U.S. patent application number 12/803913 was filed with the patent office on 2010-12-16 for roof mounting bracket for photovoltaic power generation system.
Invention is credited to Ronald J. Gangemi.
Application Number | 20100313501 12/803913 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 43305162 |
Filed Date | 2010-12-16 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100313501 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Gangemi; Ronald J. |
December 16, 2010 |
Roof mounting bracket for photovoltaic power generation system
Abstract
Multiple brackets are used together to support photovoltaic
cells upon a roof. Each bracket includes a mounting rail at an
upper side and a bottom rail at a lower side. The bottom rail of
one bracket is configured to overlap the mounting rail of another
bracket. Lateral joints on each bracket overlap each other to
connect adjacent panels of photovoltaic cells. Cell support
structures are interposed between the mounting rail and bottom rail
to support a photovoltaic stack assembly thereon. Wind clips allow
the bottom rail of a higher bracket to be interconnected with a
mounting rail of a lower bracket. An undulating end piece allows
airflow to enter beneath a lowest bracket and pass up beneath the
brackets to provide cooling air for the overall system of
photovoltaic cells mounted upon the brackets. Edge flashing
precludes water migration laterally at edges of the panels.
Inventors: |
Gangemi; Ronald J.; (Grass
Valley, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
BRADLEY P. HEISLER;HEISLER & ASSOCIATES
3017 DOUGLAS BOULEVARD, SUTIE 300
ROSEVILLE
CA
95661
US
|
Family ID: |
43305162 |
Appl. No.: |
12/803913 |
Filed: |
July 9, 2010 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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12456079 |
Jun 10, 2009 |
|
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12803913 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
52/173.3 ;
52/302.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y02B 10/10 20130101;
Y02E 10/47 20130101; F24S 25/33 20180501; H02S 20/23 20141201; F24S
2020/13 20180501; F24S 25/40 20180501; F24S 25/20 20180501; Y02E
10/50 20130101; Y02B 10/20 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
52/173.3 ;
52/302.1 |
International
Class: |
E04D 13/18 20060101
E04D013/18; E04D 13/04 20060101 E04D013/04 |
Claims
1: A photovoltaic power generation roof mounting system, comprising
in combination: at least one photovoltaic element of substantially
planar form; said photovoltaic element adapted to convert photonic
radiation into electric power; said photovoltaic element including
an upper surface adapted to face the source of photonic radiation
and a lower surface opposite said upper surface; a plurality of
spacers, said spacers adapted to be positioned upon a roof of a
structure and abutting said lower surface of said photovoltaic
element when said photovoltaic element is located adjacent said
roof; and at least one air flow pathway extending between said
lower surface of said photovoltaic element and the roof when said
photovoltaic element is located adjacent said roof.
2: The system of claim 1 wherein a plurality of photovoltaic
elements are provided adjacent each other and partially overlapping
each other, said plurality of photovoltaic elements each including
an upper edge opposite a lower edge, said plurality of photovoltaic
elements including an upper one of said plurality of photovoltaic
elements and a lower one of said plurality of photovoltaic
elements, said upper one of said plurality of photovoltaic elements
adapted to be located higher on the roof than said lower one of
said plurality of photovoltaic elements, said upper one of said
plurality of photovoltaic elements adapted to have said lower edge
thereof located overlapping said upper edge of said lower one of
said plurality of photovoltaic elements, said thicknesses of said
plurality of photovoltaic elements between said upper surfaces and
said lower surfaces thereof being less than an elevation
differential between said upper one of said plurality of
photovoltaic elements and said lower one of said plurality of
photovoltaic elements, such that rain falling upon said upper one
of said plurality of photovoltaic elements flows toward said lower
edge of said upper one of said plurality of photovoltaic elements
and then falls off of said upper one of said plurality of
photovoltaic elements onto said lower one of said plurality of
photovoltaic elements, causing rain falling upon said plurality of
photovoltaic elements is sequentially shed between adjacent
photovoltaic elements without migrating beneath said photovoltaic
elements.
3: The system of claim 2 wherein said spacers include stringers,
said stringers having an elongate form, said stringers having a
long axis extending at least partially vertically within a plane
parallel with the roof and substantially within a plane parallel
with said lower surface of said photovoltaic element, with said at
least one airflow pathway located between two adjacent said
stringers.
4: The system of claim 3 wherein at least one additional spacer is
oriented between at least one of said stringers and said lower
surface of at least one of said plurality of photovoltaic elements,
said additional spacer providing support for said photovoltaic
element between said upper edge of said photovoltaic element where
said photovoltaic element is in direct contact with said stringer
and said lower edge of said photovoltaic element where said
photovoltaic element overlaps with another adjacent photovoltaic
element.
5: The system of claim 3 wherein bottom vents are interposed
between adjacent said stringers extending at least partially
laterally, said bottom vents including at least one channel adapted
to allow air to flow through said bottom vent to access said at
least one airflow pathway between adjacent said stringers.
6: The system of claim 1 wherein a top vent is provided adjacent an
upper edge of said at least one photovoltaic element, said top vent
adapted to allow air to access said at least one airflow pathway
beneath said lower surface of said at least one photovoltaic
element while substantially precluding rainwater from migrating
into said airflow pathway beneath said lower surface of said
photovoltaic element.
7: The system of claim 6 wherein said top vent includes flashing
extending along said upper edge of said at least one photovoltaic
element, said flashing including an upper end adapted to interface
with the roof at a location above said upper edge of said at least
one photovoltaic element and a lower end opposite said upper end,
said lower end of said flashing adapted to be located above said
upper edge of said at least one photovoltaic element, said flashing
sized to have said upper end of said flashing at an elevation above
said lower end of said flashing with water falling onto said
flashing at said upper end thereof flowing by gravity over said
lower end of said flashing and onto said upper surface of said at
least one photovoltaic element, and wherein a spacer is interposed
between said lower end of said flashing and said upper edge of said
at least one photovoltaic element, said spacer including at least
one channel therein adapted to allow air to flow through said
spacer, such that airflow can occur through said top vent from said
at least one airflow pathway between said lower end of said
flashing and said upper edge of said at least one photovoltaic
element.
8: The system of claim 1 wherein lateral edge flashing is provided
adjacent lateral edges of said at least one photovoltaic element
extending between an upper edge of said at least one photovoltaic
element and a lower edge of said at least one photovoltaic element,
said lateral edge flashing including a top plate adapted to reside
over said upper surface of said photovoltaic element adjacent said
lateral edge of said photovoltaic element, a bottom plate oriented
in a plane substantially parallel with a plane in which said top
plate is oriented, but with said bottom plate located below said
top plate, and with a mid plate joining said bottom plate to said
top plate, said bottom plate adapted to be fastened to the roof and
accommodate shingles or other roofing material overlapping said
bottom plate of said edge flashing.
9: The system of claim 1 wherein said at least one photovoltaic
element includes a plurality of similar photovoltaic elements, said
plurality of similar photovoltaic elements each including trim
adjacent at least an upper edge and a lower edge of said plurality
of photovoltaic elements, said trim adapted to interlock between
adjacent photovoltaic elements such that adjacent ones of said
plurality of photovoltaic elements can both overlap and at least
partially lock together.
10: The system of claim 9 wherein said trim of said plurality of
similar photovoltaic elements includes top trim adjacent said upper
edge of said plurality of similar photovoltaic elements and bottom
trim located adjacent lower edges of said plurality of photovoltaic
elements, said bottom trim adapted to at least partially interlock
with said top trim when a lower edge of a first one of said
plurality of photovoltaic elements is located above and adjacent
another one of said plurality of photovoltaic elements through top
trim on said second underlying photovoltaic element.
11: The system of claim 10 wherein said bottom trim includes a foot
at a lower portion thereof extending at least partially parallel
with a plane of said lower surface of said photovoltaic element to
which said bottom trim is associated, and beneath said photovoltaic
element, and wherein said top trim includes an upper plate
extending at least partially parallel with a plane of said upper
surface of said photovoltaic element with which said top trim is
associated, and above said photovoltaic element, said foot of said
bottom trim adapted to reside below said upper plate of said top
trim to hold said bottom trim of one of said photovoltaic elements
to said top trim of one of said photovoltaic elements.
12: The system of claim 10 wherein said plurality of similar
photovoltaic elements additionally include side trim extending
along lateral edges of each of said plurality of similar
photovoltaic elements, said side trim coupled to said top trim and
said bottom trim at corners of said photovoltaic element, said side
trim adapted to rest upon some of said plurality of spacers, said
side trim of said plurality of similar photovoltaic elements
adapted to abut side trim of adjacent photovoltaic elements in a
manner substantially precluding water from migrating past said
photovoltaic elements between said side trim of laterally spaced
adjacent photovoltaic elements.
13: The system of claim 10 wherein said bottom trim includes a foot
extending at least partially laterally beneath said lower surface
of said photovoltaic element, and wherein at least one clip is
coupled to at least one of said plurality of spacers, said clip
adapted to have a slot therein sized to receive said foot of said
bottom trim therein, such that said bottom trim can be held to said
at least one of said plurality of spacers, such that a lowermost
one of a plurality of adjacent photovoltaic elements can be held to
the underlying roof through said clip and said spacer.
14: A roofing system with integrated photovoltaic power generation,
comprising in combination: an underlying layer of planar roof
structural material supported above a foundation of underlying
structure; a vapor barrier located upon said roof structural
material; at least one photovoltaic element of substantially planar
form; said photovoltaic element adapted to convert photonic
radiation into electric power; said photovoltaic element including
an upper surface adapted to face the source of photonic radiation
and a lower surface opposite said upper surface; a plurality of
spacers, said spacers adapted to be positioned upon said vapor
barrier and abutting said lower surface of said photovoltaic
element when said photovoltaic element is located adjacent said
roof; and at least one airflow pathway extending between said lower
surface of said photovoltaic element and the vapor barrier, when
said photovoltaic element is located adjacent said roof.
15: The roofing system of claim 14 wherein lateral edge flashing is
provided adjacent lateral edges of said at least one photovoltaic
element extending between an upper edge of said at least one
photovoltaic element and a lower edge of said at least one
photovoltaic element, said lateral edge flashing including a top
plate adapted to reside over said upper surface of said
photovoltaic element adjacent said lateral edge of said
photovoltaic element, a bottom plate oriented in a plane
substantially parallel with a plane in which said top plate is
oriented, but with said bottom plate located below said top plate,
and with a mid plate joining said bottom plate to said top plate,
said bottom plate adapted to be fastened to the roof and
accommodate shingles or other roofing material overlapping said
bottom plate of said edge flashing.
16: The roofing system of claim 14 wherein said at least one
photovoltaic element includes a plurality of similar photovoltaic
elements, said plurality of similar photovoltaic elements each
including trim adjacent at least an upper edge and a lower edge of
said plurality of photovoltaic elements, said trim adapted to
interlock between adjacent photovoltaic elements such that adjacent
ones of said plurality of photovoltaic elements can both overlap
and at least partially lock together.
17: The roofing system of claim 16 wherein at least one additional
spacer is oriented between at least one of said stringers and said
lower surface of at least one of said plurality of photovoltaic
elements, said additional spacer providing support for one of said
photovoltaic elements between said upper edge of said photovoltaic
element where said photovoltaic element is in direct contact with
one of said plurality of spacers and said lower edge of said
photovoltaic element where said photovoltaic element overlaps with
another adjacent photovoltaic element.
18: The roofing system of claim 14 wherein a top vent is provided
adjacent an upper edge of said at least one photovoltaic element,
said top vent adapted to allow air to access said at least one
airflow pathway beneath said lower surface of said at least one
photovoltaic element while substantially precluding rainwater from
migrating into said airflow pathway beneath said lower surface of
said photovoltaic element.
19: The roofing system of claim 18 wherein said top vent includes
flashing extending along said upper edge of said at least one
photovoltaic element, said flashing including an upper end adapted
to interface with the roof at a location above said upper edge of
said at least one photovoltaic element and a lower end opposite
said upper end, said lower end of said flashing adapted to be
located above said upper edge of said at least one photovoltaic
element, said flashing sized to have said upper end of said
flashing at an elevation above said lower end of said flashing with
water falling onto said flashing at said upper end thereof flowing
by gravity over said lower end of said flashing and onto said upper
surface of said at least one photovoltaic element, and wherein a
spacer is interposed between said lower end of said flashing and
said upper edge of said at least one photovoltaic element, said
spacer including at least one channel therein adapted to allow air
to flow through said spacer, such that airflow can occur through
said top vent from said at least one airflow pathway between said
lower one of said flashing and said upper edge of said at least one
photovoltaic element.
20: The roofing system of claim 14 wherein said at least one
photovoltaic element includes a plurality of similar photovoltaic
elements, said plurality of similar photovoltaic elements each
including trim adjacent at least an upper edge and a lower edge of
said plurality of photovoltaic elements, said trim adapted to
interlock between adjacent photovoltaic elements such that adjacent
ones of said plurality of photovoltaic elements can both overlap
and at least partially lock together; wherein said trim of said
plurality of similar photovoltaic elements includes top trim
adjacent said upper edge of said plurality of similar photovoltaic
elements and bottom trim located adjacent lower edges of said
plurality of photovoltaic elements, said bottom trim adapted to at
least partially interlock with said top trim when a lower edge of a
first one of said plurality of photovoltaic elements is located
above and adjacent another one of said plurality of photovoltaic
elements through top trim on said second underlying photovoltaic
element; and wherein said bottom trim includes a foot extending at
least partially laterally beneath said lower surface of said
photovoltaic element, and wherein at least one clip is coupled to
at least one of said plurality of spacers, said clip adapted to
have a slot therein sized to receive said foot of said bottom trim
therein, such that said bottom trim can be held to said at least
one of said plurality of spacers, such that a lowermost one of a
plurality of adjacent photovoltaic elements can be held to said
underlying roof through said clip and said spacer.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 12/456,079, filed on Jun. 10, 2009.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The following invention relates to mounting systems for
mounting photovoltaic cells on roofs of buildings. More
particularly, this invention relates to mounting brackets and
bracketless systems for supporting photovoltaic cells upon roofs in
a manner which has a low profile and blends in nicely with adjacent
shingles.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Photovoltaic cells have enjoyed increasing popularity over
time as various different technical hurdles associated with the use
of photovoltaic cells have been overcome. Photovoltaic cells are
generally solid state devices formed of various materials (often
silicon) which generate electric current when exposed to photonic
radiation, such as solar radiation.
[0004] One form of photovoltaic cell is configured so that it can
rest upon a bracket which is particularly configured to be mounted
to the shingles on a roof or directly upon the roof and have
perimeter edges thereof blend into the roofing structure. Such a
system is described in Published Patent Application No.
2007/0042683, and is by the same inventor of this application. This
published application is incorporated herein by reference in its
entirety. The system of that application is particularly configured
for relatively thick concrete tile type roofs. In contrast,
composition roofs are quite thin, as well as certain tile roofs,
such as slate roofs which have relatively thin shingles.
Accordingly, a need exists for a lower profile mounting bracket for
a photovoltaic cell assembly. Also, with such a lower profile
technical challenges are presented such as how to keep the bracket
and cells below temperatures at which damage can occur, and how to
secure the bracket and cells to the roof sufficient to resist high
wind loads.
[0005] Photovoltaic cells must operate effectively in an extreme
thermal environment. The brackets supporting the cells must
similarly endure this extreme environment. Not only does the
temperature do damage to the materials forming the bracket, but
also thermal forces cause thermal expansion which can lead to
distortion or breakage of the cells, or loosening of the mounting
system provided by the brackets. As brackets for photovoltaic cells
become thinner, the opportunity to cool by natural convection
beneath the bracket and above the roof is diminished. Especially
when it is desirable to have the photovoltaic cells blend into the
adjacent shingles, such blending tends to block natural convection
air circulation cooling, leading to degraded performance.
[0006] In addition to thermal issues, photovoltaic panels benefit
from being able to withstand the wind loads expected by local
building codes. Such wind loads can be quite extreme in some
environments, particularly those which periodically experience
hurricanes or other extreme weather phenomena.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] With this invention a roof mounting bracket is provided for
a photovoltaic power generation system that is particularly
configured to allow assemblies of photovoltaic cells to be easily
and securely mounted to roofs which have a thin roofing material
such as composition roof shingles, slate shingles or other thin
planar shingles. The mounting bracket and associated photovoltaic
cells are relatively thin and are configured to be sealed in a
watertight fashion so that the brackets and assemblies of cells can
act effectively as shingles, while also accommodating natural
convection air cooling of the brackets and panels to prevent
excessive heat from building up and damaging the brackets or
panels.
[0008] In particular, a standardized configuration bracket is
provided which has an upper side generally defining a mounting
portion which can be secured to an underlying roof. A lower side
opposite the upper side forming the mounting portion is configured
to overlap the mounting portion of the next lower bracket in a
series of vertically spaced brackets extending down the slope of
the roof. A cell support structure is provided between the mounting
portion and the lower side. This cell support structure can support
a plurality of photovoltaic cells and associated layers formed
together in a cell stack assembly which rests upon the cell support
structure and is secured to the cell support structure. This
photovoltaic cell stack assembly is preferably twice as wide as the
bracket so that two similarly formed brackets are placed adjacent
each other and laterally spaced from each other to support a single
photovoltaic cell stack assembly, and define a single "panel." The
joint between the two brackets acts as an expansion joint for the
panel.
[0009] Such panels can each be fitted with a single J-box which
receives electric power from the various cells within the
photovoltaic cell stack assembly. This J-box can then be coupled to
leads of J-boxes of adjacent panels in series. Each series string
of panels can also be connected to a combiner box, an inverter and
a subpanel for effective utilization of the electric power
generated by the panels.
[0010] The brackets have an air circulation system that allows air
to be routed by natural convection beneath the brackets. A
lowermost bracket of a series of vertically spaced brackets has an
end piece fitted under a lower, side thereof to hold up the lower
side of the lowermost bracket (because it is not resting upon an
upper side of a next lower bracket) to allow air to enter beneath
the lowermost bracket. Ribs forming an underside of each bracket
have various different passages or gaps therein to allow airflow
through the end piece and beneath each bracket and then beneath the
next higher bracket up in the series, until the air by natural
convection escapes out an upper side of an uppermost bracket.
[0011] Edge flashing is provided to keep water from migrating
around lateral sides of the brackets and the panels, especially at
edges of an overall system of multiple panels. This flashing has
one side that fits beneath shingles upon the roof adjacent a
perimeter of the system. Wind clips are provided on each bracket
which interlock with adjacent and lower brackets so that the
brackets are somewhat interlocked together and resist wind loads
acting upon the brackets.
[0012] In one form of the invention, rather than supplying brackets
underneath the photovoltaic panels, the panels can be directly
placed upon the roof without the brackets. In such an arrangement,
some form of spacer, and typically elongate stringers, are oriented
upon the roof and beneath a lower surface of the panels. These
stringers preferably extend vertically on the roof and define
airflow pathways between the stringers, with the panels resting
upon the stringers. Adjacent panels spaced vertically from each
other are preferably arranged overlapping slightly, so that water
incident upon the surface of one photovoltaic panel falls to a
lower edge of the panel and then on to a next lower panel, in
cascading fashion over sequential panels, such that the panels
themselves shed water incident upon the roof.
[0013] Bottom vents can be provided between the stringers to
support a lower edge of a lowermost photovoltaic panel. A top vent
can be provided overlying an upper edge of an uppermost panel, such
that water incident upon the roof above the overall photovoltaic
power generation system is kept from migrating beneath the panels,
but rather is caused to flow over the upper surface of the panels.
Lateral edge flashing is also provided to establish a water barrier
along lateral edges of the array of panels.
[0014] Each panel preferably includes trim around a perimeter
thereof. This trim facilitates interlocking of adjacent panels both
when vertically spaced and laterally spaced. This trim can also be
configured to allow for direct attachment to the roof so that
portions of the panels which are not coupled to adjacent panels can
be secured to the roof to keep the overall system securely in place
upon the roof, not only to support gravity loads but also wind
loads and other loads encountered in the environment.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
[0015] Accordingly, a primary object of the present invention is to
provide a system for generating power directly from sunlight that
is mountable on a roof having thin shingles thereon, without
compromising the performance of the roof or the performance of the
power generation system.
[0016] Another object of the present invention is to provide a
photovoltaic power generation system which can be mounted on a roof
or other support structure and which is cooled by natural
convection and secured in place to prevent displacement
thereof.
[0017] Another object of the present invention is to provide a roof
mounted photovoltaic power generation system which is easy to mount
upon a roof of a structure.
[0018] Another object of the present invention is to provide a
photovoltaic power generation system which includes multiple
mounting brackets each of a similar construction to simplify
construction of the overall system.
[0019] Another object of the present invention is to provide a
roofing system which effectively keeps water from coming in contact
with structural portions of the roof and which also is configured
to convert solar radiation into electric power.
[0020] Another object of the present invention is to provide a
power generation system which effectively utilizes the space
available on the roof of a building as a source of solar power
generation.
[0021] Another object of the present invention is to provide a
method for interlocking solar panels on a roof that allows the
panels to be easily mounted upon the roof and resist displacement
due to wind loads thereon.
[0022] Another object of the present invention is to provide a roof
mounting bracket for photovoltaic power generation system which can
expand and contract with temperature changes without damaging the
system.
[0023] Another object of the present invention is to provide a
photovoltaic panel which can be easily connected to adjacent panels
and an electric subsystem for conditioning the power and delivering
the power for beneficial use.
[0024] Other further objects of the present invention will become
apparent from a careful reading of the included drawing figures,
the claims and detailed description of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0025] FIG. 1 is a top perspective view of a single bracket of the
roof mounted photovoltaic power generation system of this
invention.
[0026] FIG. 2 is a bottom perspective view of that which is shown
in FIG. 1.
[0027] FIG. 3 is a top perspective view of a pair of mounting
brackets joined together and ready to receive a photovoltaic cell
stack assembly thereon with an expansion joint provided between the
two brackets of the panel.
[0028] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an undulating end piece for
placement below a lower side of a lowermost mounting bracket of an
overall system of photovoltaic panels, such that air can enter
beneath the panels for natural convection cooling of the
panels.
[0029] FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken along the line 5-5 of FIG.
3 illustrating details of a lateral expansion joint between
adjacent brackets.
[0030] FIG. 6 is a top perspective view similar to that which is
shown in FIG. 3, but from an opposite side.
[0031] FIG. 7 is a sectional view taken from the side and showing
how adjacent similar mounting brackets overlap each other
vertically with a lower side of a higher bracket overlapping an
upper side of a lower bracket to define an overlapping portion
between adjacent brackets.
[0032] FIG. 8 is a perspective view of adjacent brackets from
adjacent panels and illustrating wiring for the J-boxes that
facilitate electric coupling of adjacent panels together and with
photovoltaic cell stack assemblies removed.
[0033] FIG. 9 is a top perspective view of a photovoltaic cell
panel including both a pair of brackets and a photovoltaic cell
stack assembly, and configured as a lower most panel such that a
pair of undulating end pieces are provided beneath a lower side of
the panel.
[0034] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of portions of a pair of
panels resting upon a roof and showing a portion of the undulating
end piece and the air circulation system of this invention.
[0035] FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a portion of a roof with a
series of panels thereon and with photovoltaic cell stack
assemblies on two of the panels removed and with arrows depicting
pathways for airflow beneath the panels.
[0036] FIG. 12 is a perspective view of edge flashing for use at
lateral sides of panels at lateral edges of an overall system of
panels for water tight integration with shingles upon the roof.
[0037] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a portion of a roof with
the edge flashing of FIG. 12 in use adjacent lateral edges of a
series of panels.
[0038] FIG. 14 is a schematic of a series of solar panel tiles each
linked together and to a combiner box as well as to an inverter and
subpanel to define an overall photovoltaic power generation system
according to this invention.
[0039] FIG. 15 is an exploded perspective view of a roof with a
plurality of photovoltaic elements mounted thereon according to an
alternative embodiment of this invention which does not utilize
brackets. In this view, the panel elements are exploded away from
both stringers/battens and the stringers are also exploded away
from the roof, as well as bottom vents between the stringers.
[0040] FIG. 16 is a detail partially exploded perspective view of a
portion of that which is shown in FIG. 15 and illustrating how
bottom vents are interposed between stringers, and how additional
spacer donuts are utilized as well as trim on the photovoltaic
panels and lateral edge flashing to integrate the array of panels
into the overall roofing of the system.
[0041] FIG. 17 is a perspective view of a portion of an underside
of one of the photovoltaic panels and one of the stringers, and
showing how a clip is utilized to hold a lower edge of the
photovoltaic panel through bottom trim to the roof.
[0042] FIG. 18 is a perspective view similar to that which is shown
in FIG. 17 but with the photovoltaic panel shown attached to the
stringer through the clip.
[0043] FIG. 19 is a perspective view similar to that which is shown
in FIGS. 17 and 18, but with the additional showing of the bottom
vent in position adjacent the lower edge of the photovoltaic
panel.
[0044] FIG. 20 is a perspective view of a photovoltaic panel from
above and illustrating how trim elements around a perimeter of the
photovoltaic panel are coupled together and integrated with the
photovoltaic panel.
[0045] FIG. 21 is a perspective view of a corner of the
photovoltaic panel trim elements showing how the trim elements are
coupled together.
[0046] FIG. 22 is an end elevation view of side trim portions of
the photovoltaic panel trim.
[0047] FIG. 23 is an end elevation view of bottom trim portions of
the trim on the photovoltaic panel.
[0048] FIG. 24 is an end elevation view of top trim portions of the
overall trim system for the photovoltaic panel.
[0049] FIG. 25 is a side elevation view of an uppermost portion of
an array of photovoltaic panels according to this alternative
embodiment and illustrating how a top vent is utilized to integrate
an upper edge of uppermost photovoltaic panels into the roofing
system to facilitate airflow and effectively shed water over the
photovoltaic panels within the system of this invention.
[0050] FIG. 26 is a side elevation view of a pair of photovoltaic
panels shown mounted upon a portion of roof and illustrating how
the adjacent photovoltaic panels interlock together and how they
are mounted through the stringers to the underlying roof.
[0051] FIG. 27 is a side elevation view of a lowermost portion of
the array of photovoltaic panels illustrating how lower trim on the
lowermost photovoltaic panel is mounted to the roof and relative to
the bottom vent.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0052] Referring to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals
represent like parts throughout the various drawing figures,
reference numeral 10 is directed to a bracket (FIGS. 1 and 2) for a
roof mounted photovoltaic power generation system. The brackets 10
are provided in pairs 12 (FIG. 3) which together support a
photovoltaic cell 102 stack assembly to form a panel 100 (FIG. 9).
The panel 100 can act similar to a shingle S (FIG. 13) upon the
roof R to shed water and protect structural portions of the roof.
The brackets 10 interlock together laterally and vertically while
accommodating airflow therebeneath for cooling. The brackets also
accommodate thermal expansion and have edge details to facilitate
airflow and to provide water preclusion. The brackets are also
configured to facilitate interconnection of an electric subsystem
110 for combining adjacent panels 100 together as part of the
overall photovoltaic power generation system.
[0053] In essence, and with particular reference to FIGS. 1-3,
basic details of the bracket 10 are described. The bracket 10 is
typically utilized in pairs 12 (FIG. 3) as a structural portion of
a panel 100 (FIG. 9) also supporting photovoltaic cell 102 stack
assemblies thereon. The brackets 10 each include a mounting rail 20
at an upper side and a bottom rail 50 at a lower side. A cell
support structure 30 is interposed between the mounting rail 20 and
bottom rail 50. A lateral joint 40 defines lateral sides of each
bracket 10. The lateral joint 40 is configured so that it can
interface with lateral edges of adjacent brackets 10 for lateral
interconnection of multiple brackets 10, either of a common panel
100 (where the joint 40 is an expansion joint 14 (FIGS. 3 and 9) in
the middle of the panel 100) or lateral interconnection of adjacent
panels 100.
[0054] An air circulation system 60 routes air beneath the brackets
10 so that by natural convection air can be circulated beneath the
brackets 10 and cool the brackets 10 and associated photovoltaic
cell stack assemblies 102. An end piece 70 (FIGS. 3, 4, 9-11 and
13) is provided adjacent the bottom rail of a lowest bracket in a
series of vertically spaced brackets 10. The end piece 70 holds up
this lower side of the lowermost bracket so that air can pass
beneath the bracket 10 and be routed beneath the series of brackets
10 for cooling. Edge flashing 80 (FIGS. 12 and 13) is provided so
that water is prevented from migrating around the brackets 10 or
panels 100 laterally. A J-box 90 (FIG. 8) is provided for each
panel 100 to combine power from photovoltaic cells 102 of each
panel 100 and allow the power from each panel 100 to be combined
together into strings which can then be routed to a combiner box
before being passed on to an inverter 140 and subpanel 130 for
effective utilization of the electric power from the system. An
electric subsystem 110 (FIG. 14) is described which utilizes the
panels 100 formed of brackets 10 according to this system.
[0055] More specifically, and with particular reference to FIGS.
1-3, specific details of the bracket 10 are described, according to
a preferred embodiment. Each bracket 10 is preferably similar in
form and in this preferred embodiment is comprised of a mounting
rail 20 (FIGS. 1 and 2), a cell support structure (FIGS. 1 and 2),
a lateral joint (FIG. 5) and a bottom rail 50 (FIGS. 1, 2 and 7).
Each bracket 10 most preferably provides only half of the
structural under support for a panel 100 (FIG. 9). Thus, a pair 12
of brackets 10 are provided together along with the photovoltaic
cells 102 within a stack assembly to complete the panel 100 (FIG.
3). In this way, an expansion joint 14 (FIG. 3) is provided between
the two brackets 10 within each pair 12. Note that the expansion
joint 14 is the same as the lateral joint 40 with different
terminology used depending on whether the brackets 10 are coming
together at a midpoint within a panel 100 or at a lateral edge of a
panel 100 where adjacent panels 100 are joined together
laterally.
[0056] An upper side of each bracket 10 is defined by the mounting
rail 20. The mounting rail 20 provides a preferred form of mounting
portion for the bracket 10. This mounting rail 20 preferably
includes a planar surface 22 with holes 24 passing therethrough for
fasteners to pass and then penetrate the roof R. Preferably, a
recess 26 surrounds each hole 24 to provide relief into which a
head of the fastener can reside, such as the head of a roofing
nail, or the head of a fastening screw.
[0057] A perimeter skirt 28 preferably surrounds at least an upper
edge of the planar surface 22 of the mounting rail 20. The
perimeter skirt 28 preferably extends perpendicularly down from the
planar surface 22. Gussets 29 are preferably formed beneath the
planar surface 22 to provide structural support and rigidity to the
mounting rail 20 (FIG. 2). The perimeter skirt 28 also helps to
rigidify the bracket 10.
[0058] The mounting rail 20 is typically covered by a bottom rail
50 of a higher adjacent similar bracket 10 of a separate higher
adjacent panel 100 (FIGS. 7 and 11). However, a highest panel 100
will be formed of brackets 10 which have mounting rails 20 which
are not covered by adjacent brackets 10 or panels 100. Instead, the
highest panels 100 will have their mounting rails 20 typically
covered by shingles placed on the roof R and allowed to have lower
shingle edges overlap the mounting rail 20 portion of the bracket
10. If desired, a tapering piece of filler material can be provided
directly above this highest bracket so that rather than having a
somewhat abrupt transition in thickness at the perimeter skirt 28
of the mounting rail 20, a more gradual transition to greater
thickness can be provided.
[0059] Most preferably, this perimeter skirt 28 is kept ventilated
so that air circulating beneath the brackets 10 can escape out of
the perimeter skirt 28, such as through gaps 58 (FIG. 2). In a
preferred form of the invention, this highest row of brackets 10
are near a ridge of the roof and a ridge vent is provided which
overlaps the mounting rail 20 portion of the bracket 10 and allows
air circulating beneath the brackets 10 to escape. Such ridge vents
are known in the composition shingle roofing construction
trades.
[0060] The cell support structure 30 is provided below the mounting
rail 20 and extending down to the bottom rail 50. This cell support
structure 30 is generally formed of a series of vertical ribs 32
and at least one lateral rib 34 extending substantially
perpendicular to the vertical ribs 32. A perimeter deck 36
surrounds a perimeter of this cell support structure space with the
perimeter deck 36 generally planar with upper sides of the vertical
ribs 32 and lateral rib 34. A trough 38 (FIG. 5) preferably is
formed in the perimeter deck 36 and defines a slightly recessed
depression in the perimeter deck 36. This trough 38 can accommodate
adhesive to hold the photovoltaic cell 102 stack assembly within
the cell support structure 30 space and against the perimeter deck
36 (FIG. 7). A lip 39 defines a lowermost edge of the cell support
structure 30 and acts as a barrier to keep the photovoltaic cell
102 stack assembly from migrating downward out of the cell support
structure 30 space.
[0061] The cell support structure 30 of the bracket 10 adds some
rigidity to the overall panel 100 when two brackets 10 are provided
laterally together along with a photovoltaic cell 102 stack
assembly. However, the photovoltaic cell 102 stack assembly also
adds rigidity and strength to the resulting panel 100. Windows
between adjacent vertical ribs 32 and lateral rib 34 are open until
covered by the photovoltaic cell 102 stack assembly. With such a
rib cell support structure 30, the overall bracket 10 has a minimum
of material and thus maintains light weight while still providing
strength where required to keep the panel 100 sufficiently strong
to resist weight loads, such as from snow loading or from
maintenance personnel walking on the panels 100.
[0062] The lateral joint 40 (FIG. 5) is formed of an over tab 42 on
one lateral side of the bracket 10 and an under tab 46 on the other
lateral side of the bracket 10. The over tab 42 and under tab 46
fit together with the over tab 42 over the under tab 46. A cell
support plane 41 is defined above the lateral joint 40 formed of
the photovoltaic cell 102 stack assembly which rests upon this cell
support plane 41.
[0063] The over tab 41 extends to a tip 43. The tip 43 extends
primarily upward from the trough 38, but also extends slightly
downward to a heel 44. The heel 44 rests within an expansion slot
49 formed on a shelf 48 of the under tab 46. A perimeter wall 47 is
located beneath the shelf 48 and helps support the shelf 48. The
heel 44 can ride within this expansion slot 49 some distance to
allow for lateral motion therebetween (along arrow B of FIGS. 3 and
5), such as to decrease spacing when temperatures increase and
increase spacing when temperatures decrease.
[0064] Such lateral expansion and contraction across the lateral
joints 40 and expansion joint 14 (FIG. 3) allows the brackets 10 to
accommodate temperature changes without damaging the panels 100 or
causing the system to fail. In one embodiment the lateral joint 40
is formed with the heel 44 in a middle of the expansion slot 49
with the brackets 10 and other portions of the panel 100
substantially at room temperature. In this way, the bracket 10 and
panel 100 can undergo thermal expansion or contraction away from
room temperature either in a cooling direction or a heating
direction and the heel 44 will have room to move in either
direction within the expansion slot 49 before damage will occur to
the brackets 10 or the panel 100.
[0065] Preferably, the lateral joint 40 (and expansion joint 14)
are not fitted with any adhesive, but rather are allowed to float
relative to each other. Both the over tab 42 and under tab 46 are
able to shed water in a downward direction while overlapping each
other, such that water is prevented from migrating beneath the
bracket 10 around or through this lateral joint 40. When configured
as the expansion joint 14, the photovoltaic cell 102 stack assembly
further covers the expansion joint 14 to resist water migration
therethrough except at the mounting rail 40 (FIGS. 3 and 9).
[0066] The bottom rail 50 defines a lowermost portion of each
bracket 10 (see particularly FIG. 2). The bottom rail 50 includes
an edge wall 52 defining an extreme lower side of each bracket 10.
Feet 53 (FIG. 7) define an underside of the bottom rail 50 which
are configured to rest upon the mounting rail 20 of an adjacent
lower bracket 10 and most particularly just below the mounting rail
20 and over the cell support structure 30 as well as over the
photovoltaic cells 102 of the stack assembly of the next lower
panel 100 (FIG. 7). In such an arrangement, thermal expansion and
contraction can be accommodated (along arrow C of FIG. 7) by
sliding of the feet 53 up or down along the pitch of the roof R
(horizontally in FIG. 7).
[0067] The bottom rails 50 are configured not to rest on the roof R
directly, but rather to rest upon an adjacent lower bracket 10. A
wind clip 55 defines a portion of the underside of each bracket 10
adjacent the bottom rail 50. These wind clips 55 are preferably in
the form of elongate rigid structures extending downwardly as a
portion of an underside of each vertical rib 32. These wind clips
55 are configured so that they can rest on the roof R and fit
within the gaps 58 of the perimeter skirt 28 in the mounting rail
20 of the next lower bracket 10. In this way, the bottom rail 50 of
each bracket 10 is held down by the mounting rail 20 of the next
lower bracket 10.
[0068] The wind clip 55 includes a clearance space 56 above each
wind clip 55. A step 57 defines an abutment which can be provided
on every other rib 32, rather than a wind clip 55, and help to keep
the brackets 10 aligned adjacent each other. Preferably, the
brackets 10 are not placed with the steps 57 abutting the mounting
rails 20 when installed, but rather with a small gap therebetween
to accommodate some thermal expansion that would tend to drive
adjacent brackets 10 against each other. The bottom rail 50 also
preferably includes stiffeners 59 in the form of horizontal and
vertical ribs adjacent the bottom rail 50 to help strengthen the
bottom rail 50 and also supporting the feet 53 of the bottom rail
50. The gaps 58 (FIG. 2) in the perimeter skirt 28 of the mounting
rail 20 are sized to receive the wind clips 55 therein, while also
providing openings for air circulation therethrough.
[0069] With particular reference to FIGS. 3, 6, 10 and 11, details
of the air circulation system 60 of this invention are described,
according to a preferred embodiment. The brackets 10 are configured
to interconnect together in a way that preserves an air circulation
system 60 driven by natural convection to help cool the brackets 10
and the overall photovoltaic power generation system. This air
circulation system 60 begins with end pieces such as the undulating
end piece 70 (FIG. 4) which are fitted beneath the bottom rail 50
of a lowermost bracket 10 of an overall power generation system
(FIG. 11).
[0070] The bottom rail 50 is not configured to have the feet 53
rest upon the roof R. Rather, the feet 53 are configured to rest
upon an adjacent lower mounting rail 20 or the cell support
structure 30 just below the mounting rail 20. Thus, the end piece
70 is provided to hold up the bottom rail 50 of the bracket 10
defining a lowermost portion of the overall system.
[0071] This end piece 70 is preferably in the form of an undulating
end piece with lateral ends 72 spaced from each other and with
troughs 74 and crests 76 alternating between the ends 72. Airflow
is thus easily accommodated through the end piece 70 and beneath
the brackets 10. While the end piece 70 is shown relatively shallow
in extent toward the mounting rail 20, most preferably the end
piece is deep enough toward the mounting rail 20 to abut the steps
57 (FIG. 2). In this way the lowest brackets 10 in the series of
panels 100 is fully supported beneath the bottom rail 40 by the end
piece 70. The deeper end piece can be captured by the wind clip 55
to further secure the end piece to the bracket 10.
[0072] Airflow (along arrow A) passes through the troughs 74 and
crests 76 in the undulating end piece 70. This air is then located
beneath the bracket 10. Heat within the bracket 10 or within other
portions of the panel 100 or roof R is allowed to transfer to the
air in this space beneath the bracket 10. With the air having been
heated, natural convection causes the air to rise. While the
photovoltaic cell 102 stack assembly keeps the air from rising
purely vertically, passages 62 are preferably formed in the lateral
rib 34 which allow the air to pass beneath the cell support
structure 70 from the bottom rail 50 up to the mounting rail
20.
[0073] The gaps 58 in the perimeter skirt 28 allow the air to
continue from beneath the mounting rail 20 and to under the next
bracket 10 (arrow A of FIGS. 3 and 11). This airflow can continue
beneath each of the brackets 10 until the highest bracket 10 is
reached. The air can then escape out the gaps 58 in the highest
brackets 10. With such airflow, a maximum temperature of the panels
100 is minimized. Different patterns of gaps 58 and passages 62 can
be provided to route the air where desired for maximum cooling heat
transfer, to optimize performance of the power generation
system.
[0074] With particular reference to FIGS. 12 and 13, details of the
edge flashing 80 are described, according to a preferred
embodiment. The edge flashing 80 is provided to keep water from
migrating beneath the brackets 10 and panels 100 along lateral
edges of the overall system. While the lateral joints 40 preclude
water from getting beneath the panels 100 where panels 100 are
spaced laterally from each other, eventually the panels 100 at a
perimeter edge of the overall system are reached. The edge flashing
80 is then utilized to transition from the panels 100 to shingles S
upon the roof R.
[0075] With particular reference to FIG. 13, a series of three
panels 100', 100'', 100''' are shown stacked adjacent each other
with an undulating end piece 70 at a lower side of the lowermost
panel 100'. The edge flashing 80 is configured with upper ends 82
opposite lower ends 84 and with a top plate 86 spaced from a bottom
plate 88 by a web 85, with the plates 86, 88 generally parallel
with each other. The top plate 86 is configured to rest upon an
upper surface of the panel 100. The bottom plate 88 is configured
to rest adjacent the roof R with shingles S resting on top of the
bottom plate 88. The web 85 joints the two plates 86, 88 together
and precludes water from migrating laterally beneath the panels
100. The edge flashing 88 overlaps somewhat at the ends 82, 84 to
further preclude water migration at seams between adjacent pieces
of edge flashing 80.
[0076] Because each of the brackets 10 and associated photovoltaic
cell 102 stack assemblies taper somewhat in thickness with a
thinnest edge adjacent the mounting rail 20 and a thickest edge
adjacent the bottom rail 50, the web 85 preferably tapers from
being shorter at the upper ends 82 to being longer at the lower
ends 84. In this way, such tapering of the brackets 10 and overall
panels 100 can be accommodated. Typically, the edge flashing 80 is
formed by cutting rigid planar material, such as galvanized steel,
and bending it to have the shape depicted in FIG. 12.
[0077] With particular reference to FIG. 8, particular details of a
J-box 90 and associated electrical interconnection for the
photovoltaic cells 102 within each panel 100 are described,
according to a preferred embodiment. The J-box 90 is preferably an
electronic device embedded within a waterproof resin to make it
entirely waterproof.
[0078] Each photovoltaic cell 102 stack assembly is preferably
formed of a series of separate cells 102 (most typically fourteen
in two rows of seven a piece). In a simplest form of the invention,
as few as one photovoltaic cell could be provided on each panel 100
of two brackets 10. Photovoltaic cells 102 are shown in this
embodiment as a preferred form of photovoltaic element. Other
photovoltaic elements could be substituted, such as thin film
photovoltaic materials or structures, either now known or later
developed. These separate cells 102 are joined together in series
electrically. They are then laminated together between layers of
waterproof materials.
[0079] Particularly, this layering preferably involves a low iron
glass as a top layer, followed by a low melt temperature plastic
layer such as EVA, followed by the photovoltaic cells themselves,
followed by another low melt temperature plastic layer such as EVA,
followed by a layer of Tedlar. This layering stack is laminated to
further preclude water penetration. This stack is followed by an
adhesive for mounting to the perimeter deck 36 of the cell support
structure 30 of the bracket 10. One adhesive that can be utilized
is known as adhesive 804 Dow Flexible Adhesive provided by the Dow
Chemical Company of Midland, Mich.
[0080] Because the photovoltaic cells 102 are encased within this
sandwich, electrical connections between adjacent photovoltaic
cells are kept from shorting out, such as due to the presence of
water when rain is falling on the roof. At the J-box 90, separate
conductors from the series of photovoltaic cells 102 are routed
into the J-box 90 so that all of the power from the series of
photovoltaic cells 102 within the panel 100 are received at the
J-box 90. This power is then routed through leads 94, 96. The leads
94, 96 allow adjacent panels 100 to be coupled together, typically
in series.
[0081] Support clips 98 preferably extend from the perimeter skirt
28 of the mounting rail 20. These support clips 98 can hold the
leads 94, 96 therein to prevent them from experiencing damage. The
leads 94, 96 are preferably insulated to allow direct exposure to
the elements. Slots 95 are provided at strategic locations in the
perimeter skirt 28 of the mounting rail 20 to allow the leads 94,
96 to extend through the perimeter skirt 28 before bending
90.degree. and extending along the perimeter skirt 28 and over the
support clips 98. Couplers 97 allow the leads 94, 96 to be
interconnected together to connect a series of such panels 100
together in series.
[0082] Each series connection of such panels 100 can be combined
together through an end lead 112 extending into a combiner box 120
to further combine power from individual panels 100 and to
configure the overall power from the series of panels 100 into
power having the desired voltage and current. Inverters 140 can be
utilized downstream from a combiner box 120 if it desired to
generate AC power. Transformers can be utilized if a different
current and voltage is desired.
[0083] The inverter 140 is typically coupled to a subpanel 130
where the power can be effectively utilized as AC power service
within a residential structure or sold to a power company, or put
to other beneficial use. The converter box 120, inverter 140 and
subpanel 130 together form an electrical subsystem 110 which
receives end leads 112 from separate strings of panels 100 through
function of the leads 94, 96 and J-box 90.
[0084] Each panel 100 (also referred to as a "tile" or "solar
tile") is typically provided in an array including N columns and M
rows. Typically, each row is coupled in series and routed to a
common combiner box 120 through end leads 112. In one form of the
invention, panels 100 are coupled together in series until the
desired voltage for the system is achieved. Then multiple such
strings of series connections of panels are joined together in the
combiner box 120 to increase the current provided by the overall
system.
[0085] With particular reference to FIGS. 15-27, details of an
alternative roof mounting system for photovoltaic power generation
equipment is described. This alternative system utilizes panels 200
which are configured to be mounted to a roof R without brackets,
such as the brackets 10 described above. Rather, the panels 200
mount directing to the roof R, typically through a standoff spacer
such as stringers 190, and with appropriate trim 210, 220, 230 on
each panel 200, and appropriate venting 240, 250 and flashing 280
to integrate the panels 200 into the roof R.
[0086] The roof R typically includes a vapor barrier as an
uppermost barrier and planar roof sheeting material or other roof
structural material beneath the vapor barrier. Other portions of
the structure support the roof R above a foundation of the overall
structure. The stringers 190 are preferably continuous, but could
be broken into separate segments. Donut spacers or some other form
of additional spacer 192 is also provided upon portions of the
stringers 190 at positions midway between upper and lower edges of
each panel 100 so that midpoints of each panel 200 are supported,
such as to carry snow loads. One form of such additional spacers is
shown in FIGS. 15 and 16. While shown with a width smaller than the
stringers 190, the additional spacers could be wider and longer to
accommodate the preferences of the designer. As an options these
additional spacers 192 could be built into the stringers 190.
[0087] In essence, and with particular reference to FIG. 16, basic
details of this alternative system are described, according to a
most preferred arrangement for this alternative embodiment. The
panels 200 are similar to the panels 100 described previously,
except that they are fitted with trim around a perimeter thereof to
facilitate interlocking together and coupling to the roof R. In
particular, this trim on the panel 200 includes top trim 210 along
an upper edge of the panel 200, bottom trim 220 adjacent a bottom
edge of the panel 200 and side trim 230 on each lateral side of the
panel 200. These trim pieces 210, 220, 230 are coupled together,
such as through fasteners F (FIG. 20) to surround a perimeter of
the panel 200.
[0088] Stringers 190 are provided upon the roof R with the panels
200 mounted directly upon the stringers 190. The panels 200 overlap
slightly with bottom trim of each panel resting upon top trim of a
next sequentially lower panel 200. A bottom vent 240 fits in a
space between the stringers, and provides access into an air
circulation pathway 260 beneath the panels 200. A top vent 250
resides over an upper edge of an uppermost panel 200 within the
overall system to keep water from migrating under the panels 200,
but allow air to pass into and out of the air circulation pathways
260 beneath the panel 200. Edge flashing 280 is provided to
integrate lateral edges of most lateral panels 200 within the
system into the roof R and beneath other roofing material, such as
shingles adjacent the lateral edges of the panels 200.
[0089] More specifically, and with particular reference to FIGS.
21-24, specific details of the trim 210, 220, 230 on the panel 200
are described. The top trim 210 (FIGS. 20 and 24) is located
adjacent an upper edge of the photovoltaic panel 200. While the top
trim 210 can be adhesively bonded or otherwise attached directly to
the panel 200, most preferably the top trim 210 is captured to the
panel 200 by being secured to the side trim 230 at ends of the top
trim 210 and with the side trim 230 secured to the bottom trim 220,
so that the entire trim 210, 220, 230 holds the panel 200
therein.
[0090] Most preferably, the top trim 210 has a constant
cross-sectional form (FIG. 24), such that the top trim 210 can be
conveniently extruded through an extrusion die having the desired
contour. Alternatively, the top trim 210 could be formed by
injection molding or other manufacturing processes.
[0091] The preferred cross-sectional form for the top trim 210
generally includes a spine 215 generally extending in a first
direction adapted to be oriented substantially perpendicular to a
plane in which the panel 200 is oriented. A support shelf 212
extends laterally from the spine 215. The support shelf 212 defines
a surface upon which the panel 200 rests. This support shelf 212
also defines a surface to which an adhesive or fastener can be
optionally utilized to secure the panel 200 to the top trim
210.
[0092] Fastener slots 214 are preferably located just below the
support shelf 212. These fastener slots 214 have a generally
circular hollow interior form surrounded on at least a majority
thereof by a cylindrical sleeve. Fasteners F, such as screws, can
be sized to thread into the recesses in the fastener slots 214 and
inside of this sleeve, with the threads of the fasteners F engaging
the sleeves, so that the fasteners F hold tight within the fastener
slots 214. Preferably, a pair of such fastener slots 214 are
provided, with one at an extreme end of the support shelf 214, but
slightly below the support shelf 212, so as to not interfere with
the positioning of the panel 200 upon the support shelf 212, and
with one fastener slot 214 located at an intersection between the
support shelf 212 and the spine 215. As an alternative, a single
fastener slot 214 or more than two fastener slots 214 could be
provided.
[0093] A foot 216 defines a lowermost portion of the top trim 210.
This foot 216 preferably extends in opposite directions
perpendicularly from a lower end of the spine 215. The foot 216 is
adapted to rest directly upon the stringers 190 or other support
structures beneath the panels 200 and above the roof R. The foot
216 is sufficiently large to support weight of the panel 200.
Furthermore, the foot 216 preferably is sufficiently large that a
fastener can be provided passing through the foot 216 and extending
into the stringer 190 or other underlying support structure. Such a
fastener could be a screw, a nail, a rivet, a bolt or some other
form of fastener F for securing an upper edge of the panel 200 to
the roof R. To some extent, such a fastener F is optional in that
the separate panels 200 are coupled to adjacent panels 200 and it
is conceivable that only some of the panels 200 would be fastened
directly to the roof and other panels 200 would be held adjacent
the roof by their connection to adjacent panels.
[0094] However, most preferably each panel 200 has top trim 210
thereof fastened directly to the roof R, through the stringers 190
or other underlying support structures to equally distribute
fastening forces over the entire power generation assembly and
minimize the potential for separation of the panels 200 from the
roof R, such as due to wind loads or earthquakes. In one form of
the invention, the top trim 210 could be the only required trim on
the panel 200 and fastening of each panel 200 could be entirely by
use of the fastener F passing into the stringer 190 or other
spacer.
[0095] The top trim 210 also preferably includes an upper plate 218
extending laterally from the spine 215 at an upper end of the spine
215 opposite the foot 216. This upper plate 218 preferably extends
in only a single direction away from the spine 215. The upper plate
218 allows for interlocking with bottom trim 220 on an adjacent
higher panel 200, or can support a spacer 258 interposed between
the top trim 210 and a lower end 256 of top vent flashing 252
associated with the top vent 250 (FIG. 25). While FIG. 26 shows
bottom trim 220 of one panel 200 interlocking directly with top
trim 210 of an adjacent lower panel 200 through the upper plate 218
of the top trim 210, it is conceivable that a spacer such as the
spacer 258 could be provided between such adjacent panels 200
between the top trim 210, upper plate 218 and bottom trim 220, such
that enhanced air circulation can be provided between each adjacent
panel 200. Such a spacer 258 could be configured with a thickness
similar to the spacer 258 provided beneath the lower end 256 of the
flashing 252 of the top vent 250, or could be lower profile for
such positioning between adjacent panels 200. As another
alternative, such a spacer 258 could be selectively sized to cause
the angle of each panel 200 to match an optimum angle for the
latitude where the roof R is located.
[0096] With particular reference to FIGS. 20, 21 and 23, particular
details of the bottom trim 220 are described according to this
alternative embodiment. The bottom trim 220 is configured to be
located adjacent a lower edge of each panel 200. The bottom trim
220 could be adhesively coupled, bonded or fastened to the lower
edge of the panel 200. However, most preferably the bottom trim 220
is primarily coupled to the panel 200 by being fastened to the side
trim 230 and top trim 210 in a manner completely surrounding the
panel 200.
[0097] The particular preferred configuration for the bottom trim
220 includes a spine 225 extending up from a foot 228. A support
shelf 222 extends laterally from a mid portion of the spine 225.
The support shelf 222, spine 225 and foot 228 of the bottom trim
220 are preferably similar to corresponding portions of the top
trim 210. Similarly, the bottom trim 220 preferably includes
fastener slots 224 positioned similarly to the fastener slots 214
of the top trim 210 for accepting fasteners F to hold the bottom
trim 220 to the side trim 230.
[0098] Uniquely, the bottom trim 220 preferably includes a stop 226
defined by an upper portion of the spine 225. This stop 226 helps
to keep the panel 200 in position upon the support shelf 222 and
from sliding past the stop 226, so that the stop 226 can support a
lower edge of the panel 200 upon the bottom trim 220. While the
foot 228 of the bottom trim 220 could be utilized with a fastener
for directly attaching the bottom trim 220 to the underlying roof
R, such as through the stringers 190, or other underlying support
structures, most preferably the foot 228 of the bottom trim 220 is
held in place by being located beneath the upper plate 218 of an
adjacent lower panel 200 (FIG. 26) or through coupling to the clip
270 described below.
[0099] With such an arrangement, and by only affixing each panel
200 through the top trim 210 directly to the roof R, thermal
expansion of each panel 200 is most readily accommodated. However,
the foot 228 of the bottom trim 220 is preferably interlocked
sufficiently with the upper plate 218 of the top trim 210, so that
adjacent panels 200, when so interlocked, cannot be completely
removed from each other, but merely accommodate some limited degree
of movement therebetween. While the interlocking shown and
described is preferred, other forms of interlocking or fastening
could also be utilized, such as complementally sloped lap joints,
dovetail joints, snap joints, etc.
[0100] The side trim 230 is shown in FIGS. 20-22. The side trim 230
is preferred to facilitate joining of the top trim 210 and bottom
trim 220, and also helps support the overall panel. As an
alternative, the side trim 230 could be omitted and the top trim
210 and bottom trim 220 could be attached directly to the panel 200
only. The side trim 230 has a contour including a support shelf 232
generally akin to the support shelves 212, 222 of the top trim 210
and bottom trim 220. An inner wall 236 extends down from one edge
of the support shelf 232 and an outer wall 238 extends up from an
opposite edge of the support shelf 232. A cover 239 extends back
over the support shelf 232 from an upper end of the outer wall
238.
[0101] Fastener holes 234 are preferably formed in the inner wall
236. These fastener holes 234 are preferably spaced apart a
distance similar to the fastener slots 214 in the top trim 210 and
the fastener slots 224 in the bottom trim 220. These fastener holes
234 are preferably circular and have a size similar to a shaft of a
fastener to be utilized to join the side trim 230 to the top trim
210 or bottom trim 220. Spacing between those fastener holes 234 is
preferably similar to spacing between the fastener slots 214, 224
of the top trim 210 and bottom trim 220. Thus, when appropriate
fasteners F are utilized passing through the fastener holes 234 and
the side trim 230 and into the fastener slots 212, 224 of the top
trim 220 and bottom trim 230, such fasteners F completely secure
the side trim 230 to the top trim 210 and bottom trim 220 to
provide a complete perimeter of trim for the panel 200.
[0102] The cover 239 overlies side edges of the panel 200. Such
covers 239 provide additional support to hold the panel 200
adjacent the side trim 230 and keep the panels 200 from being
displaced upwardly past the stop 226 on the bottom trim 220 and/or
off of the support shelf 212 of the top trim 210. An appropriate
bonding agent or fastener could alternatively or additionally be
utilized in addition to the cover 239 to ensure that the panel 200
is held securely to the side trim 230.
[0103] The outer walls 238 of adjacent side trim 230 of adjacent
panels 200 are preferably configured to abut directly adjacent each
other. With such a configuration, zero clearance is provided
between adjacent but laterally spaced panels 200. Typically, the
panels 200 of this invention are provided upon a roof R which also
has a separate moisture barrier underlying the stringers 190.
Furthermore, the side trim 230 preferably is aligned with a
stringer 190. Thus, the potential for water to migrate between
adjacent but laterally spaced panels 200 through the underlying
moisture barrier is minimized.
[0104] As an alternative, the side trim 230 could be provided with
an overlapping joint similar to that disclosed in the first
embodiment hereinabove (FIGS. 1-14) or could be provided with some
other form of weatherproofing seal interposed between adjacent but
laterally spaced panels 200. Preferably, any such joint can
accommodate some degree of lateral thermal expansion or contraction
therebetween.
[0105] With particular reference to FIG. 25, details of the top
vent 250 are described according to this alternative embodiment.
The top vent 250 is designed to allow the air circulation pathway
260 to extend out of an upper end of the panel 200 (along arrow 260
of FIG. 25). However, such air circulation must be maintained while
also substantially precluding water migration beneath the panels
200. In one simple embodiment, when an uppermost panel 200 is
located adjacent a peak of a roof R, a ridge vent can be utilized
resting upon spacers such as the spacers 258 and extending over the
peak of the roof R.
[0106] As an alternative, and particularly when an uppermost panel
200 is located spaced below the top ridge of the roof R, the top
vent 250 shown in FIG. 25 is utilized. The top vent 250 includes
flashing 252 extending from an upper end 254 to a lower end 256.
The upper end 254 is configured to be fastened, such as with the
fastener F, to the roof R. Shingles or other roofing material are
provided overlapping the upper end 254 and fastener F so that water
passes the upper end 254 before falling down onto the flashing 252
between the upper end 254 and the lower end 256.
[0107] The flashing 252 can include a bend between the upper end
254 and the lower end 256 sufficient so that the lower end 256 is
adjacent and above the upper plate 218 of top trim 210 of an
uppermost panel 200 by a distance similar to a thickness of a
spacer 258 resting upon the upper plate 218. This spacer 258 can be
built into the top vent 250 by being bonded to the flashing 252. As
an alternative, the flashing 252 can be configured to be bent, such
as to accommodate the particular pitch of the roof R involved. The
flashing 252 is configured so that it extends downwardly as it
extends from the upper end 254 to the lower end 256 along its
entire length, so that no pooling of water occurs upon the flashing
252. Water would then fall off of the lower end 256 of the flashing
252 and down onto the uppermost panel 200.
[0108] Air circulation can occur through the spacer 258, such as
through channels therein along arrow 260 of FIG. 25. A similar form
of spacer 258 can be provided between top trim 210 of one panel 200
and bottom trim 220 of an adjacent panel 200, so that air
circulation pathways 260 can be provided between each joint of
adjacent but vertically spaced panels 200.
[0109] The stringers 190 extend substantially vertically so that
the air circulation pathways extend substantially vertically up the
slope of the roof R from the bottom vent 240 up through the top
vent 250 to provide thorough cooling airflow beneath the series of
panels 200. Alternatively, the stringers 190 could extend somewhat
laterally, but not completely horizontally, and still achieve
underlying support and allow for airflow beneath the panels 200. As
another alternative, the stringers 190 could extend completely
horizontally and appropriate relief holes could be formed in the
stringers 190 to allow airflow to extend vertically along the pitch
of the roof R and through such holes in the stringers 190.
[0110] Clips 270 are preferably provided mounted on the stringers
190 and adjacent a lowermost edge of the stringers 190 adjacent
bottom trim 220 of lowermost panels 200 of the overall series of
panels 200. These clips 270 are depicted in FIGS. 17-19. The clips
are provided to hold down the bottom trim 220 and lower edge of the
lowermost panel 200, such as to resist wind loads from causing a
lowermost panel 200 to fly upward. The clip 270 also simultaneously
accommodates some degree of thermal expansion and contraction
between the stringers 190 and the panels 200.
[0111] Each clip 270 preferably includes a substantially planar
plate 272 with an upper edge 274 spaced from a lower edge 276. The
height of the clip 270 between the upper edge 274 and lower edge
276 is preferably slightly greater than a thickness of the
stringers 190. The lower edge 276 is preferably aligned with a
lower edge of the stringers 190 so that the upper edge 274 extends
higher than an upper edge of the stringers 190 somewhat. A slot 278
is formed in the plate 272 slightly below the upper edge 274 and
open at a bottom edge of the plate 272. The foot 228 of the bottom
trim 220 of a lowermost one of the panels 200 can then slide into
this slot 278 to hold the bottom trim 220 and lower edge of the
panel 200 adjacent the stringer 190. The clip 270 is preferably
fastened through holes therein to the stringer 190. As an
alternative, the stringer 190 could be formed with the clips 270
provided as an integral portion of each stringer 190.
[0112] With particular reference to FIG. 26, details of lateral
edge flashing 280 are described. Lateral edge flashing 280 is
provided to integrate lateral edges of an array of the panels 200
into adjacent roofing R, such as shingles. In particular, the edge
flashing 280 preferably includes a top plate 282 adapted to reside
over a lateral edge of a panel 200, a bottom plate 284 adapted to
reside upon a moisture barrier of the roof R, and a mid plate 286
joining the bottom plate 284 to the top plate 282. Shingles or
other roofing materials are provided upon the bottom plate 284.
[0113] With the edge flashing 280 being substantially continuous
between the top plate 282 and bottom plate 284, the ability of
water to migrate laterally beneath the panels 200 from lateral
edges thereof is precluded.
[0114] The panels 200 can be electrically coupled together the same
as with the embodiment of FIGS. 1-14, with wiring merely routed as
required underneath the panels 200.
[0115] This disclosure is provided to reveal a preferred embodiment
of the invention and a best mode for practicing the invention.
Having thus described the invention in this way, it should be
apparent that various different modifications can be made to the
preferred embodiment without departing from the scope and spirit of
this invention disclosure. When structures are identified as a
means to perform a function, the identification is intended to
include all structures which can perform the function specified.
When structures of this invention are identified as being coupled
together, such language should be interpreted broadly to include
the structures being coupled directly together or coupled together
through intervening structures. Such coupling could be permanent or
temporary and either in a rigid fashion or in a fashion which
allows pivoting, sliding or other relative motion while still
providing some form of attachment, unless specifically
restricted.
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