U.S. patent application number 12/608685 was filed with the patent office on 2011-05-05 for generating ratings predictions using neuro-response data.
This patent application is currently assigned to NeuroFocus, Inc.. Invention is credited to Ramachandran Gurumoorthy, Robert T. Knight, Anantha Pradeep.
Application Number | 20110106750 12/608685 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 43539582 |
Filed Date | 2011-05-05 |
United States Patent
Application |
20110106750 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Pradeep; Anantha ; et
al. |
May 5, 2011 |
GENERATING RATINGS PREDICTIONS USING NEURO-RESPONSE DATA
Abstract
A system evaluates media materials such as programs and
advertising by obtaining neuro-response data such as central
nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and effector system
measurements from subjects exposed to the media materials. Media
materials are categorized and/or tagged. Corresponding media
materials eliciting similar neuro-response data from users in
similar demographic categories are identified. In some examples,
ratings predictions are generated by identifying ratings associated
with corresponding media materials eliciting similar neuro-response
data.
Inventors: |
Pradeep; Anantha; (Berkeley,
CA) ; Knight; Robert T.; (Berkeley, CA) ;
Gurumoorthy; Ramachandran; (Berkeley, CA) |
Assignee: |
NeuroFocus, Inc.
Berkeley
CA
|
Family ID: |
43539582 |
Appl. No.: |
12/608685 |
Filed: |
October 29, 2009 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
706/54 ; 702/19;
705/3; 705/7.32 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G06Q 30/0202 20130101;
A61B 5/369 20210101; G16H 50/50 20180101; A61B 5/165 20130101; A61B
5/398 20210101; G16H 15/00 20180101; A61B 5/163 20170801; G06Q
30/0203 20130101; G06Q 30/02 20130101; G16H 10/60 20180101; A61B
5/378 20210101; A61B 5/0533 20130101; A61B 5/055 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
706/54 ; 702/19;
705/3; 705/7.32 |
International
Class: |
G06N 5/02 20060101
G06N005/02; G06F 19/00 20110101 G06F019/00 |
Claims
1. A method, comprising: obtaining neuro-response data from a
plurality of subjects exposed to media materials; maintaining the
neuro-response data and ratings information for the media materials
in a ratings prediction generator repository; obtaining predictive
neuro-response data from a subject exposed to candidate media
materials; generating ratings predictions for the candidate media
materials.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising identifying
neuro-response data from the ratings prediction generator
repository that corresponds with the predictive neuro-response
data.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising maintaining
demographic information along with the neuro-response data and the
ratings information.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein identifying neuro-response data
from the rating prediction generator repository that corresponds
with the predictive neuro-response data comprises identifying
neuro-response data from subjects in similar demographic
groups.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising tagging and
characterizing media materials.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein identifying neuro-response data
from the rating prediction generator repository that corresponds
with the predictive neuro-response data comprises identifying media
materials having similar tags and characteristics.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein neuro-response data is collected
using a plurality of modalities including Electroencephalography
(EEG) and Electrooculography (EOG).
8. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining neuro-response data
comprises obtaining target and distracter event related potential
(ERP) measurements to determine differential measurements of ERP
time domain components at multiple regions of the brain (DERP).
9. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining neuro-response data
further comprises obtaining event related time-frequency analysis
of the differential response to assess the attention, emotion and
memory retention (DERPSPs) across multiple frequency bands.
10. An apparatus, comprising: a data collection device configured
to obtain neuro-response data from a plurality of subjects exposed
to media materials and predictive neuro-response data from a
subject exposed to candidate media materials; an interface
configured to receive ratings information for the media materials;
a data repository configured to maintain the neuro-response data
and ratings information for the media materials; a data analyzer
configured to identify neuro-response data from the ratings
prediction generator repository that corresponds with the
predictive neuro-response data and generate ratings predictions for
the candidate media materials.
11. The system of claim 10, wherein demographic information is
maintained along with the neuro-response data and the ratings
information.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein identifying neuro-response data
from the rating prediction generator repository that corresponds
with the predictive neuro-response data comprises identifying
neuro-response data from subjects in similar demographic
groups.
13. The system of claim 10, wherein media materials are
characterized and tagged.
14. The system of claim 13, wherein identifying neuro-response data
from the rating prediction generator repository that corresponds
with the predictive neuro-response data comprises identifying media
materials having similar tags and characteristics.
15. The system of claim 10, wherein neuro-response data is
collected using a plurality of modalities including
Electroencephalography (EEG) and Electrooculography (EOG).
16. The system of claim 10, wherein obtaining neuro-response data
comprises obtaining target and distracter event related potential
(ERP) measurements to determine differential measurements of ERP
time domain components at multiple regions of the brain (DERP).
17. The system of claim 10, wherein obtaining neuro-response data
further comprises obtaining event related time-frequency analysis
of the differential response to assess the attention, emotion and
memory retention (DERPSPs) across multiple frequency bands.
18. A system, comprising: means for obtaining neuro-response data
from a plurality of subjects exposed to media materials; means for
receiving ratings information for the media materials; means for
maintaining the neuro-response data and the ratings information for
the media materials in a ratings prediction generator repository;
means for obtaining predictive neuro-response data from a subject
exposed to candidate media materials; means for identifying
neuro-response data from the ratings prediction generator
repository that corresponds with the predictive neuro-response
data; means for generating ratings predictions for the candidate
media materials.
19. The method of claim 18, further comprising identifying
neuro-response data from the ratings prediction generator
repository that corresponds with the predictive neuro-response
data.
20. The system of claim 18, further comprising means for
maintaining demographic information along with the neuro-response
data and the ratings information.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to using neuro-response data
to generate ratings predictions.
DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART
[0002] Conventional systems for performing ratings predictions of
media materials such as programming and advertising are limited.
Some ratings predictions can be made based on survey and focus
group based feedback. However, conventional systems for predicting
ratings are subject to syntactic, metaphorical, cultural, and
interpretive errors that prevent accurate and repeatable
predictions.
[0003] Consequently, it is desirable to provide improved methods
and apparatus for generating ratings predictions by using
neuro-response data such as central nervous system, autonomic
nervous system, and effector system measurements.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0004] The disclosure may best be understood by reference to the
following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying
drawings, which illustrate particular example embodiments.
[0005] FIG. 1 illustrates one example of a system for performing
ratings prediction using neuro-response data.
[0006] FIG. 2 illustrates examples of media attributes that can be
included in a repository.
[0007] FIG. 3 illustrates examples of data models that can be used
with a ratings prediction generator.
[0008] FIG. 4 illustrates one example of a query that can be used
with the ratings prediction generator
[0009] FIG. 5 illustrates one example of a report generated using a
ratings prediction generator.
[0010] FIG. 6 illustrates one example of a technique for performing
ratings prediction.
[0011] FIG. 7 illustrates one example of technique for performing
ratings prediction.
[0012] FIG. 8 provides one example of a system that can be used to
implement one or more mechanisms.
DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS
[0013] Reference will now be made in detail to some specific
examples of the invention including the best modes contemplated by
the inventors for carrying out the invention. Examples of these
specific embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
While the invention is described in conjunction with these specific
embodiments, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit
the invention to the described embodiments. On the contrary, it is
intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as
may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as
defined by the appended claims.
[0014] For example, the techniques and mechanisms of the present
invention will be described in the context of particular types of
data such as central nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and
effector data. However, it should be noted that the techniques and
mechanisms of the present invention apply to a variety of different
types of data. It should be noted that various mechanisms and
techniques can be applied to any type of stimuli. In the following
description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to
provide a thorough understanding of the present invention.
Particular example embodiments of the present invention may be
implemented without some or all of these specific details. In other
instances, well known process operations have not been described in
detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure the present
invention.
[0015] Various techniques and mechanisms of the present invention
will sometimes be described in singular form for clarity. However,
it should be noted that some embodiments include multiple
iterations of a technique or multiple instantiations of a mechanism
unless noted otherwise. For example, a system uses a processor in a
variety of contexts. However, it will be appreciated that a system
can use multiple processors while remaining within the scope of the
present invention unless otherwise noted. Furthermore, the
techniques and mechanisms of the present invention will sometimes
describe a connection between two entities. It should be noted that
a connection between two entities does not necessarily mean a
direct, unimpeded connection, as a variety of other entities may
reside between the two entities. For example, a processor may be
connected to memory, but it will be appreciated that a variety of
bridges and controllers may reside between the processor and
memory. Consequently, a connection does not necessarily mean a
direct, unimpeded connection unless otherwise noted.
[0016] Overview
[0017] A system evaluates media materials such as programs and
advertising by obtaining neuro-response data such as central
nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and effector system
measurements from subjects exposed to the media materials. Media
materials are categorized and/or tagged. Corresponding media
materials eliciting similar neuro-response data from users in
similar demographic categories are identified. In some examples,
ratings predictions are generated by identifying ratings associated
with corresponding media materials eliciting similar neuro-response
data.
Example Embodiments
[0018] Ratings prediction is generally performed by using survey
and focus group based feedback from subjects exposed to media
materials. Media materials may include programs, advertising,
movies, shows, games, etc. However, conventional ratings prediction
mechanisms often inaccurately predict ratings. Conventional systems
do not use neuro-behavioral and neuro-physiological response
blended manifestations in assessing the user responses and do not
elicit predicted responses to media materials.
[0019] In these respects, a ratings prediction generator device
using central nervous system, autonomic nervous system and effector
system measurements according to the present invention
substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs
and provides a mechanism for the ratings prediction for different
types of media materials across a variety of demographic groups and
subgroups.
[0020] According to various embodiments, techniques and mechanisms
are provided that can not only predict ratings, but can also
measure characteristics such as attention, priming, retention, and
emotional response characteristics for media materials.
[0021] According to various embodiments, the techniques and
mechanisms of the present invention may use a variety of mechanisms
such as survey based responses, statistical data, and/or
neuro-response measurements such as central nervous system,
autonomic nervous system, and effector measurements to improve
ratings prediction. Some examples of central nervous system
measurement mechanisms include Functional Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (fMRI), Electroencephalography (EEG), Magnetoencephlography
(MEG), and Optical Imaging. Optical imaging can be used to measure
the absorption or scattering of light related to concentration of
chemicals in the brain or neurons associated with neuronal firing.
MEG measures magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the
brain. fMRI measures blood oxygenation in the brain that correlates
with increased neural activity. However, current implementations of
fMRI have poor temporal resolution of few seconds. EEG measures
electrical activity associated with post synaptic currents
occurring in the milliseconds range. Subcranial EEG can measure
electrical activity with the most accuracy, as the bone and dermal
layers weaken transmission of a wide range of frequencies.
Nonetheless, surface EEG provides a wealth of electrophysiological
information if analyzed properly. Even portable EEG with dry
electrodes provides a large amount of neuro-response
information.
[0022] Autonomic nervous system measurement mechanisms include
Electrocardiograms (EKG), pupillary dilation, etc. Effector
measurement mechanisms include Electrooculography (EOG), eye
tracking, facial emotion encoding, reaction time etc.
[0023] According to various embodiments, the techniques and
mechanisms of the present invention intelligently blend multiple
modes and manifestations of precognitive neural signatures with
cognitive neural signatures and post cognitive neurophysiological
manifestations to more accurately perform ratings prediction. In
some examples, autonomic nervous system measures are themselves
used to validate central nervous system measures. Effector and
behavior responses are blended and combined with other measures.
According to various embodiments, central nervous system, autonomic
nervous system, and effector system measurements are aggregated
into a measurement that allows ratings prediction.
[0024] In particular embodiments, subjects are exposed to media
material and data such as central nervous system, autonomic nervous
system, and effector data is collected during exposure. In
particular embodiments, specific event related potential (ERP)
analyses and/or event related power spectral perturbations (ERPSPs)
are evaluated for different regions of the brain both before a
subject is exposed to media and each time after the subject is
exposed to media.
[0025] According to various embodiments, pre-stimulus and
post-stimulus differential as well as target and distracter
differential measurements of ERP time domain components at multiple
regions of the brain are determined (DERP). Event related
time-frequency analysis of the differential response to assess the
attention, emotion and memory retention (DERPSPs) across multiple
frequency bands including but not limited to theta, alpha, beta,
gamma and high gamma is performed. In particular embodiments,
single trial and/or averaged DERP and/or DERPSPs can be used to
enhance the resonance measure and determine priming levels for
various products and services.
[0026] A variety of media materials such as entertainment and
marketing materials, media streams, billboards, print
advertisements, text streams, music, performances, sensory
experiences, etc. can be analyzed. Media materials may be involve
audio, visual, tactile, olfactory, taste, etc. According to various
embodiments, enhanced neuro-response data is generated using a data
analyzer that performs both intra-modality measurement enhancements
and cross-modality measurement enhancements. According to various
embodiments, brain activity is measured not just to determine the
regions of activity, but to determine interactions and types of
interactions between various regions. The techniques and mechanisms
of the present invention recognize that interactions between neural
regions support orchestrated and organized behavior. Attention,
emotion, memory, and other abilities are not merely based on one
part of the brain but instead rely on network interactions between
brain regions.
[0027] The techniques and mechanisms of the present invention
further recognize that different frequency bands used for
multi-regional communication can be indicative of the effectiveness
of stimuli. In particular embodiments, evaluations are calibrated
to each subject and synchronized across subjects. In particular
embodiments, templates are created for subjects to create a
baseline for measuring pre and post stimulus differentials.
According to various embodiments, stimulus generators are
intelligent and adaptively modify specific parameters such as
exposure length and duration for each subject being analyzed.
[0028] A variety of modalities can be used including EEG, GSR, EKG,
pupillary dilation, EOG, eye tracking, facial emotion encoding,
reaction time, etc. Individual modalities such as EEG are enhanced
by intelligently recognizing neural region communication pathways.
Cross modality analysis is enhanced using a synthesis and
analytical blending of central nervous system, autonomic nervous
system, and effector signatures. Synthesis and analysis by
mechanisms such as time and phase shifting, correlating, and
validating intra-modal determinations allow generation of a
composite output characterizing the significance of various data
responses.
[0029] According to various embodiments, media material is
categorized and/or tagged to allow identification of similar media
material or media material portions. In particular embodiments,
survey based and actual expressed responses and actions for
particular groups of users are integrated with media materials and
neuro-response data and stored in a ratings prediction generator
repository. According to particular embodiments, ratings
predictions can be made by analyzing neuro-response data. In
particular embodiments, similarly categorized media materials with
corresponding neuro-response data can be obtained from a ratings
prediction generator repository to predict ratings and popularity
of media material being evaluated.
[0030] FIG. 1 illustrates one example of a system for performing
ratings prediction using central nervous system, autonomic nervous
system, and/or effector measures. According to various embodiments,
the ratings prediction system includes a media materials
presentation device 101. In particular embodiments, the media
materials presentation device 101 is merely a display, monitor,
screen, etc., that provides media material to a user. The media
material may be a media clip, a commercial, movie, magazine, audio
presentation, game, etc., and may even involve particular tastes,
smells, textures and/or sounds. The media materials may be a
variety of stimulus materials and can involve a variety of senses
and occur with or without human supervision. Continuous and
discrete modes are supported. According to various embodiments, the
media materials presentation device 101 also has protocol
generation capability to allow intelligent customization of stimuli
provided to multiple subjects in different markets.
[0031] According to various embodiments, media materials
presentation device 101 could include devices such as televisions,
cable consoles, computers and monitors, projection systems, display
devices, speakers, tactile surfaces, etc., for presenting the
stimuli including but not limited to advertising and entertainment
from different networks, local networks, cable channels, syndicated
sources, websites, internet content aggregators, portals, service
providers, etc.
[0032] According to various embodiments, the subjects 103 are
connected to data collection devices 105. The data collection
devices 105 may include a variety of neuro-response measurement
mechanisms including neurological and neurophysiological
measurements systems such as EEG, EOG, MEG, EKG, pupillary
dilation, eye tracking, facial emotion encoding, and reaction time
devices, etc. According to various embodiments, neuro-response data
includes central nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and
effector data. In particular embodiments, the data collection
devices 105 include EEG 111, EOG 113, and fMRI 115. In some
instances, only a single data collection device is used. Data
collection may proceed with or without human supervision.
[0033] The data collection device 105 collects neuro-response data
from multiple sources. This includes a combination of devices such
as central nervous system sources (EEG), autonomic nervous system
sources (GSR, EKG, pupillary dilation), and effector sources (EOG,
eye tracking, facial emotion encoding, reaction time). In
particular embodiments, data collected is digitally sampled and
stored for later analysis. In particular embodiments, the data
collected could be analyzed in real-time. According to particular
embodiments, the digital sampling rates are adaptively chosen based
on the neurophysiological and neurological data being measured.
[0034] In one particular embodiment, the ratings prediction system
includes EEG 111 measurements made using scalp level electrodes,
EOG 113 measurements made using shielded electrodes to track eye
data, fMRI 115 measurements performed using a differential
measurement system, a facial muscular measurement through shielded
electrodes placed at specific locations on the face, and a facial
affect graphic and video analyzer adaptively derived for each
individual.
[0035] In particular embodiments, the data collection devices are
clock synchronized with a media materials presentation device 101.
In particular embodiments, the data collection devices 105 also
include a condition evaluation subsystem that provides auto
triggers, alerts and status monitoring and visualization components
that continuously monitor the status of the subject, data being
collected, and the data collection instruments. The condition
evaluation subsystem may also present visual alerts and
automatically trigger remedial actions. According to various
embodiments, the data collection devices include mechanisms for not
only monitoring subject neuro-response to media materials, but also
include mechanisms for identifying and monitoring the media
materials. For example, data collection devices 105 may be
synchronized with a set-top box to monitor channel changes. In
other examples, data collection devices 105 may be directionally
synchronized to monitor when a subject is no longer paying
attention to media material. In still other examples, the data
collection devices 105 may receive and store media material
generally being viewed by the subject, whether the media is a
program, a commercial, or a movie. It should be noted that other
stimulus materials can also be presented. The data collected allows
analysis of neuro-response information and correlation of the
information to actual media material and not mere subject
distractions.
[0036] According to various embodiments, the ratings prediction
system also includes a data cleanser device 121. In particular
embodiments, the data cleanser device 121 filters the collected
data to remove noise, artifacts, and other irrelevant data using
fixed and adaptive filtering, weighted averaging, advanced
component extraction (like PCA, ICA), vector and component
separation methods, etc. This device cleanses the data by removing
both exogenous noise (where the source is outside the physiology of
the subject, e.g. a phone ringing while a subject is viewing a
video) and endogenous artifacts (where the source could be
neurophysiological, e.g. muscle movements, eye blinks, etc.).
[0037] The artifact removal subsystem includes mechanisms to
selectively isolate and review the response data and identify
epochs with time domain and/or frequency domain attributes that
correspond to artifacts such as line frequency, eye blinks, and
muscle movements. The artifact removal subsystem then cleanses the
artifacts by either omitting these epochs, or by replacing these
epoch data with an estimate based on the other clean data (for
example, an EEG nearest neighbor weighted averaging approach).
[0038] According to various embodiments, the data cleanser device
121 is implemented using hardware, firmware, and/or software. It
should be noted that although a data cleanser device 121 is shown
located after a data collection device 105, the data cleanser
device 121 like other components may have a location and
functionality that varies based on system implementation. For
example, some systems may not use any automated data cleanser
device whatsoever while in other systems, data cleanser devices may
be integrated into individual data collection devices.
[0039] In particular embodiments, a survey and interview system
collects and integrates user survey and interview responses to
combine with neuro-response data to more effectively select content
for delivery. According to various embodiments, the survey and
interview system obtains information about user characteristics
such as age, gender, income level, location, interests, buying
preferences, hobbies, etc. The survey and interview system can also
be used to obtain user responses about particular pieces of media
material.
[0040] According to various embodiments, the ratings prediction
system includes a data analyzer 123 associated with the data
cleanser 121. The data analyzer 123 uses a variety of mechanisms to
analyze underlying data in the system to determine resonance.
According to various embodiments, the data analyzer 123 customizes
and extracts the independent neurological and neuro-physiological
parameters for each individual in each modality, and blends the
estimates within a modality as well as across modalities to elicit
an enhanced response to the presented media material. In particular
embodiments, the data analyzer 123 aggregates the response measures
across subjects in a dataset.
[0041] According to various embodiments, neurological and
neuro-physiological signatures are measured using time domain
analyses and frequency domain analyses. Such analyses use
parameters that are common across individuals as well as parameters
that are unique to each individual. The analyses could also include
statistical parameter extraction and fuzzy logic based attribute
estimation from both the time and frequency components of the
synthesized response.
[0042] In some examples, statistical parameters used in a blended
effectiveness estimate include evaluations of skew, peaks, first
and second moments, distribution, as well as fuzzy estimates of
attention, emotional engagement and memory retention responses.
[0043] According to various embodiments, the data analyzer 123 may
include an intra-modality response synthesizer and a cross-modality
response synthesizer. In particular embodiments, the intra-modality
response synthesizer is configured to customize and extract the
independent neurological and neurophysiological parameters for each
individual in each modality and blend the estimates within a
modality analytically to elicit an enhanced response to the
presented stimuli. In particular embodiments, the intra-modality
response synthesizer also aggregates data from different subjects
in a dataset.
[0044] According to various embodiments, the cross-modality
response synthesizer or fusion device blends different
intra-modality responses, including raw signals and signals output.
The combination of signals enhances the measures of effectiveness
within a modality. The cross-modality response fusion device can
also aggregate data from different subjects in a dataset.
[0045] According to various embodiments, the data analyzer 123 also
includes a composite enhanced effectiveness estimator (CEEE) that
combines the enhanced responses and estimates from each modality to
provide a blended estimate of the effectiveness. In particular
embodiments, blended estimates are provided for each exposure of a
subject to media materials. The blended estimates are evaluated
over time to assess resonance characteristics. According to various
embodiments, numerical values are assigned to each blended
estimate. The numerical values may correspond to the intensity of
neuro-response measurements, the significance of peaks, the change
between peaks, etc. Higher numerical values may correspond to
higher significance in neuro-response intensity. Lower numerical
values may correspond to lower significance or even insignificant
neuro-response activity. In other examples, multiple values are
assigned to each blended estimate. In still other examples, blended
estimates of neuro-response significance are graphically
represented to show changes after repeated exposure.
[0046] According to various embodiments, a data analyzer 123 passes
data to a resonance estimator that assesses and extracts resonance
patterns. In particular embodiments, the resonance estimator
determines entity positions in various media segments and matches
position information with eye tracking paths while correlating
saccades with neural assessments of attention, memory retention,
and emotional engagement. In particular embodiments, the resonance
estimator stores data in the priming repository system. As with a
variety of the components in the system, various repositories can
be co-located with the rest of the system and the user, or could be
implemented in remote locations.
[0047] Data from various repositories is blended and passed to a
ratings prediction engine to generate patterns, responses, and
predictions 125. In some embodiments, the ratings prediction engine
compares patterns and expressions associated with prior users to
predict expressions of current users. According to various
embodiments, patterns and expressions are correlated with survey,
demographic, and preference data. In particular embodiments
linguistic, perceptual, and/or motor responses are elicited and
predicted. Response expression selection and pre-articulation
prediction of expressive responses are also evaluated.
[0048] FIG. 2 illustrates examples of data models that may be user
in a ratings prediction system. According to various embodiments, a
media attributes data model 201 includes a channel 203, media type
205, time span 207, audience 209, and demographic information 211.
A media purpose data model 213 may include intents 215 and
objectives 217. According to various embodiments, media purpose
data model 213 also includes spatial and temporal information 219
about entities and emerging relationships between entities.
[0049] According to various embodiments, another media attributes
data model 221 includes creation attributes 223, ownership
attributes 225, broadcast attributes 227, and statistical,
demographic and/or survey based identifiers 229 for automatically
integrating the neuro-physiological and neuro-behavioral response
with other attributes and meta-information associated with the
media.
[0050] According to various embodiments, a media priming data model
231 includes fields for identifying advertisement breaks 233 and
scenes 235 that can be associated with various priming levels 237
and audience resonance measurements 239. In particular embodiments,
the data model 231 provides temporal and spatial information for
ads, scenes, events, locations, etc. that may be associated with
priming levels and audience resonance measurements. In some
examples, priming levels for a variety of products, services,
offerings, etc. are correlated with temporal and spatial
information in source material such as a movie, billboard,
advertisement, commercial, store shelf, etc. In some examples, the
data model associates with each second of a show a set of meta-tags
for pre-break content indicating categories of products and
services that are primed. The level of priming associated with each
category of product or service at various insertions points may
also be provided. Audience resonance measurements and maximal
audience resonance measurements for various scenes and
advertisement breaks may be maintained and correlated with sets of
products, services, offerings, etc.
[0051] The priming and resonance information may be used to select
media content suited for particular levels of priming and
resonance.
[0052] FIG. 3 illustrates examples of data models that can be used
for storage of information associated with tracking and measurement
of resonance. According to various embodiments, a dataset data
model 301 includes an experiment name 303 and/or identifier, client
attributes 305, a subject pool 307, logistics information 309 such
as the location, date, and time of testing, and media material 311
including media material attributes.
[0053] In particular embodiments, a subject attribute data model
315 includes a subject name 317 and/or identifier, contact
information 321, and demographic attributes 319 that may be useful
for review of neurological and neuro-physiological data. Some
examples of pertinent demographic attributes include marriage
status, employment status, occupation, household income, household
size and composition, ethnicity, geographic location, sex, race.
Other fields that may be included in data model 315 include subject
preferences 323 such as shopping preferences, entertainment
preferences, and financial preferences. Shopping preferences
include favorite stores, shopping frequency, categories shopped,
favorite brands. Entertainment preferences include
network/cable/satellite access capabilities, favorite shows,
favorite genres, and favorite actors. Financial preferences include
favorite insurance companies, preferred investment practices,
banking preferences, and favorite online financial instruments. A
variety of product and service attributes and preferences may also
be included. A variety of subject attributes may be included in a
subject attributes data model 315 and data models may be preset or
custom generated to suit particular purposes.
[0054] According to various embodiments, data models for
neuro-feedback association 325 identify experimental protocols 327,
modalities included 329 such as EEG, EOG, GSR, surveys conducted,
and experiment design parameters 333 such as segments and segment
attributes. Other fields may include experiment presentation
scripts, segment length, segment details like media material used,
inter-subject variations, intra-subject variations, instructions,
presentation order, survey questions used, etc. Other data models
may include a data collection data model 337. According to various
embodiments, the data collection data model 337 includes recording
attributes 339 such as station and location identifiers, the data
and time of recording, and operator details. In particular
embodiments, equipment attributes 341 include an amplifier
identifier and a sensor identifier.
[0055] Modalities recorded 343 may include modality specific
attributes like EEG cap layout, active channels, sampling
frequency, and filters used. EOG specific attributes include the
number and type of sensors used, location of sensors applied, etc.
Eye tracking specific attributes include the type of tracker used,
data recording frequency, data being recorded, recording format,
etc. According to various embodiments, data storage attributes 345
include file storage conventions (format, naming convention, dating
convention), storage location, archival attributes, expiry
attributes, etc.
[0056] A preset query data model 349 includes a query name 351
and/or identifier, an accessed data collection 353 such as data
segments involved (models, databases/cubes, tables, etc.), access
security attributes 355 included who has what type of access, and
refresh attributes 357 such as the expiry of the query, refresh
frequency, etc. Other fields such as push-pull preferences can also
be included to identify an auto push reporting driver or a user
driven report retrieval system.
[0057] FIG. 4 illustrates examples of queries that can be performed
to obtain data associated with ratings prediction. According to
various embodiments, queries are defined from general or customized
scripting languages and constructs, visual mechanisms, a library of
preset queries, diagnostic querying including drill-down
diagnostics, and eliciting what if scenarios. According to various
embodiments, subject attributes queries 415 may be configured to
obtain data from a neuro-informatics repository using a location
417 or geographic information, session information 421 such as
testing times and dates, and demographic attributes 419.
Demographics attributes include household income, household size
and status, education level, age of kids, etc.
[0058] Other queries may retrieve media material based on shopping
preferences of subject participants, countenance, physiological
assessment, completion status. For example, a user may query for
data associated with product categories, products shopped, shops
frequented, subject eye correction status, color blindness, subject
state, signal strength of measured responses, alpha frequency band
ringers, muscle movement assessments, segments completed, etc.
Experimental design based queries 425 may obtain data from a
neuro-informatics repository based on experiment protocols 427,
product category 429, surveys included 431, and media provided 433.
Other fields that may be used include the number of protocol
repetitions used, combination of protocols used, and usage
configuration of surveys.
[0059] Client and industry based queries may obtain data based on
the types of industries included in testing, specific categories
tested, client companies involved, and brands being tested.
Response assessment based queries 437 may include attention scores
439, emotion scores, 441, retention scores 443, and effectiveness
scores 445. Such queries may obtain materials that elicited
particular scores. In particular embodiments, prediction queries
447 may include linguistic response 449, perceptual response 451,
cognition response 453, and motor response 455.
[0060] Response measure profile based queries may use mean measure
thresholds, variance measures, number of peaks detected, etc. Group
response queries may include group statistics like mean, variance,
kurtosis, p-value, etc., group size, and outlier assessment
measures. Still other queries may involve testing attributes like
test location, time period, test repetition count, test station,
and test operator fields. A variety of types and combinations of
types of queries can be used to efficiently extract data.
[0061] FIG. 5 illustrates examples of reports that can be
generated. According to various embodiments, client assessment
summary reports 501 include effectiveness measures 503, component
assessment measures 505, and resonance measures 507. Effectiveness
assessment measures include composite assessment measure(s),
industry/category/client specific placement (percentile, ranking,
etc.), actionable grouping assessment such as removing material,
modifying segments, or fine tuning specific elements, etc, and the
evolution of the effectiveness profile over time. In particular
embodiments, component assessment reports include component
assessment measures like attention, emotional engagement scores,
percentile placement, ranking, etc. Component profile measures
include time based evolution of the component measures and profile
statistical assessments. According to various embodiments, reports
include the number of times material is assessed, attributes of the
multiple presentations used, evolution of the response assessment
measures over the multiple presentations, and usage
recommendations.
[0062] According to various embodiments, client cumulative reports
511 include media grouped reporting 513 of all media assessed,
campaign grouped reporting 515 of media assessed, and time/location
grouped reporting 517 of media assessed. According to various
embodiments, industry cumulative and syndicated reports 521 include
aggregate assessment responses measures 523, top performer lists
525, bottom performer lists 527, outliers 529, and trend reporting
531. In particular embodiments, tracking and reporting includes
specific products, categories, companies, brands. According to
various embodiments, prediction reports 533 are also generated.
Prediction reports may include brand affinity prediction 535,
product pathway prediction 537, purchase intent prediction 539, and
ratings prediction 541.
[0063] FIG. 6 illustrates one example of ratings prediction. At
601, media material is provided to multiple subjects. According to
various embodiments, media includes streaming video and audio. In
particular embodiments, subjects view media in their own homes in
group or individual settings. In some examples, verbal and written
responses are collected for use without neuro-response
measurements. In other examples, verbal and written responses are
correlated with neuro-response measurements. At 603, subject
neuro-response measurements are collected using a variety of
modalities, such as EEG, ERP, EOG, GSR, etc. At 605, data is passed
through a data cleanser to remove noise and artifacts that may make
data more difficult to interpret. According to various embodiments,
the data cleanser removes EEG electrical activity associated with
blinking and other endogenous/exogenous artifacts.
[0064] According to various embodiments, data analysis is
performed. Data analysis may include intra-modality response
synthesis and cross-modality response synthesis to enhance
effectiveness measures. It should be noted that in some particular
instances, one type of synthesis may be performed without
performing other types of synthesis. For example, cross-modality
response synthesis may be performed with or without intra-modality
synthesis.
[0065] A variety of mechanisms can be used to perform data
analysis. In particular embodiments, a media attributes repository
is accessed to obtain attributes and characteristics of the media
materials, along with purposes, intents, objectives, etc. In
particular embodiments, EEG response data is synthesized to provide
an enhanced assessment of effectiveness. According to various
embodiments, EEG measures electrical activity resulting from
thousands of simultaneous neural processes associated with
different portions of the brain. EEG data can be classified in
various bands. According to various embodiments, brainwave
frequencies include delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency
ranges. Delta waves are classified as those less than 4 Hz and are
prominent during deep sleep. Theta waves have frequencies between
3.5 to 7.5 Hz and are associated with memories, attention,
emotions, and sensations. Theta waves are typically prominent
during states of internal focus.
[0066] Alpha frequencies reside between 7.5 and 13 Hz and typically
peak around 10 Hz. Alpha waves are prominent during states of
relaxation. Beta waves have a frequency range between 14 and 30 Hz.
Beta waves are prominent during states of motor control, long range
synchronization between brain areas, analytical problem solving,
judgment, and decision making Gamma waves occur between 30 and 60
Hz and are involved in binding of different populations of neurons
together into a network for the purpose of carrying out a certain
cognitive or motor function, as well as in attention and memory.
Because the skull and dermal layers attenuate waves in this
frequency range, brain waves above 75-80 Hz are difficult to detect
and are often not used for stimuli response assessment.
[0067] However, the techniques and mechanisms of the present
invention recognize that analyzing high gamma band (kappa-band:
Above 60 Hz) measurements, in addition to theta, alpha, beta, and
low gamma band measurements, enhances neurological attention,
emotional engagement and retention component estimates. In
particular embodiments, EEG measurements including difficult to
detect high gamma or kappa band measurements are obtained,
enhanced, and evaluated. Subject and task specific signature
sub-bands in the theta, alpha, beta, gamma and kappa bands are
identified to provide enhanced response estimates. According to
various embodiments, high gamma waves (kappa-band) above 80 Hz
(typically detectable with sub-cranial EEG and/or
magnetoencephalograophy) can be used in inverse model-based
enhancement of the frequency responses to the stimuli.
[0068] Various embodiments of the present invention recognize that
particular sub-bands within each frequency range have particular
prominence during certain activities. A subset of the frequencies
in a particular band is referred to herein as a sub-band. For
example, a sub-band may include the 40-45 Hz range within the gamma
band. In particular embodiments, multiple sub-bands within the
different bands are selected while remaining frequencies are band
pass filtered. In particular embodiments, multiple sub-band
responses may be enhanced, while the remaining frequency responses
may be attenuated.
[0069] An information theory based band-weighting model is used for
adaptive extraction of selective dataset specific, subject
specific, task specific bands to enhance the effectiveness measure.
Adaptive extraction may be performed using fuzzy scaling. Stimuli
can be presented and enhanced measurements determined multiple
times to determine the variation profiles across multiple
presentations. Determining various profiles provides an enhanced
assessment of the primary responses as well as the longevity
(wear-out) of the marketing and entertainment stimuli. The
synchronous response of multiple individuals to stimuli presented
in concert is measured to determine an enhanced across subject
synchrony measure of effectiveness. According to various
embodiments, the synchronous response may be determined for
multiple subjects residing in separate locations or for multiple
subjects residing in the same location.
[0070] Although a variety of synthesis mechanisms are described, it
should be recognized that any number of mechanisms can be
applied--in sequence or in parallel with or without interaction
between the mechanisms.
[0071] Although intra-modality synthesis mechanisms provide
enhanced significance data, additional cross-modality synthesis
mechanisms can also be applied. A variety of mechanisms such as
EEG, Eye Tracking, GSR, EOG, and facial emotion encoding are
connected to a cross-modality synthesis mechanism. Other mechanisms
as well as variations and enhancements on existing mechanisms may
also be included. According to various embodiments, data from a
specific modality can be enhanced using data from one or more other
modalities. In particular embodiments, EEG typically makes
frequency measurements in different bands like alpha, beta and
gamma to provide estimates of significance. However, the techniques
of the present invention recognize that significance measures can
be enhanced further using information from other modalities.
[0072] For example, facial emotion encoding measures can be used to
enhance the valence of the EEG emotional engagement measure. EOG
and eye tracking saccadic measures of object entities can be used
to enhance the EEG estimates of significance including but not
limited to attention, emotional engagement, and memory retention.
According to various embodiments, a cross-modality synthesis
mechanism performs time and phase shifting of data to allow data
from different modalities to align. In some examples, it is
recognized that an EEG response will often occur hundreds of
milliseconds before a facial emotion measurement changes.
Correlations can be drawn and time and phase shifts made on an
individual as well as a group basis. In other examples, saccadic
eye movements may be determined as occurring before and after
particular EEG responses. According to various embodiments, time
corrected GSR measures are used to scale and enhance the EEG
estimates of significance including attention, emotional engagement
and memory retention measures.
[0073] Evidence of the occurrence or non-occurrence of specific
time domain difference event-related potential components (like the
DERP) in specific regions correlates with subject responsiveness to
specific media. According to various embodiments, ERP measures are
enhanced using EEG time-frequency measures (ERPSP) in response to
the presentation of the marketing and entertainment stimuli.
Specific portions are extracted and isolated to identify ERP, DERP
and ERPSP analyses to perform. In particular embodiments, an EEG
frequency estimation of attention, emotion and memory retention
(ERPSP) is used as a co-factor in enhancing the ERP, DERP and
time-domain response analysis.
[0074] EOG measures saccades to determine the presence of attention
to specific objects of media. Eye tracking measures the subject's
gaze path, location and dwell on specific objects of media.
According to various embodiments, EOG and eye tracking is enhanced
by measuring the presence of lambda waves (a neurophysiological
index of saccade effectiveness) in the ongoing EEG in the occipital
and extra striate regions, triggered by the slope of saccade-onset
to estimate the significance of the EOG and eye tracking measures.
In particular embodiments, specific EEG signatures of activity such
as slow potential shifts and measures of coherence in
time-frequency responses at the Frontal Eye Field (FEF) regions
that preceded saccade-onset are measured to enhance the
effectiveness of the saccadic activity data.
[0075] GSR typically measures the change in general arousal in
response to media presented. According to various embodiments, GSR
is enhanced by correlating EEG/ERP responses and the GSR
measurement to get an enhanced estimate of subject engagement. The
GSR latency baselines are used in constructing a time-corrected GSR
response to the media. The time-corrected GSR response is
co-factored with the EEG measures to enhance GSR significance
measures.
[0076] According to various embodiments, facial emotion encoding
uses templates generated by measuring facial muscle positions and
movements of individuals expressing various emotions prior to the
testing session. These individual specific facial emotion encoding
templates are matched with the individual responses to identify
subject emotional response. In particular embodiments, these facial
emotion encoding measurements are enhanced by evaluating
inter-hemispherical asymmetries in EEG responses in specific
frequency bands and measuring frequency band interactions. The
techniques of the present invention recognize that not only are
particular frequency bands significant in EEG responses, but
particular frequency bands used for communication between
particular areas of the brain are significant. Consequently, these
EEG responses enhance the EMG, graphic and video based facial
emotion identification.
[0077] According to various embodiments, post-stimulus versus
pre-stimulus differential measurements of ERP time domain
components in multiple regions of the brain (DERP) are measured at
multiple regions of the brain at 607. The differential measures
give a mechanism for eliciting responses attributable to the
stimulus. For example the messaging response attributable to an
advertisement or the brand response attributable to multiple brands
is determined using pre-resonance and post-resonance estimates
[0078] At 609, target versus distracter stimulus differential
responses are determined for different regions of the brain (DERP).
At 611, event related time-frequency analysis of the differential
response (DERPSPs) are used to assess the attention, emotion and
memory retention measures across multiple frequency bands.
According to various embodiments, the multiple frequency bands
include theta, alpha, beta, gamma and high gamma or kappa.
[0079] At 613, actual ratings information for analyzed media
materials are determined and integrated. According to various
embodiments, actual resulting ratings along with demographic data
is integrated with neuro-response data for large number of subjects
in various geographic and demographic groups and subgroups. At 617,
integrated data is sent to a ratings prediction generator
repository. The ratings prediction generator repository may be used
to predict behavior resulting from exposure to new media materials
using information about a user and resulting neuro-response
data.
[0080] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a technique for ratings
prediction. At 701, characteristics of source material are
determined. According to various embodiments, source material
itself includes metatags associated with various spatial and
temporal locations indicating the level of priming for various
products, services, and offerings. The characteristics may be
obtained from a personalization repository system or may be
obtained dynamically from a data analyzer. At 703, neuro-response
data is obtained for multiple users using multiple modalities. At
705, survey and resulting behavior information is integrated from
the ratings prediction generator repository.
[0081] According to various embodiments, media materials are
categorized and other media materials having similar tags and
characteristics are identified at 707. At 709, ratings are
predicted for the media materials. According to various
embodiments, ratings are predicted by determining ratings for
corresponding media materials that have similar neuro-response
characteristics for various demographic groups. In particular
embodiments, similar neuro-response patterns to similar media
materials are referenced to determine prior elicited
expressions.
[0082] According to various embodiments, various mechanisms such as
the data collection mechanisms, the intra-modality synthesis
mechanisms, cross-modality synthesis mechanisms, etc. are
implemented on multiple devices. However, it is also possible that
the various mechanisms be implemented in hardware, firmware, and/or
software in a single system. FIG. 8 provides one example of a
system that can be used to implement one or more mechanisms. For
example, the system shown in FIG. 8 may be used to implement a
resonance measurement system.
[0083] According to particular example embodiments, a system 800
suitable for implementing particular embodiments of the present
invention includes a processor 801, a memory 803, an interface 811,
and a bus 815 (e.g., a PCI bus). When acting under the control of
appropriate software or firmware, the processor 801 is responsible
for such tasks such as pattern generation. Various specially
configured devices can also be used in place of a processor 801 or
in addition to processor 801. The complete implementation can also
be done in custom hardware. The interface 811 is typically
configured to send and receive data packets or data segments over a
network. Particular examples of interfaces the device supports
include host bus adapter (HBA) interfaces, Ethernet interfaces,
frame relay interfaces, cable interfaces, DSL interfaces, token
ring interfaces, and the like.
[0084] According to particular example embodiments, the system 800
uses memory 803 to store data, algorithms and program instructions.
The program instructions may control the operation of an operating
system and/or one or more applications, for example. The memory or
memories may also be configured to store received data and process
received data.
[0085] Because such information and program instructions may be
employed to implement the systems/methods described herein, the
present invention relates to tangible, machine readable media that
include program instructions, state information, etc. for
performing various operations described herein. Examples of
machine-readable media include, but are not limited to, magnetic
media such as hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tape; optical
media such as CD-ROM disks and DVDs; magneto-optical media such as
optical disks; and hardware devices that are specially configured
to store and perform program instructions, such as read-only memory
devices (ROM) and random access memory (RAM). Examples of program
instructions include both machine code, such as produced by a
compiler, and files containing higher level code that may be
executed by the computer using an interpreter.
[0086] Although the foregoing invention has been described in some
detail for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be
apparent that certain changes and modifications may be practiced
within the scope of the appended claims. Therefore, the present
embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not
restrictive and the invention is not to be limited to the details
given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalents
of the appended claims.
* * * * *