U.S. patent application number 11/648779 was filed with the patent office on 2011-02-03 for ic with a configurable antenna structure.
This patent application is currently assigned to Broadcom Corporation, a California Corporation. Invention is credited to Ahmadreza (Reza) Rofougaran.
Application Number | 20110028103 11/648779 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 43527485 |
Filed Date | 2011-02-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20110028103 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Rofougaran; Ahmadreza
(Reza) |
February 3, 2011 |
IC WITH A CONFIGURABLE ANTENNA STRUCTURE
Abstract
An integrated circuit (IC) includes a plurality of antenna
elements, a coupling circuit, a control module, and an RF
transceiver. The plurality of antenna elements is operable in a
frequency range of approximately 55 GHz to 64 GHz. The coupling
circuit is operable to couple the plurality of antenna elements
into an antenna structure in accordance with an antenna
configuration signal. The control module is coupled to generate the
antenna configuration signal based on a mode of operation of the
IC. The RF transceiver is coupled to convert an outbound symbol
stream into an outbound RF signal and to convert an inbound RF
signal into an inbound symbol stream in accordance with the mode of
operation of the IC, wherein the inbound RF signal is received via
the antenna structure and the outbound RF signal is transmitted via
the antenna structure.
Inventors: |
Rofougaran; Ahmadreza (Reza);
(Newport Coast, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
GARLICK HARRISON & MARKISON
P.O. BOX 160727
AUSTIN
TX
78716-0727
US
|
Assignee: |
Broadcom Corporation, a California
Corporation
Irvine
CA
|
Family ID: |
43527485 |
Appl. No.: |
11/648779 |
Filed: |
December 29, 2006 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
455/77 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q 1/2291 20130101;
H01Q 21/061 20130101; H01Q 9/065 20130101; H01Q 1/2283 20130101;
H01Q 21/0025 20130101; H01Q 1/2258 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
455/77 |
International
Class: |
H04B 1/40 20060101
H04B001/40 |
Claims
1. An integrated circuit (IC) comprises: a plurality of antenna
elements operable in a frequency range of approximately 55 GHz to
64 GHz; a coupling circuit operable to couple the plurality of
antenna elements into an antenna structure in accordance with an
antenna configuration signal, the coupling circuit comprising: a
plurality of transmission lines; a switching module operable to
couple the plurality of transmission lines to the plurality of
antenna elements; a plurality of transformer modules coupled to the
plurality of transmission lines; and a plurality of impedance
matching circuits coupled to the plurality of transformer modules;
a control module coupled to generate the antenna configuration
signal based on a mode of operation of the IC; and a radio
frequency (RF) transceiver coupled to convert an outbound symbol
stream into an outbound RF signal and to convert an inbound RF
signal into an inbound symbol stream in accordance with the mode of
operation of the IC, wherein the inbound RF signal is received via
the antenna structure and the outbound RF signal is transmitted via
the antenna structure.
2. The IC of claim 1, wherein the plurality of antenna elements
comprises: a first antenna element; and a second antenna element,
wherein the first antenna element is coupled to receive the inbound
RF signal and the second antenna element is coupled to transmit the
outbound RF signal.
3. The IC of claim 2 further comprises: the first antenna element
receiving the inbound RF signal within a receive frequency band of
the frequency band; and the second antenna element transmitting the
outbound RF signal within a transmit frequency band of the
frequency band.
4. The IC of claim 2 further comprises: the first antenna element
having a first polarization; and the second antenna element having
a second polarization.
5. The IC of claim 4 further comprises at least one of: the first
and second polarizations being a left hand circular polarization
and a right hand circular polarization; the second antenna element
including a phase shift module coupled to phase shift the inbound
or outbound RF signals by a phase offset; and the first antenna
element being orthogonally positioned with respect to the second
antenna section.
6. The IC of claim 1, wherein the plurality of antenna elements
comprises: a plurality of micro-strips.
7. The IC of claim 6, wherein each of at least some of the
plurality of micro-strips comprises: a plurality of feed points,
wherein the coupling circuit couples the RF transceiver to one of
the plurality of feed points.
8-9. (canceled)
10. The IC of claim 1, wherein the plurality of antenna elements
comprises: a plurality of receive antenna elements; and a plurality
of transmit antenna elements, wherein the plurality of transmit
antenna elements are interleaved with the plurality of receive
antenna elements and wherein the plurality of transmit antenna
elements is of a different polarization than the plurality of
receive antenna elements.
11. The IC of claim 1 further comprises: a die that supports the
coupling circuit, the control module, and the RF transceiver; and a
package substrate, wherein the plurality of antenna elements is on
the package substrate.
12. The IC of claim 1 further comprises: a die that supports the
plurality of antenna elements, the coupling circuit, the control
module, and the RF transceiver; and a package substrate that
supports the die.
13. The IC of claim 1, wherein the coupling circuit couples the
plurality of antenna elements into the antenna structure in
accordance with the antenna configuration signal for at least one
of: half duplex in-air beamforming communications; half duplex
multiple input multiple output communications; full duplex
polarization communications; and full duplex frequency off set
communications.
14. An integrated circuit (IC) comprises: a plurality of receive
antenna elements; a plurality of transmit antenna elements, wherein
the plurality of transmit antenna elements are interleaved with the
plurality of receive antenna elements; a radio frequency (RF)
transceiver coupled to convert an outbound symbol stream into an
outbound RF signal and to convert an inbound RF signal into an
inbound symbol stream, wherein the inbound and outbound RF signals
have a carrier frequency within a frequency band of approximately
55 GHz to 64 GHz; a receive coupling circuit to provide the inbound
RF signal from the plurality of receive antenna elements to the RF
transceiver; and a transmit coupling circuit to provide the
outbound RF signal from the RF transceiver to the plurality of
transmit antenna elements, wherein each of the receive and transmit
coupling circuits comprises: a plurality of transmission lines
coupled to at least some of the plurality of receive and transmit
antenna elements; a plurality of transformer modules coupled to the
plurality of transmission lines; and a plurality of impedance
matching circuits coupled to the plurality of transformer modules
and to the RF transceiver.
15. The IC of claim 14, wherein each of the plurality of transmit
and receive antenna elements comprises: a plurality of
micro-strips.
16. The IC of claim 15, wherein each of at least some of the
plurality of micro-strips comprises: a plurality of feed points,
wherein the receive or transmit coupling circuit couples the RF
transceiver to one of the plurality of feed points.
17. (canceled)
18. The IC of claim 14 further comprises: the plurality of transmit
antenna elements having a different polarization than the plurality
of receive antenna elements.
19. The IC of claim 14 further comprises: a die that supports the
receive coupling circuit, the transmit coupling circuit, and the RF
transceiver; and a package substrate, wherein the plurality of
receive antenna elements, the plurality of transmit antenna
elements, and the die are on the package substrate.
20. The IC of claim 14 further comprises: a die that supports the
receive coupling circuit, the transmit coupling circuit, the RF
transceiver, the plurality of receive antenna elements, and the
plurality of transmit antenna elements; and a package substrate
that supports the die.
21. The IC of claim 14 further comprises: the inbound RF signal
having the carrier frequency within a receive frequency band of the
frequency band; and the outbound RF signal having the carrier
frequency within a transmit frequency band of the frequency
band.
22. An integrated circuit (IC) comprises: a plurality of antenna
elements operable in a frequency range of approximately 55 GHz to
64 GHz, the plurality of antenna elements including: a first
antenna element coupled to receive an inbound RF signal and having
a left hand circular polarization; and a second antenna element
coupled to transmit an outbound RF signal, having a right hand
circular polarization, and being orthogonally positioned with
respect to the first antenna section; a phase shift module coupled
to the plurality of antenna elements and operable to phase shift
the inbound or outbound RF signals by a phase offset; a coupling
circuit operable to couple the plurality of antenna elements into
an antenna structure in accordance with an antenna configuration
signal; a control module coupled to generate the antenna
configuration signal based on a mode of operation of the IC; and a
radio frequency (RF) transceiver coupled to convert an outbound
symbol stream into the outbound RF signal and to convert the
inbound RF signal into an inbound symbol stream in accordance with
the mode of operation of the IC, wherein the inbound RF signal is
received via the antenna structure and the outbound RF signal is
transmitted via the antenna structure.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENTS
[0001] NOT APPLICABLE
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
[0002] NOT APPLICABLE
INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT
DISC
[0003] NOT APPLICABLE
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] 1. Technical Field of the Invention
[0005] This invention relates generally to wireless communication
and more particularly to integrated circuits used to support
wireless communications.
[0006] 2. Description of Related Art
[0007] Communication systems are known to support wireless and wire
lined communications between wireless and/or wire lined
communication devices. Such communication systems range from
national and/or international cellular telephone systems to the
Internet to point-to-point in-home wireless networks to radio
frequency identification (RFID) systems. Each type of communication
system is constructed; and hence operates, in accordance with one
or more communication standards. For instance, wireless
communication systems may operate in accordance with one or more
standards including, but not limited to, RFID, IEEE 802.11,
Bluetooth, advanced mobile phone services (AMPS), digital AMPS,
global system for mobile communications (GSM), code division
multiple access (CDMA), local multi-point distribution systems
(LMDS), multi-channel-multi-point distribution systems (MMDS),
and/or variations thereof.
[0008] Depending on the type of wireless communication system, a
wireless communication device, such as a cellular telephone,
two-way radio, personal digital assistant (PDA), personal computer
(PC), laptop computer, home entertainment equipment, RFID reader,
RFID tag, et cetera communicates directly or indirectly with other
wireless communication devices. For direct communications (also
known as point-to-point communications), the participating wireless
communication devices tune their receivers and transmitters to the
same channel or channels (e.g., one of the plurality of radio
frequency (RF) carriers of the wireless communication system) and
communicate over that channel(s). For indirect wireless
communications, each wireless communication device communicates
directly with an associated base station (e.g., for cellular
services) and/or an associated access point (e.g., for an in-home
or in-building wireless network) via an assigned channel. To
complete a communication connection between the wireless
communication devices, the associated base stations and/or
associated access points communicate with each other directly, via
a system controller, via the public switch telephone network, via
the Internet, and/or via some other wide area network.
[0009] For each wireless communication device to participate in
wireless communications, it includes a built-in radio transceiver
(i.e., receiver and transmitter) or is coupled to an associated
radio transceiver (e.g., a station for in-home and/or in-building
wireless communication networks, RF modem, etc.). As is known, the
receiver is coupled to the antenna and includes a low noise
amplifier, one or more intermediate frequency stages, a filtering
stage, and a data recovery stage. The low noise amplifier receives
inbound RF signals via the antenna and amplifies then. The one or
more intermediate frequency stages mix the amplified RF signals
with one or more local oscillations to convert the amplified RF
signal into baseband signals or intermediate frequency (IF)
signals. The filtering stage filters the baseband signals or the IF
signals to attenuate unwanted out of band signals to produce
filtered signals. The data recovery stage recovers raw data from
the filtered signals in accordance with the particular wireless
communication standard.
[0010] As is also known, the transmitter includes a data modulation
stage, one or more intermediate frequency stages, and a power
amplifier. The data modulation stage converts raw data into
baseband signals in accordance with a particular wireless
communication standard. The one or more intermediate frequency
stages mix the baseband signals with one or more local oscillations
to produce RF signals. The power amplifier amplifies the RF signals
prior to transmission via an antenna.
[0011] Currently, wireless communications occur within licensed or
unlicensed frequency spectrums. For example, wireless local area
network (WLAN) communications occur within the unlicensed
Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) frequency spectrum of 900
MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5 GHz. While the ISM frequency spectrum is
unlicensed there are restrictions on power, modulation techniques,
and antenna gain. Another unlicensed frequency spectrum is the
V-band of 55-64 GHz.
[0012] Since the wireless part of a wireless communication begins
and ends with the antenna, a properly designed antenna structure is
an important component of wireless communication devices. As is
known, the antenna structure is designed to have a desired
impedance (e.g., 50 Ohms) at an operating frequency, a desired
bandwidth centered at the desired operating frequency, and a
desired length (e.g., 1/4 wavelength of the operating frequency for
a monopole antenna). As is further known, the antenna structure may
include a single monopole or dipole antenna, a diversity antenna
structure, the same polarization, different polarization, and/or
any number of other electro-magnetic properties.
[0013] One popular antenna structure for RF transceivers is a
three-dimensional in-air helix antenna, which resembles an expanded
spring. The in-air helix antenna provides a magnetic
omni-directional mono pole antenna. Other types of
three-dimensional antennas include aperture antennas of a
rectangular shape, horn shaped, etc,; three-dimensional dipole
antennas having a conical shape, a cylinder shape, an elliptical
shape, etc.; and reflector antennas having a plane reflector, a
corner reflector, or a parabolic reflector. An issue with such
three-dimensional antennas is that they cannot be implemented in
the substantially two-dimensional space of an integrated circuit
(IC) and/or on the printed circuit board (PCB) supporting the
IC.
[0014] Two-dimensional antennas are known to include a meandering
pattern or a micro strip configuration. For efficient antenna
operation, the length of an antenna should be 1/4 wavelength for a
monopole antenna and 1/2 wavelength for a dipole antenna, where the
wavelength (.lamda.)=c/f, where c is the speed of light and f is
frequency. For example, a 1/4 wavelength antenna at 900 MHz has a
total length of approximately 8.3 centimeters (i.e.,
0.25*(3.times.10.sup.8 m/s)/(900.times.10.sup.6 c/s)=0.25*33 cm,
where m/s is meters per second and c/s is cycles per second). As
another example, a 1/4 wavelength antenna at 2400 MHz has a total
length of approximately 3.1 cm (i.e., 0.25*(3.times.10.sup.8
m/s)/(2.4.times.10.sup.9 c/s)=0.25*12.5 cm). As such, due to the
antenna size, it cannot be implemented on-chip since a relatively
complex IC having millions of transistors has a size of 2 to 20
millimeters by 2 to 20 millimeters.
[0015] As IC fabrication technology continues to advance, ICs will
become smaller and smaller with more and more transistors. While
this advancement allows for reduction in size of electronic
devices, it does present a design challenge of providing and
receiving signals, data, clock signals, operational instructions,
etc., to and from a plurality of ICs of the device. Currently, this
is addressed by improvements in IC packaging and multiple layer
PCBs. For example, ICs may include a ball-grid array of 100-200
pins in a small space (e.g., 2 to 20 millimeters by 2 to 20
millimeters). A multiple layer PCB includes traces for each one of
the pins of the IC to route to at least one other component on the
PCB. Clearly, advancements in communication between ICs is needed
to adequately support the forth-coming improvements in IC
fabrication.
[0016] Therefore, a need exists for an integrated circuit antenna
structure and wireless communication applications thereof.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0017] The present invention is directed to apparatus and methods
of operation that are further described in the following Brief
Description of the Drawings, the Detailed Description of the
Invention, and the claims. Other features and advantages of the
present invention will become apparent from the following detailed
description of the invention made with reference to the
accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)
[0018] FIG. 1 is a diagram of an embodiment of a device including a
plurality of integrated circuits in accordance with the present
invention;
[0019] FIGS. 2-4 are diagrams of various embodiments of an
integrated circuit (IC) in accordance with the present
invention;
[0020] FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a
wireless communication system in accordance with the present
invention;
[0021] FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an
IC in accordance with the present invention;
[0022] FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of
an IC in accordance with the present invention;
[0023] FIGS. 8-10 are schematic block diagrams of various
embodiments of an up-conversion module in accordance with the
present invention;
[0024] FIG. 11 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment
of an IC in accordance with the present invention;
[0025] FIG. 12 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment
of an IC in accordance with the present invention;
[0026] FIGS. 13-16 are diagrams of various embodiments of an IC in
accordance with the present invention;
[0027] FIG. 17-20 are schematic block diagrams of various
embodiments of an IC in accordance with the present invention;
[0028] FIGS. 21 and 22 are diagrams of various embodiments of an
antenna structure in accordance with the present invention;
[0029] FIGS. 23 and 24 are frequency spectrum diagrams of an
antenna structures in accordance with the present invention;
[0030] FIG. 25 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment
of an IC in accordance with the present invention;
[0031] FIG. 26 is a frequency spectrum diagram of an antenna
structure in accordance with the present invention;
[0032] FIG. 27 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment
of an IC in accordance with the present invention;
[0033] FIGS. 28-42 are diagrams of various embodiments of an
antenna structure in accordance with the present invention;
[0034] FIG. 43 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an
antenna structure in accordance with the present invention;
[0035] FIGS. 44-46 are diagrams of various embodiments of an
antenna structure in accordance with the present invention;
[0036] FIG. 47 is a diagram of an embodiment of a coupling circuit
in accordance with the present invention;
[0037] FIG. 48 is a diagram of impedance v. frequency for an
embodiment of a coupling circuit in accordance with the present
invention;
[0038] FIGS. 49 and 50 are schematic block diagrams of various
embodiments of a transmission line circuit in accordance with the
present invention;
[0039] FIG. 51 is a diagram of an embodiment of an antenna
structure in accordance with the present invention;
[0040] FIG. 52 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an
IC in accordance with the present invention;
[0041] FIGS. 53-66 are diagrams of various embodiments of an
antenna structure in accordance with the present invention;
[0042] FIG. 67 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an
antenna structure in accordance with the present invention;
[0043] FIGS. 68 and 69 are diagrams of various embodiments of an
antenna structure in accordance with the present invention; and
[0044] FIG. 70 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an
antenna structure in accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0045] FIG. 1 is a diagram of an embodiment of a device 10 that
includes a device substrate 12 and a plurality of integrated
circuits (IC) 14-20. Each of the ICs 14-20 includes a package
substrate 22-28 and a die 30-36. Dies 30 and 32 of ICs 14 and 16
include an antenna structure 38, 40, a radio frequency (RF)
transceiver 46, 48, and a functional circuit 54, 56. Dies 34 and 36
of ICs 18 and 20 include an RF transceiver 50, 52 and a function
circuit 58, 60. Package substrates 26 and 28 of ICs 18 and 20
include an antenna structure 42, 44 coupled to the RF transceiver
50, 52.
[0046] The device 10 may be any type of electronic equipment that
includes integrated circuits. For example, but far from an
exhaustive list, the device 10 may be a personal computer, a laptop
computer, a hand held computer, a wireless local area network
(WLAN) access point, a WLAN station, a cellular telephone, an audio
entertainment device, a video entertainment device, a video game
control and/or console, a radio, a cordless telephone, a cable set
top box, a satellite receiver, network infrastructure equipment, a
cellular telephone base station, and Bluetooth head set.
Accordingly, the functional circuit 54-60 may include one or more
of a WLAN baseband processing module, a WLAN RF transceiver, a
cellular voice baseband processing module, a cellular voice RF
transceiver, a cellular data baseband processing module, a cellular
data RF transceiver, a local infrastructure communication (LIC)
baseband processing module, a gateway processing module, a router
processing module, a game controller circuit, a game console
circuit, a microprocessor, a microcontroller, and memory.
[0047] In one embodiment, the dies 30-36 may be fabricated using
complimentary metal oxide (CMOS) technology and the package
substrate may be a printed circuit board (PCB). In other
embodiments, the dies 30-36 may be fabricated using
Gallium-Arsenide technology, Silicon-Germanium technology,
bi-polar, bi-CMOS, and/or any other type of IC fabrication
technique. In such embodiments, the package substrate 22-28 may be
a printed circuit board (PCB), a fiberglass board, a plastic board,
and/or some other non-conductive material board. Note that if the
antenna structure is on the die, the package substrate may simply
function as a supporting structure for the die and contain little
or no traces.
[0048] In an embodiment, the RF transceivers 46-52 provide local
wireless communication (e.g., IC to IC communication). In this
embodiment, when a functional circuit of one IC has information
(e.g., data, operational instructions, files, etc.) to
communication to another functional circuit of another IC, the RF
transceiver of the first IC conveys the information via a wireless
path to the RF transceiver of the second IC. In this manner, some
to all of the IC to IC communications may be done wirelessly. As
such, the device substrate 12 may include little or no conductive
traces to provide communication paths between the ICs 14-20. For
example, the device substrate 12 may be a fiberglass board, a
plastic board, and/or some other non-conductive material board.
[0049] In one embodiment, a baseband processing module of the first
IC converts outbound data (e.g., data, operational instructions,
files, etc.) into an outbound symbol stream. The conversion of
outbound data into an outbound symbol stream may be done in
accordance with one or more data modulation schemes, such as
amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), phase
modulation (PM), amplitude shift keying (ASK), phase shift keying
(PSK), quadrature PSK (QSK), 8-PSK, frequency shift keying (FSK),
minimum shift keying (MSK), Gaussian MSK (GMSK), quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM), a combination thereof, and/or
alterations thereof For example, the conversion of the outbound
data into the outbound system stream may include one or more of
scrambling, encoding, puncturing, interleaving, constellation
mapping, modulation, frequency to time domain conversion,
space-time block encoding, space-frequency block encoding,
beamforming, and digital baseband to IF conversion.
[0050] The RF transceiver of the first IC converts the outbound
symbol stream into an outbound RF signal as will be subsequently
described with reference to FIGS. 6-12 and 17-20. The antenna
structure of the first IC is coupled to the RF transceiver and
transmits the outbound RF signal, which has a carrier frequency
within a frequency band of approximately 55 GHz to 64 GHz.
Accordingly, the antenna structure includes electromagnetic
properties to operate within the frequency band. Note that various
embodiments of the antenna structure will be described in FIGS.
21-70. Further note that frequency band above 60 GHz may be used
for the local communications.
[0051] The antenna structure of the second IC receives the RF
signal as an inbound RF signal and provides them to the RF
transceiver of the second IC. The RF transceiver converts, as will
be subsequently described with reference to FIGS. 6-12 and 17-20,
the inbound RF signal into an inbound symbol stream and provides
the inbound symbol stream to a baseband processing module of the
second IC. The baseband processing module of the second IC converts
the inbound symbol stream into inbound data in accordance with one
or more data modulation schemes, such as amplitude modulation (AM),
frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (PM), amplitude shift
keying (ASK), phase shift keying (PSK), quadrature PSK (QSK),
8-PSK, frequency shift keying (FSK), minimum shift keying (MSK),
Gaussian MSK (GMSK), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), a
combination thereof, and/or alterations thereof. For example, the
conversion of the inbound system stream into the inbound data may
include one or more of descrambling, decoding, depuncturing,
deinterleaving, constellation demapping, demodulation, time to
frequency domain conversion, space-time block decoding,
space-frequency block decoding, de-beamforming, and IF to digital
baseband conversion. Note that the baseband processing modules of
the first and second ICs may be on same die as RF transceivers or
on a different die within the respective IC.
[0052] In other embodiments, each IC 14-20 may include a plurality
of RF transceivers and antenna structures on-die and/or on-package
substrate to support multiple simultaneous RF communications using
one or more of frequency offset, phase offset, wave-guides (e.g.,
use waveguides to contain a majority of the RF energy), frequency
reuse patterns, frequency division multiplexing, time division
multiplexing, null-peak multiple path fading (e.g., ICs in nulls to
attenuate signal strength and ICs in peaks to accentuate signal
strength), frequency hopping, spread spectrum, space-time offsets,
and space-frequency offsets. Note that the device 10 is shown to
only include four ICs 14-20 for ease of illustrate, but may include
more or less that four ICs in practical implementations.
[0053] FIG. 2 is a diagram of an embodiment of an integrated
circuit (IC) 70 that includes a package substrate 80 and a die 82.
The die includes a baseband processing module 78, an RF transceiver
76, a local antenna structure 72, and a remote antenna structure
74. The baseband processing module 78 may be a single processing
device or a plurality of processing devices. Such a processing
device may be a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal
processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field
programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine,
logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any
device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on
hard coding of the circuitry and/or operational instructions. The
processing module 78 may have an associated memory and/or memory
element, which may be a single memory device, a plurality of memory
devices, and/or embedded circuitry of the processing module 78.
Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access
memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory,
dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that
stores digital information. Note that when the processing module 78
implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog
circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory
and/or memory element storing the corresponding operational
instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry
comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry,
and/or logic circuitry. Further note that, the memory element
stores, and the processing module 78 executes, hard coded and/or
operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the
steps and/or functions illustrated in FIGS. 2-20.
[0054] In one embodiment, the IC 70 supports local and remote
communications, where local communications are of a very short
range (e.g., less than 0.5 meters) and remote communications are of
a longer range (e.g., greater than 1 meter). For example, local
communications may be IC to IC communications, IC to board
communications, and/or board to board communications within a
device and remote communications may be cellular telephone
communications, WLAN communications, Bluetooth piconet
communications, walkie-talkie communications, etc. Further, the
content of the remote communications may include graphics,
digitized voice signals, digitized audio signals, digitized video
signals, and/or outbound text signals.
[0055] To support a local communication, the baseband processing
module 78 convert local outbound data into the local outbound
symbol stream. The conversion of the local outbound data into the
local outbound symbol stream may be done in accordance with one or
more data modulation schemes, such as amplitude modulation (AM),
frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (PM), amplitude shift
keying (ASK), phase shift keying (PSK), quadrature PSK (QSK),
8-PSK, frequency shift keying (FSK), minimum shift keying (MSK),
Gaussian MSK (GMSK), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), a
combination thereof, and/or alterations thereof. For example, the
conversion of the outbound data into the outbound system stream may
include one or more of scrambling, encoding, puncturing,
interleaving, constellation mapping, modulation, frequency to time
domain conversion, space-time block encoding, space-frequency block
encoding, beamforming, and digital baseband to IF conversion.
[0056] The RF transceiver 76 converts the local outbound symbol
stream into a local outbound RF signal and provides it to the local
antenna structure 72. Various embodiments of the RF transceiver 76
will be described with reference to FIGS. 11 and 12.
[0057] The local antenna structure 72 transmits the local outbound
RF signals 84 within a frequency band of approximately 55 GHz to 64
GHz. Accordingly, the local antenna structure 72 includes
electromagnetic properties to operate within the frequency band.
Note that various embodiments of the antenna structure will be
described in FIGS. 21-70. Further note that frequency band above 60
GHz may be used for the local communications.
[0058] For local inbound signals, the local antenna structure 72
receives a local inbound RF signal 84, which has a carrier
frequency within the frequency band of approximately 55 GHz to 64
GHz. The local antenna structure 72 provides the local inbound RF
signal 84 to the RF transceiver, which converts the local inbound
RF signal into a local inbound symbol stream.
[0059] The baseband processing module 78 converts the local inbound
symbol stream into local inbound data in accordance with one or
more data modulation schemes, such as amplitude modulation (AM),
frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (PM), amplitude shift
keying (ASK), phase shift keying (PSK), quadrature PSK (QSK),
8-PSK, frequency shift keying (FSK), minimum shift keying (MSK),
Gaussian MSK (GMSK), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), a
combination thereof, and/or alterations thereof. For example, the
conversion of the inbound system stream into the inbound data may
include one or more of descrambling, decoding, depuncturing,
deinterleaving, constellation demapping, demodulation, time to
frequency domain conversion, space-time block decoding,
space-frequency block decoding, de-beamforming, and IF to digital
baseband conversion.
[0060] To support a remote communication, the baseband processing
module 78 convert remote outbound data into a remote outbound
symbol stream. The conversion of the remote outbound data into the
remote outbound symbol stream may be done in accordance with one or
more data modulation schemes, such as amplitude modulation (AM),
frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (PM), amplitude shift
keying (ASK), phase shift keying (PSK), quadrature PSK (QSK),
8-PSK, frequency shift keying (FSK), minimum shift keying (MSK),
Gaussian MSK (GMSK), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), a
combination thereof, and/or alterations thereof For example, the
conversion of the outbound data into the outbound system stream may
include one or more of scrambling, encoding, puncturing,
interleaving, constellation mapping, modulation, frequency to time
domain conversion, space-time block encoding, space-frequency block
encoding, beamforming, and digital baseband to IF conversion.
[0061] The RF transceiver 76 converts the remote outbound symbol
stream into a remote outbound RF signal and provides it to the
remote antenna structure 74. The remote antenna structure 74
transmits the remote outbound RF signals 86 within a frequency
band. The frequency band may be 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz,
or approximately 55 GHz to 64 GHz. Accordingly, the remote antenna
structure 74 includes electromagnetic properties to operate within
the frequency band. Note that various embodiments of the antenna
structure will be described in FIGS. 21-70.
[0062] For remote inbound signals, the remote antenna structure 74
receives a remote inbound RF signal 86, which has a carrier
frequency within the frequency band. The remote antenna structure
74 provides the remote inbound RF signal 86 to the RF transceiver,
which converts the remote inbound RF signal into a remote inbound
symbol stream.
[0063] The baseband processing module 78 converts the remote
inbound symbol stream into remote inbound data in accordance with
one or more data modulation schemes, such as amplitude modulation
(AM), frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (PM), amplitude
shift keying (ASK), phase shift keying (PSK), quadrature PSK (QSK),
8-PSK, frequency shift keying (FSK), minimum shift keying (MSK),
Gaussian MSK (GMSK), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), a
combination thereof, and/or alterations thereof. For example, the
conversion of the inbound system stream into the inbound data may
include one or more of descrambling, decoding, depuncturing,
deinterleaving, constellation demapping, demodulation, time to
frequency domain conversion, space-time block decoding,
space-frequency block decoding, de-beamforming, and IF to digital
baseband conversion.
[0064] FIG. 3 is a diagram of an embodiment of an integrated
circuit (IC) 70 that includes a package substrate 80 and a die 82.
This embodiment is similar to that of FIG. 2 except that the remote
antenna structure 74 is on the package substrate 80. Accordingly,
IC 70 includes a connection from the remote antenna structure 74 on
the package substrate 80 to the RF transceiver 76 on the die
82.
[0065] FIG. 4 is a diagram of an embodiment of an integrated
circuit (IC) 70 that includes a package substrate 80 and a die 82.
This embodiment is similar to that of FIG. 2 except that both the
local antenna structure 72 and the remote antenna structure 74 on
the package substrate 80. Accordingly, IC 70 includes connections
from the remote antenna structure 74 on the package substrate 80 to
the RF transceiver 76 on the die 82 and form the local antenna
structure 72 on the package substrate 72 to the RF transceiver 76
on the die 82.
[0066] FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a
wireless communication system 100 that includes a plurality of base
stations and/or access points 112, 116, a plurality of wireless
communication devices 118-132 and a network hardware component 134.
Note that the network hardware 134, which may be a router, switch,
bridge, modem, system controller, et cetera provides a wide area
network connection 142 for the communication system 100. Further
note that the wireless communication devices 118-132 may be laptop
host computers 118 and 126, personal digital assistant hosts 120
and 130, personal computer hosts 124 and 132 and/or cellular
telephone hosts 122 and 128 that include a built in radio
transceiver and/or have an associated radio transceiver such as the
ones illustrate in FIGS. 2-4.
[0067] Wireless communication devices 122, 123, and 124 are located
within an independent basic service set (IBSS) area 109 and
communicate directly (i.e., point to point), which, with reference
to FIGS. 2-4, is a remote communication. In this configuration,
devices 122, 123, and 124 may only communicate with each other. To
communicate with other wireless communication devices within the
system 100 or to communicate outside of the system 100, the devices
122, 123, and/or 124 need to affiliate with one of the base
stations or access points 112 or 116.
[0068] The base stations or access points 112, 116 are located
within basic service set (BSS) areas 11 and 13, respectively, and
are operably coupled to the network hardware 134 via local area
network connections 136, 138. Such a connection provides the base
station or access point 112, 116 with connectivity to other devices
within the system 100 and provides connectivity to other networks
via the WAN connection 142. To communicate (e.g., remote
communications) with the wireless communication devices within its
BSS 111 or 113, each of the base stations or access points 112-116
has an associated antenna or antenna array. For instance, base
station or access point 112 wirelessly communicates with wireless
communication devices 118 and 120 while base station or access
point 116 wirelessly communicates with wireless communication
devices 126-132. Typically, the wireless communication devices
register with a particular base station or access point 112, 116 to
receive services from the communication system 100.
[0069] Typically, base stations are used for cellular telephone
systems and like-type systems, while access points, or master
transceivers, are used for in-home or in-building wireless networks
(e.g., IEEE 802.11 and versions thereof, Bluetooth, RFID, and/or
any other type of radio frequency based network protocol).
Regardless of the particular type of communication system, each
wireless communication device includes a built-in radio and/or is
coupled to a radio. Note that one or more of the wireless
communication devices may include an RFID reader and/or an RFID
tag.
[0070] FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of IC
14-20 that includes the antenna structure 40-46 and the RF
transceiver 46-52. The antenna structure 40-46 includes an antenna
150 and a transmission line circuit 152. The RF transceiver 46-52
includes a transmit/receive (T/R) coupling module 154, a low noise
amplifier (LNA) 156, a down-conversion module 158, and an
up-conversion module 160.
[0071] The antenna 150, which may be any one of the antennas
illustrated in FIGS. 21, 22, 28-32, 34-46, 53-56, and 58-70,
receives an inbound RF signal and provides it to the transmission
line circuit 152. The transmission line circuit 152, which includes
one or more of a transmission line, a transformer, and an impedance
matching circuit as illustrated in FIGS. 21, 22, 28-32, 34, 42-50,
53-56, and 58-70, provides the inbound RF signal to the T/R
coupling module 154 of the RF transceiver 46-52. Note that the
antenna structure 40-46 may be on the die, on the package
substrate, or a combination thereof. For example, the antenna 150
may be on the package substrate while the transmission line circuit
is on the die.
[0072] The T/R coupling module 154, which may be a T/R switch, or a
transformer balun, provides the inbound RF signal 162 to the LNA
156. The LNA 156 amplifies the inbound RF signal 156 to produce an
amplified inbound RF signal. The down-conversion module 158
converts the amplified inbound RF signal into the inbound symbol
stream 164 based on a receive local oscillation 166. In one
embodiment, the down-conversion module 158 includes a direct
conversion topology such that the receive local oscillation 166 has
a frequency corresponding to the carrier frequency of the inbound
RF signal. In another embodiment, the down-conversion module 158
includes a superheterodyne topology. Note that while the inbound RF
signal 162 and the inbound symbol stream 164 are shown as
differential signals, they may be single-ended signals.
[0073] The up-conversion module 160 converts an outbound symbol
stream 168 into an outbound RF signal 172 based on a transmit local
oscillation 170. Various embodiments of the up-conversion module
160 will be subsequently described with reference to FIGS. 8-10. In
this embodiment, the up-conversion module 160 provides the outbound
RF signal 172 directly to the T/R coupling module 154. In other
words, since the transmit power for a local communication is very
small (e.g., <-25 dBm), a power amplifier is not needed. Thus,
the up-conversion module 160 is directly coupled to the T/R
coupling module 154.
[0074] The T/R coupling module 154 provides the outbound RF signal
172 to the transmission line circuit 152, which in turn, provides
the outbound RF signal 172 to the antenna 150 for transmission.
[0075] FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of
IC 14-20 that includes the antenna structure 40-46 and the RF
transceiver 46-52. The antenna structure 40-46 includes a receive
(RX) antenna 184, a 2.sup.nd transmission line circuit 186, a
transmit (TX) antenna 180, and a 1.sup.st transmission line circuit
182. The RF transceiver 46-52 includes a low noise amplifier (LNA)
156, a down-conversion module 158, and an up-conversion module
160.
[0076] The RX antenna 184, which may be any one of the antennas
illustrated in FIGS. 21, 22, 28-32, 34-46, 53-56, and 58-70,
receives an inbound RF signal and provides it to the 2.sup.nd
transmission line circuit 186. The 2.sup.nd transmission line
circuit 186, which includes one or more of a transmission line, a
transformer, and an impedance matching circuit as illustrated in
FIGS. 21, 22, 28-32, 34, 42-50, 53-56, and 58-70, provides the
inbound RF signal 162 to the LNA 156. The LNA 156 amplifies the
inbound RF signal 156 to produce an amplified inbound RF signal.
The down-conversion module 158 converts the amplified inbound RF
signal into the inbound symbol stream 164 based on the receive
local oscillation 166.
[0077] The up-conversion module 160 converts the outbound symbol
stream 168 into an outbound RF signal 172 based on a transmit local
oscillation 170. The up-conversion module 160 provides the outbound
RF signal 172 to the 1.sup.st transmission line circuit 182. The
1.sup.st transmission line circuit 182, which includes one or more
of a transmission line, a transformer, and an impedance matching
circuit as illustrated in FIGS. 21, 22, 28-32, 34, 42-50, 53-56,
and 58-70, provides the outbound RF signal 172 to the TX antenna
180 for transmission. Note that the antenna structure 40-46 may be
on the die, on the package substrate, or a combination thereof For
example, the RX and/or TX antennas 184 and/or 180 may be on the
package substrate while the transmission line circuits 182 and 186
are on the die.
[0078] FIG. 8 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of the
up-conversion module 160 that includes a first mixer 190, a second
mixer 192, a ninety degree phase shift module, and a combining
module 194. In this embodiment, the up-conversion module 160
converts a Cartesian-based outbound symbol stream 168 into the
outbound RF signal 172.
[0079] In this embodiment, the first mixer 190 mixes an in-phase
component 196 of the outbound symbol stream 168 with an in-phase
component of the transmit local oscillation 170 to produce a first
mixed signal. The second mixer 192 mixes a quadrature component 198
of the outbound symbol 169 stream with a quadrature component of
the transmit local oscillation to produce a second mixed signal.
The combining module 194 combines the first and second mixed
signals to produce the outbound RF signal 172.
[0080] For example, if the I component 196 is expressed as A.sub.I
cos(.omega..sub.dn+.PHI..sub.n), the Q component 198 is expressed
as A.sub.Q sin(.omega..sub.dn+.PHI..sub.n) the I component of the
local oscillation 170 is expressed as cos(.omega..sub.RF) and the Q
component of the local oscillation 170 is represented as
sin(.omega..sub.RF), then the first mixed signal is 1/2 A.sub.I
cos(.omega..sub.RF-.omega..sub.dn-.PHI..sub.n)+1/2 A.sub.I
cos(.omega..sub.RF+.omega..sub.dn+.PHI..sub.n) and the second mixed
signal is 1/2 A.sub.Q
cos(.omega..sub.RF-.omega..sub.dn-.PHI..sub.n)-1/2 A.sub.Q
COS(.omega..sub.RF+.omega..sub.dn+.PHI..sub.n). The combining
module 194 then combines the two signals to produce the outbound RF
signal 172, which may be expressed as A
cos(.omega..sub.RF+.omega..sub.dn+.PHI..sub.n). Note that the
combining module 194 may be a subtraction module, may be a
filtering module, and/or any other circuit to produce the outbound
RF signal from the first and second mixed signals.
[0081] FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of the
up-conversion module 160 that includes an oscillation module 200.
In this embodiment, the up-conversion module 160 converts phase
modulated-based outbound symbol stream into the outbound RF signal
172.
[0082] In operation, the oscillation module 200, which may, be a
phase locked loop, a fractional N synthesizer, and/or other
oscillation generating circuit, utilizes the transmit local
oscillation 170 as a reference oscillation to produce an
oscillation at the frequency of the outbound RF signal 172. The
phase of the oscillation is adjusted in accordance with the phase
modulation information 202 of the outbound symbol stream 168 to
produce the outbound RF signal.
[0083] FIG. 10 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of the
up-conversion module 160 that includes the oscillation module 200
and a multiplier 204. In this embodiment, the up-conversion module
converts phase and amplitude modulated-based outbound symbol stream
into the outbound RF signal 172.
[0084] In operation, the oscillation module 200, which may be a
phase locked loop, a fractional N synthesizer, and/or other
oscillation generating circuit, utilizes the transmit local
oscillation 170 as a reference oscillation to produce an
oscillation at the frequency of the outbound RF signal 172. The
phase of the oscillation is adjusted in accordance with the phase
modulation information 202 of the outbound symbol stream 168 to
produce a phase modulated RF signal. The multiplier 204 multiplies
the phase modulated RF signal with amplitude modulation information
206 of the outbound symbol stream 168 to produce the outbound RF
signal.
[0085] FIG. 11 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment
of IC 70 that includes the local antenna structure 72, the remote
antenna structure 74, the RF transcevier 76, and the baseband
processing module 78. The RF transceiver 76 includes a receive
section 210, a transmit section 212, a 1.sup.st coupling circuit
214, and a 2.sup.nd coupling circuit 216.
[0086] In this embodiment, the baseband processing module 78
converts local outbound data 218 into local outbound symbol stream
220. The first coupling circuit 214, which may be a switching
network, a switch, a multiplexer, and/or any other type of
selecting coupling circuit, provides the local outbound symbol
stream 220 to the transmitter section 212 when the IC is in a local
communication mode. The transmit section 212, which may include an
up-conversion module as shown in FIGS. 8-10, converts the local
outbound symbol stream into the local outbound RF signal 222. The
second coupling circuit 216, which may be a switching network, a
switch, a multiplexer, and/or any other type of selecting coupling
circuit, provides the local outbound RF signal 222 to the local
communication antenna structure 72 when the IC is in the local
communication mode.
[0087] In the local communication mode 242, the second coupling
circuit 216 also receives the local inbound RF signal 224 from the
local communication antenna structure 72 and provides it to the
receive section 210. The receive section 210 converts the local
inbound RF signal 224 into the local inbound symbol stream 226. The
first coupling circuit 214 provides the local inbound symbol stream
226 to the baseband processing module 78, which converts the local
inbound symbol stream 226 into local inbound data 228.
[0088] In a remote communication mode 242, the baseband processing
module 78 converts remote outbound data 230 into remote outbound
symbol stream 232. The first coupling circuit 214 provides the
remote outbound symbol stream 232 to the transmit section 212 when
the IC is in a remote communication mode. The transmit section 212
converts the remote outbound symbol stream 232 into the remote
outbound RF signal 234. The second coupling circuit 216 provides
the remote outbound RF signal 234 to the remote communication
antenna structure 74.
[0089] In the remote communication mode, the second coupling
circuit 216 also receives the remote inbound RF signal 236 from the
remote communication antenna structure 74 and provides it to the
receive section 210. The receive section 210 converts the remote
inbound RF signal 236 into the remote inbound symbol stream 238.
The first coupling circuit 214 provides the remote inbound symbol
stream 238 to the baseband processing module 78, which converts the
remote inbound symbol stream 238 into remote inbound data 240. Note
that the local RF signal 84 includes the local inbound and outbound
RF signals 222 and 224 and the remote RF signal 86 includes the
remote inbound and outbound RF signals 234 and 236. Further note
that the remote inbound and outbound data 230 and 240 include one
or more of graphics, digitized voice signals, digitized audio
signals, digitized video signals, and text signals and the local
inbound and outbound data 218 and 228 include one or more of
chip-to-chip communication data and chip-to-board communication
data.
[0090] FIG. 12 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment
of an IC 70 that includes the local antenna structure 72, the
remote antenna structure 74, the RF transcevier 76; and the
baseband processing module 78. The RF transceiver 76 includes a
local transmit section 250, a local receive section 252, a remote
transmit section 254, and a remote receive section 256.
[0091] In this embodiment, the baseband processing module 78
converts local outbound data 218 into local outbound symbol stream
220. The local transmit section 250, which may include an
up-conversion module as shown in FIGS. 8-10, converts the local
outbound symbol stream 220 into the local outbound RF signal 222.
The local transmit section 250 provides the local outbound RF
signal 222 to the local communication antenna structure 72 when the
IC is in the local communication mode 242.
[0092] In the local communication mode 242, the local receive
section 252 receives the local inbound RF signal 224 from the local
communication antenna structure 72. The local receive section 252
converts the local inbound RF signal 224 into the local inbound
symbol stream 226. The baseband processing module 78 converts the
local inbound symbol stream 226 into local inbound data 228.
[0093] In a remote communication mode 242, the baseband processing
module 78 converts remote outbound data 230 into remote outbound
symbol stream 232. The remote transmit section 254 converts the
remote outbound symbol stream 232 into the remote outbound RF
signal 234 and provides it to the remote communication antenna
structure 74.
[0094] In the remote communication mode, the remote receive section
256 receives the remote inbound RF signal 236 from the remote
communication antenna structure 74. The receiver section 210
converts the remote inbound RF signal 236 into the remote inbound
symbol stream 238. The baseband processing module 78 converts the
remote inbound symbol stream 238 into remote inbound data 240.
[0095] FIG. 13 is a diagram of an embodiment of an integrated
circuit (IC) 270 that includes a package substrate 80 and a die
272. The die 272 includes a baseband processing module 276, an RF
transceiver 274, a local low efficiency antenna structure 260, a
local efficient antenna structure 262, and a remote antenna
structure 74. The baseband processing module 276 may be a single
processing device or a plurality of processing devices. Such a
processing device may be a microprocessor, micro-controller,
digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit,
field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state
machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry,
and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital)
based on hard coding of the circuitry and/or operational
instructions. The processing module 276 may have an associated
memory and/or memory element, which may be a single memory device,
a plurality of memory devices, and/or embedded circuitry of the
processing module 276. Such a memory device may be a read-only
memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory,
static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or
any device that stores digital information. Note that when the
processing module 276 implements one or more of its functions via a
state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic
circuitry, the memory and/or memory element storing the
corresponding operational instructions may be embedded within, or
external to, the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog
circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry. Further note
that, the memory element stores, and the processing module 276
executes, hard coded and/or operational instructions corresponding
to at least some of the steps and/or functions illustrated in FIGS.
13-20.
[0096] In one embodiment, the IC 270 supports local low data rate,
local high data rate, and remote communications, where the local
communications are of a very short range (e.g., less than 0.5
meters) and the remote communications are of a longer range (e.g.,
greater than 1 meter). For example, local communications may be IC
to IC communications, IC to board communications, and/or board to
board communications within a device and remote communications may
be cellular telephone communications, WLAN communications,
Bluetooth piconet communications, walkie-talkie communications,
etc. Further, the content of the remote communications may include
graphics, digitized voice signals, digitized audio signals,
digitized video signals, and/or outbound text signals.
[0097] To support a low data rate or high data rate local
communication, the baseband processing module 276 convert local
outbound data into the local outbound symbol stream. The conversion
of the local outbound data into the local outbound symbol stream
may be done in accordance with one or more data modulation schemes,
such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), phase
modulation (PM), amplitude shift keying (ASK), phase shift keying
(PSK), quadrature PSK (QSK), 8-PSK, frequency shift keying (FSK),
minimum shift keying (MSK), Gaussian MSK (GMSK), quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM), a combination thereof, and/or
alterations thereof. For example, the conversion of the outbound
data into the outbound system stream may include one or more of
scrambling, encoding, puncturing, interleaving, constellation
mapping, modulation, frequency to time domain conversion,
space-time block encoding, space-frequency block encoding,
beamforming, and digital baseband to IF conversion.
[0098] The RF transceiver 274 converts the low data rate or high
data rate local outbound symbol stream into a low data rate or high
data local outbound RF signal 264 or 266. The RF transceiver 274
provides the low data rate local outbound RF signal 264 to the
local low efficiency antenna structure 260, which may include a
small antenna (e.g., a length of <= 1/10 wavelength) or
infinitesimal antenna (e.g., a length of <= 1/50 wavelength),
and provides the high data rate local outbound RF signal 288 to the
local efficient antenna structure 262, which may include a 1/4
wavelength antenna or a 1/2 wavelength antenna.
[0099] The local low efficiency antenna structure 260 transmits the
low data rate local outbound RF signal 264 within a frequency band
of approximately 55 GHz to 64 GHz and the local efficient antenna
structure 262 transmits the high data rate local outbound RF signal
266 within the same frequency band. Accordingly, the local antenna
structures 260 and 262 includes electromagnetic properties to
operate within the frequency band. Note that various embodiments of
the antenna structures 260, and/or 262 will be described in FIGS.
21-70. Further note that frequency band above 60 GHz may be used
for the local communications.
[0100] For low data rate local inbound signals, the local low
efficiency antenna structure 260 receives a low data rate local
inbound RF signal 264, which has a carrier frequency within the
frequency band of approximately 55 GHz to 64 GHz. The local low
efficiency antenna structure 260 provides the low data rate local
inbound RF signal 264 to the RF transceiver 274. For high data rate
local inbound signals, the local efficient antenna structure 262
receives a high data rate local inbound RF signal 266 which has a
carrier frequency within the frequency band of approximately 55 GHz
to 64 GHz. The local efficient antenna structure 262 provides the
high data rate local inbound RF signal 266 to the RF transceiver
274.
[0101] The RF transceiver 274 converts the low data rate or the
high data local inbound RF signal into a local inbound symbol
stream. The baseband processing module 276 converts the local
inbound symbol stream into local inbound data in accordance with
one or more data modulation schemes, such as amplitude modulation
(AM), frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (PM), amplitude
shift keying (ASK), phase shift keying (PSK), quadrature PSK (QSK),
8-PSK, frequency shift keying (FSK), minimum shift keying (MSK),
Gaussian MSK (GMSK), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), a
combination thereof, and/or alterations thereof. For example, the
conversion of the inbound system stream into the inbound data may
include one or more of descrambling, decoding, depuncturing,
deinterleaving, constellation demapping, demodulation, time to
frequency domain conversion, space-time block decoding,
space-frequency block decoding, de-beamforming, and IF to digital
baseband conversion.
[0102] To support a remote communication, the baseband processing
module 276 convert remote outbound data into a remote outbound
symbol stream. The conversion of the remote outbound data into the
remote outbound symbol stream may be done in accordance with one or
more data modulation schemes, such as amplitude modulation (AM),
frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (PM), amplitude shift
keying (ASK), phase shift keying (PSK), quadrature PSK (QSK),
8-PSK, frequency shift keying (FSK), minimum shift keying (MSK),
Gaussian MSK (GMSK), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), a
combination thereof, and/or alterations thereof. For example, the
conversion of the outbound data into the outbound system stream may
include one or more of scrambling, encoding, puncturing,
interleaving, constellation mapping, modulation, frequency to time
domain conversion, space-time block encoding, space-frequency block
encoding, beamforming, and digital baseband to IF conversion.
[0103] The RF transceiver 274 converts the remote outbound symbol
stream into a remote outbound RF signal 86 and provides it to the
remote antenna structure 74. The remote antenna structure 74
transmits the remote outbound RF signals 86 within a frequency
band. The frequency band may be 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz,
or approximately 55 GHz to 64 GHz. Accordingly, the remote antenna
structure 74 includes electromagnetic properties to operate within
the frequency band. Note that various embodiments of the antenna
structure will be described in FIGS. 21-70.
[0104] For remote inbound signals, the remote antenna structure 74
receives a remote inbound RF signal 86, which has a carrier
frequency within the frequency band. The remote antenna structure
74 provides the remote inbound RF signal 86 to the RF transceiver
274, which converts the remote inbound RF signal into a remote
inbound symbol stream.
[0105] The baseband processing module 276 converts the remote
inbound symbol stream into remote inbound data in accordance with
one or more data modulation schemes, such as amplitude modulation
(AM), frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (PM), amplitude
shift keying (ASK), phase shift keying (PSK), quadrature PSK (QSK),
8-PSK, frequency shift keying (FSK), minimum shift keying (MSK),
Gaussian MSK (GMSK), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), a
combination thereof, and/or alterations thereof For example, the
conversion of the inbound system stream into the inbound data may
include one or more of descrambling, decoding, depuncturing,
deinterleaving, constellation demapping, demodulation, time to
frequency domain conversion, space-time block decoding,
space-frequency block decoding, de-beamforming, and IF to digital
baseband conversion.
[0106] FIG. 14 is a diagram of an embodiment of an integrated
circuit (IC) 270 that includes a package substrate 80 and a die
272. This embodiment is similar to that of FIG. 13 except that the
remote antenna structure 74 is on the package substrate 80.
Accordingly, IC 270 includes a connection from the remote antenna
structure 74 on the package substrate 80 to the RF transceiver 274
on the die 272.
[0107] FIG. 15 is a diagram of an embodiment of an integrated
circuit (IC) 280 that includes a package substrate 284 and a die
282. The die 282 includes a control module 288, an RF transceiver
286, a plurality of antenna structures 290. The control module 288
may be a single processing device or a plurality of processing
devices. Such a processing device may be a microprocessor,
micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central
processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic
device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital
circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog
and/or digital) based on hard coding of the circuitry and/or
operational instructions. The control module may have an associated
memory and/or memory element, which may be a single memory device,
a plurality of memory devices, and/or embedded circuitry of the
control module. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory,
random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static
memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any
device that stores digital information. Note that when the control
module implements one or more of its functions via a state machine,
analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the
memory and/or memory element storing the corresponding operational
instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry
comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry,
and/or logic circuitry. Further note that, the memory element
stores, and the control module executes, hard coded and/or
operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the
steps and/or functions illustrated in FIGS. 15-20.
[0108] In operation, the control module 288 configures one or more
of the plurality of antenna structures 290 to provide the inbound
RF signal 292 to the RF transceiver 286. In addition, the control
module 288 configures one or more of the plurality of antenna
structures 290 to receive the outbound RF signal 294 from the RF
transceiver 286. In this embodiment, the plurality of antenna
structures 290 is on the die 282. In an alternate embodiment, a
first antenna structure of the plurality of antenna structures 290
is on the die 282 and a second antenna structure of the plurality
of antenna structures 290 is on the package substrate 284. Note
that an antenna structure of the plurality of antenna structures
290 may include one or more of an antenna, a transmission line, a
transformer, and an impedance matching circuit as will described
with reference to FIGS. 21-70.
[0109] The RF transceiver 286 converts the inbound RF signal 292
into an inbound symbol stream. In one embodiment, the inbound RF
signal 292 has a carrier frequency in a frequency band of
approximately 55 GHz to 64 GHz In addition, the RF transceiver 286
converts an outbound symbol stream into the outbound RF signal 294,
which has a carrier frequency in the frequency band of
approximately 55 GHz to 64 GHz.
[0110] FIG. 16 is a diagram of an embodiment of an integrated
circuit (IC) 280 that includes a package substrate 284 and a die
282. This embodiment is similar to that of FIG. 15 except that the
plurality of antenna structures 290 is on the package substrate
284. Accordingly, IC 280 includes a connection from the plurality
of antenna structures 290 on the package substrate 284 to the RF
transceiver 286 on the die 282.
[0111] FIG. 17 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of IC
280 that includes a baseband processing module 300, the RF
transceiver 286, the control module 288, an antenna coupling
circuit 316, and the plurality of antenna structures 290. The
baseband processing module 300 may be a single processing device or
a plurality of processing devices. Such a processing device may be
a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor,
microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate
array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry,
analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that
manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on hard coding of
the circuitry and/or operational instructions. The processing
module 276 may have an associated memory and/or memory element,
which may be a single memory device, a plurality of memory devices,
and/or embedded circuitry of the processing module 276. Such a
memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory,
volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic
memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores
digital information. Note that when the processing module 276
implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog
circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory
and/or memory element storing the corresponding operational
instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry
comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry,
and/or logic circuitry. Further note that, the memory element
stores, and the processing module 276 executes, hard coded and/or
operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the
steps and/or functions illustrated in FIGS. 13-20.
[0112] In this embodiment, the control module 288, which may be a
shared processing device with or a separate processing device from
the baseband processing module 300, places the IC 280 into a
multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communication mode 336. In
this mode, the baseband processing module 300 includes an encoding
module 302, an interleaving module 304, a plurality of symbol
mapping modules 306, a plurality of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
modules 308, and a space-time or space-frequency block encoder 310
to convert outbound data 316 into an outbound space-time or
space-frequency block encoded symbol streams 320. In one
embodiment, the encoding module 302 performs one or more of
scrambling, encoding, puncturing, and any other type of data
encoding.
[0113] A plurality of transmit sections 314 of the RF transceiver
286 convert the outbound space-time or space-frequency block
encoded symbol streams 320 into a plurality of outbound RF signals.
The antenna coupling circuit 316, which may include one or more T/R
switches, one or more transformer baluns, and/or one or more
switching networks, provides the plurality of outbound RF signals
to at least two of the plurality of antenna structures 290 in
accordance with the MIMO setting 336 provided by the control module
288. The at least two of the plurality of antenna structures 290
transmit the plurality of outbound RF signals as the outbound RF
signal 294.
[0114] The plurality of antenna structures 290 receives the inbound
RF signal 292, which includes a plurality of inbound RF signals. At
least two of the plurality of antenna structures are coupled to a
plurality of receive sections 312 of the RF transceiver 286 via the
coupling circuit 316. The receive sections 312 convert the
plurality of inbound RF signals into inbound space-time or
space-frequency block encoded symbol streams 322.
[0115] The baseband processing module includes a space-time or
space-frequency decoding module 326, a plurality of inverse FFT
(IFFT) modules 328, a plurality of symbol demapping modules 330, a
deinterleaving module 322, and a decoding module 334 to convert the
inbound space-time or space-frequency block encoded symbol streams
322 into inbound data 324. The decoding module 334 may perform one
or more of de-puncturing, decoding, descrambling, and any other
type of data decoding.
[0116] FIG. 18 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of IC
280 that includes the baseband processing module 300, the RF
transceiver 286, the control module 288, an antenna coupling
circuit 316, and the plurality of antenna structures 290. In this
embodiment, the control module 288 places the IC 280 into a
diversity mode 354. In this mode, the baseband processing module
300 includes the encoding module 302, the interleaving module 304,
a symbol mapping module 306, and a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
module 308 to convert outbound data 316 into an outbound symbol
stream 350.
[0117] On of the plurality of transmit sections 314 of the RF
transceiver 286 converts the outbound symbol stream 320 into an
outbound RF signal 294. The antenna coupling circuit 316 provides
the outbound RF signal 294 to one or more of the plurality of
antenna structures 290 in accordance with the diversity setting 354
provided by the control module 288. In one embodiment, the
plurality of antenna structures 290 have antennas that are
physically spaced by 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, and/or a 1 wavelength apart to
receive and/or transmit RF signals in a multi-path environment.
[0118] The plurality of antenna structures 290 receives the inbound
RF signal 292. At least one of the plurality of antenna structures
is coupled to one of the plurality of receive sections 312 of the
RF transceiver 286 via the coupling circuit 316. The receive
section 312 converts the inbound RF signal 292 into an inbound
symbol stream 352.
[0119] The baseband processing module 300 includes an inverse FFT
(IFFT) module 328, a symbol demapping module 330, a deinterleaving
module 322, and a decoding module 334 to convert the inbound
encoded symbol stream 352 into inbound data 324.
[0120] FIG. 19 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of IC
280 that includes a baseband processing module 300, the RF
transceiver 286, the control module 288, an antenna coupling
circuit 316, and the plurality of antenna structures 290.
[0121] In this embodiment, the control module 288 places the IC 280
into a baseband (BB) beamforming mode 366. In this mode, the
baseband processing module 300 includes the encoding module 302,
the interleaving module 304, a plurality of symbol mapping modules
306, a plurality of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) modules 308, and a
beamforming encoder 310 to convert outbound data 316 into outbound
beamformed encoded symbol streams 364.
[0122] A plurality of transmit sections 314 of the RF transceiver
286 convert the outbound beamformed encoded symbol streams 364 into
a plurality of outbound RF signals. The antenna coupling circuit
316 provides the plurality of outbound RF signals to at least two
of the plurality of antenna structures 290 in accordance with the
beamforming setting 366 provided by the control module 288. The at
least two of the plurality of antenna structures 290 transmit the
plurality of outbound RF signals as the outbound RF signal 294.
[0123] The plurality of antenna structures 290 receives the inbound
RF signal 292, which includes a plurality of inbound RF signals. At
least two of the plurality of antenna structures are coupled to a
plurality of receive sections 312 of the RF transceiver 286 via the
coupling circuit 316. The receive sections 312 convert the
plurality of inbound RF signals into inbound beamformed encoded
symbol streams 365.
[0124] The baseband processing module includes a beamforming
decoding module 326, a plurality of inverse FFT (IFFT) modules 328,
a plurality of symbol demapping modules 330, a deinterleaving
module 322, and a decoding module 334 to convert the inbound
beamformed encoded symbol streams 365into inbound data 324.
[0125] FIG. 20 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of IC
280 that includes a baseband processing module 300, the RF
transceiver 286, the control module 288, an antenna coupling
circuit 316, and the plurality of antenna structures 290. In this
embodiment, the control module 288 places the IC 280 into an in-air
beamforming mode 370. In this mode, the baseband processing module
300 includes the encoding module 302, the interleaving module 304,
a symbol mapping module 306, and a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
module 308 to convert outbound data 316 into an outbound symbol
stream 350.
[0126] The transmit section 376 of the RF transceiver 286 converts
the outbound symbol stream 320 into phase offset outbound RF
signals of the outbound RF signal 294. For example, one phase
offset outbound RF signal may have a phase offset of 0.degree. and
another may have a phase offset of 90.degree., such that the
resulting in-air combining of the signals is at 45.degree.. In
addition to providing a phase offset, the transmit section 376 may
adjust the amplitudes of the phase offset outbound RF signals to
produce the desired phase offset. The antenna coupling circuit 316
provides the phase offset outbound RF signals to at least two of
the plurality of antenna structures 290 in accordance with the
in-air beamforming setting 370 provided by the control module
288.
[0127] The plurality of antenna structures 290 receives the inbound
RF signal 292, which includes a plurality of inbound phase offset
RF signals. At least two of the plurality of antenna structures is
coupled to the receive section 378 of the RF transceiver 286 via
the coupling circuit 316. The receive section 378 converts the
plurality of inbound phase offset RF signals into an inbound symbol
stream 352.
[0128] The baseband processing module 300 includes an inverse FFT
(IFFT) module 328, a symbol demapping module 330, a deinterleaving
module 322, and a decoding module 334 to convert the inbound
encoded symbol stream 352 into inbound data 324.
[0129] FIGS. 21 and 22 are diagrams of various embodiments of an
antenna structure of the plurality of antenna structures 290 that
includes an antenna 380, a transmission line 382 and a transformer
384. The antenna 380 is shown as a dipole antenna but may be of any
configuration. For example, the antenna 380 may be any of the
antennas illustrated in FIGS. 35-47, 53, 54, and 58-70. The
transmission line 382 may be a tuned transmission line to
substantially match the impedance of the antenna 380 and/or may
include an impedance matching circuit. The antenna structure 290-A
of FIG. 21 has an ultra narrow bandwidth (e.g., <0.5% of center
frequency) and the antenna structure 290-B of FIG. 22 has a narrow
bandwidth (approximately 5% of center frequency).
[0130] The bandwidth of an antenna having a length of 1/2
wavelength or less is primarily dictated by the antenna's quality
factor (Q), which may be mathematically expressed as shown in Eq. 1
where v.sub.0 is the resonant frequency, 2.delta.v is the
difference in frequency between the two half-power points (i.e.,
the bandwidth).
v 0 2 .differential. v = 1 Q Equation 1 ##EQU00001##
[0131] Equation 2 provides a basic quality factor equation for the
antenna structure, where R is the resistance of the antenna
structure, L is the inductance of the antenna structure, and C is
the capacitor of the antenna structure.
Q = 1 R * L C Equation 2 ##EQU00002##
[0132] As such, by adjusting the resistance, inductance, and/or
capacitance of an antenna structure, the bandwidth can be
controlled. In particular, the smaller the quality factor, the
narrower the bandwidth. In the present discussion, the antenna
structure 290-A of FIG. 21 in comparison to the antenna structure
290-B of FIG. 22 includes a larger resistance and capacitor, thus
it has a lower quality factor. Note that the capacitance is
primarily established by the length of, and the distance between,
the lines of the transmission line 382, the distance between the
elements of the antenna 380, and any added capacitance to the
antenna structure. Further note that the lines of the transmission
line 382 and those of the antenna 380 may be on the same layer of
an IC and/or package substrate and/or on different layers of the IC
and/or package substrate.
[0133] FIG. 23 is frequency spectrum diagram of antenna structures
290-A and 290-B of FIGS. 21 and 22 centered at the carrier
frequency of a desired channel 400, which may be in the frequency
range of 55 GHz to 64 GHz. As discussed above, the antenna
structure 290-A has an ultra narrow bandwidth 404 and the antenna
structure 290-B has a narrow bandwidth 402. In one embodiment, the
antenna structure 290-A may be used for a transmit antenna
structure while antenna structure 290-B may be used for a receive
antenna structure. In another embodiment, the first antenna
structure 290-A may be enabled to have a first polarization and the
second antenna structure 290-B may be enabled to have a second
polarization.
[0134] In another embodiment, the both antenna structures 290-A and
290-B may be enabled for signal combining of the inbound RF signal.
In this embodiment, the first and second antenna structures 290-A
and 290-B receive the inbound RF signal. The two representations of
the inbound RF signal are then be combined (e.g., summed together,
use one to provide data when the other has potential corruption,
etc.) to produce a combined inbound RF signal. The combining may be
done in one of the first and second antenna structures 290-A and
290-B (note: one of the structures would further include a summing
module), in the RF transceiver, or at baseband by the control
module or the baseband processing module.
[0135] FIG. 24 is frequency spectrum diagram of the narrow
bandwidth 402 of antenna structure 290-B centered at the carrier
frequency of a desired channel 410, which may be in the frequency
range of 55 GHz to 64 GHz, and the ultra narrow bandwidth 404 of
antenna structure 290-A centered about an interferer 412. The
interferer 412 may be adjacent channel interference, from another
system, noise, and/or any unwanted signal. The circuit of FIG. 25
utilizes this antenna arrangement to cancel the interferer 410 with
negligible effects on receiving the desired channel 410.
[0136] FIG. 25 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment
of IC 280 that includes the plurality of antenna structures 290,
the antenna coupling circuit 316, and the receive section 312. The
receive section 312 includes two low noise amplifiers 420 and 422,
a subtraction module 425, a bandpass filter (BPF) 424, and the
down-conversion module 158. In this embodiment, the control module
has enabled antenna structures 290-A and 290-B.
[0137] In operation, the narrow bandwidth antenna structure 290-B
receives the inbound RF channel, which includes the desired channel
410 and the interferer 412 and provides it to the first LNA 420.
The ultra narrow bandwidth antenna structure 290-A receives the
interferer 412 and provides it to the second LNA 422. The gains of
the first and second LNAs 420 and 422 may be separately controlled
such that the magnitude of the interferer 412 outputted by both
LNAs 420 and 422 is approximately equal. Further, the LNAs 420 and
422 may include a phase adjustment module to phase align the
amplified interferer outputted by both LNAs 420 and 422.
[0138] The subtraction module 425 subtracts the output of the
second LNA 422 (i.e., the amplified interferer) from the output of
the first LNA 420 (i.e., the amplified desired channel and
amplified interferer) to produce an amplified desired channel. The
bandpass filter 424, which is tuned to the desired channel, further
filters unwanted signals and provides the filtered and amplified
desired channel component of the inbound RF signal to the
down-conversion module 158. The down-conversion module 158 converts
the filtered and amplified desired channel component into the
inbound symbol stream 164 based on the receive local oscillation
166.
[0139] FIG. 26 is frequency spectrum diagram of the narrow
bandwidth 402 of antenna structure 290-B centered at the carrier
frequency of a desired channel 410, the ultra narrow bandwidth 404
of antenna structure 290-A centered about an interferer 412, and
another ultra narrow bandwidth antenna structure 290-C centered
about the desired channel 410. The circuit of FIG. 27 utilizes this
antenna arrangement to combine the desired channel and cancel the
interferer 410 with negligible effects on receiving the desired
channel 410.
[0140] FIG. 27 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment
of an IC 280 that includes the plurality of antenna structures 290,
the antenna coupling circuit 316, and the receive section 312. The
receive section 312 includes three low noise amplifiers 420, 422,
and 426, the subtraction module 425, an adder 427, the bandpass
filter (BPF) 424, and the down-conversion module 158. In this
embodiment, the control module has enabled antenna structures
290-A, 290-B, and 290-C.
[0141] In operation, the narrow bandwidth antenna structure 290-B
receives the inbound RF channel, which includes the desired channel
410 and the interferer 412 and provides it to the first LNA 420.
The ultra narrow bandwidth antenna structure 290-A receives the
interferer 412 and provides it to the second LNA 422. The ultra
narrow bandwidth antenna structure 290-C receives the desired
channel and provides it to the third LNA 426. The gains of the
first, second, and third LNAs 420, 422, and 426 may be separately
controlled such that the magnitude of the interferer 412 outputted
by LNAs 420 and 422 is approximately equal. Further, the LNAs 420
and 422 may include a phase adjustment module to phase align the
amplified interferer outputted by both LNAs 420 and 422.
[0142] The subtraction module 425 subtracts the output of the
second LNA 422 (i.e., the amplified interferer) from the output of
the first LNA 420 (i.e., the amplified desired channel and
amplified interferer) to produce an amplified desired channel. The
adder 427 adds the output of the subtraction module 425 (i.e., the
desired channel) with the output of the third LNA 426 (i.e., the
desired channel) to produce a combined desired channel. The
bandpass filter 424, which is tuned to the desired channel, further
filters unwanted signals from the combined desired channel and
provides it to the down-conversion module 158. The down-conversion
module 158 converts the filtered and amplified desired channel
component into the inbound symbol stream 164 based on the receive
local oscillation 166.
[0143] FIG. 28 is a diagram of an embodiment of an antenna
structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290 on a die 30, 32, 34,
36, 82, 272, or 282 and/or on a package substrate 22, 24, 26, 28,
80, 284. The antenna structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290
includes one or more of an antenna 430, a transmission line 432,
conductors 434, 436, an impedance matching circuit 438, and a
switching circuit 440. The antenna 430 may be a microstrip on the
die and/or on the package substrate to provide a half-wavelength
dipole antenna or a quarter-wavelength monopole antenna. In other
embodiments, the antenna 430 may be one or more of the antennas
illustrated in FIGS. 35-46 51, and 53-70.
[0144] The transmission line 432, which may be a pair of microstrip
lines on the die and/or on the package substrate, is electrically
coupled to the antenna 430 and electromagnetically coupled to the
impedance matching circuit 438 by the first and second conductors
434 and 436. In one embodiment, the electromagnetic coupling of the
first conductor 434 to a first line of the transmission line 432
produces a first transformer and the electromagnetic coupling of
the second conductor 436 to a second line of the transmission line
produces a second transformer.
[0145] The impedance matching circuit 438, which may include one or
more of an adjustable inductor circuit, an adjustable capacitor
circuit, an adjustable resistor circuit, an inductor, a capacitor,
and a resistor, in combination with the transmission line 432 and
the first and second transformers establish the impedance for
matching that of the antenna 430. The impedance matching circuit
438 may be implemented as shown in FIGS. 43-50.
[0146] The switching circuit 440 includes one or more switches,
transistors, tri-state buffers, and tri-state drivers, to couple
the impedance matching circuit 438 to the RF transceiver 286. In
one embodiment, the switching circuit 440 is receives a coupling
signal from the RF transceiver 286, the control module 288, and/or
the baseband processing module 300, wherein the coupling signal
indicates whether the switching circuit 440 is open (i.e., the
impedance matching circuit 438 is not coupled to the RF transceiver
286) or closed (i.e., the impedance matching circuit 438 is coupled
to the RF transceiver 286).
[0147] FIG. 29 is a diagram of an embodiment of an antenna
structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290 on a die 30, 32, 34,
36, 82, 272, or 282 and/or on a package substrate 22, 24, 26, 28,
80, 284. The antenna structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290
includes an antenna (i.e., an antenna radiation section 452 and an
antenna ground plane 454), a transmission line 456, and a
transformer circuit 450. The antenna radiation section 452 may be a
microstrip on the die and/or on the package substrate to provide a
half-wavelength dipole antenna or a quarter-wavelength monopole
antenna. In other embodiments, the antenna radiation section 452
may be implemented in accordance with one or more of the antennas
illustrated in FIGS. 35-46 51, and 53-70.
[0148] The antenna ground plane is on a different layer of the die
and/or of the package substrate and, from a first axis (e.g.,
parallel to the surface of the die and/or the package substrate),
is parallel to the antenna radiation section 452 and, from a second
axis (e.g., perpendicular to the surface of the die and/or the
package substrate), is substantially encircling of the antenna
radiation section 452 and may encircle to the transmission line
456.
[0149] The transmission line 456, which includes a pair of
microstrip lines on the die and/or on the package substrate, is
electrically coupled to the antenna radiation section 452 and is
electrically coupled to the transformer circuit 460. The coupling
of the transformer circuit to the second line is further coupled to
the antenna ground plane 454. Various embodiments of the
transformer circuit 460 are shown in FIGS. 30-32.
[0150] FIG. 30 is a diagram of an embodiment of an antenna
structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290 on a die 30, 32, 34,
36, 82, 272, or 282 and/or on a package substrate 22, 24, 26, 28,
80, 284. The antenna structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290
includes an antenna (i.e., an antenna radiation section 452 and an
antenna ground plane 454), a transmission line 456, and a
transformer circuit 450.
[0151] In this embodiment, a first conductor 458, which may be a
microstrip, is electromagnetically coupled to the first line of the
transmission line 456 to form a first transformer. A second
conductor 460 is electromagnetically coupled to the second line of
the transmission line 456 to form a second transformer. The first
and second transformers of the transformer circuit 450 are used to
couple the transmission line 456 to the RF transceiver and/or to an
impedance matching circuit.
[0152] FIG. 31 is a diagram of an embodiment of an antenna
structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290 on a die 30, 32, 34,
36, 82, 272, or 282 and/or on a package substrate 22, 24, 26, 28,
80, 284. The antenna structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290
includes an antenna (i.e., an antenna radiation section 452 and an
antenna ground plane 454), a transmission line 456, and a
transformer circuit 450.
[0153] In this embodiment, the transformer circuit 450 includes a
first inductive conductor 462 and a second inductive conductor 464.
The first inductive conductor 462 is coupled to the first and
second lines to form a single-ended winding of a transformer. The
second inductive conductor 464 includes a center tap that is
coupled to ground. In addition, the second inductive conductor 464
is electromagnetically coupled to the first inductive conductor to
form a differential winding of the transformer. The transformer may
be used to couple the transmission line 456 to the RF transceiver
and/or to an impedance matching circuit.
[0154] FIG. 32 is a diagram of an embodiment of an antenna
structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290 on a die 30, 32, 34,
36, 82, 272, or 282 and/or on a package substrate 22, 24, 26, 28,
80, 284. The antenna structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290
includes an antenna (i.e., an antenna radiation section 452 and an
antenna ground plane 454), a transmission line 456, and a
transformer circuit 450.
[0155] In this embodiment, the transformer circuit 450 includes a
first inductive conductor 476, a second inductive conductor 478, a
third inductive conductor 480, and a fourth inductive conductor
482. Each of the inductive conductors 476-482 may be a microstrip
on the die and/or on the package substrate. The first conductor 476
is on a first layer of the integrated circuit (i.e., the die and/or
the package substrate) and is electromagnetically coupled to the
first line of the transmission line 456 to form a first transformer
of the transformer circuit 450. As shown, the first line and the
antenna are on a second layer of the integrated circuit.
[0156] The second conductor 487 is on the first layer of the
integrated circuit and is electromagnetically coupled to the second
line of the transmission line 456 to form a second transformer. The
third conductor 480 is on a third layer of the integrated circuit
and is electromagnetically coupled to the first line of the
transmission line 456 to form a third transformer. The fourth
conductor 482 is on the third layer of the integrated circuit and
is electromagnetically coupled to the second line of the
transmission line to form a fourth transformer. In one embodiment,
the first and second transformers support an inbound radio
frequency signal and the third and fourth transformers support an
outbound radio frequency signal.
[0157] FIG. 33 is a schematic diagram of an antenna structure 38,
40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290 on a die 30, 32, 34, 36, 82, 272,
or 282 and/or on a package substrate 22, 24, 26, 28, 80, 284. The
antenna structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290 includes an
antenna element 490, a ground plane 492, and a transmission line
494. The antenna element 490 may be one or more microstrips having
a length in the range of approximately 11/4 millimeters to 21/2
millimeters to provide a half-wavelength dipole antenna or a
quarter-wavelength monopole antenna for RF signals in a frequency
band of 55 GHz to 64 GHz. In an embodiment, the antenna element 490
is shaped to provide a horizontal dipole antenna or a vertical
dipole antenna. In other embodiments, the antenna element 490 may
be implemented in accordance with one or more of the antennas
illustrated in FIGS. 34-46 51, and 53-70.
[0158] The ground plane 492 has a surface area larger than the
surface area of the antenna element 490. The ground plane 490, from
a first axial perspective, is substantially parallel to the antenna
element 490 and, from a second axial perspective, is substantially
co-located to the antenna element 490. The transmission line
includes a first line and a second line, which are substantially
parallel. In one embodiment, at least the first line of the
transmission line 494 is electrically coupled to the antenna
element 490.
[0159] FIG. 34 is a diagram of an embodiment of an antenna
structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290 on a die 30, 32, 34,
36, 82, 272, or 282 and/or on a package substrate 22, 24, 26, 28,
80, 284. The antenna structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290
includes the antenna element 490, the antenna ground plane 492, and
the transmission line 494. In this embodiment, the antenna element
490 and the transmission line 494 are on a first layer 500 of the
die and/or of the package substrate and the ground plane 492 is on
a second layer 502 of the die and/or of the package substrate.
[0160] FIG. 35 is a diagram of an embodiment of an antenna
structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290 on a die 30, 32, 34,
36, 82, 272, or 282 and/or on a package substrate 22, 24, 26, 28,
80, 284. The antenna structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290
includes the antenna element 490, the antenna ground plane 492, and
the transmission line 494. In this embodiment, the antenna element
490 has is vertically positioned with respect to the ground plane
492 and has a length of approximately 1/4 wavelength of the RF
signals it transceives. The ground plane 492 may be circular
shaped, elliptical shaped, rectangular shaped, or any other shape
to provide an effective ground for the antenna element 490. The
ground plane 492 includes an opening to enable the transmission
line 494 to be coupled to the antenna element 490.
[0161] FIG. 36 is a cross sectional diagram of the embodiment of an
antenna structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290 on a die 30,
32, 34, 36, 82, 272, or 282 and/or on a package substrate 22, 24,
26, 28, 80, 284 of FIG. 35. The antenna structure 38, 40, 42, 44,
72, 74, 282, or 290 includes the antenna element 490, the antenna
ground plane 492, and the transmission line 494. In this
embodiment, the antenna element 490 has is vertically positioned
with respect to the ground plane 492 and has a length of
approximately 1/4 wavelength of the RF signals it transceives. As
shown, the ground plane 492 includes an opening to enable the
transmission line 494 to be coupled to the antenna element 490.
[0162] FIG. 37 is a diagram of an embodiment of an antenna
structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290 on a die 30, 32, 34,
36, 82, 272, or 282 and/or on a package substrate 22, 24, 26, 28,
80, 284. The antenna structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290
includes a plurality of discrete antenna elements 496, the antenna
ground plane 492, and the transmission line 494. In this
embodiment, the plurality of discrete antenna elements 496 includes
a plurality of infinitesimal antennas (i.e., have a length <=
1/50 wavelength) or a plurality of small antennas (i.e., have a
length <= 1/10 wavelength) to provide a discrete antenna
structure, which functions similarly to a continuous horizontal
dipole antenna. The ground plane 492 may be circular shaped,
elliptical shaped, rectangular shaped, or any other shape to
provide an effective ground for the plurality of discrete antenna
elements 496.
[0163] FIG. 38 is a diagram of an embodiment of an antenna
structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290 on a die 30, 32, 34,
36, 82, 272, or 282 and/or on a package substrate 22, 24, 26, 28,
80, 284. The antenna structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290
includes the antenna element 490, the antenna ground plane 492, and
the transmission line 494. In this embodiment, the antenna element
490 includes a plurality of substantially enclosed metal traces 504
and 505, and vias 506. The substantially enclosed metal traces 504
and 505 may have a circular shape, an elliptical shape, a square
shape, a rectangular shape and/or any other shape.
[0164] In one embodiment, a first substantially enclosed metal
trace 504 is on a first metal layer 500, a second substantially
enclosed metal trace 505 is on a second metal layer 502, and a via
506 couples the first substantially enclosed metal trace 504 to the
second substantially enclosed metal trace 505 to provide a helical
antenna structure. The ground plane 492 may be circular shaped,
elliptical shaped, rectangular shaped, or any other shape to
provide an effective ground for the antenna element 490. The ground
plane 492 includes an opening to enable the transmission line 494
to be coupled to the antenna element 490.
[0165] FIG. 39 is a diagram of an embodiment of an antenna
structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290 on a die 30, 32, 34,
36, 82, 272, or 282 (collectively or alternatively referred to as
die 514 for this figure and FIGS. 40-41) and/or on a package
substrate 22, 24, 26, 28, 80, 284 (collectively or alternatively
referred to as package substrate 512 for this figure and FIGS.
40-41). The antenna structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290
includes the antenna element 490, the antenna ground plane 492, and
the transmission line 494. In this embodiment, the antenna element
490 includes a plurality of antenna sections 516, which may be
microstrips and/or or metal traces, to produce a horizontal dipole
antenna. As shown, some of the antenna sections 516 may be on the
die 514 and other antenna sections 516 may be on the package
substrate 512. As is further shown, the package substrate 512 is
supported via a board 510. Note that the board 510 may be a printed
circuit board, a fiberglass board, a plastic board, or any other
non-conductive type board.
[0166] FIG. 40 is a diagram of an embodiment of an antenna
structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290 on a die 514 and/or
on a package substrate 512. The antenna structure 38, 40, 42, 44,
72, 74, 282, or 290 includes the antenna element 490, the antenna
ground plane 492, and the transmission line 494. In this
embodiment, the antenna element 490 includes a plurality of antenna
sections 516, which may be microstrips, vias, and/or or metal
traces, to produce a vertical dipole antenna. As shown, some of the
antenna sections 516 may be on the die 514 and other antenna
sections 516 may be on the package substrate 512. As is further
shown, the package substrate 512 is supported via a board 510,
which may include the ground plane 492. Alternatively, the ground
plane 492 may be included on the package substrate 512.
[0167] FIG. 41 is a diagram of an embodiment of an antenna
structure 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290 on a die 514 and/or
on a package substrate 512. The antenna structure 38, 40, 42, 44,
72, 74, 282, or 290 includes the antenna element 490, the antenna
ground plane 492, and the transmission line 494. In this
embodiment, the antenna element 490 includes a plurality of
substantially enclosed metal traces 504, 505, 518, and vias 506 and
520. The substantially enclosed metal traces 504, 505, and 518 may
have a circular shape, an elliptical shape, a square shape, a
rectangular shape and/or any other shape.
[0168] In one embodiment, a first substantially enclosed metal
trace 504 is on a first metal layer 524 of the die 514, a second
substantially enclosed metal trace 505 is on a layer 522 of the
package substrate 512, a third substantially enclosed metal trace
518 is on a second metal layer 526 of the die 514, and vias 506 and
520 couple the first, second, and third substantially enclosed
metal traces 504, 505, and 518 together to provide a helical
antenna structure. The ground plane 492 may be circular shaped,
elliptical shaped, rectangular shaped, or any other shape to
provide an effective ground for the antenna element 490. The ground
plane 492 includes an opening to enable the transmission line 494
to be coupled to the antenna element 490. Note that more or less
substantially enclosed metal traces may be included on the die 514
and/or on the package substrate 512.
[0169] FIG. 42 is a diagram of an embodiment of an adjustable
integrated circuit (IC) antenna structure that may be used for
antenna 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290. The adjustable IC
antenna structure includes a plurality of antenna elements 534, a
coupling circuit 536, a ground plane 540, and a transmission line
circuit 538. In this illustration, the plurality of antenna
elements 534, the coupling circuit 536, and the transmission line
circuit 538 are on a first layer 530 of a die 30, 32, 34, 36, 82,
272, or 282 and/or of a package substrate 22, 24, 26, 28, 80, 284
of an IC. The ground plane 540 is proximally located to the
plurality of antenna elements 534 but on a second layer 532 of the
die 30, 32, 34, 36, 82, 272, or 282 and/or of the package substrate
22, 24, 26, 28, 80, 284. In other embodiments, the ground plane 540
may be on a different layer, may be on the same layer as the
plurality of antenna elements 534, and/or on a board that supports
the IC.
[0170] Each of the plurality of antenna elements 534 may be a metal
trace on a metal layer of the die and/or substrate, may be a
microstrip, may have the same geometric shape (e.g., square,
rectangular, coil, spiral, etc.) as other antenna elements, may
have a different geometric shape than the other antenna elements,
may be horizontal with respect to the support surface of the die
and/or substrate, may be vertical with respect to the support
surface of the die and/or substrate, may have the same
electromagnetic properties (e.g., impedance, inductance, reactance,
capacitance, quality factor, resonant frequency, etc.) as other
antenna elements, and/or may have different electromagnetic
properties than the other antenna elements.
[0171] The coupling circuit 536, which may include plurality of
magnetic coupling elements and/or a plurality of switches, couples
at least one of the plurality of antenna elements into an antenna
based on an antenna structure characteristic signal. The control
module 288, an RF transceiver 46-52, 76, 274, 286 and/or a baseband
processing module 78, 276, 300 may generate the antenna structure
characteristic signal to control the coupling circuit 536 to couple
the antenna elements 534 into an antenna having a desired effective
length, a desired bandwidth, a desired impedance, a desired quality
factor, and/or a desired frequency band. For example, the antenna
elements 534 may be configured to produce an antenna having a
frequency band of approximately 55 GHz to 64 GHz; to have an
impedance of approximately 50 Ohms; to have an effective length of
an infinitesimal antenna, of a small antenna, of 1/4 wavelength, of
1/2 wavelength, or greater; etc. Embodiments of the coupling
circuit 536 will be described in greater detail with reference to
FIGS. 47 and 48.
[0172] The transmission line circuit 538 is coupled to provide an
outbound radio frequency (RF) signal to the antenna and receive an
inbound RF signal from the antenna. Note that the antenna elements
534 may be configured into any type of antenna including, but not
limited to, an infinitesimal antenna, a small antenna, a micro
strip antenna, a meandering line antenna, a monopole antenna, a
dipole antenna, a helical antenna, a horizontal antenna, a vertical
antenna, a reflector antenna, a lens type antenna, and an aperture
antenna.
[0173] FIG. 43 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an
adjustable integrated circuit (IC) antenna structure that may be
used for antenna 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290. The
adjustable IC antenna structure includes an antenna 544 and the
transmission line circuit 538. The transmission line circuit 538
includes a transmission line 542 and an impedance matching circuit
546. In other embodiments, the transmission line circuit may
further include a transformer circuit coupled to the impedance
matching circuit 546 or coupled between the impedance matching
circuit 546 and the transmission line 542.
[0174] The antenna 544 includes a plurality of impedances, a
plurality of capacitances, and/or a plurality of inductances; one
or more of which may be adjustable. The impedances, capacitances,
and inductances are produced by the coupling of the plurality of
antenna elements 534 into the antenna. As such, by different
couplings of the antenna elements 534, the inductances,
capacitances, and/or impedances of the antenna 544 may be
adjusted.
[0175] The transmission line 542 includes a plurality of
impedances, a plurality of capacitances, and/or a plurality of
inductances; one or more of which may be adjustable. The
impedances, capacitances, and inductances may be produced by
coupling of a plurality of transmission line elements into the
transmission line 542. As such, by different couplings of the
transmission line elements, the inductances, capacitances, and/or
impedances of the transmission line 542 may be adjusted. Each of
the plurality of transmission line elements may be a metal trace on
a metal layer of the die and/or substrate, may be a microstrip, may
have the same geometric shape (e.g., square, rectangular, coil,
spiral, etc.) as other transmission line elements, may have a
different geometric shape than the other transmission line
elements, may have the same electromagnetic properties (e.g.,
impedance, inductance, reactance, capacitance, quality factor,
resonant frequency, etc.) as other transmission line elements,
and/or may have different electromagnetic properties than the other
transmission line elements.
[0176] The impedance matching circuit 546 includes a plurality of
impedances, a plurality of capacitances, and/or a plurality of
inductances; one or more of which may be adjustable. The
impedances, capacitances, and inductances may be produced by
coupling of a plurality of impedance matching elements (e.g.,
impedance elements, inductor elements, and/or capacitor elements)
into the impedance matching circuit 546. As such, by different
couplings of the impedance matching elements, the inductances,
capacitances, and/or impedances of the impedance matching circuit
546 may be adjusted. Each of the plurality of impedance matching
elements may be a metal trace on a metal layer of the die and/or
substrate, may be a microstrip, may have the same geometric shape
(e.g., square, rectangular, coil, spiral, etc.) as other impedance
matching elements, may have a different geometric shape than the
other impedance matching elements, may have the same
electromagnetic properties (e.g., impedance, inductance, reactance,
capacitance, quality factor, resonant frequency, etc.) as other
impedance matching elements, and/or may have different
electromagnetic properties than the other impedance matching
elements.
[0177] If the transmission line circuit 538 includes a transformer
circuit, the transformer circuit may include a plurality of
impedances, a plurality of capacitances, and/or a plurality of
inductances; one or more of which may be adjustable. The
impedances, capacitances, and inductances may be produced by
coupling of a plurality of transformer elements into the
transformer circuit. As such, by different couplings of the
transformer elements, the inductances, capacitances, and/or
impedances of the transformer circuit may be adjusted. Each of the
plurality of transformer elements may be a metal trace on a metal
layer of the die and/or substrate, may be a microstrip, may have
the same geometric shape (e.g., square, rectangular, coil, spiral,
etc.) as other transformer elements, may have a different geometric
shape than the other transformer elements, may have the same
electromagnetic properties (e.g., impedance, inductance, reactance,
capacitance, quality factor, resonant frequency, etc.) as other
transformer elements, and/or may have different electromagnetic
properties than the other transformer elements.
[0178] With adjustable properties of the antenna 544 and the
transmission line circuit 538, the control module 288, the RF
transceiver 46-52, 76, 274, 286 and/or the baseband processing
module 78, 276, 300 may configure one or more antenna structures to
have a desired effective length, a desired bandwidth, a desired
impedance, a desired quality factor, and/or a desired frequency
band. For example, the control module 288, the RF transceiver
46-52, 76, 274, 286 and/or the baseband processing module 78, 276,
300 may configure one antenna structure to have an ultra narrow
bandwidth and another antenna structure to have a narrow bandwidth.
As another example, the control module 288, the RF transceiver
46-52, 76, 274, 286 and/or the baseband processing module 78, 276,
300 may configure one antenna for one frequency range (e.g., a
transmit frequency range) and another antenna for a second
frequency range (e.g., a receive frequency range). As yet another
example, the control module 288, the RF transceiver 46-52, 76, 274,
286 and/or the baseband processing module 78, 276, 300 may
configure one antenna structure to have a first polarization and
another antenna to have a second polarization.
[0179] FIG. 44 is a diagram of an embodiment of an adjustable
integrated circuit (IC) antenna structure that may be used for
antenna 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290. The adjustable IC
antenna structure includes the antenna 544, the transmission line
542, and the impedance matching circuit 546 on the same layer of
the die and/or package substrate. Note that the antenna structure
may further include a transformer circuit coupled to the impedance
matching circuit 546 or coupled between the impedance matching
circuit 546 and the transmission line 542.
[0180] In this illustration, the transmission line 542 includes a
plurality of transmission line elements 550 and a transmission line
coupling circuit 552. The transmission line coupling circuit 552
couples at least one of the plurality of transmission line elements
550 into a transmission line 542 in accordance with a transmission
line characteristic portion of the antenna structure characteristic
signal.
[0181] The adjustable impedance matching circuit 546 includes a
plurality of impedance matching elements 550 and a coupling circuit
552 to produce a tunable inductor and/or a tunable capacitor in
accordance with an impedance characteristic portion of the antenna
structure characteristic signal. In one embodiment, the tunable
inductor includes a plurality of inductor elements 550 and an
inductor coupling circuit 552. The inductor coupling circuit 552
couples at least one of the plurality of inductor elements 550 into
an inductor having at least one of a desired inductance, a desire
reactance, and a desired quality factor within a given frequency
band based on the impedance characteristic portion of the antenna
structure characteristic signal.
[0182] If the transmission line circuit includes a transformer,
then the transformer includes a plurality of transformer elements
550 and a transformer coupling circuit 552. The transformer
coupling circuit 552 couples at least one of the plurality of
transformer elements 550 into a transformer in accordance with a
transformer characteristic portion of the antenna structure
characteristic signal. Note that each of the coupling circuit 552
may include a plurality of magnetic coupling elements and/or a
plurality of switches or transistors.
[0183] FIG. 45 is a diagram of an embodiment of an adjustable
integrated circuit (IC) antenna structure that may be used for
antenna 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290. The adjustable IC
antenna structure includes the antenna elements and the
transmission line circuit elements 550 of die layers 560 and 562,
the coupling circuits 552 on die layer 561, and one or more
adjustable ground planes 572 on one or more layers of the package
substrate 564, 566, and/or on one or more layers of the supporting
board 568, 570.
[0184] In this embodiment, with the elements 550 on different
layers, the electromagnetic coupling between them via the coupling
circuits 552 is different than when the elements are on the same
layer as shown in FIG. 44. Accordingly, a different desired
effective length, a different desired bandwidth, a different
desired impedance, a different desired quality factor, and/or a
different desired frequency band may be obtained. In another
embodiment, the antenna structure may include a combination of the
elements 550 and coupling circuits 552 of FIGS. 44 and 45.
[0185] In an embodiment of this illustration, the adjustable ground
plane 572 may include a plurality of ground planes and a ground
plane selection circuit. The plurality of ground planes are on one
or more layers of the package substrate and/or on one or more
layers the supporting board. The ground plane selecting circuit is
operable to select at least one of the plurality of ground planes
in accordance with a ground plane portion of the antenna structure
characteristic signal to provide the ground plane 540 of the
antenna structure.
[0186] In an embodiment of this illustration, the adjustable ground
plane 572 includes a plurality of ground plane elements and a
ground plane coupling circuit. The ground plane coupling circuit is
operable to couple at least one of the plurality of ground plane
elements into the ground plane in accordance with a ground plane
portion of the antenna structure characteristic signal.
[0187] FIG. 46 is a diagram of another embodiment of an adjustable
integrated circuit (IC) antenna structure that may be used for
antenna 38, 40, 42, 44, 72, 74, 282, or 290. The adjustable IC
antenna structure includes the antenna elements and the
transmission line circuit elements 550 of die layer 560 and on
package substrate layer 564, the coupling circuits 552 on die layer
562, and one or more adjustable ground planes 572 on package
substrate layer 566 and/or on one or more layers of the supporting
board 568, 570.
[0188] In this embodiment, with the elements 550 on different
layers, the electromagnetic coupling between them via the coupling
circuits 552 is different than when the elements are on the same
layer as shown in FIG. 44. Accordingly, a different desired
effective length, a different desired bandwidth, a different
desired impedance, a different desired quality factor, and/or a
different desired frequency band may be obtained. In another
embodiment, the antenna structure may include a combination of the
elements 550 and coupling circuits 552 of FIGS. 44 and 46.
[0189] In an embodiment of this illustration, the adjustable ground
plane 572 may include a plurality of ground planes and a ground
plane selection circuit. The plurality of ground planes are on one
or more layers of the package substrate and/or on one or more
layers the supporting board. The ground plane selecting circuit is
operable to select at least one of the plurality of ground planes
in accordance with a ground plane portion of the antenna structure
characteristic signal to provide the ground plane 540 of the
antenna structure.
[0190] In an embodiment of this illustration, the adjustable ground
plane 572 includes a plurality of ground plane elements and a
ground plane coupling circuit. The ground plane coupling circuit is
operable to couple at least one of the plurality of ground plane
elements into the ground plane in accordance with a ground plane
portion of the antenna structure characteristic signal.
[0191] FIG. 47 is a diagram of an embodiment of a coupling circuit
552 and/or 536 that includes a plurality of magnetic coupling
elements 574 and switches T1 and T2. In one embodiment, a magnetic
coupling element of the plurality of magnetic coupling elements 574
includes a metal trace proximal to first and second antenna
elements 534 of the plurality of antenna elements. The metal trace
provides magnetic coupling between the first and second antenna
elements 534 when a corresponding portion of the antenna structure
characteristic signal is in a first state (e.g., enabled) and
substantially blocks coupling between the first and second antenna
elements when the corresponding portion of the antenna structure
characteristic signal is in a second state (e.g., disabled).
[0192] For example, a first magnetic coupling element L1 is placed
between two elements 534 of the antenna, transmission line,
impedance matching circuit, or the transformer. The first magnetic
coupling element L1 may be on the same layer as the two elements
534 or on a layer between layers respectively supporting the two
elements 534. As positioned, the first magnetic coupling element L1
has an inductance and creates a first capacitance C1 with the first
element and creates a second capacitance C2 with the second
element. A second magnetic coupling element L2 is coupled in
parallel via switches T1 and T2 with the first magnetic coupling
element L1. The values of L1, L2, C1, and C2 are designed to
produce a low impedance with respect to the impedance of the
antenna when the switches T1 and T2 are enabled and to have a high
impedance with respect to the impedance of the antenna when the
switches T1 and T2 are disabled.
[0193] As a specific example, the antenna is designed or configured
to have an impedance of approximately 50 Ohms at a frequency of 60
GHz. In this example, when the switches are enabled, the serial
combination of C1 and C2 have a capacitance of approximately 0.1
pico-Farads and the parallel combination of the L1 and L2 have an
inductance of approximately 70 pico-Henries such that the serial
combination of C1 and C2 resonant with the parallel combination of
the L1 and L2 at approximately 60 GHz (e.g., (2.pi.f).sup.2=1/LC).
When the switches are disabled, the impedance of L1 at 60 GHz is
substantially greater than the impedances of the first and second
antenna elements 534. For example, a 1.3 nano-Henries inductor has
an impedance of approximately 500 Ohms at 60 GHz. Such an inductor
may be a coil on one or more layers of the die and/or
substrate.
[0194] FIG. 48 is a diagram of impedance v. frequency for an
embodiment of a coupling circuit 536 and/or 552. In the diagram,
the impedance of the antenna at an RF frequency (e.g., 60 GHz) is
approximately 50 Ohms. When the switches are enabled, the impedance
of the coupling circuit 536 and/or 552 is much less than the 50
Ohms of the antenna. When the switches are disabled, the impedance
of the coupling circuit 536 and/or 552 is much greater than the 50
Ohms of the antenna.
[0195] FIG. 49 is schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a
transmission line circuit 538 that includes the transmission line
542, the transformer circuit 450, and the impedance matching
circuit 546. In this embodiment, the transformer circuit 450 is
coupled between the impedance matching circuit 546 and the
transmission line 542. Note that the transmission line circuit 538
may be shared by multiple antennas or may be used by only one
antenna. For example, when multiple antennas are used, each antenna
has its own transmission line circuit.
[0196] FIG. 50 is schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a
transmission line circuit 538 that includes the transmission line
542, the transformer circuit 450, and the impedance matching
circuit 546. In this embodiment, the transformer circuit 450 is
coupled after the impedance matching circuit 546 and includes a
single-ended winding coupled to the impedance matching circuit and
a differential winding, which is coupled to the RF transceiver.
[0197] FIG. 51 is a diagram of an embodiment of an antenna array
structure that includes a plurality of adjustable antenna
structures. Each of the adjustable antenna structures includes the
transmission line circuit 538, the antenna elements 550 and the
coupling circuits 552. While the antenna structures are shown to
have a dipole shape, they may be any other type of antenna
structure including, but not limited to, an infinitesimal antenna,
a small antenna, a micro strip antenna, a meandering line antenna,
a monopole antenna, a dipole antenna, a helical antenna, a
horizontal antenna, a vertical antenna, a reflector antenna, a lens
type antenna, and an aperture antenna.
[0198] In this embodiment, the antenna array includes four transmit
(TX) antenna structures and four receive (RX) antenna structures,
where the RX antenna structures are interleaved with the TX antenna
structures. In this arrangement, the RX antennas have a first
directional circular polarization and the TX antennas have a second
directional circuit polarization. Note that the antenna array may
include more or less RX and TX antennas than those shown in the
present figure.
[0199] FIG. 52 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an
IC 580 that includes a plurality of antenna elements 588, a
coupling circuit 586, a control module 584, and an RF transceiver
582. Each of the plurality of antenna elements 588 is operable in a
frequency range of approximately 55 GHz to 64 GHz. An antenna
element 588 may be any type of antenna including, but not limited
to, an infinitesimal antenna, a small antenna, a micro strip
antenna, a meandering line antenna, a monopole antenna, a dipole
antenna, a helical antenna, a horizontal antenna, a vertical
antenna, a reflector antenna, a lens type antenna, and an aperture
antenna.
[0200] The coupling circuit 586, which may be a switching network,
transformer balun circuit, and/or transmit/receive switching
circuit, is operable to couple the plurality of antenna elements
588 into an antenna structure in accordance with an antenna
configuration signal. The control module 584 is coupled to generate
the antenna configuration signal 600 based on a mode of operation
598 of the IC. The control module 584 may be a single processing
device or a plurality of processing devices. Such a processing
device may be a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal
processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field
programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine,
logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any
device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on
hard coding of the circuitry and/or operational instructions. The
control module 584 may have an associated memory and/or memory
element, which may be a single memory device, a plurality of memory
devices, and/or embedded circuitry of the control module 584. Such
a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory,
volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic
memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores
digital information. Note that when the control module 584
implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog
circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory
and/or memory element storing the corresponding operational
instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry
comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry,
and/or logic circuitry. Further note that, the memory element
stores, and the control module 584 executes, hard coded and/or
operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the
steps and/or functions illustrated in FIGS. 52-57.
[0201] The RF transceiver 582 is coupled to convert an outbound
symbol stream 590 into an outbound RF signal 592 and to convert an
inbound RF signal 594 into an inbound symbol stream 596 in
accordance with the mode of operation 598 of the IC. Note that the
RF transceiver 582 may be implemented in accordance with one or
more of the RF transceiver embodiments previously discussed.
Further note that the antenna configuration signal 600 may adjust
the characteristics (e.g., a desired effective length, a desired
bandwidth, a desired impedance, a desired quality factor, and/or a
desired frequency band) of the antenna structure for various modes
of operation 598. For example, when the mode of operation changes
from one frequency band to another (e.g., from a TX frequency band
to an RX frequency band), the characteristics of the antenna
structure may be adjusted. As another example, the mode of
operation may change due to changes in wireless communication
conditions (e.g., fading, transmit power levels, receive signal
strength, baseband modulation scheme, etc.), and, as such, the
characteristics of the antenna structure may be adjusted
accordingly. As another example, the mode of operation may change
from local communications to remote communications, which may
benefit from a change in the characteristics of the antenna
structure. As yet another example, the mode of operation may change
from low data local communications to high data rate local
communications, which may benefit from a change in the
characteristics of the antenna structure. As yet another example,
the antenna configuration signal 600 may cause a change in the
antenna characteristics for one or more of the following modes of
operation half duplex in-air beamforming communications, half
duplex multiple input multiple output communications, full duplex
polarization communications, and full duplex frequency off set
communications.
[0202] In one embodiment, a first antenna element of the plurality
of antenna elements 588 is coupled to receive the inbound RF signal
594 and a second antenna element of the plurality of antenna
elements 588 is coupled to transmit the outbound RF signal 592. In
addition, the first antenna element 588 may receive the inbound RF
signal 594 within a receive frequency band of the frequency band
and the second antenna element 588 may transmit the outbound RF
signal 592 within a transmit frequency band of the frequency
band.
[0203] In another embodiment, a first antenna element of the
plurality of antenna elements 588 has a first polarization and a
second antenna element of the plurality of antenna elements 588 has
a second polarization. In addition, the first and second
polarizations include a left hand circular polarization and a right
hand circular polarization. In this instance, the second antenna
element includes a phase shift module coupled to phase shift the
inbound or outbound RF signals by a phase offset. Further, the
first antenna element is orthogonally positioned with respect to
the second antenna section.
[0204] In an embodiment of the IC 580, the IC 580 includes a die
and a package substrate. In this embodiment, the die supports the
coupling circuit 586, the control module 584, and the RF
transceiver 582 and the package substrate supports the plurality of
antenna elements 588. In another embodiment, the die supports the
plurality of antenna elements 588, the coupling circuit 586, the
control module 584, and the RF transceiver 582 and the package
substrate supports the die.
[0205] FIG. 53 is a diagram of an embodiment of an antenna
structure that includes a pair of micro-strip antenna elements 602
and a transmission line 606. In this embodiment, each of the
micro-strip antenna elements 602 includes a plurality of feed
points 604 that are selectively coupled to the transmission line
606 in accordance with the antenna configuration signal 600. For
example, each of the feed points 604 corresponds to different
characteristics of the antenna structure (e.g., a different
effective length, a different bandwidth, a different impedance, a
different radiation pattern, a different quality factor, and/or a
different frequency band).
[0206] FIG. 54 is a diagram of an embodiment of an antenna
structure that includes a pair of micro-strip antenna elements 602
and a transmission line 606. In this embodiment, each of the
micro-strip antenna elements 602 includes a plurality of feed
points 604 that are selectively coupled to the transmission line
606 in accordance with the antenna configuration signal 600. In
this embodiment, the different feed points 604 cause different
polarizations of the micro-strip antenna element 602.
[0207] FIG. 55 is a diagram of an embodiment of an antenna
structure that includes the plurality of antenna elements 588 and
the coupling circuit 586. The coupling circuit 586 includes a
plurality of transmission lines 606 and a switching module 610.
Note that the coupling circuit 586 may further include a plurality
of transformer modules coupled to the plurality of transmission
lines and/or a plurality of impedance matching circuits coupled to
the plurality of transformer modules.
[0208] In this embodiment, the switching module 610, which may be a
switching network, multiplexer, switches, transistor network,
and/or a combination thereof, couples one or more of the plurality
of transmission lines 606 to the RF transceiver in accordance with
the antenna configuration signal 600. For example, in a half duplex
mode, the switching module 610 may couple one of the transmission
lines 606 to the RF transceiver for transmitting the outbound RF
signal 592 and for receiving the inbound RF signal 594. As another
example, for half duplex multiple input multiple output
communications, the switching module 610 may couple two or more of
the transmission lines 606 to the RF transceiver for transmitting
the outbound RF signal 592 and for receiving the inbound RF signal
594. As yet another example, for full duplex polarization
communications, the switching module 610 may couple one of the
transmission lines 606 to the RF transceiver for transmitting the
outbound RF signal 592 and another transmission line 606 to the RF
transceiver for receiving the inbound RF signal 594, which may be
in the same frequency band as the outbound RF signal 592 or a
different frequency band.
[0209] FIG. 56 is a diagram of an embodiment of an antenna
structure that includes the plurality of antenna elements 588 and
the coupling circuit 586. The coupling circuit 586 includes a
plurality of transmission lines 606 and two switching modules 610.
Note that the coupling circuit 586 may further include a plurality
of transformer modules coupled to the plurality of transmission
lines and/or a plurality of impedance matching circuits coupled to
the plurality of transformer modules.
[0210] In this embodiment, the switching modules 610 couples one or
more of the plurality of transmission lines 606 to the RF
transceiver and to one of the plurality of antenna elements in
accordance with the antenna configuration signal 600. In this
manner, if the antenna elements have different characteristics,
then the coupling circuit 586, under the control of the control
module 584, may select an antenna element for the particular mode
of operation of the IC 580 to achieve a desired level of RF
communication. For example, one antenna element may be selected to
have a first polarization while a second antenna element is
selected to have a second polarization. As another example, one
antenna element may be selected to have a first radiation pattern
while a second antenna element is selected to have a second
radiation pattern.
[0211] FIG. 57 is a diagram of an embodiment of an antenna array
structure that includes a plurality of adjustable antenna
structures and the coupling circuit 586. Each of the adjustable
antenna structures includes the transmission line circuit 538, the
antenna elements 550 and the coupling circuits 552. While the
antenna structures are shown to have a dipole shape, they may be
any other type of antenna structure including, but not limited to,
an infinitesimal antenna, a small antenna, a micro strip antenna, a
meandering line antenna, a monopole antenna, a dipole antenna, a
helical antenna, a horizontal antenna, a vertical antenna, a
reflector antenna, a lens type antenna, and an aperture
antenna.
[0212] In this embodiment, the antenna array includes four transmit
(TX) antenna structures and four receive (RX) antenna structures,
where the RX antenna structures are interleaved with the TX antenna
structures. In this arrangement, the RX antennas have a first
directional circular polarization and the TX antennas have a second
directional circuit polarization. Note that the antenna array may
include more or less RX and TX antennas than those shown in the
present figure.
[0213] The coupling circuit 586 is operable to couple one or more
of the TX antenna structures to the RF transceiver and to couple
one or more of the RX antenna structures to the RF transceiver in
accordance with the antenna configuration signal 600. The RF
transceiver converts an outbound symbol stream into an outbound RF
signal and converts an inbound RF signal into an inbound symbol
stream, wherein the inbound and outbound RF signals have a carrier
frequency within a frequency band of approximately 55 GHz to 64
GHz. In an embodiment, the coupling circuit 586 includes a receive
coupling circuit to provide the inbound RF signal from the
plurality of receive antenna elements to the RF transceiver and a
transmit coupling circuit to provide the outbound RF signal from
the RF transceiver to the plurality of transmit antenna
elements.
[0214] FIG. 58 is a diagram of an integrated circuit (IC) antenna
structure that includes a micro-electromechanical (MEM) area 620 in
a die 30, 32, 34, 36, 82, 272, or 282 and/or in a package substrate
22, 24, 26, 28, 80, or 284. The IC antenna structure further
includes a feed point 626 and a transmission line 624, which may be
coupled to an RF transceiver 628. The RF transceiver 628 may be
implemented in accordance with any one of the RF transceivers
previously discussed herein. Note that the coupling of the
transmission line 624 to the RF transceiver 628 may include an
impedance matching circuit and/or a transformer.
[0215] The MEM area 620 includes a three-dimensional shape, which
may be cylinder in shape, spherical in shape, box in shape, pyramid
in shape, and/or a combination thereof that is
micro-electromechanically created within the die and/or package
substrate. The MEM area 620 also includes an antenna structure 622
within its three dimensional-shape. The feed point 626 is coupled
to provide an outbound radio frequency (RF) signal to the antenna
structure 622 for transmission and to receive an inbound RF signal
from the antenna structure 622. The transmission line 624 includes
a first line and a second line that are substantially parallel,
where at least the first line is electrically coupled to the feed
point. Note that the antenna structure may further include a ground
plane 625, which is proximal to the antenna structure 622. Further
note that such an antenna structure may be used for point to point
RF communications, which may be local communications and/or remote
communications.
[0216] In one embodiment, the die supports the MEM area 620, the
antenna structure, the feed point 626, and the transmission line
624 and the package substrate supports the die. In another
embodiment, the die supports the RF transceiver and the package
substrate supports the die, the MEM area 620, the antenna structure
622, the feed point 626, and the transmission line 624.
[0217] FIGS. 59-66 are diagrams of various embodiments of an
antenna structure 622 that may be implemented within the MEM
three-dimensional area 620. FIGS. 59 and 60 illustrate aperture
antenna structures of a rectangle shape 630 and a horn shape 632.
In these embodiments, the feed point is electrically coupled to the
aperture antenna. Note that other aperture antenna structures may
be created within the MEM three-dimensional area 620. For example,
a wave guide may be created.
[0218] FIG. 61 illustrates a lens antenna structure 634 that has a
lens shape. In this embodiment, the feed point is positioned at a
focal point of the lens antenna structure 634. Note that the lens
shape may be different than the one illustrated. For example, the
lens shape may be one-sided convex-shaped, one-sided
concave-shaped, two-sided convex-shaped, two-sided concave-shaped,
and/or a combination thereof
[0219] FIGS. 62 and 63 illustrate three-dimensional dipole antennas
that may be implemented within the MEM three-dimensional area 620.
FIG. 62 illustrates a biconical shape antenna structure 636 and
FIG. 63 illustrates a bi-cylinder shape, or a bi-elliptical shape
antenna structure 638. In these embodiments, the feed point 626 is
electrically coupled to the three-dimensional dipole antenna. Other
three-dimensional dipole antenna shapes include a bow tie shape, a
Yagi antenna, etc.
[0220] FIGS. 64-66 illustrate reflector antennas that may be
implemented within the MEM three-dimensional area 620. FIG. 64
illustrates a plane shape antenna structure 640; FIG. 65
illustrates a corner shape antenna structure 642; and FIG. 66
illustrates a parabolic shape antenna structure 644. In these
embodiments, the feed point 626 is positioned at a focal point of
the antenna.
[0221] FIG. 67 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a
low efficiency integrated circuit (IC) antenna that includes an
antenna element 650 and a transmission line 652. The antenna
element 650 is on a first metal layer of a die of the IC. In one
embodiment, the antenna element 650 has a length less than
approximately one-tenth of a wavelength (e.g., an infinitesimal
dipole antenna, a small dipole antenna) for transceiving RF signals
in a frequency band of approximately 55 GHz to 64 GHz. In another
embodiment, the antenna element 650 has a length greater than
one-and-one-half times the wavelength (e.g., a long dipole antenna)
for transceiving RF signals in the frequency band of approximately
55 GHz to 64 GHz. Regardless of the antenna element 650 length, the
antenna element 650 may be implemented as a micro-strip, a
plurality of micro-strips, a meandering line, and/or a plurality of
meandering lines. Note that in an embodiment, the antenna element
may be a monopole antenna element or a dipole antenna.
[0222] The transmission line 652 is on the die and is electrically
coupled to the first feed points of the antenna element 650. In one
embodiment, the transmission line 652, which includes two lines, is
directly coupled to the RF transceiver. In another embodiment, the
low efficiency IC antenna structure further includes a ground trace
on a second metal layer of the die, wherein the ground trace is
proximal to the antenna element.
[0223] An application of the low efficient IC antenna structure may
be on an IC that includes a RF transceiver, a die, and a package
substrate. The die supports the RF transceiver and the package
substrate that supports the die. The RF transceiver functions to
convert an outbound symbol stream into an outbound RF signal and to
convert an inbound RF signal into an inbound RF signal, wherein a
transceiving range of the RF transceiver is substantially localized
within a device incorporating the IC, and wherein the inbound and
outbound RF signals have a carrier frequency in a frequency range
of approximately 55 GHz to 64 GHz.
[0224] The antenna structure includes the antenna element 650 and a
transmission line circuit. The antenna element 650 has a length
less than approximately one-tenth of a wavelength or greater than
one-and-one-half times the wavelength for a frequency band of
approximately 55 GHz to 64 GHz to transceive the inbound and
outbound RF signals. The transmission line circuit, which includes
the transmission line 652 and may also include a transformer and/or
an impedance matching circuit, couples the RF transceiver to the
antenna element. In one embodiment, the die supports the antenna
element and the transmission line circuit.
[0225] FIG. 68 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a
low efficiency integrated circuit (IC) antenna that includes an
antenna element 650 and a transmission line 652. The antenna
element 650 includes first and second metal traces. The first metal
trace has a first feed point portion and a first radiation portion,
wherein the first radiation portion is at an angle of less than
90.degree. and greater than 0.degree. with respect to the first
feed point portion. The second metal trace has a second feed point
portion and a second radiation portion, wherein the second
radiation portion is at an angle of less than 90.degree. and
greater than 0.degree. with respect to the second feed point
portion. In this embodiment, the fields produced by each metal
trace do not fully cancel each other, thus a net radiation
occurs.
[0226] FIG. 69 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a
low efficiency integrated circuit (IC) antenna that includes an
antenna element 650 and a transmission line 652. The antenna
element 650 includes first and second metal traces. The first metal
trace has a first feed point portion and a first radiation portion,
wherein the first radiation portion is at an angle of less than
90.degree. and greater than 0.degree. with respect to the first
feed point portion. The second metal trace has a second feed point
portion and a second radiation portion, wherein the second
radiation portion is at an angle of less than 90.degree. and
greater than 0.degree. with respect to the second feed point
portion. In this embodiment, the fields produced by each metal
trace do not fully cancel each other, thus a net radiation
occurs.
[0227] The low efficient IC antenna further includes first and
second transformer lines electromagnetically coupled to the first
and second lines of the transmission line. In this embodiment, the
first and second transformer lines produce a transformer for
providing an outbound radio frequency (RF) signal to the
transmission line and for receiving an inbound RF signal from the
transmission line.
[0228] FIG. 70 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a
low efficient antenna structure that includes an antenna element
650, a transmission line 652, and a transformer 656. In one
embodiment, the transformer 656 includes a single ended transformer
winding and a differential transformer winding. The single ended
transformer winding is coupled to the first and second lines of the
transmission line and is on the same metal layer of the die as the
transmission line 652. The differential transformer winding is
electromagnetically coupled to the single ended transformer winding
is on a different metal layer of the die.
[0229] The transformer 656 may further include a second
differential transformer winding electromagnetically coupled to the
single ended transformer winding. In one embodiment, the second
differential transformer winding is on a third metal layer of the
die, wherein the differential transformer winding provides an
outbound radio frequency (RF) signal to the transmission line and
the second differential transformer winding receives an inbound RF
signal from the transmission line.
[0230] As may be used herein, the terms "substantially" and
"approximately" provides an industry-accepted tolerance for its
corresponding term and/or relativity between items. Such an
industry-accepted tolerance ranges from less than one percent to
fifty percent and corresponds to, but is not limited to, component
values, integrated circuit process variations, temperature
variations, rise and fall times, and/or thermal noise. Such
relativity between items ranges from a difference of a few percent
to magnitude differences. As may also be used herein, the term(s)
"coupled to" and/or "coupling" and/or includes direct coupling
between items and/or indirect coupling between items via an
intervening item (e.g., an item includes, but is not limited to, a
component, an element, a circuit, and/or a module) where, for
indirect coupling, the intervening item does not modify the
information of a signal but may adjust its current level, voltage
level, and/or power level. As may further be used herein, inferred
coupling (i.e., where one element is coupled to another element by
inference) includes direct and indirect coupling between two items
in the same manner as "coupled to". As may even further be used
herein, the term "operable to" indicates that an item includes one
or more of power connections, input(s), output(s), etc., to perform
one or more its corresponding functions and may further include
inferred coupling to one or more other items. As may still further
be used herein, the term "associated with", includes direct and/or
indirect coupling of separate items and/or one item being embedded
within another item. As may be used herein, the term "compares
favorably", indicates that a comparison between two or more items,
signals, etc., provides a desired relationship. For example, when
the desired relationship is that signal 1 has a greater magnitude
than signal 2, a favorable comparison may be achieved when the
magnitude of signal 1 is greater than that of signal 2 or when the
magnitude of signal 2 is less than that of signal 1.
[0231] While the transistors in the above described figure(s)
is/are shown as field effect transistors (FETs), as one of ordinary
skill in the art will appreciate, the transistors may be
implemented using any type of transistor structure including, but
not limited to, bipolar, metal oxide semiconductor field effect
transistors (MOSFET), N-well transistors, P-well transistors,
enhancement mode, depletion mode, and zero voltage threshold (VT)
transistors.
[0232] The present invention has also been described above with the
aid of method steps illustrating the performance of specified
functions and relationships thereof The boundaries and sequence of
these functional building blocks and method steps have been
arbitrarily defined herein for convenience of description.
Alternate boundaries and sequences can be defined so long as the
specified functions and relationships are appropriately performed.
Any such alternate boundaries or sequences are thus within the
scope and spirit of the claimed invention.
[0233] The present invention has been described above with the aid
of functional building blocks illustrating the performance of
certain significant functions. The boundaries of these functional
building blocks have been arbitrarily defined for convenience of
description. Alternate boundaries could be defined as long as the
certain significant functions are appropriately performed.
Similarly, flow diagram blocks may also have been arbitrarily
defined herein to illustrate certain significant functionality. To
the extent used, the flow diagram block boundaries and sequence
could have been defined otherwise and still perform the certain
significant functionality. Such alternate definitions of both
functional building blocks and flow diagram blocks and sequences
are thus within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention. One
of average skill in the art will also recognize that the functional
building blocks, and other illustrative blocks, modules and
components herein, can be implemented as illustrated or by discrete
components, application specific integrated circuits, processors
executing appropriate software and the like or any combination
thereof.
* * * * *