U.S. patent application number 12/886529 was filed with the patent office on 2011-01-13 for super-enhanced, adjustably buoyant floating island.
This patent application is currently assigned to Fountainhead L.L.C.. Invention is credited to Thomas N. Coleman, Alfred Cunningham, Bruce G. Kania, Russell F. Smith, Frank M. Stewart.
Application Number | 20110005133 12/886529 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 35451347 |
Filed Date | 2011-01-13 |
United States Patent
Application |
20110005133 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Kania; Bruce G. ; et
al. |
January 13, 2011 |
SUPER-ENHANCED, ADJUSTABLY BUOYANT FLOATING ISLAND
Abstract
A floating island comprising one or more layers of nonwoven mesh
material and optional buoyant nodules. The mesh material is
optionally coated with a spray-on elastomer or inoculated with
nutrients or microorganisms. The island can include buoyant growth
medium, floats, buoyant blocks, a prefabricated seed blanket, a
dunking feature, capillary tubes, wicking units and/or bell
flotation units. A larger embodiment is comprised of nonwoven mesh
material, buoyant nodules, supplemental flotation units, stepping
pads and optional load distribution members. Other optional
features include a stepping stone flotation assembly, a stepping
stone/vertical buoyant member flotation assembly, and a floating
log assembly. The buoyancy of the island can be adjusted with a
rigid framework of horizontal members, vertical members that can be
moved vertically within the island, and/or a framework of
prefabricated flotation tubes and cross members. The present
invention also covers a floating island with a boat docking
location.
Inventors: |
Kania; Bruce G.; (Shepherd,
MT) ; Stewart; Frank M.; (Bozeman, MT) ;
Smith; Russell F.; (Livingston, MT) ; Coleman; Thomas
N.; (Livingston, MT) ; Cunningham; Alfred;
(Bozeman, MT) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Antoinette M. Tease, P.L.L.C.
PO Box 51016
Billings
MT
59105
US
|
Assignee: |
Fountainhead L.L.C.
Shepherd
MT
|
Family ID: |
35451347 |
Appl. No.: |
12/886529 |
Filed: |
September 20, 2010 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
11569491 |
Nov 21, 2006 |
|
|
|
12886529 |
|
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
47/59R ;
114/264 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y02P 60/642 20151101;
A01G 31/00 20130101; Y02W 10/37 20150501; Y02P 60/60 20151101; Y02W
10/33 20150501 |
Class at
Publication: |
47/59.R ;
114/264 |
International
Class: |
A01G 31/02 20060101
A01G031/02; B63B 35/44 20060101 B63B035/44 |
Claims
1. A floating island comprising wicking units and an absorbent top
cover.
2. The floating island of claim 1, wherein the wicking units are
comprised of fabric.
3. The floating island of claim 1, wherein the absorbent top cover
is planted with seeds.
4. The floating island of claim 1, wherein the absorbent top cover
is coated with a mixture of seeds and adhesive.
5. The floating island of claim 4, wherein nutrients are added to
the mixture of seeds and adhesive.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 11/569,941 filed on Nov. 21, 2006.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to a super-enhanced,
adjustably buoyant floating island that can be deployed in ponds,
lakes, rivers or any other body of water to monitor, regulate and
improve water quality, enhance plant and animal life, and
complement the natural surroundings.
[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0005] In bodies of water such as ponds and lakes, algae growth and
the natural process of eutrophication can lead to an increase in
land mass and corresponding decrease in water volume, the killing
of fish and other organisms, and the diminishment of aesthetic
appearance. Various floating mechanisms have been devised with the
aim of purifying water, cultivating plants, dispensing fertilizer,
or counteracting the effects of eutrophication. None of these
inventions anticipates the combination of features provided by the
present invention.
[0006] U.S. Pat. No. 5,799,440 (Ishikawa et al., 1998) discloses a
floating island comprising: (i) a planter with holes in it to allow
the roots of the plants to grow into the water and to supply water
to the soil in the planter; and (ii) an oxygen-generating agent
container attached to the bottom of the planter. The planter is
made of a foamed resin with a reinforcing film of polyurethane
elastomer on the surface. The invention also includes: (i) a layer
of porous material on the inner surface of the bottom of the
planter that has an aerobic microorganism immobilized in it; and
(ii) a plant cultivation bag to hold the soil. In the preferred
embodiment, the oxygen-generating agent is calcium peroxide, and
the soil in the planter is covered with a net or fabric that is
permeable to water and air and is not harmful to the plants. In
addition to generating oxygen, calcium peroxide also eliminates
phosphorus, thereby restricting algae growth.
[0007] U.S. Pat. No. 4,086,161 (Burton, 1978) sets forth an
ecological system and method for counteracting the effects of
eutrophication in bodies of water such as marshlands, inland ponds
and lakes. The system uses clusters of bark fibers positioned in
the upper, relatively oxygen-rich zones of such bodies of water.
These bark clusters attract and hold excessive nutrient deposition
in the form of colloidal wastes and aquatic algae and also provide
a safe habitat for algae predators and feeders.
[0008] U.S. Pat. No. 6,086,755 (Tepper, 2000) provides a floating
hydroponic biofiltration device for use in a body of water
containing plant-eating fish. The invention includes a float, a
mesh and a matting. The float contains an aperture devoid of soil
in which a terrestrial plant is inserted. The mesh is at a
substantial depth below the float and serves to enable passage of
oxygenated water to the plant roots while excluding large
plant-eating fish. The mesh also serves as a substrate surface for
the growth of nitrogen-converting bacteria, which convert the
ammonia of fish waste to nitrates useful to plants. The matting
anchors the plant roots and partially excludes plant-eating fish
from a portion of the plant roots. In the preferred embodiment, the
mesh and matting are formed of plastic.
[0009] U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,474 (Smith et al., 1998) and U.S. Pat.
No. 5,528,856 (Smith et al., 1996) set forth a biomass impoundment
management system that uses sunlight to purify water. The main
purpose of this invention is to control impurities in water
impoundments, such as ammonia, nitrogen, phosphorous and heavy
metals. It is well known that nitrogen and phosphorous are a
primary food source for various undesirable algae species, and
ammonia and heavy metals are toxic to humans, fish and other
organisms. This invention aims to purify water by allowing rooted
bottom dwelling plants to grow and remain healthy on the bottom of
a water impoundment while allowing rootless floating plants to grow
and remain healthy above them. The non-rooted, floating plants are
contained in a large surface area provided by elongated channels,
which are oriented in a North-South direction to take full
advantage of the sun. The elongated channels are designed to take
advantage of wave activity to increase productivity.
[0010] U.S. Pat. No. 5,337,516 (Hondulas, 1994) sets forth an
apparatus for treating waste water that includes a waste water
basin and a number of wetland plants in floating containers. The
idea underlying this invention is that the root systems of the
wetland plants will treat the waste water. The extent of growth of
the root systems is controlled by an adjustable platform associated
with each floating container, so that the aerobic and anaerobic
zones within the waste water basin are controlled and can be
adjusted or varied as required. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 5,106,504
(Murray, 1992) covers an artificial water impoundment system
designed to remove biologically fixable pollutants from urban or
industrial waste water using aquatic plants to absorb
pollutants.
[0011] U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,988 (Hogen, 1985) relates to a floating
containment barrier grid structure for the containment of floating
aquatic plants in a body of water. This invention is designed to
facilitate the commercial cultivation and harvesting of aquatic
plants. The grid structure consists of elongated flexible sheets
that are interconnected at spaced intervals along their
longitudinal axes to form a plurality of barrier sections in a
web-like arrangement. Through the use of an anchoring means, the
barrier grid is tensioned so that certain portions of the structure
are submerged beneath the surface of the water by a device that
harvests the floating aquatic plants.
[0012] U.S. Pat. No. 4,037,360 (Farnsworth, 1977) and U.S. Pat. No.
3,927,491 (Farnsworth, 1975) disclose a raft apparatus for growing
plants by means of water culture or hydroponics. The raft floats on
a nutrient solution, and buoyancy of the rafts is increased during
plant growth by placing a small raft on a larger raft or on
auxiliary buoyancy means. U.S. Pat. No. 5,261,185 (Kolde et al.,
1973) also involves an apparatus floating on a nutrient solution.
In this invention, rafts are floated in a water culture tank filled
with nutrient solution, plant containers are inserted in vertically
oriented channels in the raft, and the plants are cultivated by
gradually moving the raft from one end of the water culture tank to
another.
[0013] U.S. Pat. No. 4,487,588 (Lewis, III et al., 1984) addresses
a submersible raft for the cultivation of plant life such as
endangered sea grasses. The raft is manufactured from standard
polyvinyl chloride tubing and fittings.
[0014] U.S. Pat. No. 6,014,838 (Asher, 2000) discloses a simple
floatable unit for decorative vegetation. U.S. Pat. No. 5,836,108
(Scheuer, 1998) describes a floating planter box comprising a
polyhedral planar base member of a synthetic foam resin less dense
than water and an optional anchoring means.
[0015] U.S. Pat. No. 5,312,601 (Patrick, 1994) and U.S. Pat. No.
5,143,020 (Patrick, 1992) involve a simple apparatus for dispensing
fertilizer in a pond. The invention consists of a flotation
structure surrounded by a porous material such as a net sack and an
opening in the flotation structure through which fertilizer is
dumped. The fertilizer is dissolved by water flowing through the
net sack at the bottom of the flotation structure.
[0016] U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. US 2003/0208954 (Bulk)
relates to a floating planter for plants and fish. The planter is
made of closed cell plastic foam and includes recesses for
above-water pot holders and a floating underside support for
oxygenating underwater plants. The island has passageways downward
through the island structure that open into the water and allow
plant roots to reach the water. The island also has cavities that
function as shelter for amphibious creatures such as frogs.
[0017] In addition to the patents and patent application discussed
above, there are a number of patents and at least one published
patent application that deal with growth medium for plants. For
example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,207,733 (Perrin, 1993) involves the use of
a low-density, rigid, unicellular (i.e., closed cell) expanded
polyurethane foam that is perforated to facilitate the passage of
emergent plant roots and to provide voids for water absorption and
retention.
[0018] U.S. Pat. No. 2,639,549 (Wubben et al., 1953) describes a
hydroponic growth medium that comprises a gravel bed that rests on
a perforated bottom, which in turn rests on top of a ridged ground
plate. A pump and gutters are used to circulate a nutrient solution
throughout the gravel bed.
[0019] U.S. Pat. No. 5,224,292 (Anton, 1993) discloses a growth
medium that consists of a layer of hollow nonwoven polyester
fibers, wherein the lumens (or hollow insides) of the fibers
contain a plant adjuvant (or something that assists plant growth),
such as plant nutrients, fungicides, algaecides, weed killers and
pesticides.
[0020] U.S. Pat. No. 6,615,539 (Obonai et al., 2003) provides a
water-retaining support comprised of a hydrogel-forming polymer
that is used as a plant growth medium. The object of the Obonai
invention was to provide a hydrogel that would retain water without
inhibiting plant root growth.
[0021] U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. US 2003/0051398 (Kosinski)
involves a soil substitute that consists of fiberballs made of a
biodegradable polymer fiber (for example, polyester) with a
specific cut length and average dimension. The patent application
includes a claim for a method of supporting plant growth by
contacting plant material with the fiberball growth medium.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0022] The present invention covers several different embodiments
of a floating island comprising one or more layers of nonwoven mesh
material. The present invention can be deployed in ponds, lakes,
rivers or any other body of water to improve water quality, enhance
plant and animal life, and complement the natural surroundings.
Larger embodiments of the present invention may help prevent the
greenhouse effect through carbon sequestration, which involves the
removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and the conversion of
carbon to biomass. The larger embodiments of the present invention
may also be used for farming or even habitation on or in bodies of
water.
[0023] The nonwoven mesh material of the present invention can be
coated with a spray-on elastomer, inoculated with nutrients, or
inoculated with aerobic or anaerobic microorganisms. The floating
island can also comprise buoyant nodules that are manufactured into
the mesh material or integrated into the mesh material during
assembly. The layers of mesh material can be joined together by an
adhesive, and holes can be formed into the top layer or layers for
plants or flotation materials. The island can include floats,
buoyant blocks, a dunking feature, capillary tubes and/or wicking
units. It can also include a top cover that is optionally
biodegradable and that protects seeds that are either integrated
into the top cover or placed underneath it.
[0024] In an alternate embodiment, the floating island includes
bell flotation units comprising an air compressor, tubing, a
solenoid valve, a control wire and one or more bells. The bells can
be formed of thermoplastic, closed cell foamed metal, amorphous
metal, cement or plastic.
[0025] The present invention also includes a larger embodiment that
can bear the weight of one or more people. This larger embodiment
is comprised of at least one layer of nonwoven mesh material,
buoyant nodules, supplemental flotation units and stepping pads.
This embodiment optionally includes one or more load distribution
members or an adjustably buoyant framework comprising prefabricated
flotation tubes and cross members. Other optional features include
a stepping stone flotation assembly, a stepping stone/vertical
buoyant member flotation assembly, and a floating log assembly. The
buoyancy of the island can be adjusted with a rigid framework that
comprises one or more horizontal members and, optionally, a water
tube, an air control valve, and an air tube. The island can also
include upper and lower vertical members that can be moved
vertically within the island to further adjust its buoyancy.
[0026] The present invention also covers a floating island with a
boat docking location that is shaped so that the docked boat is
mostly surrounded by island material. Low abrasion padding can be
placed around the inner perimeter of the boat docking location to
provide extra protection for the boat hull.
[0027] Any of the embodiments of the present invention can be
supplemented with additional island modules that are comprised of a
single layer of nonwoven mesh material impregnated with buoyant
material.
[0028] The present invention also includes a prefabricated seed
blanket that can be used to seed the island. It also includes a
bonded growth medium for use in connection with the floating island
of the present invention and several methods of manufacturing a
floating island with the bonded growth medium of the present
invention.
[0029] The present invention encompasses a method of attaching
various layers of nonwoven mesh material, a method of forming holes
in the nonwoven mesh material, and a method of fabricating a
floating island from scrap pieces of nonwoven mesh material. It
also includes a method of constructing floating islands by creating
multiple island cutouts from the nonwoven mesh material.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0030] FIG. 1 is a top view of the nonwoven mesh embodiment of the
present invention.
[0031] FIG. 2 is a section view of FIG. 1 taken at A-A showing a
first embodiment of the nonwoven mesh island.
[0032] FIG. 3 is a section view of FIG. 1 taken at A-A showing a
second embodiment of the nonwoven mesh island.
[0033] FIG. 4 is a section view of FIG. 1 taken at A-A showing a
third embodiment of the nonwoven mesh island.
[0034] FIG. 5 is a section view of FIG. 1 taken at A-A showing a
fourth embodiment of the nonwoven mesh island.
[0035] FIG. 6 is a side view of a landscaping pin and a partial
section view of a multi-layered island showing a method of
attaching the layers with a modified landscaping pin.
[0036] FIG. 7 is a side view of an apparatus used for opening holes
into nonwoven mesh material without cutting or melting the mesh
fibers.
[0037] FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of a floating island
fabricated from scrap pieces of nonwoven mesh material.
[0038] FIG. 9 is a side view of a floating island designed to
provide security and feeding habitat for small fish.
[0039] FIG. 10 is a side view of an alternative embodiment of a
floating island that uses nonwoven mesh as a protective barrier for
small fish.
[0040] FIG. 11 is a section view of the island illustrating an
optional dunking feature.
[0041] FIG. 12 is a section view of the island with optional
"capillary action" features.
[0042] FIG. 13 is a section view of the island with optional
"wicking action" features.
[0043] FIG. 14 is a first section view of an embodiment of the
present invention with optional flotation "bells."
[0044] FIG. 15 is a second section view of an embodiment of the
present invention with optional flotation "bells" in a
high-buoyancy position.
[0045] FIG. 16 is a side section view of a prefabricated seed
blanket.
[0046] FIG. 17 is a section view of a first alternative embodiment
of a floating island designed to support the weight of one or more
persons.
[0047] FIG. 18 is a section view of a second alternative embodiment
of a floating island designed to support the weight of one or more
persons.
[0048] FIG. 19 is a top view of an artificial stepping stone and an
artificial tree log.
[0049] FIG. 20 is a section view of a floating island with stepping
stones, artificial logs, and means for providing additional
buoyancy.
[0050] FIG. 21 is a perspective view of the framework for a
floating island containing both horizontal and vertical
members.
[0051] FIG. 22 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment
of the island framework, in which the horizontal members are
comprised of a perforated pipe and an inflatable bag.
[0052] FIG. 23 is a perspective view of an adjustably buoyant
flotation framework that is comprised of prefabricated
sections.
[0053] FIG. 24 is a section view of an embodiment of the present
invention that includes single attachment point flotation
units.
[0054] FIG. 25 is a section view of an embodiment of the present
invention that includes a dual-ring buoy attached to the island
with landscaping pins.
[0055] FIG. 26 is a section view of an embodiment of the present
invention that includes receiver units.
[0056] FIG. 27 is a section view of an energy-absorbing and
wave-damping floating structure made from nonwoven mesh
material.
[0057] FIG. 28 shows a group of identical, mass-produced floating
islands (made of nonwoven mesh material) that are connected to form
a single island.
[0058] FIG. 29 shows a series of islands produced by the multiple
concentric cutout method.
[0059] FIG. 30 shows a perspective view of a skeleton frame island
created by using the multiple concentric cutout method.
[0060] FIG. 31 shows a section view of skeleton frame island taken
at line B-B of FIG. 30.
[0061] FIG. 32 shows two alternative embodiments for installing
plants and soil growth medium into a skeleton frame island.
[0062] FIG. 33 is a top view of a floating island with bonded
growth medium, shown prior to plant growth.
[0063] FIG. 34 is a section view of the first embodiment of the
bonded growth medium taken at section C-C of FIG. 31, in which the
bonded growth medium is attached to the outer surface of the
floating island.
[0064] FIG. 35 is a partial magnified view of FIG. 34, showing the
various components of the bonded growth medium.
[0065] FIG. 36 is a section view of a floating island comprised of
individual layers of nonwoven mesh material that have been stacked
and bonded together.
[0066] FIG. 37 is a magnified view of a portion of FIG. 34, showing
the components of the embedded bonded growth medium.
[0067] FIG. 38 is a side section view shown in schematic form of a
water distribution system mounted on a floating island.
[0068] FIG. 39 is a top view of the water distribution system shown
in FIG. 38.
[0069] FIG. 40 is a section view of a floating island optimized for
use as a biotreatment system.
[0070] FIG. 41 is a top view of a floating island with an integral
boat docking area.
[0071] FIG. 42 is a top view of an anchor that is designed to hold
a floating island regardless of wind direction.
REFERENCE NUMBERS
[0072] 1 Top layer (nonwoven mesh embodiment) [0073] 2 Middle layer
(nonwoven mesh embodiment) [0074] 3 Bottom layer (nonwoven mesh
embodiment) [0075] 4 Nonwoven mesh material [0076] 5 Buoyant
nodules (nonwoven mesh embodiment) [0077] 6 Cut holes [0078] 7
Potted plant units [0079] 8 Adhesive [0080] 9 Floats [0081] 10 Foam
sealant [0082] 11 Buoyant blocks [0083] 12 Landscaping pin [0084]
13 Bent end section of landscaping pin [0085] 14 Steel spike [0086]
15 Head end of steel spike [0087] 16 Lower end of steel spike
[0088] 17 Electric or compressed air drill [0089] 18 Mandrel [0090]
19 Scrap pieces of mesh material [0091] 20 Outer covering [0092] 21
Tightly packed nonwoven mesh [0093] 22 Loosely packed nonwoven mesh
[0094] 23 Small fish or baitfish [0095] 24 Large predator fish
[0096] 25 Buoyant spacers [0097] 26 Water pockets [0098] 27
Flexible line [0099] 28 Pulley [0100] 29 Anchor block [0101] 30
Island (dunking embodiment) [0102] 31 Capillary tubes [0103] 32
Absorbent top cover [0104] 33 Plants growing above waterline [0105]
34 Wicking units [0106] 35 Floating island ("bell" embodiment)
[0107] 36 Compressor [0108] 37 Tubing [0109] 38 Solenoid valve
[0110] 39 Control wire [0111] 40 Bell (flotation) [0112] 41
Internal space [0113] 42 Pond water level [0114] 43 Seed blanket
[0115] 44 Lower seed-containment layer [0116] 45 Middle composite
seed layer [0117] 46 Upper seed-containment layer [0118] 47 Aquatic
plant seeds [0119] 48 Binder [0120] 49 Supplemental flotation unit
[0121] 50 Stepping pad [0122] 51 Load distribution member [0123] 52
Artificial stepping stone [0124] 53 Artificial tree limb [0125] 54
Stepping stone flotation assembly [0126] 55 Lower stepping stone
[0127] 56 Upper stepping stone [0128] 57 Connecting cable unit
[0129] 58 Island body (generic) [0130] 59 Stepping stone/vertical
buoyant member assembly [0131] 60 Vertical buoyant member [0132] 61
Floating tree limb assembly [0133] 62 Lower artificial tree limb
[0134] 63 Upper artificial tree limb [0135] 64 Variable buoyancy,
rigid framework [0136] 65 Horizontal members [0137] 66 Water tube
[0138] 67 Air control valve [0139] 68 Air tube [0140] 69 Perforated
pipe [0141] 70 Inflatable bag [0142] 71 Holes in perforated pipe
[0143] 72 Lower vertical member [0144] 73 Upper vertical member
[0145] 74 Watertight cap [0146] 75 Collar [0147] 76 Locking pin
[0148] 77 Locking pin holes [0149] 78 Locking straps [0150] 79
Wheel [0151] 80 Skid [0152] 81 Prefabricated flotation tube [0153]
82 Prefabricated cross members [0154] 83 Protective pipe [0155] 84
Strap [0156] 85 Pipe positioning device [0157] 86 Attachment post
[0158] 87 Flotation unit (single attachment point) [0159] 88 Barbed
attachment spike [0160] 89 Float (single attachment point flotation
unit embodiment) [0161] 90 Buoyant feature [0162] 91 Retaining pin
[0163] 92 Dual-ring buoy [0164] 93 Snap-on connector [0165] 94
Fully penetrating receiver unit [0166] 95 Pipe (receiver unit)
[0167] 96 Lower flange [0168] 97 Upper flange [0169] 98 Partially
penetrating receiver unit [0170] 99 Protective floating structure
[0171] 100 Shoreline [0172] 101 Waves [0173] 102 Identical
mass-produced islands [0174] 103 Connectors (modular island) [0175]
104 Modular island structure [0176] 105 First island in multiple
cutout design [0177] 106 Second island in multiple cutout design
[0178] 107 Central opening within first island [0179] 108 Third
island in multiple cutout design [0180] 109 Central opening within
second island [0181] 110 Skeleton frame island [0182] 111 Skeleton
frame [0183] 112 Floor [0184] 113 Divider [0185] 114 Buoyant
intrusions (skeleton island) [0186] 115 Soil growth medium [0187]
116 Soil-based plants [0188] 117 Matrix-based plants [0189] 118
Natural organic material [0190] 119 Synthetic organic material
[0191] 120 First growth compartment [0192] 121 Second growth
compartment [0193] 122 Prefabricated planter unit [0194] 123 Shell
(prefabricated planter unit) [0195] 124 Island comprising bonded
growth medium [0196] 125 Bonded growth medium [0197] 126 Porous
matrix (bonded growth medium embodiment) [0198] 127 Buoyant
inclusions (bonded growth medium embodiment) [0199] 128 Capillary
channels (bonded growth medium embodiment) [0200] 129 Peat fibers
(or similar material) [0201] 130 Binder [0202] 131 Embedded seeds
[0203] 132 Topcoat seeds [0204] 133 Nutrient particles [0205] 134
Buoyant pellets [0206] 135 Infiltration zone [0207] 136 Floating
island with pumped water distribution system [0208] 137 Water
distribution system [0209] 138 Water pump [0210] 139 Distribution
pipes [0211] 140 Nonwoven mesh island body (pumped filtration
embodiment) [0212] 141 Aquatic plants selected for nutrient uptake
[0213] 142 Enclosure tray [0214] 143 Air bubbles [0215] 144
Perforations (tray) [0216] 145 Floating island (boat docking
embodiment) [0217] 147 Low-abrasion padding [0218] 148 Anchor
optimized for multiple wind directions [0219] 149 Barb (anchor)
[0220] 150 Ring attachment point (anchor)
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0221] The present invention is superior to any existing floating
island-type technology because it provides a super-enhanced habitat
for plants, improves water quality, discourages algae populations,
slows the process of eutrophication, provides a habitat for fish
and small animals, and is designed to be aesthetically pleasing. It
is distinguishable from any of the patents reviewed above because
it is designed to enhance the existing natural plant and animal
habitat. Installation of the present invention does not require the
draining of water, construction of a submerged substructure,
fitting or alteration of a pond liner, or disturbance of existing
flora or fauna. By virtue of its design, the present invention
results in only minimal water displacement, which allows the pond
or other water body to retain its carrying capacity and does not
adversely affect the health of the water body.
[0222] In a natural floating island, the roots of living plants are
supported in a substrate composed mainly of other living roots,
dead roots, and partially decomposed organic materials derived from
dead plants and microbes. This natural substrate is mimicked by the
island matrix of the present invention, whose rigid structure and
porosity provide an ideal environment for the establishment of
growing roots.
[0223] In a natural floating island, microbial gas production
provides a contribution to island buoyancy. In the present
invention, the matrix fibers (nonwoven mesh) provide a large
surface area for naturally occurring and introduced microbes that
convert pond nutrients into gasses that provide buoyancy.
[0224] In a natural floating island, the plants that have adapted
successfully for island life generally provide their own buoyancy.
For example, a fifty-foot tall larch tree can survive on a natural
floating island because the buoyancy of the island in the vicinity
of the tree is sufficient to support the weight of the tree; while
a short distance away, the buoyancy of the island is only adequate
to support the weight of two-foot tall leatherleaf plants. In each
case, the plant roots and the biological community surrounding the
roots provide adequate buoyancy to support the weight that is
imposed by the above-water portion of the plant. Plants that cannot
support their own weight are generally sparse on natural floating
islands. In the present invention, plants with known
self-generating buoyancy can be selected for use on islands where
long-term, self-sustaining buoyancy is required.
[0225] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the
floating island is comprised of a nonwoven mesh material. This
embodiment is shown in FIGS. 1-5. The island shape in FIGS. 1-5 is
shown to be elliptical in plan view, but in fact can take any
regular or freeform shape. In any of the nonwoven mesh embodiments,
the mesh material can be coated with a "soft-touch coating"
comprised of a spray-on elastomer such as latex or polyurethane.
The purpose of the coating is to provide a less abrasive or
non-abrasive finish, and it can be applied in varying thickness
depending upon the effect desired.
[0226] FIG. 1 is a top view of the nonwoven mesh embodiment of the
present invention, which comprises a top layer 1, a middle layer 2,
and a bottom layer 3. FIG. 2 is a section view of FIG. 1 taken at
A-A showing a first embodiment of the nonwoven mesh island. Each of
the layers 1, 2, 3 is comprised of water-permeable, nonwoven mesh
material 4 (such as POLY-FLO filter material) that has buoyant
nodules 5 manufactured into the mesh. The buoyant nodules 5 may be
comprised of any suitable low-density material, such as closed cell
polymer foam, polystyrene, cork, or hollow plastic balls. Holes 6
are cut into the top layer 1 and middle layer 2, and a potted plant
unit 7 is installed in each hole. The layers are joined together
with adhesive 8. The adhesive 8 may be any suitable material, such
as hot-melt glue or polyurethane foam sealant (such as Dow
Chemical's GREAT STUFF or FROTH-PAC foam sealant). The foam may
alternately be comprised of organic material, for example,
soy-based foam, as described in the Journal of American Oil
Chemists' Society, Vol. 76, No. 10 (October 1999). The foam sealant
provides buoyancy, adhesion and rigidity to the structure. The
buoyancy of the island can be adjusted after installation by adding
additional foam as required.
[0227] FIG. 3 is a section view of FIG. 1 taken at A-A showing a
second embodiment of the nonwoven mesh island. This embodiment is
comprised of multiple layers of nonwoven polyester mesh, similar to
what is shown in FIG. 2, except that flotation for this second
embodiment is provided by floats 9 that are installed into the
embodiment during assembly of the layers. The floats 9 may be made
of any suitable material, such as hard plastic or plastic foam fish
net floats.
[0228] FIG. 4 is a section view of FIG. 1 taken at A-A showing a
third embodiment of the nonwoven mesh island. This embodiment is
comprised of multiple layers of nonwoven polyester mesh, similar to
what is shown in FIG. 2, except that flotation for the third
embodiment is provided by expanding foam sealant 10 (such as Dow
Chemical's GREAT STUFF or FROTH-PAC foam sealant). The foam sealant
10 is injected as a pressurized liquid into and through the fibers
of the nonwoven mesh material 4. In addition to providing
flotation, the foam sealant 10 also bonds the layers together.
[0229] FIG. 5 is a section view of FIG. 1 taken at A-A showing a
fourth embodiment of the nonwoven mesh island. This embodiment is
comprised of multiple layers of nonwoven polyester mesh, similar to
what is shown in FIG. 2, except that flotation for the fourth
embodiment is provided by buoyant blocks 11. The buoyant blocks 11
are inserted into holes (not shown) that are cut through the layers
of nonwoven material. The buoyant blocks 11 may be retained within
the holes by a friction-tight fit, and they may be manually
adjusted in the vertical direction (as indicated by the arrows).
This feature is particularly useful for adjusting the buoyancy of
the island to compensate for the changing weight of growing plants.
Both the floats of FIG. 3 and the buoyant blocks of FIG. 5 may be
optionally perforated to provide additional pathways for plant
roots.
[0230] In FIG. 1, the island is shown as being comprised of three
layers. In practice, the present invention may be comprised of a
single layer or any number of multiple layers. FIG. 6 illustrates a
method of attaching the layers of nonwoven mesh. In FIG. 6, a
standard landscaping pin 12 is pushed through a top layer 1, a
middle layer 2, and a bottom layer 3. The end sections 13 of the
pin 12 are then bent upwards into U-shapes as shown and allowed to
penetrate the bottom layer 3 in a second location as shown. In this
configuration, the landscaping pin 12 locks the layers together.
One example of a commercially available landscaping pin is the
eight-inch wire staple sold by North American Green of Evansville,
Ind.
[0231] With respect to the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1-5,
apertures for containing plants or flotation materials may
optionally be cut, melted or otherwise formed into the mesh
material during manufacture. A preferred method of forming
apertures in the nonwoven mesh material is illustrated in FIG. 7.
In this figure, a hole-opening tool is fashioned from a steel spike
14 by cutting the head 15 off the spike 14. The lower section 16 of
the spike is then inserted into a standard electric or air-powered
drill 17. The lower section 16 is round in cross section, with a
pyramid or cone-shaped end. The apparatus comprised of the drill 17
and lower section 16 is used to open holes into layers of nonwoven
mesh by pushing the lower section 16 through the nonwoven mesh
while rotating lower section 16 with the drill 17. The resulting
cylindrically shaped holes can be used to inject adhesive foam or
to install plants and seeds. If desired, a hole can be kept open by
temporarily inserting another steel spike 14 into the hole, until
the adhesive, plant, or seed is installed.
[0232] This method of producing an opening in the mesh is superior
to cutting a hole because it requires much less effort, is faster,
and produces a temporary hole that contracts around any installed
adhesive, plant, or seed. This method is superior to melting a hole
because it does not produce noxious fumes. An example of a suitable
steel spike is 3/8-inch in diameter and 12 inches in length,
available from McMaster-Carr (part number 97033A320). Larger
diameter holes may be opened by substituting a custom manufactured
mandrel 18 for the lower section 16. Such larger holes may be
useful for installing rooted plants.
[0233] All of the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 1-5 share the same
advantage in terms of biological filtration. The nonwoven mesh
material acts as a biological filter media in that it provides an
ideal substrate for bacterial colonization and allows the free
passage of water through the media. The bacteria form beneficial
biofilms and enhance the removal of nitrate, phosphorous and other
undesirable nutrients as the pond water passes through the media.
This microbial bio-removal of nutrients, along with nutrient uptake
by plants growing on the island, provides significant nutrient
removal from pond water and thereby improves overall pond health.
As the microbes utilize nutrients and multiply, some of these
microbes become detached from the island matrix and are dispersed
throughout the pond, where they continue to remove nutrients. By
this dispersal means, the island acts as microbial "seed source" to
provide nutrient-removal microbes throughout the pond. The rate of
nutrient removal is dependent upon the flow rate or hydraulic
loading that the floating island experiences. The pond water could
be pumped and sprayed over the island, which would increase the
mass removal rate for pond water nutrients (including the
possibility for actually filtering out algae). The island could be
inoculated with aerobic or anaerobic microorganisms, plus start-up
nutrients, in order to provide for enhanced nutrient uptake from
the pond. A wind-powered, wave-powered or solar-powered pump or
similar mechanism could be added to increase the rate of water flow
through the filter media. All of the above would enhance the
performance of the island as a floating biofilter. Additional
embodiments that take advantage of these unique capabilities of the
nonwoven mesh material of the present invention are described
below.
[0234] FIG. 8 shows a floating island comprised of scrap pieces of
nonwoven mesh material 19, buoyant nodules 5, and an outer covering
20. The outer covering 20 may be fabricated by placing a bundle of
mesh pieces 19 into a heatable mold (not shown). When the mold is
heated to the melting point of the nonwoven mesh material (e.g.,
approximately 400.degree. F. for polyester), the outer fibers of
the bundle soften and fuse, forming a porous "skin" around the
unmelted center pieces of mesh material. The skin forms an outer
covering 20 that confines the pieces of mesh material 19, while
allowing water, plant stems, and plant roots to penetrate. In an
alternative method, the outer fibers of the bundle are softened and
fused by applying a suitable solvent (e.g., di-octyl phosphate is a
solvent for polyvinyl chloride mesh). Alternately, both heat and
solvents may be simultaneously applied to form an outer skin on the
bundle of mesh material. The outer covering 20 may also be
comprised of a separate material, such as nylon netting.
[0235] FIG. 9 shows a floating island comprised of an upper section
of relatively tightly packed nonwoven mesh 21 and a lower section
of relatively loosely packed nonwoven mesh 22. The packing
densities of meshes 21 and 22 are established during the
manufacturing process of these materials. The packing density of
the upper mesh 21 is selected so as to optimize it for plant root
growth and durability. The packing density of the lower mesh 22 is
selected so as to provide openings between the mesh fibers that
offer security and feeding habitat for small baitfish 23, while
excluding larger predator fish 24. One example of small baitfish 23
is fathead minnows. Examples of predator fish 24 include bass and
trout. Examples of foods that are consumed by baitfish within the
lower mesh layer 22 include plant roots, phytoplankton and other
algae. The habitat provided by the lower mesh layer 22 results in a
larger population of baitfish than would otherwise exist in the
pond. This larger population of baitfish promotes water clarity by
adding complexity to the food chain and utilizing nutrients for
fish growth that would otherwise be used by algae.
[0236] FIG. 9 illustrates one way in which the floating island of
the present invention can be configured to provide food and shelter
for fish. Even the embodiments that do not include the looser mesh
shown in FIG. 9 have proven beneficial to fish populations.
Specifically, it has been observed that fish living in ponds that
contain the floating islands of the present invention actually grow
bigger than fish that do not live in such ponds. The reason for
this phenomenon is that the floating islands of the present
invention provide food in the form of plant roots for fish to
eat.
[0237] FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of an alternative
embodiment of a floating island that uses nonwoven mesh as a
protective barrier for small fish. The island shown in FIG. 10 is
comprised of a relatively tightly packed nonwoven mesh top layer
21, a relatively thin, loosely packed nonwoven mesh bottom layer
22, and buoyant spacers 25 to separate layers 21 and 22. The
packing density of the mesh in the lower layer 22 is selected so as
to allow small fish 23 to swim through layer 22 and into water
pockets 26 that are located between layers 21 and 22. The water
pockets 26 provide safe resting and feeding habitats for the small
fish 23. With this embodiment, the thickness of the lower layer 22
can be minimized because layer 22 is acting as a barrier to large
predatory fish rather than a habitat for small fish.
[0238] FIG. 11 illustrates an optional dunking feature that can be
used in connection with the nonwoven mesh embodiments of the
floating island discussed above. FIG. 11 is a section view of the
island shown in a partially submerged or "dunked" position. The
dunking feature is comprised of a flexible line 27, a pulley 28,
and an anchor block 29. The purpose of this feature is to provide
water to the roots of the island plants when these roots do not
extend to the pond waterline (for example, when the plants are
immature). This feature allows a person to wet the roots from shore
without having to use a sprinkler. To wet the roots, the person on
shore pulls on the flexible line 27, drawing it through the pulley
28 in the direction shown by the arrows, and causing the island 30
to partially submerge. This action allows the water to enter the
porous mesh of the island body. When the flexible line 27 is
released, the buoyancy of the island causes it to return to its
normal floating position.
[0239] FIG. 12 is a section view of the island with optional
"capillary action" features to provide water to plants that are
growing above the natural waterline within the island. The
capillary-action watering feature is comprised of capillary tubes
31 and an absorbent top cover 32. Pond water is drawn up through
each capillary tube 31 (as shown by the directional arrows) and
released to the absorbent top cover 32, where it is distributed to
plants 33 growing above the waterline. The maximum vertical rise of
water in the tubes is a function of the tube diameter and the
physical properties of the water. One equation that can be used to
determine the required tube diameter for a given rise in water
height is provided in Fluid Mechanics (see reference list) as
Equation 2.12:
h=(2.sigma. cos .theta./.gamma.r)
where
[0240] h=capillary rise (length)
[0241] .sigma.=surface tension (force per unit length)
[0242] .theta.=wetting angle
[0243] .gamma.=specific weight of water
[0244] r=radius of tube
The capillary tubes 31 can be fabricated from any suitable
material, for example, flexible PVC tubing, semi-rigid polyethylene
tubing, or rigid acrylic tubing.
[0245] FIG. 13 is a section view of the island with optional
"wicking action" features. This embodiment is similar to the
capillary-action watering feature of FIG. 12, except that the
capillary tubes 31 are replaced by wicking units 34. The wicking
units 34 are comprised of fabric or similar materials that have a
significant wicking effect on water. In this embodiment, water is
wicked up through the wicking units 34 and released to the
absorbent top cover 32, where it is distributed to the plants
33.
[0246] The wicking units 34 may be preferable to capillary tubes 31
for certain applications because they may enable a higher maximum
water rise and may be less prone to bio-fouling. One equation that
can be used to determine the theoretical maximum rise due to fabric
wicking is provided in the AUTEX Research Journal (see reference
list) as follows:
Hmax = .sigma. LG * cos .theta. * 2 * .mu. - [ 2 / 100 * .sigma. LG
* ( .mu. / N ) 1 / 2 ] * ( Q * ( cos .theta. ) + P ) R V * ( 1 -
.mu. ) * g * .rho. ##EQU00001##
where
[0247] Hmax=equilibrium suction height
[0248] N=number of fibers in bundle
[0249] R.sub.v=radius of fiber
[0250] P=% liquid from surface of bundle
[0251] Q=% non-wetted fibers from surface of bundle
[0252] .mu.=filling
[0253] .rho.=density of liquid
[0254] .sigma..sub.LG=interfacial tension liquid-air
[0255] .theta.=contact angle
[0256] For the embodiments shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, the absorbent
top cover 32 may be optionally planted with seeds, or coated with a
mixture of seeds, adhesive, and nutrients. In either case, water
will be delivered to the seeds via the capillary action shown in
FIG. 12 or the wicking action shown in FIG. 13. The mixture may be
applied by any suitable means, such as "hydroseeding," wherein a
mixture of seeds, paper mulch, and liquid adhesive is sprayed under
pressure onto the surface of the island, after which it dries and
adheres to the fibers of the island material. In the preferred
embodiment, the capillary action of FIG. 12 and the wicking action
of FIG. 13 occurs in connection with one of the nonwoven mesh
embodiments of the present invention, but these innovations could
be used with any floating island embodiment that includes living
plants.
[0257] FIGS. 14 and 15 depict another embodiment of the present
invention in which the floating island includes bell-shaped
flotation units. FIG. 14 is a first section view of the floating
island 35 with optional flotation "bells." The bell flotation units
are comprised of an air compressor 36, tubing 37, a solenoid valve
38, a control wire 39, one or more bells 40, and one or more
internal spaces 41. The pond water level 42 is also shown. In this
figure, the bell flotation units are shown in a low-buoyancy
position. Although the drawing depicts a system with two bells, any
number may be utilized. FIG. 15 is a second section view of the
floating island 35 with optional flotation "bells" in a
high-buoyancy position.
[0258] Referring to FIG. 14, a signal is sent via the control wire
39, which causes the solenoid valve 38 to open, thereby allowing
any compressed air within the internal space 41 to vent to the
atmosphere. When the air pressure within the internal space 41
equalizes with atmospheric pressure, the water level within the
internal space 41 will equilibrate with the pond water level 42.
The arrow at the outlet of the solenoid valve 38 represents
pressurized air that is escaping from the internal space 41 to the
atmosphere. At equilibrium, the flotation bells are providing
minimum flotation to the island, and the island sinks to a
relatively deep water level.
[0259] In order to raise the island to a shallower draft, a signal
is sent via the control wire 39, which causes the solenoid valve 38
to shut. Simultaneously, the compressor 36 is turned on, causing
air to flow through the tubing 37 into the internal space 41. This
air will raise the air pressure in the internal space 41, thereby
forcing a portion of water out of the bottom of the bell 40 (in
other words, displacing the water that is in the internal space
41). As the water within the internal space 41 is displaced by air,
the buoyancy of the bell unit increases, thereby causing a net
increase in buoyancy of the floating island, which causes the
island 35 to rise partially out of the water. The water level can
be set at any desired level between minimum and maximum by shutting
off the compressor when the desired air volume in the internal
space 41 is achieved.
[0260] The bells 40 may be fabricated from any suitable material
that is impermeable to air, strong, lightweight and durable.
Suitable materials include, but are not limited to, thermoplastics
such as polyethylene, foamed thermoplastics such as styrene foam,
and closed cell foamed metals such as FOAMINAL, which is produced
by Fraunhofer USA. Another material that shows promise for use in
this application is foamed amorphous metal, which is currently
being tested by LiquidMetal Corporation and other companies.
[0261] The internal space 41 may optionally be filled with highly
porous material that is permeable to both air and water. This
highly porous material may be comprised of any suitable material,
including, but not limited to, polyester mesh (such as POLY-FLO
from Americo), open-cell foamed metal (such as DUOCEL foamed
aluminum from ERG Materials and Aerospace), or open-cell foamed
amorphous metal. One advantage of filling the internal space 41
with porous material is that it provides additional surface area
for growing beneficial microorganisms. Another advantage is that it
provides extra strength and rigidity to the bell unit.
[0262] The bell flotation units provide a method for adjusting the
overall buoyancy of the floating island, thereby allowing a person
to manually adjust the draft of the island. This method can be used
with any floating island embodiment. One advantage of this feature
is that it provides a periodic water supply to plants and seeds
that are located above the normal waterline, by temporarily
lowering the island to a near-submerged position and then returning
it to a normal position. Another advantage is that it adds buoyancy
to the floating island to compensate for the negative buoyancy
created by growing plants.
[0263] FIG. 16 shows a prefabricated seeding product that provides
a rapid and easy means of seeding floating islands. The seed
blanket 43 is mat-shaped, relatively thin and flexible, and may be
rolled for storage and shipment. The seed blanket 43 is deployed by
spreading it on top of a floating island and fastening it in place
with landscaping pins (not shown) or other suitable fasteners. The
seed blanket 43 is comprised of three layers, including a lower
seed containment layer 44, a middle composite seed layer 45, and an
upper seed containment layer 46. The composite seed layer 45 is
comprised of selected aquatic plant seeds 47 and optional binder
48. The binder 48 may include adhesive and/or a moisturizing
agent.
[0264] The purpose of the lower containment layer 44 is to prevent
the seeds from falling through the mesh body of the island. The
lower containment layer 44 may be comprised of any suitable
material that retains the seeds while allowing plant roots to pass
through. Examples of suitable materials for the lower containment
layer include fine nonwoven polyester mesh (such as polyester air
filter material), coarse woven cloth (such as cheesecloth), and
thermoplastic elastomer ("TPE").
[0265] The purpose of the upper containment layer 46 is to prevent
loss of seeds by air or water currents prior to the time they
sprout and take root. The thickness and density of the upper
containment layer 46 must not be so great as to prevent the
sprouted plants from penetrating the upper containment layer 46 and
being exposed to sunlight. Examples of suitable materials for the
upper containment layer 46 include fine nonwoven polyester mesh
(such as polyester air filter material), coarse woven cloth (such
as cheesecloth), and TPE. In some cases, it may be beneficial to
use a relatively thin, transparent material for the upper
containment layer 46 and a thicker, denser material for the lower
containment layer 44. In other cases, it may be preferable for both
the upper and lower containment layers 44, 46 to be constructed of
the same or similar materials.
[0266] In addition to the embodiments described above, the present
invention encompasses a larger version of the floating island that
is designed to support the weight of one or more persons. An
advantage of this design is that plants growing on the floating
island can be watered by walking around on the surface of the
island, thereby temporarily causing a localized area of the island
surface to be depressed to the water level.
[0267] FIG. 17 is a section view of a first alternative embodiment
of the larger floating island. In this embodiment, the floating
island is comprised of nonwoven mesh material 4, buoyant nodules 5,
supplemental flotation units 49, and stepping pads 50. The buoyant
nodules 5 are designed to support the weight of vegetation and the
above-waterline portion of the nonwoven mesh material 4. The
supplemental flotation units 49 are each designed to support the
weight of one person, and they may be comprised of any material
that is suitably buoyant and durable. Examples of suitable
materials for the flotation units include polyurethane foam sealant
and closed cell polymer foam. The stepping pads 50 provide a
non-slippery walking surface and indicate the allowable areas for
walking, and they may be comprised of any material that is suitably
durable and slip resistant. Examples of suitable materials for the
stepping pads include outdoor carpeting and synthetic stones made
of molded fiberglass. The buoyant nodules may or may not be
necessary depending on the degree of buoyancy provided by the
supplemental flotation units.
[0268] FIG. 18 is a section view of a second alternative embodiment
of the larger floating island. The design of the island shown in
FIG. 18 includes the features of the island shown in FIG. 17, plus
additional load distribution members 51. When a person steps upon a
particular stepping pad 50, the load distribution members 51
distribute the person's weight to several of the supplemental
flotation units 49, thereby reducing the distance by which the
stepping pad would otherwise move downward. This reduction of
downward displacement provides a more stable walking surface than
the design shown in FIG. 17. The load distribution members can be
made of any suitably durable, lightweight and rigid material.
Examples of suitable materials for the load distribution members
include PVC pipe and aluminum channels. Two additional materials
that may be particularly well suited for this application are metal
foam and amorphous metal foam (currently in the development phase).
Compared to thermoplastics, these two materials exhibit extremely
high strength-to-weight ratios and long-term durability.
[0269] In order to provide the required load distribution (and
thereby prevent local sagging) of the island surface due to point
loads (such as persons) supported by the island, the load
distribution members must have sufficient stiffness. The stiffness
of a pipe is a function of the pipe diameter, the pipe wall
thickness, and the bending modulus of the pipe material. Depending
on the size of the island and the design loads, useful pipe
diameters may range from about one inch to about 18 inches; useful
wall thickness may range from about 1/16 inch to about one inch;
and useful bending modulus may range from about 5,000 pounds per
square inch (psi) to 500,000 psi, as measured by ASTM Standard
D747-02. These same principles would apply to hose or any other
material from which the load distribution members are
constructed.
[0270] The islands shown in FIGS. 17 and 18 may be assembled
on-site near the water edge. When this on-site method of assembly
is employed, the islands may be deployed by pushing or pulling the
islands into the water with a truck or other mechanized equipment.
In order to prevent damage to the structure of the island during
installation, the edge of the island coming into contact with the
truck or other mechanized equipment may be reinforced with a
load-bearing and/or load-distributing protective cover (not shown).
This cover may be comprised of semi-rigid thermoplastic, such as
polypropylene or PVC sheeting.
[0271] FIG. 19 shows top views of an artificial stepping stone 52
and artificial tree limb 53. These items may be manufactured form
any buoyant, rigid and durable material, such as CAST ALL, which is
a two-part expandable polymer foam available from Westco Supply in
Ranch Cordova, Calif.
[0272] FIG. 20 shows three alternative methods for using the
artificial stepping stone 52 and artificial tree limb 53 that are
shown in FIG. 19. In the left example, the stepping stone flotation
assembly 54 is comprised of a lower stepping stone 55, an upper
stepping stone 56, and a connecting cable unit 57, which firmly
attaches the stepping stones 55, 56 to the island body 58. The
island body 58 may be comprised of any of the types of islands that
have been previously described. The connecting cable unit 57 may be
comprised of plastic rope or rustproof metal cable. When the island
body 58 is floating normally, the lower stepping stone 55 is
submerged and, therefore, provides buoyancy to the island
structure. When the island structure is abnormally submerged (e.g.,
when a person steps upon the island), the upper stepping stone 56
also becomes partially or fully submerged and thus provides
additional buoyancy to the structure.
[0273] In the middle example, the stepping stone/vertical buoyant
member flotation assembly 59 is comprised of an artificial stepping
stone 52 and a vertically installed buoyant member 60. The buoyant
member 60 may be comprised of air-filled or closed cell foam-filled
plastic pipe or other similar material. The buoyant member 60 may
be attached to the island body 58 by adhesive (not shown), cable
ties (not shown) or other conventional means.
[0274] In the right example, the floating tree limb assembly 61 is
comprised of a lower artificial tree limb 62, an upper artificial
tree limb 63, and a connecting cable assembly 57. The lower tree
limb 62 is normally submerged, thus providing buoyancy to the
island structure. Additional buoyancy is provided to the structure
when the upper tree limb 63 is also partially or fully submerged.
It should be noted that the buoyant components (the stepping stones
52, 55, 56 and the tree limb 53, 62, 63) may be replaced with
conventional buoyant building materials such as closed cell foam
blocks or cylinders (not shown). The natural shapes of the stepping
stones 52, 55, 56 and tree limbs 53, 62, 63, however, provide
aesthetic appeal to the structure.
[0275] FIG. 21 is a perspective view of a framework that could be
used in conjunction with any floating island structure to provide
adjustable buoyancy. In the preferred embodiment, it is used in
connection with the nonwoven mesh island. FIG. 21 shows the
horizontal and vertical components of a variable buoyancy, rigid
framework 64. The horizontal members 65 are comprised of hollow
plastic pipe or other similar material. These horizontal members 65
may be installed either below or within the mesh matrix body of the
island (not shown). The overall buoyancy of the structure is
designed so that the horizontal members are set below the
waterline. Optionally, the buoyancy of the horizontal members 65
can be adjusted by filling the interior space of the members with
water, air, or a combination of both. In one embodiment, water
enters the horizontal members 65 via a water tube 66 when the air
control valve 67 is open to the atmosphere. Water can be displaced
from the horizontal members 65 by blowing compressed air into the
air tube 68, thereby forcing water out through the water tube 66.
After the water is displaced, the air control valve 67 is closed,
which prevents water from reentering the structure. Alternatively,
the horizontal members can be filled with foam to increase
buoyancy. The buoyancy of the island can also be increased by
adding additional horizontal members.
[0276] In an alternative embodiment, shown in FIG. 22, the
horizontal members are comprised of a perforated pipe section 69
and an inner, inflatable bag 70. In this figure, the central
portion of the pipe section 69 has been removed to show the
inflatable bag 70. The inflatable bag 70 is shown in a deflated
state, which allows water to enter the perforate pipe through holes
71. When the inflatable bag 70 is deflated, the horizontal members
are in a low-buoyancy condition. In order to increase the buoyancy
of the horizontal members, an air control valve 67 is opened, and
compressed air is forced through an air tube 68 into the inflatable
bag 70. As the inflatable bag 70 expands, water is forced out of
the pipe through the holes 71, thereby causing an increase in
buoyancy. After the inflatable bag 70 is filled with sufficient air
to provide the desired degree of buoyancy, the air control valve 67
can be closed. This embodiment may provide a more reliable method
of varying the buoyancy of the horizontal members than simply
filling the pipes with air because the inflatable bag 70 will
maintain buoyancy even if the pipes sustain cracks or leaks over
time. The pipes 69 serve as a protective cover for the inflatable
bag 70 against puncture and abrasion damage from floating debris
and animals.
[0277] Referring again to FIG. 21, additional adjustable buoyancy
is provided to the rigid framework 64 via the lower vertical member
72 and the upper vertical member 73, which are comprised of hollow
plastic pipe or similar material. In a preferred embodiment, the
vertical members 72, 73 are joined with threads or another
appropriate non-permanent connection. Alternatively, the vertical
members can be joined permanently. The interior of the vertical
members 72, 73 may be left open or optionally filled with buoyant
material such as expandable foam sealant (e.g., Dow Chemical's
FROTH-PAC). The lower end of the lower vertical member 72 is sealed
with a watertight end cap 74. The buoyancy of the framework 64 is
adjusted by sliding the vertical members 72, 73 upward or downward
within the collar 75, as shown by the arrows. If a relatively small
amount of buoyancy is desired, the lower vertical member can be
raised to the maximum height and locked into position with a
locking pin 76, which is placed through the locking pin holes 77.
If desired, the upper vertical member 73 may be detached from the
lower vertical member 72.
[0278] To increase the buoyancy of the structure, the locking pin
76 is removed and the vertical members 72, 73 are pushed downward,
deeper into the water. The vertical members are then locked into
the new position via the locking pin 76. If required, an additional
vertical member (not shown) may be connected to the top of the
upper vertical member 73, and the vertical members may be
positioned even deeper into the water. Locking straps 78 are used
to keep the framework 64 attached to the mesh matrix body of the
island (not shown).
[0279] In addition to providing buoyancy to the floating island,
the framework 64 provides a rigid, load-distributing
understructure, which can help to support the weight of persons
walking on the island. The design of the framework 64 allows the
buoyancy to be evenly distributed across the surface of the island,
thereby eliminating "high spots" and "low spots" that would
otherwise be produced by unconnected buoyant nodules located within
the island body. Launching the floating island structure from shore
into the water after construction may be facilitated by adding
optional wheels 79 and/or skids 80 to the horizontal members 65 of
the framework. The wheels and/or skids are preferably buoyant. If
the horizontal members are sufficiently rigid, they can serve as
skids, thus facilitating the launch of the island into the water
without damaging the matrix and eliminating the need to add
separate skids.
[0280] FIG. 23 shows yet another embodiment of an adjustably
buoyant framework for a floating island. In this embodiment, the
framework is comprised of prefabricated flotation tubes 81 and
prefabricated cross members 82. Each flotation tube 81 is comprised
of protective pipe 83, an inflatable tube 70, an air tube 68, and
an air control valve 67. Each prefabricated cross member 82 is
comprised of a strap 84, a plurality of pipe positioning devices
85, and a plurality of island body attachment posts 86. The purpose
of the flotation tubes 81 is to provide buoyancy to the island
structure and rigidity to the island surface. The purpose of the
cross members 82 is to maintain the flotation tubes at the proper
spacing, to provide additional rigidity to the island surface, and
to provide a means for attaching the framework to the body of the
island. The purpose of the protective pipe 83 is to prevent damage
to the inflatable tube 70. The purpose of the inflatable tubes 70,
air tube 67, and air control valves 68 is to provide a means for
independently varying the buoyancy of each flotation tube 81,
thereby providing an adjustable buoyancy across the surface of the
island that can be used to compensate for varying and non-uniform
loads that are placed (or grow upon) the island. The buoyancy in
each flotation tube 81 is increased by increasing the degree of
inflation in the inflatable tube 70, which displaces water from the
inside of flotation tube 81. The buoyancy is decreased by reducing
the degree of inflation in inflatable tube 70, thereby allowing
water to enter flotation tube 81.
[0281] In a preferred embodiment, the cross members 82 are
manufactured in several standard lengths, such as five feet, ten
feet and fifteen feet. The straps 84 may be comprised of any
relatively stiff and corrosion-resistant material, such as
galvanized steel channels, aluminum tubing or rigid plastic tubing.
The pipe positioning devices 85 are attached in pairs to the straps
84 by conventional means, with a positioning device 85 on each side
of a pipe 83. The island body attachment posts protrude through
holes cut into the island body (not shown). Nuts and washers (not
shown) are used to secure the island body to the attachment posts
86. The flotation tubes 81 can be manufactured in several standard
lengths, such as five feet, ten feet and fifteen feet. They are
comprised of materials as previously described in connection with
FIG. 22.
[0282] The framework depicted in FIG. 23 can be quickly assembled
to fit any freeform island shape by using an appropriate assortment
of prefabricated flotation tubes 81 and cross members 82. The cross
members 82 can alternatively be positioned above the flotation
tubes 81. This configuration provides a flat base for the island
body. Although the pipe positioning devices 85 are shown in this
figure to be comprised of bracket-types fixtures, any conventional
positioning fixture could be used. Although the cross members are
shown to be rectangular in cross section, other cross section
shapes, such as angles, channels or tubing could be used.
[0283] FIGS. 24 and 25 illustrate two different methods for adding
buoyancy to an island whose overall buoyancy has decreased over
time due to plant growth or other conditions. If desired, these
methods may be employed without removing the island from the
water.
[0284] FIG. 24 shows a section view of an island with single
attachment point flotation units 87. The left and center flotation
units 87 utilize barbed spikes 88 for attachment. The barbed
attachment spikes 88 may be made from corrosion-resistant metal,
such as aluminum, or rigid plastic, such as PVC. The floats 89 may
be commercially available fish net floats or similar objects made
form any suitably buoyant and durable material. The spikes 88 are
positioned within a hole inside the floats 89. The left flotation
unit 87 in the figure is shown prior to attachment to the island
body 58. The arrow shows the direction of movement required to push
the flotation unit 87 into the bottom of the island body 58. The
barb on the head of the spike 88 allows the flotation unit 87 to be
pushed into the mesh material of the island body 58, thereby
preventing the flotation unit 87 from slipping out. The center
flotation unit 87 is shown in the attached position after the barb
has been inserted into the island body 58. The right flotation unit
87 is shown attached to an artificial rock or other buoyant feature
90 by means of a retaining pin 91.
[0285] In FIG. 25, a dual-ring buoy 92 is attached to landscaping
pins 12 by means of conventional snap-on connectors 93. The
landscaping pins 12 may be installed into the island body 58 during
original construction, or they may be installed subsequent to
construction of the island.
[0286] FIG. 26 illustrates the use of receivers for mounting
equipment or accessories on the floating island of the present
invention. In FIG. 26, a fully penetrating receiver unit 94 is
shown installed into the left portion of an island body 58. The
fully penetrating receiver unit 94 is comprised of a length of pipe
95, a lower flange 96, and an upper flange 97. The pipe 95 may be
joined to flanges 97, 98 via threaded end connectors or glue
joints. The pipe 95 is installed through a hole (not shown) that is
cut, drilled or otherwise fabricated in the island body 58. A
partially penetrating receiver unit 98 is shown on the right side
of the island body 58 and is comprised of an upper flange 97 and a
length of pipe 95 that does not penetrate the lower edge of the
island body 58. The main purpose of the receiver units 94, 98 is to
provide a mounting location for equipment or accessories such as
solar panels, wind generators, or decorative items (not shown) that
may be desirable for a particular island configuration. A plurality
of receiver units 94, 98 may be installed on an island. A secondary
purpose of the receiver units 94, 98 is to provide a means for
locking together multiple layers of material within the island
body.
[0287] FIG. 27 illustrates a method of using the floating island of
the present invention to bolster a shoreline. In this figure, the
protective floating structure 99 is comprised of nonwoven mesh
matrix 4, buoyant nodules 5, and optional plants 33. A conventional
anchor or tether (not shown) may be used to maintain the position
of the structure 99 relative to the shoreline 100. The structure 99
can be used to prevent erosion to the shoreline 100 by serving as
an energy-absorbing damper to waves 101. The structure 99 can also
serve as a protective barrier to prevent floating objects (such as
boats or logs, not shown) from striking the shoreline 100. The
depth of the floating island can be adjusted to accommodate
whatever level of shore or bank erosion protection is desired.
[0288] With respect to any of the above embodiments, additional
thin and lightweight island modules may be attached around the
perimeter of the main central floating island in order to provide
additional shade and plant growth area, thereby increasing the
water quality benefits of the island. These additional island
modules can be made of a single layer of nonwoven mesh material or
similar suitable material, impregnated with buoyant material. While
the central floating island could support larger plants, these
"satellite" module islands could support short plants such as
grasses and sedges. In addition, any of the embodiments of the
present invention could be combined with artificial vegetation, if
desired, for additional cosmetic effect.
[0289] FIG. 28 shows a group of identical, mass-produced floating
islands (made of nonwoven mesh material) that are connected to form
a single large island. FIG. 28 is a top view of four identical,
mass-produced islands 102 that are joined with four connectors 103
to form a modular island structure 104. The connectors 103 are
comprised of nonwoven matrix material. The connectors 103 may
optionally be treated with bonded growth medium (described below)
or other materials to promote plant growth. The plant-sustaining
ability of the connectors 103 contributes to the visual appeal and
biological diversity of the structure, while the mass-produced
islands 102 provide a cost-effective manufacturing technique.
[0290] In yet another embodiment of the present invention,
concentric multiple cutouts provide numerous islands with reduced
constructions costs. FIG. 29 shows a first island 105 from which
the central portion has been removed, creating a second island 106
and a central opening 107 within the first island 105. The central
portion of the second island 106 has similarly been removed,
creating a third island 108 and a central opening 109 within the
second island 106.
[0291] The multiple concentric cutout design shown in FIG. 29
provides a significant reduction in materials required for
construction of islands, thereby providing a significant cost
saving for manufacture. Although FIG. 29 shows a total of three
islands, this number will vary depending on the size of the first
island 105 and the desired size of the last island.
[0292] FIG. 30 shows a perspective view of a skeleton frame island
110 created by using the multiple concentric cutout method. The
skeleton frame island 110 is comprised of a skeleton frame 111, a
floor 112, one or more optional dividers 113, and buoyant
intrusions 114. The skeleton frame, floor and dividers are all
preferably comprised of nonwoven mesh material.
[0293] FIG. 31 shows a section view of skeleton frame island 110
taken at line B-B of FIG. 30. As shown in FIG. 31, the skeleton
frame island 110 is comprised of skeleton frame 111, floor 112,
divider 113, buoyant intrusions 114, soil growth medium 115,
soil-based plants 116, and matrix-based plants 117. Matrix-based
plants are plants that are grown on portions of the island that are
comprised of the nonwoven mesh material. The matrix-based plants
may be started from either seeds or rooted plants that are
installed into the matrix. Seeds may be sprinkled onto the top of
the matrix and may optionally be bonded to the matrix fibers with
any suitable adhesive. Rooted plants are installed into precut
holes within the matrix.
[0294] The soil growth medium 115 is comprised of natural organic
material 118, such as peat, and of synthetic organic material 119,
such as pieces of nonwoven polyester scrap material. Bonded growth
medium (not shown, described more fully below) may be infused into
the skeleton frame 111, floor 112, and/or divider 113. The bonded
growth medium provides a durable environment for seed germination
and plant growth.
[0295] The relative growth rates of soil-based plants 116 and
matrix-based plants 117 may be controlled by adjusting the nutrient
concentrations and interstitial spacings of the soil growth medium
115 and skeleton frame 111. For example, by setting the nutrient
level in the soil growth medium 115 higher than the nutrient level
in the skeleton frame 111, the roots of the matrix-based plants 117
will grow faster, while the tops of the soil-based plants will grow
faster. Similarly, plant growth rates may be manipulated by
adjusting the percentage of interstitial space in the soil growth
medium 115 and skeleton frame 111. For example, adding more
synthetic organic material 119 to the natural organic material 118
will increase the volume of interstitial spaces within soil growth
medium 115, thereby increasing the growth rate of microbes and
macrophytes within the soil growth medium 115.
[0296] With the skeleton-frame embodiment described above, the
growth rates of plant roots on different zones of the island can be
manipulated to improve the value of the island for fish and
wildlife habitat. In a preferred embodiment, the nutrient levels in
the perimeter zone (the skeleton frame) are set at a relatively low
level by using bonding agents without added nutrients around the
perimeter, while the nutrient levels in the center soil growth
medium area are set at a relatively high level by placing nutrient
additives into the soil growth medium mixture. In this embodiment,
the roots of plants in the perimeter zone will grow rapidly through
the matrix into the pond water in search of nutrients, thereby
forming an underwater perimeter "curtain" of roots. Conversely, the
roots of plants in the central nutrient-rich soil growth medium
zone will be able to obtain sufficient nutrients from a relatively
small root mass; therefore, these roots will be slow to penetrate
through the matrix into the water below. By this means, an
underwater root zone will be formed under the island that has a
relatively long, dense outer ring and a relatively short,
slender-root center area. This embodiment will be attractive to
small fish that seek refuge and food within the inner area because
larger predator fish will be excluded by the outer ring.
[0297] The skeleton-frame island embodiment of the present
invention is capable of supporting plant growth over its entire
surface area, while conventional "floating planters" have a
non-permeable flotation ring around their perimeter that is not
capable of supporting plant growth. The ability of the skeleton
frame island embodiment of the present invention to support plant
growth over the entire surface offers significant advantages for
water-quality applications, as well as providing a more natural,
visually appealing appearance than conventional floating
planters.
[0298] Nonwoven mesh scrap material from the cutting and shaping of
the skeleton frame 111 and floor 112 may provide a low-cost source
of synthetic organic material 119. Adding synthetic organic
material 119 will also reduce the saturated weight of the soil
growth medium 115, thereby reducing the volume of buoyant
intrusions 114 required to float the skeleton frame island 110.
[0299] FIG. 32 shows two alternative embodiments for installing
plants and soil growth medium into a skeleton frame island. FIG. 32
is a side section view of a skeleton frame island 110 with two
growth compartments 120 and 121 separated by a divider 113, and a
prefabricated planter unit 122 shown prior to installation. The
first growth compartment 120 is filled by placing soil growth
medium 115, plants 116 and seeds (not shown) into the growth
compartment 120 by hand. The second growth compartment 121 is
filled by placing a prefabricated planter unit 122 into the
compartment as shown by the arrow. The prefabricated planter unit
122 may be grown and shipped separately from the skeleton frame
island and installed at the deployment site. The prefabricated
planter unit 122 may have certain advantages, including the ability
to culture plants professionally prior to installation, easy
installation and replacement, and cost savings.
[0300] The prefabricated planter unit 122 is comprised of a shell
123, soil growth medium 115, optional plants 116 and optional seeds
(not shown). The shell 123 is comprised of a material such as coir
or nonwoven polyester matrix that is permeable to water and
penetrable by plant roots.
[0301] The soil growth medium 115 may include pH buffers and
modifiers to optimize plant growth for specific conditions. For
example, when an island is deployed in acidic pond water with
plants that prefer neutral or alkaline pH water, the soil growth
medium can comprise calcium carbonate or other similar substance
that increases the pH of the water surrounding the plant roots,
thereby giving these roots an optimized growth environment during
their early growth stage. Similarly, substances that reduce the pH
of water can be added to the soil growth medium 115 when an island
is deployed in alkaline waters with plants that prefer neutral or
acidic pH. Peat is an example of a material that can provide an
acidic pH environment.
[0302] The present invention also encompasses a bonded growth
medium that is optimized for germinating and nurturing plants in an
aquatic setting. The bonded growth medium of the present invention
is designed specifically to be used as a component of a floating
island, although it may be used in other applications as well. As
described more fully below, the bonded growth medium encompasses a
number of optional features to optimize it for various conditions
and for use with a variety of plant species. The bonded growth
medium is described below as used with islands comprising a
continuous matrix top surface, but can be equally well employed
with the skeleton frame island embodiment.
[0303] FIG. 33 is a top view of a floating island 124 with bonded
growth medium, shown prior to plant growth. FIG. 34 is a section
view of the first embodiment of the bonded growth medium taken at
section C-C of FIG. 33, in which the bonded growth medium 125 is
attached to the outer surface of the floating island 124. The
island 124 shown in FIG. 34 is comprised of bonded growth medium
125, porous matrix 126, buoyant inclusions 127, and optional
capillary channels 128. Porous matrix 126 may be comprised of any
lightweight, porous material penetrable by plant roots. An example
of a suitable material is POLY-FLO filter mesh, manufactured by
Americo. Buoyant inclusions 127 may be comprised of any nontoxic
buoyant material, such as closed cell foam or polyurethane spray
foam. Capillary channels 128 are vertical holes cut into the matrix
126 and filled with any suitable wicking material. The purpose of
the capillary channels 128 is to transport water through the island
matrix 126 and supply it to the bonded growth medium 125 on the top
and edges of the island. In a first embodiment, the wicking
material in the capillary channels 128 is comprised of peat,
polyester felt, or other suitable natural or synthetic material. In
a second embodiment, the capillary channels 128 are filled with
bonded growth medium.
[0304] As shown schematically in FIG. 35, the bonded growth medium
125 is comprised of peat fibers (or similar material) 129, binder
130, optional embedded seeds 131, optional topcoat seeds 132,
optional nutrient particles 133 and optional buoyant pellets 134.
Other optional materials (not shown) include shredded paper,
shredded wood, and lightweight synthetic materials. Beneficial
microbes (not shown), which include fungi and bacteria, may also be
optionally included in the bonded growth medium. By varying the
components of the bonded growth medium, the water retention,
buoyancy, nutrient level, pH, porosity, interstitial space volume,
and other parameters can be modified to optimize for a specific
type of plant (e.g., aquatic versus flowering terrestrial), a
particular water body (e.g., alkaline or acidic), a particular
island shape (e.g., low-floating versus high-floating), or even to
create an optimal environment for the growth of beneficial
microbes.
[0305] The first purpose of the peat fibers 129 is to retain water
and absorb radiant sunlight energy, thus providing optimal
conditions for plant germination and growth. The second purpose of
the peat fibers 129 is to provide a natural, visually appealing
surface. A third purpose of the peat fibers is to prevent sunlight
from contacting the fibers within the matrix, thereby preventing
the growth of algae within the matrix. A fourth purpose of the peat
fibers is to reduce the pH of water adjacent to plant roots. The
purpose of the binder 130 is to attach the peat fibers 129 and
seeds 132, 133 to the matrix 126, and to prevent them from being
lost due to wind or wave action. Nutrient particles 133 may be
comprised of commercial slow-release plant fertilizer or similar
material. Buoyant pellets 134 may be comprised of perlite,
polystyrene, or other lightweight closed cell materials. The
buoyant pellets provide additional buoyancy to the structure if
required for a particular application.
[0306] The first purpose of the bonded growth medium 125 is to
provide an optimal growth environment for seeds and plants. A
second optional purpose of the bonded growth medium 125 is to
provide a low-permeability gas barrier around the outer surface of
the island, thereby trapping within the body of the island water
vapor and gases produced by microbes. The water vapor minimizes
"air pruning" of plant roots, and the other gasses provide
additional buoyancy to the island structure. The bonded growth
medium 125 also serves as a protective agent to prevent
deterioration of the matrix 126 and buoyant inclusions 127 by
ambient ultraviolet ("UV") sunlight. The UV protection may be
provided by the natural light-absorbing qualities of the peat
fibers or similar material 129, or the UV protection of the bonded
growth medium 125 can be boosted by adding a UV-blocking agent to
the uncured bonded growth medium mix prior to application. One
example of a suitable common UV-blocking agent is carbon black.
[0307] In one embodiment, the binder 130 is comprised of a porous
and permeable material, such as open cell polyurethane foam or
cellulose (similar to kitchen sponges). In this embodiment, the
binder transports water to the seeds 131, 132 and plants (not
shown) from the capillary channels 128, or from the water body (not
shown) in which the island is floating. In another embodiment, the
binder 130 is comprised of nonporous thermoplastic such as TPE or
other nonporous, non-permeable binder material. In this embodiment,
the ratio of peat fibers 129 and binder 130 is designed so that the
proportion of peat fibers 129 is sufficient to serve as the water
transport medium through the bonded growth medium 125.
[0308] The bonded growth medium 125 is preferably manufactured as a
viscous liquid in the uncured state, which changes to a flexible
solid after curing. The uncured bonded growth medium 125 is poured
or sprayed over the top of the matrix and binds to the matrix 126
during the curing process. An infiltration zone 135 occurs where
bonded growth medium 125 infiltrates into the matrix 126 prior to
curing. In the case where the temperature of the uncured bonded
growth medium 125 is low enough for seeds to survive, the embedded
seeds 131 may be added to the mixture during manufacture, and the
topcoat seeds 132 may be sprinkled onto the uncured bonded growth
medium 125 after it has been applied to the matrix 126. In the case
where the temperature of the uncured bonded growth medium 125 is
excessive for seed survival, embedded seeds 131 may be installed
via holes punched into the partially or fully cured bonded growth
medium 125 after it has cooled sufficiently, and topcoat seeds 132
may be attached by a conventional nontoxic adhesive.
[0309] FIG. 36 shows an island 124 comprised of individual layers
of nonwoven mesh material 4 that have been stacked and bonded
together. Also shown are buoyant inclusions 127 and capillary
channels 128, which are identical to those items previously
described for FIG. 34. In this embodiment, the components of the
bonded growth medium are embedded within the matrix layers 4 rather
than being applied to the top of the matrix 126, as shown in FIGS.
34 and 35.
[0310] FIG. 37 is a magnified view of a portion of FIG. 36, showing
the components of the embedded bonded growth medium. Peat fibers
(or similar material) 129, binder 130, optional embedded seeds 131,
optional nutrient particles 133 and optional buoyant pellets 134
are all similar to the materials described in connection with FIG.
34.
[0311] The embedded bonded growth medium shown in FIGS. 36 and 37
can be manufactured in at least three different ways. A first
method involves incorporating the components of the bonded growth
medium into the matrix layers 4 during the manufacturing process of
the matrix. For example, when the matrix layer 4 is comprised of
nonwoven polyester mesh (e.g., Americo's POLY-FLO), then the peat
fibers 129, nutrient particles 133 and buoyant pellets 134 may be
added into the mixing hopper along with the raw polyester fibers.
All of the materials are then bonded together when latex binder is
added to the matrix.
[0312] A second method of manufacturing the embedded bonded growth
medium involves injecting the uncured bonded growth medium into
each sheet of matrix prior to stacking. This method can be used in
connection with nonwoven mesh materials such as Americo's POLY-FLO,
which is typically supplied in two-inch thick sheets. Multiple
layers of matrix sheets are stacked and bonded to make a floating
island, as shown in FIG. 36. The uncured bonded growth medium may
be injected into the matrix by pressure spray with optional vacuum
assist applied to the back side of the matrix, by point injection
via a tube inserted into the matrix, or by gravity infiltration of
a low-viscosity blend of uncured bonded growth medium into the
matrix.
[0313] A third method of manufacturing the embedded bonded growth
medium involves stacking the matrix layers prior to injecting the
bonded growth medium. Injection is accomplished as described above.
In this embodiment, the bonded growth medium may act as an adhesive
to bond the layers of matrix.
[0314] As alluded to above in connection with the discussion of
FIGS. 1-5, a common feature of all of the nonwoven mesh material
floating island embodiments of the present invention is that they
can serve as a biofilter in at least two respects. First, the
island exposes phosphorus and other nutrients found in pond water
to the microorganisms (which can be anaerobic or aerobic) present
on the island's polymer matrix and/or in the bedding matrix, growth
medium, or plant roots. These nutrients help sustain the
microorganisms, which contribute to pond and plant health. Second,
the island can also act as a means of dispersing certain beneficial
microorganisms, including, but not limited to, fungi, throughout a
pond or other water body. This dispersal of microorganisms is
accomplished as the water that is filtered through the island
carries off a fraction of the island's population of
microorganisms. These beneficial microorganisms can be naturally
occurring, or they can be introduced onto or into the floating
island by artificial means.
[0315] Further contributing to the filter effect, the plants that
are grown on the island can be selected on the basis of their
ability to contribute to the removal of phosphorus and other
nutrients from the water body. Specifically, the wetland plants
that utilize phosphorus in large quantities include: Scirpus
validus (Bulrush), Phragmites communis (common reed), and Typa
latifola (cattail). Plant uptake of phosphorus during the algae
growing season will reduce the amount of phosphorus available for
algae production and thereby impact the eutrophication process. It
is expected that the types of plants listed above, if grown on the
floating island of the present invention, could reduce the overall
phosphorus concentration in the water passing through the floating
island by 40 to 70%. The amount of nutrients removed by this
process will be proportional to the hydraulic loading rate for the
island (i.e., the rate at which water passes through the island).
Various mechanisms, such as a water pump, could be used to increase
the hydraulic loading rate and, therefore, the amount of nutrient
removed. In addition, the structure of the island could be adjusted
to take maximum advantage of its filtering capacity. For example,
the profile of the island above the water surface could be
increased to a higher level in order to provide a greater
unsaturated volume of media through which water could be
filtered.
[0316] To enhance the filter effect of the present invention, a
water distribution system may be used to pump water from beneath
the island and spread it across the surface of the island, allowing
the water to percolate through the fibers of the island matrix (or
the nonwoven mesh material) for biological treatment. FIG. 38 is a
schematic depiction of a first embodiment of a floating island 136
with a pumped water distribution system 137. The path of water
flowing through the system is shown by arrows. The island 136 is
comprised of nonwoven mesh 4 plus other materials (not shown). The
water distribution system 137 is comprised of a water pump 138 and
distribution pipes 139. FIG. 39 is a top view of the water
distribution system that shows schematically the distribution pipes
139. This particular water distribution system is designed to
distribute water over the surface of the island while not
restricting upward plant growth. The purpose of the water
distribution system 136 is to pump untreated pond water from
beneath the island and spread it across the surface of the island,
whereby it can percolate through the fibers of the nonwoven mesh 4
for biological treatment. For maximum treatment efficiency, it is
important to distribute the water throughout the entire volume of
the nonwoven mesh 4.
[0317] FIG. 40 is a section view of a second embodiment of a
floating island with a pumped water distribution system. The system
is comprised of a water pump 138, nonwoven mesh island body 140,
nutrient-uptake aquatic plants 141, and water-impermeable enclosure
tray 142. For purposes of this description, the term
"nutrient-uptake aquatic plants" refers to aquatic plants that
absorb and incorporate nutrients found in the water. One example of
a highly effective nutrient-uptake aquatic plant is the cattail
(genus Typha).
[0318] The system shown in FIG. 40 works by pumping nutrient-rich
pond water from beneath the island and circulating it radially
outward through the island body 140. The path of the circulated
water is indicated by the arrows in the figure. Optional air
bubbles 143 may be provided from an external air source (not
shown). In this figure, the water pump 138 is shown as extending
vertically through the center of the island, but the water pump 138
could be positioned in any manner that allows it to pump water
through the island. In the illustrated example, the water flows
through the island body 140 from the center toward the edges and
exits the island body 140 through perforations 144 in the perimeter
of the tray 142. The purpose of the tray 142 is to ensure that the
flowing water does not escape through the bottom of the island,
thereby maximizing its exposure time for uptake by the plants 141
and for treatment by microorganisms (not shown) that are attached
to the fibers of the island body 140 and the roots of plants
141.
[0319] In a preferred embodiment, the tray 142 is constructed of
lightweight plastic, such as polyethylene, that is impermeable to
both water and plant roots. In an alternative embodiment, the tray
142 is constructed of a material such as TPE that is impermeable to
water but that is capable of being penetrated by growing plant
roots. The island essentially sits in the tray, and the tray is
attached to the floating island by any conventional fastening
method.
[0320] The purpose of the optional air bubbles 143 is to increase
the rate of aerobic conversion of nutrients by microbes. The energy
source for the compressed air (not shown) that produces these
bubbles may be utility electricity, solar-electric,
wind-mechanical, wind-electric, or other suitable means.
[0321] In addition to the beneficial effects discussed above, the
floating islands of the present invention can also facilitate the
process of carbon sequestration, which has become the subject of
relatively new international environmental policies that provide
financial incentives for growing plants that sequester carbon.
Carbon sequestering is accomplished by growing plants that uptake
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert it via
photosynthesis to organic carbon within the plant. This process
reduces the greenhouse effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide by
reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In
floating islands, carbon dioxide is reduced by direct removal from
the atmosphere by the plants, and it is also reduced by microbial
processes occurring below the waterline within the root community
and matrix of the islands. When dissolved carbon dioxide is removed
from water, it causes a corresponding reduction in atmospheric
carbon dioxide because carbon dioxide will migrate from the air to
the water in order to reestablish equilibrium between atmospheric
and dissolved gas phases after the dissolved gas concentration in
the water is reduced by the islands. Floating islands offer a novel
and unique means for sequestering carbon because they can be
installed at locations where typical carbon-sequestering plants
(e.g., pine trees) cannot thrive.
[0322] The floating islands of the present invention can be
positioned over nutrient-rich, oxygen-depleted marine zones, such
as the "dead zone" in the Gulf of Mexico. The term "dead zone"
generally refers to the situation in which nutrient-rich water
flows into an ocean from a river, algae in the ocean water near the
surface consume those nutrients and produce oxygen in the process,
the algae cells eventually die and sink toward the bottom of the
ocean, where the algae cells consume oxygen as they decay. Due to
the large number of algae cells falling to the bottom of the ocean,
all of the oxygen near the bottom is consumed, and there is no
oxygen left in the water for fish, lobsters, or other animals, thus
creating a "dead zone" near the ocean bottom. Within the dead zone,
the water is nutrient-rich but oxygen-poor. Above the dead zone,
near the ocean's surface, the water is both nutrient- and
oxygen-rich.
[0323] In this situation, water from the dead zone can be pumped
over the island (e.g., by windmills on the island), where it will
provide nutrients to plants growing on the island. The plants on
the island use sunlight energy to combine carbon dioxide from the
air with nutrients in the water to make plant mass. This process
removes carbon dioxide from the air (reducing the greenhouse
effect) and sequesters the carbon in plant biomass. Additionally,
when the "dead zone" water is pumped to the surface, new water
circulates into the dead zone to replace the water that has been
pumped out. This process accomplishes two beneficial effects:
reduction of the dead zone and carbon sequestration.
[0324] In order to maximize the cost effectiveness of marine-based,
carbon-sequestering islands, the islands can be designed so that
they are "self-growing" by selecting plants that will provide
lateral expansion of the surface of the island during their normal
growth and death cycle. Examples of marine plants that could create
their own substrate and expand laterally include seaweeds of the
genera Eucheuma and Kappaphycus. Examples of plants that may
tolerate a saline environment include Sea Rush (Juncus maritimus),
Sea Lavender (Limonium latifolia) and similar species. By fostering
the growth of plants that tolerate saline environments and provide
lateral expansion, the originally installed islands act as "island
seeds" that grow larger over time.
[0325] Another method that could be used to expand the surface area
of the floating islands of the present invention involves a
biological adhesive and bonding process, such as that described for
the marine mussel Mytilus edulus in the book Biomimicry (Janine
Benus, HarperCollins, 1997). The mussel produces cross-linked
strands of protein with very high cohesive and adhesive properties,
and the mussel-produced adhesive can be applied underwater. This
adhesive material would be useful for bonding matrix fibers in the
floating islands, for "growing" islands after deployment, and for
trapping sediment particles from the water, thereby improving water
clarity. "Growing the islands" could be accomplished by
periodically dosing the edges of an island with biological
adhesive. Because the adhesive remains sticky when wet, it would
tend to catch debris such as grass, leaves and twigs floating in
the water. This debris would adhere to the edges of the island and
provide a substrate for plant growth, thereby causing the island to
expand laterally. The adhesive would also trap fine waterborne and
windblown sediment particles that contact the island. The
biological adhesive could be manufactured by mussels or reproduced
synthetically in a laboratory.
[0326] FIG. 41 illustrates a floating island that can also serve as
a boat dock. This feature would be useful for docking at the
islands for replanting, maintenance, hunting, fishing or
photography. FIG. 41 shows a top view of a floating island 145
constructed in a shape that is designed to provide a boat docking
location 146. The boat docking location 146 is shaped so that the
docked boat is mostly surrounded by island material. Low abrasion
padding 147 (such as closed cell polyethylene foam or fine nonwoven
polyester mesh) may optionally be placed around the inner perimeter
of the docking area to provide extra protection for the boat
hull.
[0327] The integral boat-docking feature has several useful
applications. First, it provides a safe location for storing boats
during storms because the flexible nature of the nonwoven mesh
island matrix provides an energy-absorbing support for the boat
hull during periods of high waves and/or wind. Second, the boat
docking area provides an efficient method of supporting the boat
during egress and ingress of passengers who may be visiting the
island for pleasure or maintenance. Third, the island can be used
to provide additional docking facilities where existing docking
space is limited or expensive. Fourth, the island can be used as a
means for concealing a boat and passengers for hunting or wildlife
photography purposes. Although the structure of FIG. 41 is shown
surrounded by water, the structure could alternately be attached to
shore to act as a boat-docking pier.
[0328] FIG. 42 illustrates an anchoring device that can be used
with the floating island of the present invention. This figure is a
top view of an anchor 148 that is designed to hold a floating
island regardless of wind direction. The anchor 148 is comprised of
four barbs 149 set at 90-degree angles to each other and four ring
attachment points 150, as shown. The anchor is designed to be
secured to an island with four tether lines (not shown) by
attaching one end of each tether line to each ring attachment point
150. The other end of each tether line is secured to an attachment
point along the perimeter of an island. Each barb 149 is designed
to catch and hold onto the pond bottom when the direction of pull
is opposite the direction of the point of the barb. By having a
plurality of barbs 149 facing in different directions, at least one
barb will be properly positioned for maximum holding ability
regardless of the direction pull.
[0329] Although numerous embodiments of the present invention have
been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in
the art that many changes and modifications may be made without
departing from the invention in its broader aspects. The appended
claims are therefore intended to cover all such changes and
modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the
invention.
REFERENCES
[0330] AUTEX Research Journal, Vol. 3, No. 2, Association of
Universities for Textiles, June 2003, p. 68. [0331] Joseph B.
Franzini and E. John Finnemore, Fluid Mechanics, 9.sup.th ed.,
McGraw-Hill Company, 1997. [0332] Robert Kadlee and Robert Knight,
"Treatment Wetlands," Lewis Publishers, 1995.
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