phosphate-buffered normal saline to a concentration of 0.040 mg/mL.
A volume of 0.2 mL delivered 0.008 mg of LF. A dose of 0.032 mg/kg
was used. This dose was based on the lowest concentration needed to
produce 100% lethality.
Prophylactic Study 1: IV Administration of Anti-PA Antibodies 60
Minutes Prior to Injection of Lethal Toxin
[0393] In this study, the effects of PA mAb administered 60 minutes
prior to a single intravenous injection of PA/LF were examined.
Male Fisher 344 rats (n=5/treatment) were assigned to the groups
shown in Table 8. Sixty minutes before intravenous injection of
PA/LF, animals received either anti-PA monoclonal antibodies
(PWD0283 or PWD0587 in IgG1 format), a negative IgG1 control
monoclonal antibody (CAT002), vehicle, or no study agent by
intravenous injection.
[0394] As shown in Table 8 and FIG. 5, a single intravenous
injection of PWD0283 or PWD0587 60 minutes prior to injection of
lethal toxin provided 100% survival at 24 hours with no apparent
ill effects. In contrast, a single injection of the negative
control mAb, CAT002, provided no protection with 0% survival and an
average TTM of 100 minutes. Vehicle or no study agent also provided
no protection with 0% survival and an average TTM of 99 minutes and
91 minutes, respectively. In a separate study, rats receiving mAb
alone without PA/LF showed no adverse effects.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Time of Study Agent relative to Study LF
PA/LF Agent PA (mg/ % TTM Group n (min) (3 mg/kg) (mg/kg) kg)
Survival (minutes) 1 5 -60 PWD0283 0.16 0.032 100 -- 2 5 -60
PWD0587 0.16 0.032 100 -- 3 5 -60 CAT002 0.16 0.032 0 100 4 5 -60
vehicle 0.16 0.032 0 99 5 5 -- -- 0.16 0.032 0 91
Prophylactic Study 2: SC and IM Administration of anti-PA
Antibodies 60 Minutes Prior to Injection of Lethal Toxin
[0395] Because intravenous administration of anti-PA antibodies
given 1 hour prior to lethal toxin was completely protective
against lethal toxin, the experiment was repeated giving the
anti-PA antibodies by SC or IM administration 60 minutes prior to
the lethal toxin to examine these routes of PA mAb administration.
Male Fisher 344 rats (n=5/treatment) were assigned to the groups
shown in Table 9. Sixty minutes before administration of PA/LF,
animals received either PA mAb (PWD0283 or PWD0587), or a negative
control antibody (CAT002).
[0396] SC administration of PWD0283 or PWD0587 (Table 9) 1 hour
prior to lethal toxin administration provided no protection with 0%
survival and an average TTM of 105 minutes and 145 minutes,
respectively. IM administration of PWD0283 or PWD0587 (Table 9) 1
hour prior to lethal toxin administration provided 80% survival.
The TTM's of the non-surviving animals were 240 minutes and 124
minutes, respectively, for the anti-PA monoclonal antibodies.
Administration of CAT002 by either route of administration as a
negative control provided no protection against the lethal effects
of systemic lethal toxin. All rats in the route-matched control
groups exhibited the expected SYMPTOMS of animals exposed to toxic
levels of PA/LF. TTM in the control animals ranged from 85 to 93
minutes.
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Time of Study Agent relative to Study PA/LF
Agent Route of PA LF % TTM Group N (min) (3 mg/kg) Administration
(mg/kg) (mg/kg) Survival (minutes) 1 5 -60 PWD0283 SC 0.09 0.032 0
145 2 5 -60 PWD0283 IM 0.09 0.032 80 240 3 5 -60 PWD0587 SC 0.09
0.032 0 105 4 5 -60 PWD0587 IM 0.09 0.032 80 124 5 5 -60 CAT002 SC
0.09 0.032 0 85 6 5 -60 CAT002 IM 0.09 0.032 0 93
Prophylactic Study 3: IV, SC and 1M Administration of Anti-PA
Antibodies 24 Hours Prior to Injection of Lethal Toxin
[0397] Because administration of anti-PA antibodies given SC or IM
1 hour prior to lethal toxin was only partially protective, the
experiment was repeated giving the anti-PA antibodies 24 hours
prior to the lethal toxin, to allow the antibody more time to
distribute in the animals. In this study, anti-PA antibodies were
administered by SC, IM or IV injection 24 hours prior to a single
intravenous injection of PA/LF. Male Fisher 344 rats
(n=5/treatment) were assigned to the groups shown in Table 10
Twenty-four hours before administration of PA/LF, animals received
either PA mAb (PWD0283 or PWD0587), or a negative control mAb
(CAT002).
[0398] As shown in Table 10, a single SC, IM or IV injection of
PWD0283 or PWD0587 24 hours prior to injection of lethal toxin
provided 100% survival at 24 hours with no apparent ill effects. In
contrast, a single injection of the negative control mAb, CAT002,
regardless of route of administration, provided no protection with
0% survival and an average TTM of 100 minutes. In a separate study,
rats receiving anti-PA antibodies alone without PA/LF showed no
adverse effects.
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Time of Study Agent relative to Study PA/LF
Agent Route of PA LF % TTM Group N (min) (3 mg/kg) Administration
(mg/kg) (mg/kg) Survival (minutes) 1 5 -24 PWD0283 SC 0.09 0.032
100 -- 2 5 -24 PWD0283 IM 0.09 0.032 100 -- 3 5 -24 PWD0283 IV 0.09
0.032 100 -- 4 5 -24 PWD0587 SC 0.09 0.032 100 -- 5 5 -24 PWD0587
IM 0.09 0.032 100 -- 6 5 -24 PWD0587 IV 0.09 0.032 100 -- 7 5 -24
CAT002 SC 0.09 0.032 0 88 8 5 -24 CAT002 IM 0.09 0.032 0 90 9 5 -24
CAT002 0.09 0.032 0 92
Prophylactic Study 4: Duration of Protective Effect of a Single IV
Administration of Anti-PA Antibodies Against Multiple Lethal Toxin
Challenge
[0399] The previous studies established that prophylactic
administration of PWD0587 and PWD0283 protected Fisher 344 rats
exposed to a lethal dose of anthrax toxin. The following study was
designed to establish if administration of anti-PA antibodies would
provide protection with recurrent multi-day administrations of
lethal toxin.
[0400] Male Fisher 344 Rats (F344) were randomly assigned to groups
of 5 as shown in Table 11. One injection of PWD0283 or PWD0587 was
injected intravenously 1 hour prior to the first PA/LF injection on
Day 1. The dose of antibody administered was approximately 10-fold
higher than the PA in a single dose of lethal toxin on a molar
basis. To provide sufficient control animals for the duration of
the experiment 65 rats received CAT002 on Day 1. To assure
lethality of the toxin, 5 rats from the CAT002 group were dosed
each day parallel to the dosing of the PA mAb groups. Lethal toxin
was administered on subsequent days to the animals surviving from
the previous day. This study reports the data for 11 injections of
lethal toxin through 15 days.
[0401] On Day 1, a single injection of PWD0283 or PWD0587 60
minutes prior to injection of lethal toxin provided 100% survival,
replicating the results observed in the previous studies. Moreover,
the single injection of PWD0283 or PWD0587 continued to provide
100% protection after 11 subsequent lethal toxin injections over 15
days (Table 11). Administration of the negative control mAb,
CAT002, provided no protection 0% survival) in any of the
day-matched control groups. The TTM in the day-matched controls
ranged from 79 to 113 minutes.
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Time of Study Agent relative Day/ to Study
No. of PA/LF Agent Route of PA LF PA/LF % TTM Group N (min) (3
mg/kg) Administration (mg/kg) (mg/kg) challenges Survival (minutes)
1 5 -24 PWD0283 IV 0.09 0.032 15/11 100 -- 2 5 -24 PWD0587 IV 0.09
0.032 15/11 100 -- 3 65 -24 CAT002 IV 0.09 0.032 15/1* 0 79-113
*Each set of 5 rats in Group 3, only received 1 challenge
[0402] Importantly, this study does not establish the maximum
duration of the protective effect. Furthermore, repeated
administration of PA/LF may have allowed the animals to develop
their own protective immune response against PA. Indeed, daily
administration of PA only, but not of LF only, for 14 consecutive
days, allows rats to survive a PA/LF challenge at day 14 (data not
shown). This result is likely explained by the rats' generation of
endogenous protective titers of neutralizing anti-PA
antibodies.
Prophylactic Study 5: Protective duration of single IV
administration of anti-PA monoclonal antibodies
[0403] The following study was designed to establish the duration
of time which a single IV administration of anti-PA antibody would
be protective against a single lethal toxin challenge.
[0404] Male Fisher 344 Rats (F344) were randomly assigned to groups
of 5. Three, seven or fourteen days prior to PA/LF challenge, rats
were given a single IV administration of PWD0283. Alternatively,
seven, fourteen or twenty-one days prior to PA/LF challenge, rats
were given a single IV administration of PWD0587. The dose of
antibody administered was 1.5 mg/kg, which is approximately 10-fold
higher than the PA in a single dose of lethal toxin on a molar
basis. Control rats were given the an isotype-matched,
non-PA-binding, control antibody (CAT002). PWD0283 fully protected
(100% survival) rats from PA/LF when given three days prior to
lethal toxin challenge, and protected 60% of animals (as measured
24 hours following PA/LF challenge) when administered seven days
prior to challenge. Administration of PWD0283 14 days prior to
PA/LF challenge was not protective. PWD0587 fully protected (100%
survival) rats from PA/LF (as measured 24 hours following PA/LF
challenge) when administered seven, fourteen or twenty-one days
prior to challenge. Control antibody was not protective at any time
point.
[0405] Together, the results of prophylactic studies 4 and 5
demonstrate that in addition to being protective against single or
multiple challenges of PA/LF, the antibodies of the present
invention are useful, for example, as passive immunotherapy, until
such time as an individual can develop endogenous protective
anti-PA antibody titers through vaccination or infection.
Example 10
Dose Response of Prophylactic Monoclonal Antibody Treatment
[0406] Using the experimental approach defined in Example 8,
Prophylactic Study 1 (with the exception that 0.09 mg/kg, rather
than 0.16 mg/kg, of PA was injected in the PA/LF injection), the
quantity of anti-PA antibody administered was titrated to determine
the minimum amount of antibody that would be protective. It was
determined that doses of antibody equal to 10.times., 1.times.,
0.75.times., and 0.5.times. the molarity of PA injected allowed for
100% survival of animals, as measured 24 hours post PA/LF
challenge. That is, doses as little as 0.075 mg/kg (0.136
nanomoles) of either PWD0283 or PWD0587 were fully protective when
the PA/LF challenge comprised 0.09 mg/kg of PA (0.0272 nanomoles)
and 0.032 mg/kg of LF (0.089 nanomoles). Doses of PWD0283 and
PWD0587 antibody at one-quarter the molarity (0.038 mg/kg) of PA
injected allowed 80% and 60% of the animals challenged to survive
at least 24 hours (n=5/group). Doses of antibody one-tenth the
molarity (0.015 mg/kg) of PA injected were not protective, although
TTM was slightly extended to approximately 150 minutes compared to
animals injected with the control antibody, CAT002, where TTM was
approximately 100 minutes.
Example 11
Efficacy of Anti-PA Monoclonal Antibody Against Aerosolized Anthrax
in The Rabbit Model
[0407] The following study was designed to test the efficacy of an
anti-PA antibody, administered as either a prophylactic or a
therapeutic, of preventing or delaying death due to inhalational
exposure to Bacillus anthracis.
[0408] New Zealand White Rabbits (2.5-3.5 kg from Covance, Inc.)
were randomly assigned to six groups, each containing 12 animals
evenly divided between male and female. Animals in each group were
each challenged aerosol inhalation of anthrax spores, either after
or prior to receiving anti-PA antibody or vehicle control. Group I
was a control group that received no antibody treatment. Groups
II-IV received a single prophylactic dose of 1, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg
of anti-PA antibody (PWD0587), respectively, administered
subcutaneously 2 days prior to B. anthracis spore challenge. Group
IV received a single therapeutic dose of 40 mg/kg of anti-PA
antibody (PWD0587) administered intravenously one hour after B.
anthracis spore challenge. Animals were exposed via aerosolization
to a target dose of 100.times.LD.sub.50 of B. anthracis spores.
Post-exposure measurements indicated that animals were actually
exposed to spore challenge dose of 196.times.LD.sub.50.
[0409] Observations: Clinical observations were recorded twice
daily from receipt of rabbits until death. Body weights were
recorded twice pre-dose, at dosing and at necropsy (data not
shown). Food consumption (ad libitium) was confirmed by visual
inspection. All animals that died or were euthanized due to
moribundity had gross necropsy performed and recorded.
[0410] Blood collection: Blood collections were taken on days--7,
7, and 14 for hematology and serum chemistry as well as for
determination of serum PA protein and anti-PA Antibody levels
(results not shown). Serum PA protein and anti-PA antibody levels
were also determined for blood collections taken at days 1, 2 and 4
(data not shown). Bacteremia was determined at Days 2, 7, 14 and at
death (see below).
[0411] Study Termination: 14 days post-challenge, following blood
collection, surviving animals were euthanized and a complete
necropsy was performed and recorded. Tissue samples from all deaths
(scheduled or unscheduled) were collected from liver, lung,
mediastinal lymph node, spleen, kidney and brain.
[0412] Results: The efficacy of the treatments was assessed in
three ways. First, the number of animals surviving at least 14 days
post-challenge was recorded. Second, if animals died within the two
weeks post challenge, the time to death was recorded. Third, the
bacteremia of the blood at 2, 7 and 14 days post-challenge and at
death was also assessed.
[0413] Results of this experiment are shown in FIG. 6 and Table 1
below. All statistical tests are 2-sided and performed at the 5%
level of significance.
[0414] The percentage of animals surviving to 14 days
post-challenge among the vehicle control and PA mAb treated groups
were compared using the Fisher's exact test. The survival at 14
days post-challenge is significantly different among the vehicle
control and PA mAb treated groups (p-value <0.0001, Table 1).
Compared with the vehicle control group (survival at Day 14=0%),
the survival at Day 14 is significantly higher in the 5.0 mg/kg sc
group (42%, p-value=0.0373), in both 10 mg/kg sc and 20 mg/kg sc
groups (83%, p-value <0.0001), and in the 40 mg/kg iv group
(100%, p-value <0.0001).
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Summary of the survival at Day 14 among all
rabbits (N = 12 per group) Treatment Survivors P-value vs. Control
.sup.a Vehicle 0 (0%) 1 mg/kg sc 0 (0%) NA 5 mg/kg sc 5 (42%)
0.0373 10 mg/kg sc 10 (83%) <0.0001 20 mg/kg sc 10 (83%)
<0.0001 40 mg/kg iv 12 (100%) <0.0001 .sup.a obtained from a
2-sided Fisher's exact test. The p-values for the comparison among
all groups are <0.0001, regardless of the inclusion or exclusion
of the 40 mg/kg iv group in the analysis.
[0415] The Cochran-Armitage test was used to examine the dose
response trend of the survival at 14 days post-challenge among the
vehicle control and PA mAb sc treated groups. There is a
significant dose-response trend with respect to the survival at day
14 (p-value <0.0001). The percentage of animals of surviving to
day 14 increase significantly as the dose level of PA mAb (PWD
0587) increases.
[0416] The survival time from spore challenge to death was analyzed
using a log-rank test. The survival time for the rabbits that
survived at the end of follow-up is censored at the 14-day study
period. The survival time of the rabbits is significantly different
among the vehicle control and PA mAb treated groups (p-value
<0.0001, FIG. 1). Compared with the vehicle control group
(median survival time=2 days), the median survival times are 3 days
in the 1 mg/kg sc group (p-value=0.0002), 6.5 days in the 5 mg/kg
sc group (value <0.0001), and more than 14 days in the 10 mg/kg
sc, 20 mg/kg sc, and 40 mg/kg iv groups (all values <0.0001),
respectively.
[0417] The incidence of bacteremia in blood samples was also
analyzed (See Table 13).
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Number of Animals with Bacteremia at Day 2,
Day 7 or at Death Treatment Day 2 Day 7.sup.A Death (see FIG. 6)
Vehicle 12/12 NA 11/12 animals died on Day 2; 1 animal survived to
Day 3 1 mg/kg sc 0/12 NA 12/12 animals died prior to Day 7; 10/12
animals were bacteremic at death 5 mg/kg sc 0/12 0/5 7/12 animals
died on or prior to Day 7. 5 of those 7 animals were bacteremic at
death 10 mg/kg sc 0/12 1/10 One animal died at day 6. A second
animal died at day 7. Neither of these animals were bacteremic at
death. 20 mg/kg sc 1/12.sup.B 1/10 One animal died at day 5. A
second animal died at day 7. One of the animals was bacteremic at
death. 40 mg/kg iv 0/12 0/12 12/12 animals survived to Day 14. No
bacteremia was observed in 12/12 animals. .sup.ABacteremia of
surviving animals indicated. .sup.BBacteremic animal at day 2
survived.
[0418] In summary, subcutaneous administration of anti-PA
monoclonal antibody 2 days prior to lethal challenge with anthrax
spores significantly prolongs time to death and/or increases the
survival rate of challenged animals. Bacteremia was most often
associated with found dead or moribund necropsied rabbits.
Preliminary results showed no evidence of gross pathology at
terminal necropsy.
Example 12
Cynomolgus Monkey Inhalation Spore Challenge Study
[0419] The following study was designed to examine the efficacy of
an anti-PA monoclonal antibody, administered as a prophylactic
treatment, against lethality due to inhalational exposure to
Bacillus anthracis in cynomolgus monkeys.
[0420] 40 cynomolgus monkeys were randomly assigned to four groups,
each containing 10 animals. Animals in each group were each
challenged via aerosol inhalation of anthrax spores, 2 days after
receiving anti-PA antibody (PWD0587) at 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg or
vehicle control. Animals were exposed via aerosolization to a
target dose of 100.times.LD.sub.50 of B. anthracis spores.
Post-exposure measurements indicated that animals were actually
exposed to spore challenge dose of 186.times.LD.sub.50.
Statistical Methods
[0421] The primary efficacy endpoint is survival at Day 28
following spore challenge. Difference in 28-day survival between
any one of the PA mAb treated groups and the vehicle control group
are evaluated by 2-tailed Fisher's exact test. The secondary
efficacy endpoint is survival time, defined as the time from spore
challenge to death during the 28-day study. The Cochran-Armitage
test is used to examine the dose response trend among the
groups.
[0422] The survival time from spore challenge to death was analyzed
using a log-rank test. The survival time for the monkeys that
survived at the end of follow-up is censored at the 28-day study
period. All statistical tests are 2-sided and performed at the 5%
level of significance.
Results
[0423] FIG. 7 shows the percent survival of cynomolgus monkeys
prophylactically treated with anti-PA monoclonal antibody PWD0587
(IgG1 format) and challenged with a lethal aerosolized dose of B.
anthracis spores. Survival is significantly different among the
vehicle control and PA mAb treated groups (P value=0.0002).
Compared with the vehicle control group, survival is significantly
higher in the 10 mg/kg group (60%, P value=0.0108), the 20 mg/kg
group (70%, P value=0.0031), and 40 mg/kg group (90%, P
value=0.0001) (Table 14). There is a significant dose-response
trend with respect to survival (P value=0.0002). The survival at
Day 28 increases significantly as the dose level of PWD0587
increases.
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Survival in monkey study Treatment
Survivors P Value vs. Control .sup.a Vehicle 0 (0%) 10 mg/kg 6
(60%) 0.0108 20 mg/kg 7 (70%) 0.0031 40 mg/kg 9 (90%) 0.0001 .sup.a
obtained from a 2-sided Fisher's exact test. The P value = 0.0002
for the comparison among all groups.
[0424] The survival time of the monkeys is significantly different
among the vehicle control and PA mAb treated groups (P value
<0.0001, FIG. 7). Compared with the vehicle control group
(median survival time=4 days), the median survival times in all 3
PWD0587 treatment groups are significantly longer (more than 28
days; all P values .ltoreq.0.0005), FIG. 7. None of the surviving
PA mAb-treated animals had positive (bacteremic) blood cultures at
Days 7, 14, or 21 or 28.
Example 13
Detection of Neutralizing Antibodies Against Anthrax Protective
Antigen by Edema Factor-Mediated cAMP Induction Assay
[0425] As described above, antibodies that neutralize the
biological activity of PA protein can be identified by using a
rubidium release assay such as the one described in Example 5
and/or a lethal toxin mediated cell killing assay such as the one
described in Example 8. An additional assay which can be used to
identify neutralizing antibodies against PA is an edema
factor-mediated cAMP induction assay. This bioassay is based upon
the ability of edema factor, a bacterial adenylate cyclase
dependent upon PA for entry into cells, to bind PA and enter cells
leading to a measurable increase in cAMP. In the presence of
antibodies that neutralize PA, edema factor (EF) is inhibited from
entering cells and reduced cAMP levels are observed.
[0426] Briefly, cells expressing anthrax receptor are exposed to
edema toxin (PA+EF). Levels of cAMP in the cells are measured by
any method known in the art, for example by ELISA using an
anti-cAMP antibody. The ability of an antibody to inhibit edema
toxin mediated increases in intracellular levels cAMP can be
assayed by pre-incubating the edema toxin with a test antibody and
then exposing the cells expressing anthrax receptor with the
antibody/edema toxin mixture.
[0427] By way of non-limiting example, cAMP levels induced by edema
factor, and the inhibition of same by anti-PA antibodies of the
invention, can be measured using the following assay. 4000 Chinese
Hamster Ovary cells in 100 microliters of CHO culture medium (CCM;
F-12K growth medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented
with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 units/ml penicillin and 100
micrograms/ml streptomycin) are seeded into cAMP-Direct ELISA
plates (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.; Cat No. T1507).
Cells are incubated at 37.degree. C., 5% CO.sub.2, greater than 85%
relative humidity while test samples are prepared.
[0428] In a separate assay plate, test antibodies starting at a
concentration of 60 micrograms/milliliter in CCM/IBMX (CCM
supplemented with 250 micromoles 3-isobutyl-1 methylxanthine) are
diluted 3-fold for a total 10 serial dilutions in CCM/IBMX. 75
microliters of each dilution of antibody is then added to 75
microliters of PA/EF solution (1200 nanograms/milliliter PA and 100
nanograms/milliliter EF in CCM/IBMX). anti-PA/edema toxin mixture
is incubated at 37.degree. C., 5% CO.sub.2 for one hour.
[0429] At the end of the hour, the cell culture medium supernatant
from the cAMP-Direct ELISA plates onto which CHO cells have been
plated (described above), is removed. Then 100 microliters of the
anti-PA/edema toxin mixture is added to the wells containing the
cells which are then incubated at 37.degree. C., 5% CO.sub.2 for
one hour. At the end of the hour, the anti-PA/edema toxin mixture
is removed and 60 microliters of lysis buffer is added to the
cells. From this point forward, the cAMP-Direct ELISA is completed
according to the manufacturer's instructions. In the absence of
neutralizing antibody, cAMP levels induced by edema toxin are
approximately 100 fold greater than that induced by controls (e.g.
samples containing no EF).
[0430] It will be clear that the invention may be practiced
otherwise than as particularly described in the foregoing
description and examples. Numerous modifications and variations of
the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings
and, therefore, are within the scope of the appended claims.
[0431] The entire disclosure of all publications (including
patents, patent applications, journal articles, laboratory manuals,
books, or other documents) cited herein are hereby incorporated by
reference.
[0432] Further, the Sequence Listing submitted herewith, in both
computer and paper forms, is hereby incorporated by reference in
its entirety.
[0433] The entire disclosure (including the specification, sequence
listing, and drawings) of each of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
10/602,727, filed Jun. 25, 2003 and U.S. Provisional Application
Nos. 60/391,162, filed Jun. 26, 2002, 60/406,339, filed Aug. 28,
2002, 60/417,305, filed Oct. 10, 2002, 60/426,360, filed Nov. 15,
2002, 60/434,807, filed Dec. 20, 2002, 60/438,004, filed Jan. 6,
2003, 60/443,858 filed Jan. 31, 2003, 60/443,781, filed Jan. 31,
2003, 60/454,613 filed Mar. 17, 2003, and 60/468,651 filed May 8,
2003 is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Sequence CWU 1
1
53512295DNABacillus anthracisCDS(1)..(2295) 1atg aaa aag cgt aaa
gtt ctg atc ccg ctg atg gct ctg tct acc atc 48Met Lys Lys Arg Lys
Val Leu Ile Pro Leu Met Ala Leu Ser Thr Ile1 5 10 15ctg gtt tct agc
acc ggt aac ctg gaa gta atc cag gct gaa gtt aaa 96Leu Val Ser Ser
Thr Gly Asn Leu Glu Val Ile Gln Ala Glu Val Lys 20 25 30cag gaa aac
cgt ctg ctc aac gaa tct gag tct tcc tct cag ggc ctg 144Gln Glu Asn
Arg Leu Leu Asn Glu Ser Glu Ser Ser Ser Gln Gly Leu 35 40 45ctg ggt
tac tat ttc tct gac ctg aac ttc cag gca ccg atg gtt gta 192Leu Gly
Tyr Tyr Phe Ser Asp Leu Asn Phe Gln Ala Pro Met Val Val 50 55 60act
tct tcc acc acc ggc gac ctg tct att ccg tct tct gaa ctg gag 240Thr
Ser Ser Thr Thr Gly Asp Leu Ser Ile Pro Ser Ser Glu Leu Glu65 70 75
80aac atc ccg tct gaa aac cag tac ttc cag tct gct atc tgg tct ggt
288Asn Ile Pro Ser Glu Asn Gln Tyr Phe Gln Ser Ala Ile Trp Ser Gly
85 90 95ttc att aaa gtt aag aaa tct gac gaa tac acc ttc gct act tct
gca 336Phe Ile Lys Val Lys Lys Ser Asp Glu Tyr Thr Phe Ala Thr Ser
Ala 100 105 110gat aac cac gtt act atg tgg gta gac gac cag gaa gtt
atc aac aaa 384Asp Asn His Val Thr Met Trp Val Asp Asp Gln Glu Val
Ile Asn Lys 115 120 125gct tct aac tct aac aaa atc cgt ctg gaa aaa
ggc cgt ctg tac cag 432Ala Ser Asn Ser Asn Lys Ile Arg Leu Glu Lys
Gly Arg Leu Tyr Gln 130 135 140atc aag att caa tac caa cgt gaa aac
ccg acc gag aaa ggt ctg gac 480Ile Lys Ile Gln Tyr Gln Arg Glu Asn
Pro Thr Glu Lys Gly Leu Asp145 150 155 160ttc aaa ctg tac tgg acc
gac tct cag aac aag aaa gaa gtt atc tct 528Phe Lys Leu Tyr Trp Thr
Asp Ser Gln Asn Lys Lys Glu Val Ile Ser 165 170 175tcc gac aac ctg
cag ctg ccg gaa ctg aaa cag aaa tct tcc aac tct 576Ser Asp Asn Leu
Gln Leu Pro Glu Leu Lys Gln Lys Ser Ser Asn Ser 180 185 190cgt aaa
aag cgt tct act tct gct ggt ccg acc gtt ccg gac cgt gat 624Arg Lys
Lys Arg Ser Thr Ser Ala Gly Pro Thr Val Pro Asp Arg Asp 195 200
205aac gac ggt att ccg gac tct ctg gaa gtt gaa ggc tac acc gta gac
672Asn Asp Gly Ile Pro Asp Ser Leu Glu Val Glu Gly Tyr Thr Val Asp
210 215 220gtt aaa aac aaa cgt acc ttc ctg tct ccg tgg atc tct aac
atc cac 720Val Lys Asn Lys Arg Thr Phe Leu Ser Pro Trp Ile Ser Asn
Ile His225 230 235 240gaa aag aaa ggt ctg acc aaa tac aaa tct tcc
ccg gag aaa tgg tct 768Glu Lys Lys Gly Leu Thr Lys Tyr Lys Ser Ser
Pro Glu Lys Trp Ser 245 250 255acc gct tct gat ccg tac tct gac ttc
gaa aaa gtt act ggt cgt atc 816Thr Ala Ser Asp Pro Tyr Ser Asp Phe
Glu Lys Val Thr Gly Arg Ile 260 265 270gac aaa aac gtt tct ccg gaa
gct cgt cac ccg ctg gta gca gcg tac 864Asp Lys Asn Val Ser Pro Glu
Ala Arg His Pro Leu Val Ala Ala Tyr 275 280 285ccg atc gtt cac gtt
gac atg gaa aac att atc ctg tct aaa aac gaa 912Pro Ile Val His Val
Asp Met Glu Asn Ile Ile Leu Ser Lys Asn Glu 290 295 300gac cag tct
acc cag aac acc gac tct caa act cgt acc atc tct aaa 960Asp Gln Ser
Thr Gln Asn Thr Asp Ser Gln Thr Arg Thr Ile Ser Lys305 310 315
320aac acc tct acc tct cgt act cac acc tct gaa gtt cac ggt aac gct
1008Asn Thr Ser Thr Ser Arg Thr His Thr Ser Glu Val His Gly Asn Ala
325 330 335gag gtt cac gct tct ttc ttt gac atc ggt ggc tct gta tct
gct ggt 1056Glu Val His Ala Ser Phe Phe Asp Ile Gly Gly Ser Val Ser
Ala Gly 340 345 350ttc tct aac tct aac tct tct acc gtt gca atc gac
cac tct ctg tct 1104Phe Ser Asn Ser Asn Ser Ser Thr Val Ala Ile Asp
His Ser Leu Ser 355 360 365ctg gct ggt gaa cgt acc tgg gct gaa act
atg ggc ctg aac acc gca 1152Leu Ala Gly Glu Arg Thr Trp Ala Glu Thr
Met Gly Leu Asn Thr Ala 370 375 380gac acc gct cgt ctg aac gct aac
atc cgt tac gtt aac acc ggc acc 1200Asp Thr Ala Arg Leu Asn Ala Asn
Ile Arg Tyr Val Asn Thr Gly Thr385 390 395 400gct ccg atc tac aac
gtt ctg ccg act acc tct ctg gta ctg ggt aaa 1248Ala Pro Ile Tyr Asn
Val Leu Pro Thr Thr Ser Leu Val Leu Gly Lys 405 410 415aac cag acc
ctg gca acc atc aaa gct aag gaa aac cag ctg tct cag 1296Asn Gln Thr
Leu Ala Thr Ile Lys Ala Lys Glu Asn Gln Leu Ser Gln 420 425 430atc
ctg gct ccg aac aac tac tat ccg tct aaa aac ctg gct ccg att 1344Ile
Leu Ala Pro Asn Asn Tyr Tyr Pro Ser Lys Asn Leu Ala Pro Ile 435 440
445gca ctg aac gct cag gac gac ttc tct tcc acc ccg atc act atg aac
1392Ala Leu Asn Ala Gln Asp Asp Phe Ser Ser Thr Pro Ile Thr Met Asn
450 455 460tac aac cag ttc ctg gaa ctg gag aaa acc aaa cag ctg cgt
ctg gac 1440Tyr Asn Gln Phe Leu Glu Leu Glu Lys Thr Lys Gln Leu Arg
Leu Asp465 470 475 480acc gac cag gtt tac ggt aac atc gct acc tac
aac ttc gaa aac ggt 1488Thr Asp Gln Val Tyr Gly Asn Ile Ala Thr Tyr
Asn Phe Glu Asn Gly 485 490 495cgt gtt cgt gta gac acc ggc tct aac
tgg tct gaa gtt ctg ccg cag 1536Arg Val Arg Val Asp Thr Gly Ser Asn
Trp Ser Glu Val Leu Pro Gln 500 505 510atc cag gaa acc act gct cgt
att atc ttc aac ggt aaa gac ctg aac 1584Ile Gln Glu Thr Thr Ala Arg
Ile Ile Phe Asn Gly Lys Asp Leu Asn 515 520 525ctg gtt gaa cgt cgt
atc gct gca gta aac ccg tct gac ccg ctg gaa 1632Leu Val Glu Arg Arg
Ile Ala Ala Val Asn Pro Ser Asp Pro Leu Glu 530 535 540acc act aaa
ccg gac atg acc ctg aaa gaa gct ctg aaa atc gct ttc 1680Thr Thr Lys
Pro Asp Met Thr Leu Lys Glu Ala Leu Lys Ile Ala Phe545 550 555
560ggt ttc aac gaa ccg aac ggc aac ctg cag tac cag ggt aaa gat atc
1728Gly Phe Asn Glu Pro Asn Gly Asn Leu Gln Tyr Gln Gly Lys Asp Ile
565 570 575acc gaa ttc gac ttt aac ttc gac cag caa acc tct cag aac
atc aaa 1776Thr Glu Phe Asp Phe Asn Phe Asp Gln Gln Thr Ser Gln Asn
Ile Lys 580 585 590aac cag ctg gct gaa ctg aac gct acc aac atc tac
acc gtt ctg gac 1824Asn Gln Leu Ala Glu Leu Asn Ala Thr Asn Ile Tyr
Thr Val Leu Asp 595 600 605aaa atc aag ctg aac gct aaa atg aac att
ctg atc cgt gat aaa cgt 1872Lys Ile Lys Leu Asn Ala Lys Met Asn Ile
Leu Ile Arg Asp Lys Arg 610 615 620ttc cac tac gac cgt aac aac atc
gct gtt ggt gct gac gaa tct gta 1920Phe His Tyr Asp Arg Asn Asn Ile
Ala Val Gly Ala Asp Glu Ser Val625 630 635 640gtt aaa gaa gct cac
cgt gag gtt atc aac tct tcc acc gaa ggt ctg 1968Val Lys Glu Ala His
Arg Glu Val Ile Asn Ser Ser Thr Glu Gly Leu 645 650 655ctc ctg aac
atc gac aaa gat att cgt aaa atc ctg tct ggt tac atc 2016Leu Leu Asn
Ile Asp Lys Asp Ile Arg Lys Ile Leu Ser Gly Tyr Ile 660 665 670gtt
gaa atc gaa gac acc gag ggc ctg aaa gaa gtt atc aac gac cgt 2064Val
Glu Ile Glu Asp Thr Glu Gly Leu Lys Glu Val Ile Asn Asp Arg 675 680
685tac gat atg ctg aac atc tct tcc ctg cgt cag gac ggt aaa acc ttc
2112Tyr Asp Met Leu Asn Ile Ser Ser Leu Arg Gln Asp Gly Lys Thr Phe
690 695 700atc gac ttc aaa aag tac aac gat aaa ctg ccg ctg tac atc
tct aac 2160Ile Asp Phe Lys Lys Tyr Asn Asp Lys Leu Pro Leu Tyr Ile
Ser Asn705 710 715 720ccg aac tac aaa gta aac gtt tac gct gtt acc
aaa gaa aac acc att 2208Pro Asn Tyr Lys Val Asn Val Tyr Ala Val Thr
Lys Glu Asn Thr Ile 725 730 735atc aac ccg tct gaa aac ggt gac acc
tct acc aac ggt atc aaa aag 2256Ile Asn Pro Ser Glu Asn Gly Asp Thr
Ser Thr Asn Gly Ile Lys Lys 740 745 750atc ctg atc ttc tct aag aaa
ggc tac gaa atc ggt taa 2295Ile Leu Ile Phe Ser Lys Lys Gly Tyr Glu
Ile Gly 755 7602764PRTBacillus anthracis 2Met Lys Lys Arg Lys Val
Leu Ile Pro Leu Met Ala Leu Ser Thr Ile1 5 10 15Leu Val Ser Ser Thr
Gly Asn Leu Glu Val Ile Gln Ala Glu Val Lys 20 25 30Gln Glu Asn Arg
Leu Leu Asn Glu Ser Glu Ser Ser Ser Gln Gly Leu 35 40 45Leu Gly Tyr
Tyr Phe Ser Asp Leu Asn Phe Gln Ala Pro Met Val Val 50 55 60Thr Ser
Ser Thr Thr Gly Asp Leu Ser Ile Pro Ser Ser Glu Leu Glu65 70 75
80Asn Ile Pro Ser Glu Asn Gln Tyr Phe Gln Ser Ala Ile Trp Ser Gly
85 90 95Phe Ile Lys Val Lys Lys Ser Asp Glu Tyr Thr Phe Ala Thr Ser
Ala 100 105 110Asp Asn His Val Thr Met Trp Val Asp Asp Gln Glu Val
Ile Asn Lys 115 120 125Ala Ser Asn Ser Asn Lys Ile Arg Leu Glu Lys
Gly Arg Leu Tyr Gln 130 135 140Ile Lys Ile Gln Tyr Gln Arg Glu Asn
Pro Thr Glu Lys Gly Leu Asp145 150 155 160Phe Lys Leu Tyr Trp Thr
Asp Ser Gln Asn Lys Lys Glu Val Ile Ser 165 170 175Ser Asp Asn Leu
Gln Leu Pro Glu Leu Lys Gln Lys Ser Ser Asn Ser 180 185 190Arg Lys
Lys Arg Ser Thr Ser Ala Gly Pro Thr Val Pro Asp Arg Asp 195 200
205Asn Asp Gly Ile Pro Asp Ser Leu Glu Val Glu Gly Tyr Thr Val Asp
210 215 220Val Lys Asn Lys Arg Thr Phe Leu Ser Pro Trp Ile Ser Asn
Ile His225 230 235 240Glu Lys Lys Gly Leu Thr Lys Tyr Lys Ser Ser
Pro Glu Lys Trp Ser 245 250 255Thr Ala Ser Asp Pro Tyr Ser Asp Phe
Glu Lys Val Thr Gly Arg Ile 260 265 270Asp Lys Asn Val Ser Pro Glu
Ala Arg His Pro Leu Val Ala Ala Tyr 275 280 285Pro Ile Val His Val
Asp Met Glu Asn Ile Ile Leu Ser Lys Asn Glu 290 295 300Asp Gln Ser
Thr Gln Asn Thr Asp Ser Gln Thr Arg Thr Ile Ser Lys305 310 315
320Asn Thr Ser Thr Ser Arg Thr His Thr Ser Glu Val His Gly Asn Ala
325 330 335Glu Val His Ala Ser Phe Phe Asp Ile Gly Gly Ser Val Ser
Ala Gly 340 345 350Phe Ser Asn Ser Asn Ser Ser Thr Val Ala Ile Asp
His Ser Leu Ser 355 360 365Leu Ala Gly Glu Arg Thr Trp Ala Glu Thr
Met Gly Leu Asn Thr Ala 370 375 380Asp Thr Ala Arg Leu Asn Ala Asn
Ile Arg Tyr Val Asn Thr Gly Thr385 390 395 400Ala Pro Ile Tyr Asn
Val Leu Pro Thr Thr Ser Leu Val Leu Gly Lys 405 410 415Asn Gln Thr
Leu Ala Thr Ile Lys Ala Lys Glu Asn Gln Leu Ser Gln 420 425 430Ile
Leu Ala Pro Asn Asn Tyr Tyr Pro Ser Lys Asn Leu Ala Pro Ile 435 440
445Ala Leu Asn Ala Gln Asp Asp Phe Ser Ser Thr Pro Ile Thr Met Asn
450 455 460Tyr Asn Gln Phe Leu Glu Leu Glu Lys Thr Lys Gln Leu Arg
Leu Asp465 470 475 480Thr Asp Gln Val Tyr Gly Asn Ile Ala Thr Tyr
Asn Phe Glu Asn Gly 485 490 495Arg Val Arg Val Asp Thr Gly Ser Asn
Trp Ser Glu Val Leu Pro Gln 500 505 510Ile Gln Glu Thr Thr Ala Arg
Ile Ile Phe Asn Gly Lys Asp Leu Asn 515 520 525Leu Val Glu Arg Arg
Ile Ala Ala Val Asn Pro Ser Asp Pro Leu Glu 530 535 540Thr Thr Lys
Pro Asp Met Thr Leu Lys Glu Ala Leu Lys Ile Ala Phe545 550 555
560Gly Phe Asn Glu Pro Asn Gly Asn Leu Gln Tyr Gln Gly Lys Asp Ile
565 570 575Thr Glu Phe Asp Phe Asn Phe Asp Gln Gln Thr Ser Gln Asn
Ile Lys 580 585 590Asn Gln Leu Ala Glu Leu Asn Ala Thr Asn Ile Tyr
Thr Val Leu Asp 595 600 605Lys Ile Lys Leu Asn Ala Lys Met Asn Ile
Leu Ile Arg Asp Lys Arg 610 615 620Phe His Tyr Asp Arg Asn Asn Ile
Ala Val Gly Ala Asp Glu Ser Val625 630 635 640Val Lys Glu Ala His
Arg Glu Val Ile Asn Ser Ser Thr Glu Gly Leu 645 650 655Leu Leu Asn
Ile Asp Lys Asp Ile Arg Lys Ile Leu Ser Gly Tyr Ile 660 665 670Val
Glu Ile Glu Asp Thr Glu Gly Leu Lys Glu Val Ile Asn Asp Arg 675 680
685Tyr Asp Met Leu Asn Ile Ser Ser Leu Arg Gln Asp Gly Lys Thr Phe
690 695 700Ile Asp Phe Lys Lys Tyr Asn Asp Lys Leu Pro Leu Tyr Ile
Ser Asn705 710 715 720Pro Asn Tyr Lys Val Asn Val Tyr Ala Val Thr
Lys Glu Asn Thr Ile 725 730 735Ile Asn Pro Ser Glu Asn Gly Asp Thr
Ser Thr Asn Gly Ile Lys Lys 740 745 750Ile Leu Ile Phe Ser Lys Lys
Gly Tyr Glu Ile Gly 755 7603368PRTHomo sapiens 3Met Ala Thr Ala Glu
Arg Arg Ala Leu Gly Ile Gly Phe Gln Trp Leu1 5 10 15Ser Leu Ala Thr
Leu Val Leu Ile Cys Ala Gly Gln Gly Gly Arg Arg 20 25 30Glu Asp Gly
Gly Pro Ala Cys Tyr Gly Gly Phe Asp Leu Tyr Phe Ile 35 40 45Leu Asp
Lys Ser Gly Ser Val Leu His His Trp Asn Glu Ile Tyr Tyr 50 55 60Phe
Val Glu Gln Leu Ala His Lys Phe Ile Ser Pro Gln Leu Arg Met65 70 75
80Ser Phe Ile Val Phe Ser Thr Arg Gly Thr Thr Leu Met Lys Leu Thr
85 90 95Glu Asp Arg Glu Gln Ile Arg Gln Gly Leu Glu Glu Leu Gln Lys
Val 100 105 110Leu Pro Gly Gly Asp Thr Tyr Met His Glu Gly Phe Glu
Arg Ala Ser 115 120 125Glu Gln Ile Tyr Tyr Glu Asn Arg Gln Gly Tyr
Arg Thr Ala Ser Val 130 135 140Ile Ile Ala Leu Thr Asp Gly Glu Leu
His Glu Asp Leu Phe Phe Tyr145 150 155 160Ser Glu Arg Glu Ala Asn
Arg Ser Arg Asp Leu Gly Ala Ile Val Tyr 165 170 175Cys Val Gly Val
Lys Asp Phe Asn Glu Thr Gln Leu Ala Arg Ile Ala 180 185 190Asp Ser
Lys Asp His Val Phe Pro Val Asn Asp Gly Phe Gln Ala Leu 195 200
205Gln Gly Ile Ile His Ser Ile Leu Lys Lys Ser Cys Ile Glu Ile Leu
210 215 220Ala Ala Glu Pro Ser Thr Ile Cys Ala Gly Glu Ser Phe Gln
Val Val225 230 235 240Val Arg Gly Asn Gly Phe Arg His Ala Arg Asn
Val Asp Arg Val Leu 245 250 255Cys Ser Phe Lys Ile Asn Asp Ser Val
Thr Leu Asn Glu Lys Pro Phe 260 265 270Ser Val Glu Asp Thr Tyr Leu
Leu Cys Pro Ala Pro Ile Leu Lys Glu 275 280 285Val Gly Met Lys Ala
Ala Leu Gln Val Ser Met Asn Asp Gly Leu Ser 290 295 300Phe Ile Ser
Ser Ser Val Ile Ile Thr Thr Thr His Cys Ser Asp Gly305 310 315
320Ser Ile Leu Ala Ile Ala Leu Leu Ile Leu Phe Leu Leu Leu Ala Leu
325 330 335Ala Leu Leu Trp Trp Phe Trp Pro Leu Cys Cys Thr Val Ile
Ile Lys 340 345 350Glu Val Pro Pro Pro Pro Ala Glu Glu Ser Glu Glu
Asn Lys Ile Lys 355 360 3654800PRTBacillus anthracis 4Met Thr Arg
Asn Lys Phe Ile Pro Asn Lys Phe Ser Ile Ile Ser Phe1 5 10 15Ser Val
Leu Leu Phe Ala Ile Ser Ser Ser Gln Ala Ile Glu Val Asn 20 25 30Ala
Met Asn Glu His Tyr Thr Glu Ser Asp Ile Lys Arg Asn His Lys 35 40
45Thr Glu Lys Asn Lys Thr Glu Lys Glu Lys Phe Lys Asp Ser Ile Asn
50 55 60Asn Leu Val Lys Thr Glu Phe Thr Asn Glu Thr Leu Asp Lys Ile
Gln65 70 75 80Gln Thr Gln Asp Leu Leu Lys Lys Ile Pro Lys Asp Val
Leu Glu Ile 85 90 95Tyr Ser Glu Leu Gly Gly Glu
Ile Tyr Phe Thr Asp Ile Asp Leu Val 100 105 110Glu His Lys Glu Leu
Gln Asp Leu Ser Glu Glu Glu Lys Asn Ser Met 115 120 125Asn Ser Arg
Gly Glu Lys Val Pro Phe Ala Ser Arg Phe Val Phe Glu 130 135 140Lys
Lys Arg Glu Thr Pro Lys Leu Ile Ile Asn Ile Lys Asp Tyr Ala145 150
155 160Ile Asn Ser Glu Gln Ser Lys Glu Val Tyr Tyr Glu Ile Gly Lys
Gly 165 170 175Ile Ser Leu Asp Ile Ile Ser Lys Asp Lys Ser Leu Asp
Pro Glu Phe 180 185 190Leu Asn Leu Ile Lys Ser Leu Ser Asp Asp Ser
Asp Ser Ser Asp Leu 195 200 205Leu Phe Ser Gln Lys Phe Lys Glu Lys
Leu Glu Leu Asn Asn Lys Ser 210 215 220Ile Asp Ile Asn Phe Ile Lys
Glu Asn Leu Thr Glu Phe Gln His Ala225 230 235 240Phe Ser Leu Ala
Phe Ser Tyr Tyr Phe Ala Pro Asp His Arg Thr Val 245 250 255Leu Glu
Leu Tyr Ala Pro Asp Met Phe Glu Tyr Met Asn Lys Leu Glu 260 265
270Lys Gly Gly Phe Glu Lys Ile Ser Glu Ser Leu Lys Lys Glu Gly Val
275 280 285Glu Lys Asp Arg Ile Asp Val Leu Lys Gly Glu Lys Ala Leu
Lys Ala 290 295 300Ser Gly Leu Val Pro Glu His Ala Asp Ala Phe Lys
Lys Ile Ala Arg305 310 315 320Glu Leu Asn Thr Tyr Ile Leu Phe Arg
Pro Val Asn Lys Leu Ala Thr 325 330 335Asn Leu Ile Lys Ser Gly Val
Ala Thr Lys Gly Leu Asn Val His Gly 340 345 350Lys Ser Ser Asp Trp
Gly Pro Val Ala Gly Tyr Ile Pro Phe Asp Gln 355 360 365Asp Leu Ser
Lys Lys His Gly Gln Gln Leu Ala Val Glu Lys Gly Asn 370 375 380Leu
Glu Asn Lys Lys Ser Ile Thr Glu His Glu Gly Glu Ile Gly Lys385 390
395 400Ile Pro Leu Lys Leu Asp His Leu Arg Ile Glu Glu Leu Lys Glu
Asn 405 410 415Gly Ile Ile Leu Lys Gly Lys Lys Glu Ile Asp Asn Gly
Lys Lys Tyr 420 425 430Tyr Leu Leu Glu Ser Asn Asn Gln Val Tyr Glu
Phe Arg Ile Ser Asp 435 440 445Glu Asn Asn Glu Val Gln Tyr Lys Thr
Lys Glu Gly Lys Ile Thr Val 450 455 460Leu Gly Glu Lys Phe Asn Trp
Arg Asn Ile Glu Val Met Ala Lys Asn465 470 475 480Val Glu Gly Val
Leu Lys Pro Leu Thr Ala Asp Tyr Asp Leu Phe Ala 485 490 495Leu Ala
Pro Ser Leu Thr Glu Ile Lys Lys Gln Ile Pro Gln Lys Glu 500 505
510Trp Asp Lys Val Val Asn Thr Pro Asn Ser Leu Glu Lys Gln Lys Gly
515 520 525Val Thr Asn Leu Leu Ile Lys Tyr Gly Ile Glu Arg Lys Pro
Asp Ser 530 535 540Thr Lys Gly Thr Leu Ser Asn Trp Gln Lys Gln Met
Leu Asp Arg Leu545 550 555 560Asn Glu Ala Val Lys Tyr Thr Gly Tyr
Thr Gly Gly Asp Val Val Asn 565 570 575His Gly Thr Glu Gln Asp Asn
Glu Glu Phe Pro Glu Lys Asp Asn Glu 580 585 590Ile Phe Ile Ile Asn
Pro Glu Gly Glu Phe Ile Leu Thr Lys Asn Trp 595 600 605Glu Met Thr
Gly Arg Phe Ile Glu Lys Asn Ile Thr Gly Lys Asp Tyr 610 615 620Leu
Tyr Tyr Phe Asn Arg Ser Tyr Asn Lys Ile Ala Pro Gly Asn Lys625 630
635 640Ala Tyr Ile Glu Trp Thr Asp Pro Ile Thr Lys Ala Lys Ile Asn
Thr 645 650 655Ile Pro Thr Ser Ala Glu Phe Ile Lys Asn Leu Ser Ser
Ile Arg Arg 660 665 670Ser Ser Asn Val Gly Val Tyr Lys Asp Ser Gly
Asp Lys Asp Glu Phe 675 680 685Ala Lys Lys Glu Ser Val Lys Lys Ile
Ala Gly Tyr Leu Ser Asp Tyr 690 695 700Tyr Asn Ser Ala Asn His Ile
Phe Ser Gln Glu Lys Lys Arg Lys Ile705 710 715 720Ser Ile Phe Arg
Gly Ile Gln Ala Tyr Asn Glu Ile Glu Asn Val Leu 725 730 735Lys Ser
Lys Gln Ile Ala Pro Glu Tyr Lys Asn Tyr Phe Gln Tyr Leu 740 745
750Lys Glu Arg Ile Thr Asn Gln Val Gln Leu Leu Leu Thr His Gln Lys
755 760 765Ser Asn Ile Glu Phe Lys Leu Leu Tyr Lys Gln Leu Asn Phe
Thr Glu 770 775 780Asn Glu Thr Asp Asn Phe Glu Val Phe Gln Lys Ile
Ile Asp Glu Lys785 790 795 8005809PRTBacillus anthracis 5Met Asn
Ile Lys Lys Glu Phe Ile Lys Val Ile Ser Met Ser Cys Leu1 5 10 15Val
Thr Ala Ile Thr Leu Ser Gly Pro Val Phe Ile Pro Leu Val Gln 20 25
30Gly Ala Gly Gly His Gly Asp Val Gly Met His Val Lys Glu Lys Glu
35 40 45Lys Asn Lys Asp Glu Asn Lys Arg Lys Asp Glu Glu Arg Asn Lys
Thr 50 55 60Gln Glu Glu His Leu Lys Glu Ile Met Lys His Ile Val Lys
Ile Glu65 70 75 80Val Lys Gly Glu Glu Ala Val Lys Lys Glu Ala Ala
Glu Lys Leu Leu 85 90 95Glu Lys Val Pro Ser Asp Val Leu Glu Met Tyr
Lys Ala Ile Gly Gly 100 105 110Lys Ile Tyr Ile Val Asp Gly Asp Ile
Thr Lys His Ile Ser Leu Glu 115 120 125Ala Leu Ser Glu Asp Lys Lys
Lys Ile Lys Asp Ile Tyr Gly Lys Asp 130 135 140Ala Leu Leu His Glu
His Tyr Val Tyr Ala Lys Glu Gly Tyr Glu Pro145 150 155 160Val Leu
Val Ile Gln Ser Ser Glu Asp Tyr Val Glu Asn Thr Glu Lys 165 170
175Ala Leu Asn Val Tyr Tyr Glu Ile Gly Lys Ile Leu Ser Arg Asp Ile
180 185 190Leu Ser Lys Ile Asn Gln Pro Tyr Gln Lys Phe Leu Asp Val
Leu Asn 195 200 205Thr Ile Lys Asn Ala Ser Asp Ser Asp Gly Gln Asp
Leu Leu Phe Thr 210 215 220Asn Gln Leu Lys Glu His Pro Thr Asp Phe
Ser Val Glu Phe Leu Glu225 230 235 240Gln Asn Ser Asn Glu Val Gln
Glu Val Phe Ala Lys Ala Phe Ala Tyr 245 250 255Tyr Ile Glu Pro Gln
His Arg Asp Val Leu Gln Leu Tyr Ala Pro Glu 260 265 270Ala Phe Asn
Tyr Met Asp Lys Phe Asn Glu Gln Glu Ile Asn Leu Ser 275 280 285Leu
Glu Glu Leu Lys Asp Gln Arg Met Leu Ser Arg Tyr Glu Lys Trp 290 295
300Glu Lys Ile Lys Gln His Tyr Gln His Trp Ser Asp Ser Leu Ser
Glu305 310 315 320Glu Gly Arg Gly Leu Leu Lys Lys Leu Gln Ile Pro
Ile Glu Pro Lys 325 330 335Lys Asp Asp Ile Ile His Ser Leu Ser Gln
Glu Glu Lys Glu Leu Leu 340 345 350Lys Arg Ile Gln Ile Asp Ser Ser
Asp Phe Leu Ser Thr Glu Glu Lys 355 360 365Glu Phe Leu Lys Lys Leu
Gln Ile Asp Ile Arg Asp Ser Leu Ser Glu 370 375 380Glu Glu Lys Glu
Leu Leu Asn Arg Ile Gln Val Asp Ser Ser Asn Pro385 390 395 400Leu
Ser Glu Lys Glu Lys Glu Phe Leu Lys Lys Leu Lys Leu Asp Ile 405 410
415Gln Pro Tyr Asp Ile Asn Gln Arg Leu Gln Asp Thr Gly Gly Leu Ile
420 425 430Asp Ser Pro Ser Ile Asn Leu Asp Val Arg Lys Gln Tyr Lys
Arg Asp 435 440 445Ile Gln Asn Ile Asp Ala Leu Leu His Gln Ser Ile
Gly Ser Thr Leu 450 455 460Tyr Asn Lys Ile Tyr Leu Tyr Glu Asn Met
Asn Ile Asn Asn Leu Thr465 470 475 480Ala Thr Leu Gly Ala Asp Leu
Val Asp Ser Thr Asp Asn Thr Lys Ile 485 490 495Asn Arg Gly Ile Phe
Asn Glu Phe Lys Lys Asn Phe Lys Tyr Ser Ile 500 505 510Ser Ser Asn
Tyr Met Ile Val Asp Ile Asn Glu Arg Pro Ala Leu Asp 515 520 525Asn
Glu Arg Leu Lys Trp Arg Ile Gln Leu Ser Pro Asp Thr Arg Ala 530 535
540Gly Tyr Leu Glu Asn Gly Lys Leu Ile Leu Gln Arg Asn Ile Gly
Leu545 550 555 560Glu Ile Lys Asp Val Gln Ile Ile Lys Gln Ser Glu
Lys Glu Tyr Ile 565 570 575Arg Ile Asp Ala Lys Val Val Pro Lys Ser
Lys Ile Asp Thr Lys Ile 580 585 590Gln Glu Ala Gln Leu Asn Ile Asn
Gln Glu Trp Asn Lys Ala Leu Gly 595 600 605Leu Pro Lys Tyr Thr Lys
Leu Ile Thr Phe Asn Val His Asn Arg Tyr 610 615 620Ala Ser Asn Ile
Val Glu Ser Ala Tyr Leu Ile Leu Asn Glu Trp Lys625 630 635 640Asn
Asn Ile Gln Ser Asp Leu Ile Lys Lys Val Thr Asn Tyr Leu Val 645 650
655Asp Gly Asn Gly Arg Phe Val Phe Thr Asp Ile Thr Leu Pro Asn Ile
660 665 670Ala Glu Gln Tyr Thr His Gln Asp Glu Ile Tyr Glu Gln Val
His Ser 675 680 685Lys Gly Leu Tyr Val Pro Glu Ser Arg Ser Ile Leu
Leu His Gly Pro 690 695 700Ser Lys Gly Val Glu Leu Arg Asn Asp Ser
Glu Gly Phe Ile His Glu705 710 715 720Phe Gly His Ala Val Asp Asp
Tyr Ala Gly Tyr Leu Leu Asp Lys Asn 725 730 735Gln Ser Asp Leu Val
Thr Asn Ser Lys Lys Phe Ile Asp Ile Phe Lys 740 745 750Glu Glu Gly
Ser Asn Leu Thr Ser Tyr Gly Arg Thr Asn Glu Ala Glu 755 760 765Phe
Phe Ala Glu Ala Phe Arg Leu Met His Ser Thr Asp His Ala Glu 770 775
780Arg Leu Lys Val Gln Lys Asn Ala Pro Lys Thr Phe Gln Phe Ile
Asn785 790 795 800Asp Gln Ile Lys Phe Ile Ile Asn Ser
805623DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and
VL domains 6caggtgcagc tggtgcagtc tgg 23723DNAArtificial
sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and VL domains
7caggtcaact taagggagtc tgg 23823DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer
useful for amplifying VH and VL domains 8gaggtgcagc tggtggagtc tgg
23923DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and
VL domains 9caggtgcagc tgcaggagtc ggg 231023DNAArtificial
sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and VL domains
10gaggtgcagc tgttgcagtc tgc 231123DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer
useful for amplifying VH and VL domains 11caggtacagc tgcagcagtc agg
231224DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and
VL domains 12tgaggagacg gtgaccaggg tgcc 241324DNAArtificial
sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and VL domains
13tgaagagacg gtgaccattg tccc 241424DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer
useful for amplifying VH and VL domains 14tgaggagacg gtgaccaggg
ttcc 241524DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying
VH and VL domains 15tgaggagacg gtgaccgtgg tccc 241623DNAArtificial
sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and VL domains
16gacatccaga tgacccagtc tcc 231723DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer
useful for amplifying VH and VL domains 17gatgttgtga tgactcagtc tcc
231823DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and
VL domains 18gatattgtga tgactcagtc tcc 231923DNAArtificial
sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and VL domains
19gaaattgtgt tgacgcagtc tcc 232023DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer
useful for amplifying VH and VL domains 20gacatcgtga tgacccagtc tcc
232123DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and
VL domains 21gaaacgacac tcacgcagtc tcc 232223DNAArtificial
sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and VL domains
22gaaattgtgc tgactcagtc tcc 232323DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer
useful for amplifying VH and VL domains 23cagtctgtgt tgacgcagcc gcc
232423DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and
VL domains 24cagtctgccc tgactcagcc tgc 232523DNAArtificial
sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and VL domains
25tcctatgtgc tgactcagcc acc 232623DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer
useful for amplifying VH and VL domains 26tcttctgagc tgactcagga ccc
232723DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and
VL domains 27cacgttatac tgactcaacc gcc 232823DNAArtificial
sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and VL domains
28caggctgtgc tcactcagcc gtc 232923DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer
useful for amplifying VH and VL domains 29aattttatgc tgactcagcc cca
233024DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and
VL domains 30acgtttgatt tccaccttgg tccc 243124DNAArtificial
sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and VL domains
31acgtttgatc tccagcttgg tccc 243224DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer
useful for amplifying VH and VL domains 32acgtttgata tccactttgg
tccc 243324DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying
VH and VL domains 33acgtttgatc tccaccttgg tccc 243424DNAArtificial
sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and VL domains
34acgtttaatc tccagtcgtg tccc 243523DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer
useful for amplifying VH and VL domains 35cagtctgtgt tgacgcagcc gcc
233623DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and
VL domains 36cagtctgccc tgactcagcc tgc 233723DNAArtificial
sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and VL domains
37tcctatgtgc tgactcagcc acc 233823DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer
useful for amplifying VH and VL domains 38tcttctgagc tgactcagga ccc
233923DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and
VL domains 39cacgttatac tgactcaacc gcc 234023DNAArtificial
sequencePCR primer useful for amplifying VH and VL domains
40caggctgtgc tcactcagcc gtc 234123DNAArtificial sequencePCR primer
useful for amplifying VH and VL domains 41aattttatgc tgactcagcc cca
2342489PRTHomo sapiens 42Met Val Ala Glu Arg Ser Pro Ala Arg Ser
Pro Gly Ser Trp Leu Phe1 5 10 15Pro Gly Leu Trp Leu Leu Val Leu Ser
Gly Pro Gly Gly Leu Leu Arg 20 25 30Ala Gln Glu Gln Pro Ser Cys Arg
Arg Ala Phe Asp Leu Tyr Phe Val 35 40 45Leu Asp Lys Ser Gly Ser Val
Ala Asn Asn Trp Ile Glu Ile Tyr Asn 50 55 60Phe Val Gln Gln Leu Ala
Glu Arg Phe Val Ser Pro Glu Met Arg Leu65 70 75 80Ser Phe Ile Val
Phe Ser Ser Gln Ala Thr Ile Ile Leu Pro Leu Thr 85 90 95Gly Asp Arg
Gly Lys Ile Ser Lys Gly Leu Glu Asp Leu Lys Arg Val 100 105 110Ser
Pro Val Gly Glu Thr Tyr Ile His Glu Gly Leu Lys Leu Ala Asn 115 120
125Glu Gln Ile Gln Lys Ala Gly Gly Leu Lys Thr Ser Ser Ile Ile Ile
130 135 140Ala Leu Thr Asp Gly Lys Leu Asp Gly Leu Val Pro Ser Tyr
Ala Glu145 150 155 160Lys Glu Ala Lys Ile Ser Arg Ser Leu Gly Ala
Ser Val Tyr Cys Val 165 170 175Gly Val Leu Asp Phe Glu Gln
Ala Gln Leu Glu Arg Ile Ala Asp Ser 180 185 190Lys Glu Gln Val Phe
Pro Val Lys Gly Gly Phe Gln Ala Leu Lys Gly 195 200 205Ile Ile Asn
Ser Ile Leu Ala Gln Ser Cys Thr Glu Ile Leu Glu Leu 210 215 220Gln
Pro Ser Ser Val Cys Val Gly Glu Glu Phe Gln Ile Val Leu Ser225 230
235 240Gly Arg Gly Phe Met Leu Gly Ser Arg Asn Gly Ser Val Leu Cys
Thr 245 250 255Tyr Thr Val Asn Glu Thr Tyr Thr Thr Ser Val Lys Pro
Val Ser Val 260 265 270Gln Leu Asn Ser Met Leu Cys Pro Ala Pro Ile
Leu Asn Lys Ala Gly 275 280 285Glu Thr Leu Asp Val Ser Val Ser Phe
Asn Gly Gly Lys Ser Val Ile 290 295 300Ser Gly Ser Leu Ile Val Thr
Ala Thr Glu Cys Ser Asn Gly Ile Ala305 310 315 320Ala Ile Ile Val
Ile Leu Val Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Gly Ile Gly Leu 325 330 335Met Trp
Trp Phe Trp Pro Leu Cys Cys Lys Val Val Ile Lys Asp Pro 340 345
350Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Ala Pro Lys Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Pro Leu
355 360 365Pro Thr Lys Lys Trp Pro Thr Val Asp Ala Ser Tyr Tyr Gly
Gly Arg 370 375 380Gly Val Gly Gly Ile Lys Arg Met Glu Val Arg Trp
Gly Asp Lys Gly385 390 395 400Ser Thr Glu Glu Gly Ala Arg Leu Glu
Lys Ala Lys Asn Ala Val Val 405 410 415Lys Ile Pro Glu Glu Thr Glu
Glu Pro Ile Arg Pro Arg Pro Pro Arg 420 425 430Pro Lys Pro Thr His
Gln Pro Pro Gln Thr Lys Trp Tyr Thr Pro Ile 435 440 445Lys Gly Arg
Leu Asp Ala Leu Trp Ala Leu Leu Arg Arg Gln Tyr Asp 450 455 460Arg
Val Ser Leu Met Arg Pro Gln Glu Gly Asp Glu Val Cys Ile Trp465 470
475 480Glu Cys Ile Glu Lys Glu Leu Thr Ala 485438PRTArtificial
SequenceFLAG tag 43Asp Tyr Lys Asp Asp Asp Asp Lys1 544137PRTHomo
sapienshuman mature J chain 44Gln Glu Asp Glu Arg Ile Val Leu Val
Asp Asn Lys Cys Lys Cys Ala1 5 10 15Arg Ile Thr Ser Arg Ile Ile Arg
Ser Ser Glu Asp Pro Asn Glu Asp 20 25 30Ile Val Glu Arg Asn Ile Arg
Ile Ile Val Pro Leu Asn Asn Arg Glu 35 40 45Asn Ile Ser Asp Pro Thr
Ser Pro Leu Arg Thr Arg Phe Val Tyr His 50 55 60Leu Ser Asp Leu Cys
Lys Lys Cys Asp Pro Thr Glu Val Glu Leu Asp65 70 75 80Asn Gln Ile
Val Thr Ala Thr Gln Ser Asn Ile Cys Asp Glu Asp Ser 85 90 95Ala Thr
Glu Thr Cys Tyr Thr Tyr Asp Arg Asn Lys Cys Tyr Thr Ala 100 105
110Val Val Pro Leu Val Tyr Gly Gly Glu Thr Lys Met Val Glu Thr Ala
115 120 125Leu Thr Pro Asp Ala Cys Tyr Pro Asp 130
13545137PRTArtificial sequenceMutant form of human mature J chain
with C134S mutation compared to wild type Mature form of human J
chain (SEQ ID NO44) 45Gln Glu Asp Glu Arg Ile Val Leu Val Asp Asn
Lys Cys Lys Cys Ala1 5 10 15Arg Ile Thr Ser Arg Ile Ile Arg Ser Ser
Glu Asp Pro Asn Glu Asp 20 25 30Ile Val Glu Arg Asn Ile Arg Ile Ile
Val Pro Leu Asn Asn Arg Glu 35 40 45Asn Ile Ser Asp Pro Thr Ser Pro
Leu Arg Thr Arg Phe Val Tyr His 50 55 60Leu Ser Asp Leu Cys Lys Lys
Cys Asp Pro Thr Glu Val Glu Leu Asp65 70 75 80Asn Gln Ile Val Thr
Ala Thr Gln Ser Asn Ile Cys Asp Glu Asp Ser 85 90 95Ala Thr Glu Thr
Cys Tyr Thr Tyr Asp Arg Asn Lys Cys Tyr Thr Ala 100 105 110Val Val
Pro Leu Val Tyr Gly Gly Glu Thr Lys Met Val Glu Thr Ala 115 120
125Leu Thr Pro Asp Ala Ser Tyr Pro Asp 130 13546112PRTArtificial
sequenceMutant form of human mature J chain with amino acids
113-137 deleted compared to wild type Mature form of human J chain
(SEQ ID NO44) 46Gln Glu Asp Glu Arg Ile Val Leu Val Asp Asn Lys Cys
Lys Cys Ala1 5 10 15Arg Ile Thr Ser Arg Ile Ile Arg Ser Ser Glu Asp
Pro Asn Glu Asp 20 25 30Ile Val Glu Arg Asn Ile Arg Ile Ile Val Pro
Leu Asn Asn Arg Glu 35 40 45Asn Ile Ser Asp Pro Thr Ser Pro Leu Arg
Thr Arg Phe Val Tyr His 50 55 60Leu Ser Asp Leu Cys Lys Lys Cys Asp
Pro Thr Glu Val Glu Leu Asp65 70 75 80Asn Gln Ile Val Thr Ala Thr
Gln Ser Asn Ile Cys Asp Glu Asp Ser 85 90 95Ala Thr Glu Thr Cys Tyr
Thr Tyr Asp Arg Asn Lys Cys Tyr Thr Ala 100 105
11047137PRTArtificial sequenceMutant form of human mature J chain
with C109S and C134S mutation compared to wild type mature form of
human J chain (SEQ ID NO44) 47Gln Glu Asp Glu Arg Ile Val Leu Val
Asp Asn Lys Cys Lys Cys Ala1 5 10 15Arg Ile Thr Ser Arg Ile Ile Arg
Ser Ser Glu Asp Pro Asn Glu Asp 20 25 30Ile Val Glu Arg Asn Ile Arg
Ile Ile Val Pro Leu Asn Asn Arg Glu 35 40 45Asn Ile Ser Asp Pro Thr
Ser Pro Leu Arg Thr Arg Phe Val Tyr His 50 55 60Leu Ser Asp Leu Cys
Lys Lys Cys Asp Pro Thr Glu Val Glu Leu Asp65 70 75 80Asn Gln Ile
Val Thr Ala Thr Gln Ser Asn Ile Cys Asp Glu Asp Ser 85 90 95Ala Thr
Glu Thr Cys Tyr Thr Tyr Asp Arg Asn Lys Ser Tyr Thr Ala 100 105
110Val Val Pro Leu Val Tyr Gly Gly Glu Thr Lys Met Val Glu Thr Ala
115 120 125Leu Thr Pro Asp Ala Ser Tyr Pro Asp 130
13548248PRTArtificial sequencePWB2447 scFv 48Gln Val Gln Leu Val
Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Val Val Gln Ser Gly Gly1 5 10 15Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ser Ala Ser Gly Phe Thr Phe Ser Asp Tyr 20 25 30Gly Met His
Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Val 35 40 45Ala Val
Val Ser Tyr Asp Gly Ser Asn Ile Tyr Tyr Ile Asp Ser Val 50 55 60Lys
Gly Arg Phe Thr Ile Ser Arg Asp Asp Ser Lys Asn Thr Leu Tyr65 70 75
80Leu Gln Met Asn Ser Leu Arg Ala Glu Asp Thr Ala Leu Tyr Tyr Cys
85 90 95Ala Lys Ala Gly Arg Arg Thr Gln Leu Gln Pro Arg Asp Phe Leu
Phe 100 105 110Glu Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser
Gly Gly Gly 115 120 125Gly Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly
Ser Ser Glu Leu Thr 130 135 140Gln Asp Pro Ala Val Ser Val Ala Leu
Gly Gln Thr Val Arg Ile Thr145 150 155 160Cys Gln Gly Asp Ser Leu
Arg Ser Tyr Tyr Ala Ser Trp Tyr Gln Gln 165 170 175Lys Pro Gly Gln
Ala Pro Val Leu Val Ile Tyr Gly Lys Asn Asn Arg 180 185 190Pro Ser
Gly Ile Pro Asp Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser Ser Ser Gly Asn Thr 195 200
205Ala Ser Leu Thr Ile Thr Gly Ala Gln Ala Glu Asp Glu Ala Asp Tyr
210 215 220Tyr Cys Asn Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val Val Phe
Gly Gly225 230 235 240Gly Thr Lys Leu Thr Val Leu Gly
24549251PRTArtificial sequencePWC2004 scFv 49Gln Val Gln Leu Val
Gln Ser Gly Ala Glu Val Arg Lys Pro Gly Ala1 5 10 15Ser Val Lys Val
Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Met Phe Thr Gly Tyr 20 25 30Tyr Met His
Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45Gly Trp
Ile Lys Pro Tyr Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Ala Gln Lys Phe 50 55 60His
Asp Arg Val Thr Met Thr Arg Asp Thr Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr65 70 75
80Met Glu Val Met Arg Leu Thr Ser Asp Asp Ser Ala Val Phe Tyr Cys
85 90 95Ala Arg Ser Arg Tyr Ser Ser Ser Pro Phe Arg Gly Gly Leu Asp
Val 100 105 110Trp Gly Arg Gly Thr Met Val Thr Val Ser Ser Gly Gly
Gly Gly Ser 115 120 125Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Ala
Gln Ala Val Leu Thr 130 135 140Gln Pro Ser Ser Val Ser Gly Ala Pro
Gly Gln Arg Val Thr Ile Ser145 150 155 160Cys Thr Gly Ser Ser Ser
Asn Ile Gly Asp Gly Tyr Asp Val His Trp 165 170 175Tyr Gln Gln Leu
Pro Gly Thr Ala Pro Lys Leu Leu Ile Tyr Gly Asn 180 185 190Thr Asn
Arg Pro Ser Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser Lys Ser 195 200
205Asp Thr Ser Ala Ser Leu Ala Ile Thr Gly Leu Gln Val Glu Asp Glu
210 215 220Ala Asp Tyr Phe Cys His Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Ile Ser Gly
Trp Ile225 230 235 240Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Val Thr Val Leu Gly
245 25050246PRTArtificial sequencePWD0283 scFv 50Glu Val Gln Leu
Leu Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly1 5 10 15Ser Leu Arg
Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Phe Thr Phe Ser Ser Tyr 20 25 30Ala Thr
Ser Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Val 35 40 45Ser
Ala Ile Ser Gly Ser Gly Gly Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Ala Asp Ser Val 50 55
60Lys Gly Arg Phe Thr Ile Ser Arg Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Thr Leu Tyr65
70 75 80Leu Gln Met Asn Ser Leu Arg Ala Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr
Cys 85 90 95Ala Arg Val Gly Gly Ala Ile Arg Phe Asp Ser Trp Gly Arg
Gly Thr 100 105 110Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Gly
Gly Gly Gly Ser 115 120 125Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Ala Leu Ser Tyr Glu
Leu Thr Gln Pro Pro Ser 130 135 140Ala Ser Glu Thr Pro Gly Gln Arg
Val Ser Ile Ser Cys Ser Gly Gly145 150 155 160Thr Ser Asn Ile Gly
Ser Asn Thr Ile Asn Trp Tyr Gln Gln Val Pro 165 170 175Gly Thr Ala
Pro Lys Leu Leu Ile Tyr Phe Asn Asn Arg Arg Pro Ala 180 185 190Gly
Val Pro Ala Arg Phe Ser Ala Ser Lys Ser Gly Thr Ser Ala Ser 195 200
205Leu Thr Ile Ser Gly Leu Gln Ser Glu Asp Glu Ala Asp Tyr Tyr Cys
210 215 220Ser Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Ser Gly Val Val Phe Gly Gly
Gly Thr225 230 235 240Lys Leu Thr Val Leu Gly 24551244PRTArtificial
sequencePWD0323 scFv 51Glu Val Gln Leu Leu Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly1 5 10 15Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly
Phe Thr Phe Ser Ser Tyr 20 25 30Ala Met Ser Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro
Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Val 35 40 45Ser Ala Ile Ser Gly Ser Gly Gly
Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Ala Asp Ser Val 50 55 60Lys Gly Arg Phe Thr Ile Ser
Arg Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Thr Leu Tyr65 70 75 80Leu Gln Met Asn Ser
Leu Arg Ala Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys 85 90 95Ala Arg Gln Ile
Trp Gly Arg Phe Glu Tyr Trp Gly Arg Gly Thr Thr 100 105 110Val Thr
Val Ser Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Gly 115 120
125Gly Gly Gly Ser Ala Gln Ala Val Leu Thr Gln Pro Ser Ser Ala Ser
130 135 140Gly Thr Pro Gly Gln Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Cys Ser Gly Ser
Ser Ser145 150 155 160Asn Ile Gly Thr Asn Thr Val Asn Trp Tyr Gln
Gln Leu Pro Gly Thr 165 170 175Ala Pro Lys Leu Leu Ile Phe Ser Asn
Asn Gln Arg Pro Ser Gly Val 180 185 190Pro Asp Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser
Lys Ser Gly Pro Ser Ala Ser Leu Ala 195 200 205Ile Ser Gly Leu Gln
Ser Glu Asp Glu Ala Asp Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Ala 210 215 220Trp Asp Asp
Arg Leu Asn Gly Tyr Val Phe Gly Thr Gly Thr Lys Leu225 230 235
240Thr Val Leu Gly52244PRTArtificial sequencePWD0422 scFv 52Glu Val
Gln Leu Leu Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly1 5 10 15Ser
Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Phe Thr Phe Ser Ser Tyr 20 25
30Ala Met Ser Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Val
35 40 45Ser Ala Ile Ser Gly Ser Gly Gly Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Ala Asp Ser
Val 50 55 60Lys Gly Arg Phe Thr Ile Ser Arg Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Thr
Leu Tyr65 70 75 80Leu Gln Met Asn Ser Leu Arg Ala Glu Asp Thr Ala
Val Tyr Tyr Cys 85 90 95Ala Thr Gln Ala Phe Ala Arg Phe Glu Phe Trp
Gly Arg Gly Thr Leu 100 105 110Val Thr Val Ser Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly
Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Gly 115 120 125Gly Gly Gly Ser Ala Gln Ser
Val Val Thr Gln Pro Pro Ser Val Ser 130 135 140Gly Thr Pro Gly Gln
Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Cys Ser Gly Ser Ser Ser145 150 155 160Asn Ile
Gly Thr Asn Thr Val Asn Trp Tyr Gln Gln Leu Pro Gly Thr 165 170
175Ala Pro Lys Leu Leu Ile Tyr Ser Asn Asn Gln Arg Pro Ser Gly Val
180 185 190Pro Asp Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser Lys Ser Gly Thr Ser Ala Ser
Val Ala 195 200 205Ile Ser Gly Leu Gln Ser Glu Asp Glu Ala Asp Tyr
Tyr Cys Ser Ser 210 215 220Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Val Val Phe
Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu225 230 235 240Thr Val Leu
Gly53244PRTArtificial sequencePWD0587 scFv 53Glu Val Gln Leu Leu
Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly1 5 10 15Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Phe Thr Phe Ser Ser Tyr 20 25 30Ala Met Ser
Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Val 35 40 45Ser Ala
Ile Ser Gly Ser Gly Gly Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Ala Asp Ser Val 50 55 60Lys
Gly Arg Phe Thr Ile Ser Arg Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Thr Leu Tyr65 70 75
80Leu Gln Met Asn Ser Leu Arg Ala Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys
85 90 95Ala Arg Gln Ile Trp Gly Arg Phe Glu Tyr Trp Gly Arg Gly Thr
Thr 100 105 110Val Thr Val Ser Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Gly Gly Gly
Gly Ser Gly 115 120 125Gly Gly Gly Ser Ala Gln Ser Val Leu Thr Gln
Pro Pro Ser Ala Ser 130 135 140Gly Thr Pro Gly Gln Arg Val Thr Ile
Ser Cys Ser Gly Ser Ser Ser145 150 155 160Asn Ile Gly Ser Asn Thr
Val Asn Trp Tyr Gln Gln Leu Pro Gly Thr 165 170 175Ala Pro Lys Leu
Leu Ile Tyr Ser Asn Asn Gln Arg Pro Ser Gly Val 180 185 190Pro Asp
Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser Lys Ser Gly Thr Ser Ala Ser Leu Ala 195 200
205Ile Ser Gly Leu Gln Ser Glu Asp Glu Ala Asp Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Ala
210 215 220Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Val Val Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr
Lys Leu225 230 235 240Thr Val Leu Gly54248PRTArtificial
sequencePWD0791 scFv 54Glu Val Gln Leu Leu Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Leu Gln Pro Gly Gly1 5 10 15Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly
Phe Ser Phe Ile Ser Tyr 20 25 30Ala Met Ser Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro
Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Val 35 40 45Ser Ala Ile Ser Gly Ser Gly Gly
Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Ala Asp Ser Val 50 55
60Lys Gly Arg Phe Thr Ile Ser Arg Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Thr Leu Tyr65
70 75 80Leu Gln Met Asn Ser Leu Arg Ala Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr
Cys 85 90 95Ala Arg Val Asp His Lys Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr Trp
Gly Arg 100 105 110Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly
Ser Gly Gly Gly 115 120 125Gly Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Ala Leu Ser
Tyr Val Leu Thr Gln Pro 130 135 140Pro Ser Ala Ser Gly Thr Pro Gly
Gln Arg Val Val Val Ser Cys Ser145 150 155 160Gly Gly Ser Ser Asn
Ile Gly Lys Asn Pro Val Thr Trp Tyr Gln His 165 170 175Leu Pro Gly
Thr Ala Pro Lys Leu Leu Ile Ser Arg Asn Thr Gln Arg 180 185 190Pro
Ser Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser Lys Ser Gly Thr Ser 195 200
205Ala Ser Leu Ala Ile Ser Gly Leu Gln Ser Glu Asp Glu Ala Asp Tyr
210 215 220Tyr Cys Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Lys Gly Trp Val Phe
Gly Gly225 230 235 240Gly Thr Lys Leu Thr Val Leu Gly
24555244PRTArtificial sequencePHD2222 scFv 55Glu Val Gln Leu Leu
Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly1 5 10 15Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Phe Thr Phe Ser Ser Tyr 20 25 30Ala Met Ser
Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Val 35 40 45Ser Ala
Ile Ser Gly Ser Gly Gly Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Ala Asp Ser Val 50 55 60Lys
Gly Arg Phe Thr Ile Ser Arg Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Thr Leu Tyr65 70 75
80Leu Gln Met Asn Ser Leu Arg Ala Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys
85 90 95Ala Arg Gln Ile Trp Gly Arg Phe Glu Tyr Trp Gly Arg Gly Thr
Thr 100 105 110Val Thr Val Ser Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Gly Gly Gly
Gly Ser Gly 115 120 125Gly Gly Gly Ser Ala Gln Ser Val Leu Thr Gln
Pro Pro Ser Ala Ser 130 135 140Gly Thr Pro Gly Gln Arg Val Thr Ile
Ser Cys Ser Gly Ser Ser Ser145 150 155 160Asn Ile Gly Ser Asn Thr
Val Asn Trp Tyr Gln Gln Leu Pro Gly Thr 165 170 175Ala Pro Lys Leu
Leu Ile Tyr Ser Asn Asn Gln Arg Pro Ser Gly Val 180 185 190Pro Asp
Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser Lys Ser Gly Thr Ser Ala Ser Leu Ala 195 200
205Val Ser Gly Leu Gln Ser Glu Asp Glu Ala Asp Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Ala
210 215 220Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Val Val Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr
Lys Leu225 230 235 240Thr Val Leu Gly56244PRTArtificial
sequencePHD2581 scFv 56Glu Val Gln Leu Leu Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly1 5 10 15Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly
Phe Thr Phe Ser Ser Tyr 20 25 30Ala Met Ser Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro
Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Val 35 40 45Ser Ala Ile Ser Gly Ser Gly Gly
Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Ala Asp Ser Val 50 55 60Lys Gly Arg Phe Thr Ile Ser
Arg Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Thr Leu Tyr65 70 75 80Leu Gln Met Asn Ser
Leu Arg Ala Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys 85 90 95Ala Arg Gln Ile
Trp Gly Arg Phe Glu Tyr Trp Gly Lys Gly Thr Met 100 105 110Val Thr
Val Ser Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Gly 115 120
125Gly Gly Gly Ser Ala Gln Ser Val Leu Thr Gln Pro Pro Ser Ala Ser
130 135 140Gly Thr Pro Gly Gln Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Cys Ser Gly Ser
Ser Ser145 150 155 160Asn Ile Gly Ser Asn Thr Val Asn Trp Tyr Gln
Gln Leu Pro Gly Thr 165 170 175Ala Pro Lys Leu Leu Ile Tyr Ser Asn
Asn Gln Arg Pro Ser Gly Val 180 185 190Pro Asp Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser
Lys Ser Gly Thr Ser Ala Ser Leu Ala 195 200 205Ile Ser Gly Leu Gln
Ser Glu Asp Glu Ala Asp Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Ala 210 215 220Trp Asp Asp
Ser Leu Asn Gly Val Val Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu225 230 235
240Thr Val Leu Gly57744DNAArtificial sequenceDNA encoding PWB2447
scFv 57caggtgcagc tggtggagtc tgggggaggc gtggtccagt ctggggggtc
cctgaggctc 60tcctgttcag cgtctggatt caccttcagt gactatggca tgcactgggt
ccgccaggct 120ccaggcaagg ggctggagtg ggtggcagtc gtgtcatatg
atggaagtaa tatatactat 180atagactccg tgaagggccg tttcaccatc
tccagagacg attccaagaa cacgctttat 240ctccaaatga acagcctgag
agctgaggac acggctctgt attactgtgc gaaagctggg 300aggcgaaccc
aattacaacc cagagacttt ctttttgagt actggggcca aggaaccctg
360gtcaccgtct cgagtggtgg aggcggttca ggcggaggtg gcagcggcgg
tggcggatcg 420tctgagctga ctcaggaccc tgctgtgtct gtggccttgg
gacagacagt caggatcaca 480tgccaaggag acagcctcag aagctattat
gcaagctggt accagcagaa gccaggacag 540gcccctgtac ttgtcatcta
cggtaaaaac aaccggccct cagggatccc agaccgattc 600tctggctcca
gctcaggaaa cacagcttcc ttgaccatca ctggggctca ggcggaagat
660gaggctgact attactgtaa ctcccgggac agcagtggta accatgtggt
attcggcgga 720gggaccaagc tgaccgtcct aggt 74458753DNAArtificial
sequenceDNA encoding PWC2004 scFv 58caggtccagc tggtgcagtc
tggggctgag gtgaggaagc ctggggcctc agtgaaggtc 60tcctgcaagg cttctggata
catgttcacc ggctactata tgcactgggt gcgacaggcc 120cctggacaag
ggcttgagtg gatgggatgg atcaagcctt acagtggtgg cacaaactat
180gcacagaagt ttcacgacag ggtcaccatg accagggaca cgtccatcag
cacagcctac 240atggaggtga tgaggctgac atctgacgac agcgccgtgt
tttactgtgc gagaagccgc 300tatagcagca gcccttttag ggggggtttg
gacgtctggg gccgagggac aatggtcacc 360gtctcgagtg gaggcggcgg
ttcaggcgga ggtggctctg gcggtggcgg aagtgcacag 420gctgtgctga
ctcagccgtc ctcagtgtct ggggccccag ggcagagggt caccatctcc
480tgcactggga gcagctccaa catcggggac ggttatgatg tccactggta
tcagcaactt 540ccaggaacag cccccaaact cctcatctat ggtaacacta
atcggccctc aggggtccct 600gaccgattct ctggctccaa gtctgacacc
tctgcctccc tggccatcac tgggctccag 660gttgaggatg aggctgatta
tttctgccac tcctatgaca gcagtatcag tggctggatt 720ttcggcggag
ggaccaaggt caccgtccta ggt 75359738DNAArtificial sequenceDNA
encoding PWD0283 scFv 59gaggtgcagc tgttggagtc tgggggaggc ttggtacagc
ctggggggtc cctgagactc 60tcctgtgcag cctctggatt cacctttagc agctatgcca
cgagctgggt ccgccaggct 120ccagggaagg ggctggagtg ggtctcagct
attagtggta gtggtggtag cacatactac 180gcagactccg tgaagggccg
gttcaccatc tccagagaca attccaagaa cacgctgtat 240ctgcaaatga
acagcctgag agccgaggac acggccgtgt attactgtgc gagagtgggg
300ggagccattc gctttgactc ctggggcagg ggaaccctgg tcaccgtctc
gagtggaggc 360ggcggttcag gcggaggtgg ctctggcggt ggcggaagtg
cactttccta tgagctgact 420cagccaccct cagcgtctga gacccccggg
cagagggtct ccatctcttg ttctggaggc 480acctcgaaca tcggatccaa
cactatcaac tggtaccagc aggtcccagg aacggccccc 540aaactactca
tctattttaa taatcggcgg cccgcagggg tccctgcccg attttctgcc
600tccaagtctg gcacctcagc ctccctgacc atcagtgggc tccagtctga
ggatgaggct 660gactattatt gttcagcatg ggatgacagc ctgagtggcg
tggtgttcgg cggagggacc 720aagctgaccg tcctaggt 73860732DNAArtificial
sequenceDNA encoding PWD0323 scFv 60gaggtgcagc tgttggagtc
tgggggaggc ttggtacagc ctggggggtc cctgagactc 60tcctgtgcag cctctggatt
cacctttagc agctatgcca tgagctgggt ccgccaggct 120ccagggaagg
ggctggagtg ggtctcagct attagtggta gtggtggtag cacatactac
180gcagactccg tgaagggccg gttcaccatc tccagagaca attccaagaa
cacgctgtat 240ctgcaaatga acagcctgag agccgaggac acggccgtgt
attactgtgc gaggcaaatc 300tggggacgat ttgaatattg ggggaggggg
accacggtca ccgtctcgag tggaggcggc 360ggttcaggcg gaggtggctc
tggcggtggc ggaagtgcac aggctgtgct gactcagccg 420tcctcagcgt
ctgggacccc cgggcagagg gtcaccatct cttgttctgg aagcagctcc
480aacatcggaa ctaatactgt aaactggtac caacagctcc caggaacggc
ccccaaactc 540ctcatcttta gtaataatca acggccctca ggggtccctg
accgattctc tggctccaag 600tctggcccct cagcctccct ggccatcagt
ggactccagt ccgaggatga ggctgattat 660tactgtgcag catgggatga
caggctgaat ggttatgtct tcggaactgg gaccaagctg 720accgtcctag gt
73261732DNAArtificial sequenceDNA encoding PWD0422 scFv
61gaggtgcagc tgttggagtc tgggggaggc ttggtacagc ctggggggtc cctgagactc
60tcctgtgcag cctctggatt cacctttagc agctatgcca tgagctgggt ccgccaggct
120ccagggaagg ggctggagtg ggtctcagct attagtggta gtggtggtag
cacatactac 180gcagactccg tgaagggccg gttcaccatc tccagagaca
attccaagaa cacgctgtat 240ctgcaaatga acagcctgag agccgaggac
acggccgtgt attactgtgc gacccaggcc 300tttgctcgtt tcgagttttg
gggccggggc accctggtca ccgtctcgag tggaggcggc 360ggttcaggcg
gaggtggctc tggcggtggc ggaagtgcac agtctgtcgt gacgcagccg
420ccctcagtgt ctgggacccc cgggcagagg gtcaccatct cttgttctgg
aagcagctcc 480aacatcggaa ctaatactgt aaactggtac caacaactcc
caggaacggc ccccaaactc 540ctcatctata gtaataatca gcgaccctca
ggggtccctg accgattctc tggctccaag 600tctggcacct cagcctccgt
ggccatcagt gggctccagt ctgaggatga ggctgattac 660tactgttctt
catgggatga cagcctgaat ggcgtcgtgt tcggcggagg gaccaagctg
720accgtcctag gt 73262732DNAArtificial sequenceDNA encoding PWD0587
scFv 62gaggtgcagc tgttggagtc tgggggaggc ttggtacagc ctggggggtc
cctgagactc 60tcctgtgcag cctctggatt cacctttagc agctatgcca tgagctgggt
ccgccaggct 120ccagggaagg ggctggagtg ggtctcagct attagtggta
gtggtggtag cacatactac 180gcagactccg tgaagggccg gttcaccatc
tccagagaca attccaagaa cacgctgtat 240ctgcaaatga acagcctgag
agccgaggac acggccgtgt attactgtgc gaggcaaata 300tggggacgat
ttgaatattg ggggcggggg accacggtca ccgtctcgag tggaggcggc
360ggttcaggcg gaggtggctc tggcggtggc ggaagtgcac agtctgtgct
gactcagcca 420ccctcagcgt ctgggacccc cgggcagagg gtcaccatct
cttgttctgg aagcagctcc 480aacatcggaa gtaatactgt aaactggtac
cagcagctcc caggaacggc ccccaaactc 540ctcatctata gtaataatca
gcggccctca ggggtccctg accgattctc tggctccaag 600tctggcacct
cagcctccct ggccatcagt gggctccagt ctgaggatga ggctgattat
660tactgtgcag catgggatga cagcctgaat ggagtggtat tcggcggagg
gaccaagctg 720accgtcctag gt 73263744DNAArtificial sequenceDNA
encoding PWD0791 scFv 63gaggtgcagc tgttggagtc tgggggaggc ttgttacagc
ctggggggtc cctgagactc 60tcctgtgcag cctctggatt ctcttttatc agctatgcca
tgagctgggt ccgccaggct 120ccagggaagg ggctggagtg ggtctcagct
attagtggta gtggtggtag cacatactac 180gcagactccg tgaagggccg
gttcaccatc tccagagaca attccaagaa cacgctgtat 240ctgcaaatga
acagcctgag agccgaggac acggccgtgt attactgtgc cagagtggac
300cataaatggg acctaccctt tgactactgg ggccgaggca ccctggtcac
cgtctcgagt 360ggaggcggcg gttcaggcgg aggtggctct ggcggtggcg
gaagtgcact ttcctatgtg 420ctgactcagc caccctcagc gtctggaacc
cccgggcaga gggtcgtcgt ctcttgttct 480gggggcagct ccaacatcgg
aaaaaatcct gtaacctggt atcagcacct cccaggaacg 540gcccccaaac
tcctcatctc tagaaatact cagcggccct caggagtccc tgaccgattc
600tctggctcca agtctggcac gtcagcctcc ctggccatca gtgggctcca
gtctgaggat 660gaggctgatt attactgtgc agcatgggat gacagcctca
agggctgggt gttcggcgga 720gggaccaagc tgaccgtcct aggt
74464732DNAArtificial sequenceDNA encoding PHD2222 scFv
64gaggtgcagc tgttggagtc tgggggaggc ttggtacagc ctggggggtc cctgagactc
60tcctgtgcag cctctggatt cacctttagc agctatgcca tgagctgggt ccgccaggct
120ccagggaagg ggctggagtg ggtctcagct attagtggta gtggtggtag
cacatactac 180gcagactccg tgaagggccg gttcaccatc tccagagaca
attccaagaa cacgctgtat 240ctgcaaatga acagcctgag agccgaggac
acggccgtgt attactgtgc gaggcaaatc 300tggggacgct ttgaatattg
ggggcggggg accacggtca ccgtctcgag tggaggcggc 360ggttcaggcg
gaggtggctc tggcggtggc ggaagtgcac agtctgtgct gactcagcca
420ccctcagcgt ctgggacccc cgggcagagg gtcaccatct cttgttctgg
aagcagctcc 480aacatcggaa gtaatactgt aaactggtac cagcagctcc
caggaacggc ccccaaactc 540ctcatctata gtaataatca gcggccctca
ggggtccctg accgattctc tggctccaag 600tctggcacct cagcctccct
ggccgtcagt gggctccagt ctgaggatga ggctgattat 660tactgtgcag
catgggatga cagcctgaat ggtgtggtat tcggcggagg gaccaagctg
720accgtcctag gt 73265732DNAArtificial sequenceDNA encoding PHD2581
sequence 65gaggtgcagc tgttggagtc tgggggaggc ttggtacagc ctggggggtc
cctgagactc 60tcctgtgcag cctctggatt cacctttagc agctatgcca tgagctgggt
ccgccaggct 120ccagggaagg ggctggagtg ggtctcagct attagtggta
gtggtggtag cacatactac 180gcagactccg tgaagggccg gttcaccatc
tccagagaca attccaagaa cacgctgtat 240ctgcaaatga acagcctgag
agccgaggac acggccgtgt attactgtgc gaggcaaatc 300tggggacgat
ttgaatattg gggcaaaggg acaatggtca ccgtctcgag tggaggcggc
360ggttcaggcg gaggtggctc tggcggtggc ggaagtgcac agtctgtgct
gactcagcca 420ccctcagcgt ctgggacccc cgggcagagg gtcaccatct
cttgttctgg aagcagctcc 480aacatcggaa gtaatactgt aaactggtac
cagcagctcc caggaacggc ccccaaactc 540ctcatctata gtaataatca
gcggccctca ggggtccctg accgattctc tggctccaag 600tctggcacct
cagcctccct ggccatcagt gggctccagt ctgaggatga ggctgattat
660tactgtgcgg catgggatga cagcctgaat ggtgtggtat tcggcggagg
gaccaagctg 720accgtcctag gt 7326610PRTHomo sapiens 66His Ser Pro
Gly Asp Tyr Ala Phe Asp Tyr1 5 106710PRTHomo sapiens 67His Ser Pro
Gly Asp Tyr Ala Phe Asp Tyr1 5 106810PRTHomo sapiens 68His Ser Pro
Gly Asp Tyr Ala Phe Asp Tyr1 5 106916PRTHomo sapiens 69Ala Gly Arg
Arg Thr Gln Leu Gln Pro Arg Asp Phe Leu Phe Glu Tyr1 5 10
157016PRTHomo sapiens 70Ala Gly Arg Arg Thr Gln Leu Gln Pro Arg Asp
Phe Leu Phe Glu Tyr1 5 10 157116PRTHomo sapiens 71Ala Gly Arg Arg
Thr Gln Leu Gln Pro Arg Asp Phe Leu Phe Glu Tyr1 5 10 157216PRTHomo
sapiens 72Ala Gly Arg Arg Thr Gln Leu Gln Pro Arg Asp Phe Leu Phe
Glu Tyr1 5 10 157316PRTHomo sapiens 73Ala Gly Arg Arg Thr Gln Leu
Gln Pro Arg Asp Phe Leu Phe Glu Tyr1 5 10 157410PRTHomo sapiens
74His Ser Pro Gly Asp Tyr Ala Phe Asp Tyr1 5 107510PRTHomo sapiens
75His Ser Pro Gly Asp Tyr Ala Phe Asp Tyr1 5 107612PRTHomo sapiens
76Ala Ser Tyr Leu Ser Thr Ser Ser Ser Leu Asp Tyr1 5 107712PRTHomo
sapiens 77Ala Ser Tyr Leu Ser Thr Ser Ser Ser Leu Asp Tyr1 5
107816PRTHomo sapiens 78Ala Gly Arg Arg Thr Gln Leu Gln Pro Arg Asp
Phe Leu Phe Glu Tyr1 5 10 157916PRTHomo sapiens 79Asp Leu Asp Ser
Ser Thr Ile Pro His Arg Glu Tyr Gly Met Asp Val1 5 10 158016PRTHomo
sapiens 80Ala Gly Arg Arg Thr Gln Leu Gln Pro Arg Asp Phe Leu Phe
Glu Tyr1 5 10 158116PRTHomo sapiens 81Ala Gly Arg Arg Thr Gln Leu
Gln Pro Arg Asp Phe Leu Phe Glu Tyr1 5 10 158216PRTHomo sapiens
82Ala Gly Arg Arg Thr Gln Leu Gln Pro Arg Asp Phe Leu Phe Glu Tyr1
5 10 158312PRTHomo sapiens 83Ala Ser Asn Leu Ser Thr Ser Ser Ser
Leu Asp Tyr1 5 108410PRTHomo sapiens 84Ser Gly Ser Ser Trp Ser His
Phe Asp Phe1 5 108514PRTHomo sapiens 85Gly Ser Pro Thr Gly Asp Leu
Asn Val Asp Val Phe Asp Tyr1 5 108610PRTHomo sapiens 86His Ser Pro
Gly Asp Tyr Ala Phe Asp Tyr1 5 108713PRTHomo sapiens 87Val Arg Asp
Ile Arg Pro Gly Asp Tyr Ala Phe Asp Tyr1 5 108816PRTHomo sapiens
88Ala Gly Arg Arg Thr Gln Leu Gln Pro Arg Asp Phe Leu Phe Glu Tyr1
5 10 158910PRTHomo sapiens 89His Ser Pro Gly Asp Tyr Ala Phe Asp
Tyr1 5 109012PRTHomo sapiens 90Ala Ser Tyr Leu Ser Thr Ser Pro Ser
Leu Asp Tyr1 5 109116PRTHomo sapiens 91Ala Gly Arg Arg Thr Gln Leu
Gln Pro Arg Asp Phe Leu Phe Glu Tyr1 5 10 159210PRTHomo sapiens
92His Ser Pro Gly Asp Tyr Ala Phe Asp Tyr1 5 109316PRTHomo sapiens
93Ala Gly Arg Arg Thr Gln Leu Gln Pro Arg Asp Phe Leu Phe Glu Tyr1
5 10 159410PRTHomo sapiens 94Ser Gly Ser Ser Trp Ser His Phe Asp
Phe1 5 109516PRTHomo sapiens 95Ala Gly Arg Arg Thr Gln Leu Pro Pro
Arg Asp Phe Leu Phe Glu His1 5 10 159610PRTHomo sapiens 96His Ser
Pro Gly Asp Tyr Ala Phe Asp Tyr1 5 109712PRTHomo sapiens 97Ala Ser
Asn Leu Ser Thr Ser Pro Ser Leu Asp Tyr1 5 109816PRTHomo sapiens
98Ala Gly Arg Arg Thr Gln Leu Gln Pro Ile Asp Phe Leu Phe Glu Tyr1
5 10 159916PRTHomo sapiens 99Ala Gly Arg Arg Thr Gln Leu Gln
Pro Arg Asp Phe Leu Phe Glu Tyr1 5 10 1510010PRTHomo sapiens 100His
Ser Pro Gly Asp Tyr Ala Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1010116PRTHomo sapiens
101Ala Gly Arg Arg Thr Gln Leu Gln Pro Arg Asp Phe Leu Phe Glu Tyr1
5 10 1510217PRTHomo sapiens 102Gly Ser Gly Tyr Ser Gly Tyr Asp Phe
Pro Tyr Tyr Tyr Gly Met Asp1 5 10 15Val10316PRTHomo sapiens 103Ala
Gly Arg Arg Thr Gln Leu Gln Pro Arg Asp Phe Leu Phe Glu Tyr1 5 10
1510416PRTHomo sapiens 104Ala Gly Arg Arg Thr Gln Leu Gln Pro Arg
Asp Phe Leu Phe Glu Tyr1 5 10 1510516PRTHomo sapiens 105Ala Gly Arg
Arg Thr Gln Leu Gln Pro Arg Asp Phe Leu Phe Glu Tyr1 5 10
1510616PRTHomo sapiens 106Ala Gly Arg Arg Thr Gln Leu Gln Pro Arg
Asp Phe Leu Phe Glu Tyr1 5 10 1510711PRTHomo sapiens 107Asp Ser Ser
Ser Gly Trp Phe Phe Ile Asp Tyr1 5 1010813PRTHomo sapiens 108Ala
Arg Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly Trp Phe Phe Ile Asp Tyr1 5 1010911PRTHomo
sapiens 109Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly Trp Phe Phe Ile Asp Tyr1 5
1011011PRTHomo sapiens 110Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly Trp Phe Phe Ile Asp
Tyr1 5 1011111PRTHomo sapiens 111Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly Trp Phe Phe
Ile Asp Tyr1 5 1011211PRTHomo sapiens 112Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly Trp
Phe Phe Ile Asp Tyr1 5 1011311PRTHomo sapiens 113Asp Ser Ser Ser
Gly Trp Phe Phe Ile Asp Tyr1 5 1011411PRTHomo sapiens 114Asp Ser
Ser Ser Gly Trp Phe Phe Ile Asp Tyr1 5 1011511PRTHomo sapiens
115Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly Trp Phe Phe Ile Asp Tyr1 5 1011611PRTHomo
sapiens 116Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly Trp Phe Phe Ile Asp Tyr1 5
1011711PRTHomo sapiens 117Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly Trp Phe Phe Ile Asp
Tyr1 5 1011814PRTHomo sapiens 118Ser Arg Tyr Ser Ser Ser Pro Phe
Arg Gly Gly Leu Asp Val1 5 1011914PRTHomo sapiens 119Ser Arg Tyr
Ser Ser Ser Pro Phe Arg Gly Gly Leu Asp Val1 5 1012014PRTHomo
sapiens 120Ser Arg Tyr Ser Ser Ser Pro Phe Arg Gly Gly Leu Asp Val1
5 1012114PRTHomo sapiens 121Ser Arg Tyr Ser Ser Ser Pro Phe Arg Gly
Gly Leu Asp Val1 5 1012214PRTHomo sapiens 122Ser Arg Tyr Ser Ser
Ser Pro Phe Arg Gly Gly Leu Asp Val1 5 1012314PRTHomo sapiens
123Ser Arg Tyr Ser Ser Ser Pro Phe Arg Gly Gly Leu Asp Val1 5
1012414PRTHomo sapiens 124Ser Arg Tyr Ser Ser Ser Pro Phe Arg Gly
Gly Leu Asp Val1 5 1012514PRTHomo sapiens 125Ser Arg Tyr Ser Ser
Ser Pro Phe Arg Gly Gly Leu Asp Val1 5 1012614PRTHomo sapiens
126Ser Arg Tyr Ser Ser Ser Pro Phe Arg Gly Gly Leu Asp Val1 5
1012714PRTHomo sapiens 127Ser Arg Tyr Ser Ser Ser Pro Phe Arg Gly
Gly Leu Asp Val1 5 1012810PRTHomo sapiens 128Ser Ser Ser Gly Cys
Leu Phe Ile Asp Tyr1 5 1012914PRTHomo sapiens 129Ser Arg Tyr Ser
Ser Ser Pro Phe Arg Gly Gly Leu Asp Val1 5 1013014PRTHomo sapiens
130Ser Arg Tyr Ser Ser Ser Pro Phe Arg Gly Gly Leu Asp Val1 5
1013111PRTHomo sapiens 131Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly Trp Phe Phe Ile Asp
Tyr1 5 1013214PRTHomo sapiens 132Ser Arg Tyr Ser Ser Ser Pro Phe
Arg Gly Gly Leu Asp Val1 5 1013314PRTHomo sapiens 133Ser Arg Tyr
Ser Ser Ser Pro Phe Arg Gly Gly Leu Asp Val1 5 1013414PRTHomo
sapiens 134Ser Arg Tyr Ser Ser Ser Pro Phe Arg Gly Gly Leu Asp Val1
5 101359PRTHomo sapiens 135Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly Trp Phe Phe Ile1
513610PRTHomo sapiens 136Ser Ser Ser Gly Trp Leu Phe Ile Asp Tyr1 5
1013714PRTHomo sapiens 137Ser Arg Tyr Ser Ser Ser Pro Phe Arg Gly
Gly Leu Asp Val1 5 1013814PRTHomo sapiens 138Ser Arg Tyr Ser Ser
Ser Pro Phe Arg Gly Gly Leu Asp Val1 5 1013911PRTHomo sapiens
139Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly Trp Phe Phe Ile Asp Tyr1 5 1014011PRTHomo
sapiens 140Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly Trp Phe Phe Ile Asp Tyr1 5
1014114PRTHomo sapiens 141Ser Arg Tyr Ser Ser Ser Pro Phe Arg Gly
Gly Leu Asp Val1 5 1014211PRTHomo sapiens 142Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly
Trp Phe Phe Ile Asp Tyr1 5 1014313PRTHomo sapiens 143Thr Tyr Pro
Tyr Gly Gly Gly Thr Tyr Ala Phe Asp Tyr1 5 101445PRTHomo sapiens
144Asn Ala Phe Asp Tyr1 514512PRTHomo sapiens 145Ser Ala Lys Ser
Gly Trp Lys Ser Thr Phe Asp Val1 5 1014611PRTHomo sapiens 146Asp
Ser Ser Ser Gly Trp Leu Phe Ile Asp Tyr1 5 1014714PRTHomo sapiens
147Ser Arg Tyr Ser Ser Ser Pro Phe Arg Gly Gly Leu Asp Val1 5
1014814PRTHomo sapiens 148Ser Arg Tyr Ser Ser Ser Pro Phe Arg Gly
Gly Leu Asp Val1 5 1014911PRTHomo sapiens 149Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly
Trp Leu Phe Ile Asp Tyr1 5 1015011PRTHomo sapiens 150Asp Ser Ser
Ser Gly Trp Leu Phe Ile Asp Tyr1 5 1015114PRTHomo sapiens 151Ser
Arg Tyr Ser Ser Ser Pro Phe Arg Gly Gly Leu Asp Val1 5
101528PRTHomo sapiens 152Gln Met Ile Met Ala Ala Arg Cys1
51539PRTHomo sapiens 153Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly Trp Phe Phe Ile1
51549PRTHomo sapiens 154Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly Trp Phe Phe Ile1
515511PRTHomo sapiens 155Val Asp His Lys Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp
Tyr1 5 1015611PRTHomo sapiens 156Val Asp His Lys Trp Asp Leu Pro
Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1015711PRTHomo sapiens 157Val Asp His Lys Trp Asp
Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1015811PRTHomo sapiens 158Val Asp His Lys
Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1015914PRTHomo sapiens 159Leu Leu
Arg Gly Gly Ser Thr Tyr Leu Asp Ala Phe Asp Asn1 5 1016014PRTHomo
sapiens 160Leu Leu Arg Gly Gly Ser Thr Tyr Leu Asp Ala Phe Asp Asn1
5 101617PRTHomo sapiens 161Gly Trp Gly Val Phe Asp Ile1
516211PRTHomo sapiens 162Val Asp His Asn Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp
Tyr1 5 1016311PRTHomo sapiens 163Val Asp His Asn Trp Asp Leu Pro
Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1016411PRTHomo sapiens 164Val Asp His Asn Trp Asp
Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1016511PRTHomo sapiens 165Val Asp His Asn
Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1016611PRTHomo sapiens 166Val Asp
His Asn Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1016711PRTHomo sapiens
167Val Asp His Asn Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1016811PRTHomo
sapiens 168Val Asp His Asn Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5
1016911PRTHomo sapiens 169Val Asp His Asn Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp
Tyr1 5 1017011PRTHomo sapiens 170Val Asp His Asn Trp Asp Leu Pro
Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1017111PRTHomo sapiens 171Val Asp His Asn Trp Asp
Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1017211PRTHomo sapiens 172Val Asp His Asn
Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1017311PRTHomo sapiens 173Val Asp
His Asn Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1017411PRTHomo sapiens
174Val Asp His Asn Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1017511PRTHomo
sapiens 175Val Asp His Lys Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5
1017611PRTHomo sapiens 176Val Asp His Lys Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp
Tyr1 5 1017711PRTHomo sapiens 177Val Asp His Lys Trp Asp Leu Pro
Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1017811PRTHomo sapiens 178Val Asp His Lys Trp Asp
Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1017911PRTHomo sapiens 179Val Asp His Lys
Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1018011PRTHomo sapiens 180Val Asp
His Lys Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1018111PRTHomo sapiens
181Val Asp His Lys Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1018211PRTHomo
sapiens 182Val Asp His Asn Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5
1018311PRTHomo sapiens 183Val Asp His Asn Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp
Tyr1 5 1018411PRTHomo sapiens 184Val Asp His Asn Trp Asp Leu Pro
Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1018511PRTHomo sapiens 185Val Asp His Asn Trp Asp
Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1018611PRTHomo sapiens 186Val Asp His Asn
Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1018712PRTHomo sapiens 187Tyr Val
Ala Asp Thr Ser Lys Asp Val Phe Asp Ile1 5 1018810PRTHomo sapiens
188Val Ala Ser Thr Ala Leu Tyr Phe Asp Asn1 5 1018913PRTHomo
sapiens 189Gly Val Tyr Asn Trp Asn Ser Ala Ala Lys Phe Asp Tyr1 5
1019012PRTHomo sapiens 190Thr Tyr Tyr Tyr Val Tyr Tyr Asn Tyr Met
Asp Val1 5 1019111PRTHomo sapiens 191Val Ala His Gly Trp His Leu
Ser Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1019212PRTHomo sapiens 192Ser Leu Phe Arg Val
Arg Gly Val Phe Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1019312PRTHomo sapiens 193Ser Leu
Phe Arg Val Arg Gly Val Phe Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1019411PRTHomo sapiens
194Gly Pro Ala Gly Leu Gln Leu Ser Leu Asp Ile1 5 1019511PRTHomo
sapiens 195Val Asp His Arg Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5
1019611PRTHomo sapiens 196Val Asp His Lys Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp
Tyr1 5 1019711PRTHomo sapiens 197Val Asp His Lys Trp Asp Leu Pro
Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1019811PRTHomo sapiens 198Val Asp His Lys Trp Asp
Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1019911PRTHomo sapiens 199Val Asp His Lys
Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1020010PRTHomo sapiens 200Ala Arg
Asp Tyr Tyr Phe Gly Met Asp Val1 5 1020111PRTHomo sapiens 201Gly
Pro Ala Gly Leu Gln Leu Ser Leu Asp Ile1 5 1020212PRTHomo sapiens
202Asp Arg Ser Lys Leu Asn Ala Gly Tyr Phe Asp Ser1 5
1020310PRTHomo sapiens 203Thr Lys Tyr Ser Ser Ile Val Phe Asp Leu1
5 1020414PRTHomo sapiens 204Phe Arg Phe Leu Val Trp Tyr Gly Glu Ala
Tyr Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1020510PRTHomo sapiens 205Val Arg Gly Gln Leu
Leu Ala Phe Asp Ile1 5 1020611PRTHomo sapiens 206Val Asp His Lys
Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1020711PRTHomo sapiens 207Val Asp
His Lys Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1020811PRTHomo sapiens
208Gly Pro Ala Gly Leu Gln Leu Ser Leu Asp Ile1 5 1020910PRTHomo
sapiens 209Thr Lys Tyr Ser Ser Ile Val Phe Asp Leu1 5
1021010PRTHomo sapiens 210Ala Val Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly His1
5 1021110PRTHomo sapiens 211Thr Lys Tyr Ser Ser Ile Val Phe Asp
Leu1 5 1021211PRTHomo sapiens 212Leu Asp His Lys Trp Asp Leu Pro
Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1021311PRTHomo sapiens 213Val Asp His Asn Trp Asp
Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1021411PRTHomo sapiens 214Glu Tyr Tyr Tyr
Arg Trp Gly Ser Tyr Ala Asn1 5 1021511PRTHomo sapiens 215Val Asp
His Lys Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1021611PRTHomo sapiens
216Val Asp His Asn Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1021712PRTHomo
sapiens 217Ser Leu Phe Arg Val Arg Gly Val Phe Phe Asp Tyr1 5
1021812PRTHomo sapiens 218Ser Leu Phe Arg Val Arg Gly Val Phe Phe
Asp Tyr1 5 1021912PRTHomo sapiens 219Ser Leu Phe Arg Val Arg Gly
Val Phe Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1022010PRTHomo sapiens 220Asp Leu Gly Val
Gly Arg Tyr Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1022110PRTHomo sapiens 221Asp Leu Gly
Val Gly Arg Tyr Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1022212PRTHomo sapiens 222Ser Leu
Phe Arg Val Arg Gly Val Phe Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1022312PRTHomo sapiens
223Asp Arg Ser Lys Leu Asn Ala Gly Tyr Phe Asp Ser1 5
1022412PRTHomo sapiens 224Asp Arg Ser Lys Leu Asn Ala Gly Tyr Phe
Asp Ser1 5 1022511PRTHomo sapiens 225Leu Asp His Asn Trp Asp Leu
Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1022611PRTHomo sapiens 226Leu Asp His Asn Trp
Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1022711PRTHomo sapiens 227Leu Asp His
Asn Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1022810PRTHomo sapiens 228Thr
Lys Tyr Ser Ser Ile Val Phe Asp Leu1 5 1022910PRTHomo sapiens
229Thr Lys Tyr Ser Ser Ile Val Phe Asp Leu1 5 1023010PRTHomo
sapiens 230Thr Lys Tyr Ser Ser Ile Val Phe Asp Leu1 5
1023110PRTHomo sapiens 231Leu Asp His Asn Trp Asn Leu Pro Phe Asp1
5 102329PRTHomo sapiens 232Val Gly Gly Ala Ile Arg Phe Asp Ser1
523310PRTHomo sapiens 233Ser Val Gly Arg Ser Leu Ala Phe Asp Ile1 5
1023411PRTHomo sapiens 234Arg Thr Gly Asp Cys Ser Tyr Thr Ser Cys
Tyr1 5 1023511PRTHomo sapiens 235Gly Pro Ala Gly Leu Gln Leu Ser
Leu Asp Ile1 5 1023611PRTHomo sapiens 236Gly Pro Ala Gly Leu Gln
Leu Ser Leu Asp Ile1 5 1023711PRTHomo sapiens 237Val Asp His Lys
Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1023810PRTHomo sapiens 238Phe Thr
Gly Trp Tyr Gly Ala Phe Asp Ile1 5 1023913PRTHomo sapiens 239Asp
Arg Tyr Asn Met Val Gly Val Leu Arg Pro Asp Ser1 5 102408PRTHomo
sapiens 240Gln Ile Trp Gly Arg Phe Glu Tyr1 52418PRTHomo sapiens
241Gln Ile Trp Gly Arg Phe Glu Tyr1 524210PRTHomo sapiens 242Gly
Tyr Asp Phe Trp Ser Gly Phe Asp Tyr1 5 102437PRTHomo sapiens 243Gly
Trp Gly Val Phe Asp Met1 524411PRTHomo sapiens 244Val Asp His Lys
Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Phe1 5 1024511PRTHomo sapiens 245Ala Arg
Ala Leu Phe Arg Val Ser Gly Pro Tyr1 5 1024611PRTHomo sapiens
246Asp His Pro Tyr Asn Trp Asn Tyr Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1024711PRTHomo
sapiens 247Gly Ala Pro Ala Val Arg His Gly Phe Asp Tyr1 5
1024811PRTHomo sapiens 248Val Asp His Lys Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp
Tyr1 5 102499PRTHomo sapiens 249Phe Gly Thr Gly Ser Ser Leu Glu
Val1 52508PRTHomo sapiens 250Gln Ala Phe Ala Arg Phe Glu Phe1
525114PRTHomo sapiens 251Asn Leu Gln Asp Ile Val Ala Thr Ile Leu
Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1025211PRTHomo sapiens 252Val Asp His Asn Trp
Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1025318PRTHomo sapiens 253Gly Asp Pro
Glu Glu Leu Arg Ser Asp Ser Tyr Phe Tyr Tyr Gly Met1 5 10 15Asp
Val25411PRTHomo sapiens 254Leu Asp His Lys Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp
His1 5 1025510PRTHomo sapiens 255Thr Lys Tyr Ser Ser Val Ala Phe
Asp Leu1 5 1025614PRTHomo sapiensSITE(14)..(14)Xaa can be any
naturally occurring amino acid 256Leu Leu Arg Gly Gly Ser Thr Tyr
Leu Asp Ala Phe Asp Xaa1 5 1025714PRTHomo sapiens 257Gly Val Tyr
Gly Gly Gly Ser Ala Gly Leu Tyr Phe Asp Val1 5 102588PRTHomo
sapiens 258Gly Glu Met Ala Thr Ile Arg Tyr1 525911PRTHomo sapiens
259Val Asp His Lys Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1026011PRTHomo
sapiens 260Val Asp His Asn Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5
1026110PRTHomo sapiens 261Ala Ser Ser Trp Tyr Leu Val Phe Asp Ile1
5 1026210PRTHomo sapiens 262Ala Ser Ser Trp Tyr Leu Val Phe Asp
Ile1 5 1026312PRTHomo sapiens 263Ser Leu Phe Arg Val Arg Gly Val
Phe Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1026411PRTHomo sapiens 264Val Asp His Asn Trp
Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1026511PRTHomo sapiens 265Val Asp His
Asn Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1026611PRTHomo sapiens 266Val
Asp Arg Arg Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1026711PRTHomo sapiens
267Val Asp His Lys Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Phe1 5 1026811PRTHomo
sapiens 268Gly Gly Pro Pro Phe Gly Ser Ser Tyr Asp Val1
5 1026912PRTHomo sapiens 269Pro Thr Tyr Gly Pro Gly Ser Phe Leu Ile
Asp His1 5 1027010PRTHomo sapiens 270Thr Arg Gly Tyr Ser Leu Tyr
Phe Asp Ser1 5 1027111PRTHomo sapiens 271Val Asp His Asn Trp Asp
Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1027211PRTHomo sapiens 272Gly Pro Ala Gly
Leu Gln Leu Ser Leu Asp Ile1 5 1027311PRTHomo sapiens 273Gly Pro
Ala Gly Leu Gln Leu Ser Leu Asp Ile1 5 1027411PRTHomo sapiens
274Val Asp His Lys Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1027510PRTHomo
sapiens 275Ala Gly Gly Ser Ser Leu Val Phe Asp Ser1 5 102769PRTHomo
sapiens 276Asp Gly Pro Ser Asn Tyr Met Asp Val1 527711PRTHomo
sapiens 277Val Asp His Asn Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5
1027811PRTHomo sapiens 278Asp Gly Asp Tyr Ser Ser Ser Ser Leu Asp
Tyr1 5 1027911PRTHomo sapiens 279Val Arg Val Pro Gly Arg Asp Gly
Met Asp Val1 5 1028010PRTHomo sapiens 280Gly Ser Gly Ser Tyr Ile
Ala Phe Asp Ile1 5 1028112PRTHomo sapiens 281Thr Thr Val Thr Thr
Glu Ser Asp Trp Phe Asp Leu1 5 1028211PRTHomo sapiens 282Val Asp
His Asn Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1028314PRTHomo sapiens
283Gly Val Tyr Gly Gly Gly Ser Ala Gly Leu Tyr Phe Asp Val1 5
1028411PRTHomo sapiens 284Gly Pro Ser Gly Leu Leu Leu Gly Leu Asp
Val1 5 1028510PRTHomo sapiens 285Val Ala Ser Thr Ala Leu Tyr Phe
Asp Asn1 5 1028610PRTHomo sapiens 286Leu Ser Gly Val Thr Leu His
Met Asp Val1 5 1028710PRTHomo sapiens 287Val Arg Gly Gly Asn Leu
Ala Phe Asp Phe1 5 1028812PRTHomo sapiens 288Ser Leu Phe Arg Val
Arg Gly Val Phe Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1028911PRTHomo sapiens 289Glu Asp
His Lys Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 102908PRTHomo sapiens 290Gly
Ala Leu Ser Ser Phe Asp Ser1 52918PRTHomo sapiens 291Gln Ile Trp
Gly Arg Phe Glu Tyr1 529211PRTHomo sapiens 292Ala Asp His Asn Trp
Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 102939PRTHomo sapiens 293Ala His Trp Gly
Ser Arg Val Asp Tyr1 529414PRTHomo sapiens 294Leu Leu Arg Gly Gly
Ser Thr Tyr Leu Asp Ala Phe Asp Asn1 5 102958PRTHomo sapiens 295Glu
Val Gly Ser Tyr Phe Asp Tyr1 529611PRTHomo sapiens 296Val Asp His
Asn Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1029712PRTHomo sapiens 297Ser
Leu Phe Arg Val Arg Gly Val Phe Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1029811PRTHomo
sapiens 298Gly Pro Arg Phe Trp Thr Gly Tyr Tyr Asp Tyr1 5
1029911PRTHomo sapiens 299Ala Ser Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Arg
Val1 5 1030011PRTHomo sapiens 300Ala Ser Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Lys
Ser Arg Val1 5 1030111PRTHomo sapiens 301Ala Ser Trp Asp Asp Ser
Val Asn Gly Arg Val1 5 1030211PRTHomo sapiens 302Asn Ser Arg Asp
Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val Val1 5 1030311PRTHomo sapiens 303Asn Ser
Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val Val1 5 1030411PRTHomo sapiens
304Asn Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val Val1 5 1030511PRTHomo
sapiens 305Asn Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val Val1 5
1030611PRTHomo sapiens 306Asn Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val
Val1 5 1030711PRTHomo sapiens 307Ala Ser Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn
Gly Arg Val1 5 1030811PRTHomo sapiens 308Ala Ser Trp Asp Asp Ser
Leu Asn Gly Arg Val1 5 1030911PRTHomo sapiens 309Asn Ser Arg Asp
Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val Val1 5 1031011PRTHomo sapiens 310Asn Ser
Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val Val1 5 1031111PRTHomo sapiens
311Asn Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val Val1 5 1031211PRTHomo
sapiens 312His Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val Leu1 5
1031311PRTHomo sapiens 313Asn Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val
Val1 5 1031411PRTHomo sapiens 314Asn Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn
His Val Val1 5 1031511PRTHomo sapiens 315Asn Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser
Gly Asn His Val Val1 5 1031611PRTHomo sapiens 316Asn Ser Arg Asp
Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val Val1 5 1031710PRTHomo sapiens 317Ser Ser
Tyr Thr Thr Arg Ser Thr Arg Val1 5 1031811PRTHomo sapiens 318Asn
Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val Val1 5 1031911PRTHomo sapiens
319Ala Ser Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Arg Val1 5 1032011PRTHomo
sapiens 320Ala Ser Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Arg Val1 5
1032111PRTHomo sapiens 321Asn Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val
Val1 5 1032211PRTHomo sapiens 322Asn Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn
His Val Val1 5 1032311PRTHomo sapiens 323Ala Ser Trp Asp Asp Ser
Leu Asn Gly Arg Val1 5 1032411PRTHomo sapiens 324Asn Ser Arg Asp
Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val Val1 5 1032511PRTHomo sapiens 325Asn Ser
Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val Val1 5 1032611PRTHomo sapiens
326Ala Ser Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Arg Val1 5 1032711PRTHomo
sapiens 327Asn Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val Val1 5
1032810PRTHomo sapiens 328Ser Ser Tyr Thr Thr Arg Ser Thr Arg Val1
5 1032911PRTHomo sapiens 329Asn Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val
Val1 5 1033011PRTHomo sapiens 330Ala Ser Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn
Gly Arg Val1 5 1033111PRTHomo sapiens 331Asn Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser
Gly Asn His Val Val1 5 1033211PRTHomo sapiens 332Asn Ser Arg Asp
Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val Val1 5 1033311PRTHomo sapiens 333Asn Ser
Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val Val1 5 1033411PRTHomo sapiens
334Ala Ser Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Arg Val1 5 1033511PRTHomo
sapiens 335Asn Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val Val1 5
1033611PRTHomo sapiens 336His Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val
Leu1 5 1033711PRTHomo sapiens 337Asn Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn
His Val Val1 5 1033811PRTHomo sapiens 338Asn Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser
Gly Asn His Val Val1 5 1033911PRTHomo sapiens 339Asn Ser Arg Asp
Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val Val1 5 1034011PRTHomo sapiens 340Asn Ser
Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val Val1 5 1034111PRTHomo sapiens
341Asn Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val Val1 5 1034212PRTHomo
sapiens 342Gln Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Leu Gly Gly Tyr Val Ile1 5
1034312PRTHomo sapiens 343Gln Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Leu Gly Gly Tyr
Val Ile1 5 1034412PRTHomo sapiens 344Gln Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Leu
Gly Gly Tyr Val Ile1 5 1034512PRTHomo sapiens 345Gln Ser Tyr Asp
Ser Ser Leu Gly Gly Tyr Val Ile1 5 1034612PRTHomo sapiens 346Gln
Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Leu Gly Gly Tyr Val Ile1 5 1034712PRTHomo
sapiens 347Gln Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Leu Gly Gly Tyr Val Ile1 5
1034812PRTHomo sapiens 348Gln Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Leu Gly Gly Tyr
Val Ile1 5 1034912PRTHomo sapiens 349Gln Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Leu
Gly Gly Tyr Val Ile1 5 1035012PRTHomo sapiens 350Gln Ser Tyr Asp
Ser Ser Leu Gly Gly Tyr Val Ile1 5 1035112PRTHomo sapiens 351Gln
Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Leu Gly Gly Tyr Gly Ile1 5 1035211PRTHomo
sapiens 352His Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Ile Ser Gly Gly Ile1 5
1035311PRTHomo sapiens 353His Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Ile Ser Gly Trp
Ile1 5 1035411PRTHomo sapiens 354His Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Ile Ser
Gly Trp Ile1 5 1035511PRTHomo sapiens 355His Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser
Ile Arg Gly Trp Ile1 5 1035611PRTHomo sapiens 356His Ser Tyr Asp
Ser Ser Ile Arg Gly Gly Ile1 5 1035711PRTHomo sapiens 357His Ser
Tyr Asp Ser Ser Ile Ser Gly Gly Ile1 5 1035811PRTHomo sapiens
358His Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Ile Ser Ala Trp Ile1 5 1035911PRTHomo
sapiens 359His Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Ile Ser Gly Trp Ile1 5
1036011PRTHomo sapiens 360His Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Ile Ser Gly Trp
Ile1 5 1036111PRTHomo sapiens 361His Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Ile Ser
Gly Trp Ile1 5 1036212PRTHomo sapiens 362Gln Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser
Leu Gly Gly Tyr Val Ile1 5 1036311PRTHomo sapiens 363His Ser Tyr
Asp Ser Ser Ile Ser Gly Trp Ile1 5 1036411PRTHomo sapiens 364His
Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Ile Ser Gly Trp Ile1 5 1036512PRTHomo sapiens
365Gln Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Leu Gly Gly Tyr Val Ile1 5
1036611PRTHomo sapiens 366His Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Ile Ser Gly Trp
Ile1 5 1036711PRTHomo sapiens 367His Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Ile Ser
Gly Trp Ile1 5 1036811PRTHomo sapiens 368His Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser
Ile Ser Gly Trp Ile1 5 1036912PRTHomo sapiens 369Gln Ser Tyr Asp
Ser Ser Leu Gly Gly Tyr Val Ile1 5 1037012PRTHomo sapiens 370Gln
Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Leu Gly Gly Tyr Val Ile1 5 1037111PRTHomo
sapiens 371His Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Ile Ser Gly Trp Ile1 5
1037211PRTHomo sapiens 372His Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Ile Ser Gly Trp
Ile1 5 1037312PRTHomo sapiens 373Gln Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Leu Gly
Gly Tyr Val Ile1 5 1037412PRTHomo sapiens 374Gln Ser Tyr Asp Ser
Ser Leu Gly Gly Tyr Val Ile1 5 1037511PRTHomo sapiens 375His Ser
Tyr Asp Ser Ser Ile Ser Gly Trp Ile1 5 1037612PRTHomo sapiens
376Gln Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Leu Gly Gly Tyr Val Ile1 5
1037712PRTHomo sapiens 377Gln Ser Tyr Asp Ser Glu Leu Ser Gly Ser
Glu Leu1 5 1037811PRTHomo sapiens 378Asn Ser Leu Asp Ser Arg Gly
Gln Arg Val Ile1 5 1037911PRTHomo sapiens 379Ala Leu Tyr Leu Gly
Gly Gly Leu Ser Trp Val1 5 1038011PRTHomo sapiens 380Ala Ala Trp
Asp Asp Ser Leu Ser Ala Tyr Val1 5 1038112PRTHomo sapiens 381Gln
Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Leu Gly Gly Tyr Val Ile1 5 1038211PRTHomo
sapiens 382His Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Ile Ser Gly Trp Ile1 5
1038311PRTHomo sapiens 383His Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Ile Ser Gly Trp
Ile1 5 1038412PRTHomo sapiens 384Gln Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Leu Gly
Gly Tyr Val Ile1 5 1038512PRTHomo sapiens 385Gln Ser Tyr Asp Ser
Ser Leu Gly Gly Tyr Val Ile1 5 1038611PRTHomo sapiens 386His Ser
Tyr Asp Ser Ser Ile Ser Gly Trp Ile1 5 1038712PRTHomo sapiens
387Gln Ser Phe Asp Asn Arg Leu Arg Gly Phe Val Val1 5
1038812PRTHomo sapiens 388Gln Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Leu Gly Gly Tyr
Val Ile1 5 1038912PRTHomo sapiens 389Gln Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Leu
Gly Gly Tyr Val Ile1 5 1039011PRTHomo sapiens 390Ala Thr Trp Asp
Asp Asn Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5 1039111PRTHomo sapiens 391Ala Thr
Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5 1039211PRTHomo sapiens
392Ala Thr Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5 1039311PRTHomo
sapiens 393Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5
1039411PRTHomo sapiens 394Gln Val Trp Asp Arg Ser Asn Gly His Val
Val1 5 1039511PRTHomo sapiens 395Gln Val Trp Asp Arg Ser Asn Gly
His Val Val1 5 1039611PRTHomo sapiens 396Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser
Leu Asp Gly Val Val1 5 1039711PRTHomo sapiens 397Ser Ala Trp Asp
Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5 1039811PRTHomo sapiens 398Ala Ser
Trp Asp Asp Asp Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5 1039911PRTHomo sapiens
399Ala Val Trp Asp Asp Arg Met Asn Gly Trp Glu1 5 1040011PRTHomo
sapiens 400Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5
1040111PRTHomo sapiens 401Ala Val Trp Asp Asp Arg Leu Asn Gly Trp
Glu1 5 1040210PRTHomo sapiens 402Val Asp His Asn Trp Asp Leu Pro
Phe Asp1 5 1040311PRTHomo sapiens 403Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu
Ser Gly Trp Met1 5 1040411PRTHomo sapiens 404Ala Ser Trp Asp Asp
Asp Leu Lys Ser Trp Val1 5 1040511PRTHomo sapiens 405Ala Ala Trp
Asp Asp Ser Leu Ser Gly Trp Val1 5 1040611PRTHomo sapiens 406Ala
Thr Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Lys Gly Trp Val1 5 104079PRTHomo sapiens
407Gln Gln Ser Lys Ser Ile Pro Ile Thr1 540811PRTHomo sapiens
408Val Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Trp Met1 5 1040911PRTHomo
sapiens 409Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Ser Gly Trp Val1 5
1041011PRTHomo sapiens 410Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Lys Gly Trp
Val1 5 1041111PRTHomo sapiens 411Ser Ala Trp Asp Asp Gly Leu Ser
Gly Trp Val1 5 1041211PRTHomo sapiens 412Ala Thr Trp Asp Asp Ser
Leu Pro Gly Leu Val1 5 1041311PRTHomo sapiens 413Glu Ala Trp Asp
Asp Ser Leu Ser Gly Pro Ala1 5 1041410PRTHomo sapiens 414Ala Ala
Trp Asp Asp Asn Leu Ser Gly Pro1 5 104159PRTHomo sapiens 415Gln Gln
Thr Tyr Arg Thr Pro Ile Thr1 541612PRTHomo sapiens 416Gly Thr Trp
Asp Ser Arg Leu Tyr Val Gly Gln Val1 5 1041711PRTHomo sapiens
417Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5 1041811PRTHomo
sapiens 418Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5
1041911PRTHomo sapiens 419Ala Thr Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn His Trp
Val1 5 1042012PRTHomo sapiens 420Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn
Gly His Trp Val1 5 1042111PRTHomo sapiens 421Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp
Ser Leu Ser Gly Val Leu1 5 1042210PRTHomo sapiens 422Asn Ser Arg
Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn Val Val1 5 1042311PRTHomo sapiens 423Ala Ser
Trp Asp Asp Thr Leu Lys Gly Gly Val1 5 1042411PRTHomo sapiens
424Gln Ser Tyr Asp Asn Ser Leu Ser Gly Ser Glu1 5 1042511PRTHomo
sapiens 425Asn Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asp Pro Val Thr1 5
1042611PRTHomo sapiens 426Ser Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Lys Gly Trp
Val1 5 1042712PRTHomo sapiens 427Ala Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser Ala Asn
Gln His Trp Val1 5 104289PRTHomo sapiens 428Gln Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser
Thr Gly Ile1 542911PRTHomo sapiens 429Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu
Asn Gly Leu Val1 5 1043011PRTHomo sapiens 430Ser Thr Trp Asp Gly
Ser Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5 1043111PRTHomo sapiens 431Ala Ala Trp
Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5 1043211PRTHomo sapiens 432Ser
Thr Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Arg Gly Val Val1 5 1043311PRTHomo sapiens
433Ala Val Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5 1043411PRTHomo
sapiens 434Ala Pro Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5
1043511PRTHomo sapiens 435Ser Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu His Gly Pro
Val1 5 1043611PRTHomo sapiens 436Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn
Gly Val Val1 5 1043710PRTHomo sapiens 437Gln Ser Tyr Asp Asn Ser
Leu Ser Ala Trp1 5 1043811PRTHomo sapiens 438Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp
Ser Leu Asn Val Val Val1 5 1043912PRTHomo sapiens 439Ser Ser Arg
Asp Asn Ser Gly Asp Arg Leu Val Leu1 5 1044011PRTHomo sapiens
440Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5
1044111PRTHomo sapiens 441Ala Thr Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Arg Gly Trp
Val1 5 1044211PRTHomo sapiens 442Ala Thr Trp Asp Asp Ser Val Arg
Gly Trp Val1 5 1044311PRTHomo sapiens 443Ala Thr Trp Asp Asp Ser
Leu Ser Gly Trp Val1 5 1044411PRTHomo sapiens 444Ala Ala Trp Asp
Asp Ser Leu Asn Ala Val Leu1 5 1044511PRTHomo sapiens 445Val Asp
Arg Arg Trp Asp Leu Pro Phe Asp Tyr1 5 1044610PRTHomo sapiens
446Ala Ser Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Val1 5 1044711PRTHomo
sapiens 447Glu Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Ser Gly Pro Ala1 5
1044811PRTHomo sapiens 448Gly Thr Trp Asp Ser Arg Leu Ser Ala Val
Val1 5 1044911PRTHomo sapiens 449Asn Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn
Pro Val Val1 5 1045011PRTHomo sapiens 450Thr Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser
Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5 1045111PRTHomo sapiens 451Ala Ala Trp Asp
Asp Ile Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5 1045211PRTHomo sapiens 452Asn Ser
Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn His Val Val1 5 1045310PRTHomo sapiens
453Gln Ala Trp Asp Ser Ser Thr Thr Trp Glu1 5 1045411PRTHomo
sapiens 454Glu Thr Trp Asp Thr Ser Leu Ser Val Leu Val1 5
1045510PRTHomo sapiens 455Ser Ser Arg Asp Asn Ser Gly Asp Pro Leu1
5 1045610PRTHomo sapiens 456Ser Ser Arg Asp Asn Ser Gly Asp Pro
Leu1 5 1045711PRTHomo sapiens 457Asn Ser Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn
His Trp Val1 5 1045811PRTHomo sapiens 458Gln Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser
Leu Ser Ala Tyr Val1 5 1045911PRTHomo sapiens 459Gln Ser Tyr Asp
Ser Gly Leu Ser Ala Val Val1 5 1046011PRTHomo sapiens 460Ala Ser
Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Ser Gly Trp Val1 5 1046111PRTHomo sapiens
461Ala Thr Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Ser Gly Leu Leu1 5 1046211PRTHomo
sapiens 462Ala Ser Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Lys Gly Val Val1 5
1046311PRTHomo sapiens 463Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Arg Leu Ser Gly Pro
Val1 5 1046411PRTHomo sapiens 464Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn
Gly Met Leu1 5 1046510PRTHomo sapiens 465Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser
Leu Asn Gly Pro1 5 1046611PRTHomo sapiens 466Ala Thr Trp Asp Asp
Arg Leu Lys Gly Phe Val1 5 1046711PRTHomo sapiens 467Ser Ala Trp
Asp Asp Ser Leu Ser Gly Val Val1 5 1046812PRTHomo sapiens 468Ala
Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly His Val Val1 5 104699PRTHomo
sapiens 469Gln Thr Trp Asp Ser Thr Thr Ala Ser1 547011PRTHomo
sapiens 470Ser Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Pro Ala1 5
1047111PRTHomo sapiens 471Ser Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Pro
Ala1 5 1047211PRTHomo sapiens 472Ala Thr Trp Asp Asp Thr Leu Ser
Gly Leu Val1 5 1047311PRTHomo sapiens 473Ala Thr Trp Asp Asp Ser
Val Asn Gly Pro Ala1 5 1047411PRTHomo sapiens 474Ser Ser Tyr Ala
Arg Ser Asn Asn Phe Gly Val1 5 1047511PRTHomo sapiens 475Ala Ala
Trp Asp Asp Arg Leu Asn Gly Tyr Val1 5 1047611PRTHomo sapiens
476Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Val Val1 5 1047711PRTHomo
sapiens 477Gln Val Trp Asp Ser Thr Ser Asp His Arg Ile1 5
1047811PRTHomo sapiens 478Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asp Gly Val
Val1 5 1047911PRTHomo sapiens 479Ala Ser Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asp
Gly Trp Val1 5 1048011PRTHomo sapiens 480Ser Ser Tyr Ser Gly Asp
Val Asn Phe Ile Val1 5 104819PRTHomo sapiens 481Gln Gln Leu Asn Arg
Tyr Pro Ser Leu1 54829PRTHomo sapiens 482Gln Gln Tyr Tyr Ser Thr
Pro Pro Thr1 548311PRTHomo sapiens 483Ala Thr Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu
Lys Gly Phe Val1 5 1048411PRTHomo sapiens 484Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp
Ser Leu Asn Gly Val Val1 5 1048511PRTHomo sapiens 485Ser Ser Trp
Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Val Val1 5 1048611PRTHomo sapiens 486Gly
Thr Trp Asp Ser Ser Leu Asn Thr Tyr Val1 5 1048711PRTHomo sapiens
487Ser Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5 1048812PRTHomo
sapiens 488Gln Ser Tyr Asp Ser Ser Leu Ser Gly Ser Trp Val1 5
1048911PRTHomo sapiens 489Glu Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Ser Gly Pro
Ala1 5 1049011PRTHomo sapiens 490Ala Thr Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn
Gly Val Val1 5 1049111PRTHomo sapiens 491Gln Val Trp Asp Arg Ser
Asn Gly His Val Val1 5 104929PRTHomo sapiens 492Gln Gln Phe Lys Ser
Tyr Pro Leu Thr1 549310PRTHomo sapiens 493Gln Val Trp Asp Asn Ser
Ser Gly Trp Val1 5 1049411PRTHomo sapiens 494Ala Thr Trp Asp Asp
Ser Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5 1049511PRTHomo sapiens 495Ala Ala Trp
Asp Ala Ser Leu Thr Ser Trp Val1 5 1049611PRTHomo sapiens 496Ala
Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Val Val1 5 1049711PRTHomo sapiens
497Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5 1049811PRTHomo
sapiens 498Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5
1049913PRTHomo sapiens 499Gly Thr Trp Asp Ser Ser Leu Ser Asp Gly
Lys Val Val1 5 1050011PRTHomo sapiens 500Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser
Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5 1050111PRTHomo sapiens 501Ala Thr Trp Asp
Asp Ser Arg Gly Gly Trp Val1 5 1050211PRTHomo sapiens 502Ala Ser
Trp Asp Asp Ser Val Gly Ser Trp Val1 5 1050311PRTHomo sapiens
503Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5 1050411PRTHomo
sapiens 504Ala Ser Trp Asp Asp Asp Leu Ser Gly Leu Val1 5
1050511PRTHomo sapiens 505Ala Thr Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Pro
Val1 5 1050611PRTHomo sapiens 506Ala Thr Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Met
Val Gly Val1 5 1050711PRTHomo sapiens 507Ala Thr Trp Asp Asp Ser
Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5 1050811PRTHomo sapiens 508Ala Val Trp Asp
Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Val Ile1 5 1050911PRTHomo sapiens 509Ala Ala
Trp Asp Asp Asn Leu Asn Gly Val Val1 5 1051011PRTHomo sapiens
510Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Lys Gly Trp Val1 5 1051111PRTHomo
sapiens 511Ala Val Trp Asp Asp Gly Leu Ser Gly Trp Val1 5
105129PRTHomo sapiens 512Gln Gln Tyr Tyr Ser Thr Pro Ile Thr1
551311PRTHomo sapiens 513Val Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Trp
Val1 5 1051410PRTHomo sapiens 514Gln Ser His Asp Asn Thr Leu Gly
Glu Val1 5 1051510PRTHomo sapiens 515Ala Ser Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu
Thr Trp Val1 5 1051612PRTHomo sapiens 516Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser
Leu Ser Gly Pro Val Val1 5 1051713PRTHomo sapiens 517Asn Ser Arg
Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn His Phe Asp Val Val1 5 1051811PRTHomo sapiens
518Ala Thr Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Phe Val1 5 1051910PRTHomo
sapiens 519Gln Val Trp Asp Asn Ser Ser Gly Trp Val1 5
1052011PRTHomo sapiens 520Ala Val Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Val
Leu1 5 1052111PRTHomo sapiens 521Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Thr
Gly Trp Val1 5 1052211PRTHomo sapiens 522Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser
Leu Lys Gly Pro Val1 5 1052311PRTHomo sapiens 523Ala Ala Trp Asp
Asp Ser Leu Ser Gly Trp Val1 5 1052411PRTHomo sapiens 524Val Thr
Trp Asp Gly Ser Leu Gly Val Val Met1 5 1052511PRTHomo sapiens
525Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Lys Gly Trp Val1 5 1052611PRTHomo
sapiens 526Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5
1052711PRTHomo sapiens 527Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Val
Val1 5 1052811PRTHomo sapiens 528Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn
Gly Trp Val1 5 1052911PRTHomo sapiens 529Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser
Leu Asn Gly Val Val1 5 1053011PRTHomo sapiens 530Gln Val Trp Asp
Arg Ser Asn Gly His Val Val1 5 1053111PRTHomo sapiens 531Asn Ser
Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn Leu Trp Val1 5 1053211PRTHomo sapiens
532Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Val Val1 5 1053311PRTHomo
sapiens 533Ala Ala Trp Asp Asp Ser Leu Asn Gly Trp Val1 5
1053411PRTHomo sapiens 534Asn Ser Arg Asp Asn Ser Gly Asn Leu Trp
Val1 5 105358PRTHomo sapiens 535Gln Gln Ser Leu Thr Ala Trp Thr1
5
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