U.S. patent application number 13/013891 was filed with the patent office on 2011-07-28 for detergent dispensing and pre-treatment cap.
Invention is credited to Nalini Chawla, Tom Collins, Lauren Eisenmenger, Karla Mishell Sanchez, John Charles Wilkins.
Application Number | 20110179586 13/013891 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 43969365 |
Filed Date | 2011-07-28 |
United States Patent
Application |
20110179586 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Chawla; Nalini ; et
al. |
July 28, 2011 |
Detergent Dispensing and Pre-Treatment Cap
Abstract
A detergent dispensing cap for pre-treating a stained fabric.
The cap can have a pour volume sized and dimensioned to provide for
a unit dose of the detergent composition. A portion of the cap can
be provided with surface irregularities for scrubbing a stain.
Inventors: |
Chawla; Nalini; (Mason,
OH) ; Sanchez; Karla Mishell; (Cincinnati, OH)
; Eisenmenger; Lauren; (Cincinnati, OH) ; Collins;
Tom; (Mason, OH) ; Wilkins; John Charles;
(Bellevue, KY) |
Family ID: |
43969365 |
Appl. No.: |
13/013891 |
Filed: |
January 26, 2011 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
8/137 ;
220/212 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B65D 41/26 20130101;
B65D 51/32 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
8/137 ;
220/212 |
International
Class: |
B65D 51/32 20060101
B65D051/32; D06L 1/00 20060101 D06L001/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jan 26, 2010 |
CA |
2,691,260 |
Claims
1. A cap for dispensing a detergent composition, said cap
comprising: a base having a base interior and a base exterior
opposing said base interior, said base interior having a periphery;
and a vessel wall having an interior surface and an exterior
surface opposing said interior surface, said vessel wall extending
from said periphery to a rim, said interior surface and said base
interior defining a pour volume, said base interior forming a
closed end of said pour volume; wherein said cap is sealingly
engaged to a container containing a detergent composition by a
connector disposed on said cap and a corresponding receiver
disposed on an opening of said container; wherein said cap has a
longitudinal axis about which said vessel wall extends; wherein
said cap comprises a plurality of second surface irregularities at
a location selected from the group consisting of on said base
exterior with said second surface irregularities being
asymmetrically disposed about said longitudinal axis, on said
exterior surface with said second surface irregularities being
asymmetrically disposed about said longitudinal axis, on said base
exterior with said second surface irregularities comprising
bristles, on said exterior surface with said second surface
irregularities comprising bristles, and combinations thereof;
wherein said pour volume is sized and dimensioned to provide for a
unit dose of said detergent composition.
2. The cap of claim 1, wherein said cap comprises a plurality of
second surface irregularities at a location selected from the group
consisting of on said base exterior with said second surface
irregularities being asymmetrically disposed about said
longitudinal axis, on said exterior surface with said second
surface irregularities being asymmetrically disposed about said
longitudinal axis, and combinations thereof, wherein said second
surface irregularities are structures selected from the group
consisting of rings, ribs, nubs, bristles, fibers, and combinations
thereof.
3. The cap of claim 1, wherein said cap comprises a plurality of
second surface irregularities at a location selected from the group
consisting of on said base exterior with said second surface
irregularities comprising bristles, on said exterior surface with
said second surface irregularities comprising bristles, and
combinations thereof.
4. The cap of claim 3, wherein said bristles are generally columnar
bristles having an aspect ratio greater than about 0.5.
5. The cap of claim 3, wherein said bristles are generally columnar
bristles having an aspect ratio greater than about 1.
6. The cap of claim 3, wherein said vessel wall exterior surface
has a maximum radial extent from said longitudinal axis, wherein
said bristles are nested within said maximum radial extent from
said longitudinal axis.
7. The cap of claim 3, wherein said bristles are generally aligned
parallel to said longitudinal axis or wherein said bristles are
generally aligned orthogonal to said longitudinal axis.
8. The cap of claim 3, wherein said base exterior has a maximum
axial extent along said longitudinal axis, wherein said bristles
are nested within said maximum axial extent along said longitudinal
axis.
9. The cap of claim 1, wherein said first surface irregularities
comprise a first material and another portion of said cap next to
said first material comprises a second material, wherein said first
material and said second material differ from one another in
chemical composition.
10. The cap of claim 1, wherein said first surface irregularities
comprise a first material and another portion of said cap next to
said first material comprises a second material, wherein said first
material and said second material are measured by a Hunter
Reflectance Meter test according to the colors L*, a*, and b*, the
L*, a*, and b*, wherein said first material has a color difference,
the color difference being calculated using the L*, a*, and b*
values by the formula
.DELTA.E=[(L.sup.*.sub.X.-L*.sub.Y).sup.2+(a*.sub.X.-a*.sub.Y).sup.2+(b*.-
sub.X-b*.sub.Y).sup.2].sup.1/2, wherein said .DELTA.E between said
first material and said second material is at least about 1.
11. The cap of claim 1, wherein said interior surface of said
vessel wall is defined by a surface of revolution.
12. The cap of claim 1, wherein said rim has a weir.
13. The cap of claim 3, wherein said rim has a weir generally
aligned with said bristles.
14. The cap of claim 3, wherein a pouring ledge having an aperture
there through extends from said vessel wall or rim, wherein said
aperture is generally aligned with said bristles.
15. The cap of claim 3, wherein a pouring ledge extends from said
vessel wall or rim and an aperture is in said vessel wall between
said pouring ledge and said base, wherein said aperture is
generally aligned with said bristles.
16. The cap of claim 1, wherein a collector at least partially
surrounds said exterior surface of said vessel wall.
17. The cap of claim 1, wherein said connector is threads and said
receiver is corresponding threads.
18. The cap of claim 1, wherein said cap comprises a plurality of
gripping irregularities on said vessel wall exterior surface or on
said base exterior, said gripping irregularities uniformly
distributed about a location.
19. A method employing the cap of claim 1 for pre-treating a
clothing article having a stained portion comprising the steps of:
removing said cap from a container containing a detergent
composition; pouring a volume of said detergent composition from
said container into said cap; applying at least a portion of said
volume to a stained portion of said stained clothing article;
scrubbing said stained portion with a portion of said cap; and
reengaging said cap with said container containing said detergent
composition.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein said cap comprises bristles.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] A detergent dispensing cap for pre-treating a stained
fabric.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Treating stained garments continues to be an aspect of
laundering that could be improved. There are a variety of
commercially available approaches for treating stains. In one
approach the consumer merely washes with a detergent touted as
having the ability to treat stains. Such an approach tends to work
satisfactorily if the stains are light and not greasy. If the
stains are heavy, the stains might not be removed because the
chemical ingredients of detergent are diluted in the wash and are
not concentrated at the stain. This can leave the consumer
dissatisfied when at the end of the wash cycle she sees that the
stains are still visible. The prospects for successful stain
treatment after washing are limited, particularly if the failure is
not detected until after drying the stained garment.
[0003] Some liquid detergents can be effective when used to
pre-treat stains by locally applying a small quantity of detergent
to the stained portion of the garment. Many consumers do not use
liquid detergents to pre-treat stains because they are unaware that
such a practice can be successfully used to treat stains and the
practice can be messy and cumbersome. Thus, many consumers use
specialized stain treatment aids.
[0004] Stain treatment aids may be applied to the stain in liquid
form by spraying or squirting the stain treatment aid directly on
the stain or using a wipe impregnated with a stain treatment aid to
scrub a stain. Some stain treatment aids include a motorized brush
or scrubbing implement to assist with treating the stain in the
fabric.
[0005] The typical consumer experience with presently available
approaches for treating stains in the home is cumbersome. The
consumer first has to remember to purchase the detergent, the stain
treatment aid, and any accompanying devices, or replacement
devices. The consumer then stores all of these items near the
washing machine. Then, the consumer must remember to identify and
treat stains prior to the stained garment being placed in the
washing machine. The consumer must then locate the stain treatment
aid and manipulate the packaging or device to apply the stain
treatment aid to the stain. The consumer then stores the stain
treatment aid, frequently in an unsightly gathering of laundry
products nearby the washing machine. Consumers often rinse their
hands after this step to avoid the greasy feeling of common stain
treatment aids and to avoid transferring the stain treatment aid to
other surfaces, washing machine controls, and detergent packaging.
The consumer then opens the laundry detergent, measures out the
appropriate dose, and delivers the dose of detergent to the washing
machine. Finally the consumer stores the laundry detergent. This
multistep process is a less than desirable consumer experience,
particularly given all the other demands on the consumer's time and
mental focus.
[0006] With these limitations in mind, there is a continuing
unaddressed need for a device and approach for treating stains that
intuitively suggests to the consumer to treat stains properly, is
intuitive for the consumer to remember to apply, is simple to
apply, and performs satisfactorily.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] A cap for dispensing a detergent composition. The cap can
comprise: a base having a base interior and a base exterior
opposing the base interior, the base interior having a periphery.
The cap can comprise a vessel wall having an interior surface and
an exterior surface opposing the interior surface, the vessel wall
extending from the periphery to a rim. The interior surface and the
base define a pour volume. The cap can be sealingly engaged to a
container containing a detergent composition by a connector
disposed on the cap and a corresponding receiver disposed on an
opening of the container. The cap can have a longitudinal axis
about which the vessel wall extends. The cap can comprise a
plurality of second surface irregularities at a location selected
from the group consisting of on the base exterior with the second
surface irregularities being asymmetrically disposed about the
longitudinal axis, on the exterior surface with the second surface
irregularities being asymmetrically disposed about the longitudinal
axis, on the base exterior with the second surface irregularities
comprising bristles, on the exterior surface with the second
surface irregularities comprising bristles, and combinations
thereof. The pour volume can be sized and dimensioned to provide
for a unit dose of the detergent composition.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] FIG. 1 is a schematic of a cap having first surface
irregularities.
[0009] FIG. 2 is a schematic illustrating ribs.
[0010] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustrating nubs.
[0011] FIG. 4 is a schematic illustrating bristles.
[0012] FIG. 5 is a schematic illustrating rings.
[0013] FIG. 6 is a schematic of a cap having a pouring ledge,
aperture, and first surface irregularities.
[0014] FIG. 7 is a schematic of a cap having a pouring ledge,
aperture, and first surface irregularities.
[0015] FIG. 8 is a schematic of a cap having second surface
irregularities.
[0016] FIG. 9 is a schematic of a cap having second surface
irregularities.
[0017] FIG. 10 is a schematic of a cap having a spout.
[0018] FIG. 11 is a schematic of a cap having a spout.
[0019] FIG. 12 is a schematic of a cap having second surface
irregularities and a spout.
[0020] FIG. 13 is a schematic of a cap having first surface
irregularities, a pouring ledge, an aperture, and an apex.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0021] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a cap 10 for dispensing
a detergent composition 300 that can be used to pre-treat stains.
The cap 10 comprises a base 20. The base 20 has a base interior 30
and a base exterior 40 opposing the base interior 30. The base
interior 30 has a periphery 50. The base 20 can be a single layer
of material, such as high density polyethylene, a multilayered
material, a hollow member, or any other such structure or material
having sufficient structural integrity to be used in a cap 10 for a
container 110 of laundry detergent composition 300. The detergent
composition 300 can comprise a surfactant. The base exterior 40 can
provide a surface arrangement that can be stably set upon another
surface that is substantially flat as measured on a scale of
centimeters, such as a table or a flat portion of a washing machine
or dryer. Such surface arrangement can be a generally flat surface
or contoured surface arrangement. When the base 20 is set on a flat
surface, detergent composition 300 from a container 110 can be
poured into the pour volume 100 of the cap 10 and the cap 10 will
not easily tip over as detergent composition 300 is poured into the
pour volume 100.
[0022] A vessel wall 60 extends from the periphery 50 to a rim 90.
The vessel wall 60 extends about the longitudinal axis L of the
cap. The vessel wall 60 has an interior surface 70 and an exterior
surface 80 opposing the interior surface 70. The vessel wall 60 can
be a single layer of material, such as high density polyethylene, a
multilayered material, a hollow member, or any other such structure
or material having sufficient structural integrity to be used as a
cap 10 for a container of laundry detergent composition 300. The
interior surface 70 can be provided with one or more indicia 62
that mark the desired level of detergent composition 300 that
provides for an appropriate unit dose of detergent composition 300.
The indicia 62 can be an etch, a depression, a raised portion,
printing, or any other structure that is observable by the
consumer. The vessel wall 60 can be a cylindrical segment.
[0023] The interior surface 70 and base interior 30 together define
a pour volume 100, the base interior 30 forming a closed end of the
pour volume 100. The pour volume 100 can be sized and dimensioned
to provide for a unit dose of a detergent composition 300. The
detergent composition 300 can be a liquid detergent composition 300
such as any of the liquid detergents marketed as TIDE, available
from The Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. In one
embodiment, the interior surface 70 and base interior 30 together
form an open ended, or partially open ended, cup with the base
interior 30 forming the closed end of the cup. The longitudinal
axis L can extend through the open portion of the open end of the
cap 10 defined by or partially by the rim 90.
[0024] The interior surface 70 of the vessel wall 60 can be defined
by a surface of revolution about the longitudinal axis L. In one
embodiment, interior surface 70 of the vessel wall 60 can be
defined by a portion of the interior surface of a hollow cylinder.
Surfaces of revolutions of functions not parallel to the
longitudinal axis L and surfaces of revolution of non-linear
functions are contemplated. A cap 10 having an interior surface 70
of vessel wall 60 that is a surface of revolution can provide for
ease of manufacture of the cap 10 and engaging the cap 10 with the
container 110 after filling the container 110 with detergent
composition 300 during manufacture and packaging.
[0025] The cap 10 can be sealingly engaged to a container 110
containing a detergent composition 300. By sealingly engaged, it is
meant that the cap 10 does not leak an unacceptable quantity of
detergent composition 300 from the container under stresses to the
cap 10 and container 110 that occur during manufacturing,
packaging, shipping, handling, storage, and use of the container
110 and detergent composition 300 stored therein. The cap 10 can be
sealingly engaged to the container by a connector 130 disposed on
the cap 10 and a corresponding receiver 132 disposed on an opening
112 of the container. The connector 130 and corresponding receiver
132 can be a lug and groove combination, the combination being
arranged such the lug can be the connector 130 or the receiver 132
and the groove being whichever of the connector 130 and receiver
132 that the lug is not. The connector 130 and receiver 132 can be
interlocking correspondingly disposed threads 134 helically
disposed on the cap 10 and container 110. That is, the connector
130 can be threads and the receiver 132 can be corresponding
threads. The cap 10 can be sealingly engaged to the container by
threads 134 helically disposed on the cap 10 and corresponding
disposed threads 134 on the opening 112 of the container 110. The
cap 10 can be provided with a connector 130 at any suitable
location such that the connector 130 can be operatively engaged
with the receiver 132 on the container 110. The connector 130 can
be disposed on the exterior surface 80 of the vessel wall 60. The
connector 130 can be disposed on the interior surface 70 of the
vessel wall 60. The cap 10 can be provided with threads 134 in any
suitable location such that the threads 134 can be operatively
engaged with the container 110. The threads 134 can be disposed on
the exterior surface 80 of the vessel wall 60. The threads 134 can
be disposed on the interior surface 70 of the vessel wall 60, which
can provide for cleaner use of the cap 10. The cap 10 can be
releasably attachable to a container 110 by a pressure fitting and
detachable there from.
[0026] As shown in FIG. 1, the rim 90 can have a weir 160. A weir
160 can provide for more precise delivery of detergent composition
300 to a stain in a fabric by constricting the flow of detergent
composition 300 from the cap 10 as a small quantity of detergent
composition 300 is applied to the stain. The weir 160 can be any of
the common shapes for weirs including a V shape, a semicircular
shape, a trapezoidal shape, a multilevel weir having discontinuous
function describing the hydraulic radius, or any other such shape
that can constrict flow of detergent composition 300.
[0027] The cap 10 can comprise a plurality of first surface
irregularities 150 at a location selected from the group consisting
of on the rim 90, on the exterior surface 80 between the connector
130 and the rim 90, and combinations thereof. For instance, as
shown in FIG. 1, the first surface irregularities 150 are
illustrated as being on the rim 90 and between the connector 130
and the rim 90. The first surface irregularities 150 can be on the
rim 90. The first surface irregularities 150 can be within about 5
mm of the rim 90. The first surface irregularities 150 can be on or
within about 5 mm of the rim 90. The first surface irregularities
150 can be on the rim 90 and between the connector 130 disposed on
the cap 10 and the rim 90. When the consumer grips the cap 10 to
execute pouring, once the pour is made, first surface
irregularities 150 located as such are in position to be used to
scrub the stain on the fabric with the first surface irregularities
150 without requiring the consumer to reposition the cap in her
hand. Further, by placing the first surface irregularities 150 as
such, after using the cap 10 to pre-treat and dose the detergent
composition 300, the first surface irregularities 150, which might
have a small amount of detergent composition 300 remaining thereon,
can fit back within the opening 112 of the container 110 to keep
any mess inside the container 110.
[0028] First surface irregularities 150 can provide a
topographically diverse surface that can be rubbed against a
stained fabric before or after detergent composition 300 is applied
to a stain in a fabric as part of a stain pretreatment process. A
topographically diverse surface is a surface that is not smooth.
The first surface irregularities 150 when rubbed against a stain on
a fabric are thought to help dislodge agglomerations of the stain,
deform the fibrous structure of the fabric allowing the detergent
composition 300 to more completely penetrate the fibrous structure,
and manipulate the fibers of the fabric thereby allowing a greater
surface area of the fibers to be wetted with the detergent
composition 300. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that
dislodging agglomerations of the stain, more completely penetrating
the stained fabric with detergent composition 300, and applying
detergent composition 300 to a greater surface area of fibers can
improve the efficacy of pre-treatment of stains in fabrics.
[0029] The plurality of first surface irregularities 150 can have a
surface topography that is distinct from the surface topography of
portions of the cap 10 adjacent the plurality of first surface
irregularities 150. The first surface irregularities 150 can
provide for a surface having a plurality of peaks and a plurality
of low portions that have an amplitude between adjacent peaks and
low portions greater than about 0.1 mm. The first surface
irregularities 150 can provide for a surface having a plurality of
peaks and a plurality of low portions that have an amplitude
between adjacent peaks and low portions greater than about 0.2 mm.
The first surface irregularities 150 can provide for a surface
having a plurality of peaks and a plurality of low portions that
have an amplitude between adjacent peaks and low portions greater
than about 0.5 mm. The first surface irregularities 150 can provide
for a surface having a plurality of peaks and a plurality of low
portions that have an amplitude between adjacent peaks and low
portions greater than about 1 mm. The low portions can be valleys.
The plurality of first surface irregularities 150 can define a
region that has a surface topography that differs from the surface
topography of portions of the cap 10 adjacent the region. The first
surface irregularities 150 can be a series of elevated portions
having intermittently disposed recessed portions. Recessed portions
can be continuous. Elevated portions can be continuous.
[0030] The rim 90 can have a weir 160 that is generally aligned
with the first surface irregularities 150. In such an embodiment,
by generally aligned it is meant that the weir 160 and first
surface irregularities 150 are at least within about 0.25.pi.
radians of one another about the longitudinal axis L. For instance,
as shown in FIG. 1, the weir 160 can be aligned with the first
surface irregularities 150. Such an embodiment can be practical
because as the user of the cap 10 dispenses the detergent
composition 300 over the weir 160 to pre-treat the stain, the
consumer will be holding the cap 10 in a position such that the
user does not have to reposition her hand to rub the first surface
irregularities 150 against the stain. Further, as the consumer
observes the pour, she is likely to see the first surface
irregularities 150, which will provide her with a visual cue to use
the first surface irregularities 150 to scrub the stain.
[0031] Further, with the first surface irregularities 150
positioned as such, the user is able to see the first surface
irregularities 150 when pouring of a unit dose is initiated. This
can be practical as a reminder to the consumer to pre-treat stains
if she sees the surface irregularities 150 as she pours the unit
dose into the wash basin prior to pre-treating stains.
[0032] In one embodiment, the first surface irregularities 150 can
comprise a first material and another portion of the cap 10 next to
the first material can comprise a second material, wherein the
first material and the second material differ from one another. In
one embodiment, the first surface irregularities 150 can comprise a
first material and another portion of the cap 10 next to the first
material can comprise a second material, wherein the first material
and the second material differ from one another by a property
selected from the group consisting of modulus of elasticity,
chemical composition, Shore A hardness, color, and combinations
thereof. Shore A Hardness is measured following ASTM D2240 on a
material of the same composition as the material being evaluated. A
cap 10 comprising first surface irregularities 150 comprised of a
first material and another portion of the cap 10 next to the first
material comprising a second material can be formed by a two shot
injection molding process, with the first material and the second
material delivered to the mold in separate shots. In one
embodiment, the first material can comprise polypropylene, rubber,
neoprene, and/or KRATON. In one embodiment, the portion of the cap
10 next to the first material can be high density polyethylene,
polypropylene, polyamide, styro lacrylintrol. The first surface
irregularities can be a elastomeric material.
[0033] In one embodiment the first material can have a softer feel
to the user than the second material, as might be indicated by a
lower Shore A hardness or lower modulus of elasticity. The second
material can be selected to provide for acceptable overall
structural stability of the cap during packaging, storing,
shipping, and display of the detergent composition 300 and during
use of the cap 10 by the consumer to pre-treat stains. A more
readily deformable first material might provide for scrubbing
surface that is gentler on the fabric being treated than a
scrubbing surface formed of the second material and may not damage
the fabric being treated. The first material can have a Shore A
hardness between about 20 and about 80. The first material can have
a Shore A hardness of between about 40 and about 60. The first
material can have a Shore A hardness that is less than about 80% f
the Shore A hardness of a portion of the cap 10 next to the first
material.
[0034] Providing the first material and the second material in two
different colors can help the consumer quickly identify what part
of the cap 10 is engineered to be used for scrubbing the stain and
might be helpful to vision systems that might be used to position
the cap 10 during manufacture and/or assembly of the cap and
packaging of the detergent composition 300. Providing the first
material and the second material to have different chemical
composition can yield a cap 10 for which different parts of the cap
10 are designed to provide for different functions, such as one
part of the cap being practical and durable for scrubbing and
another part of the cap 10 providing for structural stability.
[0035] To provide for a potentially cleaner stain pretreatment
process, the cap 10 can be provided with a collector 250 that at
least partially surrounds the exterior surface 80 of the vessel
wall 60, an example of which is shown in FIG. 1. The collector 250
can at least partially circumscribe or circumscribe the exterior
surface of the vessel wall 60. The collector 250 can provide for
retaining a volume of detergent composition 300 that might drip
from the rim 90 or aperture when the detergent composition 300 is
dispensed from the cap 10. A portion of the collector 250 can be
spaced apart from the exterior surface 80 of the vessel wall 60.
The retaining volume defined by the space in the collector 250 and
the exterior surface 80 can be disposed along the hydraulic pathway
of flow for detergent composition 300 between the rim 90, weir 160,
or aperture, and the connector 130 disposed on the cap 10. The
collector 250 can help keep the connector 130 free of detergent
composition 300 thereby reducing the probability that the consumer
may come into physical contact with the detergent composition 300.
The collector 250 can be sized and dimensioned to fit in the
opening 112 of the container 110 so that detergent composition 300
caught in the collector drips back into the container 110 when the
cap 10 is reaffixed to the container 110 after use as a
pre-treatment device.
[0036] The plurality of first surface irregularities 150 can be
structures selected from the group consisting of rings, ribs 152,
nubs, bristles, fibers, and combinations thereof. Ribs are a
plurality of elongated elevated portions with intermittently
disposed elongated recessed portions that are depressed relative to
the elevated portions. Ribs 152 can be, for example, a plurality of
adjacent grooves etched or molded in substrate and can be a
plurality of adjacent ridges. Ribs can be formed in a substrate,
for example, by etching a plurality of adjacent grooves in the
substrate, by molding the substrate to leave behind a plurality of
adjacent grooves, and by molding the substrate to leave behind a
plurality of adjacent ridges. An example of a substrate that can
form a portion of cap 10 having first surface irregularities 150
and/or second surface irregularities having a plurality of ribs 152
is schematically illustrated in FIG. 2. Ribs 152 can have any
desired cross sectional shape including straight edged and rounded.
Ribs 152 can be curved along their length. Ribs 152 are thought to
provide for a bumpy topography that can effectively scrub and
massage the fabric.
[0037] Nubs 154 are generally two-dimensionally symmetric features
that are elevated or depressed relative to adjacent portions, an
example schematic of which is shown in FIG. 3. Nubs can be, by way
of non-limiting examples, elevated portions or depressed portions
having a shape of a portion of a hemisphere and elevated portions
or depressed portions having a shape of a cylinder having a height
H less than half the diameter D. An example of a substrate that can
form a portion of cap 10 having first surface irregularities 150
and/or second surface irregularities 155 having a plurality of nubs
154 is schematically illustrated in FIG. 3. Nubs 154 are thought to
provide for a bumpy topography that can effectively scrub and
massage the fabric.
[0038] An example of a portion of cap 10 having a plurality of
bristles 156 is schematically illustrated in FIG. 4. Bristles 156
are filaments having an aspect ratio of height H to diameter D
greater than about 0.5. The diameter D is determined at the base of
the bristle which is the location from which the bristle 156
extends from the cap 10. The height H of the bristle 156 is
measured orthogonal to the surface from which the base of the
bristle 156 extends with the bristle 156 extended orthogonally from
the surface from which the base of the bristle 156 extends.
Bristles 156 can have a self sustaining shape when extended from
the surface from which the base of the bristle 156 extends. For
bristles 156 having a non-cylindrical cross section, the diameter D
is taken to be the diameter of a cylinder having the same
cross-sectional area as the cross-section area of the bristle 156
at the location from which the bristle 156 extends from the cap 10.
The filaments can be discrete filaments. Bristles 156 can be
filaments having an aspect ratio of height H to diameter D greater
than about 1. Bristles 156 can be filaments having an aspect ratio
of height H to diameter D greater than about 0.5. Bristles 156 can
be generally columnar bristles 156. Bristles 156 are thought to
provide for a rough texture/topography that can effectively scrub
and massage the fabric. Bristles 156 can be hollow. Bristles 156
can have a fixed end 256 and a free end 257.
[0039] Rings 158 are closed shapes in which the central portion 159
of the shape is recessed relative to a peripheral portion 161 of
the shape, schematic examples of which are shown n FIG. 5. Rings
158 are thought to be practical in that they provide for a bumpy
topography that can effectively scrub and massage the fabric.
[0040] Fibers can be woven, nonwoven, hooked, or looped fibers, for
example, and be provided for instance by a woven or nonwoven
fibrous web being attached to the cap 10 in the desired location.
An inexpensive and easily manufactured embodiment of cap 10 can be
made by using fibers as the first surface irregularities 150.
[0041] A cap 10 providing for enhanced restrictive pouring of small
volumes of detergent composition 300 is also contemplated. For
instance, the cap 10 may be provided with a pouring ledge 210
having an aperture 220 there through extending from the vessel wall
60 or rim 90, an example of which is shown in FIG. 6. The aperture
220 can provide for a discrete and precise pour.
[0042] The aperture 220 can be generally aligned with the first
surface irregularities 150. In such an embodiment, by generally
aligned it is meant that the aperture 220 and first surface
irregularities are at least within about 0.25.pi. radians of one
another about the longitudinal axis L.
[0043] As illustrated in FIG. 6, the pouring ledge 210 can extend
from the vessel wall 60 or rim 90 back towards the longitudinal
axis L. When the cap 10 is slightly tipped to initiate pouring a
small volume of detergent composition 300 onto the stained fabric,
the pouring ledge 210 can help the consumer limit the amount of
detergent composition 300 applied to the stained fabric by allowing
the detergent composition 300 to be dispensed from the cap 10
through the aperture 220. Once the proper amount of detergent
composition 300 is applied to the stained fabric, the detergent
composition 300 remaining in the cap 10 can be dosed to the washing
machine by further tipping the cap 10 over the washing machine and
allowing the detergent composition 300 to be completely poured from
the cap 10. For added convenience, the aperture 220 can be
generally aligned with the first surface irregularities 150 so that
the user doses not have to reposition the cap 10 in her hand to
initiate scrubbing of the stained fabric with the first surface
irregularities 150.
[0044] In another alternative arrangement as illustrated in FIG. 7,
the pouring ledge 210 can extend from the vessel wall 60 or rim 90
and an aperture 220 is in the vessel wall 60 between the pouring
ledge 210 and the base 20 and the aperture 220 is generally aligned
with the first surface irregularities 150. In such an embodiment,
by generally aligned it is meant that the aperture 220 and first
surface irregularities 150 are at least within about 0.25.pi.
radians of one another about the longitudinal axis L.
[0045] The pouring ledge 210 can be sized, dimensioned, and
arranged to provide for a restriction of flow of detergent
composition 300 when a small pour of detergent composition 300 is
being made by the consumer. A portion of the pouring ledge 210 can
extend back from the vessel wall 60 or rim 90 towards the
longitudinal axis L and be in a plane orthogonal to the
longitudinal axis L. A portion of the pouring ledge 210 can extend
back from the vessel wall 60 or rim 90 in a plane within about plus
or minus 0.5.pi. radians of being orthogonal to the longitudinal
axis L. A portion of the pouring ledge 210 may further extend
downwards in the pour volume 100 towards the base interior 30. Such
a design might provide for improved control of the quantity of
detergent composition 300 delivered to the stain during
pre-treatment.
[0046] Embodiments in which the cap comprises a plurality of second
surface irregularities 155 on the outside of the cap 10 such that
the connecter 130 is between the rim 90 and the second surface
irregularities 155 are also contemplated, as shown in FIG. 8. The
cap 10 can have second surface irregularities 155 and not have
first surface irregularities 150. The scrubbing surface of the cap
can be provided on the outside of the cap such that the connecter
130 is between the rim 90 and the second surface irregularities 155
and possibly not be provided elsewhere on the cap. The cap 10 can
comprise a plurality of second surface irregularities 155 at a
location selected from the group consisting of on a portion of the
base exterior 40, on a portion of the exterior surface 80, and
combinations thereof.
[0047] The cap 10 can comprise a plurality of second surface
irregularities 155 at a location selected from the group consisting
of on said base exterior 40 with said second surface irregularities
155 being asymmetrically disposed about the longitudinal axis L, on
the exterior surface 80 with the second surface irregularities 155
being asymmetrically disposed about the longitudinal axis L, on the
base exterior 40 with the second surface irregularities 155
comprising bristles 156, on the exterior surface 80 with the second
surface irregularities 155 comprising bristles 156, and
combinations thereof. In such embodiments, the second surface
irregularities 155 can be disposed such that the connector 130 is
between the rim 90 and the second surface irregularities 155.
Second surface irregularities 155 can be any of the structures
described above with respect to first surface irregularities 150.
The second surface irregularities 155 can be structures selected
from the group consisting of rings 158, ribs 152, nubs 154,
bristles 156, fibers, and combinations thereof.
[0048] By placing the second surface irregularities 155 as such,
the second surface irregularities can be located such that after
the consumer dispenses a small volume of detergent composition 300
to pre-treat a stain, the second surface irregularities 155 are
located such the that user does not have to reposition the cap 10
in her hand or significantly move her hand to be able to position
the second surface irregularities 155 in an appropriate position to
be rubbed against the stain.
[0049] The second surface irregularities 155 can comprise a first
material and another portion of the cap 10 next to the first
material can comprise a second material, wherein the first material
and the second material differ from one another by a property
selected from the group consisting of modulus of elasticity,
chemical composition, color, Shore A hardness, and combinations
thereof. Such an arrangement can be provided in the same manner and
for the same reasons as described above for a cap 10 in which the
first surface irregularities 155 are formed from a different
material than another portion of the cap 10.
[0050] Embodiments in which the second surface irregularities 155
are asymmetrically disposed about the longitudinal axis L can help
the consumer identify what portion of the cap 10 is provided for
scrubbing the stain during pre-treatment. By asymmetrically
disposed, it is meant that such asymmetrically disposed second
surface irregularities 155 are disposed such that the second
surface irregularities 155 on the exterior surface 80 or base
exterior 40 are not balanced about a single location, such as a
point on the longitudinal axis L or other point. The cap can 10 can
comprise a plurality of gripping irregularities 260 on the exterior
surface 80 and/or base exterior 40 and the gripping irregularities
260 can be uniformly distributed about a location to provide
structures that help the consumer grip the cap when removing the
cap 10 from the container 110. The gripping irregularities 260 may
be symmetrically distributed on the exterior surface 80 and/or base
exterior 40 about a location so as to have one-fold symmetry, for
example a fold passing through a point on the longitudinal axis
L.
[0051] The second surface irregularities 155 can be comprised of a
first material and the gripping irregularities 260 can be comprised
of a second material, wherein the first material differs from the
second material by a property selected from the group consisting of
modulus of elasticity, chemical composition, color, Shore A
hardness, and combinations thereof. Such an arrangement can help
the user identify the portion of the cap 10 that is designed to be
used as a scrubbing implement.
[0052] The cap 10 can be a cap 10 wherein a pouring ledge 210
having an aperture 220 there through extends from the vessel wall
60 or rim 90 and the aperture 220 is generally aligned with the
second surface irregularities 155 or wherein a pouring ledge 210
extends from the vessel wall 60 or rim 90 and an aperture 220 is in
the vessel wall 60 between the pouring ledge 210 and the base 20
and the aperture 220 is generally aligned with the second surface
irregularities 155. An illustration of aspects of such an
embodiment is shown in FIG. 8.
[0053] As shown in FIG. 9, the rim 90 can have a weir 160 and the
weir 160 can be generally aligned with the second surface
irregularities 155. In such an embodiment, by generally aligned it
is meant that the weir 160 and second surface irregularities 155
are at least within about 0.25.pi. radians of one another about the
longitudinal axis L. In such an embodiment, as the user tips the
cap 10 to deliver a small volume of detergent composition 300 to
the stain, the second surface irregularities 155 will naturally be
located proximal the stain and the user will be able to easily
initiate the scrubbing motion without having to tip the cap 10
further or reposition the cap 10 in her hand.
[0054] An embodiment in which the second surface irregularities 155
are ribs 152 is shown in FIG. 9. As shown in FIG. 9, the ribs 152
are asymmetrically disposed about the longitudinal axis L in that
the pattern of ribs 152 does not extend all the way around the
exterior surface 80. The pattern of gripping irregularities 260 is
uniformly distributed about the longitudinal axis L such that the
pattern of gripping irregularities 260 extends all the way around
the exterior surface 80. As shown in FIG. 9, the second surface
irregularities 155 and the first surface irregularities 150, if
present, can be generally aligned with one another. In such an
embodiment, by generally aligned it is meant that the first surface
irregularities 150 and second surface irregularities 155 are at
least within about 0.25.pi. radians of one another about the
longitudinal axis L. Such an embodiment can provide for giving
consumers a choice of which part of the cap they desire to use for
scrubbing. Consumers may rather use the second surface
irregularities 155 if there is some volume of detergent composition
300 left in the cap 10. Consumers might choose between first
surface irregularities 150 and second surface irregularities 155
based on efficacy for different types of stains.
[0055] If the cap 10 has both first surface irregularities 150 and
second surface irregularities 155, the second surface
irregularities 155 can be substantially identical in physical
structure to the first surface irregularities 150. In such an
embodiment, by substantially identical it is meant that the first
surface irregularities 150 and second surface irregularities 155
have the same geometric characteristics or differ, if at all, only
in scale or dimension. For instance, if the second surface
irregularities 155 are nubs 154 then the first surface
irregularities can also be nubs 154. The nubs 154 in each location
may have the same geometric characteristics or differ only in scale
or dimension of the nubs 154. In one embodiment, the second surface
irregularities 155 can be ribs 152 and the first surface
irregularities 150 can also be ribs 152. Such embodiments might
provide for designs in which the first surface irregularities 150
are obscured from view when the cap 10 is engaged with the
container 110 when the container 110 is on display at a retailer.
Since the second surface irregularities 155 are visible to the
consumer in this condition, the second surface irregularities 155
can provide an indicator to the consumer of what the obscured first
surface irregularities 150 look like without the consumer having to
open the package. This can be important when the container 110 is
on display at a retailer because consumers might desire to open the
container 110 prior to purchase to see if the cap 10 is provided
with the first surface irregularities 150. Embodiments in which the
second surface irregularities 155 can be selected from the group
consisting of rings 158, ribs 152, nubs 154, bristles 156, fibers,
and combinations thereof, are contemplated.
[0056] For second surface irregularities 155 that are bristles 156,
bristles 156 can be formed such that the bristles are generally
aligned parallel to the longitudinal axis, as for instance shown in
FIG. 8, or generally aligned orthogonal to the longitudinal axis L.
In such an arrangement, when the second surface irregularities 155
are scrubbed against the stained fabric, the cap 10 is likely to be
tilted. Thus, as the user scrubs with the cap, a combination of
normal forces and shear forces can be delivered to the stained
fabric and the bristles 156 may tend to bend thereby creating an
effective brushing movement of the individual bristles 156.
[0057] The bristles 156, if present as second surface
irregularities 155, can be set such that the bristles 156 are
nested with the maximum radial extent of the exterior surface 80 of
the cap 10 from the longitudinal axis L. Such an arrangement can
protect the bristles 156 from damage during transport, storage, and
use. For a similar benefit, the bristles 156 can be set such that
the bristles 156 are nested within the maximum axial extent along
the longitudinal axis L.
[0058] An example of a cap 10 in which the rim 90 has the shape of
a spout 92 is illustrated in FIG. 10. A cap 10 in which the rim 90
has the shape of a spout 92 can be practical for providing for a
precise pour of a small volume of detergent composition 300 to a
stained fabric and to help keep a large volume of detergent
composition 300 from being accidentally dispensed during
pre-treatment of a stain. A variety of spout 92 geometries can be
practical, particularly those geometries which tend to tightly
channel liquid flow.
[0059] A plurality of first surface irregularities 150 can be
provided at the tip of the spout 92. First surface irregularities
150 can be advantageously placed as such so that once the small
volume of detergent composition 300 is poured onto the stain, the
cap 10 is positioned in the user's hand such that the first surface
irregularities 150 can be conveniently rubbed against the stain.
Further, if the user only places a small volume of detergent
composition 300 in the pour volume 100 and tips the cap 10 nearly
completely over when she pre-treats the stain, the spout 92 can
still be visible to the user and she will be able to see the first
surface irregularities 150 and observe her scrubbing of the stain.
Without a spout 92, the portion of the rim 90 located opposite of
the side from which the detergent composition 300 is dispensed
might obstruct her view of the first surface irregularities 150 and
her scrubbing of the stain. Further, since the consumer may tend to
pour from the cap 10 such that the flow emanates from a location on
the rim 90 between her index finger and thumb as she rotates her
wrist, the first surface irregularities 150 can be located such
that these features might be conveniently and ergonomically located
for the consumer to exploit these features. For instance, the cap
10 can comprise a plurality of first surface irregularities 150 at
a location selected from the group consisting of on the rim 90,
between the connecter 130 disposed on the cap 10 and the rim 90,
and combinations thereof.
[0060] One example design for a practical spout 92 can be a
cylindric section, as illustrated in FIG. 11. A spout 92 having the
shape of a cylindric segment can be structurally stable so that an
unacceptable amount of deformation of the rim 90 does not occur
during scrubbing of the stain. Further, after filling the pour
volume 100 of the cap 10 with detergent composition 300, the user
may tend to try to keep the phreatic surface of the detergent
composition 300 level with the ground. When the phreatic surface of
the detergent composition 300 in the pour volume 100 is kept level,
the profile view of the cap 10 will present an angled rim 90 to the
viewer. The consumer expectation for dosing devices, such as caps
or cups, might be that the rim 90 of the cap should be level with
the ground, for instance as might be the case for caps that have a
cylindrical pour volume 100. Thus, when applying the detergent
composition 300 to pre-treat a stain, the consumer might naturally
and intuitively attempt to level the rim 90 of the cap as she pours
out the detergent composition 300 from the cap 10. A consumer may
tend to pour from the cap 10 such that the flow emanates from a
location between her index finger and thumb as she rotates her
wrist. With these insights, designers might be able to have a
significant influence on what portion of the rim 90 that a consumer
will choose to pour from. By driving the consumer to pour from a
certain portion of the rim 90, designers can coordinate the
location of other features on the cap, for example first surface
irregularities 150, second surface irregularities 155, aperture
220, pouring ledge 210, weir 160, and collector 250, such that
these features might be conveniently and ergonomically located to
allow the user to exploit these features without having to
reposition the cap 10 in her hand.
[0061] In one example embodiment, the rim 90 can be parallel to a
plane oriented at an angle .beta. more than about five degrees out
of plane with respect to the base exterior 40. In one example
embodiment, the rim 90 can be parallel to a plane oriented at an
angle .beta. more than about ten degrees out of plane with respect
to the base exterior 40. In one example embodiment, the rim 90 can
be parallel to a plane oriented at an angle .beta. more than about
fifteen degrees out of plane with respect to the base exterior
40.
[0062] The rim 90 can have an apex 94, which is the highest portion
of the rim 90 when the cap 10 positioned on a flat surface such
that detergent composition 300 can be poured into the pour volume
100. The rim 90 can be provided with a weir 160. In one embodiment,
the rim 90 can be parallel to a plane oriented at an angle .beta.
more than about five degrees out of plane with respect to the base
exterior 40 and the rim can have an apex 94 relative to the base
exterior 40 and the cap 10 can comprise a plurality of first
surface irregularities 150 on the rim 90.
[0063] A cap 10 having a spout 92 can have a plurality of second
surface irregularities 155 on a portion of the base exterior 40 or
a portion of the exterior surface 80, an example of which is shown
in FIG. 12. In one example embodiment, the apex 94 and the second
surface irregularities 155 are generally aligned with one another.
In such an embodiment, by generally aligned, it is meant that the
apex 94 and the second surface irregularities 155 are at least
within about 0.25.pi. radians of one another about the longitudinal
axis L. In one embodiment, the rim 90 can have a weir 160 at the
apex 94 and the apex 94 and the second surface irregularities 155
can be generally aligned with one another. In such embodiments, by
generally aligned, it is meant that the apex 94 and the second
surface irregularities 155 are at least within about 0.25.pi.
radians of one another about the longitudinal axis L. In
embodiments having such second surface irregularities 155, by
coordinating the location of the second surface irregularities 155
with the apex 94, and weir 160 if present, when the consumer
finishes pouring the detergent composition 300 to pre-treat the
stain, the second surface irregularities 155 can be in the proper
position for the consumer to scrub the stain with the second
surface irregularities 155 without her having to reposition the cap
10 in her hand. After pouring, she will likely be holding the cap
10 in an upright position with the second surface irregularities
155 located proximal to the stained fabric.
[0064] An example embodiment in which a pouring ledge 210 having an
aperture 220 there through extends from the rim 90, the rim 90
having an apex 94 relative to the base exterior 40 and the aperture
220 is generally aligned with the apex 94 is shown in FIG. 13. As
disclosed above, the pouring ledge 210 can extend from, for
example, the vessel wall 60 or rim 90. Further, as disclosed above,
the aperture 220 can be in the vessel wall 60 between the pouring
ledge 210 and the base 20, the aperture 220 being closer to the
pouring ledge 210 than the base 20. In these embodiments, by
generally aligned, it is meant that the aperture 220 and the apex
94 are at least within about 0.25.pi. radians of one another about
the longitudinal axis L. Various combinations of these features can
provide the desired benefit and can be described as a cap 10
wherein a pouring ledge 210 having an aperture 220 there through
extends from the vessel wall 60 or rim 90 and the rim 90 has an
apex 94 relative to the base exterior 40 and the aperture 220 is
generally aligned with the apex 94 or, in an another embodiment,
wherein a pouring ledge 210 extends from the vessel wall 60 or rim
90 and an aperture 220 is in the vessel wall 60 between the pouring
ledge 210 and the base 20 and the aperture 220 is closer to the
pouring ledge 210 than the base 20.
[0065] A cap 10 having various combinations of the features
disclosed herein can provide an effective stain pre-treatment
device. A cap 10 can be provided with first surface irregularities
150 at any of the locations or combinations of locations described
above. A cap 10 can be provided with second surface irregularities
155 at any of the locations or combinations of locations described
above. A cap 10 can be provided with first surface irregularities
150 and second surface irregularities 155, each of which are
located at the locations or combinations of locations for second
surface irregularities 155 described above. Various embodiments can
be provided with a pouring spout 92 as described above to provide
for more precise pouring. Such pouring spout 92 can be a cylindric
section. Each of the embodiments contemplated herein can be
provided with a pouring ledge 210 having an aperture 220 there
through, as described above. Each of the embodiments contemplated
herein can be provided with a collector 250. Embodiments
contemplated herein can be provided with a weir 160 in the rim 90
to provide for precise pouring. The features of the cap 10 can be
located relative to one another as described for the embodiments
above.
[0066] A cap 10 may be used in a method of pre-treating a clothing
article having a stained portion. The method can comprise the steps
of removing a cap 10 from a container containing a detergent;
pouring or dispensing a volume of the detergent composition 300
from the container 110 into the cap 10; applying at least a portion
of the volume of the detergent composition 300 to a stained portion
of the stained clothing article; scrubbing the stained portion with
a portion of the cap 10; reengaging the cap 10 with the container
110 containing the detergent composition 300. The step of scrubbing
the stained portion with a portion of the cap 10 can be performed
with a portion of the cap 10 selected from the group consisting of
the rim 90 of the cap 10, a portion of the cap 10 between the rim
90 and the connector 130, the exterior surface 80, the base
exterior 40 of the cap 10, and combinations thereof. The cap 10
used in the method can be any of the various embodiments and
combinations of embodiments of the cap 10 contemplated herein. The
cap 10 can be removed from a container 110 by unscrewing the cap 10
to disengage threads 134 on the cap 10 from corresponding threads
134 located on the container 110. The cap 10 can be reengaged with
the container 110 by screwing the cap 10 to engage threads 134 on
the cap 10 with threads 134 located on the container 110. The cap
10 can have a spout 92. The spout 92 can be a cylindric section.
The volume detergent composition 300 poured into the cap 10 can be
a unit dose of the detergent composition 300. The method can
comprise a step of placing the cap 10 in the drum of a washing
machine. In such an approach, detergent composition 300 remaining
in the cap 10 after pre-treatment of a stain can be delivered to
the wash.
[0067] The color of the first material and second material are
measured by the reflectance spectrophotometer according to the
colors L*, a*, and b* values.
[0068] The color difference is calculated using the L*, a*, and b*
values by the formula
.DELTA.E=[(L*.sub.X.-L*.sub.Y).sup.2+(a*.sub.X.-a*.sub.Y).sup.2+(b*.sub.X-
-b*.sub.Y).sup.2].sup.1/2. Herein, the `X` in the equation
represents the first material and `Y` represents the second
material, X and Y cannot be the same two points of measurement at
the same time. For any particular comparison of the difference in
color, the location of X.noteq.the location of Y.
[0069] Reflectance color is measured using the Hunter Lab LabScan
XE reflectance spectrophotometer obtained from Hunter Associates
Laboratory of Reston, Va. A cap 10 is tested at an ambient
temperature between 65.degree. F. and 75.degree. F. and a relative
humidity between 50% and 80%.
[0070] The spectrophotometer is set to the CIELab color scale and
with a D65 illumination. The Observer is set at 10.degree. and the
Mode is set at 45/0.degree.. Area View is set to 0.125'' and Port
Size is set to 0.20''. The spectrophotometer is calibrated prior to
sample analysis utilizing the black glass and white reference tiles
supplied from the vendor with the instrument. Calibration is done
according to the manufacturer's instructions as set forth in
LabScan XE User's Manual, Manual Version 1.1, August 2001,
A60-1010-862. If cleaning is required of the reference tiles or
samples, only tissues that do not contain embossing, lotion, or
brighteners should be used (e.g., PUFFS tissue). Any sample point
on the cap containing the color to be analyzed can be selected.
[0071] The cap 10 is placed over the sample port of the
spectrophotometer with a white clamp disk placed behind the cap
10.
[0072] The cap 10 is removed and repositioned so that a minimum of
six readings of color of the cap 10 are conducted. If possible
(e.g., the size of the imparted color on the element in question
does not limit the ability to have six discretely different,
non-overlapping sample points), each of the readings is to be
performed at a substantially different region on the externally
visible surface so that no two sample points overlap. If the size
of the portion of the cap comprising the first material or second
material requires overlapping of sample points, only six samples
should be taken with the sample points selected to minimize overlap
between any two sample points. The readings are averaged to yield
the reported L*, a*, and b* values for a specified color on an
externally visible surface of an element.
[0073] The first material and second material are considered to
have different colors if .DELTA.E is greater than about 1.
[0074] All percentages and ratios used herein are by weight of the
total composition and all measurements made are at 25.degree. C.,
unless otherwise designated. An angular degree is a planar unit of
angular measure equal in magnitude to 1/360 of a complete
revolution.
[0075] While particular embodiments of the present invention have
been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those
skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can
be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the
invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims
all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of
this invention.
[0076] All documents cited are, in relevant part, incorporated
herein by reference; the citation of any document is not to be
construed as an admission that it is prior art with respect to the
present invention.
* * * * *