U.S. patent application number 12/807447 was filed with the patent office on 2010-12-30 for low cost housings for vehicle mechanical devices and systems manufactured from conductive loaded resin-based materials.
This patent application is currently assigned to INTEGRAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.. Invention is credited to Thomas Aisenbrey.
Application Number | 20100326236 12/807447 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 46304660 |
Filed Date | 2010-12-30 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20100326236 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Aisenbrey; Thomas |
December 30, 2010 |
Low cost housings for vehicle mechanical devices and systems
manufactured from conductive loaded resin-based materials
Abstract
Automotive housings are formed of a conductive loaded
resin-based material. The conductive loaded resin-based material
comprises micron conductive powder(s), conductive fiber(s), or a
combination of conductive powder and conductive fibers in a base
resin host. The percentage by weight of the conductive powder(s),
conductive fiber(s), or a combination thereof is between about 20%
and 50% of the weight of the conductive loaded resin-based
material. The micron conductive powders are metals or conductive
non-metals or metal plated non-metals. The micron conductive fibers
may be metal fiber or metal plated fiber. Further, the metal plated
fiber may be formed by plating metal onto a metal fiber or by
plating metal onto a non-metal fiber. Any platable fiber may be
used as the core for a non-metal fiber. Superconductor metals may
also be used as micron conductive fibers and/or as metal plating
onto fibers in the present invention.
Inventors: |
Aisenbrey; Thomas;
(Littleton, CO) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Douglas R. Schnabel
316 Hart Street
Essexville
MI
48732
US
|
Assignee: |
INTEGRAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
|
Family ID: |
46304660 |
Appl. No.: |
12/807447 |
Filed: |
September 7, 2010 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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11143426 |
Jun 2, 2005 |
7829006 |
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12807447 |
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10877092 |
Jun 25, 2004 |
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11143426 |
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10309429 |
Dec 4, 2002 |
6870516 |
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10877092 |
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10075778 |
Feb 14, 2002 |
6741221 |
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10309429 |
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60577993 |
Jun 8, 2004 |
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60317808 |
Sep 7, 2001 |
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60269414 |
Feb 16, 2001 |
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60268822 |
Feb 15, 2001 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
74/607 ; 264/104;
74/606R |
Current CPC
Class: |
H05K 3/101 20130101;
B29C 45/0013 20130101; H01Q 9/16 20130101; F16H 2057/02017
20130101; H05K 2201/09118 20130101; B29K 2995/0013 20130101; Y10T
74/2186 20150115; H01Q 1/36 20130101; H01Q 1/40 20130101; F16H
57/031 20130101; B29L 2031/3456 20130101; B29C 48/00 20190201; H05K
1/095 20130101; H05K 2201/0281 20130101; Y10T 74/2188 20150115;
H05K 2203/0113 20130101; F16H 57/032 20130101; B29L 2031/3055
20130101; B29C 48/08 20190201; H01Q 1/1271 20130101; B29C 45/0001
20130101; H01Q 1/38 20130101; B29K 2995/0005 20130101; B29C 48/06
20190201; B29C 67/24 20130101; G06K 19/07749 20130101; H01Q 9/0407
20130101; H05K 3/107 20130101; H01Q 9/30 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
74/607 ; 264/104;
74/606.R |
International
Class: |
F16H 57/02 20060101
F16H057/02; B29C 45/00 20060101 B29C045/00 |
Claims
1. A method to form a vehicle component device, said method
comprising: providing a conductive loaded, resin-based material
comprising conductive materials in a resin-based host; and molding
said conductive loaded, resin-based material into a vehicle
component device comprising: a mechanical apparatus; and a housing
surrounding said mechanical apparatus wherein said housing
comprises said conductive loaded resin-based material.
2-20. (canceled)
21. A device for use on a motor vehicle, said device comprising: a
mechanical apparatus serving a mechanical function in a motor
vehicle; a housing covering at least part of the mechanical
apparatus wherein the housing comprises conductive loaded,
resin-based material comprising micron conductive fiber
substantially homogeneously mixed into resin, wherein the micron
conductive fiber has a diameter of between 3 .mu.m and 12 .mu.m and
a length of between 2 mm and 14 mm.
22. The device according to claim 21 wherein the mechanical
apparatus is a motor vehicle transmission.
23. The device according to claim 21 wherein the mechanical
apparatus is a motor vehicle rear differential.
24. The device according to claim 21 wherein the mechanical
apparatus is a motor vehicle engine starter.
25. The device according to claim 21 wherein the mechanical
apparatus is a motor vehicle air conditioning compressor.
26. The device according to claim 21 wherein the mechanical
apparatus is a motor vehicle engine water pump.
27. The device according to claim 21 wherein the mechanical
apparatus is a motor vehicle engine oil pump.
28. A device for use on a motor vehicle, said device comprising: a
mechanical apparatus serving a mechanical function in a motor
vehicle; a housing covering at least part of the mechanical
apparatus wherein the housing comprises conductive loaded,
resin-based material consisting of micron conductive fiber
substantially homogeneously mixed into resin, wherein the micron
conductive fiber has a diameter of between 3 .mu.m and 12 .mu.m and
a length of between 2 mm and 14 mm.
29. The device according to claim 28 wherein the mechanical
apparatus is a motor vehicle transmission.
30. The device according to claim 28 wherein the mechanical
apparatus is a motor vehicle rear differential.
31. The device according to claim 28 wherein the mechanical
apparatus is a motor vehicle engine starter.
32. The device according to claim 28 wherein the mechanical
apparatus is a motor vehicle air conditioning compressor.
33. The device according to claim 28 wherein the mechanical
apparatus is a motor vehicle engine water pump.
34. The device according to claim 28 wherein the mechanical
apparatus is a motor vehicle engine oil pump.
Description
RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS
[0001] This patent application is related to US Patent Application
INT04-027A, Ser. No. ______, and filed on ______, which is herein
incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0002] This patent application claims priority to the U.S.
Provisional Patent Application 60/577,993, filed on Jun. 8, 2004,
which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0003] This patent application is a Continuation-in-Part of
INT01-002CIPC, filed as U.S. patent application Ser. No.
10/877,092, filed on Jun. 25, 2004, which is a Continuation of
INT01-002CIP, filed as U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/309,429,
filed on Dec. 4, 2002, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,870,516, also
incorporated by reference in its entirety, which is a
Continuation-in-Part application of docket number INT01-002, filed
as U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/075,778, filed on Feb. 14,
2002, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,741,221, which claimed priority
to U.S. Provisional Patent Applications Ser. No. 60/317,808, filed
on Sep. 7, 2001, Ser. No. 60/269,414, filed on Feb. 16, 2001, and
Ser. No. 60/268,822, filed on Feb. 15, 2001, all of which are
incorporated by reference in their entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] (1) Field of the Invention
[0005] This invention relates to automotive housings and, more
particularly, to automotive housings molded of conductive loaded
resin-based materials comprising micron conductive powders, micron
conductive fibers, or a combination thereof, substantially
homogenized within a base resin when molded. This manufacturing
process yields a conductive part or material usable within the EMF,
thermal, acoustic, or electronic spectrum(s).
[0006] (2) Description of the Prior Art
[0007] Automotive vehicles are constructed from a set of operating
systems such as engine, transmission, differential, and the like.
Systems typically comprise a set of internal operating parts that
are housed in a cover, case, or housing. For example, a
transmission has a casing that provides support, protection, and
heat transfer for the various internal gears and fluids. Automotive
cases, housings, and covers are typically constructed of metal,
such as iron, steel, or aluminum. In some situation, the cases are
partially or completed constructed of plastic or composite
materials. Metal cases typically are heavier and more expensive to
manufacture. Plastic cases are lighter and less costly to
manufacture but have serious limitations due to poor thermal and
electrical conductivity. A primary objective of the present
invention is to construct various automotive cases, housings, and
covers from a unique material that provides excellent thermal and
electrical conductivity combined with the ease of manufacture of a
moldable part.
[0008] Several prior art inventions relate to automotive housings
and casings. U.S. Pat. No. 5,630,387 to Kamiyama teaches an intake
manifold having increased crash-compaction manufactured in part of
a resin based material. U.S. Pat. No. 6,189,492 B1 to Brown teaches
an automotive fan shroud that is integrally formed with liquid
reservoirs made of plastics resin. This invention also teaches the
use of a reinforced polypropylene resin that is reinforced with
approximately 40% talcum powder to improve its strength and
rigidity. U.S. Pat. No. 5,704,326 to Minegishi et al teaches an air
induction system for an internal combustion engine that utilizes
air flow bodies and a collector body formed of a molded resin
material. U.S. Patent Publication US 2003/0131828 A1 to Crary
teaches an in-tank fuel module inlet strainer with ESD protection
where most of the module components such as the reservoir,
motor/pump sleeve, regulator receptacle and filter housing are
rendered conductive through the use of metal fibers or carbon
powder in the polymeric matrix. U.S. Patent Publication US
2003/0181568 A1 to Amarasekera et al teaches the use of conductive
plastic compositions for electromagnetic shielding, electrostatic
dissipation or antistatic purposes in packaging, electronic
components, housings for electronic components and automotive
housings. This also teaches the use of small carbon fibers and
either carbon powder or fibrous non-conductive fillers or a
combination of both in the polymeric resin matrix. U.S. Pat. No.
5,567,296 to Luch teaches a composite fuel tank comprising layers
of polymer and metal joined together in a secure laminated
structure. This also teaches an electroplating capable resin having
a polymer matrix consisting of carbon black and sulfur.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] A principal object of the present invention is to provide an
effective automotive component housing, case, or cover.
[0010] A further object of the present invention is to provide a
method to form an automotive housing, case, or cover.
[0011] A yet further object of the present invention is to provide
an automotive housing, case, or cover molded of conductive loaded
resin-based material where the thermal or electrical
characteristics can be altered or the visual characteristics can be
altered by forming a metal layer over the conductive loaded
resin-based material.
[0012] A further object of the present invention is to provide
automotive housings, cases, and covers having reduced weight.
[0013] A further object of the present invention is to provide
automotive housings, cases, and covers having reduced manufacturing
cost.
[0014] A further object of the present invention is to provide
automotive housings, cases, and covers having excellent thermal and
electrical conductivity.
[0015] In accordance with the objects of this invention, a vehicle
component device is achieved. The device comprises a mechanical
apparatus and a housing surrounding the mechanical apparatus. The
housing comprises a conductive loaded, resin-based material
comprising conductive materials in a base resin host.
[0016] Also in accordance with the objects of this invention, a
vehicle component device is achieved. The device comprises a
mechanical apparatus and a housing surrounding the mechanical
apparatus. The housing comprises a conductive loaded, resin-based
material comprising conductive materials in a base resin host. The
percent by weight of the conductive materials is between about 20%
and about 50% of the total weight of the conductive loaded
resin-based material.
[0017] Also in accordance with the objects of this invention, a
vehicle component device is achieved. The device comprises a
mechanical apparatus and a housing surrounding the mechanical
apparatus. The housing comprises a conductive loaded, resin-based
material comprising micron conductive fiber in a base resin host.
The percent by weight of the micron conductive fiber is between
about 20% and about 50% of the total weight of the conductive
loaded resin-based material.
[0018] Also in accordance with the objects of this invention, a
method to form a vehicle component device is achieved. The method
comprises providing a conductive loaded, resin-based material
comprising conductive materials in a resin-based host. The
conductive loaded, resin-based material is molded into a vehicle
component device. The device comprises a mechanical apparatus and a
housing surrounding the mechanical apparatus. The housing comprises
the conductive loaded resin-based material.
[0019] Also in accordance with the objects of this invention, a
method to form a vehicle component device is achieved. The method
comprises providing a conductive loaded, resin-based material
comprising conductive materials in a resin-based host. The percent
by weight of the conductive materials is between 20% and 40% of the
total weight of the conductive loaded resin-based material. The
conductive loaded, resin-based material is molded into a vehicle
component device comprising a mechanical apparatus and a housing
surrounding the mechanical apparatus. The housing comprises the
conductive loaded resin-based material.
[0020] Also in accordance with the objects of this invention, a
method to form a vehicle component device is achieved. The method
comprises providing a conductive loaded, resin-based material
comprising micron conductive fiber in a resin-based host. The
percent by weight of the micron conductive fiber is between 20% and
50% of the total weight of the conductive loaded resin-based
material. The conductive loaded, resin-based material into a
vehicle component device comprises a mechanical apparatus and a
housing surrounding the mechanical apparatus. The housing comprises
the conductive loaded resin-based material.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0021] In the accompanying drawings forming a material part of this
description, there is shown:
[0022] FIG. 1a illustrates a first preferred embodiment of the
present invention showing an exemplary housing formed of conductive
loaded resin-based material and, more particularly, illustrates an
automotive transmission case.
[0023] FIG. 1b illustrates a second preferred embodiment of the
present invention showing the inner shell of a transmission case
wherein the housing and inner passageways for routing fluid are
formed of conductive loaded resin-based material.
[0024] FIG. 1c illustrates a third preferred embodiment of the
present invention showing a rear differential housing formed of
conductive loaded resin-based material.
[0025] FIG. 1d illustrates a fourth preferred embodiment of the
present invention showing an exemplary vehicle starter housing
formed of conductive loaded resin-based material.
[0026] FIG. 1e illustrates a fifth preferred embodiment of the
present invention showing an exemplary air conditioner compressor
housing formed of conductive loaded resin-based material.
[0027] FIG. 1f illustrates a sixth preferred embodiment of the
present invention showing an exemplary air conditioner dryer
housing formed of conductive loaded resin-based material.
[0028] FIG. 1g illustrates a seventh preferred embodiment of the
present invention showing an exemplary water pump housing formed of
conductive loaded resin-based material.
[0029] FIG. 1h illustrates an eighth preferred embodiment of the
present invention showing an exemplary oil pump housing formed of
conductive loaded resin-based material.
[0030] FIG. 1i illustrates a ninth preferred embodiment of the
present invention showing valve covers formed of conductive loaded
resin-based material.
[0031] FIG. 1j illustrates a tenth preferred embodiment of the
present invention showing an exemplary oil pan and transmission pan
formed of conductive loaded resin-based material.
[0032] FIG. 1k illustrates an eleventh preferred embodiment of the
present invention showing an exemplary oil filter can formed of
conductive loaded resin-based material.
[0033] FIG. 2 illustrates a first preferred embodiment of a
conductive loaded resin-based material wherein the conductive
materials comprise a powder.
[0034] FIG. 3 illustrates a second preferred embodiment of a
conductive loaded resin-based material wherein the conductive
materials comprise micron conductive fibers.
[0035] FIG. 4 illustrates a third preferred embodiment of a
conductive loaded resin-based material wherein the conductive
materials comprise both conductive powder and micron conductive
fibers.
[0036] FIGS. 5a and 5b illustrate a fourth preferred embodiment
wherein conductive fabric-like materials are formed from the
conductive loaded resin-based material.
[0037] FIGS. 6a and 6b illustrate, in simplified schematic form, an
injection molding apparatus and an extrusion molding apparatus that
may be used to mold an automotive housing or case of a conductive
loaded resin-based material.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0038] This invention relates to automotive housings molded of
conductive loaded resin-based materials comprising micron
conductive powders, micron conductive fibers, or a combination
thereof, substantially homogenized within a base resin when
molded.
[0039] The conductive loaded resin-based materials of the invention
are base resins loaded with conductive materials, which then makes
any base resin a conductor rather than an insulator. The resins
provide the structural integrity to the molded part. The micron
conductive fibers, micron conductive powders, or a combination
thereof, are substantially homogenized within the resin during the
molding process, providing the electrical continuity.
[0040] The conductive loaded resin-based materials can be molded,
extruded or the like to provide almost any desired shape or size.
The molded conductive loaded resin-based materials can also be cut,
stamped, or vacuumed formed from an injection molded or extruded
sheet or bar stock, over-molded, laminated, milled or the like to
provide the desired shape and size. The thermal or electrical
conductivity characteristics of automotive housings fabricated
using conductive loaded resin-based materials depend on the
composition of the conductive loaded resin-based materials, of
which the loading or doping parameters can be adjusted, to aid in
achieving the desired structural, electrical or other physical
characteristics of the material. The selected materials used to
fabricate the automotive housings are substantially homogenized
together using molding techniques and or methods such as injection
molding, over-molding, insert molding, thermo-set, protrusion,
extrusion, calendaring, or the like. Characteristics related to 2D,
3D, 4D, and 5D designs, molding and electrical characteristics,
include the physical and electrical advantages that can be achieved
during the molding process of the actual parts and the polymer
physics associated within the conductive networks within the molded
part(s) or formed material(s).
[0041] In the conductive loaded resin-based material, electrons
travel from point to point when under stress, following the path of
least resistance. Most resin-based materials are insulators and
represent a high resistance to electron passage. The doping of the
conductive loading into the resin-based material alters the
inherent resistance of the polymers. At a threshold concentration
of conductive loading, the resistance through the combined mass is
lowered enough to allow electron movement. Speed of electron
movement depends on conductive loading concentration, that is, the
separation between the conductive loading particles. Increasing
conductive loading content reduces interparticle separation
distance, and, at a critical distance known as the percolation
point, resistance decreases dramatically and electrons move
rapidly.
[0042] Resistivity is a material property that depends on the
atomic bonding and on the microstructure of the material. The
atomic microstructure material properties within the conductive
loaded resin-based material are altered when molded into a
structure. A substantially homogenized conductive microstructure of
delocalized valance electrons is created. This microstructure
provides sufficient charge carriers within the molded matrix
structure. As a result, a low density, low resistivity,
lightweight, durable, resin based polymer microstructure material
is achieved. This material exhibits conductivity comparable to that
of highly conductive metals such as silver, copper or aluminum,
while maintaining the superior structural characteristics found in
many plastics and rubbers or other structural resin based
materials.
[0043] The use of conductive loaded resin-based materials in the
fabrication of automotive housings significantly lowers the cost of
materials and the design and manufacturing processes used to hold
ease of close tolerances, by forming these materials into desired
shapes and sizes. The automotive housings can be manufactured into
infinite shapes and sizes using conventional forming methods such
as injection molding, over-molding, or extrusion, calendaring, or
the like. The conductive loaded resin-based materials, when molded,
typically but not exclusively produce a desirable usable range of
resistivity from between about 5 and 25 ohms per square, but other
resistivities can be achieved by varying the doping parameters
and/or resin selection(s).
[0044] The conductive loaded resin-based materials comprise micron
conductive powders, micron conductive fibers, or any combination
thereof, which are substantially homogenized together within the
base resin, during the molding process, yielding an easy to produce
low cost, electrically conductive, close tolerance manufactured
part or circuit. The resulting molded article comprises a three
dimensional, continuous network of conductive loading and polymer
matrix. Exemplary micron conductive powders include carbons,
graphites, amines or the like, and/or of metal powders such as
nickel, copper, silver, aluminum, or plated or the like. The use of
carbons or other forms of powders such as graphite(s) etc. can
create additional low level electron exchange and, when used in
combination with micron conductive fibers, creates a micron filler
element within the micron conductive network of fiber(s) producing
further electrical conductivity as well as acting as a lubricant
for the molding equipment. The addition of conductive powder to the
micron conductive fiber loading may increase the surface
conductivity of the molded part, particularly in areas where a
skinning effect occurs during molding.
[0045] The micron conductive fibers may be metal fiber or metal
plated fiber. Further, the metal plated fiber may be formed by
plating metal onto a metal fiber or by plating metal onto a
non-metal fiber. Exemplary metal fibers include, but are not
limited to, stainless steel fiber, copper fiber, nickel fiber,
silver fiber, aluminum fiber, or the like, or combinations thereof.
Exemplary metal plating materials include, but are not limited to,
copper, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, palladium, platinum,
ruthenium, and rhodium, and alloys of thereof. Any platable fiber
may be used as the core for a non-metal fiber. Exemplary non-metal
fibers include, but are not limited to, carbon, graphite,
polyester, basalt, man-made and naturally-occurring materials, and
the like. In addition, superconductor metals, such as titanium,
nickel, niobium, and zirconium, and alloys of titanium, nickel,
niobium, and zirconium may also be used as micron conductive fibers
and/or as metal plating onto fibers in the present invention.
[0046] The structural material is a material such as any polymer
resin. Structural material can be, here given as examples and not
as an exhaustive list, polymer resins produced by GE PLASTICS,
Pittsfield, Mass., a range of other plastics produced by GE
PLASTICS, Pittsfield, Mass., a range of other plastics produced by
other manufacturers, silicones produced by GE SILICONES, Waterford,
N.Y., or other flexible resin-based rubber compounds produced by
other manufacturers.
[0047] The resin-based structural material loaded with micron
conductive powders, micron conductive fibers, or in combination
thereof can be molded, using conventional molding methods such as
injection molding or over-molding, or extrusion, or calendaring, to
create desired shapes and sizes. The molded conductive loaded
resin-based materials can also be stamped, cut or milled as desired
to form create the desired shape form factor(s) of the automotive
housings. The doping composition and directionality associated with
the micron conductors within the loaded base resins can affect the
electrical and structural characteristics of the automotive
housings and can be precisely controlled by mold designs, gating
and or protrusion design(s) and or during the molding process
itself. In addition, the resin base can be selected to obtain the
desired thermal characteristics such as very high melting point or
specific thermal conductivity.
[0048] A resin-based sandwich laminate could also be fabricated
with random or continuous webbed micron stainless steel fibers or
other conductive fibers, forming a cloth like material. The webbed
conductive fiber can be laminated or the like to materials such as
Teflon, Polyesters, or any resin-based flexible or solid
material(s), which when discretely designed in fiber content(s),
orientation(s) and shape(s), will produce a very highly conductive
flexible cloth-like material. Such a cloth-like material could also
be used in forming automotive housings of resin materials such as
rubber(s) or plastic(s). When using conductive fibers as a webbed
conductor as part of a laminate or cloth-like material, the fibers
may have diameters of between about 3 and 12 microns, typically
between about 8 and 12 microns or in the range of about 10 microns,
with length(s) that can be seamless or overlapping.
[0049] The conductive loaded resin-based material of the present
invention can be made resistant to corrosion and/or metal
electrolysis by selecting micron conductive fiber and/or micron
conductive powder and base resin that are resistant to corrosion
and/or metal electrolysis. For example, if a corrosion/electrolysis
resistant base resin is combined with stainless steel fiber and
carbon fiber/powder, then a corrosion and/or metal electrolysis
resistant conductive loaded resin-based material is achieved.
Another additional and important feature of the present invention
is that the conductive loaded resin-based material of the present
invention may be made flame retardant. Selection of a
flame-retardant (FR) base resin material allows the resulting
product to exhibit flame retardant capability. This is especially
important in automotive housings applications as described
herein.
[0050] The substantially homogeneous mixing of micron conductive
fiber and/or micron conductive powder and base resin described in
the present invention may also be described as doping. That is, the
substantially homogeneous mixing converts the typically
non-conductive base resin material into a conductive material. This
process is analogous to the doping process whereby a semiconductor
material, such as silicon, can be converted into a conductive
material through the introduction of donor/acceptor ions as is well
known in the art of semiconductor devices. Therefore, the present
invention uses the term doping to mean converting a typically
non-conductive base resin material into a conductive material
through the substantially homogeneous mixing of micron conductive
fiber and/or micron conductive powder into a base resin.
[0051] As an additional and important feature of the present
invention, the molded conductor loaded resin-based material
exhibits excellent thermal dissipation characteristics. Therefore,
automotive housings manufactured from the molded conductor loaded
resin-based material can provide added thermal dissipation
capabilities to the application. For example, heat can be
dissipated from electrical devices physically and/or electrically
connected to automotive housings of the present invention.
[0052] As a significant advantage of the present invention,
automotive housings constructed of the conductive loaded
resin-based material can be easily interfaced to an electrical
circuit or grounded. In one embodiment, a wire can be attached to a
conductive loaded resin-based automotive housing via a screw that
is fastened to the automotive housings. For example, a simple
sheet-metal type, self tapping screw, when fastened to the
material, can achieve excellent electrical connectivity via the
conductive matrix of the conductive loaded resin-based material. To
facilitate this approach a boss may be molded into the conductive
loaded resin-based material to accommodate such a screw.
Alternatively, if a solderable screw material, such as copper, is
used, then a wire can be soldered to the screw that is embedded
into the conductive loaded resin-based material. In another
embodiment, the conductive loaded resin-based material is partly or
completely plated with a metal layer. The metal layer forms
excellent electrical conductivity with the conductive matrix. A
connection of this metal layer to another circuit or to ground is
then made. For example, if the metal layer is solderable, then a
soldered connection may be made between the automotive housings and
a grounding wire.
[0053] Where a metal layer is formed over the surface of the
conductive loaded resin-based material, any of several techniques
may be used to form this metal layer. This metal layer may be used
for visual enhancement of the molded conductive loaded resin-based
material article or to otherwise alter performance properties.
Well-known techniques, such as electroless metal plating, electro
metal plating, metal vapor deposition, metallic painting, or the
like, may be applied to the formation of this metal layer. If metal
plating is used, then the resin-based structural material of the
conductive loaded, resin-based material is one that can be metal
plated. There are many of the polymer resins that can be plated
with metal layers. For example, GE Plastics, SUPEC, VALOX, ULTEM,
CYCOLAC, UGIKRAL, STYRON, CYCOLOY are a few resin-based materials
that can be metal plated. Electroless plating is typically a
multiple-stage chemical process where, for example, a thin copper
layer is first deposited to form a conductive layer. This
conductive layer is then used as an electrode for the subsequent
plating of a thicker metal layer.
[0054] A typical metal deposition process for forming a metal layer
onto the conductive loaded resin-based material is vacuum
metallization. Vacuum metallization is the process where a metal
layer, such as aluminum, is deposited on the conductive loaded
resin-based material inside a vacuum chamber. In a metallic
painting process, metal particles, such as silver, copper, or
nickel, or the like, are dispersed in an acrylic, vinyl, epoxy, or
urethane binder. Most resin-based materials accept and hold paint
well, and automatic spraying systems apply coating with
consistency. In addition, the excellent conductivity of the
conductive loaded resin-based material of the present invention
facilitates the use of extremely efficient, electrostatic painting
techniques.
[0055] The conductive loaded resin-based material can be contacted
in any of several ways. In one embodiment, a pin is embedded into
the conductive loaded resin-based material by insert molding,
ultrasonic welding, pressing, or other means. A connection with a
metal wire can easily be made to this pin and results in excellent
contact to the conductive loaded resin-based material. In another
embodiment, a hole is formed in to the conductive loaded
resin-based material either during the molding process or by a
subsequent process step such as drilling, punching, or the like. A
pin is then placed into the hole and is then ultrasonically welded
to form a permanent mechanical and electrical contact. In yet
another embodiment, a pin or a wire is soldered to the conductive
loaded resin-based material. In this case, a hole is formed in the
conductive loaded resin-based material either during the molding
operation or by drilling, stamping, punching, or the like. A
solderable layer is then formed in the hole. The solderable layer
is preferably formed by metal plating. A conductor is placed into
the hole and then mechanically and electrically bonded by point,
wave, or reflow soldering.
[0056] Another method to provide connectivity to the conductive
loaded resin-based material is through the application of a
solderable ink film to the surface. One exemplary solderable ink is
a combination of copper and solder particles in an epoxy resin
binder. The resulting mixture is an active, screen-printable and
dispensable material. During curing, the solder reflows to coat and
to connect the copper particles and to thereby form a cured surface
that is directly solderable without the need for additional plating
or other processing steps. Any solderable material may then be
mechanically and/or electrically attached, via soldering, to the
conductive loaded resin-based material at the location of the
applied solderable ink. Many other types of solderable inks can be
used to provide this solderable surface onto the conductive loaded
resin-based material of the present invention. Another exemplary
embodiment of a solderable ink is a mixture of one or more metal
powder systems with a reactive organic medium. This type of ink
material is converted to solderable pure metal during a low
temperature cure without any organic binders or alloying
elements.
[0057] A ferromagnetic conductive loaded resin-based material may
be formed of the present invention to create a magnetic or
magnetizable form of the material. Ferromagnetic micron conductive
fibers and/or ferromagnetic conductive powders are mixed with the
base resin. Ferrite materials and/or rare earth magnetic materials
are added as a conductive loading to the base resin. With the
substantially homogeneous mixing of the ferromagnetic micron
conductive fibers and/or micron conductive powders, the
ferromagnetic conductive loaded resin-based material is able to
produce an excellent low cost, low weight magnetize-able item. The
magnets and magnetic devices of the present invention can be
magnetized during or after the molding process. The magnetic
strength of the magnets and magnetic devices can be varied by
adjusting the amount of ferromagnetic micron conductive fibers
and/or ferromagnetic micron conductive powders that are
incorporated with the base resin. By increasing the amount of the
ferromagnetic doping, the strength of the magnet or magnetic
devices is increased. The substantially homogenous mixing of the
conductive fiber network allows for a substantial amount of fiber
to be added to the base resin without causing the structural
integrity of the item to decline. The ferromagnetic conductive
loaded resin-based magnets display the excellent physical
properties of the base resin, including flexibility, moldability,
strength, and resistance to environmental corrosion, along with
excellent magnetic ability. In addition, the unique ferromagnetic
conductive loaded resin-based material facilitates formation of
items that exhibit excellent thermal and electrical conductivity as
well as magnetism.
[0058] A high aspect ratio magnet is easily achieved through the
use of ferromagnetic conductive micron fiber or through the
combination of ferromagnetic micron powder with conductive micron
fiber. The use of micron conductive fiber allows for molding
articles with a high aspect ratio of conductive fiber to cross
sectional area. If a ferromagnetic micron fiber is used, then this
high aspect ratio translates into a high quality magnetic article.
Alternatively, if a ferromagnetic micron powder is combined with
micron conductive fiber, then the magnetic effect of the powder is
effectively spread throughout the molded article via the network of
conductive fiber such that an effective high aspect ratio molded
magnetic article is achieved. The ferromagnetic conductive loaded
resin-based material may be magnetized, after molding, by exposing
the molded article to a strong magnetic field. Alternatively, a
strong magnetic field may be used to magnetize the ferromagnetic
conductive loaded resin-based material during the molding
process.
[0059] The ferromagnetic conductive loading is in the form of
fiber, powder, or a combination of fiber and powder. The micron
conductive powder may be metal fiber or metal plated fiber. If
metal plated fiber is used, then the core fiber is a platable
material and may be metal or non-metal. Exemplary ferromagnetic
conductive fiber materials include ferrite, or ceramic, materials
as nickel zinc, manganese zinc, and combinations of iron, boron,
and strontium, and the like. In addition, rare earth elements, such
as neodymium and samarium, typified by neodymium-iron-boron,
samarium-cobalt, and the like, are useful ferromagnetic conductive
fiber materials. Exemplary ferromagnetic micron powder leached onto
the conductive fibers include ferrite, or ceramic, materials as
nickel zinc, manganese zinc, and combinations of iron, boron, and
strontium, and the like. In addition, rare earth elements, such as
neodymium and samarium, typified by neodymium-iron-boron,
samarium-cobalt, and the like, are useful ferromagnetic conductive
powder materials. A ferromagnetic conductive loading may be
combined with a non-ferromagnetic conductive loading to form a
conductive loaded resin-based material that combines excellent
conductive qualities with magnetic capabilities.
[0060] Referring now to FIG. 1a, a first preferred embodiment of
the present invention is illustrated. A low cost housing 10 for
vehicle mechanical devices and systems is shown. While this figure
depicts a transmission case it is also representative of the many
housings which can be formed of conductive loaded resin-based
material for use in covering and/or encasing vehicle mechanical
devices and systems. Examples of the vehicle housings 10
represented by FIG. 1a include, but are not limited to, alternator
housing, air conditioner compressor housing, starter case, water
pump housing, oil pump housing, differential housing, and
transmission case.
[0061] The conductive loaded resin-based material housing 10
illustrated in FIG. 1a provides advantages over conventional metal
housings because of the significant weight savings it provides.
This weight savings translates to significant advantages in vehicle
performance, particularly with respect to fuel efficiency. This is
important both in meeting governmental fuel efficiency ratings as
well as in providing high consumer satisfaction. A further
advantage of the conductive loaded resin-based material housing 10
illustrated in FIG. 1a is the economics of fabricating such a
housing. As previously mentioned, conductive loaded resin-based
material is readily molded, milled, and otherwise formed to close
tolerances by those skilled in the art. Conductive loaded
resin-based material is molded into almost any size and shape that
the particular housing application requires.
[0062] Referring now to FIG. 1b, a second preferred embodiment of
the present invention is illustrated. The conductive loaded
resin-based material of the present invention is appropriate not
only for fabricating the outer shell of the transmission case 10,
as in FIG. 1b, but also for molding the intricate passageways 12
which route fluid to the various components of the transmission as
shown in FIG. 1b. This results in a lower cost finished product as
compared to the metal housings commonly found in industry. The base
resin and the conductive materials used for doping are selected in
order to provide the desired properties for each specific housing
application. Conductive loaded resin-based materials of the present
invention thereby provide the appropriate temperature, chemical
resistance, strength, corrosion resistance, and flame-retardant
properties required for vehicle housing applications.
[0063] Conductive loaded resin-based material housings 10 of the
present invention also provide thermal dissipation benefits. When
homogeneously loaded with thermally conductive materials, the
conductive loaded resin-based material housing is able to transmit
heat away from high temperature devices or systems. This is
advantageous to the optimum operation of the vehicle. Because the
conductive loaded resin-based material of the present invention is
electrically conductive, housings comprising this material are
useful as an electrical ground in applications where grounding is
advantageous. Conductive loaded resin-based material housings 10 of
the present invention are also capable of accepting metallic
plating, not shown, which may be desirable in some situations for
visual purposes. Plating alters the thermal characteristics of the
conductive loaded-resin-based material housing. Plating materials
are therefore selected with attention to the thermal requirements
of the particular application.
[0064] As a significant advantage of the present invention,
automotive housings or covers constructed of the conductive loaded
resin-based material can be easily interfaced to an electrical
circuit or grounded. In one embodiment, a wire can be attached to a
conductive loaded resin-based housing or cover via a screw that is
fastened to the housing. For example, a simple sheet-metal type,
self tapping screw can, when fastened to the housing, achieve
excellent electrical connectivity via the conductive matrix of the
conductive loaded resin-based material. To facilitate this approach
a boss may be molded into the conductive loaded resin-based
material to accommodate such a screw. Alternatively, if a
solderable screw material, such as copper, is used, then a wire can
be soldered to the screw is embedded into the conductive loaded
resin-based material. In another embodiment, the conductive loaded
resin-based material is partly or completely plated with a metal
layer. The metal layer forms excellent electrical conductivity with
the conductive matrix. A connection of this metal layer to another
circuit or to ground is then made. For example, if the metal layer
is solderable, then a soldered connection may be made between the
housing and a grounding wire.
[0065] Referring now to FIGS. 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f, 1g, 1h and 1i, third
through ninth preferred embodiments of the present invention are
illustrated. Each embodiment illustrates a different type of
automotive housing and cover comprising conductive loaded
resin-based material. FIG. 1c depicts a differential used in
vehicles to influence torque and wheel speed. The differential
housing 13 comprises conductive loaded resin-based material. FIG.
1d illustrates a vehicle starter mechanism wherein the housing 14
comprises conductive loaded resin-based material according to the
present invention. Referring now to FIG. 1e, an air conditioner
compressor is shown. The housing 16 for this device comprises
conductive loaded resin-based material. FIG. 1f illustrates an air
conditioner dryer wherein the case 18 is fabricated of conductive
loaded resin-based material according to the present invention. A
water pump for vehicle applications is illustrated in FIG. 1g. The
water pump housing 20 comprises conductive loaded resin-based
material. FIG. 1h depicts an oil pump for which the housing 22 is
fabricated of conductive loaded resin-based material. Additionally,
FIG. 1i illustrates valve covers 24 comprising conductive loaded
resin-based material. Because of the sound absorbing quality of
conductive loaded resin-based material, this engine valve cover 24
absorbs sound generated by the engine thus creating a quieter
engine compartment environment.
[0066] The illustrated embodiments show the type of vehicle
housings and covers which benefit from the advantages of conductive
loaded resin-based material. However, other vehicle housings or
covers, not illustrated, fall within the scope of the present
invention. The advantages of thermal conductivity, weight savings,
economic fabrication, electrical grounding, ability to be plated,
strength, chemical resistance and corrosion resistance as described
apply to many vehicular applications.
[0067] FIG. 1j illustrates yet another preferred embodiment of the
present invention. In this case, an oil pan 26 and transmission pan
27 both comprising conductive loaded resin-based material are
shown. The conductive loaded resin-based material oil pan 26 and
transmission pan 27 provide a significant weight savings in
comparison to metal pans typically found in the prior art. This is
beneficial for increased fuel efficiency. Further, the conductive
loaded resin-based material oil pan 26 and transmission pan 27
provide the thermal characteristics and dimensional stability
required for this application.
[0068] FIG. 1k depicts an oil filter can or housing 28 comprising
conductive loaded resin-based material according to the present
invention. The conductive loaded resin-based material oil filter
can 28 is light weight and economical to fabricate. It provides the
thermal characteristics and dimensional stability required for this
application.
[0069] It is understood that the embodiments illustrated in FIGS.
1a through 1k are offered as examples of the types of vehicle
housings formed from conductive loaded resin-based material
according to the present invention. The present invention also
applies to the many additional housings, cases, and covers that
encase and/or cover mechanical devices or systems in vehicles. In
general, any mechanical housing historically formed of metal can be
formed using the novel conductive loaded resin-based material of
the present invention.
[0070] The conductive loaded resin-based material of the present
invention typically comprises a micron powder(s) of conductor
particles and/or in combination of micron fiber(s) substantially
homogenized within a base resin host. FIG. 2 shows cross section
view of an example of conductor loaded resin-based material 32
having powder of conductor particles 34 in a base resin host 30. In
this example the diameter D of the conductor particles 34 in the
powder is between about 3 and 12 microns.
[0071] FIG. 3 shows a cross section view of an example of conductor
loaded resin-based material 36 having conductor fibers 38 in a base
resin host 30. The conductor fibers 38 have a diameter of between
about 3 and 12 microns, typically in the range of 10 microns or
between about 8 and 12 microns, and a length of between about 2 and
14 millimeters. The micron conductive fibers 38 may be metal fiber
or metal plated fiber. Further, the metal plated fiber may be
formed by plating metal onto a metal fiber or by plating metal onto
a non-metal fiber. Exemplary metal fibers include, but are not
limited to, stainless steel fiber, copper fiber, nickel fiber,
silver fiber, aluminum fiber, or the like, or combinations thereof.
Exemplary metal plating materials include, but are not limited to,
copper, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, palladium, platinum,
ruthenium, and rhodium, and alloys of thereof. Any platable fiber
may be used as the core for a non-metal fiber. Exemplary non-metal
fibers include, but are not limited to, carbon, graphite,
polyester, basalt, man-made and naturally-occurring materials, and
the like. In addition, superconductor metals, such as titanium,
nickel, niobium, and zirconium, and alloys of titanium, nickel,
niobium, and zirconium may also be used as micron conductive fibers
and/or as metal plating onto fibers in the present invention.
[0072] These conductor particles and/or fibers are substantially
homogenized within a base resin. As previously mentioned, the
conductive loaded resin-based materials have a sheet resistance
between about 5 and 25 ohms per square, though other values can be
achieved by varying the doping parameters and/or resin selection.
To realize this sheet resistance the weight of the conductor
material comprises between about 20% and about 50% of the total
weight of the conductive loaded resin-based material. More
preferably, the weight of the conductive material comprises between
about 20% and about 40% of the total weight of the conductive
loaded resin-based material. More preferably yet, the weight of the
conductive material comprises between about 25% and about 35% of
the total weight of the conductive loaded resin-based material.
Still more preferably yet, the weight of the conductive material
comprises about 30% of the total weight of the conductive loaded
resin-based material. Stainless Steel Fiber of 6-12 micron in
diameter and lengths of 4-6 mm and comprising, by weight, about 30%
of the total weight of the conductive loaded resin-based material
will produce a very highly conductive parameter, efficient within
any EMF, thermal, acoustic, or electronic spectrum. Referring now
to FIG. 4, another preferred embodiment of the present invention is
illustrated where the conductive materials comprise a combination
of both conductive powders 34 and micron conductive fibers 38
substantially homogenized together within the resin base 30 during
a molding process.
[0073] Referring now to FIGS. 5a and 5b, a preferred composition of
the conductive loaded, resin-based material is illustrated. The
conductive loaded resin-based material can be formed into fibers or
textiles that are then woven or webbed into a conductive fabric.
The conductive loaded resin-based material is formed in strands
that can be woven as shown. FIG. 5a shows a conductive fabric 42
where the fibers are woven together in a two-dimensional weave 46
and 50 of fibers or textiles. FIG. 5b shows a conductive fabric 42'
where the fibers are formed in a webbed arrangement. In the webbed
arrangement, one or more continuous strands of the conductive fiber
are nested in a random fashion. The resulting conductive fabrics or
textiles 42, see FIG. 5a, and 42', see FIG. 5b, can be made very
thin, thick, rigid, flexible or in solid form(s).
[0074] Similarly, a conductive, but cloth-like, material can be
formed using woven or webbed micron stainless steel fibers, or
other micron conductive fibers. These woven or webbed conductive
cloths could also be sandwich laminated to one or more layers of
materials such as Polyester(s), Teflon(s), Kevlar(s) or any other
desired resin-based material(s). This conductive fabric may then be
cut into desired shapes and sizes.
[0075] Automotive housings formed from conductive loaded
resin-based materials can be formed or molded in a number of
different ways including injection molding, extrusion, calendaring,
or chemically induced molding or forming. FIG. 6a shows a
simplified schematic diagram of an injection mold showing a lower
portion 54 and upper portion 58 of the mold 50. Conductive loaded
blended resin-based material is injected into the mold cavity 64
through an injection opening 60 and then the substantially
homogenized conductive material cures by thermal reaction. The
upper portion 58 and lower portion 54 of the mold are then
separated or parted and the automotive housings are removed.
[0076] FIG. 6b shows a simplified schematic diagram of an extruder
70 for forming automotive housings using extrusion. Conductive
loaded resin-based material(s) is placed in the hopper 80 of the
extrusion unit 74. A piston, screw, press or other means 78 is then
used to force the thermally molten or a chemically induced curing
conductive loaded resin-based material through an extrusion opening
82 which shapes the thermally molten curing or chemically induced
cured conductive loaded resin-based material to the desired shape.
The conductive loaded resin-based material is then fully cured by
chemical reaction or thermal reaction to a hardened or pliable
state and is ready for use. Thermoplastic or thermosetting
resin-based materials and associated processes may be used in
molding the conductive loaded resin-based articles of the present
invention.
[0077] The advantages of the present invention may now be
summarized. An effective automotive component housing, case, or
cover is achieved. A method to form an automotive housing, case, or
cover is achieved. The thermal or electrical characteristics can be
altered or the visual characteristics can be altered by forming a
metal layer over the conductive loaded resin-based material. The
automotive housings, cases, and covers have reduced weight, reduced
manufacturing cost, and excellent thermal and electrical
conductivity.
[0078] As shown in the preferred embodiments, the novel methods and
devices of the present invention provide an effective and
manufacturable alternative to the prior art.
[0079] While the invention has been particularly shown and
described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it
will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes
in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit
and scope of the invention.
* * * * *