U.S. patent application number 12/928931 was filed with the patent office on 2011-06-30 for modulation agnostic digital hybrid mode power amplifier system and method.
This patent application is currently assigned to DALI SYSTEMS CO., LTD.. Invention is credited to Kyoung Joon Cho, Wan Jong Kim, Shawn Patrick Stapleton, Ying Xiao.
Application Number | 20110156815 12/928931 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 44186772 |
Filed Date | 2011-06-30 |
United States Patent
Application |
20110156815 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Kim; Wan Jong ; et
al. |
June 30, 2011 |
MODULATION AGNOSTIC DIGITAL HYBRID MODE POWER AMPLIFIER SYSTEM AND
METHOD
Abstract
A RF-digital hybrid mode power amplifier system for achieving
high efficiency and high linearity in wideband communication
systems is disclosed. The present invention is based on the method
of adaptive digital predistortion to linearize a power amplifier in
the RF domain. The present disclosure enables a power amplifier
system to be field reconfigurable and support multi-modulation
schemes (modulation agnostic), multi-carriers and multi-channels.
As a result, the digital hybrid mode power amplifier system is
particularly suitable for wireless transmission systems, such as
base-stations, repeaters, and indoor signal coverage systems, where
baseband I-Q signal information is not readily available.
Inventors: |
Kim; Wan Jong; (Coquitlam,
CA) ; Cho; Kyoung Joon; (Coquitlam, CA) ;
Stapleton; Shawn Patrick; (Burnaby, CA) ; Xiao;
Ying; (Coquitlam, CA) |
Assignee: |
DALI SYSTEMS CO., LTD.
Grand Cayman
KY
|
Family ID: |
44186772 |
Appl. No.: |
12/928931 |
Filed: |
December 21, 2010 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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61288838 |
Dec 21, 2009 |
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61288840 |
Dec 21, 2009 |
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61288844 |
Dec 21, 2009 |
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61288847 |
Dec 21, 2009 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
330/149 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H03F 1/3258 20130101;
H03F 2201/3227 20130101; H03F 2200/451 20130101; H03F 1/3241
20130101; H03F 2201/3206 20130101; H04L 25/067 20130101; H03F 3/087
20130101; H03F 2200/447 20130101; H03F 2201/3209 20130101; H03F
1/304 20130101; H03F 3/24 20130101; H03F 2200/18 20130101; H04L
25/03343 20130101; H03F 1/3247 20130101; H04L 25/08 20130101; H04L
27/0008 20130101; H03F 2201/3224 20130101; H03F 3/19 20130101; H04L
27/368 20130101; H03F 2201/3212 20130101; H03F 2201/3215 20130101;
H04W 24/02 20130101; H03F 2200/204 20130101; H03F 2200/207
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
330/149 |
International
Class: |
H03F 1/26 20060101
H03F001/26 |
Claims
1. A digital predistortion system for linearizing the output of
power amplifiers comprising input signal for wireless
communications, at least one power amplifier for outputting an
amplified signal, at least one feedback signal derived from the
amplified signal including a representation of a noise
characteristic of the power amplifier, estimator logic responsive
to the at least one feedback signal for determining predistortion
coefficients at least partly in accordance with the equation z ( n
) = i = 0 n - 1 x t ( n - i ) ( j = 0 k - 1 a ij x t ( n - i ) j )
, ##EQU00014## where a.sub.ij are predistortion coefficients, and
digital predistortion logic for predistorting the input signal and
supplying a predistorted signal to the at least one power
amplifier.
2. A digital predistortion system for linearizing the output of
power amplifiers comprising input signal suitable for wireless
communications, at least one power amplifier for outputting an
amplified signal, at least one feedback signal derived from the
amplified signal including a representation of a noise
characteristic of the at least one power amplifier, estimator logic
responsive to the at least one feedback signal for generating
predistortion coefficients based at least in part on feedback path
delay determined from the correlation given by the equation C ( m )
= i = 0 N - 1 sign ( x ( i + 1 ) - x ( i ) ) sign ( y ( i + m + 1 )
- y ( i + m ) ) ##EQU00015## n ( delay ) = Max ( C ( m ) )
##EQU00015.2## where x(n) represents transmission data and y(n)
represents feedback data.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of the following
applications:
[0002] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/415,676, filed Mar. 31,
2009, and through it U.S. Patent Appn Ser. No. 61/041,164, filed
Mar. 31, 2008; which also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Patent Application Ser. No. 61/172,642, filed Apr. 24, 2009;
[0003] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/603,419, filed Oct. 21,
2009, and through it U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/108,507,
filed Apr. 23, 2008, and through it U.S. Patent Application Ser.
No. 60/925,577, filed Apr. 23, 2007;
[0004] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/330,451 filed Dec. 8,
2008, and through it U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/012,416,
filed Dec. 7, 2007;
[0005] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/961,969, filed Dec. 20,
2007, and through it U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/877,035,
filed Dec. 26, 2006, and U.S. Patent Application Ser. No.
60/925,603, filed Apr. 23, 2007;
[0006] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/108,502, filed Apr. 23,
2008, and through it U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/021,241,
filed Jan. 28, 2008, and through that to U.S. Patent Application
Ser. No. 60/897,746, filed Jan. 26, 2007.
[0007] U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/288,838, filed Dec. 21,
2009, entitled MULTI-BAND WIDEBAND POWER AMPLIFIER DIGITAL
PREDISTORTION SYSTEM AND METHOD and naming as inventors Wan-Jong
Kim, Kyoung-Joon Cho, and Shawn Patrick Stapleton.
[0008] U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/288,840, filed Dec. 21,
2009, entitled REMOTE RADIO HEAD UNIT SYSTEM WITH WIDEBAND POWER
AMPLIFIER AND METHOD and naming as inventors Chengxun Wang and
Shawn Patrick Stapleton.
[0009] U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/288,844, filed Dec. 21,
2009, entitled MODULATION AGNOSTIC DIGITAL HYBRID MODE POWER
AMPLIFIER SYSTEM AND METHOD and naming as inventors Wan-Jong Kim,
Kyoung-Joon Cho, Shawn Patrick Stapleton, Ying Xiao.
[0010] U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/288,847, filed Dec. 21,
2009, entitled HIGH EFFICIENCY, REMOTELY RECONFIGURABLE REMOTE
RADIO HEAD UNIT SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS and
naming as inventors Wan-Jong Kim, Kyoung-Joon Cho, and Shawn
Patrick Stapleton, and Ying Xiao.
[0011] All of the foregoing are incorporated herein by reference
for all purposes.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0012] The present invention generally relates to wireless
communication systems using complex modulation techniques. More
specifically, the present invention relates to power amplifier
systems for wireless communications.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0013] A wideband mobile communication system using complex
modulation techniques, such as wideband code division multiple
access (WCDMA) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM), has large peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) specifications
and hence requires highly linear power amplifiers for its RF
transmissions. The conventional feedforward linear power amplifier
(FFLPA) has been widely utilized due to its excellent linearity
performance in spite of poor power efficiency.
[0014] Conventional FFLPAs are mainly based on the principle of
error subtraction and power-matching with dedicated hardware
circuitries to realize non-linear corrections to PA. These
approaches must use an auxiliary PA and complicated hardware
circuitries to match exactly the transmitted power-balance,
time-delay and errors generated by the main PA. After a perfect
matching is obtained, the non-linear distortion errors from the
main PA can then be canceled by those distortion errors from the
auxiliary PA. Due to the complexities of the nonlinear
predistortion circuits, which among other things involve many
variables and parameters, FFLPAs require significant fine tuning
and other calibration efforts. In addition, such traditional FFLPA
schemes are also vulnerable to fluctuating environmental
conditions, such as temperature and humidity changes, since perfect
alignment of the main PA's signal and that of the auxiliary PA are
vital. As a result, traditional predistortion schemes are costly to
implement and are limited in their predistortion accuracy and
stability in a commercial wireless system environment.
[0015] In order to overcome the FFLPA's poor efficiency, digital
baseband predistortion (PD) has been demonstrated due to the recent
advances in digital signal processing (DSP) technology. In
addition, Doherty power amplifiers (DPA) have also been applied to
these linearization systems to improve power efficiency. However,
there is still a demand for higher performance of the power
amplifier such as more linearity and better efficiency with less
expensive architecture.
[0016] Conventional DSP-based PD schemes utilize digital
microprocessors to compute, calculate and correct the PA's
nonlinearities, typically by performing fast tracking and
adjustments of signals in the PA system. However, conventional
DSP-based PD schemes are challenged by variations of the linearity
performance of the amplifier due to changes in the environment such
as temperature and the asymmetric distortions of the output signal
of the PA resulting from memory effects. All of these variations
and distortions have to be compensated for. Conventional PD
algorithms are based on a wideband feedback signal, and require a
high speed analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in order to capture
the necessary information. In addition, time-synchronizations are
typically required to capture an error signal between a reference
signal and a distorted signal. This time-matching process may
result in small synchronization errors which can further affect
conventional PD schemes' linearization performance. Amplitude and
phase synchronization is also required in order to align the
reference signal and the distorted signal.
[0017] Moreover, conventional PD schemes necessitate coded in-phase
(I) and quadrature (Q) channel signals in the baseband as the
required ideal or reference signals. As a result, conventional PD
schemes are often standard or modulation specific and must be
closely tailored to each baseband system. Therefore, in order to
deploy conventional PD schemes into base-stations, the PD engines
must be embedded into the baseband architecture of base-stations.
This embodiment is a practical implementation challenge since it is
frequently inconvenient or impossible to modify the baseband
architectures of existing base-stations or base-station designs.
Once the PD scheme is set up for a specific base-station design, it
is often not reconfigurable and hence not upgradeable to future
changes in standards or modulations. Furthermore, since traditional
PD approaches require baseband I-Q signal sources to operate, they
are inapplicable to certain RF systems that do not possess any
baseband I-Q signal sources, such as repeater and indoor signal
coverage sub-systems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0018] Accordingly, the present invention has been made in view of
the above problems, and it is an object of the present invention to
provide a high performance and cost effective method of power
amplifier systems with high linearity and high efficiency for
wideband communication system applications. The present disclosure
provides a field-reconfigurable power amplifier system that
supports multi-modulation schemes (modulation agnostic),
multi-carriers and multi-channels. In multi-channel configurations
of the present invention there can be more than one PA for multiple
bands.
[0019] To achieve the above objects, the present invention is
generally based on the method of adaptive digital predistortion to
linearize a power amplifier in the RF domain. Various embodiments
of the invention are disclosed. In an embodiment, the combination
of crest factor reduction, PD, power efficiency boosting techniques
as well as coefficient adaptive algorithms are utilized within a PA
system. In another embodiment, analog quadrature modulator
compensation structure is also utilized to enhance performance.
[0020] Some embodiments of the present invention are able to
monitor the fluctuation of the power amplifier characteristics and
to self-adjust by means of a self-adaptation algorithm. One such
self-adaptation algorithm presently disclosed is called a digital
predistortion algorithm, which is implemented in the digital
domain.
[0021] Applications of the present invention are suitable for use
with all wireless base-stations, access points, mobile equipment
and wireless terminals, portable wireless devices, and other
wireless communication systems such as microwave and satellite
communications.
[0022] A RF-digital hybrid mode power amplifier system for
achieving high efficiency and high linearity in wideband
communication systems is disclosed. The present invention is based
on the method of adaptive digital predistortion to linearize a
power amplifier in the RF domain. The power amplifier
characteristics such as variation of linearity and asymmetric
distortion of the amplifier output signal are sampled in a feedback
path and controlled by the adaptation algorithm in a digital
module. Therefore, in an embodiment, the present invention is
capable of compensating for the nonlinearities as well as memory
effects of power amplifier systems and also improves performance,
in terms of power added efficiency, adjacent channel leakage ratio
(ACLR) and peak-to-average power ratio. The present disclosure
enables a power amplifier system to be field reconfigurable and
support multi-modulation schemes (modulation agnostic),
multi-carriers and multi-channels. As a result, the digital hybrid
mode power amplifier system is particularly suitable for wireless
transmission systems, such as base-stations, repeaters, and indoor
signal coverage systems, where baseband I-Q signal information is
not readily available.
THE FIGURES
[0023] Further objects and advantages of the present invention can
be more fully understood from the following detailed description
taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
[0024] FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the basic form of a
digital hybrid mode power amplifier system.
[0025] FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a simple digital
predistortion block diagram for a power amplifier system according
to one embodiment of the present invention.
[0026] FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing polynomial-based
predistortion in a digital hybrid mode power amplifier system of
the present invention.
[0027] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the digital predistortion
algorithm applied for self-adaptation in a digital hybrid mode
power amplifier system of the present invention.
[0028] FIG. 5 is a delay estimation block diagram of the present
invention.
[0029] FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a fractional delay for the
present invention.
[0030] FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a digital hybrid mode
power amplifier system implemented with a down converter (DNC) and
UPC-based clipping error restoration path according to another
embodiment of the present invention.
[0031] FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing a digital hybrid mode
power amplifier system implemented with a DNC and an analog
quadrature modulator (AQM) according to another embodiment of the
present invention.
[0032] FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the
analog quadrature modulator compensation structure.
GLOSSARY
[0033] The acronyms used herein have the following meanings:
TABLE-US-00001 ACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio ACPR Adjacent
Channel Power Ratio ADC Analog to Digital Converter AQDM Analog
Quadrature Demodulator AQM Analog Quadrature Modulator AQDMC Analog
Quadrature Demodulator Corrector AQMC Analog Quadrature Modulator
Corrector BPF Bandpass Filter CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CFR Crest Factor Reduction DAC Digital to Analog Converter DET
Detector DHMPA Digital Hybrid Mode Power Amplifier DDC Digital Down
Converter DNC Down Converter DPA Doherty Power Amplifier DQDM
Digital Quadrature Demodulator DQM Digital Quadrature Modulator DSP
Digital Signal Processing DUC Digital Up Converter EER Envelope
Elimination and Restoration EF Envelope Following ET Envelope
Tracking EVM Error Vector Magnitude FFLPA Feedforward Linear Power
Amplifier FIR Finite Impulse Response FPGA Field-Programmable Gate
Array GSM Global System for Mobile communications I-Q
In-phase/Quadrature IF Intermediate Frequency LINC Linear
Amplification using Nonlinear Components LO Local Oscillator LPF
Low Pass Filter MCPA Multi-Carrier Power Amplifier MDS
Multi-Directional Search OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing PA Power Amplifier PAPR Peak-to-Average Power Ratio PD
Digital Baseband Predistortion PLL Phase Locked Loop QAM Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying RF Radio
Frequency SAW Surface Acoustic Wave Filter UMTS Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System UPC Up Converter WCDMA Wideband Code
Division Multiple Access WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0034] The present invention is a novel RF-out PA system that
utilizes an adaptive digital predistortion algorithm. The present
invention is a hybrid system of digital and analog modules. The
interplay of the digital and analog modules of the hybrid system
both linearize the spectral regrowth and enhance the power
efficiency of the PA while maintaining or increasing the wide
bandwidth. The present invention, therefore, achieves higher
efficiency and higher linearity for wideband complex modulation
carriers.
[0035] FIG. 1 is a high level block diagram showing the basic
system architecture which can be thought of, at least for some
embodiments, as comprising digital and analog modules and a
feedback path. The digital module is the digital predistortion
controller 101 which comprises the PD algorithm, other auxiliary
DSP algorithms, and related digital circuitries. The analog module
is the main power amplifier 102, other auxiliary analog circuitries
such as DPA, and related peripheral analog circuitries of the
overall system. The present invention is a "black box",
plug-and-play type system because it accepts RF modulated signal
100 as its input, and provides a substantially identical but
amplified RF signal 103 as its output, therefore, it is
RF-in/RF-out. Baseband input signals can be applied directly to the
Digital Predistorter Controller according to one embodiment of the
present invention. An Optical input signal can be applied directly
to the Digital Predistorter Controller according to one embodiment
of the present invention. The feedback path essentially provides a
representation of the output signal to the predistortion controller
101. The present invention is sometimes referred to as a digital
hybrid mode power amplifier (DHMPA) system hereinafter.
[0036] Digital Predistorter Algorithm
[0037] Digital Predistortion (DPD) is a technique to linearize a
power amplifier (PA). FIG. 2 shows in block diagram form an
embodiment of a linear digitally predistorted PA. In the DPD block,
a memory polynomial model is used as the predistortion function
(FIG. 3), and complies with the formula:
z ( n ) = i = 0 n - 1 x t ( n - i ) ( j = 0 k - 1 a ij x t ( n - i
) j ) ##EQU00001##
where a.sub.ij are the DPD coefficients.
[0038] In the DPD estimator block, a least square algorithm is
utilized to find the DPD coefficients, and then transfer them to
DPD block. The detailed DPD algorithm is shown in FIG. 4.
[0039] FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a predistortion (PD) part
in the DHMPA system of the present invention. The PD in the present
invention generally utilizes an adaptive polynomial-based digital
predistortion system. Another embodiment of the PD utilizes a
LUT-based digital predistortion system. More specifically, the PD
illustrated in FIG. 3 and in embodiments disclosed in FIG. 7 and
FIG. 8, discussed below, are processed in the digital processor by
an adaptive algorithm, presented in U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 11/961,969, entitled A Method for Baseband Predistortion
Linearization in Multi-Channel Wideband Communication Systems. The
PD for the DHMPA system in FIG. 3 has multiple finite impulse
response (FIR) filters, that is, FIR1 301, FIR2 303, FIR3 305, and
FIR4 307. The PD also contains the third order product generation
block 302, the fifth order product generation block 304, and the
seventh order product generation block 306. The output signals from
FIR filters are combined in the summation block 308. Coefficients
for multiple FIR filters are updated by the digital predistortion
algorithm.
[0040] Delay Estimation Algorithm:
[0041] The DPD estimator compares x(n) and its corresponding
feedback signal y(n-.DELTA.d) to find the DPD coefficients, where
.DELTA.d is the delay of the feedback path. As the feedback path
delay is different for each PA, this delay should be identified
before the signal arrives at the coefficient estimation. In this
design, the amplitude difference correlation function of the
transmission, x(n), and feedback data, y(n), is applied to find the
feedback path delay. The correlation is given by
C ( m ) = i = 0 N - 1 sign ( x ( i + 1 ) - x ( i ) ) sign ( y ( i +
m + 1 ) - y ( i + m ) ) ##EQU00002## n ( delay ) = Max ( C ( m ) )
##EQU00002.2##
The delay n that maximizes the correlation C(m) is the feedback
path delay. The delay estimation block is shown in FIG. 5.
[0042] Since the feedback path goes through analog circuitry, the
delay between the transmission and feedback path could be a
fractional sample delay. To synchronize the signals more
accurately, fractional delay estimation is necessary. To simplify
the design, only a half-sample delay is considered in this design,
as shown in FIG. 6. It will be appreciated that smaller fractional
delays can also be utilized in at least some embodiments.
[0043] To get the half-sample delay data, an upsampling approach is
the common choice, but in this design, in order to avoid a very
high sampling frequency in the FPGA, an interpolation method is
used to get the half-sample delay data. The data with integer delay
and fractional delay are transferred in parallel. The interpolation
function for fractional delay is
y ( n ) = i = 0 3 c i x ( n + i ) ##EQU00003##
in which c.sub.i is the weight coefficient.
[0044] Whether the fractional delay path or the integer delay path
will be chosen is decided by the result of the amplitude difference
correlator. If the correlation result is odd, the integer path will
be chosen, otherwise the fractional delay path will be chosen.
[0045] Phase Offset Estimation and Correction Algorithm:
[0046] Phase offset between the transmission signal and the
feedback signal exists in the circuit. For a better and faster
convergence of the DPD coefficient estimation, this phase offset
should be removed.
[0047] The transmission signal x(n) and feedback signal y(n) can be
expressed as
x(n)=|x(n)|e.sup.j.theta..sup.x and
y(n)=|y(n)|e.sup.j.theta..sup.y,
The phase offset e.sup.j(.theta..sup.x.sup.-.theta..sup.y.sup.) can
be calculated through
j ( .theta. x - .theta. y ) = x ( n ) y ( n ) * x ( n ) y ( n )
##EQU00004##
So, the phase offset between the transmission and feedback paths
is
j.theta. o = mean ( x ( n ) y ( n ) * x ( n ) y ( n ) )
##EQU00005##
The feedback signal with the phase offset removed can be calculated
by
y(n)=y(n)e.sup.j.theta..sup.o
[0048] Magnitude Correction:
[0049] As the gain of the PA may change slightly, the feedback gain
should be corrected to avoid the error from the gain mismatch. The
feedback signal is corrected according to the function
y _ ( n ) = y ( n ) i = 1 N x ( i ) i = 1 N y ( i )
##EQU00006##
In this design, N is chosen to be 4096. The choice of N will depend
on the desired accuracy.
[0050] QR_RLS Adaptive Algorithm:
[0051] The least square solution for DPD coefficient estimation is
formulated as
F ( x ( n ) ) = y ( n ) ##EQU00007## F ( x ( n ) ) = i = 1 N j = 0
K a ij x ( n - i ) x ( n - i ) j ##EQU00007.2##
Define h.sub.k=x(n-i)|x(n-i)|.sup.j, w.sub.k=a.sub.ij, where
k=(i-1)N+j. The least square formulation can be expressed as:
k = 1 N .times. K w k h k = y ( n ) ##EQU00008##
In this design, QR-RLS algorithm (Haykin, 1996) is implemented to
solve this problem. The formulas of QR_RLS algorithm are
{ d ( i ) = y ( i ) - h i w _ w _ i = w i - w _ q i = .phi. i * / 2
[ w i - w _ ] ##EQU00009##
where .phi..sub.i is a diagonal matrix, and q.sub.i is a
vector.
[0052] The QR_RLS algorithm gets the ith moment .phi..sub.i and
q.sub.i from its (i-1)th moment through a unitary
transformation:
A = [ .phi. i 1 / 2 0 q i * e a * ( i ) .gamma. 1 2 ( i ) h i .PHI.
i - * 2 .gamma. 1 2 ( i ) ] = [ .lamda. 1 / 2 .phi. i - 1 * / 2 h i
* .lamda. 1 / 2 q i - 1 * d ( i ) * 0 1 ] .theta. i ##EQU00010##
[0053] .theta..sub.i is a unitary matrix for unitary
transformation.
[0054] To apply QR_RLS algorithm more efficiently in FPGA, a
squared-root-free Givens rotation is applied for the unitary
transformation process (E. N. Frantzeskakis, 1994)
[ a 1 a 2 a n b 1 b 2 b n ] = [ k a 0 0 k b ] [ a 1 ' a 2 ' a n ' b
1 ' b 2 ' b n ' ] [ a 1 ' a 2 ' a n ' b 1 ' b 2 ' b n ' ] .theta. =
[ k a ' 0 0 k b ' ] [ 1 a 2 '' a n '' 0 b 2 '' b n '' ]
##EQU00011## k a ' = k a a 1 2 + k b b 1 2 ##EQU00011.2## k b ' = k
a k b k a ' ##EQU00011.3## a j ' = ( k a a 1 a j + k b b 1 b j ) /
k a ' ##EQU00011.4## b j ' = - b 1 a j + a 1 b j ##EQU00011.5##
[0055] For RLS algorithm, the ith moment is achieved as below:
[ .lamda. 1 / 2 .phi. i - 1 * / 2 h i * .lamda. 1 / 2 q i - 1 * d (
1 ) * _ 0 1 ] .theta. i = [ .phi. 1 1 / 2 _ 0 q 1 * e a * ( 1 )
.gamma. 1 2 ( 1 ) _ h 1 .PHI. 1 - * 2 _ .gamma. 1 2 ( 1 ) _ ] [ k a
0 0 k b ] ##EQU00012## [0056] w.sub.i can be obtained by
solving
[0056] .PHI. * 2 _ [ w i - w _ ] = q 1 _ ##EQU00013##
[0057] In the iterative process, a block of data (in this design,
there are 4096 data in one block) is stored in memory, and the
algorithm uses all the data in memory to estimate the DPD
coefficient. In order to make the DPD performance more stable, the
DPD coefficients are only updated after one block of data is
processed. The matrix A will be used for the next iteration
process, which will make the convergence faster.
[0058] To make sure the performance of the DPD is stable, a
weighting factor f is used when updating the DPD coefficients
as
w.sub.i=f.times.w.sub.i-1+(1-f)w.sub.i
[0059] The DPD coefficient estimator calculates coefficients
w.sub.i by using QR_RLS algorithm. These w.sub.i are copied to the
DPD block to linearize the PA.
[0060] FIGS. 7 and 8 are block diagrams showing more sophisticated
embodiments of DHMPA system, where like elements are indicated with
like numerals and elements not numbered in FIG. 8 have the same
reference numerals as shown in FIG. 7. The embodiments of FIGS. 7
and 8 apply crest factor reduction (CFR) prior to the PD with an
adaptation algorithm in one digital processor, so as to reduce the
PAPR, EVM and ACPR and compensate the memory effects and variation
of the linearity due to the temperature changing of the PA. The
digital processor can take nearly any form; for convenience, an
FPGA implementation is shown as an example, but a general purpose
processor is also acceptable in many embodiments. The CFR
implemented in the digital module of the embodiments is based on
the scaled iterative pulse cancellation presented in patent
application U.S. 61/041,164, filed Mar. 31, 2008, entitled An
Efficient Peak Cancellation Method For Reducing The Peak-To-Average
Power Ratio In Wideband Communication Systems, incorporated herein
by reference. The CFR is included to enhance performance and hence
optional. The CFR can be removed from the embodiments without
affecting the overall functionality.
[0061] FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a DHMPA system implemented
with DQM in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
The system shown in FIG. 7 has a dual mode of RF-in 700 and/or
multi-carrier digital signal 705 at the input, and an RF signal at
the output 710. The dual mode of signal input allows maximum
flexibility: RF-in (the "RF-in Mode") or baseband digital-in (the
"Baseband-in Mode"). The system shown in FIG. 7 comprises three key
portions: a reconfigurable digital (hereinafter referred as
"FPGA-based Digital") module 715, a power amplifier module 760 and
a feedback path 725.
[0062] The FPGA-based Digital part comprises a digital processor
715 (e.g. FPGA), digital-to-analog converters 735 (DACs),
analog-to-digital converters 740 (ADCs), and a phase-locked loop
(PLL) 745. Since the embodiment of FIG. 7 has a dual input mode,
the digital processor has two paths of signal processing. For the
RF signal input path, the digital processor has implemented a
digital quadrature demodulator (DQDM), a CFR, a PD, and a digital
quadrature modulator (DQM). For the baseband digital input path, a
digital up-converter (DUC), CFR, PD, and a DQM are implemented.
[0063] The RF-in Mode of the embodiment shown in FIG. 7 has
implemented a down converter (DNC) 750 prior to the FPGA-based
Digital part and an ADC 740 prior to the FPGA. An analog down
converted signal is provided to the FPGA-based Digital module and
converted to a digital signal by the ADC 740. The digitally
converted signal is demodulated by the DQDM to generate both real
and imaginary signals and then PAPR of the signal is reduced by
CFR. The peak reduced signal is predistorted to linearize the
amplifier and is passed through a DQM to generate the real signal
and then converted to an intermediate frequency (IF) analog signal
by a DAC in the FPGA-based Digital part. However, it is not
required in all embodiments to implement DQDM and DQM in the FPGA.
If, as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, a digital modulator will not be
used, then two DAC's 801 behind the FPGA feeding AQM module 800 can
be used to generate real and imaginary signals, respectively (the
"AQM Implementation").
[0064] The Baseband-in Mode of the system of FIG. 7 works slightly
differently from the RF-in Mode. Digital data streams from
multi-channels as I-Q signals are coming to the FPGA-based Digital
module and are digitally up-converted to digital IF signals by the
DUC. From this point onwards, the Baseband-in Mode and RF-in Mode
proceeds identically. These IF signals are then passed through the
CFR block so as to reduce the signal's PAPR. This PAPR suppressed
signal is digitally predistorted in order to pre-compensate for
nonlinear distortions of the power amplifier.
[0065] In either input mode, the memory effects due to
self-heating, bias networks, and frequency dependencies of the
active device are compensated by the adaptation algorithm in the
PD, as well. The coefficients of the PD are adapted by a
synchronizing the wideband captured output signal from the feedback
path 725 with the reference signal. The digital predistortion
algorithm performs the synchronization and compensation. The
predistorted signal is passed through a DQM in order to generate
the real signal and then converted to an IF analog signal by the
DAC 740 as shown. As disclosed above, the DQM is not required to be
implemented in the FPGA, or at all, in all embodiments.
Alternatively, if the DQM is not used in the FPGA, then the AQM
Implementation can be implemented with two DACs to generate real
and imaginary signals, respectively. The gate bias voltage 753 of
the power amplifier is determined by the adaptation algorithm and
then adjusted through the DACs 535 in order to stabilize the
linearity fluctuations due to the temperature changes in the power
amplifier.
[0066] The power amplifier part comprises a UPC for a real signal
(such as illustrated in the embodiment shown in FIG. 7), or an AQM
for real and complex signals (such as the embodiment of a DHMPA
system depicted in FIG. 8) from the FPGA-based Digital module, a
high power amplifier with multi-stage drive amplifiers, and a
temperature sensor. In order to improve the efficiency performance
of the DHMPA system, efficiency boosting techniques such as
Doherty, Envelope Elimination and Restoration (EER), Envelope
Tracking (ED, Envelope Following (EF), and Linear amplification
using Nonlinear Components (LINC) can be used, depending upon the
embodiment. These power efficiency techniques can be mixed and
matched and are optional features to the fundamental DHMPA system.
One such Doherty power amplifier technique is presented in commonly
assigned U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/925,577,
filed Apr. 23, 2007, entitled N-Way Doherty Distributed Power
Amplifier, incorporated herein by reference, together with U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 12/603,419, filed Oct. 21, 2009,
entitled N-Way Doherty Distributed Power Amplifier with Power
Tracking. To stabilize the linearity performance of the amplifier,
the temperature of the amplifier is monitored by the temperature
sensor and then the gate bias of the amplifier is controlled by the
FPGA-based Digital part.
[0067] The feedback portion comprises a directional coupler, a
mixer, a gain amplifier, a band pass filter (BPF), and a Digital to
Analog Converter (DAC). Depending upon the embodiment, these analog
components can be mixed and matched with other analog components.
Part of the RF output signal of the amplifier is sampled by the
directional coupler and then down converted to an IF analog signal
by the local oscillation signal in the mixer. The IF analog signal
is passing through the gain amplifier, and the BPF (e.g., surface
acoustic wave filter) which can capture the out-of-band
distortions. The output of the BPF is provided to the ADC of the
FPGA-based Digital module in order to determine the dynamic
parameters of the digital PD depending on output power levels and
asymmetrical distortions due to the memory effects. In addition,
temperature is also detected by the detector 580 to calculate the
variation of linearity and then adjust gate bias voltage of the PA.
More details of the PD algorithm and self-adaptation feedback
algorithm can be appreciated from FIG. 3, discussed above, which
shows a polynomial-based predistortion algorithm and from FIG. 4,
also discussed above, which shows the block diagram of the digital
predistorter synchronization algorithm which can be used in some
embodiments of the invention.
[0068] In the case of a strict EVM requirement for broadband
wireless access such as WiMAX or other OFDM based schemes (EVM
<2.5%), the CFR in the FPGA-based Digital part is only able to
achieve a small reduction of the PAPR in order to meet the strict
EVM specification. In general circumstances, this means the CFR's
power efficiency enhancement capability is limited. In some
embodiments of the present invention, a novel technique is included
to compensate the in-band distortions from CFR by use of a
"Clipping Error Restoration Path" 790, hence maximizing the DHMPA
system power efficiency in those strict EVM environments. As noted
above, the Clipping Error Restoration Path has an additional DAC
735 in the FPGA-based Digital portion and an extra UPC 720 in the
power amplifier part (see FIGS. 7 and 8). The Clipping Error
Restoration Path can allow compensation of in-band distortions
resulting from the CFR at the output of the power amplifier.
Further, any delay mismatch between the main path and the Clipping
Error Restoration Path can be aligned using digital delay in the
FPGA.
[0069] Referring again to FIG. 7, the RF input signal is first
down-converted to baseband digital signals, and then digitally
up-converted to digital IF signals (-7.5 MHz, -2.5 MHz, 2.5 MHz,
7.5 MHz). If the system of FIG. 7 has a Baseband-in Mode, then the
digital data streams from multi-channels are digitally up-converted
to digital IF signals (-7.5 MHz, -2.5 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 7.5 MHz)
directly as they enter the digital processor. The CFR then reduces
the PAPR. The peak-reduced signal is predistorted to linearize the
DPA and is passing through two DACs for real and imaginary signals
and finally through an AQM.
[0070] FIG. 9. is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the
analog quadrature modulator compensation structure. The input
signal is separated into an in-phase component X.sub.I and a
quadrature component X.sub.Q. The analog quadrature modulator
compensation structure comprises four real filters {g11, g12, g21,
g22} and two DC offset compensation parameters c1, c2. The DC
offsets in the AQM will be compensated by the parameters c1, c2.
The frequency dependence of the AQM will be compensated by the
filters {g11, g12, g21, g22}. The order of the real filters is
dependent on the level of compensation required. The output signals
YI and YQ will be presented to the AQM's in-phase and quadrature
ports.
[0071] The configuration of the power amplifier part and the
feedback part of the system shown in FIG. 8 are the same as for the
system shown in FIG. 7.
[0072] In the system shown in FIG. 8, the DNC frequency translates
the RF signal into a low IF signal. The IF signal is then presented
to the ADC whereupon it is digitally down-converted to baseband
followed by CFR and predistortion (PD). The output of the PD is a
baseband signal which will then be digitally upconverted to an IF
frequency and presented to the DAC. The output of the DAC is then
further frequency translated to a RF frequency through the
up-converter (UPC.) The configuration of the power amplifier part
and the feedback part of system of FIG. 8 are the same as for the
FIG. 7 System.
[0073] In summary, the DHMPA system of the present invention
enhances efficiency and linearity relative to the prior art since
the DHMPA system is able to implement CFR, DPD and adaptation
algorithms in one digital processor, which consequently saves
hardware resources and processing time. The DHMPA system is also
reconfigurable and field-programmable since the algorithms and
power-efficiency-enhancing features can be adjusted like software
in the digital processor at anytime.
[0074] Furthermore, since the DHMPA system accepts RF modulated
signal as input, it is not necessary to use coded I and Q channel
signals in the baseband. Therefore, the performance of wireless
base-station systems can be enhanced simply by replacing the
existing PA modules with the DHMPA. The result is that the present
invention provides a "plug and play" PA system solution such that
the structure of existing base-station systems does not need to be
modified or rebuilt for a new set of signal channels in order to
benefit from high efficiency and high linearity PA system
performance.
[0075] Moreover, the DHMPA system is agnostic to modulation schemes
such as quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), quadrature amplitude
modulation (QAM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM), etc. in code division multiple access (CDMA), global system
for wireless communications (GSM), WCDMA, CDMA2000, and wireless
LAN systems. This means that the DHMPA system is capable of
supporting multi-modulation schemes, multi-carriers and
multi-channels. Other benefits of the DHMPA system of the present
invention include correction of PA non-linearities in repeater or
indoor coverage systems that do not have the necessary baseband
signals information readily available.
[0076] Although the present invention has been described with
reference to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood that
the invention is not limited to the details described thereof.
Various substitutions and modifications have been suggested in the
foregoing description, and others will occur to those of ordinary
skill in the art. Therefore, all such substitutions and
modifications are intended to be embraced within the scope of the
invention as defined in the appended claims.
* * * * *