U.S. patent application number 12/994409 was filed with the patent office on 2011-07-21 for method of controlling a polypeptide modification reaction.
This patent application is currently assigned to Novo Nordisk HEalthcare AG. Invention is credited to Janus Krarup, Lars Sejergaard.
Application Number | 20110177580 12/994409 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 40886104 |
Filed Date | 2011-07-21 |
United States Patent
Application |
20110177580 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Sejergaard; Lars ; et
al. |
July 21, 2011 |
Method of Controlling a Polypeptide Modification Reaction
Abstract
The invention relates to a method of controlling a polypeptide
modification reaction, in particular but not exclusively, a method
of controlling the activation of human factor VII (FVII) to produce
human factor VII(a) (FVII(a)). The invention also relates to
polypeptides obtainable by the polypeptide modification reaction
and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising said
polypeptides.
Inventors: |
Sejergaard; Lars;
(Albertslund, DK) ; Krarup; Janus; (Gentofte,
DK) |
Assignee: |
Novo Nordisk HEalthcare AG
Zurich,
CH
|
Family ID: |
40886104 |
Appl. No.: |
12/994409 |
Filed: |
May 29, 2009 |
PCT Filed: |
May 29, 2009 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/EP09/56675 |
371 Date: |
March 10, 2011 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61059129 |
Jun 5, 2008 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
435/212 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01N 33/86 20130101;
C12Y 304/21021 20130101; C12N 9/6437 20130101; A61P 7/04
20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
435/212 |
International
Class: |
C12N 9/48 20060101
C12N009/48 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
May 30, 2008 |
EP |
08157300.8 |
Claims
1. A method of activating a serine protease blood coagulation
factor which comprises the steps of: (a) measuring the initial
concentration of the serine protease blood coagulation factor; (b)
measuring the initial proportion of activated serine protease blood
coagulation factor; (c) calculating the serine protease blood
coagulation factor activation reaction time by correlation of the
values measured in each of steps (a) and (b) with a value of
required proportion of activated serine protease blood coagulation
factor; and (d) performing the serine protease blood coagulation
factor activation reaction for the time calculated in step (c); (e)
terminating the reaction after the reaction time calculated in step
(c).
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the reaction time, T,
in step (c) is calculated in accordance with formula (I): t = - ln
( akt 0 ( akt - 1 ) akt ( akt 0 - 1 ) ) k ( T ) xb F 0 ( I )
##EQU00006## wherein "akt" refers to the required proportion of
cleaved polypeptide, "akt0" refers to the initial proportion of
cleaved polypeptide measured in step (b), "F0" refers to the
initial concentration of the polypeptide (in g/l) measured in step
(a), k(T) refers to the reaction constant for the given reaction
(in L/g/min) as a function of temperature, T, and xb refers to the
molar fraction.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein k(T) is a polynomial or
a spline.
4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the correlation
procedure described in step (c) is calculated in accordance with
formula (II): t = - ln ( akt 0 ( akt - 1 ) akt ( akt 0 - 1 ) ) k xb
F 0 ( II ) ##EQU00007## wherein "akt" refers to the required
proportion of cleaved polypeptide, "akt0" refers to the initial
proportion of cleaved polypeptide measured in step (b), k is the
reaction constant, xb refers to the molar fraction, "F0" refers to
the initial concentration of the polypeptide (in g/l) measured in
step (a).
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein k=0.29.
6. The method according to claim 2 or claim 4, wherein xb=1.
7. A method of preventing degradation of an activated serine
protease blood coagulation factor, said method comprising the steps
of: (a) measuring the initial concentration of the serine protease
blood coagulation factor; (b) measuring the initial proportion of
activated serine protease blood coagulation factor; (c) calculating
the serine protease blood coagulation factor activation reaction
time by correlation of the values measured in each of steps (a) and
(b) with a value of required proportion of activated serine
protease blood coagulation factor; and (d) performing the serine
protease blood coagulation factor activation reaction for the time
calculated in step (c); (e) terminating the reaction after the
reaction time calculated in step (c).
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein said serine protease is
factor VII, a factor VII analogue or derivative thereof, or factor
IX.
9. The method according to claim 8 wherein said factor VII analogue
is V158D/E296V/M298Q-FVII(a).
10. The method according to claim 1 wherein the required proportion
of cleavage will be between 90 and 99%, between 94 and 99%, between
95 and 97%, between 96 and 98%, or between 97 and 99%.
11. The method according to claim 1 wherein the cleavage reaction
additionally comprises the addition of calcium ions.
12. A method as defined in claim 1 wherein the activation reaction
is performed at a pH of between 6.0 and 8.0.
13. A method as defined in claim 1 wherein termination comprises
lowering the pH to a value below about 6.0.
14. A serine protease obtainable according to the method as defined
in claim 1.
15. A composition comprising an activated factor VII(a) analogue,
or derivative thereof, obtainable according to the method as
defined in claim 1.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The invention relates to a method of controlling a
polypeptide modification reaction, in particular but not
exclusively, a method of controlling the activation of human factor
VII (FVII) to produce human factor VII(a) (FVII(a)). The invention
also relates to polypeptides obtainable by the polypeptide
modification reaction and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising
said polypeptides.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Blood coagulation is a process consisting of a complex
interaction of various blood components (or factors) that
eventually gives rise to a fibrin clot. Generally, the blood
components, which participate in what has been referred to as the
coagulation "cascade", are enzymatically inactive proteins
(proenzymes or zymogens) that are converted to proteolytic enzymes
by the action of an activator (which itself is an activated
clotting factor). Coagulation factors that have undergone such a
conversion are generally referred to as "active factors", and are
designated by the addition of the letter "a" to the name of the
coagulation factor (e.g. Factor VII(a)).
[0003] FVII (also known as Single chain FVII, unactivated FVII or
zymogen) is a single polypeptide chain, which upon proteolytic
cleavage of the peptide bond between Arg152 and Ile153 is converted
into the activated form: FVII(a). This reaction can be catalyzed by
FVII(a) auto-proteolysis or by other enzymes such as FXa or Russel
viper venom. Auto activation has the advantage that no enzyme needs
to be added and physically removed at the end of the process.
[0004] It is very important to be able to control the activation of
FVII carefully, as the content of heavy chain degradation products
(AA290 and AA315) increases dramatically once a proportion of
activation of more than 99% is reached (i.e. once the preferred
substrate of Arg 152 has become depleted). It is therefore crucial
not to over-activate the product. A high proportion of activation
e.g. above 94% is at the same time desirable, leaving a rather
narrow interval (e.g. 94-99%) where both a low degradation content
and high activity can be obtained.
[0005] A certain amount of enzyme activation will take place
concurrently during purification of the enzyme. Furthermore, the
levels of activation during the purification process will
inevitably vary due to variations in starting material
composition--mainly FVII(a) titer and hence column load. Unexpected
holding time during purification will also give rise to variations
in the levels of activation. During purification, the FVII(a)
molecules will experience varying conditions with respect to
concentration, pH, temperature and residence time, which will
result in partial activation. Following purification, it has been
observed that the proportion of activation has varied widely (e.g.
16% to 74%) depending upon the purification technique and
conditions. This variation in the proportion of activation
following purification creates a significant problem with respect
to conducting a standardised activation process following
purification.
[0006] The proportion of activation of FVII can be calculated
through known procedures, however, no real-time measurement
technique currently exists and the known procedures typically have
a duration of approximately 30 minutes. Therefore, if the
proportion of activation is approaching 99% upon sample removal for
measurement, then this value will be exceeded by the time the
results are obtained. This will result in high levels of the
undesirable heavy chain degradation products.
[0007] U.S. Pat. No. 4,286,056 (Baxter Travenol Lab) describes a
method for producing activated prothrombin complex concentrate
which comprises controlling the degree of activation by determining
the activation state of the starting material and then varying at
least one of the activation conditions in accordance with analyses
of the progress of activation of the starting material to arrive at
a predetermined activation level. WO 2007/013993 (Maxygen Holdings
Ltd) describes a method for activating FVII to FVII(a) in solution,
comprising addition of an amine compound, Ca.sup.2+, adjusting the
final pH of the solution to about 7.2 to 8.6, incubating the
resulting activation mixture at between about 2.degree. C. and
about 25.degree. C. for an amount of time sufficient to convert at
least 90% of the scFVII to FVII(a). U.S. Pat. No. 4,456,591 (Baxter
Travenol Lab) describes a process of administering to a patient
having a clotting factor defect such as a deficiency or inhibitor
an effective hemostatic amount of a composition in which the sole
effective, activated hemostatic agent is factor VII(a).
[0008] There is thus a great need for providing an improved method
for determining the optimum reaction time to provide desired levels
of modified enzyme.
[0009] The current invention also provides for a purer protease
product. A purer product is less likely to result in anti-protease
(antibody) formation in the patient.
[0010] Furthermore, tight control of the rate of protease
activation ultimately results in reduced waste in a production
plant, as fewer production batches will be discarded when a greater
number of batches meets the specified requirements, in terms of
purity and evenness of quality.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0011] According to a first aspect of the invention there is
provided a method of controlling a polypeptide modification
reaction which comprises the steps of calculating at least one
process variable and applying said variable to a mathematical model
in order to calculate the value of a further process variable.
[0012] According to a second aspect of the invention there is
provided a method of performing a polypeptide modification reaction
which comprises the steps of: [0013] (a) measuring the initial
concentration of the polypeptide; [0014] (b) measuring the initial
proportion of modified polypeptide; [0015] (c) calculating the
polypeptide modification reaction time by correlation of the values
calculated in each of steps (a) and (b) with a value of required
proportion of modified polypeptide; and [0016] (d) performing the
polypeptide modification reaction for the time calculated in step
(c).
[0017] According to a third aspect of the invention there is
provided a polypeptide obtainable according to the method as
defined hereinbefore.
DRAWINGS
[0018] FIG. 1 illustrates the overall concept of the invention.
With varied input, the process ensures that the output is
essentially predictable and constant.
[0019] FIG. 2 illustrates the importance of closely regulating the
degree to which a protease is activated. As the degree of
activation (%) increases from 99.5% towards 100%, the percentage of
degraded product (protease) increases exponentially.
[0020] FIG. 3 illustrates that the more enzyme (that is, protease)
present in a batch, the faster activation of a protease will occur.
The molar fraction (xb) stated as a percentage can be found using
the Henderson-Hasselbach diagram. The active fraction of the enzyme
can be calculated for any pH. There is nonlinear correlation.
[0021] FIG. 4 shows that the concentration of FVII(a) obtained is
concentration dependent. At high FVII(a) concentration, the rate of
FVII activation is greater than at low FVII(a) concentration.
[0022] FIG. 5 shows that the concentration of FVII(a) obtained is
pH-dependent. At a higher pH (6.8) the rate of FVII activation is
higher; at a lower pH (6.2), the rate of FVII activation is lower
and at pH 6.5 the rate of FVII activation is intermediate.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0023] According to a first aspect of the invention there is
provided a method of controlling a polypeptide modification
reaction which comprises the steps of calculating at least one
process variable and applying said variable to a mathematical model
in order to calculate the value of a further process variable.
[0024] The invention therefore provides the benefit of combining a
physical or mathematical model with a process analytical technology
(PAT) tool in order to evaluate an essential process variable. The
PAT tool has the advantage of being applied in an on-line, in-line
and/or at-line manner to accurately control the modification
reaction. Thus, the use of such a technique provides the user with
an immediate required value such that the reaction can be performed
in an optimum manner to achieve optimum results. In one embodiment,
the at least one process variable may be selected from degree of
modification, reagent concentration measurements, pH measurements,
temperature measurements. In one embodiment, the further process
variable may be reaction time.
[0025] In one embodiment, the method comprises controlling the
degree of pegylation of a polypeptide. Thus according to a further
aspect of the invention there is provided a method of controlling
the degree of pegylation of a polypeptide which comprises the steps
of applying the degree of required pegylation, enzyme
concentration, PEG concentration, polypeptide concentration and
temperature to a mathematical model and calculating the reaction
time.
[0026] In one embodiment, the method comprises controlling the
degree of pegylation of a factor IX (FIX) polypeptide. In one
embodiment, the degree of pegylation is calculated in accordance
with the following process variables: reaction time, enzyme
concentration, PEG concentration, FIX concentration and temperature
(which will typically be 22.degree. C.). It will be appreciated
that the skilled person will be able to calculate the optimum
reaction time to achieve a required degree of pegylation of FIX by
inputting values of the process variables into a mathematical model
(which may be derived from the Eulers, Runge-Kutta, Newton-Raphson
or DASPK methods). Such mathematical methods can be advantageously
employed to provide accurate control of polypeptide modification
reactions.
[0027] According to a second aspect of the invention there is
provided a method of performing a polypeptide modification reaction
which comprises the steps of: [0028] (a) measuring the initial
concentration of the polypeptide; [0029] (b) measuring the initial
proportion of modified polypeptide; [0030] (c) calculating the
polypeptide modification reaction time by correlation of the values
calculated in each of steps (a) and (b) with a value of required
proportion of modified polypeptide; and [0031] (d) performing the
polypeptide modification reaction for the time calculated in step
(c).
[0032] In one embodiment, the modification reaction comprises
enzymatic cleavage or modification by the addition of a chemical
agent to a polypeptide (e.g. pegylation).
[0033] In the embodiment wherein modification comprises enzymatic
cleavage, it has been surprisingly found that the initial
concentration and proportion of cleavage can be correlated with the
required proportion of cleavage in order to calculate a precise
reaction time. The results of this correlation are extremely
accurate (often to within approximately 0.5% proportion of
cleavage) and repeatable. The process also provides the significant
advantage that only two measurements need to be calculated prior to
reaction (namely initial concentration and proportion of cleavage).
Furthermore, the reaction may proceed for the calculated time
without the need for monitoring the state of the reaction (or even
measuring the final proportion of cleavage, unless required for
quality control purposes).
[0034] The term "protein", "polypeptide" and "peptide" as used
herein means a compound composed of at least five constituent amino
acids connected by peptide bonds. The constituent amino acids may
be from the group of the amino acids encoded by the genetic code
and they may be natural amino acids which are not encoded by the
genetic code, as well as synthetic amino acids. Natural amino acids
which are not encoded by the genetic code are e.g. hydroxyproline,
y-carboxyglutamate, ornithine, phosphoserine, D-alanine and
D-glutamine. Synthetic amino acids comprise amino acids
manufactured by chemical synthesis, i.e. D-isomers of the amino
acids encoded by the genetic code such as D-alanine and D-leucine,
Aib (a-aminoisobutyric acid), Abu (a-aminobutyric acid), Tle
(tert-butylglycine), .beta.-alanine, 3-aminomethyl benzoic acid and
anthranilic acid.
[0035] In one embodiment, the polypeptide is an enzyme, such as a
blood coagulation factor or hemostasis related related protein.
(e.g. a serine protease). Examples of such polypeptides include: I
(fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), tissue factor, V (proaccelerin),
VI, VII, VIII, IX (Christmas factor), X (Stuart-Prower factor), XI
(plasma thromboplastin antecedent), XII (Hageman factor), XIII
(fibrin-stabilizing factor), von Willebrand factor, prekallikrein,
high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK), fibronectin, antithrombin
III, heparin cofactor II, protein C, protein S, protein Z, protein
Z-related protease inhibitor (ZPI), plasminogen, alpha
2-antiplasmin, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), urokinase,
plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI1), plasminogen activator
inhibitor-2 (PAI2) and cancer procoagulant.
[0036] In a further embodiment, the polypeptide is an autoactivated
polypeptide. In a further embodiment, the enzyme is a blood
coagulation factor (e.g. a serine protease blood coagulation
factor). Examples of suitable serine protease blood coagulation
factors include those classified under EC 3.4.21, for example: II,
VII, IX, X, XI, XII, prekallikrein, protein C and plasminogen (the
activated forms of these inactive zymogens are FIIa, FVIIa, FIXa,
FXa, FXIa, FXIIa, kallikrein, activated protein C (aPC) and
plasmin, respectively).
[0037] In one embodiment wherein the modification reaction
comprises enzymatic cleavage, the blood coagulation factor is
factor VII or an analogue or derivative thereof.
[0038] In one embodiment wherein the modification reaction
comprises pegylation, the blood coagulation factor is factor IX or
an analogue or derivative thereof.
[0039] In one aspect of the invention, the invention provides a
method of activating a serine protease blood coagulation factor
which comprises the steps of: [0040] (a) measuring the initial
concentration of the serine protease blood coagulation factor;
[0041] (b) measuring the initial proportion of activated serine
protease blood coagulation factor; [0042] (c) calculating the
serine protease blood coagulation factor activation reaction time
by correlation of the values measured in each of steps (a) and (b)
with a value of required proportion of activated serine protease
blood coagulation factor; and [0043] (d) performing the serine
protease blood coagulation factor activation reaction for the time
calculated in step (c); [0044] (e) terminating the reaction after
the reaction time calculated in step (c).
[0045] According to a further aspect, the invention provides a
method of activating factor VII to factor VII(a), or an analogue or
derivative thereof, which comprises the steps of: [0046] (a)
measuring the initial concentration of factor VII; [0047] (b)
measuring the initial proportion of activated factor VII; [0048]
(c) calculating the factor VII activation reaction time by
correlation of the values calculated in each of steps (a) and (b)
with a value of required proportion of activated factor VII; and
[0049] (d) performing the factor VII activation reaction for the
time calculated in step (c).
[0050] In a further optional step (e), the reaction is terminated
after the reaction time calculated in step (c).
[0051] In a still further aspect, the invention provides a method
of preventing degradation of an activated serine protease product
which comprises the steps of: [0052] (a) measuring the initial
concentration of the serine protease blood coagulation factor;
[0053] (b) measuring the initial proportion of activated serine
protease blood coagulation factor; [0054] (c) calculating the
serine protease blood coagulation factor activation reaction time
by correlation of the values measured in each of steps (a) and (b)
with a value of required proportion of activated serine protease
blood coagulation factor; and [0055] (d) performing the serine
protease blood coagulation factor activation reaction for the time
calculated in step (c); [0056] (e) terminating the reaction after
the reaction time calculated in step (c).
[0057] In one embodiment of the invention, the correlation
procedure described in step (c) is calculated in accordance with
formula (I):
t = - ln ( akt 0 ( akt - 1 ) akt ( akt 0 - 1 ) ) k ( T ) xb F 0 ( I
) ##EQU00001##
wherein "akt" refers to the required proportion of cleaved
polypeptide, "akt0" refers to the initial proportion of cleaved
polypeptide measured in step (b), "F0" refers to the initial
concentration of the polypeptide (in g/l) measured in step (a),
k(T) refers to the reaction constant for the given reaction (in
L/g/min) as a function of temperature, T, and xb refers to the
molar fraction. In one embodiment, k(T) is a polynomial or a spline
which describes the variation of k with temperature. For rFVIIa,
the following 3rd order polynomial was used: k(T)=k*(0.00001 T
3-0.00147 T 2+0.02566 T+0.86729) with T being the temperature
(5-60.degree. C.). In a similar fashion, pKa can be expressed as a
function of temperature.
[0058] In one embodiment, the temperature is between 5.degree. C.
and 25.degree. C., preferably 10.degree. C. to 20.degree. C. In a
further embodiment, the activation reaction is performed at room
temperature (e.g. approximately 21.5.degree. C.).
[0059] In the embodiment wherein the modification comprises
cleavage of factor VII, the activation reaction is typically
performed at a constant temperature.
[0060] Application of the invention to the activation of factor VII
beneficially results in the production of fully activated factor
VII molecules containing a minimum of degradation products.
[0061] The term "analogue" as used herein referring to a
polypeptide means a modified peptide wherein one or more amino acid
residues of the peptide have been substituted by other amino acid
residues and/or wherein one or more amino acid residues have been
deleted from the peptide and or wherein one or more amino acid
residues have been added to the peptide. Such addition or deletion
of amino acid residues can take place at the N-terminal of the
peptide and/or at the C-terminal of the peptide. All amino acids
for which the optical isomer is not stated are to be understood to
mean the L-isomer.
[0062] Examples of factor VII analogues may be found in WO
02/22776, the analogues of which are herein incorporated by
reference. In one embodiment, the factor VII analogue is a
hyperactive analogue, i.e. one which has at least two fold greater
amidolytic activity than wild-type factor VII. In a preferred
embodiment, the factor VII analogue is V158D/E296V/M298Q-FVII(a)
(Example 6 in WO 02/22776).
[0063] Measurement of the initial concentration of the polypeptide
in step (a) may typically be performed by UV spectroscopy. In one
embodiment, the concentration will be adjusted to between
approximately 1.5 g/L and 2.2 g/L (e.g approximately 1.9 g/L).
[0064] Measurement of the initial proportion of cleaved polypeptide
in step (b) may typically be performed by reduced SDS-PAGE, reduced
or non-reduced HPLC or chip electrophoresis (e.g. Agilent
Bioanalyzer). In one embodiment, step (b) is performed by chip
electrophoresis (e.g. Agilent Bioanalyzer). In the embodiment
wherein the polypeptide comprises factor VII, the initial
proportion of activated factor VII(a) will typically be between 10
and 90% depending upon the purification conditions.
[0065] It will be appreciated that references to "required
proportion of modified polypeptide" refer to any proportion of
modification required by the user. In the embodiment wherein the
modification comprises cleavage of factor VII, the required
proportion of cleavage will be between 94 and 99%, such as between
95 and 97% (e.g. approximately 95%). These ranges would typically
be selected to provide a high proportion of activation products
(e.g. factor VII(a)) but minimise the amount of heavy chain
degradation products (AA290 and AA315).
[0066] In the embodiment wherein the modification comprises
cleavage of factor VII, the cleavage reaction additionally
comprises the addition of an amine compound (e.g.
[0067] histidine, Tris, lysine, arginine, phosphorylcholine, or
betaine). In a further embodiment, the amine compound is histidine.
In one embodiment, the amine compound is added to a final
concentration of about 1 to 500 mM, such as about 10 to 100 mM
(e.g. 10 mM).
[0068] In the embodiment wherein the modification comprises
cleavage of factor VII, the cleavage reaction additionally
comprises the addition of calcium ions (e.g. calcium chloride). In
one embodiment, the calcium ions are added to a final concentration
of about 1 to 50 mM, such as between 10 and 25 mM (e.g. 12 mM).
[0069] In the embodiment wherein the modification comprises
cleavage of factor VII, the cleavage reaction additionally
comprises the addition of sodium chloride. In one embodiment, the
sodium chloride is added to a final concentration of about 1 to 100
mM, such as between 20 and 80 mM (e.g. 60 mM).
[0070] In one embodiment of the invention, the required proportion
of serine protease cleavage is between 90 and 99%, such as between
94 and 99%, such as between 95 and 97%, such as between 96 and 98%,
such as between 97 and 99%.
[0071] In the embodiment wherein the modification comprises
cleavage of factor VII, the activation reaction is typically
performed at a pH of between 6.0 and 8.0. The autocatalytic
reaction of factor VII is pH dependent. As the pH is raised, the
amidolytic activity of factor VII is initiated and therefore the
reaction rate will increase accordingly. It is therefore desirable
to choose a pH value between 6.0 and 8.0 and ensure that the
reaction proceeds at this pH by appropriate buffering. If the pH
varies during the activation reaction then the rate of activation
will vary from that calculated in step (c) and therefore impact
upon the quality of the resultant product.
[0072] Thus, in one embodiment, the method of the invention
additionally comprises the step of selecting a pH of between 6.0
and 8.0 prior to initiation of the activation reaction and
maintaining the reaction at the selected pH value during the
activation reaction. In a further embodiment, the pH is selected
from between 6.25 and 6.75 (e.g. 6.5.+-.0.05).
[0073] In view of the substantial accuracy of the methodology
described herein, it is desirable to ensure that the activation
reaction is terminated immediately after the reaction time
calculated in step (c). If the activation reaction is allowed to
continue beyond the time calculated in step (c) then this will
increase the potential presence of undesirable heavy chain
degradation products. A number of alternative methods for
termination are known to those skilled in the art, for example, the
addition of silica to the reaction mixture. However, in one
embodiment, the activation reaction is terminated by lowering the
pH to a value below about 6.0, such as between 5.5 and 6.0 (e.g.
5.8). In one embodiment, the pH is lowered by the addition of a
strong acid (e.g. 1M hydrochloric acid).
[0074] In a further embodiment of the invention, the correlation
procedure described in step (c), used to calculate the reaction
time (hereinafter referred to as "t") may be calculated in
accordance with formula (II):
t = - ln ( akt 0 ( akt - 1 ) akt ( akt 0 - 1 ) ) k xb F 0 ( II )
##EQU00002##
wherein "akt" refers to the required proportion of cleaved
polypeptide, "akt0" refers to the initial proportion of cleaved
polypeptide measured in step (b), "F0" refers to the initial
concentration of the polypeptide (in g/l) measured in step (a), k
refers to the reaction constant for the given reaction (in L/g/min)
and xb refers to the molar fraction.
[0075] The molar fraction (xb) can be calculated using the
Henderson-Hasselbach relationship which correlates between the
active fraction of the enzyme at any pH value. Typically, this
relationship will be a non-linear correlation (e.g. sigmoidal).
[0076] In the embodiment wherein the modification comprises
cleavage of factor VII, xb may be calculated based on the degree of
protonisation of histidine. Serine proteases (including factor
VII(a)) are characterised by a catalytic triad consisting of three
residues: Serine 139, Histidine 57 and Aspartate 81. It is known
that the histidine residue must be deprotonised in order to react
and the serine protease is only active in a pH range above the pKa
of histidine (which is 7.61).
[0077] Therefore, in the embodiment wherein the modification
comprises cleavage of factor VII, xb may be calculated according to
the following equation in formula (III):
xb = 10 pH - 7.61 1 + 10 pH - 7.61 ( III ) ##EQU00003##
wherein pH refers to the selected pH of the reaction.
[0078] The value k may be calculated in accordance with the
reaction kinetics of the given reaction intended to be measured.
Thus, k is a physical constant which defines concentration
dependency. Such a constant may generally be calculated in
accordance with the sum of least squares which will be readily
apparent to those skilled in the art.
[0079] For example, in the embodiment wherein the polypeptide
comprises factor VII, the value of k has been calculated as 0.29
L/g/min. Therefore, in the embodiment wherein the modification
comprises cleavage of factor VII, the correlation procedure
described in step (c) to calculate the reaction time ("t") may be
calculated in accordance with formula (IV):
t = - ln ( akt 0 ( akt - 1 ) akt ( akt 0 - 1 ) ) 0.29 xb F 0 ( IV )
##EQU00004##
[0080] Wherein akt, akt0, xb and F0 are as hereinbefore
defined.
[0081] In a further embodiment of the invention, the correlation
procedure described in step (c) is calculated by means of formula
(V), in which xb of formula (II) is 1:
t = - ln ( akt 0 ( akt - 1 ) akt ( akt 0 - 1 ) ) k F 0 ( V )
##EQU00005##
wherein "akt" refers to the required proportion of cleaved
polypeptide, "akt0" refers to the initial proportion of cleaved
polypeptide measured in step (b), "F0" refers to the initial
concentration of the polypeptide (in g/l) measured in step (a) and
k refers to the reaction constant for the given reaction (in
L/g/min).
[0082] According to a third aspect of the invention there is
provided a polypeptide obtainable according to the method as
defined hereinbefore.
[0083] In different embodiments, said blood coagulation serine
protease is Factor II or Factor VII or Factor IX or Factor X or
Factor XI or Factor XII; or an analogue or derivative of any one of
said blood coagulation factors.
[0084] In one embodiment, the polypeptide is a factor VII(a) or
factor IX analogue or derivative.
[0085] The factor VII(a) or factor IX analogues or derivatives and
pharmaceutical compositions comprising the factor VII(a) or factor
IX analogues or derivatives according to the present invention may
be used in the treatment of diseases alleviated by administration
of human coagulation factor VII(a) or IX, such as a bleeding
disorder e.g. hemophilia, a blood disease, hemarthrosis, hematomas,
mucocutaneous bleeding, inherited blood disease, familial bleeding
disorder, familial blood disease or factor replacement therapy. In
one embodiment, the disease alleviated by administration of human
coagulation factor VII(a) or IX is hemophilia, such as hemophilia B
or Christmas disease.
[0086] Thus according to a further aspect of the invention there is
provided a method of treating hemophilia which comprises
administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a
factor VII(a) or IX analogue or derivative as defined
hereinbefore.
[0087] There is also provided a factor VII(a) or a factor IX
analogue or derivative, as defined hereinbefore, for use in the
treatment of hemophilia.
[0088] There is also provided the use of a factor VII(a) or a
factor IX analogue or derivative as defined hereinbefore in the
manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of hemophilia.
[0089] There is also provided a pharmaceutical composition
comprising a factor VII(a) or IX analogue or derivative as defined
hereinbefore for use in the treatment of hemophilia.
[0090] The term "treatment" and "treating" as used herein means the
management and care of a patient for the purpose of combating a
condition, such as a disease or a disorder. The term is intended to
include the full spectrum of treatments for a given condition from
which the patient is suffering, such as administration of the
active compound to alleviate the symptoms or complications, to
delay the progression of the disease, disorder or condition, to
alleviate or relief the symptoms and complications, and/or to cure
or eliminate the disease, disorder or condition as well as to
prevent the condition, wherein prevention is to be understood as
the management and care of a patient for the purpose of combating
the disease, condition, or disorder and includes the administration
of the active peptides to prevent the onset of the symptoms or
complications. The patient to be treated is preferably a mammal, in
particular a human being, but it may also include animals, such as
dogs, cats, cows, sheep and pigs. It is to be understood, that
therapeutic and prophylactic (preventive) regimes represent
separate aspects of the present invention.
[0091] A "therapeutically effective amount" of a peptide as used
herein means an amount sufficient to cure, alleviate or partially
arrest the clinical manifestations of a given disease and its
complications. An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined as
"therapeutically effective amount". Effective amounts for each
purpose will depend on the type and severity of the disease or
injury as well as the weight and general state of the subject. It
will be understood that determining an appropriate dosage may be
achieved using routine experimentation, by constructing a matrix of
values and testing different points in the matrix, which is all
within the ordinary skills of a trained physician or
veterinary.
[0092] According to a further aspect of the invention, there is
provided a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a polypeptide as
hereinbefore defined.
[0093] The formulation may further comprise a buffer system,
preservative(s), tonicity agent(s), chelating agent(s), stabilizers
and surfactants. In one embodiment of the invention the
pharmaceutical formulation is an aqueous formulation, i.e.
formulation comprising water. Such formulation is typically a
solution or a suspension. In one embodiment of the invention the
pharmaceutical formulation is an aqueous solution.
[0094] The term "aqueous formulation" is defined as a formulation
comprising at least 50% w/w water. Likewise, the term "aqueous
solution" is defined as a solution comprising at least 50% w/w
water, and the term "aqueous suspension" is defined as a suspension
comprising at least 50% w/w water.
[0095] In one embodiment the pharmaceutical formulation is a
freeze-dried formulation, whereto the physician or the patient adds
solvents and/or diluents prior to use.
[0096] In one embodiment the pharmaceutical formulation is a dried
formulation (e.g. freeze-dried or spray-dried) ready for use
without any prior dissolution.
[0097] In one embodiment the invention relates to a pharmaceutical
formulation comprising an aqueous solution of a peptide of the
present invention, and a buffer, wherein said peptide is present in
a concentration from 0.1-100 mg/ml, and wherein said formulation
has a pH from about 2.0 to about 10.0.
[0098] In one embodiment of the invention the pH of the formulation
is selected from the list consisting of 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4,
2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7,
3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0,
5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3,
6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6,
7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 8.0, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9,
9.0, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, and 10.0.
[0099] In one embodiment of the invention the buffer is selected
from the group consisting of sodium acetate, sodium carbonate,
citrate, glycylglycine, histidine, glycine, lysine, arginine,
sodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium
phosphate, and tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethan, bicine, tricine,
malic acid, succinate, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid,
aspartic acid or mixtures thereof. Each one of these specific
buffers constitutes an alternative embodiment of the invention.
[0100] In one embodiment of the invention the formulation further
comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable preservative. In one
embodiment of the invention the preservative is selected from the
group consisting of phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, methyl
p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, 2-phenoxyethanol,
butyl p-hydroxybenzoate, 2-phenylethanol, benzyl alcohol,
chlorobutanol, and thiomerosal, bronopol, benzoic acid, imidurea,
chlorohexidine, sodium dehydroacetate, chlorocresol, ethyl
p-hydroxybenzoate, benzethonium chloride, chlorphenesine
(3p-chlorphenoxypropane-1,2-diol) or mixtures thereof.
[0101] In one embodiment of the invention the preservative is
present in a concentration from 0.1 mg/ml to 20 mg/ml. In one
embodiment of the invention the preservative is present in a
concentration from 0.1 mg/ml to 5 mg/ml. In one embodiment of the
invention the preservative is present in a concentration from 5
mg/ml to 10 mg/ml. In one embodiment of the invention the
preservative is present in a concentration from 10 mg/ml to 20
mg/ml. Each one of these specific preservatives constitutes an
alternative embodiment of the invention. The use of a preservative
in pharmaceutical compositions is well-known to the skilled person.
For convenience reference is made to Remington: The Science and
Practice of Pharmacy, 20.sup.th edition, 2000.
[0102] In one embodiment of the invention the formulation further
comprises an isotonic agent. In one embodiment of the invention the
isotonic agent is selected from the group consisting of a salt
(e.g. sodium chloride), a sugar or sugar alcohol, an amino acid
(e.g. L-glycine, L-histidine, arginine, lysine, isoleucine,
aspartic acid, tryptophan, threonine), an alditol (e.g. glycerol
(glycerine), 1,2-propanediol (propyleneglycol), 1,3-propanediol,
1,3-butanediol) polyethyleneglycol (e.g. PEG400), or mixtures
thereof. Any sugar such as mono-, di-, or polysaccharides, or
water-soluble glucans, including for example fructose, glucose,
mannose, sorbose, xylose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, trehalose,
dextran, pullulan, dextrin, cyclodextrin, soluble starch,
hydroxyethyl starch and carboxymethylcellulose-Na may be used. In
one embodiment the sugar additive is sucrose. Sugar alcohol is
defined as a C4-C8 hydrocarbon having at least one --OH group and
includes, for example, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, galactitol,
dulcitol, xylitol, and arabitol. In one embodiment the sugar
alcohol additive is mannitol. The sugars or sugar alcohols
mentioned above may be used individually or in combination. There
is no fixed limit to the amount used, as long as the sugar or sugar
alcohol is soluble in the liquid preparation and does not adversely
effect the stabilizing effects achieved using the methods of the
invention. In one embodiment, the sugar or sugar alcohol
concentration is between about 1 mg/ml and about 150 mg/ml. In one
embodiment of the invention the isotonic agent is present in a
concentration from 1 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml. In one embodiment of the
invention the isotonic agent is present in a concentration from 1
mg/ml to 7 mg/ml. In one embodiment of the invention the isotonic
agent is present in a concentration from 8 mg/ml to 24 mg/ml. In
one embodiment of the invention the isotonic agent is present in a
concentration from 25 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml. Each one of these specific
isotonic agents constitutes an alternative embodiment of the
invention. The use of an isotonic agent in pharmaceutical
compositions is well-known to the skilled person. For convenience
reference is made to Remington: The Science and Practice of
Pharmacy, 20.sup.th edition, 2000.
[0103] In one embodiment of the invention the formulation further
comprises a chelating agent. In one embodiment of the invention the
chelating agent is selected from salts of
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid, and aspartic
acid, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment of the invention the
chelating agent is present in a concentration from 0.1 mg/ml to 5
mg/ml. In one embodiment of the invention the chelating agent is
present in a concentration from 0.1 mg/ml to 2 mg/ml. In one
embodiment of the invention the chelating agent is present in a
concentration from 2 mg/ml to 5 mg/ml. Each one of these specific
chelating agents constitutes an alternative embodiment of the
invention. The use of a chelating agent in pharmaceutical
compositions is well-known to the skilled person. For convenience
reference is made to Remington: The Science and Practice of
Pharmacy, 20.sup.th edition, 2000.
[0104] In one embodiment of the invention the formulation further
comprises a stabilizer. The use of a stabilizer in pharmaceutical
compositions is well-known to the skilled person. For convenience
reference is made to Remington: The Science and Practice of
Pharmacy, 20.sup.th edition, 2000.
[0105] More particularly, compositions of the invention are
stabilized liquid pharmaceutical compositions whose therapeutically
active components include a polypeptide that possibly exhibits
aggregate formation during storage in liquid pharmaceutical
formulations. By "aggregate formation" is intended a physical
interaction between the polypeptide molecules that results in
formation of oligomers, which may remain soluble, or large visible
aggregates that precipitate from the solution. By "during storage"
is intended a liquid pharmaceutical composition or formulation once
prepared, is not immediately administered to a subject. Rather,
following preparation, it is packaged for storage, either in a
liquid form, in a frozen state, or in a dried form for later
reconstitution into a liquid form or other form suitable for
administration to a subject. By "dried form" is intended the liquid
pharmaceutical composition or formulation is dried either by freeze
drying (i.e., lyophilization; see, for example, Williams and Polli
(1984) J. Parenteral Sci. Technol. 38:48-59), spray drying (see
Masters (1991) in Spray-Drying Handbook (5th ed; Longman Scientific
and Technical, Essez, U.K.), pp. 491-676; Broadhead et al. (1992)
Drug Devel. Ind. Pharm. 18:1169-1206; and Mumenthaler et al. (1994)
Pharm. Res. 11:12-20), or air drying (Carpenter and Crowe (1988)
Cryobiology 25:459-470; and Roser (1991) Biopharm. 4:47-53).
Aggregate formation by a polypeptide during storage of a liquid
pharmaceutical composition can adversely affect biological activity
of that polypeptide, resulting in loss of therapeutic efficacy of
the pharmaceutical composition. Furthermore, aggregate formation
may cause other problems such as blockage of tubing, membranes, or
pumps when the polypeptide-containing pharmaceutical composition is
administered using an infusion system.
[0106] The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may further
comprise an amount of an amino acid base sufficient to decrease
aggregate formation by the polypeptide during storage of the
composition. By "amino acid base" is intended an amino acid or a
combination of amino acids, where any given amino acid is present
either in its free base form or in its salt form. Where a
combination of amino acids is used, all of the amino acids may be
present in their free base forms, all may be present in their salt
forms, or some may be present in their free base forms while others
are present in their salt forms. In one embodiment, amino acids to
use in preparing the compositions of the invention are those
carrying a charged side chain, such as arginine, lysine, aspartic
acid, and glutamic acid. Any stereoisomer (i.e., L, D, or mixtures
thereof) of a particular amino acid (e.g. glycine, methionine,
histidine, imidazole, arginine, lysine, isoleucine, aspartic acid,
tryptophan, threonine and mixtures thereof) or combinations of
these stereoisomers, may be present in the pharmaceutical
compositions of the invention so long as the particular amino acid
is present either in its free base form or its salt form. In one
embodiment the L-stereoisomer is used. Compositions of the
invention may also be formulated with analogues of these amino
acids. By "amino acid analogue" is intended a derivative of the
naturally occurring amino acid that brings about the desired effect
of decreasing aggregate formation by the polypeptide during storage
of the liquid pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.
Suitable arginine analogues include, for example, aminoguanidine,
ornithine and N-monoethyl L-arginine, suitable methionine analogues
include ethionine and buthionine and suitable cysteine analogues
include S-methyl-L cysteine. As with the other amino acids, the
amino acid analogues are incorporated into the compositions in
either their free base form or their salt form. In one embodiment
of the invention the amino acids or amino acid analogues are used
in a concentration, which is sufficient to prevent or delay
aggregation of the protein.
[0107] In one embodiment of the invention methionine (or other
sulphuric amino acids or amino acid analogous) may be added to
inhibit oxidation of methionine residues to methionine sulfoxide
when the polypeptide acting as the therapeutic agent is a
polypeptide comprising at least one methionine residue susceptible
to such oxidation. By "inhibit" is intended minimal accumulation of
methionine oxidized species over time. Inhibiting methionine
oxidation results in greater retention of the polypeptide in its
proper molecular form. Any stereoisomer of methionine (L, D, or
mixtures thereof) or combinations thereof can be used. The amount
to be added should be an amount sufficient to inhibit oxidation of
the methionine residues such that the amount of methionine
sulfoxide is acceptable to regulatory agencies. Typically, this
means that the composition contains no more than about 10% to about
30% methionine sulfoxide. Generally, this can be achieved by adding
methionine such that the ratio of methionine added to methionine
residues ranges from about 1:1 to about 1000:1, such as 10:1 to
about 100:1.
[0108] In one embodiment of the invention the formulation further
comprises a stabilizer selected from the group of high molecular
weight polymers or low molecular compounds. In one embodiment of
the invention the stabilizer is selected from polyethylene glycol
(e.g. PEG 3350), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone,
carboxy-/hydroxycellulose or derivates thereof (e.g. HPC, HPC-SL,
HPC-L and HPMC), cyclodextrins, sulphur-containing substances as
monothioglycerol, thioglycolic acid and 2-methylthioethanol, and
different salts (e.g. sodium chloride). Each one of these specific
stabilizers constitutes an alternative embodiment of the
invention.
[0109] The pharmaceutical compositions may also comprise additional
stabilizing agents, which further enhance stability of a
therapeutically active polypeptide therein. Stabilizing agents of
particular interest to the present invention include, but are not
limited to, methionine and EDTA, which protect the polypeptide
against methionine oxidation, and a nonionic surfactant, which
protects the polypeptide against aggregation associated with
freeze-thawing or mechanical shearing.
[0110] In one embodiment of the invention the formulation further
comprises a surfactant. In one embodiment of the invention the
surfactant is selected from a detergent, ethoxylated castor oil,
polyglycolyzed glycerides, acetylated monoglycerides, sorbitan
fatty acid esters, polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block polymers
(eg. poloxamers such as Pluronic.RTM. F68, poloxamer 188 and 407,
Triton X-100), polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters,
polyoxyethylene and polyethylene derivatives such as alkylated and
alkoxylated derivatives (tweens, e.g. Tween-20, Tween-40, Tween-80
and Brij-35), monoglycerides or ethoxylated derivatives thereof,
diglycerides or polyoxyethylene derivatives thereof, alcohols,
glycerol, lectins and phospholipids (eg. phosphatidyl serine,
phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl
inositol, diphosphatidyl glycerol and sphingomyelin), derivates of
phospholipids (eg. dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid) and
lysophospholipids (eg. palmitoyl lysophosphatidyl-L-serine and
1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate esters of ethanolamine, choline,
serine or threonine) and alkyl, alkoxyl (alkyl ester), alkoxy
(alkyl ether)-derivatives of lysophosphatidyl and
phosphatidylcholines, e.g. lauroyl and myristoyl derivatives of
lysophosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, and
modifications of the polar head group, that is cholines,
ethanolamines, phosphatidic acid, serines, threonines, glycerol,
inositol, and the positively charged DODAC, DOTMA, DCP, BISHOP,
lysophosphatidylserine and lysophosphatidylthreonine, and
glycerophospholipids (eg. cephalins), glyceroglycolipids (eg.
galactopyransoide), sphingoglycolipids (eg. ceramides,
gangliosides), dodecylphosphocholine, hen egg lysolecithin, fusidic
acid derivatives- (e.g. sodium tauro-dihydrofusidate etc.),
long-chain fatty acids and salts thereof C6-C12 (eg. oleic acid and
caprylic acid), acylcarnitines and derivatives,
N.sup..alpha.-acylated derivatives of lysine, arginine or
histidine, or side-chain acylated derivatives of lysine or
arginine, N.sup..alpha.-acylated derivatives of dipeptides
comprising any combination of lysine, arginine or histidine and a
neutral or acidic amino acid, N.sup..alpha.-acylated derivative of
a tripeptide comprising any combination of a neutral amino acid and
two charged amino acids, DSS (docusate sodium, CAS registry no
[577-11-7]), docusate calcium, CAS registry no [128-49-4]),
docusate potassium, CAS registry no [7491-09-0]), SDS (sodium
dodecyl sulphate or sodium lauryl sulphate), sodium caprylate,
cholic acid or derivatives thereof, bile acids and salts thereof
and glycine or taurine conjugates, ursodeoxycholic acid, sodium
cholate, sodium deoxycholate, sodium taurocholate, sodium
glycocholate,
N-Hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate, anionic
(alkyl-aryl-sulphonates) monovalent surfactants, zwitterionic
surfactants (e.g. N-alkyl-N,N-dimethylammonio-1-propanesulfonates,
3-cholamido-1-propyldimethylammonio-1-propanesulfonate, cationic
surfactants (quaternary ammonium bases) (e.g.
cetyl-trimethylammonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride),
non-ionic surfactants (eg. Dodecyl .beta.-D-glucopyranoside),
poloxamines (eg. Tetronic's), which are tetrafunctional block
copolymers derived from sequential addition of propylene oxide and
ethylene oxide to ethylenediamine, or the surfactant may be
selected from the group of imidazoline derivatives, or mixtures
thereof. Each one of these specific surfactants constitutes an
alternative embodiment of the invention.
[0111] The use of a surfactant in pharmaceutical compositions is
well-known to the skilled person. For convenience reference is made
to Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20.sup.th
edition, 2000.
[0112] It is possible that other ingredients may be present in the
peptide pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention. Such
additional ingredients may include wetting agents, emulsifiers,
antioxidants, bulking agents, tonicity modifiers, chelating agents,
metal ions, oleaginous vehicles, proteins (e.g., human serum
albumin, gelatine or proteins) and a zwitterion (e.g., an amino
acid such as betaine, taurine, arginine, glycine, lysine and
histidine). Such additional ingredients, of course, should not
adversely affect the overall stability of the pharmaceutical
formulation of the present invention.
[0113] Pharmaceutical compositions containing a peptide of the
present invention may be administered to a patient in need of such
treatment at several sites, for example, at topical sites, for
example, skin and mucosal sites, at sites which bypass absorption,
for example, administration in an artery, in a vein, in the heart,
and at sites which involve absorption, for example, administration
in the skin, under the skin, in a muscle or in the abdomen.
[0114] Administration of pharmaceutical compositions according to
the invention may be through several routes of administration, for
example, lingual, sublingual, buccal, in the mouth, oral, in the
stomach and intestine, nasal, pulmonary, for example, through the
bronchioles and alveoli or a combination thereof, epidermal,
dermal, transdermal, vaginal, rectal, ocular, for examples through
the conjunctiva, uretal, and parenteral to patients in need of such
a treatment.
[0115] Compositions of the current invention may be administered in
several dosage forms, for example, as solutions, suspensions,
emulsions, microemulsions, multiple emulsion, foams, salves,
pastes, plasters, ointments, tablets, coated tablets, rinses,
capsules, for example, hard gelatine capsules and soft gelatine
capsules, suppositories, rectal capsules, drops, gels, sprays,
powder, aerosols, inhalants, eye drops, ophthalmic ointments,
ophthalmic rinses, vaginal pessaries, vaginal rings, vaginal
ointments, injection solution, in situ transforming solutions, for
example in situ gelling, in situ setting, in situ precipitating, in
situ crystallization, infusion solution, and implants.
[0116] Compositions of the invention may further be compounded in,
or attached to, for example through covalent, hydrophobic and
electrostatic interactions, a drug carrier, drug delivery system
and advanced drug delivery system in order to further enhance
stability of the peptide of the present invention, increase
bioavailability, increase solubility, decrease adverse effects,
achieve chronotherapy well known to those skilled in the art, and
increase patient compliance or any combination thereof. Examples of
carriers, drug delivery systems and advanced drug delivery systems
include, but are not limited to, polymers, for example cellulose
and derivatives, polysaccharides, for example dextran and
derivatives, starch and derivatives, poly(vinyl alcohol), acrylate
and methacrylate polymers, polylactic and polyglycolic acid and
block co-polymers thereof, polyethylene glycols, carrier proteins,
for example albumin, gels, for example, thermogelling systems, for
example block co-polymeric systems well known to those skilled in
the art, micelles, liposomes, microspheres, nanoparticulates,
liquid crystals and dispersions thereof, L2 phase and dispersions
there of, well known to those skilled in the art of phase behaviour
in lipid-water systems, polymeric micelles, multiple emulsions,
self-emulsifying, self-microemulsifying, cyclodextrins and
derivatives thereof, and dendrimers.
[0117] Compositions of the current invention are useful in the
formulation of solids, semisolids, powder and solutions for
pulmonary administration of a peptide of the present invention,
using, for example a metered dose inhaler, dry powder inhaler and a
nebulizer, all being devices well known to those skilled in the
art.
[0118] Compositions of the current invention are specifically
useful in the formulation of controlled, sustained, protracting,
retarded, and slow release drug delivery systems. More
specifically, but not limited to, compositions are useful in
formulation of parenteral controlled release and sustained release
systems (both systems leading to a many-fold reduction in number of
administrations), well known to those skilled in the art. Even more
preferably, are controlled release and sustained release systems
administered subcutaneous. Without limiting the scope of the
invention, examples of useful controlled release system and
compositions are hydrogels, oleaginous gels, liquid crystals,
polymeric micelles, microspheres and nanoparticles.
[0119] Methods to produce controlled release systems useful for
compositions of the current invention include, but are not limited
to, crystallization, condensation, co-crystallization,
precipitation, co-precipitation, emulsification, dispersion, high
pressure homogenisation, encapsulation, spray drying,
microencapsulating, coacervation, phase separation, solvent
evaporation to produce microspheres, extrusion and supercritical
fluid processes. General reference is made to Handbook of
Pharmaceutical Controlled Release (Wise, D. L., ed. Marcel Dekker,
New York, 2000) and Drug and the Pharmaceutical Sciences vol. 99:
Protein Formulation and Delivery (MacNally, E. J., ed. Marcel
Dekker, New York, 2000).
[0120] Parenteral administration may be performed by subcutaneous,
intramuscular, intraperitoneal or intravenous injection by means of
a syringe, optionally a pen-like syringe. Alternatively, parenteral
administration can be performed by means of an infusion pump. A
further option is a composition which may be a solution or
suspension for the administration of the peptide of the present
inventionin the form of a nasal or pulmonal spray. As a still
further option, the pharmaceutical compositions containing the
peptide of the present invention can also be adapted to transdermal
administration, e.g. by needle-free injection or from a patch,
optionally an iontophoretic patch, or transmucosal, e.g. buccal,
administration.
[0121] The invention will now be described with reference to the
following non-limited Examples:
Methodology
Calculation of Initial Proportion of Activation
[0122] The initial proportion of activation was determined using
the Agilent Bioanalyser 2100, a chip based apparatus for conducting
analytic electrophoresis, using an Agilent Protein 80 kit (Agilent
5067-1515). The Analysis was performed using the manufacturers
instructions provided in "Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer 2100 Expert
User's Guide", Manual Part number: G2946-90000, Edition: November
2003 and "Agilent Protein 80 Kit Quick Start Guide", Part Number:
G2938-90063, Edition 04/2007 (both from: Agilent Technologies,
Deutschland GmbH, Hewlett-Packard-Stra.beta.e 8, 76337 Waldbronn,
Germany).
[0123] In a 500 microlitre eppendorf tube, to 4 microlitres of
sample was added 2 microlitres sample buffer from the protein 80
kit. The sample was boiled for five minutes in a heating block at
100.degree. C. The sample was allowed to cool for 10 seconds before
15 seconds of centrifugation in a picofuge. 84 microlitres of
purified water was added and the vial was mixed. The method
analysis was run according to the above mentioned manufacturers
instructions which are able to resolve: Heavy chain FVII(a), Light
Chain FVII(a), and single chain FVII which elute in that respective
order. The proportion of activation is the ratio between Heavy
chain FVII(a) (HC)+Light Chain FVII(a) (LC) relative to the total
FVII (HC+LC+SC). For example:
Proportion of activation=(HC+LC)/(HC+LC+SC)*100%
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Calculation of Reaction Time for the Activation of Human Factor
VII
[0124] 6.316 kg of V158D/E296V/M298Q-FVII(a) (Example 6 in WO
02/22776) solution containing 10 mM histidine, 12 mM CaCl.sub.2, 60
mM NaCl, pH 6.0 (at 5.degree. C.) was measured by UV280 and had an
absorbance of 2.31 AU, using a 1 cm lightpath. The concentration
was calculated using the molar absorbance coefficient (0.7 g/kg*AU)
to be 1.62 g/kg. The initial proportion of activation was
determined to be 20% in accordance with the above mentioned
protocol.
[0125] The variables for the reaction were decided to be as
follows:
[0126] required proportion of activation: 95%;
[0127] pH: 6.50;
[0128] temperature: 21.5.degree. C.
[0129] The activation time was calculated in accordance with the
equation of formula (I) to be 128 minutes.
[0130] The activation reaction was started by adjusting pH upwards
to 6.50 (at 21.5.degree. C.) using 25 ml of 1M NaOH. After 128
mins, the pH was lowered again using 22 ml 1M HCl to 5.80
(22.3.degree. C.). After ending the activation reaction, a sample
was subjected to analysis, using the above mentioned methodology,
which reported the proportion of activation to be 95.6%.
[0131] The actual proportion of activation varied from that
predicted by the equation of formula (I) by only 0.6% following
over 2 hours of enzymatic activation.
Example 2
Further Calculations of Reaction Time for the Activation of Human
Factor VII
[0132] This experiment was performed on 5 separate purified batches
of V158D/E296V/M298Q-FVII(a) (Example 6 in WO 02/22776) each having
different values of initial proportion of activation to assess the
consistency and accuracy of the method of the invention. This
experiment was performed in an analogous manner to that described
in Example 1 and the results can be seen in Table 1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Variable Batch 1 Batch 2 Batch 3 Batch 4
Batch 5 Initial 61 74 53 16 34 Proportion of Activation
Concentration 1.96 1.93 1.87 1.89 2.1 (g/L) Required 92 96 94 96 98
Proportion of Activation pH 6.50 6.52 6.51 6.50 6.51 Activation 51
52 71 126 108 Time (min) Actual final 90 96 96 96 98 Proportion of
activation
[0133] The results from this assessment demonstrate that in 3 out
of the 5 batches, the method of the invention predicted the final
proportion of activation exactly. In the remaining 2 batches, the
variation was only 2% which is not considered a significant or
detrimental variation. Thus, table 1 shows cross validation of the
model of the current invention. Experimental data is compared to
the data that the model predicted in 5 different production batches
in a pilot project. With highly variable input (16-74% active
protease, "act time zero"), a constant output can be predicted and
obtained.
[0134] All references, including publications, patent applications,
and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in
their entirety and to the same extent as if each reference were
individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by
reference and were set forth in its entirety herein (to the maximum
extent permitted by law), regardless of any separately provided
incorporation of particular documents made elsewhere herein.
[0135] The use of the terms "a" and "an" and "the" and similar
referents in the context of describing the invention are to be
construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless
otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. For
example, the phrase the compound" is to be understood as referring
to various "compounds" of the invention or particular described
aspect, unless otherwise indicated.
[0136] Unless otherwise indicated, all exact values provided herein
are representative of corresponding approximate values (e.g., all
exact exemplary values provided with respect to a particular factor
or measurement can be considered to also provide a corresponding
approximate measurement, modified by "about," where
appropriate).
[0137] The description herein of any aspect or aspect of the
invention using terms such as "comprising", "having," "including,"
or "containing" with reference to an element or elements is
intended to provide support for a similar aspect or aspect of the
invention that "consists of", "consists essentially of", or
"substantially comprises" that particular element or elements,
unless otherwise stated or clearly contradicted by context (e.g., a
composition described herein as comprising a particular element
should be understood as also describing a composition consisting of
that element, unless otherwise stated or clearly contradicted by
context).
* * * * *