U.S. patent application number 12/948503 was filed with the patent office on 2011-04-14 for methods, devices, kits and compositions for detecting roundworm.
This patent application is currently assigned to IDEXX LABORATORIES, INC.. Invention is credited to Michael Crawford, David Allen Elsemore, Laurie A. Flynn, Jinming Geng.
Application Number | 20110086340 12/948503 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 44059965 |
Filed Date | 2011-04-14 |
United States Patent
Application |
20110086340 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Elsemore; David Allen ; et
al. |
April 14, 2011 |
METHODS, DEVICES, KITS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR DETECTING ROUNDWORM
Abstract
Methods, devices, kits and compositions for detecting the
presence or absence of roundworm in a mammalian sample are
disclosed herein. The methods, devices, kits and compositions of
the present invention may be used to confirm the presence or
absence of roundworm in a fecal sample from a mammal that may also
be infected with one or more of hookworm, whipworm, and heartworm.
Confirmation of the presence or absence of roundworm in the mammal
may be made, for example, for the purpose of selecting an optimal
course of treating the mammal and/or for the purpose of determining
whether the mammal has been rid of the infection after treatment
has been initiated.
Inventors: |
Elsemore; David Allen;
(South Portland, ME) ; Flynn; Laurie A.; (Raymond,
ME) ; Crawford; Michael; (St. Louis, MO) ;
Geng; Jinming; (Scarborough, ME) |
Assignee: |
IDEXX LABORATORIES, INC.
Westbrook
ME
DIVERGENCE, INC.
St. Louis
MO
|
Family ID: |
44059965 |
Appl. No.: |
12/948503 |
Filed: |
November 17, 2010 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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12467801 |
May 18, 2009 |
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12948503 |
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61261956 |
Nov 17, 2009 |
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61128079 |
May 19, 2008 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
435/5 ;
435/287.2; 435/6.16; 435/7.1; 435/7.92; 436/501; 530/350;
530/387.9; 530/391.3 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07K 14/4354 20130101;
C07K 16/00 20130101; C07K 16/18 20130101; A61K 39/44 20130101; C12Q
1/6888 20130101; G01N 33/5308 20130101; A61K 39/395 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
435/5 ; 530/350;
530/387.9; 530/391.3; 435/287.2; 436/501; 435/7.92; 435/7.1;
435/6 |
International
Class: |
G01N 33/53 20060101
G01N033/53; C07K 14/435 20060101 C07K014/435; C07K 16/18 20060101
C07K016/18; C12M 1/34 20060101 C12M001/34; C12Q 1/70 20060101
C12Q001/70; C12Q 1/68 20060101 C12Q001/68 |
Claims
1. An isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at
least 80% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or Copro6716.
2. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, comprising an amino acid
sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or
Copro6716.
3. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, comprising an amino acid
sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or
Copro6716.
4. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, comprising an amino acid
sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or
Copro6716.
5. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide is
a roundworm polypeptide.
6. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide
comprises SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or Copro6716.
7. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide has
a sequence that is identical to SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or
Copro6716 except for conservative amino acid substitutions.
8. A purified Copro6716 polypeptide.
9. An isolated antibody wherein the antibody specifically binds to
the polypeptide of claim 1.
10. The isolated antibody of claim 9, wherein the antibody is
obtained by immunization with the polypeptide that has the amino
acid sequence that corresponds to SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID
NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7 or Copro6716, or antigenic portion
thereof.
11. The isolated antibody of claim 9, wherein the amino acid
sequence of the polypeptide has 30 or fewer conserved amino acid
substitutions to SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID
NO:6, or SEQ ID NO:7.
12. The isolated antibody of claim 9, wherein the antibody is
detectably labeled.
13. An isolated antibody wherein the antibody specifically binds to
a polypeptide that has an amino acid sequence that corresponds to
claim 1, and wherein the antibody specifically binds roundworm
antigen in a fecal sample obtained from a roundworm-infected
mammal.
14. The isolated antibody of claim 13, wherein the mammal is
further infected with one or more of hookworm, whipworm and
heartworm and the antibody does not specifically bind to any
antigen from the one or more of hookworm, whipworm, or heartworm
that may be present in the fecal sample.
15. An isolated polypeptide consisting of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:
4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, or Copro6716 or an
antigenic portion thereof.
16. The isolated polypeptide of claim 15, wherein the amino acid
sequence of the polypeptide has 30 or fewer conserved amino acid
substitutions to SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:5.
17. An isolated antibody wherein the antibody specifically binds to
the polypeptide of claim 15.
18. The isolated antibody of claim 17, wherein the antibody is
obtained by immunization with the polypeptide that has the amino
acid sequence that corresponds to SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID
NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, or Copro6716 or antigenic portion
thereof.
19. The isolated antibody of claim 17, wherein the amino acid
sequence of the polypeptide has 30 or fewer conserved amino acid
substitutions to SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID
NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7 or Copro6716.
20. The isolated antibody of claim 17, wherein the antibody is
detectably labeled.
21. An isolated antibody wherein the antibody specifically binds to
a polypeptide that has an amino acid sequence that corresponds to
claim 15, and wherein the antibody specifically binds roundworm
antigen in a fecal sample obtained from a roundworm-infected
mammal.
22. The isolated antibody of claim 21, wherein the mammal is
further infected with one or more of hookworm, whipworm and
heartworm and the antibody does not specifically bind to any
antigen from the one or more of hookworm, whipworm, or heartworm
that may be present in the fecal sample.
23. A device for detecting the presence or absence of roundworm
antigens from a sample; the device comprising a solid support,
wherein the solid support has immobilized thereon one or more
antibodies that are capable of specifically binding to a
polypeptide that has an amino acid sequence that corresponds to SEQ
ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, or
Copro6716 or an antigenic portion thereof.
24. The device of claim 23, wherein the amino acid sequence of the
polypeptide is a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4,
SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, or Copro6716.
25. The device of claim 23, wherein the one or more antibodies are
obtained by immunization with the polypeptide that has an amino
acid sequence that corresponds to SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID
NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, or Copro6716 or an antigenic
portion thereof.
26. The device of claim 25, wherein the amino acid sequence of the
polypeptide has 30 or fewer conserved amino acid substitutions to
SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, or SEQ ID
NO:7.
127. The device of claim 23, wherein the mammalian sample is a
fecal sample.
28. The device of claim 27, wherein the one or more antibodies do
not specifically bind any coproantigen derived from the group
consisting of hookworm, whipworm, and heartworm.
29. The device of claim 23, wherein one or more of the one or more
antibodies are labeled.
30. The device of claim 23, wherein the device is an enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay device.
31. The device of claim 30, wherein the enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay device is a lateral flow immunoassay device.
32. The device of claim 23, wherein the sample is from a canine or
a feline.
33. The device of claim 23, wherein the device further includes one
or more reagents for the detection of one or more of the group
consisting of: one or more non-roundworm worm parasites, one or
more non-worm parasites, one or more viruses, one or more fungi,
and one or more bacteria.
34. A method of detecting the presence or absence of one or more
roundworm antigens in a sample, the method comprising: (a)
contacting a sample from a mammal with one or more antibodies that
can specifically bind to a polypeptide having amino acid sequence
that corresponds to SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID
NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, Copro6716 or antigenic portion thereof; (b)
forming antibody-polypeptide complexes in the presence of the
polypeptides, if any, in the sample; and (c) detecting the presence
or absence of the antibody-polypeptide complexes, if any.
35. The method of claim 34, wherein the one or more antibodies can
specifically bind to a polypeptide having amino acid sequence has
30 or fewer conserved amino acid substitutions to SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ
ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, or SEQ ID NO:7.
36. The method of claim 34, wherein the one or more roundworm
antigens are the polypeptide having amino acid sequence that
corresponds to SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6,
SEQ ID NO:7, or Copro6716, or antigenic portion thereof.
37. The method of claim 36, wherein the one or more roundworm
antigens are the polypeptide that has an amino acid sequence that
is a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5,
SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, or Copro6716.
38. The method of claim 34, wherein the sample is obtained from a
mammal that is a canine or a feline.
39. The method of claim 38, wherein the roundworm is Toxocara canis
or Toxocara cati.
40. The method of claim 34, wherein the sample is a fecal
sample.
41. The method of claim 40, wherein the one or more antibodies do
not specifically bind any coproantigen derived from the group
consisting of hookworm, whipworm, and heartworm.
42. The method of claim 34, wherein the step of detecting the
presence or absence of the complexes further includes the step of
providing at least one secondary antibody that binds to at least
one of the complexes.
43. The method of claim 42, wherein the at least one secondary
antibody is labeled.
44. The method of claim 34, wherein one or more of the one or more
antibodies are labeled.
45. The method of claim 34, wherein the one or more antibodies are
immobilized on a solid support.
46. The method of claim 45, wherein the solid support forms part of
an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay device.
47. The method of claim 46, wherein the enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay device is a lateral flow immunoassay device.
48. The method of claim 34, further comprising the step of
contacting the sample with one or more reagents to detect one or
more of the group consisting of: one or more non-roundworm worm
parasites, one or more non-worm parasites, one or more viruses, one
or more fungi, and one or more bacteria.
49. The method of claim 48, wherein the reagents for the detection
of any one or all of the one or more non-roundworm worm parasites,
one or more non-worm parasites, one or more viruses, one or more
fungi and one or more bacteria are one or more antibodies or one or
more antigens recognized by antibodies specific for the one or more
non-roundworm worm parasites, one or more non-worm parasites, one
or more viruses, one or more fungi or one or more bacteria.
50. The method of claim 34, further comprising the step of
determining the presence or absence of a nucleic acid from the
roundworm.
51. The method of claim 50, wherein the nucleic acid has a sequence
that corresponds to all or a portion SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:2, or
is a conservative variant of all or a portion of SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ
ID NO:2.
52. The method of claim 51, wherein the step of determining the
presence or absence of the nucleic acid is carried out by using a
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay.
53. A method of diagnosing whether a mammal is infected with an
intestinal roundworm infection, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting a sample from a mammal with one or more antibodies
that can specifically bind to a polypeptide having amino acid
sequence that corresponds to SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5,
SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, or Copro6716 or antigenic portion
thereof; (b) forming antibody-polypeptide complexes in the presence
of the polypeptides, if any, in the sample; (c) detecting the
presence or absence of the antibody-polypeptide complexes, if any;
and (d) diagnosing the mammal as having the roundworm infection if
a roundworm antibody-polypeptide complex is present.
54. The method of claim 53, wherein the one or more antibodies can
specifically bind to a polypeptide having amino acid sequence that
is a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5,
SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, or Copro6716.
55. The method of claim 53, wherein the one or more roundworm
antigens are the polypeptide having amino acid sequence that
corresponds to SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6,
SEQ ID NO:7, or Copro6716 or antigenic portion thereof.
56. The method of claim 53, wherein the mammal is a canine or a
feline.
57. The method of claim 53, wherein the roundworm is Toxocara canis
or Toxocara cati.
58. The method of claim 53, wherein the step of detecting the
presence or absence of the antibody-polypeptide complexes further
includes the step of providing at least one secondary antibody that
binds to the antibody-polypeptide complexes.
59. The method of claim 58, wherein the at least one secondary
antibody is labeled.
60. The method of claim 53, wherein one or more of the one or more
antibodies are labeled.
61. The method of claim 53, wherein the one or more antibodies are
immobilized on a solid support.
62. The method of claim 61, wherein the solid support forms part of
an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay device.
63. The method of claim 62, wherein the enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay device is a lateral flow immunoassay device.
64. The method of claim 53, further comprising the step of
contacting the sample with one or more reagents to detect one or
more of the group consisting of: one or more non-roundworm worm
parasites, one or more non-worm parasites, one or more viruses, one
or more fungi, and one or more bacteria.
65. The method of claim 64, wherein the reagents for the detection
of any one or all of the one or more non-roundworm worm parasites,
one or more non-worm parasites, one or more viruses, one or more
fungi and the one or more bacteria are one or more antibodies or
one or more antigens recognized by antibodies specific for one or
more non-roundworm worm parasites, one or more non-worm parasites,
one or more viruses, one or more fungi or one or more bacteria.
66. The method of claim 53, further comprising the step of
determining the presence or absence of a nucleic acid from the
roundworm.
67. The method of claim 66, wherein the nucleic acid has a
nucleotide sequence that corresponds to all or a portion of SEQ ID
NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:2, or is a conservative variant of all or a
portion of SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:2.
68. The method of claim 67, wherein the step of determining
presence or absence of the nucleic acid is carried out by using a
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay.
69. A kit for detection of one or more roundworm antigens in a
mammalian sample, the kit comprising the device of claim 23, and
one or more reagents sufficient for the detection of the one or
more antigens.
70. The kit of claim 69, wherein the one or more reagents are
selected from the group consisting of one or more indicator
reagents, one or more antibody labeling compounds, one or more
antibodies, one or more antigen capture reagents, one or more
inhibitors, and one or more wash reagents.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
application No. 61/261,956, filed Nov. 17, 2009, and is a
continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 12/467,801, filed May 18,
2009, which in turn claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
application No. 61/128,079, filed May 19, 2008, all which are
incorporated by reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to compositions, devices, kits
and methods for the detection of roundworm in mammals. More
particularly, the present invention relates to polypeptides and
polypeptide compositions, antibodies and antibody compositions,
devices, kits, and methods for detecting the presence or absence of
roundworm antigen in a sample from a mammal that may also include
one or more of hookworm, whipworm, and heartworm antigen.
[0004] 2. Description of the Prior Art
[0005] Adult roundworms live in the small intestine and lay eggs
that pass out in the feces. In the environment, infective larvae
remain within the eggs and develop into an infective stage after
approximately three weeks at optimal temperatures. The infective
eggs enter a host by ingestion and hatch in the small intestine. In
dogs less than five weeks of age, larvae migrate through the tissue
and into the bloodstream before eventually reaching the lung and
trachea where additional development occurs. The host coughs up and
swallows the larvae, which molt into adults that reside in small
intestine. Larvae that hatch within dogs greater than five weeks of
age or within other animals, including humans, are capable of
traveling to a wide range of tissues including the liver, lungs,
heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. These larvae subsequently arrest
their development and encyst in the tissue of the host. In pregnant
and lactating dogs, encysted larvae can become reactivated and
cause intestinal infection in the mother, migrate to the uterus and
directly infect the fetus through the placenta, or migrate to the
mammary tissue and infect nursing animals. Parasitic roundworms
cause disease not only in their animal hosts, but are also the
etiological agents of larval migrans syndrome as well as severe
enteritis and allergic reactions in humans, which occurs after
ingestion of infectious eggs from the environment or ingestion of
larvae found within liver, meat or other tissues of paratenic
hosts.
[0006] Intestinal roundworm infection is common in animals and, if
left untreated, can cause serious disease and even death. Although
it is relatively easy to diagnose a roundworm-infected animal as
having a parasitic worm (helminth) infection of some type, it is
significantly more difficult to identify roundworm, specifically,
as the causative worm. This is a problem because roundworm
infections are best treated when the infected animal's caregiver
has knowledge that roundworm is the specific source of the
infection. In addition, humans who may come in contact with the
infested animal or its excretions may be advised to take
precautions against acquiring the parasite. In this context, it is
important to determine the worm species with high specificity, as
some helminths, such as roundworms and hookworms, can cause
significant disease (e.g., larva migrans) in humans, while it is
generally accepted that whipworm does not play a zoonotic role of
importance in humans.
[0007] Current methods for diagnosis of roundworm infections
primarily involve microscopic examination of fecal samples, either
directly in fecal smears or following concentration of ova by
flotation in density media. Despite this procedure's high adoption,
the method has significant shortcomings. These microscopic methods
are time consuming, are unpleasant, require specialized equipment
and can have low specificity and sensitivity [Dryden et al., 2005,
Vet Therap. 6(1), 15-28]. In addition, the accuracy of results of
these methods is highly dependent upon the skill and expertise of
the operator.
[0008] Stool handling is disagreeable and hazardous. Sanitary and
inoffensive procedures for processing stool are awkward and often
complex. Such procedures may include weighing, centrifuging and
storing, and are difficult except in a clinical laboratory equipped
with a suitable apparatus, protective equipment, and a skilled
technician. Therefore, any reduction in the number of steps
required to perform a fecal test and any reduction in contact
between test operator and the test material is desirable. Clinical
laboratories have been using the immunoassay methods for the
detection of various viruses, bacteria and non-helminth parasites
and organisms in feces. However, there remains a need for a simple
immunoassay method for the detection of a parasitic worm infection,
and roundworm infection in particular in feces, whole blood or in
serum.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] In one aspect, the invention includes antibodies that
specifically bind to a polypeptide including all or an antigenic
portion of the amino acid sequence that corresponds to SEQ ID NO:3,
SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, or copro6716,
as listed herein, or to a polypeptide including a sequence that is
a conservative variant of one of those sequences. In a further
aspect, the antibodies specifically bind to antigen from roundworm
infested mammals, but do not specifically bind antigen from mammals
infected with hookworm, heartworm and/or whipworm.
[0010] In another aspect, the invention includes antibodies that
are obtained by immunization with the polypeptide including all or
an antigenic portion of the amino acid sequence that corresponds to
SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:7,
or copro6716, or with a polypeptide including a sequence that is a
conservative variant of one of those sequences.
[0011] In yet another aspect, the invention provides a device for
detecting the presence or absence of roundworm antigens from a
sample; the device comprising a solid support, wherein the solid
support has immobilized thereon one or more antibodies that are
capable of specifically binding to a polypeptide that has an amino
acid sequence that corresponds to SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID
NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, or copro6716, or an antigenic
portion thereof. The device, may be, but is not limited to being,
for example, an ELISA device, such as a lateral flow immunoassay
device or microtiterplate device. Mammalian samples that may be
tested for roundworm by the device include, but are not limited to
being, feces, whole blood, serum, mammary milk and whole tissue,
such as tissue from mammary gland, intestine, liver, heart, lung,
esophagus, brain, muscle, and eye, for example. The device further
may include, but need not include, one or more reagents for the
detection of one or more of the group consisting of: one or more
non-roundworm worm parasites, one or more non-worm parasites, one
or more viruses, one or more fungi, and one or more bacteria.
[0012] In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method of
detecting the presence or absence of roundworm, such as Toxocara
canis (T. canis), Toxocara cati (T. cati), Toxocara vitulorum (T.
vitulorum), Toxascaris leonina (T. leonina), Baylisascaris
procyonis (B. procyonis), Ascaridia galli (A. galli), Parascaris
equorum (P. equorum), Ascaris suum (A. suum), or Ascaris
lumbricoides (A. lumbricoides), Anisakis simplex (A. simplex), or
Pseudoterranova decipiens (P. decipiens), for example, in a sample.
The sample can be obtained from a mammal, such as a canine, feline,
porcine, bovine, cetacean, pinniped or human. In one aspect, the
method is carried out to test a fecal sample for roundworm
coproantigen. The method, however, is not limited to being carried
out to test a fecal sample. In addition to feces, the sample
therefore may be, but is not limited to being whole blood, serum,
mammary milk and whole tissue, such as tissue from mammary gland,
intestine, liver, heart, lung, esophagus, brain, muscle, and eye,
for example. Steps of the method include contacting the sample with
one or more of the antibodies of the invention; forming antibody
polypeptide complexes in the presence of the polypeptides if any,
in the sample; and detecting the presence or absence of the
antibody-polypeptide complexes, if any. The method further may
include one or more of the optional steps of diagnosing the mammal
as either having or not having a roundworm infection and
determining whether a nucleic acid from roundworm is present in the
same sample that was contacted with the antibodies for the purpose
of detecting the presence or absence of roundworm or in some other
sample from the mammal. The method may also be used to test for
environmental contamination with roundworm. Environmental samples
that may be tested for roundworm by the device include, but are not
limited to soil, decomposing material, or fecal matter from
residential settings including yards, gardens, sand boxes, and
playgrounds. Testing locations may also include parks, beaches,
forests, farms, or other locations exposed to fecal material from
dogs, cats, or other mammalian hosts of roundworms. Feces from
indoor and outdoor litter boxes may also be tested.
[0013] In yet another aspect, the present invention includes a kit
for carrying out one or more steps of the method of the invention.
The kit may optionally include, for example, the device and one or
more of the compositions of the present invention and instructions
for carrying out the method of the present invention. The kit may
further optionally include, for example, one or more indicator
reagents, one or more antibody labeling compounds, one or more
antibodies, one or more antigen capture reagents, one or more
inhibitors, and one or more wash reagents to be used as part of the
device and/or to be used in carrying out the method.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] FIG. 1 shows the nucleotide sequence of an 865-nucleotide
cDNA sequence from whole adult Toxocara canis. (SEQ ID NO:1).
[0015] FIG. 2 shows the nucleotide sequence of an 632-nucleotide
cDNA sequence from whole adult Toxocara cati. (SEQ ID NO:2).
[0016] FIG. 3 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:3) of a
large open reading frame (ORF) of SEQ ID NO:1. The stop codon is
indicated by *.
[0017] FIG. 4 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:4) of a
large ORF of SEQ ID NO:2. The stop codon is indicated by *.
[0018] FIG. 5 shows a comparison alignment of SEQ ID NO:4 and SEQ
ID NO:5. The consensus sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 and SEQ ID NO:5 is
shown as SEQ ID NO:7.
[0019] FIG. 6A shows a multi-well plate device of the present
invention.
[0020] FIG. 6B shows a close up of a single well of the plate of
FIG. 6A with a specific antibody of the present invention
immobilized thereto.
[0021] FIG. 7 shows a graph of optical density (OD) values obtained
from fecal samples from roundworm-infected canines by following the
method of the present invention in a first Example.
[0022] FIG. 8 shows a graph of OD values obtained from fecal
samples from canines infected with either roundworm, hookworm or
whipworm by following the method of the present invention in a
second Example.
[0023] FIG. 9 shows a graph of OD values obtained from fecal
samples from canines infected with heartworm by following the
method of the present invention in the second Example.
[0024] FIG. 10 shows a microtiter plate in which an ELISA assay was
carried out using fecal samples from canines infected with either
roundworm, hookworm, whipworm or heartworm by following the method
of the present invention in a third Example.
[0025] FIG. 11 shows a graph of OD values obtained from fecal
samples from a set of canines when those canines had a roundworm
infection, and from fecal samples from those canines after they had
been rid of roundworm, by following the method of the present
invention in a fourth Example.
[0026] FIG. 12 shows a graph of OD values obtained from fecal
samples from roundworm-infected felines by following the method of
the present invention in a fifth Example.
[0027] FIG. 13 shows a first graph of OD values obtained from fecal
samples from a set of felines when those felines had a roundworm
infection, and from fecal samples from those felines after they had
been rid of roundworm, by following the method of the present
invention in a sixth Example.
[0028] FIG. 14 shows a second graph of OD values obtained from
fecal samples from a control set of felines that were not infected
with roundworm by following the method of the present invention in
the sixth Example.
[0029] FIG. 15 shows an ELISA with elution fractions from a
sulfopropyl (SP) column as samples, demonstrating that Copro6716
can be partially purified and enriched by eluting the SP column by
following the method of the present invention in the seventh
Example.
[0030] FIG. 16 shows that the molecular weight of Copro6716 was
about 10 KD using a western blot probed with rabbit anti
full-length DIV6716 IgG-HRP following the method of the present
invention in the seventh Example.
[0031] FIG. 17. shows the amino acid sequence of the full length
DIV6716 (SEQ ID NO: 5) with the four peptides (SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9, 10
and 11) identified by Mass Spectrometry analysis identified by
highlighting them in the shaded boxes following the method of the
present invention in the seventh Example.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE
INVENTION
I. Introduction
[0032] The present invention is generally directed to methods,
devices, kits and compositions for detecting roundworm in a sample
obtained from a mammal. The present invention relates to roundworm
antigens from Toxocara, such as Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati,
for example. In particular, the present invention relates to
Toxocara polypeptides and conservative variants thereof,
polynucleotides that encode those polypeptides and oligonucleotides
that specifically bind to those polynucleotides, antibodies that
are raised against and that specifically bind those polypeptides,
and methods, devices and kits for detecting roundworm, such as
Toxocara, Toxascaris, Baylisascaris, Ascaridia, Parascaris, and
Ascaris, Anisakis, or Pseudoterranova, including T. canis, T. cati,
T. vitulorum, T. leonina, B. procyonis, A. galli, P. equorum, A.
lumbricoides, A. suum, A. simplex, or P. decipiens, for
example.
[0033] The present invention provides a superior alternative to
these existing microscopic inspection techniques. This is true
because the present invention provides compositions, devices, kits
and methods for detecting the presence or absence of roundworm in a
sample from a mammal that: (1) are both easy to use and yield
consistently reliable results; (2) allow for the absence or
presence of roundworm in a mammal to be confirmed regardless of
whether that mammal is infected with hookworm, whipworm, and/or
heartworm; and (3) can detect roundworm prior to the time that
roundworm ova first appear in the infected host's feces.
[0034] The present invention is based in part on the discovery of
unexpected properties of compositions of the present invention.
Specifically, it was determined that an antibody of the present
invention raised against a polypeptide of the present invention can
be used to capture and detect roundworm antigens in a mammal, even
when the mammal is also infested by one or more of hookworm,
whipworm and heartworm. This specificity for roundworm is
surprising because roundworms, whipworms, hookworms and heartworms
all are related nematodes, and an antibody raised against a protein
isolated from any one of these worms would be expected to
crossreact with one or more of the other worms, host antigens, or
other host components.
[0035] It was further determined that this antibody can be used to
capture and detect roundworm antigens in a mammal as early as 17
days after the mammal is first infected with roundworm. This
ability to detect roundworm so soon after infection, and before the
appearance of any roundworm ova in the feces of the infected
mammal, is surprising because roundworm ova generally do not appear
in the feces of an infective host until about five-to-eight weeks
after the host becomes infected.
[0036] The present invention therefore includes methods, devices,
compositions and kits that use antibodies and/or fragments thereof
to specifically capture and detect roundworm antigens in a mammal
that may also be infested by one or more of whipworm, hookworm and
heartworm. The ability of the present invention to detect and
diagnose roundworm even when one or more other worm types are also
present allows the mammal's caregiver the opportunity to optimally
select a treatment for ridding the roundworm from the mammal.
Further, the ability of the present invention to, in some cases,
detect roundworm as early as 17 days after the mammal is first
infected provides the possibility that the caregiver may begin such
treatment before the mammal becomes severely sickened by the
roundworm. An intervention prior to appearance of ova in the feces
would also greatly reduce or eliminate the possibility that the
infestation is spread to other animals or humans.
II. Definitions and Uses of Terms
[0037] The term "compositions of the invention" refers to all of
the nucleic acids, polypeptides, antibodies, and mixtures that
include one or more of those nucleic acids, polypeptides, and
antibodies and one or more other compounds, that can be used to
detect the presence or absence of roundworm in a sample obtained
from a mammal by carrying out the method of the present invention
that are explicitly described, implicitly encompassed or otherwise
disclosed herein.
[0038] "A sample from a mammal" in which roundworm can be detected
by the present invention includes all bodily components and
extracts thereof, such as any fluid, solid, cell or tissue, that
are capable of containing roundworm antigen. Exemplary samples
therefore include, but are not limited to being, feces, milk, whole
blood and portions thereof, including serum, and further include
tissue extracts, including tissue from mammary gland, intestine,
liver, heart, lung, esophagus, brain, muscle, and eye, for example.
The sample may be taken directly from the mammal or the sample may
be taken from anything that has contacted the mammal. For example,
the sample may be fresh or decaying fecal droppings from the
mammal. As another example, the sample may include soil, dirt,
sand, plant material, or any other material that may be mixed with
bodily components that may be left behind by a mammal, such as
feces, for example. No matter the origin or the content of the
sample, this sample sometimes is referred to herein as the
"mammalian sample", the "test sample" or the "sample under
test".
[0039] As used herein, "nucleic acid" is synonymous with, and
therefore is used interchangeably with, "gene", "DNA", "cDNA",
"EST", "polynucleotide", "oligonucleotide", "polynucleic acid",
"RNA" and "mRNA". A nucleic acid may be in double-stranded form or
it may be in single-stranded form. Further, a nucleic acid is
either naturally isolated, such as from a whole roundworm or a
portion thereof, for example, or it is artificially synthesized,
either in a recombinant host organism or by any other artificial
means known to the skilled artisan, such as by employing a
PCR-based technique, by creating a transgenic organism that
synthesizes the nucleic acid, by using a DNA synthesizing machine,
or by any another molecular-based technique, for example.
[0040] "Polypeptide", "peptide" and "protein" are synonymous terms
that are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino
acid residues. A polypeptide, peptide and protein of the present
invention may be either naturally isolated, such as from a whole
roundworm or from a portion of roundworm, for example, or
artificially synthesized, either in a recombinant host organism or
by any other artificial means known to the skilled artisan.
[0041] The term "antibody" or "antibody of the present invention"
refers to any antibody that is able to specifically bind to one or
more roundworm antigens, but not to any antigen from hookworm,
whipworm or heartworm. The antibodies of the present invention may
be raised against one or more immunogenic polypeptides of the
present invention. Unless otherwise stated, it is to be understood
that the antibody of the present invention may include a mixture of
two or more different types of antibody. For example, the antibody
may be a mixture of two types of antibodies, wherein one of the two
types specifically binds to one particular antigen and the other of
the two types specifically binds to some other antigen.
[0042] The "immunogenic polypeptide of the present invention" and,
more simply, "the polypeptide of the present invention", is an
immunogen against which the antibodies of the present invention may
be raised. All "polypeptides of the present invention" are
immunogenic and therefore may be used to elicit an immune response
in a host animal to produce the antibodies of the present
invention. Unless otherwise stated, it is to be understood that the
polypeptide of the present invention may be one component of a
mixed composition of a plurality of components.
[0043] An "immunogen" is any agent, such as the immunogenic
polypeptide of the present invention, for example, that is capable
of eliciting an immune response in an animal that is exposed to
that agent.
[0044] The term "roundworm", as used herein, refers to helminths
such as intestinal roundworms of the order Ascaridida, which
includes the genera Toxocara, Toxascaris, Baylisascaris, Ascaridia,
Parascaris, Ascaris, Anisakis, and Pseudoterranova. Thus, the term
"roundworm", as used herein, does not refer to the entirety of the
phylum Nematoda. Therefore, "roundworm" does not include any member
of the genera Ancylostoma, Uncinaria, Necator, Trichuris or
Dirofilaria.
[0045] A "roundworm coproantigen" or a "coproantigen of roundworm"
is any roundworm product that is present in the feces of a mammal
having a roundworm infection and that may be specifically bound by
one or more of the antibodies of the invention. For example, a
roundworm coproantigen may be, but is not limited to being, one or
more of the polypeptides of the invention.
[0046] The present inventors have determined that a novel 10 kD
isoform of DIV6716, which is a excretory/secretory protein of T.
canis, is present in feces of T. canis-infected canines as early as
17 days after the canines first became infected with the T. canis.
Therefore, a "roundworm coproantigen" may be this novel 10 kD
isoform of DIV6716 (which is referred to herein as "Copro6716")
that has been observed in canine feces by the present
inventors.
[0047] "Specific for", "specifically binds", and "stably binds"
means that a particular composition of the invention, such as an
antibody, polypeptide, or oligonucleotide of the present invention,
for example, recognizes and binds to one or more other agents with
greater affinity than to at least one other agent. As one example,
an antibody of the present invention is said to be "specific for",
to "specifically bind", and to "stably bind" roundworm antigens
whenever that antibody is able to recognize and bind to those
roundworm antigens with greater affinity than to any other antigens
from a non-roundworm parasitic worm. Such binding specificity can
be tested using methodology well known in the art, for example,
ELISA or a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Based on information observed
regarding the binding specificity of a particular composition of
the invention, the method of the present invention can be carried
out under conditions that allow that composition to bind to (and
therefore to allow the detection of such binding to) a particular
agent or agents, but not to significantly bind other agents, while
those conditions are maintained. As one example, the method of the
present invention can be carried out under conditions that allow an
antibody of the present invention to bind to (and therefore to
allow the detection of such binding to) one or more roundworm
antigens present in a particular sample, but not significantly to
any hookworm, whipworm or heartworm antigen that may be present in
that sample.
[0048] "Detecting roundworm" means detecting one or more
roundworm-specific products, including one or more of the
polypeptides, antibodies and nucleic acids of the present
invention, or one or more roundworm antigens, or Copro6716, for
example. The presence of one or more such roundworm products in a
sample from a mammal is indicative that the mammal has a roundworm
infection, regardless of whether any whole roundworm organism or
ovum thereof is also present in that sample. Conversely, the
absence of one or more such roundworm products a sample from a
mammal is indicative that the mammal does not have a roundworm
infection.
[0049] "Amino acid" refers to naturally occurring and synthetic
amino acids. Amino acid residues are abbreviated as follows:
Alanine is A or Ala; Arginine is R or Arg; Asparagine is N or Asn;
Aspartic Acid is D or Asp; Cysteine is C or Cys; Glutamic Acid is E
or Glu; Glutamine is Q or Gln; Glycine is G or Gly; Histidine is H
or H is; Isoleucine is I or Ile; Leucine is L or Leu; Lysine is K
or Lys; Methionine is M or Met; Phenylalanine is F or Phe; Proline
is P or Pro; Serine is S or Ser; Threonine is T or Thr; Tryptophan
is W or Trp; Tyrosine is Y or Tyr; and Valine is V or Val. Except
where defined otherwise herein, X or Xaa represents any amino acid.
Other relevant amino acids include, but are not limited to being,
4-hydroxyproline and 5-hydroxylysine. In all cases, the amino acid
sequence of a polypeptide described or otherwise referred to herein
is presented in conventional form in that the left-most, or first,
amino acid residue of the sequence is the N-terminal residue and
the right-most, or last, amino acid residue of the sequence is the
C-terminal residue.
[0050] A "conservative variant" of any particular nucleic acid
sequence includes any sequence having one or more degenerate codon
substitutions to that particular nucleic acid sequence, any
sequence having one or more nucleotide substitutions to, insertions
to, and deletions from that particular nucleic acid sequence, and
the complementary sequence of that particular nucleic acid and the
conservative variants of that complementary sequence. Conservative
variants of a particular nucleic acid sequence preferably have at
least about 85% identity, more preferably have at least about 90%
identity, and even more preferably at least about 95-99% identity,
to that particular nucleic acid sequence. Conservative variants of
a particular nucleic acid sequence may be artificially synthesized
or they may be isolated in their natural form from an organism,
including from a roundworm organism, such as Toxocara canis and
Toxocara cati, for example.
[0051] A "conservative variant" of any particular polypeptide
sequence is any polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that
varies from the amino acid sequence of that particular polypeptide
but still retains the specific binding properties of that
particular polypeptide, such that an antibody of the present
invention that is raised against the particular polypeptide is
capable of specifically binding the variant polypeptide. Therefore,
for example, a conservative variant of a particular polypeptide may
have one or more amino acid substitutions, deletions, additions,
and insertions to that particular polypeptide. For example, a
conserved variant of a particular polypeptide may have 30 or fewer,
25 or fewer, 20 or fewer, 15 or fewer, 10 or fewer, or 5 or fewer,
conserved amino acid substitutions to that particular polypeptide.
Conservative variants of a particular polypeptide preferably, but
not essentially, have at least about 80% identity, more preferably
have at least about 90% identity, and even more preferably at least
about 91-99% identity, to that particular polypeptide. A percent
identity for any subject nucleic acid or amino acid sequence (e.g.,
any of polypeptides described herein) relative to another "target"
nucleic acid or amino acid sequence can be determined as follows.
First, a target nucleic acid or amino acid sequence of the
invention can be compared and aligned to a subject nucleic acid or
amino acid sequence, using the BLAST 2 Sequences (Bl2seq) program
from the stand-alone version of BLASTZ containing BLASTN and BLASTP
(e.g., version 2.0.14). The stand-alone version of BLASTZ can be
obtained at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Instructions explaining how to
use BLASTZ, and specifically the Bl2seq program, can be found in
the `readme` file accompanying BLASTZ. The programs also are
described in detail by Karlin et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
87:2264; Karlin et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90:5873; and
Altschul et al. (1997) Nucl. Acids Res. 25:3389.
[0052] "Copro6716" refers to a 10 kD portion of DIV6716 found in
mammalian feces.
[0053] Bl2seq performs a comparison between the subject sequence
and a target sequence using either the BLASTN (used to compare
nucleic acid sequences) or BLASTP (used to compare amino acid
sequences) algorithm. Typically, the default parameters of a
BLOSUM62 scoring matrix, gap existence cost of 11 and extension
cost of 1, a word size of 3, an expect value of 10, a per residue
cost of 1 and a lambda ratio of 0.85 are used when performing amino
acid sequence alignments. The output file contains aligned regions,
of homology between the target sequence and the subject sequence.
Once aligned, a length is determined by counting the number of
consecutive nucleotides or amino acid residues (i.e., excluding
gaps) from the target sequence that align with sequence from the
subject sequence starting with any matched position and ending with
any other matched position. A matched position is any position
where an identical nucleotide or amino acid residue is present in
both the target and subject sequence. Gaps of one or more residues
can be inserted into a target or subject sequence to maximize
sequence alignments between structurally conserved domains (e.g.,
.alpha.-helices, .beta.-sheets, and loops).
[0054] The percent identity over a particular length is determined
by counting the number of matched positions over that particular
length, dividing that number by the length and multiplying the
resulting value by 100. For example, if (i) a 500 amino acid target
sequence is compared to a subject amino acid sequence, (ii) the
Bl2seq program presents 200 amino acids from the target sequence
aligned with a region of the subject sequence where the first and
last amino acids of that 200 amino acid region are matches, and
(iii) the number of matches over those 200 aligned amino acids is
180, then the 500 amino acid target sequence contains a length of
200 and a sequence identity over that length of 90% (i.e.,
180/200.times.100=90). It will be appreciated that a nucleic acid
or amino acid target sequence that aligns with a subject sequence
can result in many different lengths with each length having its
own percent identity. It is noted that the percent identity value
can be rounded to the nearest tenth. For example, 78.11, 78.12,
78.13, and 78.14 is rounded down to 78.1, while 78.15, 78.16,
78.17, 78.18, and 78.19 is rounded up to 78.2. It is also noted
that the length value will always be an integer.
[0055] Conservative variants of a particular polypeptide sequence
may be artificially synthesized or they may be isolated in their
natural form from an organism, including from a roundworm organism,
such as Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, for example. In one
specific example, the polypeptide of the invention having an amino
acid sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4 shown below is a
conservative variant of the polypeptide of the present invention
having an amino acid sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:3 in that
SEQ ID NO:4 is more than 92% identical to SEQ ID NO:3 over an
alignment of 131 amino acids. More generally, each one of SEQ ID
NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6 and SEQ ID NO:7 are
conserved variants of each other. It is also to be understood that
other conserved variants of the SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID
NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6 and SEQ ID NO:7 are contemplated by the present
invention as described herein, but the skilled artisan would
recognize that all of these contemplated variants are too numerous
to list. The skilled artisan will also recognize that these
variants include, but are not limited to, those have one or more
substitutions of basic amino acid residues, one or more
substitutions of acidic amino acid residues, one or more
substitutions of polar amino acid residues, one or more
substitutions of hydrophobic amino acid residues, one or more
substitutions of aromatic amino acid residues, and one or more
substitutions of small amino acid residues. ("Basic" amino acid
residues are K, R and H. "Acidic" amino acid residues are D and E.
"Polar" amino acid residues are N and Q. "Hydrophobic" amino acids
are I, L, and V. "Aromatic" amino acid residues are F, Y, and W.
"Small" amino acids are G, S, A, T and M.)
III. Nucleic Acids and Polypeptides of the Invention
[0056] The nucleic acids and polypeptides of the invention are
described in detail in Provisional Application: "Methods, Devices,
Kits And Compositions For Detecting Roundworm," Application Ser.
No. 61/128,079, filed May 19, 2008, and is incorporated by
reference in its entirety.
[0057] In an attempt to identify compositions that may be used to
confirm the presence or absence of roundworm in a fecal sample, a
plurality of oligonucleotide primers corresponding to portions of
two expressed sequence tag (EST) clones (ko15fo7 and ko34f08; which
are available from the Washington University Genome Sequencing
Center, St. Louis, Mo.) were designed, synthesized and used in 5'
RACE, 3'RACE and RT-PCR reactions that included total RNA isolated
from either Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati. As a result of these
efforts, an 865-nucleotide cDNA sequence was deduced from Toxocara
canis (this sequence is shown in FIG. 1 and is identified herein as
SEQ ID NO:1), and a 632-nucleotide cDNA sequence was deduced from
Toxocara cati (this sequence is shown in FIG. 2 and is identified
herein as SEQ ID NO:2). (BLAST searches that were carried out using
SEQ ID NO:1 indicated that a portion of that sequence is similar
to, but is not identical to or substantially identical to, nucleic
acid sequence that is predicted to encode a portion of the TBA-1
protein of Toxocara canis and to nucleic acid sequence that is
predicted to encode the ABA-1 protein of Ascaris lumbricoides (see
S. Yahiro et al., Parasite Immunology 20:351-7 (1998); M. W.
Kennedy, Parasitology Today 16:373-80 (2000); and Y. Xia et al.,
Parasitology 120:211-24 (2000).)
[0058] Analysis of the sequences corresponding to SEQ ID NO:1 and
SEQ ID NO:2 indicated that each one of these sequences contains a
large ORF. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 3, the large ORF of SEQ
ID NO:1 corresponds to nucleotides 2 through 616 of SEQ ID NO:1 and
is predicted to encode a polypeptide having the following amino
acid sequence:
TABLE-US-00001 (SEQ ID NO: 3)
KKIYGVAASRRRRHHFTLENSLDTHLKWLSHEQKEELLQMKKDGKSKKELQ
DKIMHYYEHLEGDAKHEATEQLKGGCREILKHVVGEEKAAEIKALKDSGAS
KDELKAKVEEALHAVTDEEKKQHIAEFGPACKKIYGVAASRRRRHHFTLEN
SLDTHLKWLSHEQKEELLQMKKDGKSKKELQDKIMHYYEHLEGMLLALCIL Y.
[0059] Further, as shown in FIG. 4, the large ORF of SEQ ID NO:2
corresponds to nucleotides 1 through 486 of SEQ ID NO:2 and is
predicted to encode a polypeptide having the following amino acid
sequence:
TABLE-US-00002 (SEQ ID NO: 4)
IYGVAASRRRRHHFTLEKSLDTHLKWLSHEQKEELLKMKKDGKSKKELQDK
VMHFYEHLEGDAKHEATEQLKGGCREILKHVVGEEKAAEIKALKDSGASKD
ELKAKVEDALHAVTDEEKKQHIAEFGPACKEIFGVPIDVRHKRDPYTNMTP DEVAEGLRS.
[0060] The polypeptides of the present invention may be encoded for
by nucleic acids that have a nucleotide sequence that corresponds
to all or portions of SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2 or to all or
portions of any conservative variant of those sequences. It is to
be understood therefore that the amino acid sequence of the
polypeptide of the present invention is variable.
[0061] For example, the polypeptide of the present invention may
have an amino acid sequence that corresponds to all or a portion of
SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:4 or all or a portion of any conservative
variant of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:4.
[0062] In one specific example, the polypeptide of the present
invention has the following amino acid sequence:
TABLE-US-00003 (SEQ ID NO: 5)
MHHFTLENSLDTHLKWLSHEQKEELLQMKKDGKSKKELQDKIMHYYEHLEG
DAKHEATEQLKGGCREILKHVVGEEKAAEIKALKDSGASKDELKAKVEEAL
HAVTDEEKKQHIAEFGPACKKIYGVAAS.
[0063] With 130 amino acids, protein DIV6716 (SEQ ID NO:5) is about
14 kD in size. The present inventors have determined that a
truncated portion (about 10 kDa) of the full-length (14 kDa)
protein, and therefore not the 14 kDa version, is present in the
feces of canines that are infected by T. canis. (This 10 kDa
truncated portion of DIV6716 is referred to herein as "Copro6716";
the detection of Copro6716 in feces of T. canis-infected canines is
described in the Example section included herein.) In one aspect,
therefore, the present invention provides polypeptides that may be
used to generate antibodies that may be used to specifically
capture and detect Copro6716.
[0064] The 129 amino acid residues that follow the N-terminal
methionine residue of the polypeptide corresponding to SEQ ID NO:5
(DIV 6716) specifically represent the amino acid residues 14
through 142 of SEQ ID NO:3. As described in the Example section
included herein, the N-terminal methionine was artificially added
to the N-terminus of this polypeptide by carrying out a standard
cloning technique. Also as described throughout the Example
section, antibody raised against the polypeptide corresponding to
SEQ ID NO:5 was useful for detecting roundworm antigen. Because the
N-terminal methionine was artificially added, and is not thought to
naturally exist in Toxocara (the residue that is immediately prior
to the histidine residue at position 14 in each one of SEQ ID NO:3
and SEQ ID NO:4 is arginine, and not methionine), it is therefore
contemplated that the polypeptide of the present invention may have
an amino acid sequence that corresponds to amino acid residues 14
through 142 of SEQ ID NO:3, or, more specifically:
TABLE-US-00004 (SEQ ID NO: 6)
HHFTLENSLDTHLKWLSHEQKEELLQMKKDGKSKKELQDKIMHYYEHLEGD
AKHEATEQLKGGCREILKHVVGEEKAAEIKALKDSGASKDELKAKVEEALH
AVTDEEKKQHIAEFGPACKKIYGVAAS.
[0065] Further, an alignment of SEQ ID NO:5 (mostly Toxocara
canis-derived sequence; with the only exception being the
N-terminal methionine residue) to SEQ ID NO:4 (Toxocara
cati-derived sequence) is shown in FIG. 5. Because antibody raised
against a polypeptide having sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:5
was useful for detecting Toxocara cati (see the Example section
included herein), it is additionally contemplated that the
polypeptide of the present invention may have the amino acid
sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:7 (which also is shown in FIG.
5), wherein the X at position 1 is I or absent, the X at position 2
is Y or absent, the X at position 3 is G or absent, the X at
position 4 is V or absent, the X at position 5 is A or absent, the
X at position 6 is A or absent, the X at position 7 is S or absent,
the X at position 8 is R or absent, the X at position 9 is R or
absent, the X at position 10 is R or absent, the X at position 11
is R or M, the X at position 18 is N or K, the X at position 37 is
Q or K, the X at position 52 is I or V, X at position 55 is Y or F,
the X at position 110 is E or D, the X at position 133 is K or E,
the X at position 135 is Y or F, the X at position 138 is A or P,
the X at position 139 is A or I, the X at position 140 is S or D,
the X at position 141 is V or absent, the X at position 142 is R or
absent, the X at position 143 is H or absent, the X at position 144
is K or absent, the X at position 145 is R or absent, the X at
position 146 is D or absent, the X at position 147 is P or absent,
the X at position 148 is Y or absent, the X at position 149 is T or
absent, the X at position 150 is N or absent, the X at position 151
is M or absent, the X at position 152 is T or absent, the X at
position 153 is P or absent, the X at position 154 is D or absent,
the X at position 155 is E or absent, the X at position 156 is V or
absent, the X at position 157 is A or absent, the X at position 158
is E or absent, the X at position 159 is G or absent, the X at
position 160 is L or absent, the X at position 161 is R or absent,
and the X at position 162 is S or absent.
[0066] It is also contemplated that any one or more of the SEQ ID
NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6 and SEQ ID NO:7 may be
only a portion of a larger polypeptide sequence, and therefore may
represent partial sequence of one or more proteins that normally
are expressed in roundworm, for example, or one or more polypeptide
sequences that are artificially fused to SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4,
SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, or Copro6716. The skilled
artisan will recognize that are a variety of techniques exist for
artificially fusing two or more polypeptide fragments together.
[0067] It is even further contemplated that the polypeptide of the
present invention may include more than one of the SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ
ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7 and Copro6716. For
example, the polypeptide of the present invention may include the
SEQ ID NO:5 fused to the SEQ ID NO:7. Also, it is contemplated that
the polypeptide of the present invention may include a plurality of
polypeptide fragments corresponding to SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4,
SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7 and Copro6716. For example,
the polypeptide of the present invention may be formed by a
plurality of polypeptide fragments corresponding to SEQ ID NO:5
that are fused together. In another example, the polypeptide of the
present invention may be formed by a plurality of polypeptide
fragments corresponding to SEQ ID NO:5 and a plurality of
polypeptide fragments corresponding to SEQ ID NO:7 that are fused
together in any combination.
[0068] Whereas one particular polypeptide of the present invention
was expressed and isolated by a specific technique (in which is
described in the Example section included herein), the skilled
artisan will recognize that any of the polypeptides of the present
invention may be isolated by employing any one or more of a variety
of techniques. (See, e.g., Sewald and Jakubke, Peptides: Chemistry
and Biology, Wiley Publishing (2002); Peptide Synthesis and
Applications (Methods in Molecular Biology) Howl, ed., Humana Press
(2005); Jones, Amino Acid and Peptide Synthesis, Oxford University
Press (2002), each one of which is incorporated herein by reference
in its entirety.) These techniques include those that may be
carried out to isolate naturally existing polypeptides such as
Copro6716 or polypeptides having amino acid sequence corresponding
to SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6 and SEQ ID
NO:7 and any naturally occurring variant of those polypeptides.
These techniques further include those that may be carried out to
artificially generate the polypeptides having amino acid sequence
corresponding to SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6
and SEQ ID NO:7 and any conserved variant of those polypeptides
such as Copro6716 or polypeptides. Such variants may be generated,
for example, by employing any one or more mutagenesis techniques or
by direct synthesis.
[0069] The polypeptides of the present invention are capable of
eliciting an immune response in a host animal that is exposed to
these polypeptides to produce one or more of the antibodies of the
present invention. Regardless of the technique by which they are
derived, the polypeptides of the present invention are preferably
prepared in substantially pure form when they are to be used for
the purpose of raising antibody. Preferably, these polypeptides are
at least about 80% pure, more preferably are at least about 90-95%
pure, and even more preferably are at least about 99% pure.
Exemplary techniques for eliciting an immune response in a host
organism and for isolating antibodies therefrom are described
herein, but it is to be understood that the present invention is
not limited to those techniques. The skilled artisan will recognize
that there are a plurality of techniques for achieving this same
goal without deviating from the scope and spirit of the
invention.
IV. Antibodies of the Invention
[0070] The present invention further includes antibodies and
antigen-binding fragments thereof that are raised against and that
specifically bind all or part of one or more polypeptides of the
present invention, and also includes compositions that include said
antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof. When contacted to
a sample obtained from a mammal, these antibodies and
antigen-binding fragments are able to specifically bind roundworm
antigen present in the sample, but are not able to specifically
bind any antigen from hookworm, whipworm, or heartworm that may be
present in the sample. The antibodies of the present invention are
suitable for being used only to capture one or more roundworm
antigens, only to detect one or more roundworm antigens, or more
preferably, to both capture and detect one or more roundworm
antigens.
[0071] The antibodies of the present invention may belong to any
antibody class, including for example, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE,
and may be prepared by any of a variety of techniques known to the
skilled artisan. (See, e.g., Dean, Methods Mol. Biol. 80:23-37
(1998); Dean, Methods Mol. Biol. 32:361-79 (1994); Baileg, Methods
Mol. Biol. 32:381-88 (1994); Gullick, Methods Mol. Biol. 32:389-99
(1994); Drenckhahn et al. Methods Cell. Biol. 37:7-56 (1993);
Morrison, Ann. Rev. Immunol. 10:239-65 (1992); Wright et al. Crit.
Rev. Immunol. 12:125-68 (1992); Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A
Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1988); and Making
and Using Antibodies: A Practical Handbook, Howard and Kaser, eds.,
CRC Press (2006), each one of which is incorporated herein by
reference in its entirety.)
[0072] In one technique, the polypeptide of the invention is
introduced into a host animal, such as into rabbit, mouse, rat,
guinea pig, goat, pig, cow, sheep, donkey, dog, cat, chicken, or
horse, for example. An enhanced immune response may be elicited in
the host animal by associating the polypeptide with a carrier
and/or by exposing the host to an adjuvant, but it is to be
understood that the present invention does not require that the
polypeptide be associated with a carrier or that the host be
exposed to the adjuvant. An exemplary carrier that may be used for
this purpose is bovine serum albumin, bovine thyroglobulin, and
soybean trypsin inhibitor. Exemplary adjuvants include Freund's
complete or incomplete adjuvant and MDL-TDM adjuvant. Regardless of
whether the polypeptide is associated with such a carrier or
whether the host is exposed to an adjuvant, booster immunizations
optionally may be made with the host animal being bled one or more
times thereafter. Polyclonal antibodies that specifically bind the
polypeptide may then be purified from antisera obtained from the
bleed or bleeds. Such purification may be achieved, for example, by
employing affinity chromatography techniques that involve
associating the polypeptide to a solid support. Such affinity
chromatography techniques are well known by the skilled
artisan.
[0073] In one embodiment, the antibody of the present invention is
an antibody that is raised in rabbit by immunizing that host animal
with the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence corresponding
to SEQ ID NO:5. (Hereinafter, this particular antibody is referred
to as "anti-DIV6716".) A specific technique for producing and
isolating anti-DIV6716 pAB is described in the Example section
included herein, but the skilled artisan will recognize that the
production and isolating of anti-DIV6716 pAB, or any other antibody
of the present invention, is not limited to that specific
technique.
[0074] In other embodiments, the antibody of the present invention
is raised in a host against one or more polypeptides having an
amino acid sequence that is a conservative variant of the sequence
corresponding to SEQ ID NO:5. In some other embodiments, the
antibody of the present invention is raised in a host against any
one or more polypeptides having an amino acid sequence
corresponding to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID
NO:6, or SEQ ID NO:7, or one or more polypeptides having an amino
acid sequence that is a conservative variant of any of those
sequences.
[0075] In another embodiment, the antibody of the present invention
is an antibody that specifically binds Copro6176 and/or one or more
the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence corresponding to SEQ
ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, or SEQ ID NO:7, or
antigenic portions thereof.
[0076] In yet other embodiments, the antibody of the present
invention specifically binds one or more polypeptides having an
amino acid sequence that is a conservative variant of Copro6176 or
of the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:5. In some other
embodiments, the antibody of the present invention specifically
binds one or more polypeptides having an amino acid sequence
corresponding to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID
NO:6, or SEQ ID NO:7, or one or more polypeptides having an amino
acid sequence that is a conservative variant of any of those
sequences.
[0077] It is also to be understood that the antibodies of the
invention may be polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, single chain
antibodies (scFv), chimeric antibodies, and fragments thereof.
Monoclonal antibodies that are specific for the polypeptide of
interest may be obtained and purified, for example, by preparing
cell lines that generate antibodies having the desired specificity
to the polypeptide of interest. Cell lines of this kind may be
derived from cells of a particular type (e.g., spleen cells) that
are isolated from a host animal that had previously been immunized
with the polypeptide as described before. In such a case, these
cells could then be immortalized, for example, by fusing them with
myeloma cells by carrying out any one of a variety of fusion
techniques known to the skilled artisan. In one exemplary
technique, the cells from the immunized host animal are
co-incubated with their fusion partner, e.g., the myeloma cells, in
the presence of a detergent for a short period of time before being
plated on a medium that supports the growth of hybrid cells (but
not the myeloma fusion partner). Such selection may be achieved,
for example, by using hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine
(HAT). When hybrid cells emerge during selection, in perhaps one or
two weeks after commencing the selection process, single hybrid
colonies (and their supernatants) are tested for their ability to
bind the polypeptide or polypeptides against which the host animal
was immunized. Hybrid colonies having the most optimal binding
specificity would represent the best candidates from which
monoclonal antibodies may be isolated. These monoclonal antibodies,
for example, may be isolated directly from the supernatant (i.e.,
medium) in which these colonies are grown by employing any one of a
variety techniques known to the skilled artisan.
[0078] The antibodies of the invention also may be a single chain
antibody (scFv), or an antigen binding fragment of an antibody.
Antigen-binding fragments of antibodies are a portion of an intact
antibody comprising the antigen binding site or variable region of
an intact antibody, wherein the portion is free of the constant
heavy chain domains of the Fc region of the intact antibody.
Examples of antibody fragments include Fab, Fab', Fab'-SH,
F(ab').sub.2 and F.sub.v fragments. In addition to production and
purification from animals or mammalian cells, antibodies, antibody
fragments, or non-antibody scaffolds can be selected based upon
various in vitro technologies, including phage display, ribosomal
display, or bacterial display.
[0079] Antibodies, including secondary antibodies, may be labeled
with any type of label known in the art, including, for example,
fluorescent, chemiluminescent, radioactive, enzymes, colloidal
particles, radioisotopes and bioluminescent labels. In various
embodiments of the invention, the one or more of the antibodies of
the invention are labeled with an enzyme, a colloidal particle, a
radionuclide or a fluorophor. The particulate label can be, for
example, a colored latex particle, dye sol, or gold sol conjugated
to an antibody.
V. Methods, Devices and Kits of the Invention
[0080] A. Devices and Kits of the Invention
[0081] The present invention, in one aspect, is a device for the
detection of roundworm infection in a mammal, such as a canine,
feline, porcine, bovine, or human, for example. The device is
arranged to aid in the detection of the presence or absence of
roundworm antigen in a sample from a mammal that may also be
infected with one or more other worm parasites, including hookworm,
whipworm, and heartworm.
[0082] In one aspect, the device includes a solid support, wherein
one or more antibodies of the invention are immobilized on the
solid support. The solid support may be, but is not limited to
being, the inner, bottom surface of a well of a microtiter plate or
a substrate that is included as part of a lateral flow device, for
example. An exemplary microtiter plate is an Immulon 1B 96-well
plate (which is commercially available from Thermo Scientific of
Milford, Mass.), but it is to be understood that the skilled
artisan will recognize that a large variety of other microtiter
plates that are not the Immulon 1B 96-well plate allow for the
immobilization of antibodies thereon, and therefore would be
suitable for providing the solid support of the present
invention.
[0083] An exemplary lateral flow device is the lateral flow device
that is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,726,010, which is incorporated
herein by reference in its entirety. The device for performing a
lateral flow assay may be a SNAP.RTM. device, which is commercially
available from IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. of Westbrook, Me. However,
it is to be understood that the skilled artisan will recognize that
a large variety of other lateral flow devices that are not
SNAP.RTM. devices or described by U.S. Pat. No. 5,726,010 allow for
the immobilization of an antibody thereon, and therefore would be
suitable for being used as the device of the present invention.
These devices can include, for example, lateral flow devices that
use colloidal gold technology.
[0084] Antibodies used in the device of the invention may be
immobilized on the solid support by any methodology known in the
art, including, for example, covalently or non-covalently, directly
or indirectly, attaching the antibodies to the solid support.
Therefore, while these antibodies may be attached to the solid
support by physical adsorption (i.e., without the use of chemical
linkers), it is also true that these antibodies may be immobilized
to the solid support by any chemical binding (i.e., with the use of
chemical linkers) method readily known to one of skill in the
art.
[0085] It is also to be understood that the solid support may be
any suitable material for the immobilization of the antibodies of
the invention. For example, the solid support may be beads,
particles, tubes, wells, probes, dipsticks, pipette tips, slides,
fibers, membranes, papers, natural and modified celluloses,
polyacrylamides, agaroses, glass, polypropylene, polyethylene,
polystyrene, dextran, nylon, amylases, plastics, magnetite or any
other suitable material readily known to one of skill in the
art.
[0086] The device optionally may include one or more labeled
antigen capture reagents that may be mixed with a sample from a
mammal prior to application to a device of the invention. When the
labeled capture antigen reagent is included, the labeled antigen
capture reagent may or may not be deposited or dried on a solid
surface of the device. "Antigen capture reagent" refers to any
compound that is specific for the antigen or antigens of interest.
The labeled antigen capture reagent, whether added to the mammalian
sample or pre-deposited on the device, may be, for example, a
labeled antibody specific for a roundworm antigen, including, but
not limited to, the antibodies of the present invention. In just
one example, anti-DIV6716 pAB or anti-Copro6716 conjugated with
horseradish peroxidase may be used as a labeled antigen capture
reagent.
[0087] The device also may optionally include a liquid reagent that
transports (such as when the device is a SNAP.RTM. device, for
example), or otherwise facilitates removal of (such as when the
device includes a microtiter plate, for example), unbound material
(e.g., unreacted portions of the mammalian sample, such as, for
example, unreacted portions of fecal extract, and unbound antigen
capture reagent) away from the reaction zone (solid phase). The
liquid reagent may be a wash reagent and serve only to remove
unbound material from the reaction zone, or it may include a
detector reagent and serve to both remove unbound material and
facilitate antigen detection. For example, in the case of an
antigen capture reagent conjugated to an enzyme, the detector
reagent includes a substrate that produces a detectable signal upon
reaction with the enzyme-antibody conjugate at the reaction zone
(solid phase). Alternatively, in the case of a labeled antigen
capture reagent conjugated to a radioactive, fluorescent, or
light-absorbing molecule, the liquid reagent acts merely as a wash
solution facilitating detection of complex formation at the
reactive zone by washing away unbound labeled reagent.
[0088] The liquid reagent may further include a limited quantity of
an "inhibitor", i.e., a substance that blocks the development of
the detectable end product. A limited quantity is defined as being
an amount of inhibitor sufficient to block end product development
until most or all excess, unbound material is transported away from
the second region, at which time detectable end product is
produced.
[0089] The device of the present invention may also include various
binding reagents immobilized at locations distinct from the antigen
capture reagent or reagents. For example, an immunoreagent (an
antibody, antigen or polypeptide) that recognizes a
species-specific (e.g., roundworm-specific) antibody portion of a
labeled antibody or antigen capture reagent, or an enzyme portion
of an enzyme-labeled reagent, can be included as a positive control
to assess the viability of the reagents within the device. For
example, a positive control may be an anti-horseradish peroxidase
antibody that has been raised in, for example, goat or mouse.
Additionally, a reagent, e.g., an antibody, isolated from a
non-immune member of the species from which the antibody portion of
the antigen-antibody complex was derived can be included as a
negative control to assess the specificity of immunocomplex (i.e.,
antigen-antibody complex) formation.
[0090] In addition to being designed to detect roundworm in a
mammalian sample, the device of the invention optionally may be
designed to allow one or more other diagnostic tests to be
performed. For example, the solid support may also include reagents
for the detection of one or more non-roundworm worm parasites, one
or more non-worm parasites, one or more viruses, one or more fungi,
or one or more bacteria. The reagents for the detection of one or
more non-roundworm worm parasites, one or more non-worm parasites,
one or more viruses, one or more fungi, or one or more bacteria may
be, for example, one or more antibodies or one or more antigens
recognized by antibodies specific for one or more non-roundworm
worm parasites, one or more non-worm parasites, one or more
viruses, one or more fungi, or one or more bacteria.
[0091] In one embodiment, which is shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, the
device of the present invention is a microtiter plate 10 that
includes a plurality of wells 12, wherein each well 12 includes a
solid support 14 having anti-DIV6716 pAB (represented as element
16) immobilized thereupon.
[0092] The plate 10 may be used in conjunction with a method of the
present invention to detect roundworm in a mammalian sample.
Specifically, a roundworm infection may be diagnosed in a mammal by
detecting one or more roundworm antigens with the anti-DIV6716 pAB
that is immobilized on the solid support 14. In one embodiment, the
antigens that are detected are roundworm coproantigens. "Roundworm
coproantigens" are any product or products of roundworm that are
present in a fecal sample and that can specifically and stably bind
to the anti-DIV6716 pAB or anti-Copro6716. Roundworm coproantigens
therefore may be whole roundworm, roundworm eggs, roundworm
fragments, or products secreted, excreted or shed from roundworm or
a combination thereof. Roundworm coproantigens further include the
polypeptides of the present invention, such as Copro6716 and the
polypeptides having an amino acid sequence corresponding to SEQ ID
NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, or SEQ ID NO:7,
polypeptides having an amino acid sequence that is a conservative
variant of those sequences, and/or antigenic fragments of any such
polypeptides and/or antigenic fragments of any such polypeptides,
for example. An exemplary roundworm coproantigen is Copro6716 that
was detected by the present invention in fecal samples obtained
from roundworm-infected canines as described herein.
[0093] The invention further includes assay kits (e.g., articles of
manufacture) for detecting roundworm in a mammalian sample. A kit
therefore may include one or more devices and/or compositions of
the present invention. For example, the kit may include
anti-roundworm antibodies and means for determining binding of the
antibodies to roundworm antigens in the sample. In one particular
example, such a kit includes the device having an immobilized
anti-roundworm antibody, such as anti-DIV6716 pAB or anti-Copro6716
pAB, for example, one or more antigen capture reagents (e.g., a
non-immobilized labeled antigen capture reagent and an immobilized
antigen capture reagent) and wash reagent, as well as detector
reagent and positive and negative control reagents, if desired or
appropriate. Other components such as buffers, controls, and the
like, known to those of ordinary skill in art, may be included in
such test kits. The relative amounts of the various reagents can be
varied, to provide for concentrations in solution of the reagents
that substantially optimize the sensitivity of the assay.
Particularly, the reagents can be provided as dry powders, usually
lyophilized, which on dissolution will provide for a reagent
solution having the appropriate concentrations for combining with a
sample. The present kit may further include instructions for
carrying out one or more methods of the present invention,
including instructions for using any device and/or composition of
the present invention that is included with the kit.
[0094] B. Methods of the Invention
[0095] The present invention further includes methods for using one
or more of the devices, kits and/or compositions of the present
invention to detect the presence or absence of roundworm in a
sample. The methods therefore may be carried out to detect the
presence or absence of roundworm in a sample, such as, for example,
a fecal sample, that is obtained from a mammal, including, but not
limited to, a canine, feline, porcine, bovine or human. Further,
the methods may be carried out to detect Toxocara, such as T. canis
or T. cati, or T. vitulorum, for example. It is to be understood,
however, that these methods are not limited to being used to detect
Toxocara, and therefore these methods may be carried out for the
purpose of detecting other species of roundworm, such as
Toxascaris, including T. leonina, Baylisascaris, including B.
procyonis, Ascaridia, including A. galli, Parascaris, including P.
equorum, Ascaris, including A. lumbricoides and A. suum, Anisakis,
including Anisakis simplex, or Pseudoterranova, including P.
decipiens, for example. These methods further are useful for
confirming such presence or absence of roundworm in a sample even
when that sample includes one or more products derived from other
worm species, including one or more products from hookworm,
whipworm, and/or heartworm.
[0096] In the methods of the present invention, detection of
roundworm may be accomplished by detecting the presence or absence
of one or more roundworm antigens, such as Copro6716 or the
polypeptides having an amino acid sequence corresponding to SEQ ID
NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, or SEQ ID NO:7, as
well as antigenic fragments and/or conservative variants of those
sequences, for example. When the sample under test for roundworm is
feces, the soluble portion of the feces may be collected by any
protocol known in art. For example, in addition to the specific
protocol described in the Example section herein, the soluble
portions of the sample generally may be collected by using
filtration, extraction, centrifugation, or simple mixing followed
by gravimetric settling. The skilled artisan will recognize that
there are a variety of ways of extracting and preparing non-fecal
samples from a mammal as well. For example, the sample may be a
bodily fluid that is naturally excreted or otherwise released by
the mammal or that is artificially obtained from the mammal. Such
artificial extraction may be carried out by milking the mammal or
by injecting a syringe into the mammal and drawing the fluid into
the syringe. Once obtained, the fluid optionally may be
fractionated (for example, serum may be fractionated from whole
blood as then used as the sample). As another example, the sample
may be obtained by swabbing the mammal, such as the oral cavity of
the mammal, for example. As yet another example, tissue sections
may be obtained by biopsy.
[0097] The methods include contacting the mammalian sample with one
or more antibodies specific for one or more roundworm antigens
under conditions that allow an antigen/antibody complex, i.e., an
immunocomplex, to form. That is, an antibody specifically binds to
a roundworm antigen present in the sample. The skilled artisan is
familiar with assays and conditions that may be used to detect such
antigen/antibody complex binding. For example, the antigen/antibody
complex may be detected using a secondary antibody that binds to
the antigen/antibody complex. The formation of a complex between
roundworm antigen and anti-roundworm antibodies in the sample may
be detected using any suitable method known in the art.
[0098] Further, the relative amount of antibody-antigen complexes
that are formed in one particular reaction may be measured with
respect to those formed in any other reaction by any methodology
known in the art for achieving that goal. When it is determined
that a sample under test has more antibody-antigen complexes than
does a control sample, it can be concluded that roundworm is
present in the test sample. When this is true, it may be concluded
that the mammal from which the test sample was obtained harbors an
intestinal roundworm infection. Either one or both of the
conclusions that roundworm is present in the test sample and that
the mammal being tested harbors an intestinal roundworm infection
may be made by a clinician at a diagnostic service provider or by a
caregiver of the mammal, such as the mammal's veterinarian, for
example. When a caregiver of a mammal determines (or is otherwise
informed that) a mammal harbors a roundworm infection, the
caregiver may then subject the mammal to a course of treatment that
is optimally designed to rid the mammal of roundworm specifically,
rather than of a parasitic nematode infection generally. In
addition, humans who may come in contact with the infested animal
or its excretions may be advised to take precautions against
acquiring the parasite. In this context, it is important to
determine the worm species with high specificity, as some
helminths, such as roundworms and hookworms, can cause significant
disease (e.g., larval migrans) in humans, while it is generally
accepted that whipworm does not play a zoonotic role of importance
in humans. Further, the present invention can be used to confirm
that any animal that has received treatment for a roundworm
infection has been rid of that infection.
[0099] The steps of the method of the present invention may include
applying a mammalian sample to a device of the invention, which
includes an immobilized antibody specific for one or more roundworm
antigens, and detecting the presence or absence of the roundworm
antigen in the sample. Antibodies specific for antigens of
roundworms may be directly or indirectly attached to a solid
support or a substrate such as a microtiter well,
antibody-immobilizing portion of a SNAP.RTM. device, magnetic bead,
non-magnetic bead, column, matrix, membrane, fibrous mat composed
of synthetic or natural fibers (e.g., glass or cellulose-based
materials or thermoplastic polymers, such as, polyethylene,
polypropylene, or polyester), sintered structure composed of
particulate materials (e.g., glass or various thermoplastic
polymers), or cast membrane film composed of nitrocellulose, nylon,
polysulfone or the like (generally synthetic in nature). All of
these substrate materials may be used in suitable shapes, such as
films, sheets, or plates, or they may be coated onto or bonded or
laminated to appropriate inert carriers, such as paper, glass,
plastic films, or fabrics. Suitable methods for immobilizing
peptides on solid phases include ionic, hydrophobic, covalent
interactions and the like.
[0100] The methods of the present invention do not require the use
of solid phases or substrates, however. The skilled artisan will
recognize that there are a number of ways that the present method
may be carried out to detect the presence or absence of roundworm
without involving the use of solid phases or substrates. In just
one example, immunoprecipitation methods that do not require the
use of solid phases or substrates may be carried out.
[0101] In some embodiments of the invention, the antigen/antibody
complex is detected when an indicator reagent, such as an enzyme
conjugate, which is bound to the antibody, catalyzes a detectable
reaction. Optionally, an indicator reagent including a signal
generating compound may be applied to the antigen/antibody complex
under conditions that allow formation of a detectable
antigen/antibody/indicator complex. Optionally, the antibody may be
labeled with an indicator reagent prior to the formation of an
antigen/antibody complex.
[0102] The formation of an antigen/antibody complex or an
antigen/antibody/indicator complex in some of the methods of the
present invention specifically may be detected by radiometric,
colorimetric, fluorometric, photometric, size-separation, or
precipitation methods. Detection of an antigen/antibody complex
also may be accomplished by the addition of a secondary antibody
that is coupled to an indicator reagent including a signal
generating compound. Indicator reagents including signal generating
compounds (labels) associated with a polypeptide/antibody complex
may be detected using the methods described above and may include
chromogenic agents, catalysts such as enzyme conjugates,
fluorescent compounds such as fluorescein and rhodamine,
chemiluminescent compounds such as dioxetanes, acridiniums,
phenanthridiniums, ruthenium, and luminol, radioactive elements,
direct visual labels, as well as cofactors, inhibitors, magnetic
particles, and the like. Examples of enzyme conjugates include
alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase, beta-galactosidase,
and the like. The selection of a particular label is not critical,
but it will be capable of producing a signal either by itself or in
conjunction with one or more additional substances.
[0103] Methods of the invention include, but are not limited to
those based on competition, direct reaction or sandwich-type
assays, including, but not limited to ELISA, RIA,
immuno-fluorescent assays (IFA), hemagglutination (HA),
fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA), and microtiter plate
assays (i.e., any assay done in one or more wells of a microtiter
plate). One assay of the invention includes a reversible flow
chromatographic binding assay, which may be performed, for example,
by using a SNAP.RTM. device. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,726,010.
[0104] In some embodiments, the method of the invention facilitates
sandwich or competition-type specific binding assays. In a sandwich
assay, antigen capture reagents are immobilized in a reactive zone.
These antigen capture reagents may specifically bind to antigens in
the sample being tested for roundworm. Following binding of the
antigen from the sample, the antigen capture reagent/antigen
complex is detected by any suitable method. For example, the
complex may be reacted with labeled specific binding reagents
(e.g., an enzyme-antibody conjugate) and antigen detected (e.g.,
upon reaction with substrate).
[0105] In other embodiments of the method of the present invention,
a competition assay is performed. In a competition assay, antigen
capture reagents are immobilized at the reactive zone and are
contacted simultaneously with antigen from a sample and labeled
antigen (e.g., an antigen-enzyme conjugate). The amount of label
detected at the reactive zone is inversely proportional to the
amount of antigen in the sample.
[0106] In some embodiments of the method, antibodies specific for a
roundworm antigen or antigens are attached to a solid phase or
substrate. A sample potentially including an antigen from roundworm
is added to the substrate. Antibodies that specifically bind
roundworm are added. The antibodies may be the same antibodies used
on the solid phase or they may be from a different source or
species. Further, these antibodies may be linked to an indicator
reagent, such as an enzyme conjugate. Wash steps may be performed
prior to each addition. A chromophore or enzyme substrate may be
added and color may be allowed to develop. The color reaction may
be stopped and the color may be quantified using, for example, a
spectrophotometer, and/or the color may be subjectively assessed by
the human eye.
[0107] In other embodiments of the method, antibodies specific for
a roundworm antigen or antigens are attached to a solid phase or
substrate. A sample potentially including a roundworm antigen is
added to the substrate. Second anti-species antibodies that
specifically bind antigens of roundworms are added. These second
antibodies are from a different species than are the solid phase
antibodies. Third anti-species antibodies that specifically bind
the second antibodies and that do not specifically bind the solid
phase antibodies are added. The third antibodies may include an
indicator reagent, such as an enzyme conjugate. Wash steps may be
performed prior to each addition. A chromophore or enzyme substrate
may added and color may be allowed to develop. The color reaction
may be stopped and the color may be quantified using, for example,
a spectrophotometer, and/or the color may be subjectively assessed
by the human eye.
[0108] In a specific example, the method of the present invention
is performed in conjunction with a device that is a lateral flow
assay device by adding a prepared mammalian sample to a flow matrix
of the device at a first region (a sample application zone). The
prepared sample is carried in a fluid flow path by capillary action
to a second region of the flow matrix where a particulate label
capable of binding and forming a first complex with an antigen in
the sample exists. The particulate label can be, e.g., a colored
latex particle, dye sol, or gold sol conjugated to an antibody
specific for a roundworm antigen. The first complex is carried to a
third region of the flow matrix where an antibody that specifically
binds a roundworm antigen is immobilized at a distinct location. A
second complex is formed between the immobilized antibody and the
first complex. The particulate label that is part of the second
complex can be directly visualized by the human eye.
[0109] Roundworm antibody may be an immobilized antigen capture
reagent in a reaction zone (solid phase). A second antigen capture
reagent, i.e., a second roundworm antibody that has been conjugated
to a label, either may be added to the sample before the sample is
added to the device, or the second antigen capture reagent can be
incorporated into the device. For example, the labeled antigen
capture reagent may be deposited and dried on a fluid flow path
that provides fluid communication between a sample application zone
and the solid phase. Contact of the labeled antigen capture reagent
with the test sample can result in dissolution of the labeled
antigen capture reagent.
[0110] In one embodiment of the method of the present invention,
roundworm antigen is detected by ELISA. Specific examples of the
ELISA method of the present invention is described in the Example
section included herein. Although the present invention is
described with respect to those specific ELISA methods, however, it
is to be understood that those of ordinary skill in the art will
recognize that alternative, additional or substitute ELISA steps
may be used without deviating from the basic goal achieved through
this method of the invention.
[0111] In another embodiment of the present invention, roundworm
antigen is detected by using a lateral flow device, such as a
SNAP.RTM. device, for example.
[0112] Further, the methods of the invention for detection of
roundworm infection can be combined with other diagnostic assays to
detect the presence of other organisms or conditions. For example,
assays of the invention can be combined with reagents that detect
one or more non-roundworm worm fecal parasites, one or more
non-worm fecal parasites, one or more viruses, one or more fungi,
one or more bacteria, one or more blood-borne parasites or occult
blood or a combination thereof. By providing two or more unique
binding sites in a single assay device (such as, for example, two
unique spots on a SNAP.RTM. assay device), the present invention
allows for detection of two or more organisms from a single sample.
In one embodiment, there are three unique spots for detection of
past or present infection or infestation from three organisms (the
spots being either antigen or antibody binding reagents) from a
single sample (i.e., the same individual sample is exposed to the
three capture reagents on a single device). In yet another
embodiment, there are four unique spots for detection of past or
present infection or infestation from four organisms (the spots
being either antigen or antibody binding reagents) from a single
sample (i.e., the same individual sample is exposed to the four
capture reagents on a single device. It is to be understood,
however, that the same device may include more than four unique
spots and/or allow for the detection of more than four
organisms.
[0113] The reagents for the detection of one or more non-roundworm
worm parasites, one or more non-worm parasites, one or more
viruses, one or more fungi, or one or more bacteria may be, for
example, one or more antibodies or one or more antigens recognized
by antibodies specific for one or more non-roundworm worm
parasites, one or more non-worm parasites, one or more viruses, one
or more fungi, or one or more bacteria.
[0114] When a device of the present invention includes reagents for
the specific detection of hookworm and reagents for the specific
detection whipworm, for example, in addition to the reagents for
detecting roundworm, the method of the present invention may
involve using that device for the additional purpose or purposes of
determining whether the sample that is being tested for roundworm
also includes hookworm and/or whipworm. In this arrangement,
therefore, the method/device of the present invention would not
only be able to specifically confirm that roundworm is present in
or absent from any particular test sample, but it would also be
useful for specifically confirming that the sample includes or does
not include any antigen of hookworm and/or any antigen of whipworm.
The capability to specifically detect roundworm and one or more
other organisms by applying a single sample to the device of the
invention would be useful to the caregiver of the animal from which
the sample under test was obtained. A caregiver who learns that a
sample includes both roundworm and whipworm, but not hookworm, for
example, could use that knowledge to treat the mammal from which
the sample was taken specifically for roundworm by administering to
that mammal a drug optimally effective against roundworm and a
second drug optimally effective against whipworm. Absent such
knowledge, the caregiver may, for example, otherwise treat the
mammal with a drug that is optimally effective against only
roundworm, only whipworm, or neither roundworm nor whipworm (in
such cases, the mammal would be at risk of receiving suboptimal
treatment). In addition, humans who may come in contact with the
infested animal or its excretions may be advised to take
precautions against acquiring the parasite or parasites. In this
context, it is important to determine the worm species with high
specificity, as some helminths, such as roundworms and hookworms,
can cause significant disease (e.g., larval migrans, severe
enteritis or allergic reactions) in humans, while it is generally
accepted that whipworm does not play a zoonotic role of importance
in humans.
[0115] The method further may optionally include using one or more
nucleic acids from roundworm, including, but not limited to, the
nucleic acids of the present invention, to determine the presence
or absence of roundworm in a mammalian sample. Such use of these
nucleic acids for determining the presence of roundworm may be
carried out before, after or concomitantly with the carrying out of
any other aspects of the method, including the detection of
roundworm by antibody. Therefore, in one aspect, after roundworm is
detected or not detected in a particular sample and the mammal from
which the sample was obtained is diagnosed as either having or not
having a roundworm infection, the sample (or a later-obtained
sample from the diagnosed mammal) may be tested for the presence or
absence of any one or more of the nucleic acids, including any one
or more nucleic acids of the invention. Anyone failing to detect
roundworm in a particular mammal by using one or more nucleic acids
(after the roundworm had been detected by using one or more
antibodies) would need to take into consideration the possibility
that the antibodies had detected roundworm antigen prior to the
appearance of detectable roundworm nucleic acid in the sample. In
such an instance, the mammal's caregiver may elect to ignore the
observation that the nucleic acid had failed to detect the
roundworm and proceed with treating the mammal specifically for
roundworm infection based on the observation that the antibodies
had in fact detected roundworm. In another aspect, the nucleic
acids are used to determine the presence or absence of roundworm in
a particular mammal, and then the presence or absence of roundworm
is further evaluated by using the antibodies of the present
invention. Detection of one or more roundworm nucleic acids may be
carried out by using any nucleic acid detection techniques known to
the skilled artisan. For example, such detection may be carried out
by performing a PCR-based technique, such as, but limited to, for
example, a real-time PCR-based technique. Exemplary PCR-based
techniques are described in, e.g., PCR Protocols (Methods in
Molecular Biology), 2.sup.nd ed., Bartlett and Stirling, eds.,
Humana Press (2003); and Sambrook and Russell, Molecular Cloning: A
Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (2001); each
one of which is incorporated herein by reference in its
entirety.
[0116] The present invention is specifically described with
reference to six Examples; however, it is not to be construed as
being limited thereto.
EXAMPLES
[0117] [Unless otherwise indicated, the following materials and
techniques were used to generate data described in one or more of
Examples 1-7 as described below.
[0118] Polyclonal antibody preparation. The polyclonal antibody
"anti-DIV6716 pAB" (IgG) was raised in rabbit against a polypeptide
having amino acid sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:5 and
purified from serum by using standard methods. Briefly, nucleotides
50 through 427 of SEQ ID NO:1 were cloned in-frame into a vector
(D8223, which is a derivative of pUC19) to create the plasmid
D8339. Specifically, the 129 amino acids of SEQ ID NO:5 that follow
the methionine residue at the N-terminus of that sequence
correspond to a portion of SEQ ID NO:3 and are encoded for by the
cloned portion of SEQ ID NO:1. In the D8339 plasmid, the N-terminal
methionine residue was encoded for by vector sequence at the
junction of that plasmid where the vector was ligated to the cloned
sequence from SEQ ID NO:1.
[0119] DNA sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:5 was then cleaved from the
D8339 plasmid by restriction exonuclease digestion (NdeI and BamHI)
and purified. This purified sequence was then ligated to linearized
expression vector, pET28a, and the resulting circular construct
(pTDX204::DIV6716) was transformed into BL21 (DE3) E. coli cells.
(The complete sequence of the insert was confirmed by DNA sequence
analysis.) Expression of His-tagged fusion protein was induced by
addition of 1 mM IPTG to cultures of the transformed E. coli.
Recombinant protein was solubilized in 6 M urea and purified by
nickel affinity and ion exchange chromatography. (This recombinant
protein is hereinafter is referred to as "rDIV6716".)
[0120] After rDIV6716 was introduced into rabbits, anti-DIV6716 pAB
was purified from the plasma of the immunized rabbits by isolating
IgG antibody by protein G affinity chromatography. The polyclonal
antibody anti-DIV6716 pAB was used in all six Examples described
herein.
[0121] Infection and anti-helminth treatment of canine and feline
animals. Parasitic nematode infection was effected by orally
administering about 150-300 larvated eggs of either roundworm
(Toxocara), hookworm (Ancylostoma canium), or whipworm (Trichuris
vulpis) to a healthy canine or feline. (Specifically, T. canis was
the roundworm that was administered to canine and T. cati was the
roundworm that was administered to feline.) For Example 2, fecal
samples were collected from canines known to be naturally infected
with heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis). Further, for Examples 4 and 6
only, canines were treated at post-infection day 91 with
Interceptor.RTM. (milbemycin oxime), which is an anthelmintic agent
commercially available from Novartis Animal Health Inc. of Basel,
Switzerland, or felines were treated at post-infection day 56 with
Drontal.RTM. (praziquantel/pyrantel pamoate), which is an
anthelmintic agent commercially available from Bayer HealthCare,
LLC of Shawnee Mission, Kans., according to the manufacturer's
protocol. It is well known by those of ordinary skill in the art
that Interceptor.RTM. and Drontal.RTM. are effective for the
removal of roundworms (and other parasitic worms) from canines and
felines, respectively, within 72 hours after treatment. Infection
was confirmed by microscopic observation of worm ova in fecal
samples obtained from these host animals.
[0122] Canine and feline fecal sample preparation. Canine and
feline animals known to be free of parasitic worm infection or to
be infected with one of either roundworm, hookworm, whipworm or
heartworm provided the source of fecal samples. Samples
(approximately 1 gram) from frozen, unpreserved canine or feline
fecal samples were suspended in 4 ml of diluent solution ("diluent
solution" is 0.05 M Tris base; 1 mM EDTA; 0.45% Kathon; 16 mg/ml
gentamicin sulfate; 0.05% Tween-20; 40% fetal bovine serum; 10%
rabbit serum; and 5% mouse serum). The suspension was centrifuged
at 4000 rpm for 20 minutes to produce a first supernatant. The
first supernatant was centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 5 minutes to
produce a second supernatant, which is referred to herein as "fecal
extract".
[0123] ELISA assays. Purified anti-DIV6716 pAB (100 .mu.l/well for
all Examples; 10 .mu.g/ml for each Example but Example 3, and 3
.mu.g/ml for Example 3) was immobilized by physical adsorption on
Immulon 1B 96-well plates overnight at 4.degree. C. The plates were
then blocked with 1% BSA in 0.1M Tris pH 7.0 at 4.degree. C.
overnight, followed by drying at room temperature. Approximately
100 .mu.l of fecal extract was added to each well and allowed to
incubate at room temperature for one hour. The wells were then
washed five times with a PBS-Tween-20 solution according to
standard methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In a
separate reaction vessel, free anti-DIV6716 pAB was labeled with
horseradish peroxidase (HRP) by using the crosslinker succinimidyl
4-[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) to create a
conjugate, and 10 .mu.g/ml of this conjugate was added to each well
having immobilized anti-DIV6716 pAB. Following a 30-minute
incubation period at room temperature, unbound conjugate was washed
from the wells by using PBS-Tween-20 solution according to standard
methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. 50 .mu.l of
TMBLUE.RTM. peroxidase substrate (SeraCare Life Sciences, West
Bridgewater, Mass.) was then added to each well and the plates were
incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. After stopping each
enzymatic reaction with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) following
the 10-minute incubation period, the optical density (OD) value of
each well of the 96-well plate was measured at A650 by standard
spectrophotometric techniques by using an ELISA plate reader to
generate an "OD650 value" (or, more simply, an "OD value") for each
well. In this arrangement, the OD value obtained for any particular
well of the 96-well plate was directly proportional to the amount
of specifically bound antigen present in the well.
Example 1
[0124] Anti-DIV6716 pAB specifically binds roundworm in fecal
samples obtained from roundworm-infected canines
[0125] It was a goal of Example 1 to determine whether anti-DIV6716
pAB specifically binds roundworm coproantigen in canines. Measured
OD values for fecal samples obtained from individual canines that
were known to have a roundworm-infection are shown in FIG. 7.
Specifically, these samples correspond to the roundworm-infected
canines that are identified as "round+SPY", "round+QKZ",
"round+KWZ", "round+WHY" and "round+RYZ" in FIG. 7. In this
Example, an OD value also was measured for whole Toxocara canis
extract ("Whole Toxocara"; added to the plate at 1 .mu.g/ml) and
for rDIV6716 (added to the plate at 1 .mu.g/ml), which served as
positive controls. (Specifically, the whole Toxocara extract was
prepared as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No.
11/763,592, assigned to the assignee of the present invention,
which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.)
Further, an OD value was measured for each one of two fecal
extracts obtained from two canines that did not have a parasitic
worm infection ("negTIY" and "negSVY") and for a sample that did
not contain any fecal extract ("Diluent Only"). (These latter three
samples served as negative controls.)
[0126] The measured OD value of the fecal extract obtained from the
negTIY and negSVY canines was 0.10 and 0.13, respectively, and the
measured OD value of the diluent only sample was 0.05. (The average
OD value for these negative control samples therefore was 0.09.)
The anti-DIV6716 pAB therefore was considered to not have
specifically bound antigen in any one of these negative control
samples.
[0127] Conversely, the average of the measured OD values of the
samples obtained from the "round+SPY", "round+QKZ", "round+KWZ",
"round+WHY" and "round+RYZ" canines was 1.97, which was more than
21 times higher than the average OD value measured for the three
negative control samples. These data indicate that anti-DIV6716 pAB
specifically binds one or more roundworm coproantigens.
Example 2
[0128] Anti-DIV6716 pAB specifically binds roundworm coproantigen,
but does not specifically bind coproantigen from either hookworm,
whipworm or heartworm.
[0129] It was a goal of Example 2 to determine whether anti-DIV6716
pAB specifically binds coproantigen of hookworm and/or whipworm in
canines. Measured OD values for pooled canine fecal extracts are
shown in FIG. 8. Specifically, these fecal extracts were derived
from fecal samples obtained from five canine animals known to be
infected with roundworm ("Roundworm-infected"), two canine animals
known to be infected with hookworm ("Hookworm-infected"), and five
canine animals known to be infected with whipworm
("Whipworm-infected"). Additionally, OD values were also measured
for whole Toxocara canis extract ("Whole Toxocara"; 1 .mu.g/ml) and
rDIV6716 (1 .mu.g/ml), which served as positive controls, and for a
pooled sample of fecal extracts obtained from five canines known to
be free of parasitic worm infection ("Uninfected") and for a sample
that did not contain any fecal extract ("Diluent Only"). (These
latter two samples served as negative controls.)
[0130] Referring to FIG. 8, the OD value measured for each one of
the hookworm-infected and whipworm-infected samples was 0.09, which
approximated or equaled the measured OD values of the negative
control diluent only sample (0.05) and the negative control
uninfected sample (0.09). These data indicate that anti-DIV6716 pAB
did not specifically bind coproantigen in either of the samples
obtained from the hookworm-infected and whipworm-infected
canines
[0131] Conversely, the measured OD value of the pooled fecal
extract from the roundworm-infected canines was 0.44, which was
about five times higher than obtained for the negative control
samples and the hookworm-infected and whipworm-infected samples.
These data indicate that anti-DIV6716 pAB specifically binds one or
more roundworm antigens, but does not specifically bind any
hookworm or whipworm coproantigen.
[0132] It was another goal of Example 2 to determine whether
anti-DIV6716 pAB specifically binds coproantigen of heartworm in
canines, as heartworms have a close phylogentic relationship with
roundworms, raising the possibility of cross-reactivity. Measured
OD values for individual canine fecal extracts are shown in FIG. 9.
Specifically, these samples were obtained from heartworm-infected
canines that are identified as "TRS 405", "TRS 583", and "TRS 868"
in FIG. 9. In this Example, an OD value also was measured for each
one of two fecal extracts obtained from two canines that did not
have a parasitic worm infection ("negTIY" and "negSVY"). (These
latter two extracts served as negative controls.)
[0133] Referring to FIG. 9, the average of the OD values measured
for the heartworm-infected samples was 0.21 (with the largest of
these OD values being 0.27), which approximated (and was actually
less than) the average of the two OD values measured for the
negative control samples (0.33). These data indicate that
anti-DIV6716 pAB did not specifically bind any coproantigen in the
samples obtained from the heartworm-infected canines
Example 3
[0134] Anti-DIV6716 pAB specifically binds roundworm coproantigen,
but does not specifically bind coproantigen from either hookworm,
whipworm or heartworm, and specific binding of roundworm
coproantigen by anti-DIV6716 pAB produces a colorimetric change
that is readily observable to the human eye.
[0135] It was a goal of Example 3 to determine whether specific
binding between anti-DIV6716 pAB and roundworm coproantigen while
the anti-DIV6716 pAB is immobilized on a solid support can produce
a colorimetric change that is observable to the human eye.
[0136] Referring to FIG. 10, anti-DIV6716 pAB (3 .mu.g/ml) was
immobilized onto the bottom surfaces of wells A1-A12 and B1-B12 of
a microtiter plate as described before. Following such
immobilization, the A3 and B3 wells were exposed to fecal extract
from a heartworm-infected canine (indicated by "HW" in FIG. 10).
The A4 and B4 wells were exposed to fecal extract from a first
hookworm-infected canine, the A5 and B5 wells were exposed to fecal
extract from a second hookworm-infected canine, and the A6 and B6
wells were exposed to fecal extract from a third hookworm-infected
canine The A7 and B7 wells were exposed to fecal extract from a
first roundworm-infected canine, the A8 and B8 wells were exposed
to fecal extract from a second roundworm-infected canine, and the
A9 and B9 wells were exposed to fecal extract from a third
roundworm-infected canine. The A10 and B10 wells were exposed to
fecal extract from a first whipworm-infected canine, the A11 and
B11 wells were exposed to fecal extract from a second
whipworm-infected canine, and the A12 and B12 wells were exposed to
fecal extract from a third whipworm-infected canine The A1 and B1
wells were exposed to rDIV6716 (1 .mu.g/ml), and therefore those
wells served as positive controls. The A2 and B2 wells were not
exposed to any fecal extract or to rDIV6716, and therefore those
wells served as negative controls.
[0137] Following incubation of all of these wells with TMBLUE.RTM.
peroxidase substrate and the subsequent addition of the SDS,
colorimetric change was visually observed in each one the wells
that had been exposed to fecal extract from roundworm-infected
canines (A7-A9 and B7-B9), but no colorimetric change was observed
in any of the wells that had been exposed to fecal extract from
canines infected with either hookworm, whipworm or heartworm.
[0138] These data indicate that anti-DIV6716 pAB detects roundworm
sufficiently enough to produce a colorimetric change that is robust
and readily visible to the human eye. Further, these data indicate
that such colorimetric change allows the human eye to readily
distinguish roundworm-positive fecal samples from those that do not
contain roundworm, including those that include one or more of
hookworm, whipworm, or heartworm.
Example 4
[0139] Anti-DIV6716 pAB detects roundworm coproantigen in some
canines as early as 17 days after being infected with roundworm,
and anti-DIV6716 pAB does not detect roundworm in feces of canine
animals that have had a roundworm infection, but that have been rid
of that infection by the time the feces were excreted by the
canines.
[0140] It was a goal of Example 4 to determine whether anti-DIV6716
pAB can detect roundworm coproantigens in at least some
roundworm-infected canines before roundworm ova first appear in the
feces of those canines. It was another goal of Example 4 to
determine whether anti-DIV6716 pAB detects roundworm in feces of
canine animals that have been rid of a prior roundworm
infection.
[0141] Toward these goals, OD values were measured for fecal
samples obtained from five canines and are shown in FIG. 11. These
canines, which are identified as "QKZ", "RYZ", KWZ", "SPY" and
"WHY", were infected with roundworm on day 0 and were treated with
the Interceptor.RTM. anthelmintic agent on day 91 after the
administration of the infection as described before. Fecal samples
were taken from all or some of these canines on day 0, on day 2 and
day 111 following the administration of the roundworm infections to
these animals, and on selected days between day 2 and day 111.
Microscopic observation of the fecal samples from the first set of
canines confirmed that each one of the samples taken at day 0
through day 31 and at day 100 through day 111 was substantially
free of roundworm ova, and that, with one exception, such ova were
present only in the samples at each one of days 38 through 97. (The
lone exception being that ova were not observed in the day 38 fecal
sample from the KWZ canine)
[0142] Referring to FIG. 11, the average OD value measured for
these five canines at day 17 was 0.35, which was five times higher
than was the average of the OD values (0.07) that were measured for
those canines at day 0. Further, the specific OD value that was
measured for the WHY canine at day 17 (which was 0.78) was more
than 11 times higher than was the average of the OD values that
were measured for all five canines at day 0, and the specific OD
values that was measured for the WHY canine at days 23 and 31 (0.18
and 0.29, respectively) were more than two and more than four times
higher, respectively, than was the average of the OD values that
were measured for all five canines at day 0. These data indicate
that, in some cases, anti-DIV6716 pAB can detect roundworm in feces
from a roundworm-infected canine as early as 17 days after the
canine first became infected with roundworm.
[0143] With continuing reference to FIG. 11, the OD values measured
for the fecal samples taken from the five canines at days 38
through 93 were many times higher than were the OD values measured
for fecal samples from those same canines following their treatment
with the anthelmintic agent. These data indicate that anti-DIV6716
pAB does not detect roundworm in feces from a canine that has been
rid of a prior roundworm infection.
Example 5
[0144] Anti-DIV6716 pAB specifically binds roundworm antigen in
fecal samples obtained from roundworm-infected feline animals.
[0145] It was a goal of Example 5 to determine whether anti-DIV6716
pAB specifically binds roundworm coproantigen in felines.
[0146] OD values measured for fecal samples obtained from
uninfected felines and roundworm-infected felines are shown in FIG.
12. Specifically, these OD values were measured from fecal samples
taken from five different roundworm-infected felines (represented
by the identifiers "C085", "CO87", "CO96", "CO100" and "CO104") 40
days following administration of a roundworm infection to those
felines. As a negative control, OD values also were measured from a
fecal sample obtained from the CO85 feline one day prior to the
administration of the roundworm infection to that feline ("day
-1").
[0147] Referring to FIG. 12, the OD value measured for the
uninfected feline (CO85 at day -1) was 0.06, whereas the average OD
value of the five felines at day 40 was 1.76. The average OD value
measured from the fecal samples obtained from the five felines at
day 40 therefore was almost 30 times greater than was the OD value
measured for the uninfected feline. These data indicate that
anti-DIV6716 pAB specifically binds one or more roundworm
coproantigens in feline.
Example 6
[0148] Anti-DIV6716 pAB does not detect roundworm in feces of
feline animals that have had a roundworm infection, but that have
been rid of that infection by the time the feces were excreted by
the felines.
[0149] It was a goal of Example 6 to determine whether anti-DIV6716
pAB detects roundworm in feces of feline animals that have been rid
of a prior roundworm infection.
[0150] OD values measured for fecal samples obtained from a first
set of six felines and a second set of six felines are shown in
FIGS. 13 and 14, respectively. The first set of felines, which are
identified as "C96", "C100", C107", "C85", "C87" and "C104", were
infected with roundworm on day 0 and were treated with the
Drontal.RTM. anthelmintic agent on day 56 after the administration
of the infection as described before. Fecal samples were taken from
all or some of the first set of felines on day 0, day 1 and day 77
following the administration of the roundworm infections to these
animals, and on selected days between day 1 and day 77. Microscopic
observation of the fecal samples from the first set of felines
confirmed that each one of the samples taken at day 0 through day
26 and at day 60 through day 77 was substantially free of roundworm
ova, and that such ova were present in each one of the day 34
through day 54 samples.
[0151] The second set of felines, which are identified as "C91",
"C97", C106", "C81", "C98" and "C118", were never infected with
roundworm (and therefore served as negative controls). Fecal
samples were taken from each one of these felines on the day that
the first set of felines were infected with roundworm (day 0).
Further, fecal sample were taken from these second set of felines
on day 1 and day 74 following the administration of the roundworm
infections to the first set of felines, and on selected days
between day 1 and day 74. Microscopic observation of the fecal
samples from the second set of felines confirmed that each one of
the samples taken at day 0 through day 74 was free of roundworm
ova.
[0152] Referring to FIG. 13, the OD values measured for the fecal
samples taken from the first set of felines (i.e., the felines that
were infected with roundworm) at days 34 through 54 were many times
higher than were the OD values measured for fecal sample samples
from those same felines following their treatment with the
anthelmintic agent. Further, the OD values measured for the fecal
samples taken from the first set of felines at days 34 through 54
were many times higher than for each one of the negative control
samples of FIG. 14. These data further indicate that anti-DIV6716
pAB does not detect roundworm in feces from a feline that has been
rid of a prior roundworm infection.
Example 7
[0153] A truncated version of DIV6716, Copro6716, is present in T.
canis infected canine feces
[0154] A. Canine Fecal Sample Preparation
[0155] Canine animals known to harbor a roundworm (T. canis)
infection or to not have a parasitic worm infection provided the
source of fecal samples. A sample of frozen, unpreserved canine
feces pooled from roundworm-infected or uninfected canines was
suspended in 4 ml of extraction buffer ("extraction buffer" is
1.times. phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.0-7.5 with 0.05%
Tween-20). This suspension was vortexed for 2 minutes and then was
centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 25 minutes to produce a first
supernatant. This first supernatant was then centrifuged at 10,000
rpm for 5 minutes to produce a second supernatant. This second
supernatant hereinafter is referred to as "fecal extract".
[0156] B. Ion Exchange
[0157] Ion exchange chromatography can enrich Copro6716 from a
fecal sample. Fecal samples from experimentally roundworm infected
and non-infected control animals were used for this study. Fecal
sample was extracted first with PBST (0.05% Tween 20), pH 7.3.
Sample was diluted with sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.5 and then the
pH was adjusted to 4.5 with HCl. Finally, sample was centrifuged
and the supernatant was loaded onto a sulfopropyl (SP) column
(HiTrap SP Sepharose column, GE Healthcare). The SP column was
eluted with 50 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.5 with 1 M NaCl, and
the elution fractions were evaluated by ELISA. The ELISA plate was
coated with rabbit anti-DIV6716 IgG at 3 .mu.g/ml. Based on the
results shown in FIG. 15, it is clear that Copro6716 can be
partially purified and enriched by eluting the SP column with
sodium acetate buffer with 1 M NaCl. Fractions containing Copro6716
eluted in a broad peak. The end of the elution peak was not found.
(FIG. 15).
[0158] C. Western Blotting and SDS-PAGE
[0159] Western blotting and SDS-PAGE gel showed that the molecular
weight of Copro6716 is about 10 kD. Elution fractions from the SP
column were mixed and buffer pH was adjusted to 7.2 with NaOH
before loading onto an affinity column, which was prepared by
linking the protein G purified rabbit anti-DIV6716 IgG with
AminoLink resin (Pierce, Thermo Scientific). The column was washed
with PBS buffer, pH 7.2, and eluted with glycine-HCl buffer, pH
2.5, according to manufacturer's instructions. Elution fractions
were loaded to a 10 well 4-12% Bis-Tris gradient gel and
transferred to nitrocellulose membrane for western blotting. Probed
with rabbit anti-DIV6716 IgG-HRP, western blotting showed that
Copro6716 is about 10 kD (FIG. 16), which is about 2/3 of the size
of full-length DIV6716 (the apparent MW of the full-length
recombinant DIV6716 on SDS-PAGE is about 16 kD; data not shown).
After further concentration, the same samples were visualized on an
SDS-PAGE gel with Imperial Protein Stain (Pierce, Thermo
Scientific). A 10 kD band corresponding to the size indicated by
anti-6728IgG-HRP was visible (data not shown).
[0160] D. Mass Spectrometry Analysis
[0161] Mass spectrometry analysis on the band cut from the SDS-PAGE
gel indicated that this band contains Copro6716, and that the
C-terminal portion of DIV6716 contains Copro6716.
[0162] The 10 kD band that corresponds to the 10 kD band on the
western blot was cut out from the SDS-PAGE gel and sent to the Keck
Center at Yale University for mass spectrometry analysis. The
sample in the gel was first trypsin digested and then analyzed by
LC-MS/MS using the Q-T of Ultima Mass spectrometer (Waters). Four
specific peptides were found in the sample by Mass Spectrometry
analysis: Peptide 1: IMHYYEHLEGDAK (SEQ IS NO:8), Peptide 2:
HEATEQLK (SEQ ID NO:9), Peptide 3: DSGASKDELK (SEQ ID NO:10), and
Peptide 4: VEEALHAVTDEEK (SEQ ID NO:11).
[0163] Alignment analysis on the sequences of DIV6716 (SEQ ID NO:5)
and the four peptides identified by MS analysis indicated that two
peptides originated from a central portion of the DIV6716 and the
other two peptides originated from the C terminal half of the
full-length DIV6716, confirming that the 10 kb band identified by
Western blot is derived from DIV6716. Therefore, the mass
spectroscopy data is consistent with the apparent molecular weight
of Copro6716 as measured by gel electrophoresis. FIG. 17 shows the
full-length sequence of DIV6716 (SEQ ID NO:5) with the four
peptides identified by MS analysis highlighted in the shaded
boxes.
[0164] The invention illustratively described herein suitably can
be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation
or limitations that are not specifically disclosed herein. Thus,
for example, in each instance herein any of the terms "comprising",
"consisting essentially of", and "consisting of" may be replaced
with either of the other two terms, while retaining their ordinary
meanings. The terms and expressions which have been employed are
used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no
intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any
equivalents of the features shown and described or portions
thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are
possible within the scope of the invention claimed. Thus, it should
be understood that although the present invention has been
specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments, optional features,
modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be
resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such
modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope
of this invention as defined by the description and the appended
claims.
[0165] A number of examples to help illustrate the invention have
been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various
modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and
scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within
the scope of the claims appended hereto.
Sequence CWU 1
1
111865DNAToxocara canis 1caagaagatt tatggtgtgg cagcttcgag
acgaaggagg catcacttca cgctcgaaaa 60cagtctggac acccacctga aatggcttag
ccacgagcaa aaggaggaac tgctgcaaat 120gaagaaggac ggcaaatcga
agaaggagct ccaggataag atcatgcact attacgagca 180cctcgaaggc
gatgcgaaac atgaagcaac agagcaactg aagggcggat gccgcgagat
240tcttaagcat gttgttggcg aggagaaagc agctgagatc aaagcactga
aagattctgg 300agcaagcaaa gatgagctta aagccaaggt cgaagaggca
ctccacgcag tcaccgacga 360agaaaagaag caacatatcg ccgaattcgg
tcccgcatgc aagaagattt atggtgtggc 420agcttcgaga cgaaggaggc
atcacttcac gctcgaaaac agtctggaca cccacctgaa 480atggcttagc
cacgagcaaa aggaggaact gctgcaaatg aagaaggacg gcaaatcgaa
540gaaggagctc caggataaga tcatgcacta ttacgagcac ctcgaaggga
tgctcctcgc 600gctatgtatc ctgtattgac ggccttccaa cctatcacac
ctgtcagtgc ggccttacat 660tcgacgagcg tagaaagacc tgtcttccta
agcagctggt aaagtactgc ggaatcccag 720aatctggaga ggcgtcggcg
gaagttggtg agtcgtacta acacagcacg ctctcgttgg 780tgcagatgtt
gtgtgaaata cttttgtcag ttttccgtgt gttttaaata aataaaaaat
840tccgtaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaa 8652632DNAToxocara cati 2atttatggtg
tggcagcttc gagacgaagg aggcatcact tcacgctcga aaaaagtctg 60gacacccacc
tgaaatggct tagccacgag caaaaggagg aactgctgaa aatgaagaaa
120gatgggaaat cgaagaagga gctccaggat aaggtgatgc acttctacga
gcacctcgaa 180ggcgatgcga aacatgaagc aacagagcaa ctgaagggcg
gatgccgcga gatccttaag 240catgttgttg gtgaggagaa agcagctgag
atcaaagcac tgaaagattc tggagcaagc 300aaagatgagc ttaaagccaa
ggtcgaagat gcactccacg cggtcaccga agaagaaaag 360aagcaacata
tcgccgaatt tggtccagca tgcaaggaaa ttttcggggt gccggttgat
420gttcgtcaca aacgcgaccc ttatactaat atgacgcccg atgaagttgc
tgaaggacta 480agaagttaac ggtgatcgag ctttttgcaa aaactggttg
atgcttttaa attcttttaa 540gcctttttct tgtgttattt cggaattgta
ccacacgaac agttagttcc gaataaagaa 600ctgtaattat gtaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaa aa 6323205PRTToxocara canis 3Lys Lys Ile Tyr Gly Val Ala
Ala Ser Arg Arg Arg Arg His His Phe1 5 10 15Thr Leu Glu Asn Ser Leu
Asp Thr His Leu Lys Trp Leu Ser His Glu 20 25 30Gln Lys Glu Glu Leu
Leu Gln Met Lys Lys Asp Gly Lys Ser Lys Lys 35 40 45Glu Leu Gln Asp
Lys Ile Met His Tyr Tyr Glu His Leu Glu Gly Asp 50 55 60Ala Lys His
Glu Ala Thr Glu Gln Leu Lys Gly Gly Cys Arg Glu Ile65 70 75 80Leu
Lys His Val Val Gly Glu Glu Lys Ala Ala Glu Ile Lys Ala Leu 85 90
95Lys Asp Ser Gly Ala Ser Lys Asp Glu Leu Lys Ala Lys Val Glu Glu
100 105 110Ala Leu His Ala Val Thr Asp Glu Glu Lys Lys Gln His Ile
Ala Glu 115 120 125Phe Gly Pro Ala Cys Lys Lys Ile Tyr Gly Val Ala
Ala Ser Arg Arg 130 135 140Arg Arg His His Phe Thr Leu Glu Asn Ser
Leu Asp Thr His Leu Lys145 150 155 160Trp Leu Ser His Glu Gln Lys
Glu Glu Leu Leu Gln Met Lys Lys Asp 165 170 175Gly Lys Ser Lys Lys
Glu Leu Gln Asp Lys Ile Met His Tyr Tyr Glu 180 185 190His Leu Glu
Gly Met Leu Leu Ala Leu Cys Ile Leu Tyr 195 200 2054162PRTToxocara
cati 4Ile Tyr Gly Val Ala Ala Ser Arg Arg Arg Arg His His Phe Thr
Leu1 5 10 15Glu Lys Ser Leu Asp Thr His Leu Lys Trp Leu Ser His Glu
Gln Lys 20 25 30Glu Glu Leu Leu Lys Met Lys Lys Asp Gly Lys Ser Lys
Lys Glu Leu 35 40 45Gln Asp Lys Val Met His Phe Tyr Glu His Leu Glu
Gly Asp Ala Lys 50 55 60His Glu Ala Thr Glu Gln Leu Lys Gly Gly Cys
Arg Glu Ile Leu Lys65 70 75 80His Val Val Gly Glu Glu Lys Ala Ala
Glu Ile Lys Ala Leu Lys Asp 85 90 95Ser Gly Ala Ser Lys Asp Glu Leu
Lys Ala Lys Val Glu Asp Ala Leu 100 105 110His Ala Val Thr Asp Glu
Glu Lys Lys Gln His Ile Ala Glu Phe Gly 115 120 125Pro Ala Cys Lys
Glu Ile Phe Gly Val Pro Ile Asp Val Arg His Lys 130 135 140Arg Asp
Pro Tyr Thr Asn Met Thr Pro Asp Glu Val Ala Glu Gly Leu145 150 155
160Arg Ser5130PRTArtificialSynthetic 5Met His His Phe Thr Leu Glu
Asn Ser Leu Asp Thr His Leu Lys Trp1 5 10 15Leu Ser His Glu Gln Lys
Glu Glu Leu Leu Gln Met Lys Lys Asp Gly 20 25 30Lys Ser Lys Lys Glu
Leu Gln Asp Lys Ile Met His Tyr Tyr Glu His 35 40 45Leu Glu Gly Asp
Ala Lys His Glu Ala Thr Glu Gln Leu Lys Gly Gly 50 55 60Cys Arg Glu
Ile Leu Lys His Val Val Gly Glu Glu Lys Ala Ala Glu65 70 75 80Ile
Lys Ala Leu Lys Asp Ser Gly Ala Ser Lys Asp Glu Leu Lys Ala 85 90
95Lys Val Glu Glu Ala Leu His Ala Val Thr Asp Glu Glu Lys Lys Gln
100 105 110His Ile Ala Glu Phe Gly Pro Ala Cys Lys Lys Ile Tyr Gly
Val Ala 115 120 125Ala Ser 1306129PRTArtificialSynthetic 6His His
Phe Thr Leu Glu Asn Ser Leu Asp Thr His Leu Lys Trp Leu1 5 10 15Ser
His Glu Gln Lys Glu Glu Leu Leu Gln Met Lys Lys Asp Gly Lys 20 25
30Ser Lys Lys Glu Leu Gln Asp Lys Ile Met His Tyr Tyr Glu His Leu
35 40 45Glu Gly Asp Ala Lys His Glu Ala Thr Glu Gln Leu Lys Gly Gly
Cys 50 55 60Arg Glu Ile Leu Lys His Val Val Gly Glu Glu Lys Ala Ala
Glu Ile65 70 75 80Lys Ala Leu Lys Asp Ser Gly Ala Ser Lys Asp Glu
Leu Lys Ala Lys 85 90 95Val Glu Glu Ala Leu His Ala Val Thr Asp Glu
Glu Lys Lys Gln His 100 105 110Ile Ala Glu Phe Gly Pro Ala Cys Lys
Lys Ile Tyr Gly Val Ala Ala 115 120 125Ser
7155PRTArtificialSynthetic 7Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa His His Phe Thr Leu1 5 10 15Glu Xaa Ser Leu Asp Thr His Leu Lys
Trp Leu Ser His Glu Gln Lys 20 25 30Glu Glu Leu Leu Xaa Met Lys Lys
Asp Gly Lys Ser Lys Lys Glu Leu 35 40 45Gln Asp Lys Xaa Met His Xaa
Tyr Glu His Leu Glu Gly Asp Ala Lys 50 55 60His Glu Ala Thr Glu Gln
Leu Lys Gly Gly Cys Arg Glu Ile Leu Lys65 70 75 80His Val Val Gly
Glu Glu Lys Ala Ala Glu Ile Phe Ala Leu Lys Asp 85 90 95Ser Gly Ala
Ser Lys Asp Glu Leu Lys Ala Lys Val Glu Xaa Ala Leu 100 105 110His
Ala Val Thr Asp Glu Glu Lys Lys Gln His Ile Ala Glu Phe Gly 115 120
125Phe Ala Cys Lys Xaa Ile Xaa Gly Val Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa
130 135 140Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa145 150
155813PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic 8Ile Met His Tyr Tyr Glu His
Leu Glu Gly Asp Ala Lys1 5 1098PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic 9His
Glu Ala Thr Glu Gln Leu Lys1 51010PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
10Asp Ser Gly Ala Ser Lys Asp Glu Leu Lys1 5 101113PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic 11Val Glu Glu Ala Leu His Ala Val Thr Asp Glu Glu
Lys1 5 10
* * * * *
References