U.S. patent application number 12/925165 was filed with the patent office on 2011-04-21 for cryogenic treatment of mixed loads.
Invention is credited to Leslie D. Baych, David M. Snyder.
Application Number | 20110088412 12/925165 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 43878244 |
Filed Date | 2011-04-21 |
United States Patent
Application |
20110088412 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Snyder; David M. ; et
al. |
April 21, 2011 |
Cryogenic treatment of mixed loads
Abstract
A process for treating mixed loads of tools and/or parts which
incorporates an optional pre-heat phase, a cryogenic phase, and an
optional post temper phase.
Inventors: |
Snyder; David M.; (Cedar
Rapids, IA) ; Baych; Leslie D.; (Cedar Rapids,
IA) |
Family ID: |
43878244 |
Appl. No.: |
12/925165 |
Filed: |
October 14, 2010 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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61278858 |
Oct 14, 2009 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
62/62 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C21D 9/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
62/62 |
International
Class: |
F25D 25/00 20060101
F25D025/00 |
Claims
1. A method for deep cryogenic tempering of mixed loads of tools
and/or parts in the same cryogenic processing chamber, the method
comprising the steps of: (a) determining if any of the tools and/or
parts of the mixed load require pre-heating; (b) placing any tools
and/or parts requiring pre-heating in an oven and raising the
temperature to approximately 300 degrees F.; (c) holding the tools
and/or parts requiring pre-heating at approximately 300 degrees F.
for a period of time approximately equivalent to 1 minute of
pre-heat at approximately 300 degrees F. for each inch of
cross-section thickness; (d) placing the tools and/or parts that
required pre-heating immediately after pre-heating into a cryogenic
processing chamber containing tools and/or parts that do not
require pre-heating that are at ambient; (e) cooling the mixed load
of tools and/or parts at a descent rate of approximately 1 degree
F. per minute until the temperature of the tools and/or parts is
approximately -214 degrees F.; (f) maintaining the tools and/or
parts at a temperature of -214 degrees F. for a period of time, the
hold time being a function of the total mass in the cryogenic
processor; (g) cooling the mixed load of tools and/or parts at a
descent rate of approximately 1 degree F. per minute until the
temperature of the tools and/or parts is approximately -246 degrees
F.; (h) maintaining the tools and/or parts at a temperature of -246
degrees F. for a period of time, the hold time being a function of
the total mass in the cryogenic processor; (i) cooling the mixed
load of tools and/or parts at a descent rate of approximately 1
degree F. per minute until the temperature of the tools and/or
parts is approximately -289 degrees F.; (j) maintaining the tools
and/or parts at a temperature of -289 degrees F. for a period of
time, the hold time being a function of the total mass in the
cryogenic processor; (k) cooling the mixed load of tools and/or
parts at a descent rate of approximately 1 degree F. per minute
until the temperature of the tools and/or parts is approximately
-300 degrees F.; (l) maintaining the tools and/or parts at a
temperature of -300 degrees F. for a period of time, the hold time
being a function of the total mass in the cryogenic processor, (m)
raising the temperature of the mixed load of tools and/or parts to
a range of approximately 0 degrees F. to 85 degrees F. at an ascent
rate, the ascent rate being a function of the total mass of tools
and/or parts in the cryogenic processing chamber; (l) determining
if any of the tools and/or parts require a post temper cycle; (n)
placing any tools and/or parts requiring a post temper cycle into
at least one oven according to tempering temperature and
cross-sectional thickness; (o) raising the temperature in the at
least one post tempering oven to the a prescribed post tempering
temperature approximately in the range of 250 degrees F. to 400
degrees F. for a post temper time, the post temper time
approximately equivalent to 1 hour of post tempering at the
tempering temperature for each inch of cross-section thickness; (p)
lowering the temperature of the tools and/or parts to ambient at a
cool down rate; (q) raising the temperature of the tools and/or
parts to the prescribed temperature approximately in the range of
250 degrees F. to 400 degrees F. at an ascent rate; (r) maintaining
the temperature of the tools and/or parts at the prescribed
temperature approximately in the range of 250 degrees F. to 400
degrees F. for a post temper time; (s) lowering the temperature of
the tools and/or parts to ambient at a cool down rate; (t) raising
the temperature of the tools and/or parts to the prescribed
temperature approximately in the range of 250 degrees F. to 400
degrees F. at an ascent rate; (u) maintaining the temperature of
the tools and/or parts at the prescribed temperature approximately
in the range of 250 degrees F. to 400 degrees F. for a post temper
time; and (v) lowering the temperature of the tools and/or parts to
ambient at a cool down rate.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein an optional step can be inserted
between steps (d) and (e), the optional step comprising: cooling
the mixed load of tools and/or parts at a descent rate of
approximately 1 degree F. per minute until the temperature of the
tools and/or parts is approximately -160 degrees F.; and
maintaining the tools and/or parts at a temperature of -160 degrees
F. for a period of time, the requirement for inserting said
optional step being cross-section thickness of tools and/or parts
in the cryogenic processing chamber, and hold time being a function
of the total mass of the mixed load of tools and/or parts in the
cryogenic processor.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the tools and/or parts is from
the set consisting of drill bits, reamers, end mills, progressive
dies, punch dies, press dies, forge dies, mill hammers, extrusion
dies, dummy blocks for extrusion equipment, pillow blocks,
bearings, pellet dies, granulators, grinding plates, circular
slitters, cutters, hobs, shear blades, band saw blades, taps,
broaches, roll dies, carbide inserts, spot welding tips, welding
nozzles, welding tips, welding feeders, welding guides, welding
tubes, cutting torch tips, cutting torch nozzles, electric motor
parts, saw blades configured for brick, saw blades configured for
pavers, saw blades configured for block, saw blades configured for
marble, saw blades configured for granite, saw blades configured
for quartz, saw blades configured for tile, saw blades configured
for cured concrete, saw blades configured for green concrete, saw
blades configured for asphalt, saw blades configured for demolition
work, saw blades configured for rebar steel, saw blades configured
for tuck pointing, cup grinders, coring bits, concrete drills,
grader blades, wear edges for bucket loaders, wear edges for
scrapers, wear edges for graders, wear edges for snow plows, one
piece track gears, multi-piece track gears, scarifier teeth, ripper
teeth, road milling bits, jack hammer bits, crack grinders, crack
grinder rods, trencher chains, roller chain, stabilization tines,
blow bars, hammer mill hammers, hammer mill hammer rods, pumps,
chain saw chains, chain saw sprockets, rope saws, nitrogen knives
for agriculture, coring bits, drills, bucket teeth, soil mixing
tines, soil mixing blades, tire shredding tools, metal shredding
hammers, metal shredding hammer rods, metal shear tools, push rods,
steel rocker arms, aluminum rocker arms, valves, valve springs,
camshafts, crankshafts, steel connecting rods, aluminum connecting
rods, steel pistons and rings, aluminum pistons and rings,
crankshafts, bearings, steel heads, aluminum head, steel blocks,
aluminum blocks, brake drums, brake rotors, brake pads, spark
plugs, transmission gears, red end gears, axles, timing chains,
timing gears, rear sprockets, torque converter stators, golf clubs,
golf balls, aluminum baseball bats, aluminum softball bats, racket
strings, fishing line, musical instruments, electronic cables,
circuit boards, razors with integrated blades, razor blades, panty
hose, welded components, rubber impregnated Nomex, dental tools,
light bulbs, guitar strings, and honing stones.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to and is a conversion of
U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/278,858, entitled
Cryogenic Treatment of Diamond Saw Blades and Other Tooling, filed
Oct. 14, 2009, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its
entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates generally to a system, method
and apparatus of improving the durability and wear characteristics
of various tools and/or parts being processed simultaneously in a
single processor using a deep cryogenic tempering dry process. The
process includes the steps, of placing the various tools and/or
parts into the cryogenic processor, lowering the temperature of the
various tools and/or parts following a computer controlled
temperature descent profile using required and optional hold stages
of approximately minus 160 degrees F. (F=Fahrenheit) to
approximately minus 289 degrees F., holding the tools and/or parts
at one or more deep cryogenic temperatures in the range of minus
300 degrees F. to minus 320 degrees F. for an extended period of
time, raising the temperature of the various tools and/or parts
using a computer controlled temperature ascent profile back to
ambient, and tempering the tools and/or parts, if necessary, at
temperatures of approximately 250 degrees F. or higher in one or
more ovens. Optionally, prior to placing the various tools and/or
parts into the cryogenic processor, an additional step may be
included to elevate the temperature of various tools and/or parts
to a temperature in the range of 250 degrees F. to 350 degrees F.
for a period of time based on the material and cross-section of the
various tools and/or parts.
PROBLEMS IN THE ART
[0003] Deep cryogenic tempering generally involves subjecting tools
and/or parts to temperatures in the range of approximately -250
degrees F. to -350 degrees F., typically through the introduction
of a cryogenic liquid, such as, but not limited to, nitrogen via
flashing into a cryogenic processing chamber. After the tools
and/or parts are held at deep cryogenic temperatures for a specific
period of time, the tools and/or parts are returned to ambient
temperature. Furthermore, the tools and/or parts often undergo a
heat treatment after the cryogenic process, followed by a return to
ambient temperatures. As a result, specific deep cryogenic
tempering can greatly enhance specific properties of the tools
and/or parts as more fully described below.
[0004] Known applications of deep cryogenic processing include, for
example, treatment of cutting tools to improve life and wear
resistance; or brake rotors and components to improve life, wear
resistance, and performance; and treatment of firearm barrels and
related components to improve accuracy and to extend barrel life.
As an example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,865,913, Paulin, et al. discloses a
deep cryogenic tempering process for treating firearm barrels and
components that provides a specific deep cryogenic processing flow
and processing profile. This processing flow and profile are
specific to firearms and generally cannot be used for other
applications due to the dependency of generating a cryogenic
processing profile based on the mass of the load, and the specific
nature of the materials to be treated, cross-sectional thickness,
etc.
[0005] What is needed is a deep cryogenic tempering process that
can be applied to mixed loads of tools and/or parts being processed
simultaneously in the same processor to achieve the desired
properties for all of the tools and/or parts being processed.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] In the preferred form, the present invention provides a deep
cryogenic tempering process for mixed loads of tools and/or parts
to enhance certain structural properties to generally provide an
extended service life. The deep cryogenic tempering process
generally comprises of first cooling the various tools and/or parts
to temperatures of approximately -300 degrees F., followed by a
gradual increase in temperature to approximately 300 degree F., and
then finally a gradual cooling to ambient temperatures.
[0007] Optionally, the present invention may include a pre-heat
process prior to the deep cryogenic tempering process, in which
some, or all of the various tools and/or parts being treated
together in the same cryogenic processing chamber are heated in
ovens by a gradual increase in temperature from ambient to
approximately 300 degrees F., and then placed in the cryogenic
chamber just prior to subjecting the parts to the aforementioned
cooling process.
[0008] The temperature of the various tools and/or parts is
increased and decreased through several stages that include an
initial descent stage to achieve a tool and/or part temperature of
approximately -300 degrees F., a static stage to hold the tool
and/or part at approximately -300 degrees F. for a period of time,
an ascent stage to achieve a tool and/or part temperature of
approximately 300 degrees F. for a post temper, and a final
cool-down stage to cool the tool and/or part to ambient
temperatures. The amount of time during and between each stage, and
further the rate of temperature change during the descent, ascent,
and cool-down stages are dependent upon tool and/or part properties
such as material type, total mass, and cross-sectional properties,
among others.
[0009] Generally, the deep cryogenic process involves loading a
plurality of tools and/or parts into a cryogenic processing chamber
and introducing gaseous nitrogen into the chamber at a certain rate
to lower the temperature of the mixed load of tools and/or parts to
approximately -300 degrees F. Liquid nitrogen is first flashed into
a gaseous form, rather than directly introducing liquid nitrogen,
in order to minimize the risk of thermal shock to the mixed load of
tools and/or parts. Although the present invention preferably
introduces gaseous nitrogen, other cryogenic compounds such as
oxygen or hydrogen may also be used, depending on the specific
material being treated, and thus the use of gaseous nitrogen shall
not be construed as limiting the scope of the present
invention.
[0010] After a period of time at approximately -300 degrees F.,
hereinafter referred to as the hold time, the gaseous nitrogen is
exhausted from the chamber to bring the tool and/or parts to a
temperature of between 0 degrees F., and 85 degrees F. The mixed
load of tools and/or parts are then transferred to at least one
tempering oven, wherein the temperature of the various tools and/or
parts is increased to approximately 300 degrees F., and is held at
300 degrees F. for a period of time, hereinafter referred to as a
post temper time. Several post temper times may also be employed,
and the present invention preferably employs a total of three (3)
post temper times. Finally, the temperature of the various tools
and/or parts is reduced to ambient to complete the deep cryogenic
tempering process.
[0011] Further areas of applicability of the present invention will
become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter.
It should be understood that the detailed description and specific
examples, while indicating the preferred embodiment of the present
invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are
not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] The present invention will become more fully understood from
the detailed description and the accompanying drawing, wherein:
[0013] FIG. 1 is process profile illustrating the deep cryogenic
tempering process in accordance with the methods of the present
invention for mixed loads of tools and/or parts.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0014] The following description of the preferred embodiment of the
present invention is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way
intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses.
[0015] Referring to the drawing, a process profile that encompasses
the entire thermal process for the deep cryogenic tempering of
mixed loads of tools and/or parts according to the present
invention is illustrated in FIG. 1. Deep cryogenic processing
equipment is known in the art, therefore, a detailed description is
not included for purposes of clarity.
[0016] If a pre-heat operation is required, specific tools and/or
parts from the mixed load are placed in at least one oven at
ambient temperatures, and raised to a temperature of approximately
300 degrees F., and held at approximately 300 degrees F. for a
period of time equal to 1 minute/inch of cross-sectional thickness.
After the specific tools and/or parts in a mixed load that require
a pre-heat, if any, have been in at least one oven for the
prescribed period of time, they are placed in the cryogenic
processing chamber. Once pre-heated tools and/or parts are in the
cryogenic processing chamber, the cryogenic processor is started
immediately.
[0017] The mixed load of tools and/or parts placed in the cryogenic
processing chamber at ambient temperatures, is started as gaseous
nitrogen is introduced into the cryogenic processing chamber to
decrease the temperature of the tool and/or parts to approximately
-300 degrees F. at a specified descent rate, wherein the descent
rate is dependent on the tool and/or part in the processing chamber
that requires the slowest descent rate, based on tool and/or part
properties such as material, mass, and geometrical cross-section.
Generally, the time during which the temperature of the mixed load
of tools and/or parts is lowered to deep cryogenic levels is
referred to as the descent stage 200.
[0018] During the descent stage 200, there are three required hold
stages 400, 500, 600 and one optional hold stage 300. The optional
hold stage 300 is approximately -160 degrees F. Hold stage 400 is
approximately -214 degrees F. Hold stage 500 is approximately -246
degrees F. Hold stage 600 is approximately -289 degrees F. The
length of each required hold stage 400, 500, 600 and the optional
hold stage 300 depend on the total mass of tools and/or parts in
the cryogenic processing chamber, and the tool and/or part with the
maximum cross-sectional thickness.
[0019] Once the mixed load of tools and/or parts reaches
approximately -300 degrees F., the temperature of the tools and/or
parts is held for an extended period of time referred to as the
hold time 700. The hold time 700 is also dependent on tool and/or
part properties such as material, mass, and geometrical
cross-section that required the longest hold time.
[0020] After the hold time 700, the temperature of the various tool
and/or parts is raised to approximately 0 degrees F. to 85 degrees
F. at an ascent rate 800, wherein the ascent rate 800 is also
dependent on the properties of the tool and/or part in the mixed
load that requires the slowest ascent rate. The properties of the
tool and/or parts that determine the slowest ascent rate for the
mixed load, include, but are not limited to, material, mass, and
geometrical cross-section. A combination of gaseous nitrogen and
heat may be used in the cryogenic processing chamber to bring the
temperature of the mixed load of tools and/or parts to
approximately 0 degrees F. to 85 degrees F.
[0021] Once the temperature of the mixed load of tools and/or parts
is at approximately 0 degrees F. to 85 degrees F., decision point
900 is reached. If required, the mixed load of tools and/or parts
is then transferred to at least one tempering oven to raise their
temperature between approximately 250 degrees F. and approximately
450 degrees F. The use of at least one tempering oven allows for
the mixed load of tools and/or parts to be tempered for the correct
time and temperature that is required for a specific tool and/or
part. The tools and/or parts are raised between approximately 250
degrees F. and approximately 450 degrees F. three times, and
returned to ambient, which is referred to as the post temper cycle
1000. The post temper times and temperatures used in the post
temper cycle 1000 are dependent on tool and/or part properties such
as material, mass, and geometrical cross-section. Optionally, tools
and/or parts that do not require tempering can be placed under
blankets or other coverings to allow them to slowly warm to ambient
temperature.
[0022] After the post temper cycle 1000, the temperature of the
tools and/or parts is lowered to ambient during a final cool-down
stage. Once the tools and/or parts have cooled sufficiently, they
are removed from the at least one tempering oven and are ready for
use.
[0023] Chart 1 is an example of various tools and/or parts that can
be cryogenically processed. Chart 1 covers the process from the
optional pre-heat stage, through the cryogenic cycle, including
various hold time stages, and through the ascent stage that ends
approximately between 0 degrees F. and 85 degrees F., which is the
decision point 900 where specific tools and/or parts have finished
the process at ambient, or have to be transferred to at least one
tempering oven for the post temper cycle 1000. The times and
temperatures in the chart below are exemplary, and may not be the
exact times and temperatures used.
TABLE-US-00001 CHART 1 PRE-HEAT AND CRYOGENIC CYCLE ELEMENTS 1 =
PRE-HEAT REQUIRED 2 = MAXIMUM DESCENT RATE 3 = HOLD AT -160.degree.
F. REQUIRED (SEE TABLE 3 FOR HOLD TIME) 4 = HOLD AT -214.degree. F.
REQUIRED (SEE TABLE 4 FOR HOLD TIME) 5 = HOLD AT -246.degree. F.
REQUIRED (SEE TABLE 5 FOR HOLD TIME) 6 = HOLD AT -289.degree. F.
REQUIRED (SEE TABLE 6 FOR HOLD TIME) 7 = MINIMUM HOLD TIME AT
APPROX. -300.degree. F. 8 = MAXIMUM ASCENT RATE ELEMENT
CORRESPONDING TO FIG. 1 TOOL OR PART DESCRIPTION 100 200 300 400
500 600 700 800 Drill bits N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree.
F./Min Reamers N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min End
mills N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Progressive
dies N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Punch dies N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Press dies Y 1.degree.
F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Forge dies, less than 4''
cross-section Y 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 40 1.degree. F./Min Forge
dies, more than 4'' cross-section Y 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 40
0.5.degree. F./Min Mill hammers N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24
1.degree. F./Min Extrusion dies N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24
1.degree. F./Min Dummy blocks for extrusion equipment Y 1.degree.
F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Pillow blocks for extrusion
equipment N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Bearings N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Pellet dies N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Granulators N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Grinding plates N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Circular slitters N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Cutters N 1.degree.
F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Hobs N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y
24 1.degree. F./Min Shear blades, less than 4'' cross-section N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Shear blades, more
than 4'' cross-section N 1.degree. F./Min Y Y Y Y 24 0.5.degree.
F./Min Band saw blades N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree.
F./Min Taps N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Broaches
N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Roll dies N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Carbide inserts N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Spot welding tips N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Welding nozzles N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Welding tips N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Welding feeders,
guides, tubes N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min
Cutting torch tips N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min
Cutting torch nozzles N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree.
F./Min Electric motor parts N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree.
F./Min Saw blades configured for brick N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y
24 1.degree. F./Min Saw blades configured for pavers N 1.degree.
F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Saw blades configured for block
N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Saw blades
configured for marble N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree.
F./Min Saw blades configured for granite N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y
24 1.degree. F./Min Saw blades configured for quartz N 1.degree.
F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Saw blades configured for tile N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Saw blades configured
for cured concrete N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min
Saw blades configured for green concrete N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y
24 1.degree. F./Min Saw blades configured for asphalt N 1.degree.
F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Saw blades configured for
demolition work N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Saw
blades configured for rebar, steel N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24
1.degree. F./Min Saw blades configured for tuck pointing N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Cup grinders N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Coring bits N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Concrete drills N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Grader blades N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Wear edges for bucket
loaders, scrapers, graders, N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree.
F./Min snow plows Track gears, one piece or multi-piece N 1.degree.
F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Scarifier teeth N 1.degree.
F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Ripper teeth N 1.degree. F./Min
N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Road milling bits N 1.degree. F./Min N
Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Jack hammer bits N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y
Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Crack grinders, and associated rods N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Trencher chains N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Roller chain N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Stabilization tines N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Blow bars N 1.degree.
F./Min Y Y Y Y 30 1.degree. F./Min Hammer mill hammers, less than
4'' cross-section, N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 30 1.degree. F./Min
and associated rods Hammer mill hammers, more than 4''
cross-section, N 1.degree. F./Min Y Y Y Y 30 1.degree. F./Min and
associated rods Pumps N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree.
F./Min Chain saw chains, and associated sprockets N 1.degree.
F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Rope saws N 1.degree. F./Min N Y
Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Nitrogen knives for agriculture N 1.degree.
F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Coring bits N 1.degree. F./Min N
Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Drills N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24
1.degree. F./Min Bucket teeth N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24
1.degree. F./Min Soil mixing tines N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24
1.degree. F./Min Soil mixing blades N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24
1.degree. F./Min Tire shredding tools Y 1.degree. F./Min Y Y Y Y 24
1.degree. F./Min Metal shredding hammers (less than 4'' cross- N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min section), and
associated rods Metal shredding hammers (more than 4'' cross- N
1.degree. F./Min Y Y Y Y 24 0.5.degree. F./Min section), and
associated rods Metal shear tools Y 1.degree. F./Min Y Y Y Y 24
1.degree. F./Min Push rods N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree.
F./Min Rocker arms, steel N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree.
F./Min Rocker arms, aluminum N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24
1.degree. F./Min Valves N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree.
F./Min Valve springs N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min
Camshafts N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min
Crankshafts N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min
Connecting rods, steel N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree.
F./Min Connecting rods, aluminum N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24
1.degree. F./Min Pistons and rings, steel N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y
Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Pistons and rings, aluminum N 1.degree.
F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Crankshafts N 1.degree. F./Min N
Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Bearings N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24
1.degree. F./Min Heads, steel N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24
1.degree. F./Min Heads, aluminum N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24
1.degree. F./Min Blocks, steel N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24
1.degree. F./Min Blocks, aluminum N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24
1.degree. F./Min Brake drums N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24
1.degree. F./Min Brake rotors N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24
1.degree. F./Min Brake pads N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree.
F./Min Spark plugs N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min
Transmission gears N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min
Rear end gears N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Axles
N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Timing chains and
gears N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Rear sprockets
N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Torque converter
stators N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Golf clubs N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Golf balls N 1.degree.
F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Aluminum baseball/softball bats
N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Racket strings N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Fishing line N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Musical instruments N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Electronic cables N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Circuit boards N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Razors and razor
blades N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Panty hose N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Welded components N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Rubber impregnated
Nomex N 1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Dental tools N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Light bulbs N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Guitar strings N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min Honing stones N
1.degree. F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1.degree. F./Min
[0024] Chart 2 is an example of various tools and/or parts that can
be cryogenically processed, which may, or may not require a post
temper cycle 1000. Chart 2 covers the post temper cycle. The times
and temperatures in the chart below are exemplary, and may not be
the exact times and temperatures used.
TABLE-US-00002 CHART 2 POST-TEMPER CYCLE ELEMENTS 9 = POST-TEMPER
REQUIRED 10 = POST-TEMPER TEMPERATURE (APPROX. 1 HR/INCH
CROSS-SECTION) ELEMENT CORRESPONDING TO FIG. 1 TOOL OR PART
DESCRIPTION 900 1000 Drill bits Y 300.degree. F. Reamers Y
300.degree. F. End mills Y 300.degree. F. Progressive dies Y
300.degree. F. Punch dies Y 300.degree. F. Press dies Y 300.degree.
F. Forge dies, less than 4'' cross-section Y 300.degree. F. Forge
dies, more than 4'' cross-section Y 300.degree. F. Mill hammers Y
300.degree. F. Extrusion dies Y 300.degree. F. Dummy blocks for
extrusion equipment Y 300.degree. F. Pillow blocks for extrusion
equipment Y 300.degree. F. Bearings Y 300.degree. F. Pellet dies Y
300.degree. F. Granulators Y 300.degree. F. Grinding plates Y
300.degree. F. Circular slitters Y 300.degree. F. Cutters Y
300.degree. F. Hobs Y 300.degree. F. Shear blades, less than 4''
cross-section Y 300.degree. F. Shear blades, more than 4''
cross-section Y 300.degree. F. Band saw blades Y 300.degree. F.
Taps Y 300.degree. F. Broaches Y 300.degree. F. Roll dies Y
300.degree. F. Carbide inserts Y 300.degree. F. Spot welding tips N
N/A Welding nozzles N N/A Welding tips N N/A Welding feeders,
guides, tubes N N/A Cutting torch tips N N/A Cutting torch nozzles
N N/A Electric motor parts N N/A Saw blades configured for brick Y
300.degree. F. Saw blades configured for pavers Y 300.degree. F.
Saw blades configured for block Y 300.degree. F. Saw blades
configured for marble Y 300.degree. F. Saw blades configured for
granite Y 300.degree. F. Saw blades configured for quartz Y
300.degree. F. Saw blades configured for tile Y 300.degree. F. Saw
blades configured for cured concrete Y 300.degree. F. Saw blades
configured for green concrete Y 300.degree. F. Saw blades
configured for asphalt Y 300.degree. F. Saw blades configured for
demolition work Y 300.degree. F. Saw blades configured for rebar,
steel Y 300.degree. F. Saw blades configured for tuck pointing Y
300.degree. F. Cup grinders Y 300.degree. F. Coring bits Y
300.degree. F. Concrete drills Y 300.degree. F. Grader blades Y
300.degree. F. Wear edges for bucket loaders, scrapers, graders, Y
300.degree. F. snow plows Track gears, one piece or multi-piece Y
300.degree. F. Scarifier teeth Y 300.degree. F. Ripper teeth Y
300.degree. F. Road milling bits Y 300.degree. F. Jack hammer bits
Y 300.degree. F. Crack grinders, and associated rods Y 300.degree.
F. Trencher chains Y 300.degree. F. Roller chain Y 300.degree. F.
Stabilization tines Y 300.degree. F. Blow bars Y 300.degree. F.
Hammer mill hammers, less than 4'' cross-section, Y 300.degree. F.
and associated rods Hammer mill hammers, more than 4''
cross-section, Y 300.degree. F. and associated rods Wear liners for
crushers and screen plants Y 300.degree. F. Material screens Y
300.degree. F. Pumps Y 300.degree. F. Chain saw chains, and
associated sprockets Y 300.degree. F. Rope saws Y 300.degree. F.
Nitrogen knives for agriculture Y 300.degree. F. Coring bits Y
300.degree. F. Drills Y 300.degree. F. Bucket teeth Y 300.degree.
F. Soil mixing tines Y 300.degree. F. Soil mixing blades Y
300.degree. F. Tire shredding tools Y 300.degree. F. Metal
shredding hammers (less than 4'' Y 300.degree. F.
cross-section),and associated rods Metal shredding hammers (more
than 4'' cross- Y 300.degree. F. section), and associated rods
Metal shear tools Y 300.degree. F. Push rods Y 300.degree. F.
Rocker arms, steel Y 300.degree. F. Rocker arms, aluminum Y
275.degree. F. Valves Y 300.degree. F. Valve springs Y 300.degree.
F. Camshafts Y 300.degree. F. Crankshafts Y 300.degree. F.
Connecting rods, steel Y 300.degree. F. Connecting rods, aluminum Y
275.degree. F. Pistons and rings, steel Y 300.degree. F. Pistons
and rings, aluminum Y 275.degree. F. Crankshafts Y 300.degree. F.
Bearings Y 300.degree. F. Heads, steel Y 300.degree. F. Heads,
aluminum Y 275.degree. F. Blocks, steel Y 300.degree. F. Blocks,
aluminum Y 275.degree. F. Brake drums Y 400.degree. F. Brake rotors
Y 400.degree. F. Brake pads Y 300.degree. F. Spark plugs Y
300.degree. F. Transmission gears Y 300.degree. F. Rear end gears Y
300.degree. F. Axles Y 300.degree. F. Timing chains and gears Y
300.degree. F. Rear sprockets Y 300.degree. F. Torque converter
stators Y 275.degree. F. Golf clubs N N/A Golf balls N N/A Aluminum
baseball/softball bats Y 275.degree. F. Racket strings N N/A
Fishing line N N/A Musical instruments N N/A Electronic cables N
N/A Circuit boards N N/A Razors and razor blades N N/A Panty hose N
N/A Welded components (steel) Y 300.degree. F. Welded components
(aluminum) Y 275.degree. F. Rubber impregnated Nomex N N/A Dental
tools Y 300.degree. F. Light bulbs N N/AF Guitar strings N N/A
Honing stones Y 275.degree. F.
[0025] Charts 3, 4, 5, and 6 are examples of various hold time
stages 300, 400, 500, 600 during the descent 200 to approximately
-300 degrees F. The times and temperatures in the charts below are
exemplary, and may not be the exact times and temperatures
used.
TABLE-US-00003 CHART 3 OPTIONAL -160 F. HOLD TIME PARAMETERS (STEP
300, FIG. 1) HOLD TIME AT -160 F. MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING
CHAMBER (CROSS-SECTIONS LESS THAN 4'') 0-500 lbs 0 min 500-1000 lbs
0 min 1000-4000 lbs 0 min 4000-10000 lbs 0 min MASS IN CRYOGENIC
PROCESSING CHAMBER (CROSS-SECTIONS MORE THAN 4'') 0-500 lbs 30 min
500-1000 lbs 45 min 1000-4000 lbs 60 min MASS IN CRYOGENIC
PROCESSING CHAMBER (CROSS-SECTIONS LESS THAN 4'') 4000-10000 lbs 75
min
TABLE-US-00004 CHART 4 REQUIRED -214 F. HOLD TIME PARAMETERS STEP
400, FIG. 1) MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING CHAMBER MASS IN CRYOGENIC
PROCESSING (CROSS-SECTIONS CHAMBER LESS THAN 4'') (CROSS-SECTIONS
LESS THAN 4'') 0-500 lbs 0-500 lbs 500-1000 lbs 500-1000 lbs
1000-4000 lbs 1000-4000 lbs 4000-10000 lbs 4000-10000 lbs MASS IN
CRYOGENIC PROCESSING CHAMBER MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING
(CROSS-SECTIONS CHAMBER MORE THAN 4'') (CROSS-SECTIONS MORE THAN
4'') 0-500 lbs 0-500 lbs 500-1000 lbs 500-1000 lbs 1000-4000 lbs
1000-4000 lbs 4000-10000 lbs 4000-10000 lbs
TABLE-US-00005 CHART 5 REQUIRED -246 F. HOLD TIME PARAMETERS (STEP
500, FIG. 1) MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING CHAMBER MASS IN CRYOGENIC
PROCESSING (CROSS-SECTIONS CHAMBER (CROSS-SECTIONS LESS LESS THAN
4'') THAN 4'') 0-500 lbs 0-500 lbs 500-1000 lbs 500-1000 lbs
1000-4000 lbs 1000-4000 lbs 4000-10000 lbs 4000-10000 lbs MASS IN
CRYOGENIC PROCESSING CHAMBER MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING
(CROSS-SECTIONS CHAMBER (CROSS-SECTIONS MORE MORE THAN 4'') THAN
4'') 0-500 lbs 0-500 lbs 500-1000 lbs 500-1000 lbs 1000-4000 lbs
1000-4000 lbs 4000-10000 lbs 4000-10000 lbs
TABLE-US-00006 CHART 6 REQUIRED -289 F. HOLD TIME PARAMETERS (STEP
600, FIG. 1) MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING CHAMBER MASS IN CRYOGENIC
PROCESSING (CROSS-SECTIONS CHAMBER (CROSS-SECTIONS LESS LESS THAN
4'') THAN 4'') 0-500 lbs 0-500 lbs 500-1000 lbs 500-1000 lbs
1000-4000 lbs 1000-4000 lbs 4000-10000 lbs 4000-10000 lbs MASS IN
CRYOGENIC PROCESSING CHAMBER MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING
(CROSS-SECTIONS CHAMBER (CROSS-SECTIONS MORE MORE THAN 4'') THAN
4'') 0-500 lbs 0-500 lbs 500-1000 lbs 500-1000 lbs 1000-4000 lbs
1000-4000 lbs 4000-10000 lbs 4000-10000 lbs
[0026] The following Chart 7 is an example of how Charts 1 through
6 may be used to create a combined processing profile for a mixed
load of tools and/or parts. The total mass in the mixed load of
tools and/or parts is 2500 lbs. The mixed load of tools and/or
parts includes the following items: shear blades with a 5''
cross-section, an aluminum head, welding nozzles, rubber
impregnated on Nomex, brake rotors, and forge dies that have a size
of 12''.times.12''.times.12'')
TABLE-US-00007 CHART 7 MIXED LOAD PROCESSING PROFILE EXAMPLE FIG. 1
ELEMENT NUMBER 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Shear
blades, Y 1.degree. F./ 60 min 90 min 90 min 90 min 24 0.5.degree.
F./ Y 300.degree. F. 5'' cross- Min Min section Head, N 1.degree.
F./ N 90 min 90 min 90 min 24 1.degree. F./ Y 275.degree. F.
aluminum Min Min Welding N 1.degree. F./ N 90 min 90 min 90 min 24
1.degree. F./ N N nozzles Min Min Rubber N 1.degree. F./ N 90 min
90 min 90 min 24 1.degree. F./ N N impregnated Min Min Nomex Brake
rotors N 1.degree. F./ N 90 min 90 min 90 min 24 1.degree. F./ Y
400.degree. F. Min Min Forge dies Y 1.degree. F./ 60 min 90 min 90
min 90 min 40 0.5.degree. F./ Y 300.degree. F. (12'' .times. 12''
.times. 12'') Min Min COMBINED See 1.degree. F./ 60 min 90 min 90
min 90 min 40 hrs 0.5.degree. F./ See See PROFILE Above Min Min
Above Above For For For Each Each Each Tool Tool Tool Or Or Or Part
Part Part
[0027] In the mixed load of tools and/or parts example in Chart 7,
the shear blades and forge dies require a pre-heat operation, so
they are placed into at least one oven, and raised to a temperature
of approximately 300 degrees F., and held at that temperature using
the rule of: pre-heat hold time=1 min/inch of cross-sectional
thickness. Using this rule, the shear blades, after reaching
approximately 300 degrees F., would be held at that pre-heat
temperature for approximately 5 minutes. Similarly using the
pre-heat rule, the forge dies after reaching approximately 300
degrees F., would be held at that pre-heat temperature for
approximately 12 minutes. After this time, the shear blades and
forge dies would then be placed immediately in the cryogenic
processing chamber, along with the other tools and/or parts, and
gaseous nitrogen would be introduced to begin cooling the mixed
load of tools and/or parts weighing 2500 lbs.
[0028] In the mixed load of tools and/or parts example in Chart 7,
the descent rate 200 for all tools and/or parts is 1.degree.
F./Min, so the descent rate for the mixed load of tools and/or
parts is 1.degree. F./Min.
[0029] In this example, the shear blades and forges dies exceed 4''
in cross-section, so an optional hold stage 300 at -160 F is
required. The data for optional hold stage 300 can be found in
Chart 3. The total mass in the cryogenic processor is 2500 lbs, and
the time at optional hold stage 300 is 60 minutes for the entire
mixed load of tools and/or parts example in Chart 7.
[0030] In this example, all tools and/or parts in the cryogenic
processor require hold stages 300, 400, 500, and 600. The data for
hold stage 300 can be found in Chart 3. The total mass in the
cryogenic processor is 2500 lbs, and the time at hold stage 300 is
90 minutes for the mixed load of tools and/or parts example in
Chart 7. The data for hold stage 400 can be found in Chart 4. The
total mass in the cryogenic processor is 2500 lbs, and the time at
hold stage 400 is 90 minutes for the mixed load of tools and/or
parts example in Chart 7. The data for hold stage 500 can be found
in Chart 5. The total mass in the cryogenic processor is 2500 lbs,
and the time at hold stage 500 is 90 minutes for the mixed load of
tools and/or parts example in Chart 7. The data for hold stage 600
can be found in Chart 6. The total mass in the cryogenic processor
is 2500 lbs, and the time at hold stage 600 is 90 minutes for the
mixed load of tools and/or parts example in Chart 7.
[0031] The forge dies require the hold stage 700 time to be 40 hrs,
so all the tools and/or parts in the mixed load in the cryogenic
processor will be processed at 40 hrs. The data for hold stage 700
can be found in Chart 1.
[0032] After hold stage 700 is complete, the entire mixed load is
warmed up at an ascent rate 800 that matches the more stringent
requirement for the shear blades and forge dies. The ascent rate
800 data can be found in Chart 1.
[0033] After the mixed load of tools and/or parts reaches a
temperature between 0 degrees F. and 85 degrees F., decision point
900 is reached. The welding nozzles and rubber impregnated Nomex
parts do not have to go through the post temper cycle 1000, so the
process for these two parts is complete. The data concerning
whether any particular part needs to continue to the post temper
cycle 1000 can be found on Chart 2.
[0034] The forge dies, shear blades, brake rotors, and aluminum
head all require a post temper cycle 1000. The general rule for the
post temper cycle 1000, regardless of the post tempering
temperature on Chart 2 is: 1 hr/inch of cross-section. The
tempering data for these parts can be found on Chart 2. If at least
four tempering ovens are available, each part can be moved to a
different oven for the post temper cycle 1000. Using the post
tempering rule, the forge dies will have to be tempered for
approximately 12 hours once they reach approximately 300 degrees F.
Again, applying the post tempering rule, the shear blades will have
to be tempered for approximately 5 hours at approximately 300
degrees F. Once again, using the post tempering rule, brake rotors
will have to be tempered at approximately 400 degrees F. for
approximately 1 hour. Lastly, using the post tempering rule, a
typical automobile aluminum engine head will have to be tempered at
approximately 275 degrees F. for approximately 2 hours.
[0035] The description of the present invention is merely exemplary
in nature and, thus, variations that do not depart from the gist of
the invention are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the
spirit and scope of the invention.
* * * * *