U.S. patent application number 12/601639 was filed with the patent office on 2010-11-25 for mutated parvovirus structural proteins as vaccines.
This patent application is currently assigned to Ludwig-Maximillians-Universitaet. Invention is credited to Hildegard Buening, Michael Hallek, Markus Hoerer, Daniela Kuehn, Kerstin Lux, John Nieland, Luca Perabo, Mirko Ritter.
Application Number | 20100297177 12/601639 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 38860997 |
Filed Date | 2010-11-25 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100297177 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Buening; Hildegard ; et
al. |
November 25, 2010 |
MUTATED PARVOVIRUS STRUCTURAL PROTEINS AS VACCINES
Abstract
The present invention is related to a method for identifying a
parvovirus mutated structural protein capable of specifically
binding to a binder for an antigen, a parvovirus mutated structural
protein which comprises at least one B-cell epitope heterologous to
the parvovirus, a multimeric structure comprising the protein, a
nucleic acid encoding the protein, a virus or cell comprising the
protein, a method of preparing the protein, a medicament comprising
the protein, nucleic acid or multimeric structure and its use.
Inventors: |
Buening; Hildegard;
(Cologne, DE) ; Nieland; John; (Aarhus, DK)
; Perabo; Luca; (Cologne, DE) ; Kuehn;
Daniela; (Munich, DE) ; Lux; Kerstin; (Munich,
DE) ; Hallek; Michael; (Cologne, DE) ; Hoerer;
Markus; (Planegg, DE) ; Ritter; Mirko;
(Planegg, DE) |
Correspondence
Address: |
CLARK & ELBING LLP
101 FEDERAL STREET
BOSTON
MA
02110
US
|
Assignee: |
Ludwig-Maximillians-Universitaet
Munich
DE
Klinikum der Universitaet zu Koeln
Cologne
DE
|
Family ID: |
38860997 |
Appl. No.: |
12/601639 |
Filed: |
June 2, 2008 |
PCT Filed: |
June 2, 2008 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/EP2008/004366 |
371 Date: |
March 23, 2010 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60932446 |
May 31, 2007 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
424/233.1 ;
435/235.1; 435/69.1; 506/9; 514/1.1; 530/350; 536/23.72 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 39/00 20130101;
G01N 33/56983 20130101; A61P 37/06 20180101; A61K 2039/5256
20130101; A61P 1/04 20180101; A61P 29/00 20180101; A61P 31/04
20180101; A61P 37/00 20180101; C07K 2317/34 20130101; C07K 16/081
20130101; C07K 16/4291 20130101; C07K 14/005 20130101; G01N 2500/04
20130101; A61P 37/04 20180101; C12N 2750/14122 20130101; A61P 9/10
20180101; A61P 31/00 20180101; A61P 37/08 20180101; A61P 25/00
20180101; A61P 19/02 20180101; A61P 31/18 20180101; C12N 2750/14143
20130101; A61P 11/06 20180101; A61P 27/02 20180101; G01N 2333/015
20130101; A61P 25/28 20180101; A61P 35/00 20180101; C07K 2317/76
20130101; A61P 3/00 20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/233.1 ;
506/9; 530/350; 536/23.72; 435/235.1; 435/69.1; 514/1.1 |
International
Class: |
A61K 39/23 20060101
A61K039/23; C40B 30/04 20060101 C40B030/04; C07K 14/00 20060101
C07K014/00; C07H 21/04 20060101 C07H021/04; C12N 7/01 20060101
C12N007/01; C12P 21/00 20060101 C12P021/00; A61K 38/00 20060101
A61K038/00; A61P 37/04 20060101 A61P037/04 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jul 6, 2007 |
EP |
07013264.2 |
Claims
1-33. (canceled)
34. A method for identifying a parvovirus mutated structural
protein capable of specifically binding to a binder for an antigen,
the method comprising the steps of: a) providing a library of
parvovirus virions expressing at least one mutated parvovirus
structural protein, b) providing a binder for an antigen, c)
selecting at least one parvovirus virion specifically binding to
the binder, and d) identifying i) the parvovirus mutated structural
protein or a mutated part thereof, or ii) the gene or a mutated
part thereof encoding the parvovirus mutated structural protein of
the parvovirus virion selected in step c).
35. The method of claim 34 wherein the at least one parvovirus
virion selected in step c) is amplified by viral replication and
subsequent packaging in a production cell under suitable conditions
and wherein at least steps b) to c) are repeated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, or 10 times.
36. The method according to claim 34, wherein the selecting step is
performed using a binder immobilized on a carrier.
37. The method according to claim 34, wherein the selection step is
performed using a binder in suspension.
38. The method according to claim 34, wherein selected parvovirus
virion is further selected for non-binding to a second binder.
39. The method according to claim 34, wherein the method further
comprises the steps of e) randomizing the gene encoding the
parvovirus mutated structural protein, f) packaging the randomized
genes into a further library of parvoviruses, and g) repeating the
steps a)-d).
40. The method according to claim 34, wherein the parvovirus
mutated structural protein further comprises at least one random
mutation compared to the respective parvovirus wild type structural
protein.
41. The method according to claim 40, wherein the parvovirus is
selected from the group consisting of adeno-associated virus (AAV),
bovine AAV (b-AAV), canine AAV (CAAV), canine parvovirus (CPV),
mouse parvovirus, minute virus of mice (MVM), B19, H1, avian AAV
(AAAV), feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and goose parvovirus
(GPV).
42. The method according to claim 40, wherein the AAV is AAV-1,
AAV-2, AAV-3b, AAV-4, AAV-5, AAV-6, AAV-7, AAV-8, AAV-9, AAV-10,
AAV-11 or AAV-12.
43. The method according to claim 34, wherein the library of
parvovirus virions is produced by transfecting a plasmid library
into production cells under suitable conditions wherein a low copy
number of viral genomes equal to or less than 100 genomes per cell
is used, resulting in a geno-/phenotypically coupled library.
44. The method according to claim 34, wherein the library of
parvovirus is produced by transducing the library into production
cells under suitable conditions at a ratio of genomes per cell of 5
to 5,000 and selecting transduction conditions to be independent
from infection pathways resulting in a geno-/phenotypically coupled
library.
45. The method according to claim 44, wherein the transduction of
the parvovirus virion library is performed using production cells
seeded on immobilized parvovirus virions.
46. The method according to claim 43 or 44, wherein the library has
a genotype/phenotype coupling of at least 5%.
47. The method according to claim 34, wherein the parvovirus mutant
structural protein comprises at least one insertion of 4-30 amino
acids.
48. The method according to claim 34, wherein the insertion
comprises two cysteins capable of forming a disulfide bond to form
a loop consisting of inserted amino acids.
49. The method according to claim 34, wherein the parvovirus
mutated structural protein comprises at least one further mutation
selected from a point mutation, an internal or terminal deletion, a
second insertion and a substitution.
50. The method according to claim 49, wherein the second insertion
is a tag useful for binding to a ligand.
51. The method according to claim 47 or 49, wherein a) the
insertion is inserted into one or more positions selected from the
group consisting of I-1, I-34, I-138, I-139, I-161, I-261, I-266,
I-381, I-447, I-448, I-453, I-459, I-471, I-534, I-570, I-573,
I-584, I-587, I-588, I-591, I-657, I-664, I-713 and I-716; or b)
the insertion is inserted into two positions selected from the
group consisting of I-261, I-453, I-534, I-570, I-573 and
I-587.
52. A parvovirus mutated structural protein obtained by the method
of claim 34.
53. A parvovirus mutated structural protein which comprises at
least one B-cell epitope heterologous to the parvovirus wherein the
B-cell epitope is located on the surface of the virus.
54. The parvovirus mutated structural protein according to claim 53
wherein the B-cell epitope is a tolerogen-derived epitope.
55. The parvovirus mutated structural protein according to claim 53
wherein the B-cell epitope is a part of a protein selected from the
group consisting of a tumor antigen, a misfolded protein, a serum
protein, a membrane protein, a TNF-family member, an interleukin,
CETP, CD20, acetylcholine receptors, IL13R, EGFR, IgE, Melan A, HMW
MAA, CA125, Her2/NEU, L1 cell adhesion molecule, VEGF, EGFR, CD20,
TNF-.alpha., IL-6, IL9, IL-13, IL-17, and .beta.-amyloid.
56. The parvovirus mutated structural protein according to claim
53, wherein the parvovirus mutated structural protein is capable of
inducing an immunoglobulin capable of binding to a target
antigen.
57. The parvovirus mutated structural protein according to claim 53
wherein the B-cell epitope comprises an anti-idiotypic
epi-/mimotope of an anti-IgE antibody, and/or an IgE
tolerogen-derived epi-/mimotope.
58. The parvovirus mutated structural protein according to claim 53
wherein the B-cell epitope it is inserted into (i) I-453 or (ii)
I-587 or (iii) I-453 and I-587.
59. The parvovirus mutated structural protein according to claim
53, wherein the protein is fused to a second protein or
peptide.
60. A multimeric structure comprising a parvovirus mutated
structural protein of claim 53.
61. A nucleic acid coding for a parvovirus mutated structural
protein according to claim 53.
62. A virus comprising a parvovirus mutated structural protein
according to claim 53 or a nucleic acid according to claim 61.
63. A method of preparing a structural protein according to claim
52, the method comprising the steps of: a) expressing a nucleic
acid coding for a parvovirus mutated structural protein which
comprises at least one B-cell epitope heterologous to the
parvovirus wherein the B-cell epitope is located on the surface of
the virus by cultivating a cell comprising the nucleic acid under
suitable conditions, and b) isolating the expressed parvovirus
mutated structural protein of step a).
64. A medicament comprising at least one parvovirus mutated
structural protein according to any of claims 53 or a nucleic acid
according to claim 61.
65. The medicament according to claim 64, wherein the medicament is
a vaccine.
66. A method of preventing or treating an autoimmune disease, a
tumor disease, an allergic disease, a metabolic disease, an
inflammatory disease, a neurological disease or to be used in
ophthalmology, comprising the step of administering to a subject
need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the medicament
of claim 64.
Description
[0001] The present invention is related to a method for identifying
a parvovirus mutated structural protein capable of specifically
binding to a binder for an antigen, a parvovirus mutated structural
protein which comprises at least one B-cell epitope heterologous to
the parvovirus, a multimeric structure comprising the protein, a
nucleic acid encoding the protein, a virus or cell comprising the
protein, a method of preparing the protein, a medicament comprising
the protein, nucleic acid or multimeric structure and its use.
[0002] Monoclonal antibody therapies have been one of the most
successful therapy forms of new drug developments over the last
couple of years in therapeutic fields such as oncology, autoimmune
and inflammatory diseases. In monoclonal antibody therapies
patients are injected with a specific monoclonal antibody that
recognizes the antigen involved in the disease. Antibodies
recognize their antigen with the variable domain of the antibody
which is also referred to as the idiotype of the antibody.
[0003] However, monoclonal antibody therapies also have certain
drawbacks. It can be observed that, if the concentration of a
specific antibody with one particular idiotype is too high, the
patient's immune system develops an antibody response against the
idiotype of the therapeutic monoclonal antibody and thereby limits
its efficacy. This kind of antibody that recognizes an antibody's
idiotype is referred to as an anti-idiotypic antibody. In addition,
antibodies to monoclonal therapeutic antibodies directed against
other parts of the monoclonals often limit efficacy of a passive
antibody therapy. Therefore, many of the monoclonal antibody drugs
need to be used in combination with the traditional
immunosuppression regiments, increasing the overall treatment
costs. Furthermore, active suppression of the patient's immune
system is detrimental especially, if an intact immune system is
required to control the stage of disease such as for oncological
indications.
[0004] As being a passive vaccination against the target antigen
the monoclonal antibody has to be injected frequently depending on
the half life of the antibody within the serum of the patient.
Therefore, such treatments are expensive and inconvenient for the
patients.
[0005] An alternative for such monoclonal antibody therapies
already exists exemplified by a number of clinical developments
using anti-idiotype antibodies as drugs. Such anti-idiotypic
antibody therapies are based on the fact (see above) that the
patient's immune system can induce an antibody response against the
idiotype of an antibody. If one uses a monoclonal antibody
expressing a functional imitation of a target epitope (paratope or
mimotope) as an idiotype, the patient's immune system will generate
a polyclonal antibody response wherein a subset of these antibodies
is able to cross-react with the target epitope in the patient. Such
antibody expressing a paratope is referred to an anti-idiotypic
antibody (based on Jerne's network model of idiotypic relationships
(Jerne, 1974, Jerne et al., 1982). Thus, selective immunization
with an anti-idiotypic antibody can induce a specific immune
response directed against the original antigen (Varela and
Coutinho, 1991, Jefferis, 1993, Chatterjee et al., 1994).
[0006] Therefore, a vaccination with such an anti-idiotypic
antibody actively induces a polyclonal antibody response. As a
consequence such anti-idiotypic antibody vaccines have a number of
advantages over a passive immunization by a standard monoclonal
antibody. There is no antibody response towards the anti-idiotypic
antibody that limits its efficacy as exactly this immune response
is used as the therapeutic principle. Therefore, it is also not
necessary to combine the antibody treatment with an
immunosuppression regimen. And further, due to the fact that the
anti-idiotypic treatment is an active immunization, the drug only
has to be injected from time to time to boost the antibody response
generated by the patient himself maintaining a continuous titer of
specific antibodies. Additionally, anti-idiotype antibodies induce
a polyclonal antibody response against the target antigen that
hampers the potential mechanism for resistance to the treatment of
e.g. in tumor cells.
[0007] However, anti-idiotypic antibody therapies face major
disadvantages. The titers of the induced polyclonal antibody
response obtained by the vaccination with anti-idiotypic antibodies
are often not high enough to establish a beneficial treatment. This
is due to the lack of a strong antigen as a vaccine, since
antibodies per definition are not very immunogenic. Furthermore, it
is difficult to generate specific anti-idiotype vaccines because of
this lack of immunogenicity and technical difficulties to identify
anti-idiotypic antibodies.
[0008] A series of publications describes that an antigen placed in
the context of an ordered surface of a viral particle--here a
papilloma virus particle--can induce a B cell response that even
can abrogate B cell tolerance to such antigen by direct
crosslinking the respective B-cell receptor. Bovine papilloma
virus-like particles (VLPs) conjugated to an A.beta. peptide
through biotin were used to generate an immune response against the
self antigen A.beta. (Li et al., 2004). Further, this group used
bovine papilloma virus-like particles having the murine chemokine
receptor mCCR5 inserted into an immunodominant site of the viral L1
protein to immunize mice leading to sera with high anti-CCR5
antibody titers despite the fact that CCR5 is a selfantigen.
Further, a macaque L1-CCR5 fusion protein was used to immunize pig
tail macaques. 4 of the 5 test animals produced CCR5 specific
antibodies. In a further approach TNF-.alpha. was joined to VLPs by
way of a biotin-streptavidin interaction (Chackerian et al., 2001).
These VLPs were successful in generating an auto-antibody response
in mice, whereas these antibodies bound native TNF-a (U.S. Pat. No.
6,719,978).
[0009] Therefore, papilloma VLPs have been shown to be a suitable
backbone for the presentation of antigens to the immune system in
order to generate strong B cell responses, probably because of
their dense, ordered and closely packed array of vaccination
epitopes. Due do their exceptionally strong B cell induction
papilloma VLPs can be especially useful to overcome B cell
tolerance to self antigens.
[0010] However, it is questionable if epitopes linked by biotin or
inserted by an educated guess can possibly induce the generation of
auto-antibodies for a wide range of tolerogens, as advantageous
epitopes for vaccination may be three-dimensional and inserted
epitopes may refold due to the specific environment of the
insertion site. This is especially true for small antigens or
individual epitopes, where influences of the viral capsid backbone
are more relevant than in case of larger insertions.
[0011] Therefore, the problem of the instant invention was to find
alternative or even superior methods to identify drug candidates
useful as vaccines for the treatment of diseases, especially
accessible to antibody therapies that avoid one or more of the
above mentioned disadvantages (BPV based VLPs with conjugated or
manually inserted tolerogen-derived epitopes).
[0012] The problem is solved by a screening method for identifying
a parvovirus mutated structural protein capable of specifically
binding to a binder for an antigen, the method comprising the steps
of (a) providing a library of parvovirus virions expressing at
least one mutated parvovirus structural protein, (b) providing a
binder for an antigen, (c) selecting at least one parvovirus virion
specifically binding to the binder, and (d) identifying (i) the
parvovirus mutated structural protein or a mutated part thereof, or
(ii) the gene or a mutated part thereof encoding the parvovirus
mutated structural protein of the parvovirus virion selected in
step c).
[0013] Parvovirures, especially Adeno-associated virus type 2, are
well known in the art as viral vectors for gene therapy (Muzyczka,
1992). Further, the AAV2 structural proteins have been genetically
modified to change the cellular tropism of AAV2 and thereby direct
the virus to cells or tissues that are under normal conditions not
infected by the wild-type AAV2. The first successful retargeting of
AAV2 was published by Girod A. et al. (Girod et al., 1999), (WO
99/67393). The authors identified insertion sites for AAV that can
be modified e.g. by insertion of short peptide sequences without
destroying the capability of the structural proteins to assemble
into virions. The insertion of a peptide sequence of choice that is
displayed on the surface of the virion then leads to an altered
cell tropism that has successfully been tested in vivo (White et
al., 2004). The technology has been further developed to be used to
reduce the antigenicity of AAV to escape from the immune system of
patients that have neutralizing antibodies against AAV (Huttner et
al., 2003); (WO 01/05990) and to modify the AAV virion's
chromatographic properties to enable the efficient manufacture of
AAV vectors for gene therapy (WO 01/05991). This work has been
confirmed and further insertion sites have been identified (Shi et
al., 2001), especially tables 1-5, page 1708 "Identification of
optimal sites for heterologous ligand insertion"; (Shi and
Bartlett, 2003), US 2002/0192823; (Wu et al., 2000)).
[0014] To improve the technology of retargeting AAV to desired
cells or tissues, libraries of mutated structural proteins of AAV
have been constructed and successfully used for the selection of
AAV clones with altered cell tropism (Perabo et al., 2003, Lieber,
2003, Muller et al., 2003, WO 03/054197).
[0015] Parvovirus structural proteins have been known in the past
to form virus-like particles that can be used for vaccination
purposes. A vaccine containing hybrid recombinant parvovirus-like
particles of pig parvovirus (PPV) and canine parvovirus (CPV)
containing a CD8+ epitope from the lymphocytic choriomenigitis
virus (LCMV) nucleoprotein protected mice against lethal infection
with LCMV (Casal, 1999). The same was shown for PPV and CPV
virus-like particles (VLPs) containing the C3:T epitope from
poliovirus (Casal, 1999). Also B19 structural proteins have been
applied in epitope delivery for vaccination purposes. VP-2 capsid
proteins of human parvovirus B19 VLPs were used to display linear
epitopes of human herpes simplex virus type 1 and mouse hepatitis
virus A59 (Brown et al., 1994), U.S. Pat. No. 6,719,978).
[0016] However, these attempts have been used only for fairly large
pathogenic epitopes and not with tolerogens or small antigens or
even individual epitopes, where B cell tolerance has to be broken
to have a beneficial effect for the patient.
[0017] Screening methods using parvovirus libraries have been
previously described in WO 03/054197. Disclosed therein are
screening methods to identify parvoviruses with an altered cell
tropism. The authors further disclose an immunoselection step using
antibodies such as patient sera to remove immunogenic parvoviruses
from the pool of viruses (negative selection). However, a selection
of a parvovirus virions specifically binding to the binder, e.g.
for a virion binding to a therapeutic antibody, was not disclosed,
being a positive selection.
[0018] Medicaments according to the present invention have numerous
advantages over the prior art. The immune system of a mammal is
specialized to generate strong antibody responses against viral
capsid proteins due to the co-evolution of mammals and their immune
system on one hand and viruses on the other hand. Strong antibody
responses means titers of 1000 to 100.000 measured in a standard
ELISA. Virus-like particles are highly immunogenic due to
resemblance of a virus and thereby efficient uptake of such
particles by antigen-presenting cells. The size of the virion, the
density and symmetric order of B-cell epitopes and the optimal
distance of about 50 to 100 .ANG. between any two B-cell epitopes
plays a major role regarding very strong T-cell independent B-cell
responses mediated by direct cross-linking of the respective B-cell
receptor breaking even B-cell tolerance against self-antigens or
tolerogens (Szomolanyi-Tsuda and Welsh, 1998, Szomolanyi-Tsuda et
al., 1998, Szomolanyi-Tsuda et al., 2000, Szomolanyi-Tsuda et al.,
2001, Zinkernagel, 2002, Bachmann et al., 1993).
[0019] Taken together, such medicaments are capable of inducing a
polyclonal immune response against certain B-cell epitopes that
leads to an active immune response resulting in long lasting
antibody titers. The multimeric structure of the virion contains a
large number of densely packed identical epitopes directly
cross-linking the respective receptor on B-cells and, thereby,
inducing a T-cell independent B-cell response. The particulate
structure of the medicament further supports the immune response
via efficient uptake by antigen-presenting cells which activate
T-cells finally triggering IgG class switch and hypermutation of
activated B-cells, leading to the persistent release of
high-affinity IgG antibodies and differentiation of B-cells into
memory cells. Using the methods of the current invention such
medicaments can easily be screened and produced.
[0020] The following definitions explain how the defined terms are
to be interpreted in the context of the products, methods and uses
of the present invention:
[0021] A "structural protein" means a protein that is part of the
capsid of the virus. For parvoviruses the structural proteins are
generally referred to as VP-1, VP-2 and/or VP-3.
[0022] A "mutated structural protein" means a structural protein
that has at least one mutation in comparison to the respective
structural protein of the wild-type virus.
[0023] A "parvovirus" means a member of the family of Parvoviridae
containing several genera divided between 2 subfamilies
Parvovirinae (Parvovirus, Erythrovirus, Dependovirus, Amdovirus and
Bocavirus) and Densovirinae (Densovirus, Iteravirus,
Brevidensovirus, Pefudensovirus and Contravirus) (Fields: Virology,
fourth edition 2001, Volume 2, chapters 69 and 70, Lippincott
Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia;
http://virus.stanford.edu/parvo/parvovirus.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/fs_parvo.htm#SubFamily1).
Preferred parvoviruses are members of the genus Parvovirus, such as
AAV1, AAV2, AAV-3b, AAV-4, AAV-5, AAV-6, AAV-7, AAV-8, AAV-9,
AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, bovine AAV (b-AAV), canine AAV (CAAV), canine
parvovirus (CPV), mouse parvovirus, minute virus of mice (MVM),
B19, H1, avian AAV (AAAV), feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and
goose parvovirus (GPV).
[0024] Preferred parvoviruses are adeno-associated virus (AAV),
Bovine AAV (b-AAV), canine AAV (CAAV), canine parvovirus (CPV),
minute virus of mice (MVM), B19, H1, AAAV, feline panleukopenia
virus (FPV) and goose parvovirus (GPV). Especially preferred are
AAV1, AAV2, AAV-3b, AAV-4, AAV-5, AAV-6, AAV-7, AAV-8, AAV-9,
AAV10, AAV11 or AAV12, especially AAV2.
[0025] The term "binder" refers to a molecule that specifically
binds to its respective binding partner. Commonly used binders are
antibodies, especially monoclonal antibodies, antibody derivatives
such as single chain antibodies or antibody fragments. In principle
all classes of antibodies can be used, preferred are IgG
antibodies. Fragments or multimers of antibodies can equally be
used. Commonly used fragments are single chain antibodies, Fab- or
(Fab).sub.2-fragments. Examples of other suitable binders are
protein scaffolds such as anticalins or lipocalins (Nygren and
Skerra, 2004), receptors or parts thereof (e.g. soluble T-cell
receptors), ankyrine, microbodies or aptamers.
[0026] The term "specifically binds" means that two molecules A and
B, preferably proteins, bind to each other thereby generating
complex AB with an affinity (K.sub.D=k.sub.off/k.sub.on) of at
least K.sub.D=1.times.10.sup.-5 mol/l, preferably 1.times.10.sup.-7
mol/l, more preferably 1.times.10.sup.-8 mol/l, especially
1.times.10.sup.-9 mol/l.
[0027] The term "antigen" in the context of the products, methods
and uses of the present invention refers to any target antigen
against which an immune reaction should be induced. Such target
antigens are usually antigens that are susceptible to the humoral
immune response. They are usually proteins that may be
posttranslationally modified, as for example glycosylated proteins.
Preferred antigens are serum proteins, proteins that can be found
at least under certain conditions (e.g. in a disease state) in the
blood (e.g. CETP, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-.alpha.), and membrane proteins,
especially receptor proteins (e.g. CD20, acetylcholine receptors,
IL13R, EGFR). Especially preferred antigens are IgE, tumor-antigens
(e.g. Melan A, high molecular weight melanoma associated antigen
(HMW MAA), CA125, IL13R, Her2/NEU, L1 cell adhesion molecule),
VEGF, EGFR, CD20, IL-9, IL-13, CETP (cholesterol ester transfer
protein), TNF-family members (e.g. TNF-.alpha.), interleukins
(IL-6, IL-17) or misfolded proteins leading to a protein
aggregation and, therefore, causing conformational diseases (for an
overview see Uversky et al., 2006), e.g. .beta.-amyloid). Excluded
from the above definition of "antigen" are parvovirus antigens,
i.e. antigens inherent the unmutated parvovirus itself, e.g.
derived from B19 (Klenerman et al., 2002).
[0028] "Heterologous" in the context of the present invention means
a peptide sequence, e.g. an epitope that is not present on the
parvovirus wild-type viral capsid and/or structural protein.
[0029] A "tolerogen" is a self-antigen that is--in its natural
environment--accessible to the humoral immune system. It may be
either secreted or otherwise released from a living cell or
associated to the outer surface of or integrated into the cellular
membrane. Generally speaking tolerogens do--under normal
circumstances in contrast to e.g. autoimmune diseases--not evoke a
specific immune response due to tolerance against the antigen which
results from a previous exposure to the same antigen. Tolerance can
occur due to central tolerance or peripheral tolerance. Central
tolerance refers to tolerogens which corresponding antigens have
been exposed to T cells in the thymus leading to elimination of the
specific T cells. Peripheral tolerance occurs when
antigens/epitopes/mimotopes/paratopes are presented to T cells
without appropriate additional stimuli, commonly provided by
inflammation leading to anergy. Still, it has been observed that
tolerogens can induce to some extent regulatory B-cell responses
(Vogel et al., 2004).
[0030] In one preferred embodiment this invention relates to
tolerogens due to peripheral tolerance, preferably tolerogens
derived from tumor antigens/epitopes/mimo-topes/paratopes.
Tolerogens encompassed by this invention include peptides, nucleic
acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, preferably peptides.
[0031] Preferred tolerogens are antigens on the surface of a cell,
especially tumor cells, e.g. receptors, especially growth factor
receptors, tumor antigens, viral receptors, CD20, acetylcholine
receptors, interleukin receptors. Further preferred tolerogens can
be blood proteins such as interleukins, IgE, cytokines,
immunoglobulins, complement factors, CETP and VEGF.
[0032] A "tolerogen-derived epitope" of a specific tolerogen in the
context of the products, methods and uses of the present invention
refers to a B-cell epitope that
i) is identical to a B-cell epitope of the tolerogen, ii) a
derivative (e.g. a mutant) of a B-cell epitope of the tolerogen
that crossreacts with an antibody that binds the B-cell epitope of
the tolerogen, iii) a mimotope of a B-cell epitope of the
tolerogen, and/or iv) a paratope of a B-cell epitope of a
tolerogen.
[0033] The length of a tolerogen-derived epitope is typically 4-30,
preferably 5-20 and most preferably 5-15 amino acids.
[0034] The derivative of a B-cell epitope of a tolerogen may be
generated by one or more amino acid substitutions, preferably one
or more conservative amino acid substitutions, i.e. substitutions
that take place within a family of amino acids that are related in
their side chains and chemical properties. Examples of such
families are amino acids with basic side chains, with acidic side
chains, with non-polar aliphatic side chains, with non-polar
aromatic side chains, with uncharged polar side chains, with small
side chains, with large side chains etc. Further, derivatives may
be obtained by one or more single amino acid deletion(s) and/or
insertion(s).
[0035] "Crossreaction" or "crossreact" of B-cell epitopes with a
specific monoclonal antibody means according to this invention that
the affinity (K.sub.D) of the epitopes with the antibody are within
two magnitudes, preferably within one magnitude when comparing the
B-cell epitope to its derivative.
[0036] Tolerogen-derived epitopes within the multimeric structure
comprising parvovirus mutated structural proteins according to this
invention are identical, resemble or mimic antigen stretches of a
tolerogen that are--in their natural environment--accessible to the
immune system, e.g. epitopes of membrane protein located in the
extracellular part, serum proteins, immunoglobulins, plaque
proteins. Such antigen stretches are preferably located on the
surface of such protein within the body of a mammal, preferably a
human.
[0037] A "mimotope" is a non-linear structural epitope composed of
several amino acids derived from different regions of the linear
sequence of the structural protein located in close neighborhood
due to the overall tertiary structure of the capsid that is
specifically bound by an antibody, or a linear epitope mimicking a
discontiuous epitope of the structural protein.
[0038] A "paratope" is the antigen binding site that is
specifically bound by an antibody.
[0039] The mimotope or paratope in the context of the present
invention might consist of (parts of) the inserted peptide sequence
alone or might be composed of inserted peptide and parvovirus core
particle amino acid residues.
[0040] An "insertion" of (an) amino acid(s) is generally speaking
an insertion of at least one heterologous amino acid into the
sequence of--for this invention--a parvovirus structural protein.
`Heterologous` in this context means heterologous as compared to
the virus, from which the parvovirus structural protein is derived
from. The inserted amino acids can simply be inserted between two
given amino acids of the parvovirus structural protein. An
insertion of amino acids can also go along with a deletion of given
amino acids of the parvovirus structural protein at the site of
insertion, leading to a complete substitution (e.g. 10 given amino
acids are substituted by 10 or more inserted amino acids) or
partial substitution (e.g. 10 given amino acids are substituted by
8 inserted amino acids) of amino acids of the parvovirus structural
protein.
[0041] The invention relates to a method for identifying a
parvovirus mutated structural protein capable of specifically
binding to a binder for an antigen, the method comprising the steps
of (a) providing a library of parvovirus virions expressing at
least one mutated parvovirus structural protein, (b) providing a
binder for an antigen, (c) selecting at least one parvovirus virion
specifically binding to the binder, and (d) identifying (i) the
parvovirus mutated structural protein or a mutated part thereof, or
(ii) the gene or a mutated part thereof encoding the parvovirus
mutated structural protein, of the parvovirus virion selected in
step (c). The identified gene or mutated part thereof can then be
expressed in a cell to obtain the parvovirus mutated structural
protein or mutated part thereof.
[0042] For identification the at least one gene or the mutated part
thereof encoding the parvovirus mutated structural protein may be
transferred into a cell, and a cell producing the parvovirus
mutated structural protein capable of binding to the binder can be
identified. The gene or the mutated part thereof encoding the
parvovirus mutated structural protein can be cloned by transducing
the gene into a cell and a cellular clone producing the parvovirus
mutated structural protein capable of binding to the binder may be
identified. Additionally or alternatively, the gene encoding the
parvovirus mutated structural protein may be sequenced comprising
the individual steps of obtaining bound virions, optionally
amplifying the DNA contained within the virions, and sequencing.
Sequencing can be performed by standard methods, e.g. after
PCR-amplification of at least the part of the parvoviral structural
protein that contains the insert. Amplification products can be
cloned into a plasmid, and the plasmids can be transformed into
bacteria. Single clones can be sequenced and this sequence
information can then be used to generate AAV particles of clonal
origin.
[0043] In case of AAV the identified capsid sequences can be cloned
into a standard AAV helper plasmid or in a plasmid containing the
full AAV genome. For example, the 587 insertion site of AAV2 is
flanked by NotI/AscI restriction sites which can be used for
subcloning of the identified peptide-coding sequences into
different VP expression vectors. Alternatively, a large part of VP3
can be subcloned by BsiWI and a second restriction enzyme cutting
the vector backbone 3' of the cap ORF (e.g. XmaI in pUC19).
[0044] In a preferred embodiment the at least one parvovirus virion
selected in step c) of the method of the invention is amplified by
viral replication and subsequent packaging in a production cell
under suitable conditions, wherein at least steps b) to c) are
repeated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 times, preferably 1, 2,
3, 4 or 5 times. Optionally, a step for coupling genotype and
phenotype of a selected mixture of parvovirus virions can be
performed as it is described below for the coupling of a whole
library.
[0045] The general principle of the identification of such a
parvoviral mutated structural protein is that selections are done
using a library of viruses displaying a random peptide on the
capsid surface. Virus capsid mutants which are able to bind the
used binder, e.g. antibody, are selected, can be amplified and are
re-used for a new selection round. After each selection round the
selected sequences can be analyzed. A selected parvoviral mutated
structural protein clone and/or its respective nucleic acid
sequence is then used to generate a medicament, i.e. a vaccine.
[0046] Preferred binders for the carrying out the identification
step of the present invention are Fab or (Fab).sub.2 fragments. If
whole IgG antibodies are used, the coupling of the antibody to a
support such as a culture plate takes place at random so that the
library will be exposed to different parts of the IgG antibody
(e.g. the desired idiotype, or the large Fc part which is an
undesired event). Therefore, AAV particles which do not only bind
the antibody idiotype but which also can bind other parts of the
IgG antibodies will be finally isolated. This can be avoided by
using only Fab or (Fab).sub.2 fragments. If those fragments are
commercially not available for a specific monoclonal antibody, they
can be generated from whole IgG antibodies by commercial kits.
[0047] There are also alternatives how binding can be performed. In
one embodiment the selecting step is performed using a binder that
is immobilized on a carrier, preferably directly or via a linker.
Such linker can again be linked through a second site of the binder
(the first site is the site that is used for screening the library)
to a support or surface, e.g. of 12-well plate, e.g. using
antibodies as binders through an Fc-specific linker such as protein
A or G, sepharose, Fc-specific antibodies or -fragments. The
binding of the binder through a linker to the surface has the
advantage that the binder is bound in a directed fashion that can
avoid unspecific binding of parvovirus mutated structural proteins.
By this means, mainly the idiotype of the antibody will be exposed
to the particles of the library.
[0048] Supports or surfaces used for the method of the invention
can either be the surface of Petri dish, 12-well plate or alike,
but also suitable chromatography material such CNBr-activated
Sepharose. In the latter case a batch method using the
chromatography material in suspension can be used.
[0049] Alternatively, the selection step is performed using a
binder in suspension. Here, binder and parvovirus mutated
structural proteins are capable of forming complexes in suspension
which reflects the situation in vivo best. Such complexes can be
precipitated using standard immune precipitation with Fc-specific
antibodies or anti antibody affinity chromatography. Further,
binders can be captured by Sepharose A/G columns. Instead of
standard immune precipitation magnetic beads coupled to the
selection antibody or to any binder which binds to the modified
parvoviral particle can be used to isolate the desired
modifications out of the library pool.
[0050] Specificity of the selection step in either way can be
enhanced by addition of at least one washing step to remove unbound
or weakly bound parvovirus mutated structural proteins. Suitable
washing conditions are e.g. high salt concentrations or use of
detergents such as Tween.
[0051] Additionally, selected parvovirus virion is further selected
for non-binding to a second binder. Such binder might for example
be derived from antibodies neutralizing the respective core
particle. Another class of binder would be antibodies induced by
the same parvovirus virion without inserted peptide sequences. By
this means of selection, undesired immunodominant epitopes might be
excluded.
[0052] Transduction of the gene into a cell is preferably carried
out under conditions, where the uptake of the DNA is independent of
an infection pathway but occurs through unspecific uptake (e.g.
pinocytosis or phagocytosis) further described in more detail
below.
[0053] Alternatively or additionally, the selection step can be
carried out on cells expressing a specific receptor for a binder of
choice which is used for selecting the desired parvoviral variant.
E.g. cells can be used which express the Fc.gamma.RI receptor which
is specific for any binder comprising an Fc-part of an IgG
antibody. For this example, such Fc.gamma.RI expressing cells can
be transduced with a library pool of parvoviruses. First, a
negative selection can be performed to avoid unspecific selection
of parvoviral candidates which by themselves are able to transduce
cells independently from an interaction of a binder with
Fc.gamma.RI. Therefore, Fc.gamma.RI-expressing cells are incubated
with the library pool. The supernatant (pool of parvoviruses which
is not able to transduce the cells) is collected and subsequently
incubated with the binder of choice (e.g. selection antibody) to
perform the positive selection. In the positive selection
parvoviruses decorated with the binder will be able to transduce
Fc.gamma.RI expressing cells through attachment of the binder to
Fc.gamma.RI on the surface of the cells. The transduced cells can
subsequently be used to amplify the particles.
[0054] The specific affinity or avidity of the selected parvovirus
mutated structural proteins for the binder can be further enhanced
by the additional steps of (e) randomizing the gene encoding the
parvovirus mutated structural protein, (f) packaging the randomized
genes into a further library of parvoviruses and (g) repeating the
steps (a) to (d) of the above selection method.
[0055] In a preferred embodiment the parvovirus mutated structural
protein further comprises at least one random mutation compared to
the respective parvovirus wild type structural protein e.g. with
its mutated amino acid residue either directly or indirectly
contributing to the overall avidity or affinity of the respective
virus particle to the binder of an antigen due to the formation of
structural epitopes, mimotopes or paratopes.
[0056] Further mutation of the capsid protein might be adequate to
e.g. i) introduce additional or even identical B-cell epitopes of
the same target antigen, and/or ii) B-cell epitopes of one or more
further target protein(s) (multi-target vaccine), T-helper 1
(T.sub.H1) epitope(s) to further promote the desired T.sub.H1
immune response, peptide sequence(s) to target antigen-presenting
cells, or to obtain capsid mutants with reduced immunogenicity of
the core particle. The latter might be one possibility to setup an
efficient prime/boost regimen.
[0057] In a further preferred embodiment the further mutation might
be adequate to introduce at least one cytotoxic T-cell epitope (CTL
epitope). For both infectious diseases and cancer it is most useful
to combine both humoral and cellular immune responses to fight
these diseases. The multimeric structures according to this
invention are in principle capable of pseudo-infecting cells.
Accordingly these structures--like viruses--are able to enter
cells, are processed to peptides, the peptides are loaded onto MHC
class I and II molecules and finally presented to CD8- or
CD4-positive T cells. The T-cells become stimulated after specific
recognition of such processed peptide presented by MHC class I or
II molecules.
[0058] As a consequence of such stimulation CD8 cells may
differentiate into cytotoxic T cells and then cause a cellular
immune response. CD4 cells may develop into T helper cells which
stimulate B cells to provide a humoral immune response or
CD8-positive T cells to provide a cytotoxic immune response, which
may themselves induce lysis of infected cells and other cells
carrying and presenting the same peptide. Suitable CTL epitopes are
known in the art for various cancer antigens or viral antigens, or
they can be predicted from given antigen sequences using for
example the peptide prediction program by Parker under
http://www-bimas.cit.nih.gov/molbio/hla_bind/ {Parker, 1994 #865}.
Proposed CTL epitopes can be validated according to the methods as
exemplified for HPV-epitopes in U.S. Pat. No. 6,838,084, examples
2-8 (herein incorporated by reference). As processing of CTL
epitopes occurs within the cell it is not necessary that such CTL
epitopes are located on the surface or are present in a specific
conformation.
[0059] It is a preferred embodiment of the present invention that
an identical B-cell epitope is inserted at two insertion sites,
especially in 1-587 and 1-453, if it is key to have a large number
of identical peptides being optimally presented on the surface of a
capsid, especially in the case if direct B-cell receptor (BCR)
crosslinking is required for T-cell independent priming of B-cells
and breaking of tolerance against self-antigens. A higher density
of B-cell epitopes increases the likelihood of optimal
peptide-specific BCR crosslinking which requires a defined distance
between BCRs (e.g. about 5-10 nm), and therefore, respective B-cell
epitopes being presented on a parvovirus capsid. As shown in this
invention (FIG. 19), identical insertions of--in this case a
.beta.-amyloid epitope--into parvovirus capsids at two (or more)
different sites at a time can lead to a higher affinity of the
capsid to an antibody specifically recognizing the inserted
epitope, here the .beta.-amyloid epitope at insertion sites 1-453
and 1-587. Consequently, in this case it is preferred that the
inserted peptide is a B-cell epitope, more preferred a
tolerogen-derived epitope. Therefore, it is an especially preferred
embodiment of this invention that an identical peptide is inserted
at I-453 and I-587 and that this peptide is a B-cell epitope, most
preferred a tolerogen-derived epitope.
[0060] Further preferred double insertion variants are all possible
combinations of I-261, I-453, I-534, I-570, I-573 and I-587,
preferably I-261 in combination with I-587 and I-261 in combination
with I-453.
[0061] Moreover, a larger number of inserted B-cell epitopes
decreases the probability for undesired immune reactions against
the parvovirus backbone due to i) masking of natural parvovirus
B-cell epi/mimotopes and/or ii) slight structural capsid changes
rendering these natural B-cell epi/mimotopes less immunogenic.
Accordingly, parvovirus structural proteins comprising at least
three insertions are especially preferred.
[0062] In a preferred embodiment genotype and phenotype of each
virion particle of the library is coupled. This means that the
genomic mutant of the virion is identical to the phenotypic mutant
of the same virion or, in other words, that each structurally
modified virus codes for its structural protein mutant.
[0063] In contrast to a bacterial transformation, where only one
bacteriophage is taken up by one bacterial cell, using transfection
methods for eukaryotic cells many DNA copies (up to
1.times.10.sup.6) can be taken up per cell (Dean et al., 2005).
Therefore, in the case of an AAV library one cell can replicate
thousands of AAV genomes at the same time where each may express a
different mutated structural protein with a different peptide
sequence inserted into VP-1, VP-2, and/or VP-3 of AAV. At least
some of these structural proteins can assemble a complete viral
capsid (consisting of 5 VP-1, 5 VP-2 and 50 VP-3 proteins)
encapsidating only one of the thousands of AAV genomes present in
the cell. In case of a geno-/phenotypically coupled library at
least 10%, preferably more than 25%, especially more than 50% of
the resulting AAV particles have an encapsulated genome which codes
for at least 25%, preferably more than 50%, especially more than
80% of the 60 VP proteins of which its capsid is composed. As a
consequence, if an uncoupled library was used for a first screening
against a target antibody, the chance that screened particles
contained the genome coding for this specific peptide sequence
might be very low.
[0064] In general, geno-/phenotypically coupled virion
particles/libraries are obtained when introducing one single copy
of the virus genome into each virion production cell entering the
cell nucleus. This cell will only produce capsid protein variants
encoded of exactly the introduced genome which is replicated and
afterwards packaged into the mutant virion particle. Different
experimental settings can ensure this:
[0065] To obtain a geno-/phenotypically coupled library of
parvovirus virions a library of parvovirus virions is produced by
transfecting a plasmid library into production cells under suitable
conditions whereas a low copy number of viral genomes equal to or
less than 100 genomes per cell is used, preferably equal to or less
than 10 genomes, more preferably equal to or less than one genome
per cell, resulting in geno-/phenotypically coupled
virions/library. The overall transfection efficacy will be finally
decisive for the ideal number of virus genomes per cell to be
transfected.
[0066] The required amount of virus plasmid can be quantified, if
e.g. autonomous replicating plasmids with similar size as the virus
genome encoding a reporter gene such as GFP are used as a model
system. Autonomous replicating plasmids are e.g. systems comprising
SV40 origin of replication and large T antigen or the EBV (ebstein
barr virus) P1 origin and EBNA. Increasing amounts of the
self-replicating reporter gene plasmid are cotransfected with
carrier DNA such as empty plasmid DNA (e.g. pUC derivates) keeping
the amount of total DNA constant. In theory, each cell transfected
with the reporter gene plasmid will, due to its self-replication,
express sufficient amounts of reporter protein to be detected. At
some ratio of reporter gene vector to carrier DNA, a further
increase of reporter gene plasmid will lead to a corresponding
increase in the number of transfected cells. By this means, the
ideal amount of self-replicating reporter gene plasmid can be
determined, reflecting the ideal amount of vector genomes.
[0067] Similarly, another read-out system for detection of
successfully transfected cells are methods such as in-situ PCR to
detect the transfected plasmid genome on a single cell level.
[0068] Alternatively, the geno-/phenotypically coupled library of
parvovirus virions can be produced by transducing a (non- or
partially coupled) virion library into production cells under
suitable conditions at a ratio of genomes per cell of 5 to 5,000,
preferably 10 to 1,000, more preferably 50 to 300, especially
approximately 100, and selecting transduction conditions to be
independent from infection pathways, particularly through
unspecific uptake through pinocytosis and/or phagocytosis,
resulting in geno-/phenotypically coupled virions/library. As it is
known that a peptide insertion into the I-587 site of AAV2
frequently destroys (dependent of the sequence of the inserted
peptide) the heparin binding motif required for efficient infection
of HSPG-receptor containing cells such as HeLa or 293 cells, simple
infection methods could bias the screening method and lead only to
mutants that still can enter HeLa cells specifically through the
respective receptor, in case of AAV2 through heparan sulfate
proteoglycan (HSPG). Therefore, an unspecific uptake of the virus
particle by the production cell is advantageous. Such unspecific
uptake can be achieved by seeding production cells on immobilized
parvovirus virions. A preferred embodiment relates therefore to a
method, whereas the transduction of the parvovirus virion library
is performed using production cells seeded on immobilized
parvovirus virions. For this method, the virions are directly
coated to a support/surface, e.g. a tissue culture plate.
Alternatively, first a capsid specific antibody (in case of AAV2
for example A20) is coated to the support/surface and second the
capsids are bound to the coated antibodies. The advantage in the
latter case is that the antibody/virus particle complex,
respectively the virus particle itself is more efficiently detached
from the support/surface and thereby internalized by the cell.
Importantly, introduction of foreign peptide sequences into I-587
of AAV2 does not destroy the affinity of A20 to the respective
mutant particle as the epitopes of A20 are hardly, if at all,
affected by the peptide insertion. The cells, e.g. HeLa cells, are
finally seeded on the bound capsids. It is expected that this
procedure leads to an uptake of the virus, e.g. AAV, by the cell
independent of the natural infectious pathway, presumably by
pinocytosis and/or phagocytosis.
[0069] In a further preferred embodiment a geno-/phenotypically
coupled library of parvovirus virions can be obtained by a method
where selected virions are specifically taken up by production
cells. In this case the library of parvovirus virions is produced
by transducing the library into production cells under suitable
conditions at a ratio of genomes per cell of 10 to 10,000,
preferably 50 to 5,000, more preferably 100 to 3,000, especially
approximately 1,000, wherein transduction conditions are selected
to be dependent on infection pathways, particularly through
specific receptor binding, resulting in geno-/phenotypically
coupled virions/library. In order to achieve such receptor-specific
uptake the virions of the library are preferably not immobilized
but added to the cells in suspension, whereas both cells and
virions can be in suspension or cells are immobilized and virions
are added in suspension. Therefore, the transfection of the cells
is basically dependent on the virus's infection pathway. In this
context it is conceivable to transduce Fc.gamma.RI expressing cells
as described above but incubating the selected pool with A20
antibody-decorated AAV particles (instead of incubating the pool
with a binder).
[0070] Dependence on infection pathways means that virions are
taken up by the cells e.g. through receptor-specific uptake, e.g.
for AAV2 heparin sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG)-specific uptake (e.g.
for virion libraries where natural infection pathways are not
blocked or destroyed by the inserted random peptide sequences). For
AAV2 particles with peptide sequences being inserted into 1-587,
infection of cells will work as long as the capsid contains
sufficient HSPG binding motifs or binding motifs for secondary
receptors expressed on the cell line used for the coupling step. An
AAV capsid consists of 60 capsid proteins each containing the I-587
insertion site. Therefore, mosaic capsid virions containing a given
percentage of wild-type sequence capsid proteins will still be able
to infect cells via HSPG or secondary receptors. Alternatively,
virions with peptide insertions partially restoring the affinity to
HSPG or secondary receptors will be able to infect cells such as
HeLa or 293. Especially peptide sequences containing basic amino
acid residues such as lysine or arginine at the correct position
have been shown to restore the natural HSPG infection pathway of
I-587 AAV capsid mutants. Given the frequency of basic amino acid
residues in a 7 mer random sequence and given the fact that an AAV
capsid consists of 60 capsid proteins, many if not most of the
virions of a non-coupled I-587 AAV2 library consisting of particles
with a mosaic capsid will still infect cells to a certain degree
via HSPG receptor-mediated uptake.
[0071] To keep biodiversity of the library during the coupling step
(either by transfection of virus genomes or by cell transduction
with virion particles by either means, uptake or infection), always
an at least 10-fold, preferably 100-fold, especially 500-fold
excess of genomic particles compared to the multiplicity of
parvoviral mutants should be transduced in order to ensure that
each virus variant is amplified. To further ensure that each virus
is coupled in the resulting library an at least 2-fold, preferably
at least 5-fold excess of cells is to be used compared to total
number of genomic particles.
[0072] Geno-/phenotype coupling is desired as the genetic
information of the packed DNA can easily be used to obtain the
sequence of those particles having high affinity or avidity to the
respective antigen binder. It is an object of the invention to use
for the identification of a parvovirus mutated structural protein
such geno-/phenotypically coupled libraries with a coupling of at
least 5%, preferably of at least 25% and more preferably of at
least 50%, especially at least 90%.
[0073] In a preferred embodiment the library has a multiplicity of
parvoviral mutants of greater than 10.sup.5, preferably greater
than 10.sup.6, especially greater than 10.sup.7.
[0074] Multiplicity means according to this invention the number of
different virions or viral genomes within the library. In principal
it is advantageous to use a library of high multiplicity as the
likelihood to identify a suitable or even ideal clone increases
with the multiplicity of the library.
[0075] The multiplicity of the library is generated by insertion of
a nucleic acid insert into the coding region of the gene encoding a
parvoviral structural protein leading to an amino acids insertion
at a particular position within the parvoviral structural
protein.
[0076] It is preferred according to this invention that the
insertion(s) is inserted into one or more positions selected from
the group consisting of I-1,I-34, I-138, I-139, I-161, I-261,
I-266, I-381, I-447, I-448, I-453, I-459, I-471, I-534, I-570,
I-573, I-584, I-587, I-588, I-591, I-657, I-664, I-713 and I-716,
more preferably I-261, I-453, I-534, I-570, I-573 and I-587,
especially I-587.
[0077] The used nomenclature I-### refers to the insertion site
with ### naming the amino acid number relative to the VP1 protein
of AAV2, however meaning that the insertion may be located directly
N- or C-terminal, preferably directly C-terminal of one amino acid
in the sequence of 5 amino acids N- or C-terminal of the given to
amino acid, preferably 3, more preferably 2, especially 1 amino
acid(s) N- or C-terminal of the given amino acid. For parvoviruses
other than AAV2 the corresponding insertion sites can be identified
by performing an amino acid alignment or by comparison of the
capsid structures, if available. Such alignment has been performed
for the parvoviruses AAV1, AAV-6, AAV2, AAV-3b, AAV-7, AAV-8,
AAV10, AAV-4, AAV11, b-AAV, AAV-5, GPV, B19, MVM, FPV and CPV (see
FIG. 1).
[0078] For example the insertion site I-587 corresponds to an
insertion before and/or after one of the following amino acids
indicated by emphasis
TABLE-US-00001 SEQ ID NO: 1: FQSSS TDPAT of AAV1, SEQ ID NO: 2:
LQRGN.sub.587 RQAAT of AAV2, SEQ ID NO: 3: LQSSN TAPTT of AAV-3b,
SEQ ID NO: 4: LQSSS TDPAT of AAV-6, SEQ ID NO: 5: LQAAN TAAQT of
AAV-7, SEQ ID NO: 6: LQQQN TAPQI of AAV-8, SEQ ID NO: 7: LQQAN
TGPIV of AAV10, SEQ ID NO: 8: NQNAT TAPIT of AAV11 and SEQ ID NO:
9: NQSST TAPAT of AAV-5.
[0079] Further, the insertion site I-453 corresponds to an
insertion directly N- or C-terminal of the following ten amino
acids each, preferably directly C-terminal of the amino acid
indicated by emphasis
TABLE-US-00002 SEQ ID NO: 10: QNQSG SAQNK of AAV1, SEQ ID NO: 11:
NTPSG.sub.453 TTTQS of AAV2, SEQ ID NO: 12: GTTSG TTNQS of AAV-3b,
SEQ ID NO: 13: QNQSG SAQNK of AAV-6, SEQ ID NO: 14: SNPGG TAGNR of
AAV-7, SEQ ID NO: 15: QTTGG TANTQ of AAV-8, SEQ ID NO: 16: QSTGG
TQGTQ of AAV10, SEQ ID NO: 17: SGETL NQGNA of AAV11 and SEQ ID NO:
18: FVSTN NTGGV of AAV-5.
[0080] Relating to the AAV2 sequence insertion sites for AAV and
other parvoviruses encompassed by this invention are listed in
Table 1.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 1 Insertion sites for parvoviruses Insertion
site corresp. amino acid/sequence of AAV2 References I-1 M.sub.1
M.sub.1 AADGY SEQ ID NO: 19 (Wu et al., 2000) I-34 P.sub.34
PPPKP.sub.34 AERHK SEQ ID NO: 20 (Wu et al., 2000) I-138 T.sub.138
EPVKT.sub.138 APGKK SEQ ID NO: 21 (Wu et al., 2000, Warrington et
al., 2004, Lux et al., 2005) I-139 A.sub.139 PVKTA.sub.139 PGKKR
SEQ ID NO: 22 (Shi et al., 2001, Shi and Bartlett, 2003, Arnold et
al., 2006) I-161 K.sub.161 SGTGK.sub.161 AGQQP SEQ ID NO: 23 (Shi
et al., 2001, Arnold et al., 2006) I-261 S.sub.261 YKQIS.sub.261
SQSGA SEQ ID NO: 24 (Girod et al., 1999) I-266 A.sub.266
SQSGA.sub.266 SNDNH SEQ ID NO: 25 (Wu et al., 2000) I-381 N.sub.381
YLILN.sub.381 NGSQA SEQ ID NO: 26 (Girod et al., 1999) I-453
G.sub.453 NTPSG.sub.453 TTTQS SEQ ID NO: 11 data of this invention
I-447 R.sub.447 YYLSR.sub.447 TNTPS SEQ ID NO: 27 (Girod et al.,
1999, Wu et al., 2000) I-448 T.sub.448 YLSRT.sub.448 NTPSG SEQ ID
NO: 28 (Grifman et al., 2001) I-459 R.sub.459 TTQSR.sub.459 LQFSQ
SEQ ID NO: 29 (Shi et al., 2001, Arnold et al., 2006) I-471
R.sub.471 ASDIR.sub.471 DQSRN SEQ ID NO: 30 (Asokan and Sam ulski,
2006, Moskalenko et al., 2000) I-534 F.sub.534 EEKFF.sub.534 PQSGV
SEQ ID NO: 31 (Girod et al., 1999) I-570 P.sub.570 RTTNP.sub.570
VATEQ SEQ ID NO: 202 data of this invention for .DELTA.566-575
I-573 T.sub.573 NPVAT.sub.573 EQYGS SEQ ID NO: 32 (Girod et al.,
1999) I-584 Q.sub.584 STNLQ.sub.584 RGNRQ SEQ ID NO: 33 (Shi et
al., 2001, Shi and Bartlett, 2003) I-587 N.sub.587 LQRGN.sub.587
RQAAT SEQ ID NO: 2 (Girod et al., 1999, Shi et al., 2001, Maheshri
et al., 2006, Ried et al., 2002, Grifman et al., 2001, Nicklin et
al., 2001, Arnold et al., 2006) I-588 R.sub.588 QRGNR.sub.588 QAATA
SEQ ID NO: 34 (Shi and Bartlett, 2003) I-591 A.sub.591
NRQAA.sub.591 TADVN SEQ ID NO: 35 (Wu et al., 2000) I-657 P.sub.657
VPANP.sub.657 STTFS SEQ ID NO: 36 I-664 A.sub.664 TFSAA.sub.664
KFASF SEQ ID NO: 37 (Wu et al., 2000) I-713 T.sub.713 NVDFT.sub.713
VDTNG SEQ ID NO: 38 I-716 T.sub.716 FTVDT.sub.716 NGVYS SEQ ID NO:
39 (Maheshri et al., 2006)
[0081] Amino acid 138 is the N-terminus of VP-2. Preferred
embodiments are VP-2 structural proteins with an N-terminal fusion
to one of the amino acids within the stretch T.sub.138 APGKKR (SEQ
ID NO: 40) of AAV2 or the corresponding amino acids of other
parvoviruses.
[0082] I-570 is especially suitable as an insertion site that goes
along with a deletion of given amino acids of the parvovirus
structural protein at the site of insertion, leading to a complete
substitution. In this case the amino acids RTTNPVATEQ can be
substituted by an epi- or mimotope.
[0083] Further, the inserted nucleic acid sequence may be inserted
at any site corresponding to the first amino-terminal amino acids 1
to 50 of VP-1.
[0084] Insertions have been successfully made into AAV-serotypes
other than AAV2.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 2 Insertions into AAV-serotypes other than
AAV2 Ins. site/ AAV amino acid serotype Sequence relative to AAV2
References AAV1 FQSSS.sub.588 TDPAT SEQ ID NO: 1 I-587 N.sub.587
own data AAV1 SSSTD.sub.590 PATGD SEQ ID NO: 41 I-589 Q.sub.589
(Arnold et al., 2006, Stachler and Bartlett, 2006) AAV-3
NNLQS.sub.586-SNTAP SEQ ID NO: 42 I-585 R.sub.585 (Arnold et al.,
2006) AAV-4 GGDQS.sub.584-NSNLP SEQ ID NO: 43 I-585 (Arnold et al.,
2006) AAV-5 TNNQS.sub.575-STTAP SEQ ID NO: 44 I-585 (Arnold et al.,
2006)
[0085] The most preferred insertion sites are:
i) I-587 as various insertions have been made in the amino acid
stretch around N.sub.587 (LQRGN.sub.587 RQAAT, SEQ ID NO: 2) of
AAV2. Within this stretch insertions of various peptides were made
C-terminal of amino acids Q.sub.584, N.sub.587, R.sub.588 and
A.sub.591 in AAV2 (Table 1) and C-terminal of amino acids of other
AAV-serotypes corresponding to R.sub.585 and Q.sub.589 of AAV2
(Table 2). ii) 1-453 as according to this invention epitopes have
been successfully inserted C-terminal of G.sub.453 in AAV2. iii)
FQSSS.sub.588 TDPAT (SEQ ID NO: 1) or SSSTD.sub.590 PATGD (SEQ ID
NO: 41) of AAV1. iv) I-261 as according to this invention epitopes
have been successfully inserted C-terminal of S.sub.261 in AAV2. v)
I-534 as according to this invention epitopes have been
successfully inserted C-terminal of F.sub.534 in AAV2. vi) I-570 as
according to this invention epitopes have been successfully
inserted C-terminal of P.sub.570 in AAV2. vii) I-573 as according
to this invention epitopes have been successfully inserted
C-terminal of T.sub.573 in AAV2.
[0086] Corresponding amino acids for all insertion sites specified
herein for parvoviruses disclosed herein can be retrieved from the
alignment in FIG. 1, for those parvoviruses not listed herein an
alignment under standard parameters as used herein can be formed
with the provided amino acid sequence of such parvovirus and the
corresponding amino acids can be retrieved from such alignment.
[0087] The amino acid numbers are given relative to the VP-1 amino
acid sequence. However, insertions into the structural gene
encoding the structural protein may generally also lead to mutated
VP-2 and optionally VP-3 proteins comprising an insertion at a site
which is corresponding to the VP-1 insertion as VP-2 and VP-3 are
generally expressed from the identical structural gene using
downstream located start codons for the start of translation
leading to--compared to VP-1--N-terminally truncated structural
proteins. A schematic organization of the cap gene of AAV2 is
provided in FIG. 2. Therefore, the present inventions encompasses
structural genes of parvoviruses with corresponding insertions in
the VP-1, VP-2 and/or VP-3 proteins. For example for AAV2,
insertions into the cap gene between the codons coding for amino
acids 1 and 138 lead to an insertion only in VP-1, insertions
between codons coding for amino acids 138 and 203 lead to an
insertion in VP-1 and VP-2, whereas insertions after the codon
coding for amino acid 203 lead to insertions in VP-1, VP-2 and
VP-3.
[0088] Preferred insertion sites are the positions following the
amino acids that correspond to the AAV2 amino acids number 139,
161, 261, 381, 447, 453, 459, 534, 570, 573, 584, 587, 588, 657 and
713, especially 261, 453, 534, 570, 573, 587, and 588, most
preferably 453 and 587. The amino acid numbers are given relative
to the VP-1 amino acid sequence of AAV2.
[0089] One further embodiment of the present invention are
structural proteins of parvoviruses containing insertions within
the previously not described insertion sites 1-453 and/or
1-570.
[0090] Using I-453-based libraries may result in the selection of
other peptides (as with I-587-based libraries) since adjacent
residues may have an influence on the exposure and functionality of
the peptides inserted into the structural protein. In addition, the
sites (I-587 and I-453) are located on different loops of the AAV
capsid. Thus a different mechanism of cell interaction can be
assumed. Furthermore, AAV particles derived from I-453 libraries
can be purified with heparin affinity chromatography, as the
heparin binding site overlapping with I-587 is still intact. The
same applies to other insertion sites not overlapping with I-587,
preferably insertion sites I-261, I-534, I-570 and I-573.
[0091] In one potential embodiment insertions that have been
selected in separate screening rounds can be combined with other
insertions selected independently. For example one can use a
library with an insertion of random peptides at the I-587 site for
the screening method and, independently, use a second library with
an insertion of random peptides at another site. Selected
structural proteins of the two screening methods can then be
combined by standard cloning techniques to make one clone that
contains the screened insert at the respective two insertion
sites.
[0092] In a further embodiment, preferred libraries contain
multiple insertions at multiple sites of the structural proteins.
Especially preferred libraries/structural proteins have insertions
in I-453 and I-587.
[0093] By designing the sequence of the nucleic acid insert the
multiplicity of the library can be controlled. The generation of
such a library is for example described in WO 03/054197, hereby
incorporated by reference.
[0094] The nucleic acid insert has a number of characteristics. It
does not, by insertion into the coding region of the parvoviral
gene, create a frame shift and thereby a truncated parvoviral
structural protein. Therefore, by insertion a multimer of 3
nucleotides is inserted into the coding region of the parvoviral
structural gene. The sequence is a randomly or partially randomly
generated sequence, thereby generating the multiplicity of the
library. A partially random sequence can for example be used to
reduce the number of potential stop codons generated by insertion
of the sequence and thereby reducing the number of non-functional
structural mutant proteins and/or to achieve a more homogeneous
distribution of the twenty different amino acids, e.g. by choosing
a NNK design (with each N being any nucleotide and K standing for G
or T) which in parallel reduces the number of stop codons from
three to one.
[0095] In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid insert may
contain, in addition to the randomly or partially randomly
generated sequences, a further stretch of at least one codon
upstream and/or downstream of the randomized or partially
randomized nucleic acid sequences, preferably of 2 to 12 codons
coding for small amino acids, preferably Ala, Gly, Ser, Pro, and
Cys, especially an insertion of three codons for Ala upstream and
two codons for Ala downstream of the randomized or partially
randomized nucleic acid sequences, or an insertion of 2-5 glycin
residues both, up- and downstream of the randomized or partially
randomized nucleic acid sequences. Such additional amino acids do
not enlarge the multiplicity of the insertion but may act as
spacers to contribute to the proper accessibility of the inserted
amino acids at the surface of the virions.
[0096] In a further preferred embodiment the insertion comprises
linker sequences which enable a circularization of the inserted
peptide sequences in order to better present the insertion.
Accordingly spacer sequences are selected to form Zinc-fingers
(Zn-finger), well known in the art. Preferred Zn-finger motifs are
C.sub.2H.sub.2, C.sub.4, and C.sub.2HC including but not limited to
motifs CX.sub.2CX.sub.nC.sub.2, CX.sub.2CX.sub.10-30CX.sub.2C,
CX.sub.5HX.sub.10-30CX.sub.2C, CX.sub.2CX.sub.10-30CX.sub.4H (Laity
et al., 2001 and Gamsjaeger et al., 2006).
[0097] An example of a preferred Zn-finger linker is:
TABLE-US-00005 X.sub.(3-5)CXXCX.sub.(0-5)(NNK).sub.n
X.sub.(0-5)CXXCX.sub.(3-5)
(X=Gly or Ala, C=Cys; with each N being any nucleotide and K
standing for G or T). Thus the random NNK sequence protrudes from
the capsid surface.
[0098] As B-cell epitopes are composed of at least 4 amino acids
(US 2004/0228798A1), in a preferred embodiment the parvovirus
mutant structural protein comprises at least one insertion of 4 to
30 amino acids, preferably 5 to 20 amino acids, especially 5 to 15
amino acids. The B-cell epi-, para- or mimotopes might be composed
of the inserted sequence alone, or of amino acid residues of both,
the inserted peptide sequence and the viral core protein.
[0099] In a further preferred embodiment the insertion comprises
within the fixed stretches upstream and downstream of the randomly
or partially randomly generated sequences at least one cysteine on
each side capable of forming a disulfide bond. Such a disulfide
bond would spontaneously form and thereby would stabilize a loop
consisting of the inserted amino acids between the two cysteines.
Such loop facilitates the optimal exposure of the inserted sequence
to the antibodies.
[0100] It is also an embodiment of the present invention that the
parvovirus mutated structural protein comprises at least one
further mutation at a different position. Such further mutation can
be used to compose more complex mimotopes, to modify certain
properties of the virion, e.g. it can be use to modify its natural
antigenicity (e.g. (Huttner et al., 2003); WO 01/05990), to modify
its chromatographic properties (e.g. WO 01/05991), to insert a
second B-cell epitope, preferably a tolerogen-derived epitope, or
to insert a CTL epitope. Such further mutation is selected from a
point mutation, an internal or terminal deletion, an insertion and
a substitution. Preferably, the further (second) insertion is
internally or a N- or C-terminal fusion, whereas the further
insertion has a length of 4 to 40, preferably of 5 to 30, most
preferably of 7 to 20 amino acids. In one specific embodiment the
insertion is a tag useful for binding to a ligand. Such tags are
well known in the art, examples for such are listed in Table 3.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 3 Tags and corresponding ligands Tag Ligand
HIS Nickel GST Glutathione Protein A IgG Biotin or Strep
Streptavidin Calmodulin-binding peptide Calmodulin Fc-Peptide of
IgG Protein A Flag GLAG- or 3xFLAG peptide HA (hemagglutinin) HA
peptide
[0101] In a further preferred embodiment affinity of a identified
parvovirus mutated structural protein for the binder can be
modified, preferably enhanced, by generating a library of nucleic
acids encoding such parvovirus mutated structural protein having a
small number of random mutations per nucleic acid, at other sites
than the insertion and or within the insertion, and starting the
method of identifying a parvovirus mediated structural protein over
again. Such process may be repeated several times, preferably 1 to
5 times, especially 1 to 2 times. A small number of random
mutations in this context means an average of at least 10 sequenced
clones with 1 to 10, preferably 3 to 8, especially 4 to 6 mutations
compared to the starting sequence of the identified parvovirus
mutated structural protein. Such random mutations can be inserted
by standard techniques known in the art such as error prone PCR and
DNA shuffling. In order to achieve that, the viral genomes of the
mutants will be isolated and cloned into a suitable plasmid
backbone. Random mutations are then inserted by e.g. error prone
PCR and/or DNA shuffling. After this, a new packaging is done,
followed by a genotype/phenotype coupling step and new selection
for binding to a binder of choice, e.g. antibody binding.
[0102] Another embodiment of the invention is a parvovirus mutated
structural protein obtainable by the methods disclosed above.
[0103] A further subject of the present invention relates to a
parvovirus mutated structural protein which comprises at least one
B-cell epitope heterologous to the parvovirus and not identical to
a pathogen, particularly to a B-cell epitope of a pathogen, and
wherein the B-cell epitope is located on the surface of the
virus.
[0104] A preferred embodiment of the invention is a parvovirus
mutated structural protein of the invention may be defined as
described above in the context of the method of the invention. As
used herein the term B-cell epitope is meant to include also
mimotopes. Therefore, the epitopes can be both linear or
structural. However, especially linear epitopes that are no
mimotopes are preferred.
[0105] Typically, the size of a B-cell epitope is at least 4 amino
acids (US 2004/0228798A1). Therefore, it is a preferred embodiment
that the parvovirus mutated structural protein has an insertion
consisting of at least one single or multimeric B-cell epitope of 4
to 30 amino acids, preferably 5 to 20 amino acids, especially 5 to
15 amino acids, and a further stretch of at least one amino acid
upstream and/or downstream of the B-cell epitope, preferably of
2-12 amino acids selected from the group consisting of Ala, Gly,
Ser, Pro, and Cys, especially 3 Ala upstream and 2 downstream of
the B-cell epitope, 5 Ala upstream and 5 downstream of the B-cell
epitope, or 5 Gly upstream and 5 Gly downstream of the B-cell
epitope. It is preferred that such B-cell epitope is not identical
to a pathogen, particularly to a B-cell epitope of a pathogen,
that--in its natural environment--is accessible to a humoral immune
response. Pathogen, according to this invention, means a virus,
bacterium and/or eukaryotic parasite.
[0106] Such excluded B-cell epitopes of a pathogen can be
identified by searching protein databases known to the skilled
artisan. If the searched sequence is identical to a sequence
present in a protein of a pathogen, such B-cell epitope is,
according to this preferred embodiment of the invention, excluded
from the invention.
[0107] In a further embodiment, the B-cell epitope heterologous to
parvovirus is not identical to a mammalian (including human) or
pathogen B-cell epitope, but is a functional derivative of a
mammalian or pathogen B-cell epitope. A functional derivative is
defined as a B-cell epitope that is identifiable e.g. by the
methods according to this invention or that crossreacts with a
specific monoclonal antibody for such mammalian or pathogen B-cell
epitope.
[0108] In further embodiments parvovirus mutated structural
proteins of the invention are further characterized as defined
above, particularly wherein the tolerogen is as defined above.
[0109] In an especially preferred embodiment the parvovirus mutated
structural protein comprises a B-cell epitope that is a
tolerogen-derived epitope.
[0110] Preferably the B-cell epitope is a part of an antigen as
defined above. Preferred antigens are IgE, tumor-antigens (e.g.
Melan A, high molecular weight melanoma associated antigen (HMW
MAA), CA125, IL13R, Her2/NEU, L1 cell adhesion molecule), viral
receptors (CCR5), VEGF, EGFR, CD20, IL-6, IL-9, IL-13, IL-17, CETP,
TNF-family members (e.g. TNF-.alpha.), or .beta.-amyloid.
[0111] In a preferred embodiment the B-cell epitope is not a
sequence previously inserted into AAV2 at position I-587/I-587
selected from the group consisting of
TABLE-US-00007 SEQ ID NO: 45: QAGTFALRGDNPQG, SEQ ID NO: 46:
SIGYPLP, SEQ ID NO: 47: NGR, SEQ ID NO: 48: CDCRGDCFC, SEQ ID NO:
49: RGDAVGV, SEQ ID NO: 50: RGDTPTS, SEQ ID NO: 51: GENQARS, SEQ ID
NO: 52: RSNAVVP, SEQ ID NO: 53: NSSRDLG, SEQ ID NO: 54: NDVRAVS,
SEQ ID NO: 55: EYHHYNK, SEQ ID NO: 56: MTPFPTSNEANLGGGS, SEQ ID NO:
57: QPEHSST, SEQ ID NO: 58: VNTANST, SEQ ID NO: 59: NDVRSAN, SEQ ID
NO: 60: NDVRAVS, SEQ ID NO: 61: VTAGRAP, SEQ ID NO: 62: APVTRPA,
SEQ ID NO: 63: DLSNLTR and SEQ ID NO: 64: GQHPRPG, as listed in
Table 4.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 4 Insertions at 587/588 of AAV2, which showed
enhanced transduction on target cells (inserted in I-587 or I-588).
sequence around 587/588 of wt AAV2 QRGN---------------------RQAA
enhanced SEQ ID NO: 65 target transduction Ref
QRGN-QAGTFALRGDNPQG------RQAA .beta..sub.1 and .beta..sub.3
integrin B16F10, RN22 (Girod et al., SEQ ID NO: 45 1999)
QRGN-ASIGYPLPA-----------RQAA Peptide selected by HUVEC, (Nicklin
et al., SEQ ID NO: 66 phage display on HSVEC 2001) HUVEC
QRGN-NGR-----------------RQAA CD13 RD, KS1767 (Grifman et al., SEQ
ID NO: 47 2001) QRGN-ATGCDCRGDCFC---------QAA
.alpha..sub.v.beta..sub.3 and .alpha..sub.v.beta..sub.5 HeLa, K562,
(Shi and SEQ ID NO: 67 Raji, SKOV-3, Bartlett, 2003) local appl. in
vivo QRGN-AAARGDAVGVAA--------RQAA not known MO7e (Perabo et al.,
SEQ ID NO: 68 selected by AAV 2003) display
QRGN-AAARGDTPTSAA--------RQAA not known MO7e (Perabo et al., SEQ ID
NO: 69 selected by AAV 2003) display QRGN-AAAGENQARSAA--------RQAA
not known Mec1, (Perabo et al., SEQ ID NO: 70 selected by AAV prim.
B-CLL 2003) display QRGN-AAARSNAVVPAA--------RQAA not known Mec1
(Perabo et al., SEQ ID NO: 71 selected by AAV 2003) display
QRGQR-GNSSRDLGA-----------QAA not known prim. human (Muller et al.,
SEQ ID NO: 72 selected by AAV coronary 2003) display endothelial
cells; heart after systemic appl. QRGQR-GNDVRAVSA-----------QAA not
known prim. human (Muller et al., SEQ ID NO: 73 selected by AAV
coronary 2003) display endothelial cells
QRGN-ASEYHHYNKA----------RQAA not known, selected prim. human (Work
et al., SEQ ID NO: 74 by phage display saphenous 2004) on primary
human vein and saphenous vein arterial SMC SMC
QRGN-ASMTPFPTSNEANLGGGSA-RQAA not known, selected HUVEC, (White et
al., SEQ ID NO: 75 by phage display venous endo- 2004) on HUVEC
thelial cells after systemic appl. QRGN-ASQPEHSSTA----------RQAA
not known, selected brain endo- (Work et al., SEQ ID NO: 76 by in
vivo phage thelium after 2006) display systemic appl.
QRGN-ASVNTANSTA----------RQAA not known, selected lung endo- (Work
et al., SEQ ID NO: 77 by in vivo phage thelium after 2006) display
systemic appl. QRGQR-GNDVRSANA-----------QAA not known HSaVEC
(Waterkamp et SEQ ID NO: 78 selected by AAV al., 2006) display
QRGQR-GNDVRAVSA-----------QAA not known HSaVEC (Waterkamp et SEQ ID
NO: 79 selected by AAV al., 2006) display
QRGQR-GVTAGRAPA-----------QAA not known Calu6 (Waterkamp et SEQ ID
NO: 80 selected by AAV al., 2006) display
QRGQR-GAPVTRPAA-----------QAA not known Calu6 (Waterkamp et SEQ ID
NO: 81 selected by AAV al., 2006) display
QRGQR-GDLSNLTRA-----------QAA not known PC3 (Waterkamp et SEQ ID
NO: 82 selected by AAV al., 2006) display
QRGQR-GGQHPRPGA-----------QAA not known H9C2 (Waterkamp et SEQ ID
NO: 83 selected by AAV al., 2006) display
bold: amino acid sequence of peptide insertion used to target the
new receptor; italic and underlined: amino acid used as linker
sequence to flank the targeting peptide; bold and double
underlined: amino acid has been substituted in comparison to
wild-type sequence; B16F10=mouse melanoma cell line, RN22=rat
schwannoma, HUVEC=human umbilical vein endothelial cells,
HSVEC=human saphenous vein endothelial cells,
R.sup.D=rhabdomyosarcoma, KS1767=Kaposi sarcoma, HeLa=human cercix
carcinoma, K562=human chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis,
Raji=Burkitt lymphoma cell line, SKOV-3=ovarian cancer,
MO7e=megakaryocytic cell line, Mec1=derived from B-cell chronic
lymphocytic leukemia in prolymphoid transformation, HSaVEC=primary
human venous endothelial cells, Calu6=lung carcinoma cell line,
PC3=prostate carcinoma cell line, H9C2=rat cardiomyoblasts
[0112] In a preferred embodiment the B-cell epitope is not a
selected from the group consisting of an integrin, especially a
.beta..sub.1, .beta..sub.3, av.beta..sub.3 or av.beta..sub.5
integrin, and CD13.
[0113] In a preferred embodiment the epitope is not fused to the
N-terminus of the structural protein of the virus, especially not
fused to the N-terminus of VP1 or VP2, whereas fusion to the
N-terminus of VP3 is envisaged within this invention.
[0114] In a preferred embodiment the parvovirus mutated structural
protein is capable of inducing an immunoglobulin capable of binding
to the antigen the B-cell epitope is derived from.
[0115] It is an important feature, that the B-cell epitope is
located on the surface of the virus.
[0116] In a preferred embodiment of the instant invention the
structural protein of a parvovirus as defined above comprises an
anti-idiotypic epi-/mimotope of an anti-IgE antibody, and/or an IgE
epi-/mimotope.
[0117] Vaccines for the treatment of asthma and allergic diseases
Atopic asthma and allergic rhinitis are caused by adverse immune
responses, typified by IgE, against otherwise harmless
environmental proteins, allergens. In sensitized individuals,
allergen-specific IgE becomes localized in tissues by binding to
the high-affinity receptor for IgE, Fc.epsilon.RI, expressed by
mast cells in various tissues and basophils as well as eosinophils
in the blood. Subsequent encounters with the allergen result in
cross-linking of IgE/Fc.epsilon.RI, which triggers effector cell
degranulation and the release of both preformed mediators
(histamine, proteolytic enzymes, and proteoglycans) and de novo
synthesized mediators (prostaglandin D.sub.2, leukotrienes, and
cytokines). Together, these mediators are responsible for the
clinical manifestations of allergic reactions, including hay fever,
asthma, and eczema, as well as life-threatening anaphylactic
reactions. Standard therapy includes inhaled corticostreroids
(ICS), Beclomethasone Dipropionate (BDP), long-acting
.beta.-agonists (LABA) and leukotriene receptor antagonists
(LTRAs).
[0118] The receptor-binding region of human IgE was previously
mapped to the N-terminal region of the CH3 domain (Helm et al.,
1988, Helm et al., 1989). Site-directed mutagenesis studies to
identify the amino acid residues directly involved in the
interaction have been conducted on both IgE (Presta et al., 1994)
and Fc.epsilon.RI (Cook et al., 1997). In addition, the crystal
structure of the human IgE-Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha. complex was
recently solved by Garman and colleagues (Garman et al., 2000). The
amino acid regions that are involved in receptor binding are
localized in three loops and spread over most of the C.epsilon.3
domain (Pro-364, Arg-365, Arg-408, Ser-411, Lys-415, Glu-452,
Arg-465, and Met-469). Binding is mediated primarily by
electrostatic interaction.
[0119] Anti-IgE therapy is based on antibodies which bind the
receptor-binding target domain C.epsilon.3 region of IgE, thereby
preventing the binding of IgE to the Fc.epsilon.RI receptor and,
therefore, preventing sensitization of mast cells and basophils.
However, even if 99% of free IgE were neutralized by the anti-IgE
antibody, the therapy still would fail because the few remaining
IgE molecules would be sufficient to sensitize the respective
cells. Therapeutic efficacy is provided through additional actions:
Fc.epsilon.RI expression is regulated by the level of free IgE, in
a way that reduced levels of free IgE lead to lowered densities of
Fc.epsilon.RI on basophils and mast cells and lowered
sensitivities. And, anti-IgE may lead to down-regulation of IgE
production by eliminating or down-regulating IgE-expressing B
cells, perhaps by cross-linking membrane-bound IgE and causing
apoptosis, anergy or most likely also by complement-mediated and
cell-mediated cytolysis (Wang et al., 2003). The latter mechanism
was, however, not found in clinical trials performed with
Omalizumab. For this monoclonal antibody, reduction of IgE
production from B-cells (plasma cells) mediated by lowered IgE
levels was only observed in animal and in-vitro experiments.
[0120] Most of the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in development
can only bind and neutralize free IgE or IgE associated with
B-cells. In contrast, Fc.epsilon.RI-bound IgE is not accessible for
these anti-IgE antibodies. Anti-IgE antibodies directed against
regions of the IgE molecule outside of the receptor binding region
(such as the variable, antigen-binding domain of IgE referred to as
the IgE idiotype), can bind to an IgE molecule while it is bound to
its receptor. This results in cross-linking of receptor-bound IgE,
causing an anaphylactic shock in animals treated systemically with
such antibodies. Importantly, except for defense mechanisms against
parasite infections, IgE seems to play no role in normal physiology
and IgE-deficient people are healthy with no apparent sign of
pathology (Levy and Chen, 1970). Omalizumab (XOLAIR.RTM.) is a
humanized monoclonal anti-IgE antibody for passive immunization,
and the first available/approved anti-IgE therapy on the market. A
total of 7 phase III clinical trials were performed with this
monoclonal anti-IgE antibody, which bind to the C.epsilon.3 region
of IgE (for a review refer to (Bousquet et al., 2005) without
crosslinking the Fc.epsilon.RI receptor. Omalizumab significantly
reduced the rate of asthma exacerbations by 38% and the rate of
total emergency visits by 47%. The efficacy of Omalizumab was
unaffected by patient age, gender, baseline serum IgE or by 2- or
4-weekly dosing schedule, although benefit in absolute terms
appeared to be greatest in patients with more severe asthma,
defined by a lower value of percentage predicted forced expiratory
volume in 1 s (FEV.sub.1) at baseline.
[0121] As outlined before, one disadvantage of passive immunization
with a monoclonal antibody is the requirement of infusions every
2-4 weeks with relatively high antibody doses making such therapies
expensive. Therefore, alternative approaches are needed for the
treatment of allergic diseases such as atopic allergies or
asthma.
[0122] According to the present invention this problem is solved by
a structural protein of a parvovirus comprising an anti-idiotypic
epi-/mimotope of an anti-IgE antibody, and/or an IgE epi-/mimotope.
Such structural proteins are preferably capable of forming
virus-like particles. They harbor anti-idiotypic epi-/mimotopes of
an anti-IgE antibody and/or IgE epi-/mimotopes on the surface of
the capsid shell. Therefore, the anti-idiotypic epi-/mimotopes of
an anti-IgE antibody, respectively the IgE epi-/mimotopes are
accessible to the humoral immune system. Such structural protein
can be used in patients to induce specifically an immune response
against IgE, meaning antibodies that cross-react with IgE (anti-IgE
antibodies), thereby preventing binding of IgE to its high affinity
receptor Fc.epsilon.RI.
[0123] For a lot of the publicly available therapeutic antibodies
which can be used as target antibody for AAV selection, the
epitopes are not known. To be able to compare the epitopes of the
target antibodies and the antibodies induced in e.g. mice after
vaccination, epitope mapping can be performed. For example,
epitopes recognized by anti mouse or anti human IgE antibodies can
be identified from arrays using overlapping peptide scans from the
respective IgE spotted on nylon membranes. Preferred antibodies are
those with a binding pattern similar to that of Omalizumab, that
can be used for selection of mimitopes from the AAV capsid library.
Epitopes recognized by antibodies induced in e.g. mice after
vaccination can be identified from arrays spotted on glass slides.
Cross-reactivity of anti human IgE antibodies or antibodies induced
in mice after vaccination with the constant chain regions of other
Ig's can be monitored in Westernblot experiments.
[0124] Especially preferred embodiments of the invention are
structural proteins of parvoviruses, especially AAV, that contain
IgE epitopes or mimotopes, preferably previously known epitopes or
mimotopes. As described by Rudolf, Stadler, Vogel and colleagues
(Rudolf et al., 1998, Rudolf et al., 2000, Stadler et al., 1999,
Vogel et al., 2000), one can develop so-called mimotope
immunization vaccines based on peptide phage display libraries
screened for particles recognizing BSW17, a mouse monoclonal
anti-human IgE antibody. Peptide sequences best recognized by BSW17
are the mimotope sequences
TABLE-US-00009 (SEQ ID NO: 84) EFCINHRGYWVCGD (`Rudolf` (Rudolf et
al., 2000)), and (SEQ ID NO: 203) INHRGYWV (`C4M`, {Rudolf, 2000
#52})
[0125] with G, W and V (underlined) being conserved among all
sequences identified (the cysteine residues (in bold) mediate a
circular form of the peptide via disulfide bridging) and the
epitope
TABLE-US-00010 VNLTWSRASG (Kricek et al., 1999). (SEQ ID NO:
85)
[0126] In the course of this invention previously novel epitopes
that are especially suitable for vaccination purposes against
allergic diseases like asthma have been identified:
TABLE-US-00011 EKQRNGTLT (`Bind2`) (SEQ ID NO: 204) EDGQVMDVDLS
(`Flex`) (SEQ ID NO: 205) TYQCRVTHPHLPRALMR ("3DEpi1") (SEQ ID NO:
206) RHSTTQPRKTKGSG ("3DEpi2") (SEQ ID NO: 207) DSNPRGVSAYLSR
("3DEpi3") (SEQ ID NO: 208) TITCLVVDLAPSK ("3DEpi4") (SEQ ID NO:
209) KTKGSGFFVF ("C4E") (SEQ ID NO: 210) THPHLPRALMRS ("Wang-CS")
(SEQ ID NO: 211) GETYQCRVTHPHLPRALMRSTTK ("Wang") (SEQ ID NO: 212)
LPRALMRS (C21) (SEQ ID NO: 213)
[0127] Accordingly, the present invention further relates to novel
IgE B-cell epitopes Bind2, Flex, 3DEpi1, 3DEpi2, 3DEpi3, 3DEpi4,
C4E, Wang-CS, Wang, and C21 and/or to a functionally active variant
thereof. A functionally active variant of these epitopes means a
B-cell epitope which generates in a rabbit vaccination experiment
according to example 10.9 a B-cell response measurable as titer of
specific antibodies binding to human IgE. The invention further
relates to medicaments in general comprising such epitopes or
functionally active variants thereof, preferably vaccines
comprising such epitopes or functionally active variants thereof
for the treatment or prevention of allergic diseases, especially
asthma.
[0128] Such functionally active variants can either be single
peptides or mixtures of single peptides consisting of peptide
sequences of up to 40 amino acids, preferably up to 25 amino acids,
more preferably 15 amino acids, especially 9 amino acids of the
given sequence, or a fusion of such functionally active variant to
a carrier. Such carrier is meant to be any molecule except for the
naturally occurring IgE protein or part thereof (larger than the
functionally active variant), preferably a parvoviral particle, but
also a different virus- or bacteriophage particle, a polymer (e.g.
LPH) or a fusion protein, capable of generating a B cell response
(as defined above) against such functionally active variant. Such
fusion to a carrier can i.e. be obtained by chemically linking the
variant to the carrier or by genetically making fusion proteins or
insertion variants.
[0129] These and similar sequences or parts therefore including or
excluding the cysteine residues and flanking sequences can be
introduced into positions 1-587 and others of AAV VP as described
in FIG. 14. The corresponding AAV particles can be manufactured
(initially as genome-containing infectious AAV), purified and
characterized. Although AAV capsids have a different conformational
structure than phages, the chance that a similar structure of the
mimotope sequence EFCINHRGYWVCGD (SEQ ID NO: 84) is present on
both, phages and AAV, is high due to the cysteine residues building
up a loop structure of the peptide sequence. For linear epitopes
such as VNLTWSRASG (SEQ ID NO: 85), interchangeability should also
be possible. If these AAV particles bind BSW17 (the anti-IgE
antibody used for phage display), they can be used as an anti-IgE
vaccine that can be used with and without co-formulation in a
suitable adjuvant.
[0130] Especially preferred embodiments of the invention are
structural proteins of parvoviruses that contain IgE epi-/mimotopes
that, once injected into an immuno-competent mammal, induce
anti-IgE specific antibodies with therapeutic efficacy without
cross-linking properties. Cross-linking properties means that in an
immunocompetent mammal the generated anti-IgE antibodies are
binding IgE molecules in a way that IgE/Fc.epsilon.RI binding is
still possible. By such way, and if one antibody binds several IgE
molecules at a time, the high-affinity Fc.epsilon.RI receptor is
crosslinked on effector cells leading to its degranulation. This
would induce a systemic anaphylactic shock. On the other hand, the
structural proteins of parvoviruses should be able to directly
crosslink the respective B-cell receptor (binding the IgE
epi-/mimotopes or the anti-idiotype epi-/mimotope of an anti-IgE
antibody) to activate the corresponding B-cells and to induce
anti-IgE antibody production independent of a T-cell response.
Vaccines for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
[0131] Especially preferred embodiments of the invention are
structural proteins of parvoviruses, especially AAV, that contain
.epsilon.-amyloid epitopes or mimotopes, preferably known epitopes
or mimotopes, that can be used for the treatment of Alzheimer
disease. In the context of the present invention a B-cell epitope
of .epsilon.-amyloid was inserted into a parvovirus capsid and
displayed on the surface of the capsid. In a preferred embodiment
the B-cell epitope is a human epitope. Preferably it is inserted
into I-453 and/or I-587, especially into I-453 and/or I-587 of
AAV1, AAV2 or AAV-6. In an especially preferred embodiment the
B-cell epitope has the sequence DAEFRHDSG (SEQ ID NO: 158).
[0132] In general, misfolded proteins leading to a protein
aggregation and, therefore, causing conformational diseases, are
good candidate targets for an active immunization approach with AAV
vaccines. Ideally, B-cell epitopes represented by misfolded
proteins or protein aggregates only are chosen for presentation on
AAV particles (for an overview, please refer to Uversky et al.,
2006, especially; table 1-1).
Vaccines for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis
[0133] Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting arterial blood
vessels. It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of
arteries, in large part due to the accumulation of macrophage white
blood cells and promoted by low density (especially small particle)
lipoproteins (plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and
triglycerides) without adequate removal of fats and cholesterol
from the macrophages by functional high density lipoproteins (HDL).
It is commonly referred to as a "hardening" or "furring" of the
arteries. It is caused by the formation of multiple plaques within
the arteries. There is a strong inverse relationship between the
plasma concentration of cholesterol in HDLs (HDL-C) and the
development of coronary heart disease (CHD). Plasma concentration
of HDL-C is a powerful predictor of CHD. Although 33% of patients
with CHD have low plasma levels of HDL-C as their primary lipid
abnormality, there is currently no effective therapy for increasing
the plasma concentration of HDL-C. Diet and moderate exercise are
ineffective, statins afford only a modest 5% to 7% increase in
HDL-C, and niacin has side effects and compliance profiles that
limit its use.
[0134] One therapeutic approach that has been suggested for
increasing plasma HDL-C concentrations is the inhibition of
cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity. CETP is a
74-kDa plasma glycoprotein that facilitates transfer of neutral
lipids and phospholipids between lipoproteins and contributes to
the regulation of plasma concentration of HDL-C. CETP functions in
the plasma to lower the concentration of HDL-C by moving
cholesteryl esters from HDLs to VLDLs and LDLs (Rittershaus et al.,
2000).
[0135] Accordingly it is one embodiment of the invention to provide
structural proteins of parvoviruses, especially AAV, that contain
CETP epitopes or mimotopes that can be used for the treatment of
atherosclerosis. Suitable epitopes or mimotopes are the human CETP
derived peptides hTP10, hTP11, hTP12, hTP13, hTP18 and hTP20,
hRitsch-1, hRitsch-2, hRitsch-3, hCETP-intern and hCETP C-Term:
TABLE-US-00012 PKTVSNLTESSSESVQS (hTP10) (SEQ ID NO: 214)
SLMGDEFKAVLET (hTP11) (SEQ ID NO: 215) QHSVAYTFEED (hTP12) (SEQ ID
NO: 216) INPEIITRDG (hTP13) (SEQ ID NO: 217) DISLTGDPVITASYL
(hTP18) (SEQ ID NO: 218) DISLTGDPVITA (hTP20) (SEQ ID NO: 219)
DQSIDFEIDSA (hRitsch-1) (SEQ ID NO: 220) KNVSEDLPLPTFSPTLLGDS
(hRitsch-2) (SEQ ID NO: 221) KNVSEDLPLPT (hRitsch-3) (SEQ ID NO:
222) CDSGRVRTDAPD (hCETP-intern) (SEQ ID NO: 223) FPEHLLVDFLQSLS
(hCETP C-Term) (SEQ ID NO: 224)
[0136] The present invention further relates to novel CETP B-cell
epitopes hTP10, hTP11, hTP12, hTP13, hTP18, hTP20, hRitsch-1,
hRitsch-2, hRitsch-3, hCETP-intern and hCETP C-Term and/or to a
functionally active variant thereof. The invention further relates
to medicaments in general comprising such epitopes or functionally
active variants thereof, preferably vaccines comprising such
epitopes or functionally active variants thereof for the treatment
or prevention of atherosclerosis.
Vaccines for the Treatment of Tumor Diseases
[0137] Antibody therapies such as Herceptin, Avastin, Erbitux,
Omnitarg, Rituxan, Campath, Zevalin, Mylotarg, Bexxar or
Panitumumab play an increasing role in fighting various types of
tumor diseases. These antibodies specifically bind epitopes of
factors causing uncontrolled cellular growth, such as growth factor
receptors or growth factors. Accordingly, it is a further
embodiment of this invention to provide structural proteins of
parvoviruses, especially AAV, that contain epitopes of such factors
causing uncontrolled cellular growth.
[0138] HER2/neu (also known as ErbB-2, ERBB2) is a protein giving
higher aggressiveness in breast cancers. It is a member of the ErbB
protein family, more commonly known as the epidermal growth factor
receptor family. HER2/neu has also been designated as CD340.
HER2/neu is notable for its role in the pathogenesis of breast
cancer and as a target of treatment. It is a cell membrane
surface-bound receptor tyrosine kinase and is normally involved in
the signal transduction pathways leading to cell growth and
differentiation. Approximately 25-35 percent of breast cancers have
an amplification of the HER2/neu gene or overexpression of its
protein product. Overexpression also occurs in other cancer such as
ovarian cancer and stomach cancer. Clinically, HER2/neu is
important as the target of the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab
(marketed as Herceptin).
[0139] As for an active vaccination approach, the epitope sequence
QMWAPQWGPD (SEQ ID NO: 225) presented in a circular way has been
shown to induce polycloncal antibodies with therapeutic
effectiveness. Therefore, an Her2/NEU-AAV vaccine can be generated
by insertion of the peptide
TABLE-US-00013 QMWAPQWGPD (SEQ ID NO: 225)
into AAV using suitable adaptor sequences (Riemer et al.,
2007).
Vaccines for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases and Chronic
Inflammatory Diseases
[0140] Autoimmune diseases as well as inflammatory diseases arise
from an overactive immune response of the body against substances
and tissues normally present in the body. In other words, the body
attacks its own cells.
[0141] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease which
causes chronic inflammation of the joints, the tissue around the
joints, as well as other organs in the body affecting 0.5-1.0% of
the population in the industrialized world. It commonly leads to
significant disability and consequently to a significant reduction
of quality of life. If not treated appropriately, RA leads to a
reduction of life expectancy (Smolen and Steiner, 2003).
[0142] Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin
characterized by overgrowth of epidermal cells, angiogenesis,
infiltration of immune cells, and increased production of
cytokines.
[0143] Similar activition of immune cells and increased production
of cytokines is associated with autoimmune diseases and (chronic)
inflammatory diseases as further listed below.
[0144] In order to limit or control such disease causing/related
immune responses it has become an established therapeutic modality
to neutralize cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune
and inflammatory diseases. Antibodies (infliximab, adalimumab) and
a soluble receptor construct neutralizing the action of TNF-a
(etanercept) have been established in the treatment of RA and other
disease. Now there is evidence implicating several novel cytokines,
including IL-32 and IL-17, in the pathogenesis of RA. In addition
we assess the development of existing targets as they move towards
clinical evaluation, particularly IL-1, IL-6, IL-16, IL-18 and the
IL-12 superfamily (Asquith et al., 2007).
Vaccines for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases
[0145] Blocking of viral infection by induction of auto-antibodies
against the cellular receptor of the virus is a suggested mechanism
of a preventive or therapeutic vaccination against viruses,
preferably for viruses where classical vaccination attempts have
failed like HIV using CCR5 as the target receptor (Chackerian,
1999).
[0146] Accordingly, preferred embodiments of the invention are
structural proteins of parvoviruses, especially AAV, that contain
epitopes or mimotopes of viral receptors, preferably of CCR5,
preferably known epitopes or mimotopes that can be used as vaccines
for the treatment of such viral infection and associated diseases,
preferably HIV infection/AIDS. In a preferred embodiment the B-cell
epitope is a human epitope.
[0147] Preferred B-cell epitopes are HYAAAQWDFGNTMCQL (SEQ ID NO:
357), YAAQWDFGNTMCQ (SEQ ID NO: 358), RSQKEGLHYT (SEQ ID NO: 359)
or a functionally active variant thereof.
[0148] Accordingly, preferred embodiments of the invention are
structural proteins of parvoviruses, especially AAV, that contain
epitopes or mimotopes of cytokines, preferably of TNF-.alpha., IL-6
and/or IL-17, preferably known epitopes or mimotopes, that can be
used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and/or chronic
inflammatory diseases, preferably rheumatoid arthritis and/or
Crohn's disease. In a preferred embodiment the B-cell epitope is a
human epitope. Preferably it is inserted into I-453 and/or I-587,
especially into I-453 and/or I-587 of AAV1, AAV2 or AAV-6.
Preferred B-cell epitopes are the human epitopes:
TABLE-US-00014 SSRTPSDKPVAHVVANPQAE (TNF-.alpha. V1) (SEQ ID NO:
226) SRTPSDKPVAHVVANP (TNF-.alpha. V2) (SEQ ID NO: 227) SSRTPSDKP
(TNF-.alpha. V3) (SEQ ID NO: 228) NADGNVDYHMNSVP (IL-17 V1) (SEQ ID
NO: 229) DGNVDYHMNSV (IL-17 V2) (SEQ ID NO: 230) RSFKEFLQSSLRALRQ
(IL-6 V1) (SEQ ID NO: 231) FKEFLQSSLRA (IL-6 V2) (SEQ ID NO:
232)
[0149] The present invention further relates to novel cytokine
B-cell epitopes TNF-.alpha. V1, TNF-.alpha. V2, TNF-.alpha. V3,
IL-17 V1, IL-17 V2, IL-6 V1 and IL-6 V2 and/or to a functionally
active variant thereof. The invention further relates to
medicaments in general comprising such epitopes or functionally
active variants thereof, preferably vaccines comprising such
epitopes or functionally active variants thereof for the treatment
or prevention of autoimmune diseases and/or chronic inflammatory
diseases, preferably rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease or
psoriasis.
[0150] According to this invention the structural proteins of
parvoviruses are the viral capsid proteins that are referred to as
VP-1, VP-2 and in many instances VP-3 for most of the known
parvoviruses, especially the AAV. In principal the recombinant
parvoviruses made from a mutant cap gene can be used directly for
vaccination in animal models or even in humans. However, as such a
vaccination is a gene therapy it is preferred to use inactivated
(e.g. by gamma or UV-irradiation) genome-containing AAV particles,
or virus-like particles of the respective parvovirus for
vaccination purposes. Such virus-like particles are capsid-like
structures that are composed of the structural proteins of the
respective parvovirus, e.g. VP-1, VP-2 and/or VP-3, or parts
thereof such as N- or C-terminal truncated structural proteins but
do not contain a viral genome. VP-2 alone has been shown to
assemble into virus-like particles and can be expressed in various
expression systems such as bacteria e.g. E. coli, yeasts, e.g.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, hansenula polymorpha, Pichia pastoris, in
insect cells, e.g. the baculovirus expression system (SF9, SF+ or
High Five cells), or in mammalian cells (such as CHO, HeLa, 293,
BHK, or PerC6).
[0151] Another preferred embodiment are structural proteins of
parvoviruses that do not form regular virus-like particles but
capsomers or other regular or amorphous aggregates that present the
foreign epi-/mimotopes in a highly structured and/or dense
manner.
[0152] The parvoviral mutated structural protein can further be
fused to a second protein or peptide. Such second proteins can be
tags, such as provided in Table 3. Tags can for example be used for
purification purposes.
[0153] Preferably the parvoviral mutated structural protein is
capable of forming a multimeric structure. Accordingly, another
subject of the invention relates to a multimeric structure
comprising parvovirus mutated structural proteins according to the
invention. Such multimeric structure can be a capsomer, a
virus-like particle or a virus. Capsomers are multimeric subunits
of a viral capsid, typically consisting of 5-6 capsid proteins
(pentamers and hexamers). Virus-like particles are empty viruses,
meaning that they do not comprise genetic material such as a viral
genome or relevant part thereof.
[0154] The multimeric structure may also be an aggregate of at
least 5, preferably at least 10, more preferably at least 30, most
preferably at least 60 structural proteins. Compared to capsomers
or virus-like particles aggregates are amorphous structures with no
symmetric order.
[0155] Preferably the B-cell epitope heterologous to the parvovirus
is located on the surface of the multimeric structure.
[0156] A further embodiment of the present invention is a nucleic
acid coding for a parvovirus mutated structural protein of the
invention such as DNA, RNA, mRNA etc.
[0157] A further embodiment of the present invention is a virus
that comprises a parvovirus mutated structural protein of the
invention and or nucleic acid coding for a parvovirus mutated
structural protein of the invention. Such virus may be active or
inactive, for example it may have been inactivated through standard
techniques such as attenuation or irradiation.
[0158] A further embodiment of the present invention is a cell
comprising a nucleic acid coding for the parvovirus mutated
structural protein. Such cell can be a bacterium, preferably E.
coli, a yeast cell, preferably S. cerevisiae, hansenula polymorpha
or pichia pastoris, an insect cell, preferably SF-9, SF+ or High5,
or a mammalian cell, preferably HeLa, 293, VERO, PERC6, BHK or
CHO.
[0159] The parvovirus mutated structural proteins of the invention
can be prepared by the method comprising the steps of (a)
expressing the nucleic acid coding for the parvovirus mutated
structural protein by cultivating the cell as defined above under
suitable conditions, and (b) isolating the expressed parvovirus
mutated structural protein of step (a).
[0160] Another subject of the invention relates to a medicament,
particularly a vaccine comprising at least one parvovirus mutated
structural protein of the invention and/or a nucleic acid of the
invention, preferably at least one multimeric structure of the
invention. Preferably, the medicament is a vaccine.
[0161] In a preferred embodiment of the invention a vaccine is a
mixture of more than one multimeric structures comprising
parvovirus mutated structural proteins as further defined herein.
Preferably two to three virus-like particles of a parvovirus
displaying different B-cell epitopes as further defined herein are
combined for the vaccination of a patient. Further, it is envisaged
that a vaccine according to this invention is combined with some
other type of vaccine for convenience of the patient.
[0162] The medicament of the present invention may further
encompass pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or excipients.
The pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or excipients useful
in this invention are conventional and may include buffers,
stabilizers, diluents, preservatives, and solubilizers. Remington's
Pharmaceutical Sciences, by E. W. Martin, Mack Publishing Co.,
Easton, Pa., 15th Edition (1975), describes compositions and
formulations suitable for pharmaceutical delivery of the
(poly)peptides herein disclosed. In general, the nature of the
carrier or excipients will depend on the particular mode of
administration being employed. For instance, parenteral
formulations usually comprise injectable fluids that include
pharmaceutically and physiologically acceptable fluids such as
water, physiological saline, balanced salt solutions, aqueous
dextrose, glycerol or the like as a vehicle. For solid compositions
(e.g. powder, pill, tablet, or capsule forms), conventional
non-toxic solid carriers can include, for example, pharmaceutical
grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, or magnesium stearate. In
addition to biologically neutral carriers, pharmaceutical
compositions to be administered can contain minor amounts of
non-toxic auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying
agents, preservatives, and pH buffering agents and the like, for
example sodium acetate or sorbitan monolaurate.
[0163] In a preferred embodiment the medicament further comprises
an immunostimulatory substance such as an adjuvant. The adjuvant
can be selected based on the method of administration and may
include mineral oil-based adjuvants such as Freund's complete and
incomplete adjuvant, Montanide incomplete Seppic adjuvant such as
ISA, oil in water emulsion adjuvants such as the Ribi adjuvant
system, syntax adjuvant formulation containing muramyl dipeptide,
or aluminum salt adjuvants. Preferably, the adjuvant is a mineral
oil-based adjuvant, especially ISA206 (SEPPIC, Paris, France), most
preferably ISA51 (SEPPIC, Paris, France). In another preferred
embodiment the parvovirus mutated structural protein is
co-formulated with at least one suitable adjuvant such as CpG,
Imidazoquinolines, MPL, MDP, MALP; flagellin, LPS, LTA, or cholera
toxin or derivative thereof, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, saponins, QS21,
ISCOMs, CFA, SAF, MF59, adamantanes, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum
phosphate or a cytokine.
[0164] In a more preferred embodiment the immunostimulatory
substance is selected from the group comprising polycationic
polymers, especially polycationic peptides such as polyarginine,
immunostimulatory deoxynucleotides (ODNs), peptides containing at
least two LysLeuLys motifs, especially KLKLLLLLKLK, neuroactive
compounds, especially human growth hormone, alumn, adjuvants or
combinations thereof. Preferably, the combination is either a
polycationic polymer and immunostimulatory deoxynucleotides or of a
peptide containing at least two LysLeuLys motifs and
immunostimulatory deoxynucleotides. In a still more preferred
embodiment the polycationic polymer is a polycationic peptide.
[0165] In an even more preferred embodiment of the invention the
immunostimulatory substance is at least one immunostimulatory
nucleic acid. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids are e.g. neutral or
artificial CpG containing nucleic acids, short stretches of nucleic
acids derived from non-vertebrates or in form of short
oligonucleotides (ODNs) containing non-methylated cytosine-guanine
dinucleotides (CpG) in a defined base context (e.g. as described in
WO 96/02555). Alternatively, also nucleic acids based on inosine
and cytidine as e.g. described in WO 01/93903, or deoxynucleic
acids containing deoxy-inosine and/or deoxyuridine residues
(described in WO 01/93905 and WO 02/095027) may preferably be used
as immunostimulatory nucleic acids in the present invention.
Preferably, mixtures of different immunostimulatory nucleic acids
are used in the present invention. Additionally, the aforementioned
polycationic compounds may be combined with any of the
immunostimulatory nucleic acids as aforementioned. Preferably, such
combinations are according to the ones described in WO 01/93905, WO
02/32451, WO 01/54720, WO 01/93903, WO 02/13857 and WO 02/095027
and the AU application A 1924/2001.
[0166] In a further embodiment the medicament comprising the
parvovirus mutated structural protein comprising at least one
B-cell epitope heterologous to the parvovirus is (used for the
manufacture of) a vaccine, preferably for preventing or treating an
autoimmune disease (e.g. diabetes type 1), a tumor disease
(examples are: melanoma: e.g. HMW MAA, glioblastome multiforme:
e.g. CA125, anti-IL13R, colon cancer: e.g. CA125 or anti-EGF(R),
breast cancer: e.g. Her2/NEU, ovarian cancer: e.g. L1 adhesion
molecule, B-cell lymphoma: e.g. CD20), an allergic disease (asthma,
allergies such as allergic rhinitis, examples for targets are IgE,
IL-4, IL-9, IL-13), a metabolic disease (e.g. high cholesterol,
intervention into the cholesterol metabolism (target example:
CETP), obesity, hypertension (target example: angiotensin II), an
inflammatory disease (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease;
target examples: IL-6, IL-17 and TNF-.alpha.), a neurological
disease (e.g. Alzheimer's disease; target example: p-Amyloid) or to
be used in ophthalmology (e.g. AMD; target example: VEGF).
[0167] Also encompassed by the present inventions are methods for
vaccination and/or for treating or preventing the diseases
specified herein by administering to a patient an effective amount
of a parvovirus mutated structural protein of the invention and or
nucleic acid coding for a parvovirus mutated structural protein of
the invention.
[0168] Accordingly, a further aspect of the present invention
relates to a medicament of the invention for the treatment and/or
prevention of [0169] a) an allergic disease and/or asthma whereas
the B cell epitope comprises an anti-idiotypic epi-/mimotope of an
anti-IgE antibody, and/or an IgE epi-/mimotope, particularly a
mimotope of sequence of EFCINHRGYWVCGD or INHRGYWV, with the first
G, W and V being conserved and cysteine residues C mediating a
circular form of the peptide via disulfide bridging, or
particularly an epitope selected from the group consisting of
EKQRNGTLT (SEQ ID NO: 204), EDGQVMDVDLS (SEQ ID NO: 205),
TYQCRVTHPHLPRALMR (SEQ ID NO: 206), RHSTTQPRKTKGSG (SEQ ID NO:
207), DSNPRGVSAYLSR (SEQ ID NO: 208), TITCLVVDLAPSK (SEQ ID NO:
209), KTKGSGFFVF (SEQ ID NO: 210), THPHLPRALMRS (SEQ ID NO: 211),
GETYQCRVTHPHLPRALMRSTTK (SEQ ID NO: 212), LPRALMRS (SEQ ID NO: 213)
and a functionally active variant thereof; [0170] b) Alzheimer's
disease whereas the B cell epitope comprises a .beta.-amyloid
epitope or mimotope, particularly comprising or having the sequence
DAEFRHDSG (SEQ ID NO: 158) or a functionally active variant
thereof; [0171] c) atherosclerosis whereas the B cell epitope
comprises a CETP epitope or mimotope, particularly an epitope
selected from the group consisting of PKTVSNLTESSSESVQS (SEQ ID NO:
214), SLMGDEFKAVLET (SEQ ID NO: 215), QHSVAYTFEED (SEQ ID NO: 216),
INPEIITRDG (SEQ ID NO: 217), DISLTGDPVITASYL (SEQ ID NO: 218),
DISLTGDPVITA (SEQ ID NO: 219), DQSIDFEIDSA (SEQ ID NO: 220),
KNVSEDLPLPTFSPTLLGDS (SEQ ID NO: 221), KNVSEDLPLPT (SEQ ID NO:
222), CDSGRVRTDAPD (SEQ ID NO: 223), FPEHLLVDFLQSLS (SEQ ID NO:
224) and a functionally active variant thereof; [0172] d) a tumor
disease whereas the B cell epitope comprises a growth factor
receptors or growth factors epitope or mimotope, particularly a
HER2/neu epitope or mimotope, especially the epitope QMWAPQWGPD
(SEQ ID NO: 225) or a functionally active variant thereof; [0173]
e) an autoimmune disease and/or chronic an inflammatory disease,
preferably rheumatoid arthritis and/or Crohn's disease, whereas the
B cell epitope comprises an epitope or mimotope of a cytokine,
preferably of TNF-.alpha., IL-6 and/or IL-17, especially an epitope
selected from the group consisting of SSRTPSDKPVAHVVANPQAE (SEQ ID
NO: 226), SRTPSDKPVAHWANP (SEQ ID NO: 227), SSRTPSDKP (SEQ ID NO:
228), NADGNVDYHMNSVP (SEQ ID NO: 229), DGNVDYHMNSV (SEQ ID NO:
230), RSFKEFLQSSLRALRQ (SEQ ID NO: 231), FKEFLQSSLRA (SEQ ID NO:
232) and a functionally active variant thereof; or [0174] f) an
infectious disease, preferably HIV infection, whereas the B cell
epitope comprises an epitope or mimotope of a viral receptor,
preferably of CCR5, especially an epitope selected from the group
consisting of HYAAAQWDFGNTMCQL (SEQ ID NO: 357), YAAQWDFGNTMCQ (SEQ
ID NO: 358), RSQKEGLHYT (SEQ ID NO: 359) and a functionally active
variant thereof.
[0175] In a still further aspect of the present invention the
medicament of the invention as specified herein is used in a method
of treating or preventing [0176] a) an allergic disease and/or
asthma whereas the B cell epitope comprises an anti-idiotypic
epi-/mimotope of an anti-IgE antibody, and/or an IgE epi-/mimotope,
particularly a mimotope of sequence of EFCINHRGYWVCGD or INHRGYWV,
with the first G, W and V being conserved and cysteine residues C
mediating a circular form of the peptide via disulfide bridging, or
particularly an epitope selected from the group consisting of
EKQRNGTLT (SEQ ID NO: 204), EDGQVMDVDLS (SEQ ID NO: 205),
TYQCRVTHPHLPRALMR (SEQ ID NO: 206), RHSTTQPRKTKGSG (SEQ ID NO:
207), DSNPRGVSAYLSR (SEQ ID NO: 208), TITCLWDLAPSK (SEQ ID NO:
209), KTKGSGFFVF (SEQ ID NO: 210), THPHLPRALMRS (SEQ ID NO: 211),
GETYQCRVTHPHLPRALMRSTTK (SEQ ID NO: 212), LPRALMRS (SEQ ID NO: 213)
and a functionally active variant thereof; [0177] b) Alzheimer's
disease whereas the B cell epitope comprises a .beta.-amyloid
epitope or mimotope, particularly comprising or having the sequence
DAEFRHDSG (SEQ ID NO: 158) or a functionally active variant
thereof; [0178] c) atherosclerosis whereas the B cell epitope
comprises a CETP epitope or mimotope, particularly an epitope
selected from the group consisting of PKTVSNLTESSSESVQS (SEQ ID NO:
214), SLMGDEFKAVLET (SEQ ID NO: 215), QHSVAYTFEED (SEQ ID NO: 216),
INPEIITRDG (SEQ ID NO: 217), DISLTGDPVITASYL (SEQ ID NO: 218),
DISLTGDPVITA (SEQ ID NO: 219), DQSIDFEIDSA (SEQ ID NO: 220),
KNVSEDLPLPTFSPTLLGDS (SEQ ID NO: 221), KNVSEDLPLPT (SEQ ID NO:
222), CDSGRVRTDAPD (SEQ ID NO: 223), FPEHLLVDFLQSLS (SEQ ID NO:
224) and a functionally active variant thereof; [0179] d) a tumor
disease whereas the B cell epitope comprises a growth factor
receptors or growth factors epitope or mimotope, particularly a
HER2/neu epitope or mimotope, especially the epitope QMWAPQWGPD
(SEQ ID NO: 225) or a functionally active variant thereof; [0180]
e) an autoimmune disease and/or chronic an inflammatory disease,
preferably rheumatoid arthritis and/or Crohn's disease, whereas the
B cell epitope comprises an epitope or mimotope of a cytokine,
preferably of TNF-a, IL-6 and/or IL-17, especially an epitope
selected from the group consisting of SSRTPSDKPVAHVVANPQAE (SEQ ID
NO: 226), SRTPSDKPVAHWANP (SEQ ID NO: 227), SSRTPSDKP (SEQ ID NO:
228), NADGNVDYHMNSVP (SEQ ID NO: 229), DGNVDYHMNSV (SEQ ID NO:
230), RSFKEFLQSSLRALRQ (SEQ ID NO: 231), FKEFLQSSLRA (SEQ ID NO:
232) and a functionally active variant thereof; or [0181] f) an
infectious disease, preferably HIV infection, whereas the B cell
epitope comprises an epitope or mimotope of a viral receptor,
preferably of CCR5, especially an epitope selected from the group
consisting of HYAAAQWDFGNTMCQL (SEQ ID NO: 357), YAAQWDFGNTMCQ (SEQ
ID NO: 358), RSQKEGLHYT (SEQ ID NO: 359) and a functionally active
variant thereof, wherein an effective amount of the medicament is
administered to a patient in need of the prevention or
treatment.
[0182] The vaccine used for immunization may be administered to a
subject in need thereof, preferably mammals, and still more
preferably humans, in any conventional manner, including oral,
intranasal, intramuscular (i.m.), intra-lymph node, intradermal,
intraperitoneal, subcutaneous (s.c.), and combinations thereof, but
most preferably through intramuscular injection.
[0183] The volume of each dose for administration is preferably up
to about 5 ml, still more preferably between 1 ml and 3 ml, and
most preferably about 2 ml. The volume of the dose when
intramuscular injection is the selected administration route is
preferably up to about 5 ml, preferably up to 3 ml, preferably
between 1 ml and 3 ml, more preferably between 0.5 ml and 2 ml, and
most preferably about 1 ml. The amount of vaccine in each dose
should be enough to confer effective immunity against and decrease
the risk of developing clinical signs to a subject receiving a
vaccination therewith.
[0184] Preferably, the unit dose of protein or nucleic acid should
be up to about 5 .mu.g protein/kg body weight, more preferably
between about 0.2 to 3 .mu.g, still more preferably between about
0.3 to 1.5 .mu.g, more preferably between about 0.4 to 0.8 .mu.g,
and still more preferably about 0.6 .mu.g. Alternative preferred
unit doses could be up to about 6 .mu.g protein or nucleic acid/kg
body weight, more preferably between about 0.05 to 5 .mu.g, still
more preferably between about 0.1 to 4 .mu.g.
[0185] The dose is preferably administered 1 to 4 times, especially
1 to 3 times, e.g. with an interval of 1 to 3 weeks. Preferred
amounts of protein per dose are from approximately 1 .mu.g to
approximately 1 mg, more preferably from approximately 5 .mu.g to
approximately 500 .mu.g, still more preferably from approximately
10 .mu.g to approximately 250 .mu.g and most preferably from
approximately 25 .mu.g to approximately 100 .mu.g.
[0186] Nucleic acid delivery compositions and methods are known to
those of skill in the art. The nucleic acid of the invention may be
employed in the methods of this invention or in the compositions
described herein as DNA sequences, either administered as naked
DNA, associated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or
comprised in a vector. The nucleic may be administered
therapeutically or as part of the vaccine composition e.g., by
injection.
[0187] An "effective amount" of a nucleic acid composition may be
calculated as that amount capable of exhibiting an in vivo effect,
e.g. preventing or ameliorating a sign or symptoms. Such amounts
may be determined by one of skill in the art. Preferably, such a
composition is administered parenterally, preferably
intramuscularly or subcutaneously. However, it may also be
formulated to be administered by any other suitable route,
including intra-nasally, orally or topically. The selection of the
route of delivery and dosage of such therapeutic compositions is
within the skill of the art.
[0188] Treatment in the context of the present invention refers to
both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative
measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen)
the targeted pathologic condition or disorder. Those in need of
treatment include those already with the disorder as well as those
prone to have the disorder or those in whom the disorder is to be
prevented.
[0189] Examples for autoimmune disease that are especially suitable
for this invention are listed in Table 5.
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 5 Autoimmune diseases and suitable antibody
targets/antigens Disease antibody target/antigen Myasthenia gravis
Acetylcholine receptors Graves's disease Thyroid-stimulating
hormone receptor Thyroiditis Thyroid Insulin-resistant diabetes
Insulin receptor Asthma Beta-2 adrenergic receptors Juvenile
insulin-dependent Pancreatic islet cells diabetes Pernicious anemia
Gastric parietal cells Addison's disease Adrenal cells Idiopathic
hypoparathyroidism Parathyroid cells Spontaneous infertility Sperm
Premature ovarian failure Interstitial cells, corpus luteum cells
Pemphigus Intercellular substance of skin Primary biliary cirrhosis
Mitochondria Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Erythrocytes Idiopathic
thrombocytopenic Platelets purpura Idiopathic neutropenia
Neutrophils Vitiligo Melanocytes Osteosclerosis and Meniere's
Type-II collagen disease Chronic active hepatitis Nuclei of
hepatocytes Goodpasture's syndrome Basement membranes Rheumatoid
arthritis Gamma globulin, virus-related antigens, IL-6, IL-17,
TNF-.alpha. Sjogren's syndrome Nuclei and centromeres Systemic
lupus erythematosus Nuclei, DNA, RNA, erythrocytes, etc.
Scleroderma Nuclei and centromeres Polymyositis Nuclei, RNA
[0190] Preferred autoimmune diseases are asthma, Juvenile
insulin-dependent diabetes (diabetes type 1) and rheumatoid
arthritis. Therefore, preferred antigens are the corresponding
antigens of Beta-2 adrenergic receptors, Pancreatic islet cells,
Gamma globulin E, virus-related antigens IL-6, IL-17, and
TNF-.alpha..
[0191] Examples for tumor diseases that are especially suitable for
this invention are listed in Table 6.
TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 6 Tumor diseases and suitable antibody
targets/antigens Disease antibody target/antigen Melanoma HMW MAA
(=high molecular weight melanoma associated antigen), BAGE, GAGE,
MAGE-3, Melan A, MART-1, NY ESO, gp 100, tyrosinase Colon cancer
CA125, EGFR Gliobastome multiforme (GBM) CA125, IL13R Breast cancer
Her2/NEU Ovarian cancer L1 cell adhesion molecule various cancers
(e.g. for colon cancer, VEGF small lung cell carcinoma) B-cell
lymphoma, e.g. Non-Hodgkin CD20 Lymphoma
[0192] Examples for allergic diseases are asthma, especially atopic
asthma, and all types of allergies. The preferred target antigens
for vaccination against allergic diseases are IgE, 19, and 113,
especially IgE.
[0193] An example for a metabolic disease is a disorder in the
cholesterol metabolism (e.g. atherosclerosis), a preferred target
antigen is CETP.
[0194] Examples for inflammatory diseases that are especially
suitable for this invention are listed in Table 7.
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 7 (Chronic) Inflammatory diseases Disease COPD
(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) OA (osteoarthritis)
Rheumatoid arthritis Polymyalgia rheumatica Gouty arthritis, Gout,
Pseudogout Atherosclerosis Crohn's disease (inflammatory bowel
disease) Shoulder tendinitis, Bursitis Colitis Multiple Sclerosis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Psoriasis Juvenile diabetes Type I
diabetes mellitus (insulin-resistant diabetes) Hypothyroidism
Chronic fatigue syndrome Kawasaki's disease Cardiavascular disease
Pericarditis Lymph adenopathy Raynaud's phenomenon Sarcoidosis
Sjogren's syndrome Spondyloarthropathies Vasculitides Scleroderma
Goodpasture's syndrome Wegener's granulomatosis temporal = Giant
cell arteritis Celiac disease Addison's disease Autoimmune
hepatitis Grave's disease Graft-vs-host disease
[0195] Preferred target antigens are IL-6, IL-17, TN F-.alpha. and
CD20.
[0196] Examples for diseases in ophthalmology are age-related
macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy, a preferred
target in these indications is VEGF.
[0197] Other preferred diseases are Alzheimer disease with the
target antigen .beta.-amyloid.
[0198] The parvovirus mutated structural protein comprising at
least one B-cell epitope heterologous to the parvovirus can be
especially useful for manufacture of a medicament for breaking
immune tolerance.
[0199] In the context of the uses of the invention, the features of
the parvovirus mutated structural protein are as defined above.
[0200] In a preferred embodiment the disease is not an infectious
disease, meaning a disease caused by a virus, a bacterium, a fungus
or a eukaryotic parasite.
[0201] In a further embodiment parvovirus mutated structural
protein is not used to make a vector that is used in gene
therapy.
[0202] In this document, the content of all cited documents is
included by reference.
[0203] The following examples and figures are intended to explain
the invention in detail without restricting it.
FIGURES
[0204] FIG. 1: Amino acid sequence alignment of parvoviruses AAV1,
AAV-6, AAV2, AAV-3b, AAV-7, AAV-8, AAV10, AAV-4, AAV11, b-AAV,
AAV-5, GPV, B19, MVM, FPV and CPV
[0205] Alignment was made using Multalin version 5.4.1 (Corpet,
1988). Symbol comparison table: blosum62, Gap weight: 12, Gap
length weight: 2, Consensus levels: high=90% low=50%. Consensus
symbols: ! is anyone of IV; $ is anyone of LM; % is anyone of FY; #
is anyone of NDQEBZ
[0206] The corresponding amino acids to G.sub.453 and N.sub.587 of
AAV2 and the preferred insertion range for I-453 and I-587 are
boxed.
TABLE-US-00018 Name Length Check Weight Seq. GP-No. AAV1 799 4900
0.26 9632548 AAV-6 799 5176 0.26 2766607 AAV2 799 2359 0.50 2906023
AAV-3b 799 3639 0.50 2766610 AAV-7 799 132 0.50 22652859 AAV-8 799
3007 0.37 22652862 AAV10 799 4671 0.37 48728343 AAV-4 799 7292 0.74
2337940 AAV11 799 2546 0.74 48728346 b-AAV 799 5299 0.79 48696559
AAV-5 799 5950 1.34 91134730 GPV 799 3208 1.92 9628653 B19 799 1920
2.45 4092542 MVM 799 332 2.05 2982110 FPV 799 7156 1.61 494031 CPV
799 7674 1.61 494746 consensus 799 6436 0.00
[0207] Further parvoviruses can be found at
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdbfictv/fs_parvo.htm#SubFamily1.
[0208] FIG. 2: Schematic organization of the cap gene of AAV2
[0209] FIG. 3: Infection and Uptake experiment with Binder and
Nonbinder Pools
[0210] For uptake wells were coated with A20 antibody and incubated
with rAAV/GFP, the Binder or the Nonbinder pool (GPC of
1.times.10.sup.3). After removing of unbound virus, HeLa cells were
seeded into the wells. After 48 h of cultivation GFP expression of
the cells was analyzed by flow-cytometry. For infection HeLa cells
were seeded into wells and infected with rAAV/GFP, the Binder or
the Nonbinder pool (GPC of 1.times.10.sup.3). After 48 h of
cultivation GFP expression of the cells was analyzed by
flow-cytometry.
[0211] FIG. 4: Interaction of AAV variants with anti-KLH
antibody
[0212] (A) 5.0.times.10.sup.1.degree. and
1.0.times.10.sup.1.degree. capsids of the AAV variants (H3, B6,
F10, A6, D9) isolated by the screening of the AAV library with the
anti-KLH mAb were dotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane. As
negative control wtAAV was spotted in serial dilution ranging from
1.0.times.10.sup.10 to 1.6.times.10.sup.8 capsids per dot (lower
lane). Likewise serial dilutions of BSA (1.0 .mu.g-0.03 .mu.g) were
spotted on the membrane as a negative control. As a positive
control different dilutions of KLH protein were spotted (1.0
.mu.g-0.02 .mu.g) (upper lane). The membrane was incubated with the
anti-KLH antibody used for the screening of the AAV library and
binding of the anti-KLH antibody to the spotted AAV variants was
detected with an anti-mouse IgG (.gamma.) HRP conjugate.
[0213] (B) After stripping of the membrane, binding of equal
amounts of the AAV variants to the membrane was demonstrated using
the A20 mAb and binding of the A20 mAb to the spotted AAVLPs was
detected with an anti-mouse IgG (.gamma.) HRP conjugate.
[0214] FIG. 5: Interaction of the anti-KLH antibody with a
structural motif of the AAV variants
[0215] 1.times.10.sup.10 native or heat-inactivated (10 min,
95.degree. C.) capsids were spotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane.
As negative control wtAAV was spotted ranging from
5.0.times.10.sup.10 to 1.6.times.10.sup.9 capsids per dot (lower
lane). As a positive control different dilutions of KLH protein
were spotted (1.0 .mu.g-0.03 .mu.g) (upper lane). The membrane was
incubated with the anti-KLH antibody used for the screening of the
AAV library and binding of the anti-KLH antibody to the spotted AAV
variants was detected with an anti-mouse IgG HRP conjugate.
[0216] FIG. 6: Interaction of AAV variants with anti-KLH antibody
(ELISA)
[0217] 5.times.10.sup.10 AAV particles (H3, F10, B6, A6, D9) were
coated onto a Maxisorp microtiter plate. As negative control wtAAV
was coated ranging from 5.0.times.10.sup.10 to 7.8.times.10.sup.8
capsids per well (not shown). The coated particles were incubated
with the anti-KLH antibody used for the screening of the AAV
library. Binding of the anti-KLH antibody to the immobilized AAV
variants was detected with an anti-mouse IgG HRP (horse radish
peroxidase) conjugate using TMB (tetramethylbenzidine) as substrate
and the absorbance was read at 450 nm. The threshold of the assay
is shown as a dotted line.
[0218] FIG. 7: Interaction of AAV variants with anti-IgE
antibody
[0219] 5.0.times.10.sup.10 (left dot) and 1.0.times.10.sup.10
(right dot) of the AAV variants (H5, D5, E8, A9, C7, G8) isolated
by the screening of the AAV library with the anti-IgE antibody
(Xolair.RTM.) were spotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane (shown in
boxes). Only 1.0.times.10.sup.10 capsids of the variant C7 were
dotted. As negative control wtAAV was spotted ranging from
5.0.times.10.sup.10 to 3.9.times.10.sup.8 capsids per dot (lower
lane). Likewise, serial dilutions of BSA (1.0 .mu.g-0.03 .mu.g)
were spotted on the membrane as a negative control. As a positive
control different dilutions of human IgE protein were spotted (1.0
.mu.g-0.02 .mu.g) (upper lane).
[0220] (A) The membrane was incubated with the anti-IgE antibody
used for the screening of the AAV library and binding of the
anti-IgE antibody to the spotted AAVLPs was detected with an
anti-human IgG HRP conjugate.
[0221] (B) To demonstrate that equal amounts of AAV variants were
spotted on the membrane, the membrane was stripped and spotted AAV
capsids were detected using A20 mAb. Binding of the A20 mAb to the
spotted AAVLPs was detected with an anti-mouse IgG (.gamma.) HRP
conjugate.
[0222] FIG. 8: Interaction of AAV variants with anti-IgE antibody
vs. control antibody
[0223] 5.times.10.sup.10 and 1.times.10.sup.10 particles of the AAV
variants H5, E8, D5, A9, G8 (H5 only 1.times.10.sup.10) were dotted
onto a nitrocellulose membrane. As negative control wtAAV was
spotted ranging from 5.0.times.10.sup.10 to 1.6.times.10.sup.9
capsids per dot (lower lane). As a positive control different
dilutions of human IgE or KLH protein (1.0 .mu.g-0.03 .mu.g) were
dotted (upper lanes). The membrane was incubated with
[0224] (A) the anti-IgE antibody used for the screening of the AAV
library or
[0225] (B) the control antibody (anti-KLH). Binding of the
antibodies to the AAV variants was detected using the respective
secondary HRP-labeled antibodies.
[0226] FIG. 9: Interaction of AAV variants with anti-CETP mAb
[0227] 5.0.times.10.sup.10 and 1.0.times.10.sup.10 capsids of the
AAV variants B8 and C4 isolated by the screening of the AAV library
with the anti-CETP antibody were spotted onto a nitrocellulose
membrane. As negative control wtAAV was spotted ranging from
5.0.times.10.sup.10 to 3.2.times.10.sup.9 capsids per dot (lower
lane). Likewise, serial dilutions of BSA (1.0 .mu.g--0.03 .mu.g)
were spotted on the membrane as a negative control.
[0228] (A) The membrane was incubated with the anti-CETP antibody
used for the screening of the AAV library and binding of the
anti-CETP antibody to the spotted AAV variants was detected with an
anti-mouse IgG HRP conjugate.
[0229] (B) To demonstrate that equal amounts of AAV variants were
spotted on the membrane, the membrane was stripped and spotted AAV
capsids were detected using A20 mAb. Binding of the A20 mAb to the
spotted AAVLPs was detected with an anti-mouse IgG (.gamma.) HRP
conjugate.
[0230] FIG. 10: Interaction of an anti-CETP antibody with the
respective CETP epitope inserted into the AAV2 capsid at position
587
[0231] 5.0.times.10.sup.10 capsids of the variants
AAV-CETP-587-short and AAV-CETP-587-long and 5.0.times.10.sup.10
and 1.0.times.10.sup.10 capsids of the variants AAV-CETP-453-short
and AAV-CETP-453-long were spotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane.
As negative control wtAAV was spotted ranging from
5.0.times.10.sup.10 to 6.3.times.10.sup.9 capsids per dot. The
membrane was incubated with a polyclonal anti-CETP antibody
directed against the CETP epitope inserted into the AAV capsid.
Binding of the anti-CETP antibody to the spotted AAV variants was
detected with an anti-rabbit IgG HRP conjugate.
[0232] FIG. 11: Interaction of an anti-CETP antibody with the
respective CETP epitope (CETP-intern) inserted into the AAV1 capsid
after S.sub.588 or D.sub.590.
[0233] Serial dilutions of 1:2 ranging from 5.0.times.10.sup.11 to
3.1.times.10.sup.1.degree. capsids of the variants AAV1-CETP-588,
rAAV1-GFP-CETP-588 and rAAV1-GFP-CETP-590 carrying the rabbit
CETP-intern epitope were spotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane. As
controls wild-type AAV1 ranging from 1.25.times.10.sup.11 to
7.8.times.10.sup.9 capsids per dot and AAV2 with CETP insertions
(CETP-intern) in 453 and 587 (AAV2-CETin-2x) ranging from
5.0.times.10.sup.11 to 3.1.times.10.sup.10 capsids per dot were
spotted.
[0234] (A) Membrane was incubated with an anti AAV1 intact particle
antibody (Progen). Binding of the anti-AAV1 antibody to the spotted
AAV variants was detected with an anti-mouse IgG HRP conjugate. (B)
Membrane was incubated with a polyclonal anti-CETP antibody
directed against the CETP epitope (CETP-intern) inserted into the
AAV capsid. Binding of the anti-CETP antibody to the spotted AAV
variants was detected with an anti-rabbit IgG HRP conjugate.
[0235] The HRP was detected by chemiluminescence using the ECL
system (Pierce).
[0236] FIG. 12: ELISA for determination of binding efficiency of
AAV1 to serum of AAV2 vaccinated rabbits.
[0237] Capsids were coated in equal amounts in serial dilutions
from 1.0.times.10.sup.9 to 1.56.times.10.sup.7 capsids per well for
1 h at 37.degree. C. Wells were incubated with sera from rabbits
vaccinated with AAV2 (1:400 in 1% milk powder in PBS containing
0.05% Tween-20) for 1 h at 37.degree. C. OD was measured at 450
nm.
[0238] FIG. 13: ELISA for determination of binding efficiency of
AAV1 to serum of AAV2 vaccinated rabbits.
[0239] Equal amounts of capsids (1.times.10.sup.9) of rAAV2-GFP,
rAAV1-GFP, rAAV1-GFP-CETP-588 and rAAV1-GFP-CETP-590 were coated
onto Maxisorp 96 well plates (Nunc) and incubated with serial
dilutions of sera from rabbits vaccinated with AAV2 (1:100-1:6400).
OD was measured at 450 nm.
[0240] FIG. 14: Interaction of an anti-IgE antibody (Bsw17) with
the respective IgE epitope inserted into the AAV2 capsid at
position 587
[0241] 2.5.times.10.sup.10 capsids of the AAV variant AAV-Kricek
displaying an IgE epitope inserted at position 587 at the surface
were dotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane. As negative control
serial dilutions of wtAAV (5.0.times.10.sup.10 to
1.6.times.10.sup.9) or of the AAV variant D5 (5.0.times.10.sup.10
to 0.5.times.10.sup.10) were dotted. As a positive control human
IgE was dotted ranging from 1.0 .mu.g to 0.03 .mu.g. The membrane
was incubated with the anti-IgE mAb Bsw17 and binding of Bsw17 to
the spotted AAV variants was detected with an anti-mouse IgG HRP
conjugate
[0242] FIG. 15: Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha. expression of transfected 293
cells 293 cell clones were stably transfected with the .alpha.- and
.gamma.-chain of human Fc.epsilon.RI. The .gamma.-chain is
expressed under the control of an EF1.alpha. or CMV promoter. Cell
surface expression of Fc.epsilon.RIa was analyzed by flow-cytometry
using a PE-labeled anti-Fc.epsilon.RIa mAb.
[0243] FIG. 16: IgE binding of transfected 293 cells
[0244] The 293 cell clone D11 stably expressing the .alpha.- and
.gamma.-chain of human Fc.epsilon.RI was used for evaluation of IgE
binding and the effect of anti-IgE antibodies (XOLAIR.RTM. or
Bsw17) thereon. Cells were incubated with increasing concentrations
of human biotin-labeled IgE in the absence or presence of a
constant concentration of anti-IgE antibodies or a control antibody
(mouse IgG.sub.1). IgE binding was detected by flow-cytometry using
PE-labeled streptavidin.
[0245] FIG. 17: Histamine release of transfected RBL2H3 cells
[0246] Rat RBL2H3 cells were stably transfected with the a-chain of
human Fc.epsilon.RI. The stably transfected cell clone E5 was used
for evaluation of histamine release induced by sensitization of the
cells with human IgE and subsequent cross-linking of receptor-bound
human IgE using a anaphylactic anti-human IgE antibody (Le27).
Cells were sensitized with increasing concentrations of human IgE
and stimulated with the anaphylactic anti-IgE antibody Le27
(.tangle-solidup.). Histamine release was measured using a
commercially available histamine ELISA. In controls cells were
sensitized with increasing concentrations of human IgE without
subsequent stimulation with Le27 (.box-solid.).
[0247] FIG. 18: Effect of anti-IgE mAb on histamine release
[0248] Rat RBL2H3 cells stably transfected with the .alpha.-chain
of human Fc.epsilon.RI were sensitized with human IgE in the
absence or presence of increasing concentrations of anti-human IgE
mAb XOLAIR.RTM.. Histamine release was induced by cross-linking of
receptor-bound IgE using the anaphylactic anti-IgE mAb Le27.
Histamine release was measured using a commercially available
histamine ELISA.
[0249] FIG. 19: Detection of a .beta.-amyloid epitope displayed by
AAV2 at I-587 or I-453/I-587 by .beta.-amyloid-specific
antibody
[0250] Serial dilutions (2.times.10.sup.11-2.times.10.sup.8
capsids) of purified AAV particles displaying a .beta.-amyloid
epitope at I-587, I-453 and I-587, a CETP epitope at I-587 (as
negative control) and 1 .mu.g to 1 ng of the .beta.-amyloid peptide
(aa 1-42, Biosource, as positive control) were dotted on a
membrane. The .beta.-amyloid epitope was detected using an
anti-.beta.-amyloid mAb 6E10 (Chemicon) and as secondary antibody a
peroxidase-labeled anti-mouse IgG antibody (CALTAG). Signals were
detected by chemiluminescence.
[0251] FIG. 20: Induction of auto-antibodies by AAV-based vaccines
vs. peptide based vaccines
[0252] Rabbits (n=2) were immunized with the AAV-based CETP
vaccines AAV-TP11, AAV-TP12, AAV-TP13, or AAV-TP18 s.c. in the
presence of an adjuvant. AAV-based CETP vaccines were compared with
the corresponding peptide vaccines containing the same epitope
coupled to LPH (Limulus polyphemus hemocyanine). The titer of CETP
auto-antibodies in the immune sera was measured after the 2.sup.nd
(gray) and 3.sup.rd (black) boost immunization.
[0253] FIG. 21: Induction of epitope specific anti-peptide
antibodies by AAV-based vaccines vs. peptide based vaccines
[0254] Rabbits (n=2) were immunized with the AAV-based CETP
vaccines AAV-TP11, AAV-TP12, AAV-TP13, or AAV-TP18 s.c. in the
presence of an adjuvant. AAV-based CETP vaccines were compared with
the corresponding peptide vaccines containing the same epitope
coupled to LPH. The titer of antibodies directed against the
epitope (linear peptide) in the immune sera was measured after the
2.sup.nd (gray) and 3.sup.rd (black) boost immunization.
[0255] FIG. 22: Induction of auto-antibodies by native and
heat-denatured AAV-based vaccines
[0256] Rabbits (n=4) were immunized with native (gray) or
heat-denatured (black) AAV-based CETP vaccines AAV-TP11 2x or
AAV-TP18 2.times.s.c. in the presence of an adjuvant. The titer of
CETP auto-antibodies in the immune sera was measured after the
1.sup.st boost immunization.
[0257] FIG. 23: Evaluation of the impact of anti-AAV2 antibodies on
immunization with AAV2-based vaccines
[0258] (A) To evaluate the impact of anti-AAV2 antibodies on the
immunization success of AAV2-based vaccines, rabbits (n=3) were
pre-immunized by two applications of 4.5 .mu.g wtAAV2 (s.c. or
i.m.). Serum was analyzed two weeks after 2.sup.nd application for
the level of anti-AAV2 antibodies. A control group (n=2) was not
pre-immunized with wtAAV2.
[0259] (B) Following pre-immunization with wtAAV2 rabbits were
vaccinated with the AAV2-based vaccine AAV-TP18 (7.2 .mu.g per
application). The vaccine was administered s.c. or i.m. in the
presence of an adjuvant. Sera were analyzed two weeks after the
1.sup.st boost vaccination for the level of CETP auto-antibodies.
Results were compared to vaccination (s.c.) of animals without
wtAAV2 pre-immunization.
[0260] FIG. 24: Evaluation of different prime/boost regimens for
AAV-based vaccines
[0261] Three different prime/boost regimens were evaluated. Group A
received one prime and three boost applications of AAV2-CETin-2x
(AAV2-based vaccination). Group B received one prime and one boost
immunization with AAV2-CETin-2x followed by two boost immunizations
with the LPH-coupled CETP-intern peptide (LPH-peptide boost). Group
C received one prime and one boost immunization with AAV2-CETIn-2x
followed by two boost immunizations with AAV1-CETin (switch
AAV2-/AAV1-based vaccine). Immune sera were analyzed for
anti-CETP-reactivity (CETP auto-antibody titer) two weeks after the
2.sup.nd (gray) and 3.sup.rd boost (black) immunization.
[0262] FIG. 25: Evaluation of the impact of Montanide ISA 51 on
immunization with AAV2-based vaccines
[0263] Rabbits (n=2) were immunized with the CETP vaccine AAV-TP18
i.m. or s.c. in the presence of the adjuvant Montanide ISA 51. A
control group was immunized with the same vaccine s.c. in the
presence of an adjuvant provided by Biogenes. Immune sera were
analyzed for anti-CETP-reactivity (CETP auto-antibody titer) two
weeks after the 1.sup.st (white), 2.sup.nd (gray) and 3.sup.rd
boost (black) immunization.
[0264] FIG. 26: Vaccination against CETP using AAV1 backbone
[0265] Rabbits (n=2) were immunized with AAV1 particles carrying
rabbit CETP-intern epitope at position I-588. The particles (11.7
.mu.g per vaccination) were administered i.m. at each prime or
boost immunization in the presence of an adjuvant provided by
Biogenes. Immune sera were analyzed for anti-CETP-reactivity two
weeks after the 1.sup.st (gray) and 2.sup.nd boost (black)
immunization.
[0266] FIG. 27: Vaccination against human .beta.-amyloid
[0267] Rabbits (n=2) were immunized with AAV2 particles carrying a
human .beta.-amyloid epitope (aa 1-9; DAEFRHDSG, SEQ ID NO: 158) at
position I-587. The particles (1 .mu.g per application) were
administered s.c. at each prime or boost immunization in the
presence of an adjuvant provided by Biogenes. Immune sera were
analyzed for anti-.beta.-amyloid (A.beta. 1-42) reactivity two
weeks after the 1.sup.st (white), 2.sup.nd (gray) and 3.sup.rd
(black) boost immunization.
[0268] FIG. 28: Vaccination against human IgE
[0269] Rabbits (n=2) were immunized with AAV2 particles carrying a
human IgE epitope ("Kricek") at position I-587. In a control group
rabbits were immunized with the same IgE epitope coupled to LPH
(LPH-Kricek). Immune sera were analyzed for anti-IgE reactivity two
weeks after the 1.sup.st (white), 2.sup.nd (gray) and 3.sup.rd
(black) boost immunization. n. d.: not determined.
[0270] FIG. 29: Vaccination of rabbits with IgE derived
peptides
[0271] Rabbits (n=2) were immunized with a human IgE derived
epitope (GETYQSRVTHPHLPRALMRSTTK, SEQ ID NO: 236) coupled to a
synthetic T-helper epitope (Wang-peptide). Another group of rabbits
were immunized with a shortened variant of the epitope "Wang-CS"
coupled to LPH as carrier protein (LPH-Wang-CS). Immune sera were
analyzed for anti-IgE reactivity two weeks after the 2.sup.nd
(gray) and 3.sup.rd (black) boost immunization.
[0272] FIG. 30: Evaluation of the anaphylactic properties of the
anti-IgE antibodies
[0273] The effect of the anti-IgE antibodies (derived from
immunization of rabbits with Wang-peptide, AAV-Kricek, AAV-3DEpi3,
or AAV-Flex) on IgE mediated degranulation of basophils was
investigated using RBL2H3 cells overexpressing the alpha-chain of
human Fc.epsilon.RI. Cells were sensitized by incubation with 250
ng/ml human IgE and subsequently stimulated with polyclonal
anti-IgE antibodies (total IgG fraction of immunized rabbits) at a
concentration of 3 mg/ml total IgG. The anaphylactic monoclonal
anti-IgE antibody Le27 (15 ng/ml) was used as positive control.
Rabbit total IgG derived from unrelated immunizations (i.e.
vaccinations against CETP or .beta.-amyloid) was used as negative
control. Histamine release was measured using a commercially
available histamine ELISA (Neogen).
[0274] FIG. 31: Evaluation of the IgE neutralizing properties of
the anti-IgE antibodies
[0275] To evaluate whether the polyclonal anti-IgE antibodies
induced by vaccination of rabbits are able to neutralize IgE, the
effect of the anti-IgE antibodies on IgE mediated degranulation of
basophils was investigated. Human IgE (250 ng/ml) was pre-incubated
with 3 mg/ml polyclonal anti-IgE antibodies (total IgG fraction of
rabbits immunized with Wang-peptide, AAV-Kricek, AAV-3DEpi3 or
AAV-Flex). As a positive control IgE (250 ng/ml) was pre-incubated
with Xolair (1 .mu.g/ml). Rabbit total IgG derived from unrelated
immunizations (i.e. vaccinations against CETP or .beta.-amyloid)
was used as negative control. Rat basophilic RBL2H3 cells
overexpressing the alpha-chain of human Fc.epsilon.RI were
sensitized by incubation with the human IgE/anti-IgE complexes. The
anaphylactic monoclonal anti-IgE antibody Le27 was used for
cross-linking of receptor bound IgE. IgE-mediated histamine release
was measured using a commercially available histamine ELISA.
[0276] FIG. 32: Interaction of an anti-CETP antibody with the
respective CETP epitope inserted into the AAV2 capsid at different
insertion sites
[0277] 1.0.times.10.sup.11 and 5.0.times.10.sup.11 capsids of
different AAV variants carrying the CETP epitope "CETP-intern" at
the indicated insertion sites were dotted on a membrane (upper
panel). As negative control AAV particles with the CETP epitope
TP10 at position 1-587 were spotted (AAV-TP10). As a positive
control AAV2 variants with the CETP-intern epitope integrated at
position I-453 and 1-587 (AAV2-CETin-2x) were spotted (lower
panel). The membrane was incubated with a polyclonal anti-CETP
antibody directed against the CETP-intern epitope. Binding of the
anti-CETP antibody to the spotted AAV variants was detected with an
anti-rabbit IgG HRP (horse radish peroxidase) conjugate.
EXAMPLES
[0278] The following examples exemplify the invention for AAV,
especially for AAV2. Due to the general similarities within the
structures of the adeno-associated viruses and other parvoviruses
the invention can be easily transferred to other parvoviruses.
1. Generation of an AAV Library
[0279] The cloning of the AAV library and the production of AAV
capsid-modified viral particles is described by Perabo et al.
(Perabo et al., 2003). The AAV library consists of approximately
4.times.10.sup.6 capsid-modified viral particles carrying random
insertions of 7 amino acids at position I-587 of the AAV capsid
protein. The choice of a 7-mer was empirical and was dictated by
the need to insert a sequence long enough to generate an acceptable
amount of diversity, but without impairing the stability of the
capsid. Since typical B-cell epitopes are in general composed of 5
or 6 amino acids in length (US 2004/0228798), the peptide sequences
of the library are sufficient to define B-cell epitopes that are
capable to induce specific B-cell responses directed against the
inserted peptide sequence when the AAV capsid variant is used as
vaccine.
2. Coupling of Pheno- and Genotype of the AAV Library
[0280] The AAV library contains a pool of AAV capsid mutants which
differ from each other by the random insertion of seven amino acids
at position I-587 in the VP3 region of all 60 capsid proteins. When
producing the AAV library, a pool of plasmids coding for the mutant
capsid proteins, the viral replication proteins Rep, and harboring
the inverted terminal repeats (ITRs), is introduced into 293 cells
by transfection (Perabo et al., 2003).
[0281] In general, transfection of high DNA concentrations of a
given plasmid pool results in the introduction of several copies
per cell. Therefore, each single 293 cell takes up several
different AAV plasmids all replicating in the cell and expressing
AAV capsid proteins with different inserted 7 mer sequences.
Therefore, many transfected cells will build up a mosaic capsid
composed of capsid proteins with different 7 mer insertions. Since
these capsids encapsulate one AAV genome being randomly chosen,
many of the AAV particles will contain a vector genome which is not
related to any of its 60 capsid proteins of which its capsid is
composed, meaning that the geno- and phenotypes of these mosaic
viruses are uncoupled. As the anti-idiotype AAV library screening
approach described below is in general based on the AAV phenotype
(the capsid variant of the individual AAV particles) and because
the sequence information for the selected AAV variant is preferably
deduced from the respective AAV genome, the coupling of geno- and
phenotype is highly preferred. Therefore, a coupling step may be
introduced which results in a pool of viral mutants each consisting
of a viral capsid displaying only one kind of peptide insertion and
containing only the respective viral genome.
[0282] To achieve replication of only one AAV mutant per cell,
coupling through cell transduction with low virus concentrations
was established aiming to introduce one viral genome per cell. Two
different methods to transduce HeLa cells with single or low
numbers of AAV particles were established: A) unspecific uptake,
and B) virus infection of HeLa cells with a limited number of AAV
particles.
2.1. Coupling of Geno- and Phenotype by Unspecific Uptake
[0283] The coupling of the geno- and phenotype of the AAV library
was performed by unspecific AAV capsid uptake and subsequent AAV
amplification by infected HeLa cells.
2.1.1. Binding of AAV to Immobilized A20 Antibody
[0284] One cell culture plate (O15 cm, TPP) was coated with 10 ml
AAV2 capsid-specific A20 antibody (supernatant of respective
hybridoma) for 2 h at room temperature. The A20 antibody binds to
intact AAV capsids (Grimm et al., 1999, Wistuba et al., 1997)
independently from the sequence inserted in position I-587. The
A20-coated plates were washed three times with 20 ml D-PBS
containing 1% Tween-20 to remove unbound A20 antibody. After
washing the coated plates were incubated with 20 ml blocking buffer
(5% milk powder in D-PBS containing 1% Tween-20) for 2 h at room
temperature to avoid unspecific binding of the AAV particles to the
plates.
[0285] The plates were then incubated with the AAV library at
genomic particles per cell (GPC) of 10, 100 and 1000 in a total
volume of 10 ml blocking buffer for 2 h at room temperature. The
genomic titer of the AAV population had been determined by
quantitative real-time PCR as described below. After incubation of
the A20-coated plates with the AAV library, unbound virus was
removed by 20 washes with 10 ml D-PBS/1% Tween-20 followed by four
washes with 10 ml D-PBS.
2.1.2. Uptake and Amplification of AAV by HeLa Cells
[0286] 4.0.times.10.sup.6 HeLa cells per O15 cm culture plate were
seeded onto the AAV particles captured by the A20 antibody.
Simultaneously, HeLa cells were infected with Adenovirus Type-2
(AdV2) at a MOI of 5 to induce replication of AAV particles.
Infection and cultivation of the HeLa cells was performed in a
total volume of 10 ml DMEM containing 10% (v/v) fetal calf serum
(FCS) and 1% (v/v) Penicillin/Streptomycin for 24 h at 37.degree.
C. and 5% CO.sub.2 in a humidified atmosphere. After 24 h of
cultivation another 10 ml of DMEM containing 10% (v/v) FCS and 1%
Penicillin/Streptomycin was added to the plate to a total volume of
20 ml. Cells were cultured for an additional 24 h at 37.degree. C.
and 5% CO.sub.2 in a humidified atmosphere. After 24 h of
cultivation, HeLa cells were harvested using a cell scraper and
collected by centrifugation (3000 g, 10 min, 4.degree. C.). Cells
were washed with 5 ml D-PBS. After centrifugation (3000 g, 10 min,
4.degree. C.) the cell pellet was resuspended in 500 .mu.l lysis
buffer (150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris, pH 8.5). Cells were lyzed by three
thaw/freeze cycles using liquid nitrogen and a thermoblock tempered
at 37.degree. C. The cell lysate was treated with 50 U/ml benzonase
(Merck) for 30 min at 37.degree. C. After benzonase treatment the
cell lysate was cleared by centrifugation (3700 g, 4.degree. C., 20
min).
2.1.3. Evaluation of AAV Genomic Titers by Light Cycler PCR
[0287] For determination of genomic titers 50 .mu.l of virus
containing benzonase-treated cell lysate was used for isolation of
DNA. For inactivation of AdV the lysate was incubated at 60.degree.
C. for 30 min. The lysate was diluted four-fold with PBS and total
DNA was purified using the DNeasy Tissue Kit including a Proteinase
K treatment (Qiagen). DNA was eluted in 200 .mu.l Tris-HCl, pH 7.5.
2.0 .mu.l DNA were applied to the Light Cycler PCR Master Mix using
the Light Cycler FastStart DNA Master SYBR Green I Kit (Roche).
Primers
TABLE-US-00019 (SEQ ID NO: 86) 4066-Back 5'-ATG TCC GTC CGT GTG
TGG-3' and (SEQ ID NO: 87) 3201-For 5'-GGT ACG ACG ACG ATT
GCC-3'
were used for PCR amplification. Titers were determined by computer
evaluation using the program provided with the Roche Light Cycler
2.0 and compared to a standard.
2.1.4. PCR Amplification and Subcloning of the AAV Library
Insertion Site
[0288] To analyze the coupling of the geno- and phenotype of the
AAV library after the unspecific up-take and amplification of AAV
by the HeLa cells, the AAV library DNA containing the insertion
site was amplified by PCR, subcloned into pRC-Kotin (described
below) and analyzed by sequencing. Therefore, total DNA was
purified from a 50 .mu.l aliquot of the transduced HeLa cell lysate
as described above. The cell lysate was diluted fourfold in PBS and
total DNA was prepared using the DNeasy Tissue Kit according to the
instructions of the manufacturer. Total DNA was eluted in 50 .mu.l
H.sub.2O. The fragment of the AAV genome containing the library
insertion site was amplified by PCR using 5.0 .mu.l of the total
DNA prepared from the cell lysate as template and 20 pmol of the
primers
TABLE-US-00020 (SEQ ID NO: 88) BsiWI back 5'-TAC CAG CTC CCG TAC
GTC CTC GGC-3' and (SEQ ID NO: 89) SnaBI forward 5'-CGC CAT GCT ACT
TAT CTA CG-3'
in a total volume of 50 .mu.l. PCR was performed using the High
Fidelity Platinum Pfx Polymerase Kit (Invitrogen). After an initial
heat denaturation of the DNA template at 95.degree. C. for 3 min,
DNA was amplified by 35 PCR cycles (45 sec at 95.degree. C.
denaturation, 40 sec at 56.degree. C. annealing, 2 min at
68.degree. C. extension). Amplification was terminated after a
final extension step at 68.degree. C. for 10 min. An aliquot of the
PCR reaction was analyzed on a 1% TBE agarose gel. The PCR product
was purified using the PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen). The PCR
product was cloned into the BsiWI/SnaBI site of the vector
pRC-Kotin. The pRC plasmid was previously described (Girod et al.
1999). In pRC-Kotin the ITRs have been removed and an additional
SnaBI restriction site was introduced downstream of the Cap
ORF.
[0289] Electro-competent E. coli XL-1 Blue MRF were transformed
with the vectors by electroporation. The plasmids of 100 single
independent clones of the cloning reaction were prepared and the
insertion site of the library was sequenced using the primer
TABLE-US-00021 SEQ ID NO: 86 4066-back 5'-ATG TCC GTC CGT GTG
TGG-3'.
2.1.5. Statistical Analysis of the AAV Library Sequences after
Unspecific Uptake by HeLa Cells
[0290] The nucleotide sequences obtained from sequencing of at
least 100 plasmids of single clones were translated into protein
sequences and the 7 mer peptide sequence inserted at position I-587
of AAV2 cap was analyzed. The state of geno- and phenotype coupling
of the AAV2 library is reflected by the amount of stop codons
detected within the 7 mer peptide sequence inserted at position
I-587. Since sequences encoding stop codons in-frame with the
capsid protein can only be assembled in intact AAV capsids if more
than one capsid encoding plasmid was transfected into one HeLa
cell. Regarding the codon-usage, 14.6 stop codons in one hundred 7
mer peptide sequences are statistically expected (due to the NNB
design of the library), and 8.6 out of a hundred occurred in the
original non-coupled AAV library, whereas 9.0 stop codons were
found in average in the respective AAV DNA library.
[0291] Considering the number of stop codons as an indicator for
the coupling state of the library, the number of stop codons should
be markedly decreased after pheno-/genotype coupling of the
library. In addition, the biodiversity of the library should be
maintained. An indicator for the biodiversity is the absence of
duplicate sequences.
[0292] Regarding single sequences about 40% of sequences occurred
more than once after AAV uptake at GPC 10, which is to be regarded
as a reduced biodiversity. In the uptake experiments utilizing GPC
100 and 1000 there were no duplicate sequences pointing to a better
ratio between genomic particles and cells and a better diversity.
The number of stop codons was lower as in the original library,
which points to a well coupled library (Table 8). The number of
stop codons calculated per 100 sequences increased as expected,
when higher GPC were used, since in case of GPC 1000 it was very
likely that more than one viral mutant was able to be taken up by
one cell. Taken together the uptake with GPC of 100 is appropriate
in terms of the coupling of pheno- and genotype and the maintenance
of an adequate diversity of the AAV library.
TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 8 Frequency of stop codons after coupling by
uptake (GPC 10, 100 and 1000): At least 100 sequences were analyzed
and the number of stop codons was calculated per 100 sequences.
viral pool uptake uncoupled GPC 10 GPC 100 GPC 1000 stop codons.
per 8.6 1.4 2.0 4.6 100 seq.
2.2. Coupling of Geno- and Phenotype by Infection
[0293] Coupling of an AAV library by infection without loss of
biodiversity will work, if each mosaic virion from a non-coupled
AAV library contains at least one cell binding motif which renders
the AAV particle infectious. Alternatively, if e.g. only each 10th
particle is still infectious (due to low abundance of corresponding
binding and intracellular trafficking motifs), a 10 fold excess of
particles has to be processed to ensure that each sequence from the
library is taken up by a cell at least once as the likelihood is
proportionally augmented that each genome is packaged at least into
one infectious particle. As for the uptake experiment different
GPCs were tested to determine the optimal coupling efficiency
retaining full biodiversity of the AAV library.
[0294] 2.times.10.sup.6 HeLa cells were seeded in 15 ml medium
(DMEM containing 10% (v/v) FCS and 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin) in
O15 cm cell culture plates (TPP) and cultivated for 24 h at
37.degree. C., 5% CO.sub.2 in a humidified atmosphere. After 24 h
medium was changed and the cells were infected with AAV genomic
particles per cell (GPC) of 10, 100 and 1000 and incubated for 48 h
in the presence of adenovirus (MOI 5) to allow replication and
packaging of AAV. HeLa cells were harvested using a cell scraper
and collected by centrifugation (3000 g, 10 min, 4.degree. C.).
Cells were washed with 5 ml D-PBS. After centrifugation (3000 g, 10
min, 4.degree. C.) the cell pellet was resuspended in 500 .mu.l
lysis buffer (150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris, pH 8.5). Cells were lyzed by
three thaw/freeze cycles using liquid nitrogen and a thermoblock
tempered at 37.degree. C. The cell lysate was cleared by
centrifugation.
[0295] Total DNA was purified, viral DNA amplified by PCR and
cloned into the AAV pRC-Kotin vector as described above. Plasmids
were transformed into bacteria and single clones were picked and
sequenced as described above.
2.2.1. Statistical Analysis of the AAV Library Sequences after
Infection of HeLa Cells
[0296] The nucleotide sequences obtained from sequencing of at
least 100 plasmids of single clones were translated into protein
sequences and the 7 mer peptide sequence inserted at position I-587
of AAV2 VP was analyzed. As described above (2.1.5) the state of
geno- and phenotype coupling of the AAV library is reflected by the
amount of stop codons detected within the 7 mer peptide sequence
inserted at position I-587.
[0297] As observed for the coupling by unspecific uptake a
comparatively high number of sequences occurred more than once when
a GPC of 10 is used for infection of HeLa cells with the AAV
library. The diversity of the library was higher when GPCs of 100
and 1000 were used for infection of HeLa cells with the AAV
library, since no duplicate sequences were identified among at
least 100 analyzed sequences. The number of stop codons, as an
indicator for the state of geno- and phenotype coupling, was down
to zero with GPCs of 100 and 1000 (Table 9) demonstrating the
efficient coupling of pheno- and genotype of the library.
TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 9 Frequency of Stop codons in infection
experiment with GPC 10, 100 and 1000: At least 100 sequences were
analyzed and the number of stop codons was calculated per 100
sequences. viral pool infection uncoupled GPC 10 GPC 100 GPC 1000
stop codons. per 8.6 1.2 0 0 100 seq.
2.3. Coupling of Geno- and Phenotype by Limited Dilution
[0298] In addition to the coupling methods described above (uptake
or infection), the coupling of the geno- and phenotype of the AAV
library can be performed by transfection of HeLa cells with a
limited number of library plasmids. The amount of plasmids used for
transfection is either calculated so that statistically only one
single plasmid is taken up by each HeLa cell and finally entering
the nucleus, or, the ideal number of AAV library genomes is
determined with following model read-out system:
[0299] A self-replicating (e.g. B1/EBNA or SV40ori/large-T antigen)
reporter gene plasmid (such as GFP) is transfected in increasing
amounts together with a non-relevant carrier DNA such as pUC19,
keeping the total DNA amount constant. The use of a
self-replicating plasmid system ensures that each transfected cell
produces enough GFP to be detected in a flow-cytometry assay.
Fluorescence per cell and percent GFP positive cells define a
crossing point, where increasing copy numbers of the reporter gene
plasmid are no more proportional to an increase of GFP positive
cells and where the fluorescence per cell is increasing indicating
the uptake of more than one single reporter gene plasmid per cell.
The amount of reporter gene plasmid respective library plasmid
below the concentration at the crossing point has to be chosen to
ensure the uptake of at maximum one library plasmid per cell.
[0300] Therefore, after infection with adenovirus each transfected
cell produces only one defined type of AAV variant corresponding to
the library plasmid that was taken up by the cell.
3. Evaluation of Unspecific-Uptake of AAV by HeLa Cells
[0301] Since the random peptide sequence of the AAV library is
introduced at position 587 of the AAV capsid comprising the heparin
binding domain of AAV, the AAV variants can be differentiated into
variants that still bind to heparin due to reconstitution of the
binding motif by the inserted random peptide sequence (Binder) and
variants that do not bind to heparin (Nonbinder).
[0302] An AAV helper plasmid containing random peptides inserted
into cap (helper plasmid library) was co-transfected with a
double-stranded GFP vector plasmid to generate a GFP vector virion
library. This library was coupled by infection. This coupled
library was applied to a heparin affinity column to separate
heparin binding from non-binding variants. For this, the library
was applied to a heparin column (HiTrap, Amersham Bioscience). The
flow-through contained the Nonbinders, whereas the Binders were
bound to the column and then eluted from the column by 1M NaCl.
Then both fractions were purified by Iodixanol step gradient
centrifugation to concentrate the virions. Thereafter, genomic
titers of both pools were determined by Light Cycler PCR. After the
purification step genomic titers of 1.times.10.sup.7 per .mu.l (500
.mu.l total) were obtained.
[0303] Infection and uptake experiments on HeLa cells with the
Binder and the Nonbinder pools should reflect the different
capabilities of the variants to enter the cells. Binders and
Nonbinders were expected to show clear differences regarding their
infectivity due to the different heparin-binding properties and the
ability to interact with HSPG. In contrast, Binders and Nonbinders
were expected to show no major differences regarding their
transduction efficacy in uptake experiments, since uptake was
assumed to be independent form HSPG and a heparin binding
motif.
[0304] To analyze this, 5.0.times.10.sup.4 HeLa cells/well were
seeded into a 24-well cell culture plate in a volume of 0.5 ml
medium (DMEM with 10% (v/v) FCS and 1% (v/v)
Penicillin/Streptomycin). After cultivation of the cells for 1 d at
37.degree. C. in a humidified atmosphere containing 5.0% CO.sub.2,
cells were infected with 1.times.10.sup.8 genomic particles per
well (GPC 1.times.10.sup.3) of the Binder/GFP, Nonbinder/GFP pool
or rAAV/GFP (recombinant wtAAV encoding GFP as a control). After 48
h of cultivation at 37.degree. C. in a humidified atmosphere
containing 5.0% CO.sub.2 GFP expression levels of the cells were
determined by flow cytometry (FIG. 3). For the uptake experiments,
24-well plates were coated with 100 .mu.l/well A20 antibody
(hybridoma supernatant recognizing the intact AAV capsid) for 1 h
at room temperature. Unbound A20 was removed by 10 washes using
D-PBS/1% Tween-20. Wells were blocked by incubation with 0.5
ml/well blocking buffer (10% milk powder in D-PBS/1% Tween-20) for
2 h at room temperature. A20-coated wells were incubated with
rAAV/GFP, the Binder library or the Nonbinder library with
1.times.10.sup.8 genomic particles per well (GPC 1.times.10.sup.3).
After incubation for 1 h at room temperature, unbound AAV particles
were removed by 10 washes using D-PBS/1% Tween-20 followed by 4
washes with D-PBS. Then 1.0.times.10.sup.5 HeLa cells/well were
seeded on top of the bound AAV particles in a volume of 0.5 ml
medium (DMEM with 10% FCS and 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin) and
incubated for 48 h at 37.degree. C. in a humidified atmosphere
containing 5.0% CO.sub.2. Transduction efficiency (GFP expression
of the cells) was determined by flow cytometry (FIG. 3).
[0305] As expected, the Binder pool and rAAV/GFP showed comparable
transduction efficacies in the infection experiments, whereas the
infectivity of the Nonbinder pool was strongly reduced. The
residual 20% transduction efficiency observed for the Nonbinder
pool in the infection experiments is most probably mediated by HSPG
independent pathways such as makro- or pinocytosis or alternative
receptors.
[0306] In contrast to the infection experiments, the transduction
efficacy of the Binder and Nonbinder pool was found to be
comparable in the uptake experiments.
[0307] These data demonstrate that in contrast to infection the
uptake of AAV variants by HeLa cells is independent from the
heparin binding domain and independent from the peptide sequence
inserted at position 587 of the AAV capsid.
4. Production and Purification of AAV Variants
4.1. AdV Helper Plasmid
[0308] An AdV helper plasmid encoding AdV E2, E4 and VAI-VAII was
used for AAV manufacturing in 293 or 293T cells. The helper plasmid
pUCAdvE2/E4-VAI-VAII was constructed by subcloning of the BamHI
restriction fragment encoding the adenovirus E2 and E4-ORF6 from
pAdEasy-1 into the site BamHI site of pUC19. The resulting plasmid
is referred to as pUCAdVE2/E4. The VAI-VAII fragment from
pAdvantage was amplified by PCR using the primers
TABLE-US-00024 (SEQ ID NO: 90) Xbal-VAI-780-3' 5'-TCT AGA GGG CAC
TCT TCC GTG GTC TGG TGG-3' and (SEQ ID NO: 91) Xbal-VAII-1200-5'
5'-TCT AGA GCA AAA AAG GGG CTC GTC CCT GTT TCC-3',
cloned into pTOPO and then subcloned into the XbaI site of
pUCAdvE2/E4. The resulting plasmid pUCAdvE2/E4-VAI-VAII (in short
pUCAdV) was evaluated in co-transfection experiments for production
of AAV as described below. AAV particle formation was analyzed
using the A20 ELISA. 4.2. Production of AAV variants by
Co-Transfection of HEK 293 T-Cells
[0309] For production of AAV particles HEK 293-T cells were
co-transfected with the vector plasmid pRC-Kotin containing the
subcloned library insertion sequence, pGFP and the helper plasmid
pUCAdV (described above). The plasmid pGFP contains a GFP (green
fluorescent protein) cDNA under the control of a CMV promoter. This
GFP cassette is flanked with AAV derived ITRs. Therefore,
co-transfection of 293-T cells with these three plasmids will
result in the production of AAV particles displaying the library 7
mer sequence at the surface and containing the GFP cassette with
ITRs as viral genome.
[0310] AAV variants obtained by the direct cloning approach
(described below) were produced as described above with the
following modification. For co-transfection of the vector plasmid
pUCAV2 containing the epitope/mimotope (in 1-453 or I-587) and
pUCAdV a molar ratio of the plasmids of 1:1 was chosen. For Calcium
phosphate transfection of one culture plate with 293-T cells using
the Calcium phosphate transfection protocol as described above,
12.0 .mu.g pUCAV2 (containing the epitope/mimotope in I-453 or
I-587) and 24.0 .mu.g pUCAdV were used. Transfection was performed
as described above.
[0311] For co-transfection 7.5.times.10.sup.6 293-T cells were
seeded into each 015 cm cell culture plate in a total volume of
17.5 ml medium (DMEM containing 10% FCS, 5 mM L-Gln and ABAM) 24 h
before transfection and cultivated at 37.degree. C., 5% CO.sub.2 in
a humidified atmosphere. For co-transfection of pRC-Kotin, pGFP and
pUCAdV a molar ratio of the plasmids of 1:1:1 was chosen. For
Calcium phosphate transfection of one culture plate with 293-T
cells using the Calcium phosphate transfection protocol as
disclosed in US 2004/0053410, 9.0 .mu.g pRC-Kotin, 9.0 .mu.g pGFP
and 18.0 .mu.g pUCAdV were mixed in 875 .mu.l 270 mM CaCl.sub.2. In
brief, 875 .mu.l 2.times.BBS (50 mM BES (pH 6.95), 280 mM NaCl and
1.5 mM Na.sub.2HPO.sub.4) was added to the mixture and the
resulting solution was carefully mixed by pipetting. The solution
was incubated for 20 min at room temperature and then added
drop-wise to the cell culture plate. Cells were incubated at
35.degree. C., 3% CO.sub.2 in a humidified atmosphere for 18 h.
After 18 h at 35.degree. C. and 3% CO.sub.2 cells were cultivated
for an additional 3 d at 37.degree. C., 5% CO.sub.2 in a humidified
atmosphere.
[0312] 293-T cells were harvested with a cell lifter, transferred
into 50 ml plastic tubes (Falcon) and centrifuged at 3000 g at
4.degree. C. for 10 min. The cell pellet was resuspended in 1.0 ml
lysis buffer (150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris, pH 8.5) and objected to
three rounds of freeze and thaw cycles. The lysate was treated with
100 U/ml benzonase (Merck) at 37.degree. C. for 30 min. The cell
lysate was cleared by two centrifugation steps (3700 g, 4.degree.
C., 20 min) and the AAV-containing supernatant was used for further
purification.
[0313] The AAV capsid titer of the lysate was determined using a
commercially available ELISA (AAV Titration ELISA, Progen).
4.3. Purification of AAV Particles by Density Gradient
Centrifugation Using Iodixanol
[0314] AAV particles were purified by iodixanol gradient
centrifugation. The virus-containing cell lysate was cleared by
centrifugation (3700 g, 4.degree. C., 20 min) and the cleared
lysate was transferred to Qickseal ultracentrifugation tubes
(26.times.77 mm, Beckman). Iodixanol solutions (Sigma) of different
concentrations were layered beneath the virus containing lysate. By
this an Iodixanol gradient was created composed of 6.0 ml 60% on
the bottom, 5.0 ml 40%, 6.0 ml 25% and 9.0 ml 15% Iodixanol with
the virus solution on top. The gradient was spun in an
ultracentrifuge at 416,000 g for 1 h at 18.degree. C. The 40% phase
containing the AAV particles was then extracted with a cannula by
puncturing the tube underneath the 40% phase and allowing the
solution to drip into a collecting tube until the 25% phase was
reached. The AAV capsid titer of the 40% phase was determined using
a commercially available ELISA (AAV Titration ELISA, Progen).
5. Selection of AAV Particles with Specific Affinity for a Target
Antibody from the Coupled Viral Library
5.1. Anti-Idiotype Selection Using an Anti-KLH Antibody
[0315] To proof the concept of selection of anti-idiotype AAV
variants, an anti-KLH (Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin) mouse monoclonal
antibody (R&D Systems) was used as selection antibody. The
mouse anti-KLH monoclonal antibody (IgG.sub.1 isotype) was obtained
from a mouse immunized with purified KLH as antigen. In another
approach unspecific binding of AAV particles to the cell culture
plate in the absence of an immobilized selection antibody was
analyzed (negative control). In the experiments described in this
example, an AAV library was used, whose geno- and phenotype was
coupled by infection at GPC1000 as described above (2.2)
5.1.1. Binding of AAV to immobilized anti-KLH antibody vs. binding
of AAV to uncoated cell culture plate
[0316] A cell culture plate (O10 cm, TPP) was coated with 5 ml
anti-KLH monoclonal IgG.sub.1 antibody at a concentration of 10
.mu.g/ml in coating buffer (0.8 ml 0.2M NaHCO.sub.3, 1.7 ml 0.2M
Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 ad 10 ml H.sub.2O) for 18 h-24 h at 4.degree. C.
In another approach (negative control) plates were treated with
coating buffer in the absence of an antibody. All plates were
washed three times with 10 ml D-PBS containing 1% Tween-20. After
washing the plates were incubated with 10 ml blocking buffer (5%
milk powder in D-PBS containing 1% Tween-20) for 2 h at room
temperature to avoid unspecific binding of the AAV particles to the
plate. The plate was then incubated with 1.times.10.sup.8
genome-containing AAV library particles in a total volume of 5 ml
blocking buffer for 2 h at room temperature. The genomic titer of
the AAV population was determined by quantitative real-time PCR as
described above. After incubation of the anti-KLH mAb-coated plate
or uncoated plate (negative control) with the AAV library, unbound
virus was removed by 20 washes with 10 ml D-PBS/1% Tween-20
followed by four washes with 10 ml D-PBS.
5.1.2. Uptake and Amplification of AAV by HeLa Cells
[0317] 1.0.times.10.sup.6 HeLa cells per plate were seeded onto the
AAV particles captured by the anti-KLH mAb or adsorbed by the plate
in an unspecific way in the control approach (negative control).
Simultaneously, HeLa cells were infected with Adenovirus Type-2
(AdV2) at a MOI of 5 to induce replication of AAV particles.
Infection and cultivation of the HeLa cells was performed in a
total volume of 10 ml DMEM containing 10% (v/v) fetal calf serum
(FCS) and 1% (v/v) Penicillin/Streptomycin for 48 h at 37.degree.
C. and 5% CO.sub.2 in a humidified atmosphere. After 48 h of
cultivation, HeLa cells were harvested using a cell scraper and
collected by centrifugation (3000 g, 10 min, 4.degree. C.). Cells
were washed with 5 ml D-PBS. After centrifugation (3000 g, 10 min,
4.degree. C.) the cell pellet was resuspended in 250 .mu.l lysis
buffer (150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris, pH 8.5). Cells were lyzed by three
freeze/thaw cycles using liquid nitrogen and a thermoblock tempered
at 37.degree. C.
5.1.3. PCR Amplification and Subcloning of the AAV Library
Insertion Site
[0318] Total DNA was purified from a 50 .mu.l aliquot of the
transduced HeLa cell lysate. The cell lysate was diluted fourfold
in PBS and total DNA was prepared using the DNeasy Tissue Kit
according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Total DNA was
eluted in 50 .mu.l H.sub.2O. The fragment of the AAV genome
containing the library insertion site was amplified by PCR using 5
.mu.l of the total DNA prepared from the cell lysate as template
and 20 .mu.mol of the primers
TABLE-US-00025 (SEQ ID NO: 92) BsiWI back 5'-TAC CAG CTC CCG TAC
GTC CTC GGC-3' and (SEQ ID NO: 93) SnaBI forward 5'-CGC CAT GCT ACT
TAT CTA CG-3'
in a total volume of 50 .mu.l. PCR was performed using the High
Fidelity Platinum Pfx Polymerase Kit (Invitrogen). After initial
heat denaturation of the DNA template at 95.degree. C. for 3 min,
DNA was amplified by 35 PCR cycles (45 sec at 95.degree. C.
denaturation, 40 sec at 56.degree. C. annealing, 2 min at
68.degree. C. extension). Amplification was terminated after a
final extension step at 68.degree. C. for 10 min. An aliquot of the
PCR reaction was analyzed on a 1% TBE agarose gel. The PCR product
was purified using the PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen). The PCR
product was cloned into the BsiWI/SnaBI site of the vector
pRC-Kotin. Electro-competent E. coli XL-1 Blue MRF were transformed
with the vectors by electroporation. The plasmids of 100 single
clones were prepared and the insertion site of the library was
sequenced using the primer
TABLE-US-00026 (SEQ ID NO: 86) 4066 back 5'-ATG TCC GTC CGT GTG
TGG-3'.
[0319] The obtained nucleotide sequences were translated into
protein sequences and the 7 mer peptide sequence inserted at
position I-587 of AAV2 VP was analyzed. The results are summarized
in Table 10. AAV particles containing the same peptide sequence at
the library insertion site as AAV particles obtained by screening
of the library using the uncoated culture plates (negative control)
were considered as non-specifically bound particles and were
excluded from further analysis.
TABLE-US-00027 TABLE 10 AAV Variants identified in the Library
Screening approach AAV selection frequency variant antibody
sequence round I round II round III round IV H3 anti-KLH ARAGLPG
20.9 0.0 N/A N/A SEQ ID NO: 94 B6 anti-KLH LRPDARP 15.4 50.0 N/A
N/A SEQ ID NO: 95 A6 anti-KLH PRTDSPR 26.4 45.0 N/A N/A SEQ ID NO:
96 F10 anti-KLH PTLTPPR 19.8 0.0 N/A N/A SEQ ID NO: 97 D9 anti-KLH
STLAPPA 2.2 0.0 N/A N/A SEQ ID NO: 98 C4 anti-CETP SRPPNPA 73.2
22.2 33.3 N/A SEQ ID NO: 99 B8 anti-CETP MGSPSTR 0.0 33.3 33.3 N/A
SEQ ID NO: 100 E2 anti-CETP RDHPGIR 0.0 0.0 29.8 N/A SEQ ID NO: 101
B6 anti-CETP VGSPSTR 0.0 0.0 3.5 N/A SEQ ID NO: 102 A2 anti-CETP
LPTARSP 2.8 0.0 0.0 N/A SEQ ID NO: 103 C7 anti-IgE VYSPTGK 0.0 8.1
84.0 97.4 SEQ ID NO: 104 D5 anti-IgE SDAPLPR 65.2 86.0 0.0 0.0 SEQ
ID NO: 105 H5 anti-IgE ETQLRAT 0.0 72.7 17.1 0.0 SEQ ID NO: 106 E8
anti-IgE GLGTQPR 0.0 0.0 22.9 61.5 SEQ ID NO: 107 G8 anti-IgE
DKTGSKP 23.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 SEQ ID NO: 108 A9 anti-IgE TSASRAP 0.0 0.0
12.0 0.0 SEQ ID NO: 109 E11 anti-IgE ACAPTGV 0.0 0.0 5.7 0.0 SEQ ID
NO: 110
5.1.4. Second Round of Anti-KLH mAb Screening
[0320] The number of genomic particles (genomic AAV titer)
contained in the HeLa cell lysate was determined by quantitative
real-time PCR (see 2.1.3). For the second round of selection, cell
culture plates were coated with anti-KLH mAb or were left uncoated
(negative control) as described above. Blocking and washing of the
plates was performed as describe above. Plates were incubated with
the volume of HeLa cell lysate (containing the AAV pool of the
first selection round) corresponding to GPC of 100 in a total
volume of 5 ml blocking buffer. After incubation of the plates with
the AAV pool obtained from the first round of selection for 2 h at
room temperature, unbound virus was removed by 20 washes with 10 ml
D-PBS/1% Tween-20 followed by four washes with 10 ml D-PBS. Uptake
and amplification of the anti-KLH mAb bound AAV or non-specifically
bound AAV (negative control) by HeLa cells was performed as
described above. Preparation of total DNA, PCR amplification and
subcloning of the AAV library insertion site was performed as
described above. The results are summarized in Table 10. AAV
particles containing the same peptide sequence at the library
insertion site as AAV particles obtained by screening of the
library using the uncoated culture plates were considered as
non-specifically bound particles and were excluded from further
analysis.
5.1.5. Characterization of AAV Particles Obtained by Anti-KLH
Screening of the AAV Library
[0321] AAV particles of the library screening approach were
produced and purified as described above. AAV capsid titers were
analyzed using the AAV titration ELISA.
Dot Blot Analysis
[0322] The AAV capsid variants (H3, B6, F10, A6, D9) isolated by
the screening of the AAV library with the anti-KLH mAb were
analyzed by dot blot experiments (FIG. 4). 5.0.times.10.sup.10 and
1.0.times.10.sup.10 AAV particles were spotted onto a
nitrocellulose membrane using a vacuum device. As negative control
wtAAV was spotted ranging from 1.0.times.10.sup.10 to
1.6.times.10.sup.8 capsids per dot. Likewise serial dilutions of
BSA (1.0 .mu.g-0.03 .mu.g) were spotted on the membrane as a
negative control. As a positive control different dilutions of KLH
protein were spotted (1.0 .mu.g-0.02 .mu.g). After blocking of the
membrane with blocking buffer (5% milk powder in PBS containing
0.05% Tween-20), the membrane was incubated with the anti-KLH
antibody (0.5 .mu.g/ml in 1% milk powder in PBS containing 0.05%
Tween-20) used for the screening of the AAV library at 4.degree. C.
for 18 h-24 h. After washing of the membrane with PBS/0.05%
Tween-20, binding of the anti-KLH antibody to the spotted AAV
variants was detected with an anti-mouse IgG (.gamma.) HRP
conjugate (CALTAG). The membrane was incubated with the anti-mouse
IgG (.gamma.) HRP conjugate for 1 h at room temperature. After
washing, signals were detected by chemiluminescence using the ECL
system (Amersham Bioscience) (FIG. 4A).
[0323] To demonstrate that equal amounts of AAV variants were
spotted on the membrane, the AAV capsids were detected using the
AAV Capsid-specific mAb A20 (Progen). After stripping of the
membrane with stripping buffer (0.1 M glycine, pH 2.5), binding of
AAV variants to the membrane was demonstrated using A20 mAb at 5.0
.mu.g/ml in 1% milk powder in PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20. The
membrane was incubated with the A20 antibody (Progen) (hybridoma
supernatant 1:10 diluted in 1% milk powder in PBS containing 0.05%
Tween-20) for 2 h at room temperature. After washing of the
membrane with PBS/0.05% Tween-20, binding of the A20 mAb to the
spotted AAV variants was detected with an anti-mouse IgG (.gamma.)
HRP conjugate (CALTAG). The membrane was incubated with the
anti-mouse IgG (.gamma.) HRP conjugate for 1 h at room temperature.
After washing, signals were detected by chemiluminescence using the
ECL system (Amersham Bioscience) (FIG. 4B).
[0324] The result demonstrates that there is a specific detection
of AAV capsid variants H3, B6, A6 and B9 by the anti-KLH antibody,
which was used for screening of the AAV library. There is no
cross-reaction with wtAAV. The weak detection of B6 by the A20
antibody might be due to the immobilization of a lower amount of
capsids or due to a poor detection of the B6 variant by the A20
antibody caused by structural modifications of the AAV capsid
variant. The weak detection of KLH by A20 in the upper row of panel
B is due to incomplete stripping of the membrane shown on the
left.
[0325] To analyze whether the anti-KLH antibody recognized a
structural motif or a linear motif of the AAV variants,
1.times.10.sup.10 native or heat-inactivated (10 min at 95.degree.
C.) capsids were spotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane (FIG. 5).
As negative control wtAAV was spotted ranging from
5.0.times.10.sup.10 to 1.6.times.10.sup.9 capsids per dot. As a
positive control different dilutions of KLH protein were spotted
(1.0 .mu.g-0.03 .mu.g). After blocking, the membrane was incubated
with the anti-KLH antibody used for the screening of the AAV
library as described above. Binding of the anti-KLH antibody to the
spotted AAVLP variants was detected with an anti-mouse IgG HRP
conjugate (FIG. 5).
[0326] These data demonstrate that native but not heat-denatured H3
and B6 variants are recognized by the anti-KLH antibody, indicating
that the antibody recognizes a structural rather than a linear
epitope within the AAV capsid. A6 and D9 are not recognized by the
antibody most probably due to the low number of spotted capsids
(1.times.10.sup.10).
ELISA Experiments
[0327] To confirm the results of the dot blot experiments, the
detection of the AAV variants by the KLH antibody was also analyzed
in an ELISA format (FIG. 6). 5.times.10.sup.10 AAV particles (H3,
F10, B6, A6, D9) were coated onto a Maxisorp microtiter plate
(Nunc). As negative control wtAAV was coated ranging from
5.0.times.10.sup.10 to 7.8.times.10.sup.8 capsids per well. After
blocking, the wells were incubated with the anti-KLH antibody used
for screening of the AAV library. Binding of the anti-KLH antibody
to the immobilized AAV variants was detected with an anti-mouse IgG
HRP conjugate using TMB as substrate. The absorbance was read at
450 nm.
[0328] These data demonstrate that variants B6 and A6 are detected
in the KLH-specific ELISA, although the sensitivity of the ELISA
seems to be lower than the sensitivity of the dot blot. This might
be due to the binding of lower amounts of AAV particles to the
plate or due to structural changes of the capsids caused by the
adsorption to the plastic surface of the plate.
5.2. Anti-Idiotype Selection Using an Anti-IgE Antibody
[0329] To proof the concept of selection for an anti-idiotype AAV
vaccine, an anti-IgE antibody was used for screening of the AAV
capsid library. In this experiment, a AAV library was used, whose
geno- and phenotype was coupled by infection at GPC 1000 or
unspecific uptake at GPC 100 as described above (2.1 and 2.2).
5.2.1. Binding of AAV to Immobilized Anti-IgE Antibody
[0330] A cell culture plate (O15 cm, TPP) was coated with 10.0 ml
anti-IgE antibody (XOLAIR.RTM.) at a concentration of 10 .mu.g/ml
in coating buffer (0.8 ml 0.2M NaHCO.sub.3, 1.7 ml 0.2M
Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 ad 10 ml H.sub.2O) for 18 h-24 h at 4.degree. C.
The anti-IgE antibody coated plate was washed three times with 20
ml D-PBS containing 1% Tween-20 to remove unbound antibody. After
washing the coated plate was incubated with 20 ml blocking buffer
(5% milk powder in D-PBS containing 1% Tween-20) for 2 h at room
temperature to avoid unspecific binding of the AAV particles to the
plate. The plate was then incubated with 4.times.10.sup.8
genome-containing AAV library particles in a total volume of 10 ml
blocking buffer for 2 h at room temperature. The genomic titer of
the AAV population was determined by quantitative real-time PCR as
described above. After incubation of the anti-IgE antibody coated
plate with the AAV library, unbound virus was removed by 20 washes
with 20 ml D-PBS/1% Tween-20 followed by four washes with 20 ml
D-PBS.
5.2.2. Uptake and Amplification of AAV by HeLa Cells
[0331] 4.0.times.10.sup.6 HeLa cells per plate were seeded onto the
AAV particles captured by the anti-IgE mAb. Simultaneously, HeLa
cells were infected with Adenovirus Type-2 (AdV2) at an MOI of 5 to
induce replication of AAV particles. Infection and cultivation of
the HeLa cells was performed in a total volume of 20 ml DMEM
containing 10% (v/v) fetal calf serum (FCS) and 1% (v/v)
Penicillin/Streptomycin for 24 h at 37.degree. C. and 5% CO.sub.2
in a humidified atmosphere. After 48 h of cultivation, HeLa cells
were harvested using a cell scraper and collected by centrifugation
(3000 g, 10 min, 4.degree. C.). Cells were washed with 5 ml D-PBS.
After centrifugation (3000 g, 10 min, 4.degree. C.) the cell pellet
was resuspended in 500 .mu.l lysis buffer (150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris,
pH 8.5). Cells were lyzed by three freeze/thaw cycles using liquid
nitrogen and a thermoblock tempered at 37.degree. C.
5.2.3. PCR Amplification and Subcloning of the AAV Library
Insertion Site
[0332] Total DNA was purified from a 50 .mu.l aliquot of the
transduced HeLa cell lysate. The cell lysate was diluted fourfold
in PBS and total DNA was prepared using the DNeasy Tissue Kit
(Qiagen) according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Total
DNA was eluted in 50 .mu.l H.sub.2O. The fragment of the AAV genome
containing the library insertion site was amplified by PCR using 5
.mu.l of the total DNA prepared from the cell lysate as template
and 20 .mu.mol of the primers
TABLE-US-00028 (SEQ ID NO: 92) BsiWI back 5'-TAC CAG CTC CCG TAC
GTC CTC GGC-3' and (SEQ ID NO: 89) SnaBI forward 5'-CGC CAT GCT ACT
TAT CTA CG-3'
in a total volume of 50 .mu.l. PCR was performed using the High
Fidelity Platinum Pfx Polymerase Kit (Invitrogen). After initial
heat denaturation of the DNA template at 95.degree. C. for 3 min,
DNA was amplified by 35 PCR cycles (45 sec at 95.degree. C.
denaturation, 40 sec at 56.degree. C. annealing, 2 min at
68.degree. C. extension). Amplification was terminated after a
final extension step at 68.degree. C. for 10 min. An aliquot of the
PCR reaction was analyzed on a 1% TBE agarose gel. The PCR product
was purified using the PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen). The PCR
product was cloned into the BsiWI/SnaBI site of the vector
pRC-Kotin. Electro-competent E. coli XL-1 Blue MRF were transformed
with the vectors by electroporation. The plasmids of 100 single
clones of the cloning reaction were prepared and the insertion site
of the library was sequenced using the primer
TABLE-US-00029 (SEQ ID NO: 86) 4066 back 5'-ATG TCC GTC CGT GTG
TGG-3'.
[0333] The obtained nucleotide sequences were translated into
protein sequences and the 7 mer peptide sequences inserted at
position I-587 of AAV2 VP was analyzed.
[0334] The results are summarized in Table 10. AAV particles
containing the same peptide sequence at the library insertion site
as AAV particles obtained by screening of the library using an
uncoated culture plate (see 5.1) were considered as
non-specifically bound particles and were excluded from further
analysis.
5.2.4. Second, Third and Fourth Round of Anti-IgE Antibody
Screening
[0335] The number of genomic particles (genomic AAV titer)
contained in the HeLa cell lysate was determined by quantitative
real-time PCR (see 2.1.3). For the second, third and fourth round
of selection, cell culture plates were coated with anti-IgE
antibody (XOLAIR.RTM.) as described above. Blocking and washing of
the coated plates was performed as describe above. Anti-IgE
antibody coated plates were incubated with the volume of HeLa cell
lysate (containing the AAV pool of the first, second or third
selection round, respectively) corresponding to GPC 100 in a total
volume of 10 ml blocking buffer. After incubation of the anti-IgE
antibody coated plates with the AAV pool obtained from preceding
round of selection for 2 h at room temperature, unbound virus was
removed by 20 washes with 20 ml D-PBS/1% Tween-20 followed by four
washes with 20 ml D-PBS. Uptake and amplification of the anti-IgE
mAb bound AAV by HeLa cells was performed as described above.
Preparation of Total DNA, PCR Amplification and Subcloning of the
Aav Library insertion site was performed as described above. The
results of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th selection round are summarized in
Table 10. AAV particles containing the same peptide sequence at the
library insertion site as AAV particles obtained by screening of
the library using an uncoated culture plate (see 4.1) were
considered as non-specifically bound particles and were excluded
from further analysis.
5.2.5. Characterization of AAV Particles Obtained by Anti-IgE
Antibody Screening of the AAV Library
[0336] AAV particles of the library screening approach were
produced and purified as described above. AAV capsid titers were
analyzed using the AAV Titration ELISA.
Dot Blot Analysis
[0337] The AAV capsid variants (H5, D5, E8, A9, C7, G8) isolated by
the screening of the AAV library with the anti-IgE antibody
(XOLAIR.RTM.) were analyzed by dot blot experiments (FIG. 7).
5.0.times.10.sup.1.degree. and 1.0.times.10.sup.10 capsids of the
AAV variants were spotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a
vacuum device except for C7 where 1.times.10.sup.10 capsids only
were spotted. As negative control wtAAV was spotted ranging from
5.0.times.10.sup.10 to 3.9.times.10.sup.8 capsids per dot.
Likewise, serial dilutions of BSA (1.0 .mu.g-0.03 .mu.g) were
spotted on the membrane as a negative control. As a positive
control different dilutions of human IgE protein were spotted (1.0
.mu.g-0.02 .mu.g). After blocking of the membrane with blocking
buffer (5% milk powder in PBS containing 0.1% Tween-20), the
membrane was incubated with the XOLAIR.RTM. antibody (0.15 .mu.g/ml
in 1% milk powder in PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20) used for the
screening of the AAV library at 4.degree. C. for 18 h-24 h. After
washing of the membrane with PBS/0.05% Tween-20, binding of the
anti-IgE antibody to the spotted AAV variants was detected with an
anti-human IgG HRP conjugate (FIG. 7A)).
[0338] To demonstrate that equal amounts of AAV variants were
spotted on the membrane, the membrane was stripped as described
above and spotted AAV capsids were detected using A20 (FIG. 7B).
For this, the membrane was incubated with the A20 antibody (Progen)
(hybridoma supernatant 1:10 diluted in 1% milk powder in PBS
containing 0.05% Tween-20) for 2 h at room temperature. After
washing of the membrane with PBS/0.05% Tween-20, binding of the A20
mAb to the spotted AAV variants was detected with an anti-mouse IgG
(.gamma.) HRP conjugate (CALTAG). The result demonstrates that
there is a specific detection of AAV variants H5, D5 and E8 by the
anti-IgE antibody (XOLAIR.RTM.) used for screening of the AAV
capsid library.
[0339] To demonstrate the specificity of the binding of anti-IgE
antibody to the AAV variants, the experiments were repeated and a
control mAb (anti-KLH) was included into the experiments (FIG. 8).
5.times.10.sup.10 and 1.times.10.sup.10 particles of the AAV
variants (H5 only 1.times.10.sup.10) were dotted onto a
nitrocellulose membrane. As negative control wtAAV was spotted
ranging from 5.0.times.10.sup.10 to 1.6.times.10.sup.9 capsids per
dot. As a positive control different dilutions of human IgE or KLH
protein (1.0 .mu.g-0.03 .mu.g) were dotted. After blocking of the
membrane with blocking buffer (5% milk powder in PBS containing
0.1% Tween-20), the membrane was incubated with the XOLAIR.RTM.
antibody (0.15 .mu.g/ml in 1% milk powder in PBS containing 0.05%
Tween-20) used for the screening of the AAV library (FIG. 8A) or
the control anti-KLH mAb (0.5 .mu.g/ml in 1% milk powder in PBS
containing 0.05% Tween-20) (FIG. 8B) at 4.degree. C. for 18 h-24 h.
After washing of the membrane with PBS/0.05.degree. i.degree.
Tween-20, binding of the anti-IgE antibody or anti-KLH mAb to the
spotted AAV variants was detected with a secondary HRP conjugated
antibody. Please note that the signal for D5 (5.times.10.sup.10
particles) was so strong that the substrate was exhausted at the
time of exposure.
[0340] These data demonstrate that variants H5, E8 and D5
specifically bind to the anti-IgE antibody, whereas there is no
binding to the control anti-KLH antibody. In contrast variant G8
seems to bind to immunoglobulins in an unspecific way.
5.3. Anti-Idiotype Selection Using an Anti-CETP Antibody
[0341] To proof the concept of selection for an anti-idiotype AAV
vaccine, an anti-CETP antibody was used for screening of the AAV
capsid library. In this experiment, a AAV library was used, whose
geno- and phenotype was coupled by infection at GPC 1000 described
above (2.2).
5.3.1. Binding of AAV to Immobilized Anti-CETP Antibody
[0342] A cell culture plate (O10 cm, TPP) was coated with 5.0 ml
anti-CETP antibody (clone ATM192, Acris-Antibodies) at a
concentration of 10 .mu.g/ml in coating buffer (0.8 ml 0.2M
NaHCO.sub.3, 1.7 ml 0.2M Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 ad 10 ml H.sub.2O) for 18
h-24 h at 4.degree. C. The anti-CETP antibody-coated plate was
washed three times with 10 ml D-PBS containing 1% Tween-20 to
remove unbound antibody. After washing the coated plate was
incubated with 10 ml blocking buffer (5% milk powder in D-PBS
containing 1% Tween-20) for 2 h at room temperature to avoid
unspecific binding of the AAV particles to the plate. The plate was
then incubated with 1.times.10.sup.8 genome-containing AAV library
particles in a total volume of 5 ml blocking buffer for 2 h at room
temperature. The genomic titer of the AAV population was determined
by quantitative real-time PCR as described above. After incubation
of the anti-CETP antibody-coated plate with the AAV library,
unbound virus was removed by 20 washes with 10 ml D-PBS/1% Tween-20
followed by four washes with 10 ml D-PBS.
5.3.2. Uptake and Amplification of AAV by HeLa Cells
[0343] 1.0.times.10.sup.6 HeLa cells per plate were seeded onto the
AAV particles captured by the anti-CETP mAb. Simultaneously, HeLa
cells were infected with AdV2 at an MOI of 5 to induce replication
of AAV particles. Infection and cultivation of the HeLa cells was
performed in a total volume of 10 ml DMEM containing 10% (v/v)
fetal calf serum (FCS) and 1% (v/v) Penicillin/Streptomycin for 48
h at 37.degree. C. and 5% CO.sub.2 in a humidified atmosphere.
After 48 h of cultivation, HeLa cells were harvested using a cell
scraper and collected by centrifugation (3000 g, 10 min, 4.degree.
C.). Cells were washed with 5 ml D-PBS. After centrifugation (3000
g, 10 min, 4.degree. C.) the cell pellet was resuspended in 250
.mu.l lysis buffer (150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris, pH 8.5). Cells were
lyzed by three freeze/thaw cycles using liquid nitrogen and a
thermoblock tempered at 37.degree. C.
5.3.3. PCR Amplification and Subcloning of the AAV Library
Insertion Site
[0344] Total DNA was purified from a 50 .mu.l aliquot of the
transduced HeLa cell lysate. The cell lysate was diluted fourfold
in PBS and total DNA was prepared using the DNeasy Tissue Kit
according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Total DNA was
eluted in 50 .mu.l H.sub.2O. The fragment of the AAV genome
containing the library insertion site was amplified by PCR using 5
.mu.l of the total DNA prepared from the cell lysate as template
and 20 pmol of the primers
TABLE-US-00030 (SEQ ID NO: 88) BsiWI back 5'-TAC CAG CTC CCG TAC
GTC CTC GGC-3' and (SEQ ID NO: 89) SnaBI forward 5'-CGC CAT GCT ACT
TAT CTA CG-3'
in a total volume of 50 .mu.l. PCR was performed using the High
Fidelity Platinum Pfx Polymerase Kit (Invitrogen). After initial
heat denaturation of the DNA template at 95.degree. C. for 3 min,
DNA was amplified by 35 PCR cycles (45 sec at 95.degree. C.
denaturation, 40 sec at 56.degree. C. annealing, 2 min at
68.degree. C. extension). Amplification was terminated after a
final extension step at 68.degree. C. for 10 min. An aliquot of the
PCR reaction was analyzed on a 1% TBE agarose gel. The PCR product
was purified using the PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen). The PCR
product was cloned into the BsiWI/SnaBI site of the vector
pRC-Kotin. Electro-competent E. coli XL-1 Blue MRF were transformed
with the vectors by electroporation. The plasmids of 100 single
clones of the cloning reaction were prepared and the insertion site
of the library was sequenced using the primer
TABLE-US-00031 (SEQ ID NO: 86) 4066 back 5'-ATG TCC GTC CGT GTG
TGG-3'.
[0345] The obtained nucleotide sequences were translated into
protein sequences and the 7 mer peptide sequence inserted at
position I-587 of AAV2 VP was analyzed. The results are summarized
in Table 10. AAV particles containing the same peptide sequence at
the library insertion site as AAV particles obtained by screening
of the library using an uncoated culture plate (see 4.1) were
considered as non-specifically bound particles and were excluded
from further analysis
5.3.4. Second and Third Round of Anti-CETP Antibody Screening
[0346] The number of genomic particles (genomic AAV titer)
contained in the HeLa cell lysate was determined by quantitative
real-time PCR (see 2.1.3). For the second and third round of
selection, cell culture plates were coated with anti-CETP antibody
as described above. Blocking and washing of the coated plates was
performed as described above. Anti-CETP antibody-coated plates were
incubated with the volume of HeLa cell lysate (containing the AAV
pool of the first and second selection round, respectively)
corresponding to GPC 100 in a total volume of 5 ml blocking buffer.
After incubation of the anti-CETP antibody coated plates with the
AAV pool obtained from the first and second round of selection for
2 h at room temperature, unbound virus was removed by 20 washes
with 10 ml D-PBS/1% Tween-20 followed by four washes with 10 ml
D-PBS. Uptake and amplification of the anti-CETP mAb-bound AAV by
HeLa cells was performed as described above. Preparation of total
DNA, PCR amplification and subcloning of the AAV library insertion
site was performed as described above. AAV particles containing the
same peptide sequence at the library insertion site as AAV
particles obtained by screening of the library using an uncoated
culture plate (see 4.1) were considered as non-specifically bound
particles and were excluded from further analysis.
5.3.5. Characterization of AAV Particles Obtained by Anti-CETP
Antibody Screening of the AAV Library
[0347] AAV particles of the library screening approach were
produced and purified as described above. AAV capsid titers were
analyzed using the AAV Titration ELISA.
Dot Blot Analysis
[0348] The AAV capsid variants B8 and C4 isolated by the screening
of the AAV library with the anti-CETP antibody were analyzed by dot
blot experiments (FIG. 9). 5.0.times.10.sup.10 and
1.0.times.10.sup.10 AAV variants were spotted onto a nitrocellulose
membrane using a vacuum device. As negative control wtAAV was
spotted ranging from 5.0.times.10.sup.10 to 3.2.times.10.sup.9
capsids per dot. Likewise, serial dilutions of BSA (1.0 .mu.g-0.03
.mu.g) were spotted on the membrane as a negative control. After
blocking of the membrane with blocking buffer (5% milk powder in
PBS containing 0.1% Tween-20), the membrane was incubated with the
anti-CETP antibody (5 .mu.g/ml in 1% milk powder in PBS containing
0.05% Tween-20) used for the screening of the AAV library at
4.degree. C. for 18 h-24 h. After washing of the membrane with
PBS/0.05% Tween-20, binding of the anti-CETP antibody to the
spotted AAV variants was detected with an anti-mouse IgG HRP
conjugate. The membrane was incubated with an anti-mouse IgG HRP
conjugate for 1 h at room temperature. After washing, signals were
detected by chemiluminescence using the ECL system (Amersham
Bioscience) (FIG. 9A).
[0349] To demonstrate that equal amounts of AAV variants were
spotted on the membrane, the membrane was stripped as described
above and spotted AAV capsids were detected using A20 (FIG. 9B).
For this, the membrane was incubated with the A20 antibody (Progen)
(1:10 diluted in 1% milk powder in PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20)
for 2 h at room temperature. After washing of the membrane with
PBS/0.05% Tween-20, binding of the A20 mAb to the spotted AAV
variants was detected with an anti-mouse IgG (.gamma.) HRP
conjugate (CALTAG). The membrane was incubated with the anti-mouse
IgG (.gamma.) HRP conjugate for 1 h at room temperature. After
washing, signals were detected by chemiluminescence using the ECL
system (Amersham Bioscience) (FIG. 9B). The result demonstrates
that there is a specific detection of AAV variants B8 and C4 by the
anti-CETP antibody used for screening of the AAV capsid
library.
5.4. Optimizing the Presentation of the Selection Antibody
[0350] The presentation of the antibody used for selection can be
improved by pre-coating of the cell culture plates or other
supports (like sepharose beads) with a species and isotype-specific
F(ab).sub.2 fragment that binds to the constant F.sub.e region of
the selection antibody. This allows an orientated presentation of
the selection antibody with the constant region bound to the
immobilized F(ab).sub.2 fragment and leaves the idiotype portion of
the antibody accessible for AAV variants. Therefore, a lower number
of false-positive AAV variants that bind to other regions of the
selection antibody (e.g. F.sub.c portion) will be isolated in the
screening approach. Likewise other molecules, including protein A
or protein G, that bind to the constant region of immunoglobulins
can be used to orient the selection antibody. In addition, the
surface density of immobilized selection antibodies can be
increased by the use of other supports (like sepharose beads)
instead of plastic cell culture plates.
5.5. PCR-Based Amplification of the Genome of AAV Particles
Captured by a Selection Antibody
[0351] As an alternative to cellular uptake and amplification of
AAV particles following infection of HeLa cells by AdV (as
described above), the genome of AAV particles bound to a target
antibody after the first or a subsequent selection round can be
amplified by a PCR-based approach. AAV particles captured by the
selection antibody are lyzed by a suitable buffer and DNA is
isolated by a suitable method. For example, the AAV genome can be
isolated using the DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen) according
to the protocol "Purification of Total DNA from Animal Blood or
Cells" provided by the manufacturer. The fragment of the cap-gene
containing the library insertion site with the respective inserted
sequence can be amplified by PCR using the isolated DNA and
suitable primers. The fragment can be subcloned into a suitable
vector and analyzed by sequencing. For example, the DNA fragment of
the cap gene containing the library insertion site can be amplified
by Platinum Pfx DNA polymerase (Invitrogen) using a PCR.sub.X
enhancer solution (Invitrogen), Pfx amplification buffer
(Invitrogen) and the primers
TABLE-US-00032 (SEQ ID NO: 88) BsiWI-back: 5'-TAC CAG CTC CCG TAC
GTC CTC GGC-3' and (SEQ ID NO: 89) SnaBI-forward: 5'-CGC CAT GCT
ACT TAT CTA CG-3'
according to the following PCR program: Initial denaturation at
95.degree. C., 3 min; 35 amplification cycles: 95.degree. C. for 45
s, 56.degree. C. for 40 s, 68.degree. C. for 2 min; and a final
Elongation at 68.degree. C., 10 min.
[0352] Following restriction with BsiWI and SnaBI, the PCR product
can be cloned into the BsiwI/SnaBI linearized vector pUCAV2 (pUCAV2
is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,846,665). Clones can be
analyzed by sequencing using the primer
TABLE-US-00033 (SEQ ID NO: 86) 4066back 5'-ATG TCC GTC CGT GTG
TGG-3'
6. Generation Of Modified AAV Variants by Insertion of Epi- or
Mimotope Sequences at Position I-587 or I-453 of the AAV Capsid by
Genetic Manipulation
[0353] The approach described below is used for the insertion of
epi- or mimotopes into the AAV capsid at position I-587 using a
defined cloning strategy. This strategy includes the generation of
a NotI and AscI restriction site within the cap gene by
site-directed mutagenesis that allows the insertion of DNA
fragments encoding epi- or mimotope at position I-587 of AAV cap
flanked by a short or long alanine adaptor sequence.
[0354] 6.1. Creation of Singular NotI and AscI Restriction Sites in
Vector pCI-VP2
[0355] The vector pCI-VP2 was created by PCR amplification of the
AAV2 VP2 gene mutating the minor ACG start codon into an ATG and
cloning of the respective PCR product into the polylinker sequence
of pCI (Promega). The NotI site at nucleotide 18 of pCI-VP2
(nucleotide 1099 of pCI) was destroyed by site directed mutagenesis
using the primers
TABLE-US-00034 (SEQ ID NO: 111) mutashe-3: 5'-GAG TCG ACC CGG GCA
GCC GCT TCG AGC-3' and (SEQ ID NO: 112) mutashe-4 5'-GCT CGA AGC
GGC TGC CCG GGT CGA CTC-3'
together with the QuickChange II Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit
(Stratagene) according to the instructions of the manufacturer. The
resulting vector was referred to as pCI-VP2-.DELTA.Not18. To
introduce a NotI and AscI restriction site that allows the cloning
of epitope or mimotope sequences at position I-587 of the AAV
capsid, the vector pCI-VP2-.DELTA.Not18 was modified by site
directed mutagenesis using the primers
TABLE-US-00035 pCI-VP2-.DELTA.Not-I587-for (SEQ ID NO: 113) 5'-CC
AAC CTC CAG AGA GGC AAC GCG GCC GCA AGG CGC GCC AAG CAG CTA CCG
CAG-3' and pCI-VP2-.DELTA.Not-I587-rev (SEQ ID NO: 114) 5'-CTG CGG
TAG CTG CTT GGC GCG CC TT GCG GCC GCG TTG CCT CTC TGG AGG TTG G
-3'.
[0356] Site specific mutagenesis was performed using the QuikChange
II Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene) according to the
instructions of the manufacturer. The resulting vector is referred
to as pCIVP2-1587-NotI-AscI.
6.2. Cloning of Epitope or Mimotope Sequences into
pCIVP2-1587-NotI-AscI
[0357] For cloning of epi- or mimotope sequences into
pCIVP2-1587-NotI-AscI sense and anti-sense oligonucleotides were
designed that encode the respective epi- or mimotope sequences with
a short or long alanine adaptor sequence and contain a 5''-site
extension. The 5'-site extension of the oligonucleotides was
designed so that annealing of the sense and anti-sense
oligonucleotides results in a dsDNA with 5''-site and 3''-site
overhangs compatible with overhangs generated by NotI and AscI
restriction of the plasmid pCIVP2-1587-NotI-AscI. The sequences of
the oligonucleotides and the respective epi- or mimotope sequences
including the alanine adaptors are summarized in Table 11. Each of
the inserted epi- or mimotope sequences is flanked by a short or
long alanine adaptor according to the following scheme (X.sub.n
represents the mimotope or epitope sequence):
TABLE-US-00036 short Ala adaptor: (Ala).sub.3-X.sub.n-(Ala).sub.2
long Ala adaptor: (Ala).sub.5-X.sub.n-(Ala).sub.5
TABLE-US-00037 TABLE 11 Oligonucleotides used for cloning of epi-
or mimotope sequences Name/ sense anti-sense Alanine Peptide Seq.
Type Oligonucleotide Oligonucleotide Adaptor Kricek Epitope 5'
GGCCGCAGTGAACC 5' CGCGCCGCGCCGGAG short VNLTWSRASG
TGACCTGGAGCAGAGCC GCTCTGCTCCAGGTCAGG (SEQ ID NO: 85) TCCGGCGCGG 3'
TTCACTGC 3' SEQ ID NO: 115 SEQ ID NO: 116 5' GGCCGCAGCGGCGG 5'
CGCGCCGCCGCCGCC long TGAACCTGACCTGGAGC GCGCCGGAGGCTCTGCTC
AGAGCCTCCGGCGCGGC CAGGTCAGGTTCACCGCC GGCGGCGG 3' GCTGC 3' SEQ ID
NO: 117 SEQ ID NO: 118 Rudolf Mimotope 5' GGCCGCAGAATTCT 5'
CGCGCCGCGTCTCCG short EFCINHRGYWVCGD GCATAAACCACAGGGGA
CACACCCAGTATCCCCTG (SEQ ID NO: 84) TACTGGGTGTGCGGAGA
TGGTTTATGCAGAATTCT CGCGG 3' GC 3' SEQ ID NO: 119 SEQ ID NO: 120 5'
GGCCGCAGCGGCGG 5' CGCGCCGCCGCCGCC long AATTCTGCATAAACCAC
GCGTCTCCGCACACCCAG AGGGGATACTGGGTGTG TATCCCCTGTGGTTTATG
CGGAGACGCGGCGGCGG CAGAATTCCGCCGCTGC CGG 3' 3' SEQ ID NO: 121 SEQ ID
NO: 122 CETP-intern Epitope 5' GGCCGCATGCGACG 5' CGCGCCGCGTCTGGT
short CDAGSVRTNAPD CTGGCAGTGTGCGCACC GCATTGGTGCGCACACTG SEQ ID NO:
123 AATGCACCAGACGCGG CCAGCGTCGCATGC 3' 3' SEQ ID NO: 125 SEQ ID NO:
124 5' GGCCGCAGCGGCGT 5' CGCGCCGCCGCCGCC long GCGACGCTGGCAGTGTG
GCGTCTGGTGCATTGGTG CGCACCAATGCACCAGA CGCACACTGCCAGCGTCG
CGCGGCGGCGGCGG 3' CACGCCGCTGC 3' SEQ ID NO: 126 SEQ ID NO: 127
[0358] To anneal the oligonucleotides 50.0 .mu.g of the sense
oligonucleotide and 50.0 .mu.g of the anti-sense oligonucleotide
were mixed in a total volume of 200 .mu.l 1.times.PCR-Buffer
(Qiagen) and incubated for 3 min at 95.degree. C. in a thermomixer.
After 3 min at 95.degree. C. the thermomixer was switched off and
the tubes were left in the incubator for an additional 2 h to allow
annealing of the oligonucleotides during the cooling down of the
incubator. To clone the annealed oligonucleotides into
pCIVP2-I587-NotI-AscI the vector was linearized by restriction with
NotI and AscI and the cloning reaction was performed using the
Rapid DNA Ligation Kit (Roche). Briefly, the annealed
oligonucleotides were diluted 10-fold in 1.times.DNA Dilution
Buffer and incubated for 5 min at 50.degree. C. 100 ng of these
annealed oligonucleotides and 50 ng of the linearized vector
pCIVP2-1587-NotI-AscI were used in the ligation reaction, which was
performed according to the instructions of the manufacturer of the
Rapid DNA Ligation Kit (Roche). E. coli XL1 blue were transformed
with an aliquot of the ligation reaction and plated on LB-Amp agar
plates. Plasmids were prepared according to standard procedures and
were analyzed by sequencing.
6.3. Subcloning of Epitope or Mimotope Sequences Form pCIVP2 into
pUCAV2
[0359] For production of recombinant AAV particles carrying a mimo-
or epitope insertion at position I-587 the BsiWI/XmaI fragment of
pCI-VP2-587-NotI-AscI encoding a VP2 fragment containing the
epitope or mimotope at position I-587 was sub-cloned into pUCAV2,
which was modified as described below.
[0360] Cloning of vector pUCAV2 is described in detail in U.S. Pat.
No. 6,846,665. Basically, this vector contains the complete AAV
genome (BgI II fragment) derived from pAV2 (Laughlin et al., 1983)
cloned into BamHI of pUC19.
[0361] pUCAV2 is used for production of the modified AAV particles.
Since there are three XmaI sites in pUCAV2 it is not possible to
use the XmaI site of pUCAV2 for subcloning of the BsiWI/XmaI
fragment of pCI-VP2-587-NotI-AscI. Therefore, a new AgeI site was
introduced into pUCAV2 that is compatible with XmaI and is not
present in pUCAV2. To introduce the AgeI site pUCAV2 was linearized
by SnaBI (position nt 2873 of pUCAV2), dephosphorylated and
subsequently blunt-end ligated with a short ds oligonucleotide
adaptor containing an internal AgeI site. The ds oligonucleotide
adaptor was generated by annealing of a
TABLE-US-00038 sense (SEQ ID NO: 128) 5'-GTA GCC CTG GAA ACT AGA
ACC GGT GCC TGC GCC-3' and anti-sense (SEQ ID NO: 129) 5'-GGC GCA
GGC ACC GGT TCT AGT TTC CAG GGC TAC 3'
oligonucleotide containing an AgeI restriction site as described
above. The annealed oligonucleotides were ligated with the SnaBI
linearized, dephosphorylated pUCAV2 using the Rapid DNA Ligation
Kit (Roche) as described above. The resulting vector is referred to
as pUCAV2-AgeI. pUCAV2-AgeI was linearized with BsiWI and AgeI and
ligated with the BsiWI/XmaI fragment of pCI-VP2-587-NotI-AscI
encoding the VP2 fragment containing the respective epitope or
mimotope at position I-587.
6.4. Production of AAV Variants by Co-Transfection of HEK 293
T-Cells
[0362] For production of AAV variants HEK 293-T cells were
co-transfected with the vector plasmid pUCAV2 containing the
subcloned mimo- or epitope sequence, and the helper plasmid pUCAdV
as described above (3.2). AAV variants were purified by Iodixanol
gradient centrifugation as described above (3.3).
6.4.1. Insertion of a CETP Epitope into the AAV2 Capsid at Position
I-587
[0363] An epitope (CDAGSVRTNAPD, SEQ ID NO: 123) of rabbit CETP
(cholesteryl ester transfer protein) was introduced at position
I-587 of AAV2 by the cloning approach described above. The epitope
is flanked by a short or long alanine adaptor. For production of
AAV variants HEK 293-T cells were co-transfected with the vector
plasmid pUCAV2 containing the subcloned CETP epitope sequence at
position I-587, and the helper plasmid pUCAdV as described above
(4.2). AAV variants were purified by Iodixanol gradient
centrifugation as described above (4.3).
[0364] The AAV capsid variants AAV-CETP-587-short and
AAV-CETP-587-long were analyzed by dot blot experiments (FIG. 10).
5.times.10.sup.10 purified AAV particles were spotted onto a
nitrocellulose membrane using a vacuum device. Likewise,
5.times.10.sup.10 or 1.times.10.sup.10 purified AAV particles
displaying the same epitope of rabbit CETP flanked by a short or
long Ala adaptor sequence at position I-453 of AAV2 (see 6.4.3)
were spotted onto the same membrane. As negative control wtAAV was
spotted ranging from 5.0.times.10.sup.10 to 6.3.times.10.sup.9
capsids per dot. After blocking of the membrane with blocking
buffer (5% milk powder in PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20), the
membrane was incubated with a polyclonal anti-CETP serum generated
by immunizing rabbits with the CETP epitope coupled to KLH. After
washing of the membrane with PBS/0.05% Tween-20, binding of the
anti-CETP antibodies to the spotted AAV variants was detected with
an anti-rabbit IgG HRP conjugate (CALTAG). After washing, signals
were detected by chemiluminescence using the ECL system (Amersham
Bioscience).
[0365] The result demonstrate that there is a specific detection of
the CETP epitope inserted into the AAV capsid at position I-587 and
I-453 (for methods see 6.4.3) by the respective CETP antibody
demonstrating that the epitope is displayed on the surface of the
AAV particle.
6.4.2. Insertion of an IgE Epitope into the AAV2 Capsid at Position
I-587
[0366] An epitope of IgE (VNLTWSRASG, SEQ ID NO: 85), that is
recognized by the monoclonal anti-IgE antibody Bsw17 (Kricek et
al., 1999)), was introduced at position I-587 of AAV2 by the
cloning approach described above. The epitope is flanked by a long
alanine adaptor in the AAV capsid. For production of the respective
AAV variant (AAV-Kricek) HEK 293-T cells were co-transfected with
the vector plasmid pUCAV2 containing the subcloned IgE epitope
sequence at position I-587, and the helper plasmid pUCAdV as
described above (3.2). AAV variants (AAV-Kricek) were purified by
Iodixanol gradient centrifugation as described above (3.3).
[0367] The AAV capsid variant AAV-Kricek was analyzed by a dot blot
experiment (FIG. 14). 2.5.times.10.sup.10 AAV-Kricek particles were
dotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a vacuum device. As
negative control serial dilutions of wtAAV (5.0.times.10.sup.10 to
1.6.times.10.sup.9) or the AAV variant D5 (see 4.2.5.1) were
dotted. As a positive control human IgE was dotted ranging from 1.0
.mu.g to 0.03 .mu.g. After blocking of the membrane with blocking
buffer (5% milk powder in PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20), the
membrane was incubated with the anti-IgE mAb Bsw17. After washing
of the membrane with PBS/0.05% Tween-20, binding of Bsw17 to the
spotted AAV variants was detected with an anti-mouse IgG HRP
conjugate (CALTAG). After washing, signals were detected by
chemiluminescence using the ECL system (Amersham Bioscience).
[0368] The result shows that there is a specific detection of the
AAV-Kricek particles by the Bsw17 mAb demonstrating that the
antibody recognizes the IgE derived epitope (VNLTWSRASG, SEQ ID NO:
85) integrated in the AAV capsid at position I-587.
6.4.3. Insertion of a CETP Epitope into the AAV2 Capsid at Position
I-453
[0369] The approach described below is used for the insertion of a
CETP epitope (CDAGSVRTNAPD, SEQ ID NO: 123) into the AAV capsid at
position I-453.
Creation of Singular NotI and AscI Restriction Sites in Vector
pCI-VP2
[0370] The vector pCI-VP2 was created by PCR amplification of the
AAV2 VP2 gene mutating the minor ACG start codon into an ATG and
cloning of the respective PCR product into the polylinker sequence
of pCI (Promega). The NotI site at nucleotide 18 of pCI-VP2
(nucleotide 1099 of pCI) was destroyed as described above (6.1).
The resulting vector was referred to as pCI-VP2-.DELTA.Not18. To
introduce a NotI and AscI restriction site that allows the cloning
of epitope or mimotope sequences at position I-453 of the AAV
capsid, the vector pCI-VP2-.DELTA.Not18 was modified by site
directed mutagenesis using the primers
TABLE-US-00039 mutashe-5 (SEQ ID NO: 130) 5'-CA AAC ACT CCA AGT GGA
GGG CGC GCC GCT ACC ACC ACG CAG TC-3' and mutashe-6 (SEQ ID NO:
131) 5'-GA CTG CGT GGT GGT AGC GGC GCG CCC TCC ACT TGG AGT GTT
TG-3' to introduce the AscI site first as well as the primers
mutashe-7 (SEQ ID NO: 132) 5'-CA AAC ACT CCA AGT GGA GCG GCC GCA
GGG CGC GCC GCT AC -3' and mutashe-8 (SEQ ID NO: 133) 5'-GT AGC GGC
GCG CCC TGC GGC CGC TCC ACT TGG AGT GTT TG -3'
to introduce the NotI site subsequently. Site specific mutagenesis
was performed using the QuickChange II Site-Directed Mutagenesis
Kit (Stratagene) according to the instructions of the manufacturer.
The resulting vector is referred to as pCIVP2-1453-NotI-AscI.
Cloning of CETP Epitope into pCIVP2-1453-NotI-AscI
[0371] For cloning of the CETP epitope (CDAGSVRTNAPD, SEQ ID NO:
123) into pCIVP2-1453-NotI-AscI forward and reverse
oligonucleotides were designed that encode the respective epitope
sequence flanked by a short
TABLE-US-00040 (SEQ ID NO: 134)
(Ala).sub.3-CDAGSVRTNAPD-R-(Ala).sub.2 or long (SEQ ID NO: 135)
(Ala).sub.5-CDAGSVRTNAPD-(Ala).sub.2-R-(Ala).sub.2
alanine adaptor sequence and contain 5'-site extensions (Table 12).
The 5'-site extension of the oligonucleotides was designed so that
annealing of the forward and reverse oligonucleotides results in a
dsDNA with 5''-site and 3''-site overhangs compatible with
overhangs generated by NotI and AscI restriction of the plasmid
pCIVP2-1453-NotI-AscI.
TABLE-US-00041 TABLE 12 Oligonucleotides used for cloning of CETP
epitope sequence at position I-453 Name/ Forward Reverse Alanine
Peptide Seq. Type Oligonucleotide Oligonucleotide Adaptor
CETP-intern Epitope 5'-ggccgcatgcgacgctgg 5'-cgcggtctggtgcattggt
short CDAGSVRTNAPD cagtgtgcgcaccaatgcacc gcgcacactgccagcgtcgc SEQ
ID NO: 123 agac-3' a tgc-3' SEQ ID NO: 136 SEQ ID NO: 137
5'-ggccgcagccgcatgcga 5'-cgcgtgccgcgtctggtgc long
cgctggcagtgtgcgcaccaat attggtgcgcacactgccagc gcaccagacgcggca-3'
gtcgcatgcggctgc-3' SEQ ID NO: 138 SEQ ID NO: 139
[0372] To anneal the oligonucleotides 50.0 .mu.g of the forward
oligonucleotide and 50.0 .mu.g of the reverse oligonucleotide were
mixed in a total volume of 200 .mu.l 1.times.PCR-Buffer (Qiagen)
and incubated for 3 min at 95.degree. C. in a thermomixer. After 3
min at 95.degree. C. the thermomixer was switched off and the tubes
were left in the incubator for an additional 2 h to allow annealing
of the oligonucleotides during the cooling down of the incubator.
To clone the annealed oligonucleotides into pCIVP2-1453-NotI-AscI
the vector was linearized by restriction with NotI and AscI and the
cloning reaction was performed using the Rapid DNA Ligation Kit
(Roche). Briefly, the annealed oligonucleotides were diluted
10-fold in 1.times.DNA Dilution Buffer and incubated for 5 min at
50.degree. C. 100 ng of these annealed oligonucleotides and 50 ng
of the linearized vector pCIVP2-1453-NotI-AscI were used in the
ligation reaction, which was performed according to the
instructions of the manufacturer of the Rapid DNA Ligation Kit
(Roche). E. coli XL1 blue were transformed with an aliquot of the
ligation reaction and plated on LB-Amp agar plates. Plasmids were
prepared according to standard procedures and were analyzed by
sequencing.
Subcloning of the CETP Epitope from pCIVP2 into pUCAV2 at Position
I-453
[0373] For production of recombinant AAV particles carrying the
CETP epitope at position 1-453 the BsiWI/XmaI fragment of
pCI-VP2-453-NotI-AscI encoding a VP2 fragment containing the
epitope at position I-453 was sub-cloned into pUCAV2, which was
modified as described above (6.3). pUCAV2-AgeI was linearized with
BsiWI and AgeI and ligated with the BsiWI/XmaI fragment of
pCI-VP2-453-NotI-AscI encoding the VP2 fragment containing the CETP
epitope at position I-453.
Production of AAV Variants by Co-Transfection of HEK 293
T-Cells
[0374] For production of AAV variants HEK 293-T cells were
co-transfected with the vector plasmid pUCAV2 containing the
subcloned CETP epitope sequence at position I-453, and the helper
plasmid pUCAdV as described above (4.2). AAV variants were purified
by Iodixanol gradient centrifugation as described above (4.3).
[0375] The AAV capsid variants AAV-CETP-453-short and
AAV-CETP-453-long were analyzed by dot blot experiments as
described above (6.4.1, FIG. 10).
6.4.4. Generation of Further AAV Variants
[0376] Insertion of CETP Epitopes into the AAV2 Capsid at Position
I-587
[0377] The following rabbit CETP derived were cloned into position
I-587 of the AAV2 capsid using annealed oligonucleotides as
described above and were used for production of AAV particles. Each
of the inserted epitope sequences is flanked by one of the
following alanine/glycine adaptors according to the following
scheme (X.sub.n represents the epitope sequence):
TABLE-US-00042 Type I adaptor:
Ala-(Gly).sub.3-X.sub.n-(Gly).sub.4-Ala Type II adaptor:
Ala-(Gly).sub.4-X.sub.n-(Gly).sub.4-Ala Type III adaptor:
Ala-(Gly).sub.4-X.sub.n-Ala-(Gly).sub.3-Ala
TABLE-US-00043 TABLE 13 CETP derived epitopes. Name/ sense
anti-sense Peptide Seq. Type Oligonucleotide Oligonucleotide
Adaptor CETP TP10 Epitope 5'GGCCGGCGGAGGTGCCAA 5'CGCGCACCGCCACC
Type I AKAVSNLTESRS GGCCGTGAGCAACCTACCGA CCCGCTCTGCAGGCTC ESLQS
GAGCAGAAGCGAGAGCCTGC TCGCTTCTGCTCTCGG SEQ ID NO: 237
AGAGCGGGGGTGGCGGTG TCAGGTTGCTCACGGC 3' CTTGGCACCTCCGCC SEQ ID NO:
245 3' SEQ ID NO: 246 CETP TP11 Epitope 5'GGCCGGCGGAGGTAGCCT
5'CGCGCACCGCCACC Type I SLTGDEFKKVLET GACCGGCGACGAATTCAAGA
CCCGGTCTCCAGCACC SEQ ID NO: 238 AGGTGCTGGAGACCGGGGGT
TTCTTGAATTCGTCGC GGCGGTG 3' CGGTCAGGCTACCTCC SEQ ID NO: 247 GCC 3'
SEQ ID NO: 248 CETP TP12 Epitope 5'GGCCGGCGGAGGTAGAGA
5'CGCGCACCGCCACC Type I REAVAYRFEED GGCCGTGGCCTACAGATTCG
CCCGTCCTCTTCGAAT SEQ ID NO: 239 AAGAGGACGGGGGTGGCGGT
CTGTAGGCCACGGCCT G 3' CTCTACCTCCGCC 3' SEQ ID NO: 249 SEQ ID NO:
250 CETP TP13 Epitope 5'GGCCGGCGGAGGTATCAA 5'CGCGCACCGCCACC Type I
INPEIITLDG CCCCGAGATCATCACCCTGG CCCGCCGTCCAGGGTG SEQ ID NO: 240
ACGGCGGGGGTGGCGGTG ATGATCTCGGGGTTGA 3' TACCTCCGCC 3' SEQ ID NO: 251
SEQ ID NO: 252 CETP TP18 Epitope 5' GGCCGGCGGAGGTGACAT 5'
CGCGCACCGCCACC Type I DISVTGAPVITAT GCGTGACCGGTGCACCCG
CCCCAGGTAGGTGGCG YL TGATCACCGCCACCTACCTG GTGATCACGGGTGCAC SEQ ID
NO: 241 GGGGGTGGCGGTG 3' CGGTCACGCTGATGTC SEQ ID NO: 253 ACCTCCGCC
3' SEQ ID NO: 254 CETP TP20 Epitope 5' GGCCGGCGGAGGTGACAT 5'
CGCGCACCGCCACC Type I DISVTGAPVITA CAGCGTGACCGGTGCACCCG
CCCGGCGGTGATCACG SEQ ID NO: 242 TGATCACCGCCGGGGGTGGC
GGTGCACCGGTCACGC GGTG 3' TGATGTCACCTCCGCC SEQ ID NO: 255 3' SEQ ID
NO: 256 Ritsch-1 Epitope 5' GGCCGGCGGAGGTGACCA 5' CGCGCACCGCCACC
Type I DQSVDFEIDSA GAGCGTGGACTTCGAGATCG CCCGGCGCTGTCGATC SEQ ID NO:
243 ACAGCGCCGGGGGTGGCGGT TCGAAGTCCACGCTCT G 3' GGTCACCTCCGCC 3' SEQ
ID NO: 257 SEQ ID NO: 258 Ritsch-3 Epitope 5' GGCCGGCGGAGGTAAGAA 5'
CGCGCACCGCCACC Type I KNVSEAFPLRA CGTGAGCGAGGCCTTCCCTC
CCCGGCTCTCAGAGGG SEQ ID NO: 244 TGAGAGCCGGGGGTGGCGGT
AAGGCCTCGCTCACGT G 3' TCTTACCTCCGCC 3' SEQ ID NO: 259 SEQ ID NO:
260
[0378] The following sequences, which are human homologues to the
corresponding rabbit CETP sequences can be integrated into the AAV2
capsid at position I-587 according to the methods described
above:
TABLE-US-00044 TABLE 14 CETP derived epitopes at position I-587
Epitope Rabbit Sequence Human Sequence CETP CDAGSVRTNAPD
CDSGRVRTDAPD intern SEQ ID NO: 123 SEQ ID NO: 223 CETP
FPKHLLVDFLQSLS FPEHLLVDFLQSLS C-Term SEQ ID NO: 261 SEQ ID NO: 224
TP10 AKAVSNLTESRSESLQS PKTVSNLTESSSESVQS SEQ ID NO: 237 SEQ ID NO:
214 TP11 SLTGDEFKKVLET SLMGDEFKAVLET SEQ ID NO: 238 SEQ ID NO: 215
TP12 REAVAYRFEED QHSVAYTFEED SEQ ID NO: 239 SEQ ID NO: 216 TP13
INPEIITLDG INPEIITRDG SEQ ID NO: 240 SEQ ID NO: 217 TP18
DISVTGAPVITATYL DISLTGDPVITASYL SEQ ID NO: 241 SEQ ID NO: 218 TP20
DISVTGAPVITA DISLTGDPVITA SEQ ID NO: 242 SEQ ID NO: 219 Ritsch-1
DQSVDFEIDSA DQSIDFEIDSA SEQ ID NO: 243 SEQ ID NO: 220 Ritsch-2
KNVSEAFPLRAFPPGLLGDS KNVSEDLPLPTFSPTLLGDS SEQ ID NO: 262 SEQ ID NO:
221 Ritsch-3 KNVSEAFPLRA KNVSEDLPLPT SEQ ID NO: 244 SEQ ID NO:
222
Insertion of CETP Epitopes into the AAV2 Capsid at Position
I-453
[0379] The following rabbit CETP derived epitopes were cloned into
position I-453 of the AAV2 capsid using annealed oligonucleotides
as described above. Each of the inserted epitope sequences in the
AAV2 backbone at I-453 is flanked by the following alanine/glycine
adaptors according to the following scheme (X.sub.n represents the
epitope sequence):
TABLE-US-00045 Type I Ala/Gly adaptor:
(Ala).sub.2-(Gly).sub.3-X.sub.n-(Gly).sub.4- Arg-(Ala).sub.2 Type
II Ala/Gly adaptor: (Ala).sub.3-(Gly).sub.3-X.sub.n-(Gly).sub.4-
Arg-(Ala).sub.2
TABLE-US-00046 TABLE 15 rabbit CETP derived epitopes at position
I-453 Name/ sense anti-sense Peptide Seq. Type Oligonucleotide
Oligonucleotide Adaptor CETP TP10 Epitope 5' GGCCGGCGGTGGAGCCA 5'
CGCGTCCACCGCCACCG Type I AKAVSNLTESRS AGGCCGTGAGCAACCTGAC
CTCTGCAGGCTCTCGCTTC Ala/Gly ESLQS CGAGAGCAGAAGCGAGAGC
TGCTCTCGGTCAGGTTGCT SEQ ID NO: 237 CTGCAGAGCGGTGGCGGTG
CACGGCCTTGGCTCCACCG GA 3' CC 3' SEQ ID NO: 263 SEQ ID NO: 264 CETP
TP11 Epitope 5' GGCCGGCGGTGGAAGCC 5' CGCGTCCACCGCCACCG Type I
SLTGDEFKKVLET TGACCGGCGACGAATTCAA GTCTCCAGCACCTTCTTGA Ala/Gly SEQ
ID NO: 238 GAAGGTGCTGGAGACCGGT ATTCGTCGCCGGTCAGGCT GGCGGTGGA 3'
TCCACCGCC 3' SEQ ID NO: 265 SEQ ID NO: 266 CETP TP12 Epitope 5'
GGCCGGCGGTGGAAGAG 5' CGCGTCCACCGCCACCG Type I REAVAYRFEED
AGGCCGTGGCCTACAGATT TCCTCTTCGAATCTGTAGG Ala/Gly SEQ ID NO: 239
CGAAGAGGACGGTGGCGGT CCACGGCCTCTCTTCCACC GGA 3' GCC 3' SEQ ID NO:
267 SEQ ID NO: 268 CETP TP13 Epitope 5' GGCCGGCGGTGGAATCA 5'
CGCGTCCACCGCCACCG Type I INPEIITLDG ACCCCGAGATCATCACCCT
CCGTCCAGGGTGATGATCT Ala/Gly SEQ ID NO: 240 GGACGGCGGTGGCGGTGGA
CGGGGTTGATTCCACCGCC 3' 3' SEQ ID NO: 269 SEQ ID NO: 270 CETP TP18
Epitope 5' GGCCGGCGGTGGAGACA 5' CGCGTCCACCGCCACCC Type I
DISVTGAPVITAT TCAGCGTGACCGGTGCACC AGGTAGGTGGCGGTGATCA Ala/Gly YL
CGTGATCACCGCCACCTAC CGGGTGCACCGGTCACGCT SEQ ID NO: 241
CTGGGTGGCGGTGGA 3' GATGTCTCCACCGCC 3' SEQ ID NO: 271 SEQ ID NO: 272
CETP TP20 Epitope 5' GGCCGGCGGTGGAGACA 5' CGCGTCCACCGCCACCG Type I
DISVTGAPVITA TCAGCGTGACCGGTGCACC GCGGTGATCACGGGTGCAC Ala/Gly SEQ ID
NO: 242 CGTGATCACCGCCGGTGGC CGGTCACGCTGATGTCTCC GGTGGA 3' ACCGCC 3'
SEQ ID NO: 273 SEQ ID NO: 274 Ritsch-1 Epitope 5' GGCCGGCGGTGGAGACC
5' CGCGTCCACCGCCACCG Type I DQSVDFEIDSA AGAGCGTGGACTTCGAGAT
GCGCTGTCGATCTCGAAGT Ala/Gly SEQ ID NO: 243 CGACAGCGCCGGTGGCGGT
CCACGCTCTGGTCTCCACC GGA 3' GCC 3' SEQ ID NO: 275 SEQ ID NO: 276
[0380] The following sequences, which are human homologues to the
corresponding rabbit CETP sequences can be integrated into the AAV2
capsid at position I-453 according to the methods described
above:
TABLE-US-00047 TABLE 16 CETP derived epitopes at position I-453
Epitope Rabbit Sequence Human Sequence CETP CDAGSVRTNAPD
CDSGRVRTDAPD intern SEQ ID NO: 123 SEQ ID NO: 223 CETP
FPKHLLVDFLQSLS FPEHLLVDFLQSLS C-Term SEQ ID NO: 261 SEQ ID NO: 224
TP10 AKAVSNLTESRSESLQS PKTVSNLTESSSESVQS SEQ ID NO: 237 SEQ ID NO:
214 TP11 SLTGDEFKKVLET SLMGDEFKAVLET SEQ ID NO: 238 SEQ ID NO: 215
TP12 REAVAYRFEED QHSVAYTFEED SEQ ID NO: 239 SEQ ID NO: 216 TP13
INPEIITLDG INPEIITRDG SEQ ID NO: 240 SEQ ID NO: 217 TP18
DISVTGAPVITATYL DISLTGDPVITASYL SEQ ID NO: 241 SEQ ID NO: 218 TP20
DISVTGAPVITA DISLTGDPVITA SEQ ID NO: 242 SEQ ID NO: 219 Ritsch-1
DQSVDFEIDSA DQSIDFEIDSA SEQ ID NO: 243 SEQ ID NO: 220 Ritsch-2
KNVSEAFPLRAFPPGLLGDS KNVSEDLPLPTFSPTLLGDS SEQ ID NO: 262 SEQ ID NO:
221 Ritsch-3 KNVSEAFPLRA KNVSEDLPLPT SEQ ID NO: 244 SEQ ID NO:
222
Insertion of CETP Epitopes into the AAV2 Capsid at Position I-453
and 1-587
[0381] Using the cloning strategy described in 9, the following
AAV2 capsid variants carrying rabbit CETP epitopes at position
I-453 and I-587 were produced:
TABLE-US-00048 TABLE 17 CETP double insertion mutants Name Epitope
at I-453 Epitope at I-587 AAV-TP10-2x AKAVSNLTESRSESLQS
AKAVSNLTESRSESLQS SEQ ID NO: 237 SEQ ID NO: 237 AAV-TP11-2x
SLTGDEFKKVLET SLTGDEFKKVLET SEQ ID NO: 238 SEQ ID NO: 238
AAV-TP12/13 REAVAYRFEED INPEIITLDG SEQ ID NO: 239 SEQ ID NO: 240
AAV-TP12-2x REAVAYRFEED REAVAYRFEED SEQ ID NO: 239 SEQ ID NO: 239
AAV-TP13-2x INPEIITLDG INPEIITLDG SEQ ID NO: 240 SEQ ID NO: 240
AAV-TP18-2x DISVTGAPVITATYL DISVTGAPVITATYL SEQ ID NO: 241 SEQ ID
NO: 241 AAV-TP20-2x DISVTGAPVITA DISVTGAPVITA SEQ ID NO: 242 SEQ ID
NO: 242 AAV-Ritsch1-2x DQSVDFEIDSA DQSVDFEIDSA SEQ ID NO: 243 SEQ
ID NO: 243 AAV2-CETin-2x CDAGSVRTNAPD CDAGSVRTNAPD SEQ ID NO: 123
SEQ ID NO: 123
Insertion of Human IgE Epitopes into the AAV2 Capsid at Position
I-587
[0382] The following human IgE derived epitopes were cloned into
position I-587 of the AAV2 capsid using annealed oligonucleotides
as described above and were used for production of AAV particles.
Each of the inserted epitope sequences is flanked by one of the
following alanine/glycine adaptors according to this section 6.4.4
for I-587 above.
TABLE-US-00049 TABLE 18 human IgE derived epitopes in I-587 Name/
sense anti-sense Peptide Peptide Seq. Type Oligonucleotide
Oligonucleotide Adaptor 3DEpi3 Epitope 5' GGCCGGCGGAGGTGGTG 5'
CGCGCACCGCCACCCCC Type II ACAGCAACCCTAGAGGCGT TCTGCTCAGGTAGGCGCTC
GAGCGCCTACCTGAGCAGA ACGCCTCTAGGGTTGCTGT GGGGGTGGCGGTG 3'
CACCACCTCCGCC 3' SEQ ID NO: 277 SEQ ID NO: 278 Wang-CS Epitope 5'
GGCCGGCGGAGGTACCC 5' CGCGCACCGCCACCCCC Type I ACCCCCACCTGCCCAGAGC
GCTTCTCATCAGGGCTCTG CCTGATGAGAAGCGGGGGT GGCAGGTGGGGGTGGGTAC GGCGGTG
3' CTCCGCC 3' SEQ ID NO: 279 SEQ ID NO: 280 Flex Epitope 5'
GGCCGGCGGAGGTGAGG 5' CGCGCACCGCCACCCCC Type I ACGGCCAGGTGATGGACGT
GCTCAGGTCCACGTCCATC GGACCTGAGCGGGGGTGGC ACCTGGCCGTCCTCACCTC GGTG 3'
CGCC3' SEQ ID NO: 281 SEQ ID NO: 282 Bind2 Epitope 5'
GGCCGGCGGAGGTGAGA 5' CGCGCACCGCCACCACC Type I AGCAGAGAAACGGCACCCT
GGTCAGGGTGCCGTTTCTC GACCGGTGGTGGCGGTG TGCTTCTCACCTCCGCC 3' 3' SEQ
ID NO: 283 SEQ ID NO: 284 C21 Epitope 5' GGCCGGCGGAGGTGGTC 5'
CGCGCACCGCCACCGGC Type III TGCCCAGAGCCCTGATGAG GCTTCTCATCAGGGCTCTG
AAGCGCCGGTGGCGGTG GGCAGACCACCTCCGCC 3' 3' SEQ ID NO: 285 SEQ ID NO:
286
Insertion of Cytokine Epitopes into the AAV2 Capsid at Position
I-587
[0383] The following murine cytokine derived epitopes were cloned
into position I-587 of the AAV2 capsid using annealed
oligonucleotides as described above and were used for production of
AAV particles. Each of the inserted epitope sequences is flanked by
one of the following alanine/glycine adaptors according to this
section 6.4.4 for I-587 above.
TABLE-US-00050 TABLE 19 murine cytokine derived epitopes in I-587
Name/ sense anti-sense Peptide Seq. Type Oligonucleotide
Oligonucleotide Adaptor mTNF.alpha.-V1 Epitope 5' GGCCGGCGGAGGTAGCA
5' CGCGCACCGCCACCCCC Type I SSQNSSDKPV GCCAGAACAGCAGCGACAA
CTCCACCTGGTGGTTAGCC AHVVANHQVE GCCCGTGGCCCACGTGGTG
ACCACGTGGGCCACGGGCT SEQ ID NO: GCTAACCACCAGGTGGAGG
TGTCGCTGCTGTTCTGGCT 287 GGGGTGGCGGTG 3' GCTACCTCCGCC 3' SEQ ID NO:
294 SEQ ID NO: 295 mTNF.alpha.-V2 Epitope 5' GGCCGGCGGAGGTAGCC 5'
CGCGCACCGCCACCCCC Type I SQNSSDKPVA AGAACAGCAGCGACAAGCC
GTGGTTAGCCACCACGTGG HVVANH CGTGGCCCACGTGGTGGCT GCCACGGGCTTGTCGCTGC
SEQ ID NO: AACCACGGGGGTGGCGGTG TGTTCTGGCTACCTCCGCC 288 3' 3' SEQ ID
NO: 296 SEQ ID NO: 297 mTNF.alpha.-V3 Epitope 5' GGCCGGCGGAGGTAGCA
5' CGCGCACCGCCACCCCC Type I SSQNSSDKP GCCAGAACAGCAGCGACAA
GGGCTTGTCGCTGCTGTTC SEQ ID NO: 289 GCCCGGGGGTGGCGGTG
TGGCTGCTACCTCCGCC 3' 3' SEQ ID NO: 298 SEQ ID NO: 299 mIL-17-V1
Epitope 5' GGCCGGCGGAGGTAACG 5' CGCGCACCGCCACCCCC Type I NAEGKLDHHM
CCGAGGGCAAGCTTGACCA CAGCACGCTGTTCATGTGG NSVL CCACATGAACAGCGTGCTG
TGGTCAAGCTTGCCCTCGG SEQ ID NO: 290 GGGGGTGGCGGTG 3' CGTTACCTCCGCC
3' SEQ ID NO: 300 SEQ ID NO: 301 mIL-17-V2 Epitope 5'
GGCCGGCGGAGGTGAGG 5' CGCGCACCGCCACCCCC Type I EGKLDHHMNSV
GCAAGCTTGACCACCACAT CACGCTGTTCATGTGGTGG SEQ ID NO: 291
GAACAGCGTGGGGGGTGGC TCAAGCTTGCCCTCACCTC GGTG 3' CGCC 3' SEQ ID NO:
302 SEQ ID NO: 303 mIL-6-V1 Epitope 5' GGCCGGCGGAGGTAAGA 5'
CGCGCACCGCCACCCCC Type I KSLEEFLKVTL GCCTGGAGGAATTCCTGAA
CTGTCTGGTGCTTCTCAGG RSTRQ GGTGACCCTGAGAAGCACC GTCACCTTCAGGAATTCCT
SEQ ID NO: 292 AGACAGGGGGGTGGCGGTG CCAGGCTCTTACCTCCGCC 3' 3' SEQ ID
NO: 304 SEQ ID NO: 305 mIL-6-V2 Epitope 5' GGCCGGCGGAGGTCTGG 5'
CGCGCACCGCCACCCCC Type I LEEFLKVTLRS AGGAATTCCTGAAGGTGAC
GCTTCTCAGGGTCACCTTC SEQ ID NO: 293 CCTGAGAAGCGGGGGTGGC
AGGAATTCCTCCAGACCTC GGTG 3' CGCC 3' SEQ ID NO: 306 SEQ ID NO:
307
[0384] The following sequences, which are human homologues to the
corresponding murine cytokine sequence can be integrated into the
AAV2 capsid at position I-587 according to the methods described
above:
TABLE-US-00051 TABLE 20 cytokine derived epitopes Cytokine murine
epitope human epitope TNF-.alpha. V1 SSQNSSDKPVAHVVANHQVE
SSRTPSDKPVAHVVANPQAE SEQ ID NO: 287 SEQ ID NO: 226 TNF-.alpha. V2
SQNSSDKPVAHVVANH SRTPSDKPVAHVVANP SEQ ID NO: 288 SEQ ID NO: 227
TNF-.alpha. V3 SSQNSSDKP SSRTPSDKP SEQ ID NO: 289 SEQ ID NO: 228
IL-17 V1 NAEGKLDHHMNSVL NADGNVDYHMNSVP SEQ ID NO: 290 SEQ ID NO:
229 IL-17 V2 EGKLDHHMNSV DGNVDYHMNSV SEQ ID NO: 291 SEQ ID NO: 230
IL-6 V1 KSLEEFLKVTLRSTRQ RSFKEFLQSSLRALRQ SEQ ID NO: 292 SEQ ID NO:
231 IL-6 V2 LEEFLKVTLRS FKEFLQSSLRA SEQ ID NO: 293 SEQ ID NO:
232
Insertion of Cytokine Epitopes into the AAV2 Capsid at Position
I-453
[0385] The following murine cytokine derived epitopes were cloned
into position I-453 of the AAV2 capsid using annealed
oligonucleotides as described above. Each of the inserted epitope
sequences in the AAV2 backbone at I-453 is flanked by the
alanine/glycine adaptors according this section 6.4.4 for I-453
above.
TABLE-US-00052 TABLE 21 murine cytokine derived epitopes in I-453
Name/ sense anti-sense Peptide Seq. Type Oligonucleotide
Oligonucleotide Adaptor mTNF.alpha.-V1 Epitope 5' GGCCGCCGGTGGAGGCA
5' CGCGCCCTCCACCGCCC Type II SSQNSSDKPVA GCAGCCAGAACAGCAGCGA
TCCACCTGGTGGTTAGCCA Ala/Gly HVVANHQVE CAAGCCCGTGGCCCACGTG
CCACGTGGGCCACGGGCTT SEQ ID NO: 287 GTGGCTAACCACCAGGTGG
GTCGCTGCTGTTCTGGCTG AGGGCGGTGGAGGG 3' CTGCCTCCACCGGC 3' SEQ ID NO:
308 SEQ ID NO: 309 mIL-17-V1 Epitope 5' GGCCGCCGGTGGAGGCA 5'
CGCGCCCTCCACCGCCC Type II NAEGKLDHHMN ACGCCGAGGGCAAGCTTGA
AGCACGCTGTTCATGTGGT Ala/Gly SVL CCACCACATGAACAGCGTG
GGTCAAGCTTGCCCTCGGC SEQ ID NO: 290 CTGGGCGGTGGAGGG 3'
GTTGCCTCCACCGGC 3' SEQ ID NO: 310 SEQ ID NO: 311 mIL-6-V2 Epitope
5' GGCCGCCGGTGGAGGCC 5' CGCGCCCTCCACCGCCG Type II LEEFLKVTLRS
TGGAGGAATTCCTGAAGGT CTTCTCAGGGTCACCTTCA Ala/Gly SEQ ID NO: 293
GACCCTGAGAAGCGGCGGT GGAATTCCTCCAGGCCTCC GGAGGG 3' ACCGGC 3' SEQ ID
NO: 312 SEQ ID NO: 313
[0386] The following sequences, which are homologues to the
corresponding murine cytokine sequences, can be integrated into the
AAV2 capsid at position I-453 according to the methods described
above:
TABLE-US-00053 TABLE 22 human cytokine derived epitopes in I-453
Cytokine murine epitope human epitope TNF-.alpha. V1
SSQNSSDKPVAHVVANHQVE SSRTPSDKPVAHVVANPQAE SEQ ID NO: 287 SEQ ID NO:
226 TNF-.alpha. V2 SQNSSDKPVAHVVANH SRTPSDKPVAHVVANP SEQ ID NO: 288
SEQ ID NO: 227 TNF-.alpha. V3 SSQNSSDKP SSRTPSDKP SEQ ID NO: 289
SEQ ID NO: 228 IL-17 V1 NAEGKLDHHMNSVL NADGNVDYHMNSVP SEQ ID NO:
290 SEQ ID NO: 229 IL-17 V2 EGKLDHHMNSV DGNVDYHMNSV SEQ ID NO: 291
SEQ ID NO: 230 IL-6 V1 KSLEEFLKVTLRSTRQ RSFKEFLQSSLRALRQ SEQ ID NO:
292 SEQ ID NO: 231 IL-6 V2 LEEFLKVTLRS FKEFLQSSLRA SEQ ID NO: 293
SEQ ID NO: 232
Insertion of Cytokine Epitopes into the AAV2 Capsid at Position
I-453 and I-587
[0387] Using the cloning strategy described in 9, the following AAV
variants carrying different cytokine epitopes at position I-453 and
I-587 can be generated (bivalent vaccines):
TABLE-US-00054 TABLE 23 double insertion variants for cytokine
derived epitopes combi- nation Epitope at I-453 Epitope at I-587
TNF.alpha./ mTNF.alpha.-V1 mIL-17-V1 IL-17 SSQNSSDKPVAHVVANHQVE
NAEGKLDHHMNSVL SEQ ID NO: 287 SEQ ID NO: 290 TNF-.alpha./
mTNF.alpha.-V1 mIL-6-V2 IL-6 SSQNSSDKPVAHVVANHQVE LEEFLKVTLRS SEQ
ID NO: 287 SEQ ID NO: 293 IL-17/ mIL-17-V1 mTNF.alpha.-V1
TNF-.alpha. NAEGKLDHHMNSVL SSQNSSDKPVAHVVANHQVE SEQ ID NO: 290 SEQ
ID NO: 287 IL-6/ mIL-6-V2 mTNF.alpha.-V1 TNF-.alpha. LEEFLKVTLRS
SSQNSSDKPVAHVVANHQVE SEQ ID NO: 293 SEQ ID NO: 287 IL-17/ mIL-17-V1
mIL-6-V2 IL-6 NAEGKLDHHMNSVL LEEFLKVTLRS SEQ ID NO: 290 SEQ ID NO:
293 IL-6/ mIL-6-V2 mIL-17-V1 IL-17 LEEFLKVTLRS NAEGKLDHHMNSVL SEQ
ID NO: 293 SEQ ID NO: 290
7. Generation of an Chimeric AAV2 Rep/AAV1 Cap Vector
[0388] The approach described below is used for the generation of
expression plasmids for the production of AAV1 capsids. This
strategy includes the generation of a NotI and AscI restriction
site within the cap gene by site-directed mutagenesis that allows
the insertion of DNA fragments encoding an epi- or mimotope
C-terminally of amino acids S.sub.588 or D.sub.590 of AAV1 Cap
flanked by a glycine adaptor sequence.
7.1. Substitution of AAV2 Cap by AAV1 Cap within
pUC"rep/fs/cap"
[0389] Cloning of vector pUCrep/fs/cap is described in detail in US
2004/0087026 (section 0124 and previous sections, there referred to
as pUC"rep/fs/cap".DELTA.37). The complete AAV1 cap ORF, as
published by Xiao et al. (Xiao et al., 1999), was amplified by PCR
using Expand High FidelityPlus PCR System (Roche; #03300242001).
Using specifically modified primers restriction sites were inserted
into the cap fragment. SwaI was inserted N-terminally from the VP-1
ATG and NdeI was inserted C-terminally from the polyA site using
the primers:
TABLE-US-00055 (SEQ ID NO: 140) AAV1 Swa for: 5'-GAT TTA AAT CAG
GTA TGG CGT CCG ATG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 141) AAV1 Nde back: 5'-ACC GAT
AAC ATA TGA AGG ACA GGA G-3'
[0390] The original sequence of AAV1's N-terminus (Seq. GP-No.
9632548) therefore was modified to read:
TABLE-US-00056 (SEQ ID NO: 142) 2201 5'-......caataaatg cag
gtatggctgc cgatggttat cttccagatt.....3'
[0391] Start ATG of VP-1 in bold, SwaI restriction site boxed.
[0392] The original sequence AAV1 's C-terminus therefore was
modified to read:
TABLE-US-00057 (SEQ ID NO: 143) 4441 5'-..ttaatcaata aaccggttga
ttcgtttcag ttgaactttg gtctcctgtc ctt t tatcggttac..3'
[0393] PolyA-Signal in bold, 3'-end of mRNA underlined, NdeI
restriction site boxed.
[0394] The PCR fragment was purified and digested with the
restriction enzymes SwaI and NdeI (New England Biolabs) according
to the instructions of the manufacturer. The same digestion was
performed with pUC"rep/fs/cap". Since SwaI is not a single cutting
enzyme in pUC"rep/fs/cap" a partial digestion of NdeI-linearized
pUC"rep/fs/cap" was performed with SwaI. The PCR fragment and the
desired backbone fragment pUC"rep/fs/cap" of 5077 by (SwaI cut in
pUCrep/fs/cap at by 7311) were excised and purified using a Qiagen
Gelextraction Kit (Qiagen #28104). PCR fragment and backbone were
ligated using the Rapid DNA Ligation Kit (Roche #11 635 379 001)
according to manufacturer's protocol. The resulting vector is
referred to as pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1.
7.2. Substitution of AAV2 cap by AAV1 cap within pUCAV_AgeI
[0395] Cloning of vector pUCAV2_AgeI is described in detail in 6.3.
The complete AAV1 cap ORF, as published by Xiao et al. (Xiao et
al., 1999), was amplified by PCR using standard procedures using
Expand High FidelityPlus PCR System (Roche; #03300242001). Using
specifically modified primers restriction sites were inserted into
the cap fragment. SwaI was inserted N-terminally from the VP-1 ATG
and SnaBI was inserted C-terminally from the polyA site using the
primers:
TABLE-US-00058 (SEQ ID NO: 140) AAV1 Swa for: 5'-GAT TTA AAT CAG
GTA TGG CGT CCG ATG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 144) AAV1 SnaBI back: 5'-CGA TAA
GAT ACG TAG GAC AGG AGA C-3'
[0396] The original sequence of AAV1 's N-terminus was therefore
modified to read as described in 7.1.
[0397] The original sequence AAV1's C-terminus therefore was
modified to read:
TABLE-US-00059 (SEQ ID NO: 145) 4441 5'-.ttaatcaata aaccggttga
ttcgtttcag ttgaactttg gtctcctgtc c ct tatcggttac.-3'
[0398] PolyA-Signal in bold, 3'-end of mRNA underlined, SnaBI
restriction site boxed.
[0399] The PCR fragment was purified and digested with the
restriction enzymes SwaI and SnaBI (New England Biolabs) according
to the instructions of the manufacturer. The same digestion was
performed with pUAV2_AgeI. Complete digests were analyzed in an
agarose gel, and PCR fragment and the desired backbone fragment of
pUCAV2_AgeI were purified utilizing a Qiagen Gelextraction Kit
(Qiagen #28104). PCR fragment and backbone were ligated using the
Rapid DNA Ligation Kit (Roche #11 635 379 001) according to
manufactures protocol. The resulting vector is referred to as
pUAV1_AgeI.
7.3. Creation of Singular NotI and AscI Restriction Sites at Amino
Acid Position S.sub.588 or D.sub.590 within AAV1 Cap
[0400] To introduce NotI and AscI restriction sites that allow the
cloning of epitope or mimotope sequences C-terminally of amino acid
S.sub.588 or D.sub.590 of the AAV1 capsid, the vector
pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1 was modified by site directed mutagenesis using
the primers:
TABLE-US-00060 (SEQ ID NO: 146) AAV1 590 NotI AscI for: 5'-ttc cag
agc agc agc aca gac gcg gcc gca aag gcg cgc cct gcg acc gga gat gtg
cat-3' (SEQ ID NO: 147) AAV1 590 NotI AscI reverse: 5'-atg cac atc
tcc ggt cgc agg gcg cgc ctt tgc ggc cgc gtc tgt gct gct gct ctg
gaa-3' (SEQ ID NO: 148) AAV1 588 NotI AscI for: 5'-gtc aat ttc cag
agc agc agc gcg gcc gca agg cgc gcc aca gac cct gcg acc gga gat-3'
(SEQ ID NO: 149) AAV1 588 NotI AscI reverse: 5'-atc tcc ggt cgc agg
gtc tgt ggc gcg cct tgc ggc cgc gct gct gct ctg gaa att gac-3'
[0401] Underlined are the sequences of the inserted NotI or AscI
restriction sites.
[0402] Site directed mutagenesis was performed using the QuikChange
II Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene) according to the
manufacturer's instructions. The resulting vectors are referred to
as pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1_I588 and pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1.sub.--1590,
respectively.
7.4. Cloning of AAV1 Variants
[0403] 7.4.1. Cloning of Rabbit CETP-Intern Epitope Sequence into
pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1_I588 or pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1_I590
[0404] For cloning of the rabbit CETP-intern sequence
(CDAGSVRTNAPD, SEQ ID NO: 123) into pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1_I588 and
pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1_I590, respectively, forward and reverse
oligonucleotides were designed that encode the respective CETPint
sequence with an adaptor sequence of three glycin residues at each
side and containing a 5'-site extension. The 5''-site extension of
the oligonucleotides was designed so that annealing of the forward
and reverse oligonucleotides results in a dsDNA with 5'-site and
3''-site overhangs compatible with overhangs generated by NotI and
AscI restriction of the plasmid pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1_I588 and
pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1_I590, respectively.
TABLE-US-00061 Oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NO: 150) CE_int_I590 AAV1
for: 5'-G gcc gca ggc ggt gga tgc gac gct ggc agt gtg cgc acc aat
gca cca gac ggc ggt gga gcgg-3' (SEQ ID NO: 151) CE_int_I590 AAV1
rev: 5'-Cg cgc cgc tcc acc gcc gtc tgg tgc att ggt gcg cac act gcc
agc gtc gca tcc acc gcc tgc-3' (SEQ ID NO: 152) CE_int_I588 AAV1
for: 5'-G gcc gca ggc ggt gga tgc gac gct ggc agt gtg cgc acc aat
gca cca gac ggc ggt gga gcg-3' (SEQ ID NO: 153) CE_int_I588 AAV1
rev: 5'-C gcg cgc tcc acc gcc gtc tgg tgc att ggt gcg cac act gcc
agc gtc gca tcc acc gcc tgc-3'
[0405] Underlined are G-linkers, bold is the inserted CETP
sequence.
[0406] For protocol for cloning the oligonucleotides into the
vector see example 6.4.3 part `Cloning of CETP epitope . . . `.
7.4.2. Cloning of IgE Epitopes (Kricek and 3DEpi3) into
pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1_I588
[0407] The strategy for cloning the Kricek sequence VNLTWSRASG (SEQ
ID NO: 85) and the 3DEpi3 sequence into
pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1.sub.--1-588, respectively, was the same as
described for the CETP insertion in 7.4. Regarding the adaptor
sequence five glycin residues were incorporated up and downstream
from the 3DEpi3 insertion. An alanin linker was designed for the
Kricek insertion resulting in 5 alanins up and downstream of the
Kricek insertion within the AAV1 sequence. Since the general design
for the insertion of oligonucleotides for the 453 insertion in AAV2
is compatible with the 588 insertion in AAV1, oligonucleotides
generated originally for AAV2 insertion could be used for AAV1 588
insertion.
TABLE-US-00062 Oligonucleotides: (SEQ ID NO: 314) Kricek long AAV1
for 5'-G GCC GCA GCC GCA GTG AAC CTG ACC TGG AGC AGA GCC TCC GGC
GCG GCA GCT GCA GCT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 315) Kricek long AAV1 rev 5'-C
GCG AGC TGC AGC TGC CGC GCC GGA GGC TCT GCT CCA GGT CAG GTT CAC TGC
GGC TGC-3'
[0408] Underlined are A-linkers, bold is the inserted Kricek
sequence.
TABLE-US-00063 (SEQ ID NO: 316) 3DEpi3 453 uni: 5'-GGCC GGC GGT GGA
GGC GGT GAC AGC AAC CCT AGA GGC GTG AGC GCC TAC CTG AGC AGA GGA GGC
GGT GGA GGG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 317) 3DEpi3 453 rev: 5'-CGCG CCC TCC ACC
GCC TCC TCT GCT CAG GTA GGC GCT CAC GCC TCT AGG GTT GCT GTC ACC GCC
TCC ACC GCC-3'
[0409] Underlined are G-linkers, bold is the inserted 3DEpi3
sequence. For protocol for cloning the oligonucleotides into the
vector see example 6.4.3 part `Cloning of CETP epitope . . . `.
7.4.3. Subcloning of Rabbit CETP-Intern Epitope from
pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1.sub.--1588 or pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1.sub.--1590 into
pUCAV1_AgeI
[0410] pUCAV1-AgeI was linearized with BsiWI and AgeI and ligated
with the BsiWI/AgeI fragment of pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1.sub.--1588 or
pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1.sub.--1590 encoding the VP-2 fragment containing
the rabbit CETP-intern epitope after the respective amino acid
S.sub.588 or D.sub.590 according to standard procedures.
[0411] 7.4.4. Subcloning of Kricek and 3DEpi3 from
pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1_I588 into pUCAV1_AgeI
[0412] pUCAV1-AgeI was linearized with BsiWI and AgeI and ligated
with the BsiWI/AgeI fragment of pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1_I588 encoding
the VP-2 fragment containing the Kricek and the 3DEpi3 epitope,
respectively, according to standard procedures.
7.4.5. Subcloning of NotI and AscI Restriction Sites at Amino Acid
Position S.sub.588 from pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1_I588 into
pUCAV1_AgeI
[0413] To allow direct cloning of polypeptides into pUCAV1_AgeI the
NotI/AscI insertion site was cloned into pUCAV1_AgeI. Therefore,
pUCAV1-AgeI was linearized with BsiWI and AgeI and ligated with the
BsiWI/AgeI fragment of pUCrepffs/cap_AAV1_I588 encoding the VP-2
fragment containing NotI/AscI insertion respectively according to
standard procedures.
[0414] The resulting vector is named pUCAV1-AgeI-I588.
7.4.6. Cloning of Rabbit CETP Sequence TP18 into
pUCAV1-AgeI-I588
[0415] The strategy for cloning the TP18 sequence DISVTGAPVITATYL
(SEQ ID NO: 241) into pUCAV1-AgeI-I588 respectively was the same as
described for the CETP insertion in 7.4. Regarding the adaptor
sequence three glycin residues were incorporated up and 4 glycin
residues downstream from the TP18 insertion. Since the general
design for the insertion of oligonucleotides for the 453 insertion
in AAV2 is compatible with the 588 insertion in AAV1,
oligonucleotides generated originally for AAV2 insertion could be
used for AAV1 588 insertion.
TABLE-US-00064 Oligonucleotides: (SEQ ID NO: 318) TP18-453 uni
5'-GGCC GGC GGT GGA GAC ATC AGC GTG ACC GGT GCA CCC GTG ATC ACC GCC
ACC TAC CTG GGT GGC GGT GGA-3' (SEQ ID NO: 319) TP18-453 rev
5'-CGCG TCC ACC GCC ACC CAG GTA GGT GGC GGT GAT CAC GGG TGC ACC GGT
CAC GCT GAT GTC TCC ACC GCC-3'
[0416] Underlined are G-linkers, bold is the inserted TP18
sequence.
[0417] For protocol for cloning the oligonucleotides into the
vector see example 6.4.3 part `Cloning of CETP epitope . . . `.
7.5. Production of AAV1 Variants by Co-Transfection of HEK
293-T-Cells
[0418] For production of AAV particles HEK 293-T cells were
co-transfected with the vector plasmid pUCAV1 or pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1
with or without the subcloned epitope (after amino acids S.sub.588
or D.sub.590) and the helper plasmid pUCAdV. For the production of
pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1 derived capsids (with or without the subcloned
epitope) pGFP was additionally transfected since pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1
does not encode for the AAV ITRs which function as a packaging
signal. pGFP encodes GFP flanked by the AAV2 ITRs. Thus GFP is
packaged as a transgene.
[0419] Resulting viral particles carrying the rabbit CETP epitope
CETP-intern were named: AAV1-CETP-588 and AAV1-CETP-590 which were
derived from pucAV1 derivates and rAAV1-GFP-CETP-588,
rAAV1-GFP-CETP-590 which were derived from pUCrep/fs/cap_AAV1
derivates.
[0420] Production and purification of viral particles were
performed as described above (see example 4).
[0421] Surprisingly yields for AAV1-particles were about 3-6 times
higher compared to AAV2-particles, making AAV1 mutated structural
proteins an especially preferred embodiment of this invention in
all its aspects.
7.6. Evaluation of AAV1 Particles Carrying the Rabbit CETP-Intern
Epitope after Amino Acids S.sub.588 or D.sub.590
[0422] The AAV1 capsid variants carrying the CETP-intern epitope at
position 588 or 590 were analyzed by dot blot analysis (FIG. 11).
5.0.times.10.sup.11 to 3.1.times.10.sup.10 AAV capsids were spotted
onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a vacuum device. As controls
AAV2-CETPin 2.times.(AAV2 particles carrying the CETP-intern
epitope at position I-453 and I-587) and wtAAV1 particles were
spotted. After blocking of the membrane with blocking buffer (5%
milk powder in PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20) for 1 h at room
temperature, the membrane was incubated with the anti-CETP
polyclonal rabbit serum (1:2,500 in 1% milk powder in PBS
containing 0.05% Tween-20) for 1 h at room temperature. The serum
was derived from rabbits vaccinated with the CETP-intern peptide
coupled to LPH. After washing the membrane with PBS/0.05% Tween-20,
binding of the anti-CETP serum to the spotted AAV variants was
detected with an anti-mouse IgG HRP conjugate. The membrane was
incubated with an anti-rabbit IgG HRP conjugate (1:2,500 in 1% milk
powder in PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20) for 1 h at room
temperature. After washing, signals were detected by
chemiluminescence using the ECL system (Pierce) (FIG. 11B).
[0423] To demonstrate that equal amounts of AAV variants were
spotted on the membrane, and to exclude cross reactions of the
antibodies, an additional membrane was spotted as described above
and spotted AAV capsids were detected using an anti-AAV1 antibody
recognizing intact AAV1 particle (Progen) (FIG. 11B). For this, the
membrane was incubated with the anti-antibody (Progen) (1:500
diluted in 1% milk powder in PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20) for 1 h
at room temperature. After washing of the membrane with PBS/0.05%
Tween-20, binding of the AAV1 mAb to the spotted AAV variants was
detected with an anti-mouse IgG (.gamma.) HRP conjugate (CALTAG).
The membrane was incubated with the anti-mouse IgG (.gamma.) HRP
conjugate for 1 h at room temperature. After washing, signals were
detected by chemiluminescence using the ECL system (Pierce) (FIG.
11A).
[0424] The results demonstrate that AAV1 CETP variants are
specifically detected by the anti-CETP serum indicating that the
CETP epitope inserted at both positions (after amino acids
S.sub.588 and D.sub.590) is displayed on the surface of the
capsid.
7.7. Analysis of Cross-Reactivity of AAV1 Capsids with Serum of
AAV2 Vaccinated Rabbits
[0425] Wild-type AAV2 and AAV1 capsids were coated onto Maxisorp 96
well plates (Nunc). Capsids were coated in equal amounts in serial
dilutions from 1.0.times.10.sup.9 to 1.56.times.10.sup.7 capsids
per well for 1 h at 37.degree. C. After blocking with blocking
buffer (5% milk powder in PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20) for 1 h at
37.degree. C., wells were incubated with sera from rabbits
vaccinated with AAV2 (1:400 in 1% milk powder in PBS containing
0.05% Tween-20) for 1 h at 37.degree. C. After washing the wells
with PBS/0.05% Tween-20, binding of the polyclonal rabbit serum to
the coated AAV variants were detected with an anti-rabbit IgG HRP
conjugate (DAKO). Wells were incubated with the anti-rabbit IgG HRP
conjugate for 1 h at room temperature. After washing, substrate
(TMB) was added to the wells. The reaction was stopped after 15 min
by adding 0.2 M H.sub.2SO.sub.4. OD at 450 nm was measured in an
ELISA reader.
[0426] The result demonstrates that serum from AAV2 vaccinated
rabbits binds less efficiently to AAV1 (up to factor 8 regarding
the OD values) compared to AAV2 (FIG. 12) confirming that AAV1 and
AAV2 are different serotypes with little cross-reactivity of
anti-capsid antibodies. Therefore, it can be concluded that the
cross-reactive antibodies in AAV2 sero-positive humans have only
limited neutralizing activity on AAV1 vaccines applied to humans.
As (neutralizing) antibodies against the viral backbone can limit
both vaccination and gene transfer efficacy, this this indicates
that AAV1 is a preferable serotype for treatment of AAV2
sero-positive humans, both regarding vaccination and gene
transfer.
[0427] These results were confirmed in a similar experiment, where
same amounts of capsids (1.times.10.sup.9) of rAAV2-GFP, rAAV1-GFP,
rAAV1-GFP-CETP-588 and rAAV1-GFP-CETP-590 were coated onto Maxisorp
96 well plates (Nunc) and incubated with serial dilutions of sera
from rabbits vaccinated with AAV2 (1:100-1:6400). The binding assay
was performed as described above (FIG. 13).
[0428] This experiment further confirms the results above and shows
additionally that the CETP insertion does not interfere with this
result.
8. Tools to Study Anti-IgE Antibodies
8.1. Generation of 293 Cells Overexpressing the .alpha.- and
.gamma.-Chain of Human Fc.epsilon.RI
[0429] The cDNA of the .alpha.-chain of human Fc.epsilon.RI
(Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha.) (including the stop-codon) cloned into
pENTR.TM. 221 was obtained from Invitrogen and was sub-cloned into
the expression vector pEF5/FRT/V5-Dest (Invitrogen) using the
Gateway Cloning System (Invitrogen) according to the instructions
of the manufacturer. The resulting expression vector is referred to
as pEF5-Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha.. The Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha. cDNA is
expressed under the control of the eukaryotic EF1.alpha. promoter
in this vector.
[0430] Flp-In.TM. 293 cells (Invitrogen) were transfected with the
vector pEF5-Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha. using Lipofectamine.TM. 2000.
4.times.10.sup.5 cells were seeded into one well of a 6-well cell
culture plate in a total volume of 2.0 ml DMEM supplemented with
10% FCS, 5 mM glutamine, NEAA (1.times.) (non-essential amino
acids) and 100 .mu.g/ml zeocin. After 24 h of cultivation, medium
was replaced with serum-free DMEM and cells were transfected with a
mixture of 10 .mu.l lipofectamine, 2 .mu.g vector
pEF5-Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha. and 2 .mu.g vector pOG44 (Invitrogen) in
a total volume of 100 .mu.l MEM according to the instructions of
the manufacturer.
[0431] The vector pOG44 encodes a recombinase (Flp recombinase)
that mediates the integration of a vector containing the gene of
interest (Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha.) and a FRT site into the genome of
the Flp-In.TM. 293 cells via Flp Recombination Target (FRT) sites.
After 6 h FCS was added to the cells to a final concentration of
5%. 48 h after transfection cells were split in a 1:10 ratio and
cultivated in DMEM, 10% FCS, 5 mM glutamine, NEAA (1.times.) and
100 .mu.g/ml hygromycin B to select transfected cells. Single
stably transfected cell clones were isolated by sub-culturing of
picked cell clusters in DMEM, 10% FCS, 5 mM glutamine, NEAA
(1.times.) and 100 .mu.g/ml hygromycin B.
[0432] Integration of the Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha. cDNA into the genome
of the cells was analyzed by PCR. Genomic DNA of the transfected
cells was isolated using the DNeasy Tissue DNA Isolation Kit
(Qiagen). PCR was performed using the primers
TABLE-US-00065 (SEQ ID NO: 154) Fc.epsilon.Rl.alpha.-uni 5'-TGT GTG
TAG CCT TAC TGT TCT TCG C-3' and (SEQ ID NO: 155)
Fc.epsilon.Rl.alpha.-rev 5'-CTTCTCACGCGGAGCTTTTATTAC-3'
and a Tag Polymerase Mastermix (Qiagen). Since the primers are
located at exon-intron boundaries of the human Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha.
gene, only the cDNA of Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha. integrated into the
genome of the cells is amplified by PCR.
[0433] Although the cDNA of F.epsilon.RI.alpha. was stably
integrated into the genome of the transfected cells, no significant
cell surface expression of Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha. could be detected
by flow cytometry using a PE-labeled Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha. specific
mAb (eBioscience) at a final concentration of 2.5 .mu.g/ml in PBS
supplemented with 0.5% BSA.
[0434] Since co-expression of the .gamma.-chain of Fc.epsilon.RI is
known to increase cell surface expression of Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha.
(Kuster et al., 1990), a single 293 cell clone stably transfected
with the .alpha.-chain (clone A3) was transfected with the cDNA of
Fc.epsilon.RI.gamma.. The cDNA of Fc.epsilon.RI.gamma. (including
stop-codon) cloned into the vector pENTR.TM. 221 was obtained from
Invitrogen and was sub-cloned into the expression vectors
pEF-DEST51 (Invitrogen) and pcDNA6.2-V5-DEST (Invitrogen). The cDNA
is expressed under the control of the eukaryotic EF1a promoter or
the CMV promoter in pEF-DEST51 or pcDNA6.2-V5-DEST, respectively.
The 293 cell clone A3 was transfected with the vectors
pEF-Fc.epsilon.RI.gamma. or pcDNA6.2-Fc.epsilon.R.gamma.,
respectively, using Lipofectamine.TM. 2000 and 4 .mu.g of the
vector as described above. Transfected cells expressing the
.alpha.- and .gamma.-chain of Fc.epsilon.RI were selected by
cultivation of the cells in DMEM with 10% FCS, 5 mM glutamine, NEAA
(1.times.), 100 .mu.g/ml hygromycin B and 5 .mu.g/ml blasticidin
(selection medium). Single stably transfected cell clones were
isolated by sub-culturing of picked cell clusters of the
transfected cell pool in the selection medium.
[0435] Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha. cell surface expression of the cell
clones was monitored by flow-cytometry using a PE-labeled
anti-human Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha. mAb (eBioscience) at a final
concentration of 2.5 .mu.g/ml in PBS supplemented with 0.1% BSA
(FIG. 15). IgE binding of the cells was analyzed by incubation of
1.0.times.10.sup.5-5.0.times.10.sup.5 cells with biotin-labeled
human IgE (Dianova) at a concentration of 20 .mu.g/ml in a total
volume of 100 .mu.l PBS, 0.5% BSA (incubation buffer) for 30 min at
room temperature (RT). After washing of the cells with incubation
buffer, IgE binding was detected by flow-cytometry using PE-labeled
streptavidin (CALTAG) at 15 .mu.g/ml (in 20 .mu.l incubation
buffer). Cells were stained with the PE-labeled streptavidin for 30
min on ice (data not shown).
[0436] The results demonstrate that co-expression of the
.gamma.-chain increases the cell surface expression of the
Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha.-chain. The increased cell surface expression
is associated with an increased binding of human IgE by the
transfected cells demonstrating that the cell surface exposed
.alpha.-chain is functionally active. The individual cell clones
differed with respect to the cell surface expression of
Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha. and the clone showing the highest expression
and IgE binding was selected for subsequent assays.
[0437] To evaluate the effect of anti-IgE antibodies on binding of
human IgE to Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha., the cell clone D11 co-expressing
the a-chain (under control of EF1a promoter) and the .gamma.-chain
(under control of a CMV promoter) was used for IgE binding assays
(FIG. 16). Increasing concentrations of biotin-labeled human IgE
(78 ng/ml to 10 .mu.g/ml) were pre-incubated with a constant
concentration (2.5 .mu.g/ml) of anti-IgE antibodies Bsw17 (kindly
provided by Prof. Stadler, Bern) or XOLAIR.RTM. in a total volume
of 100 .mu.l incubation buffer for 1.5 h at RT. As a negative
control IgE was pre-incubated with mouse IgG.sub.1 under the same
conditions. A T175 cell culture flask with 80-90% confluent cells
(clone D11) was harvested using Cell Dissociation Buffer (Gibco)
and cells were resuspended in 15 ml DMEM medium. 200 .mu.l of this
cell suspension was added to each well of a 96-well tissue culture
plate. The plate was centrifuged and the cells were washed with
incubation buffer and resuspended in 100 .mu.l of the IgE/anti-IgE
mixture. Cells were incubated for 30 min a RT. After washing of the
cells with incubation buffer, cells were stained with the
PE-labeled streptavidin (15 .mu.g/ml) for 30 min on ice. IgE
binding was detected by flow-cytometry (FIG. 16).
[0438] These data demonstrate that the transfected 293 cells
expressing the .alpha.- and .gamma.-chain of human Fc.epsilon.RI
provide a tool to monitor the binding of human IgE to
Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha. and the effect of anti-IgE antibodies
thereon.
8.2. Generation of RBL2H3 Cells Overexpressing the .alpha.- of
human Fc.epsilon.RI
[0439] The .alpha.-chain of human Fc.epsilon.RI
(Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha.) (including the stop-codon) cloned into
pENTR.TM. 221 was obtained from Invitrogen and was sub-cloned into
the expression vectors pEF-DEST51 (Invitrogen) and pcDNA6.2-V5-DEST
(Invitrogen) using the Gateway Cloning System (Invitrogen). Rat
basophile RBL2H3 cells (80-90% confluent) were transfected with the
resulting vectors pEF-Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha. or
pcDNA6.2-Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha., respectively, using
Lipofectamine.TM. 2000 and 4 .mu.g of the vector as described
above. Transfected cells expressing the a-chain of Fc.epsilon.RI
were selected by cultivation of the cells in RPMI with 10% FCS, 5
mM glutamine, 1.times.NEAA supplemented with 15 .mu.g/ml
blasticidin (selection medium). Single stably transfected cell
clones were isolated by sub-culturing of picked cell clusters of
the transfected cell pool in the selection medium.
Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha. cell surface expression of the cell clones was
monitored by flow-cytometry using a PE-labeled anti-human
Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha. mAb (eBioscience) at a final concentration of
2.5 .mu.g/ml in PBS supplemented with 0.5% BSA (data not
shown).
[0440] The cell clone E5 (stably expressing the a-chain under
control of an EF1.alpha. promoter) was used for evaluation of human
IgE-mediated histamine release. 1.0.times.10.sup.4 cells were
seeded into a well of 96-well tissue culture plate and cultivated
in a total volume of 200 .mu.l RPMI/10% FCS/5 mM
glutamine/1.times.NEAA in a humidified atmosphere at 37.degree. C.
and 5.0% CO.sub.2. Cells were sensitized by cultivation in the
presence of human IgE (Dianova) at increasing concentrations
(0.08-10.0 .mu.g/ml) in complete RPMI medium for 2 h or 48 h in a
total volume of 250 .mu.l. Cells were washed with Tyrode's Salt
Solution (Sigma) supplemented with 0.1% BSA and histamine release
was induced by cross-linking of receptor-bound human IgE by the
anti-human IgE antibody Le27 (100 nM) (kindly provided by Prof.
Stadler, Bern; (Grassi et al., 1986)) in a total volume of 100
.mu.l Tyrode's Salt Solution/0.1% BSA for 1 h. Histamine content of
the medium was measured using a commercially available histamine
ELISA (Neogen) (FIG. 17).
[0441] To evaluate the effect of anti-IgE antibodies on the human
IgE-dependent histamine release of the stably transfected RBL2H3
cells, cells (clone E5) were sensitized with 2.0 .mu.g/ml human
IgE, which was pre-incubated with XOLAIR.RTM. mAb (5.0-25.0
.mu.g/ml) for 2 h at room temperature. For sensitization, cells
were cultivated with the IgE/XOLAIR.RTM. mAb mixture for 2 h as
described above in a total volume of 100 .mu.l RPMI medium.
Histamine release was induced by the anti-IgE mAb Le27 as described
above and the histamine content of the medium was measured by ELISA
(Neogen) (FIG. 18).
[0442] These data demonstrate that the transfected RBL2H3 cells
expressing the a-chain of human Fc.epsilon.RI can be sensitized
with human IgE and can be induced to release histamine in the
presence of a human IgE cross-linking agent. The cells provide a
tool to study the human IgE-induced degranulation of basophiles and
the effect of anti-IgE antibodies thereon.
8.3. In Vitro Binding Assays Using Recombinant
Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha.
[0443] The .alpha.-chain of human Fc.epsilon.RI can be expressed as
a recombinant protein in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. After
purification the recombinant Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha. can be
immobilized on a suitable matrix (e.g. plastic plate, beads).
Purification and immobilization can also be performed using a
suitable tag fused to the recombinant Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha. at the
N- or C-terminus (e.g. His-tag, FLAG-tag, S-Tag, GST-tag). The
immobilized Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha. will be incubated with labeled
human IgE. The label can be a, for example, fluorescent dye,
biotin, peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase. Binding of IgE will be
detected using this label and the appropriate detection system
(fluorescence measurement, labeled streptavidin, peroxidase
substrate, alkaline phosphatase substrate). To evaluate the effect
of anti-IgE antibodies on the interaction of IgE with recombinant
Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha., IgE will be preincubated with the anti-IgE
antibodies and subsequently used in the binding assay described
above.
9. Double Insertion of a B-Amyloid Epitope at Position I-453 and
I-587 of the AAV Capsid
[0444] The cloning approach described below is used for the double
insertion of an epi- or mimotope sequence into the AAV capsid at
position I-453 and I-587 using a defined cloning strategy
9.1. Insertion of an FseI Restriction Site into pCIVP2
[0445] An FseI restriction site was inserted into the vectors
pCIVP2-I587-NotI-AscI and pCIVP2-1453-NotI-AscI located between
I-453 and I-587 by site-directed mutagenesis using the QuikChange
II Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene) and the
oligonucleotides
TABLE-US-00066 (SEQ ID NO: 156) mutashe-9 5'-GGT GAA TCC GGG GCC
GGC CAT GGC AAG C-3' and (SEQ ID NO: 157). mutashe-10 5'-GCT TGC
CAT GGC CGG CCC CGG ATT CAC C-3'
9.2. Cloning of a 13-Amyloid Epitope at Position I-587 of
pUCAV2
[0446] The .beta.-amyloid epitope DAEFRHDSG (SEQ ID NO: 158) (aa
1-9 of human .beta.-amyloid) was cloned into the NotI/AscI
restriction site of the vector pCIVP2-1587-NotI-AscI (modified as
described in 9.1) using the sense and anti-sense
oligonucleotides
TABLE-US-00067 (SEQ ID NO: 159) .beta.-amyloid-for 5'-GGC CGC AGG
CGG AGG GGG AGG CGA CGC CGA GTT CAG ACA CGA CAG CGG CGG CGG AGG GGG
AGG CGC GG-3' and (SEQ ID NO: 160) .beta.-amyloid-rev 5'-CGC GCC
GCG CCT CCC CCT CCG CCG CCG CTG TCG TGT CTG AAC TCG GCG TCG CCT CCC
CCT CCG CCT GC-3'
[0447] The oligonucleotides encode the .beta.-amyloid epitope with
a glycine adaptor sequence:
TABLE-US-00068 (A).sub.3-(G).sub.5-DAEFRHDSG-(G).sub.5-(A).sub.2
(SEQ ID NO: 161)
[0448] Cloning was performed as described above (6.2).
[0449] The BsiWI/XmaI fragment of pCI-VP2-587-NotI-AscI encoding a
VP-2 fragment containing the .beta.-amyloid epitope at position
I-587 was sub-cloned into pUCAV2-AgeI as described above (6.3). The
resulting vector was referred to as pUCAV2-amyloid-587.
9.3. Cloning of a .beta.-Amyloid Epitope at Position I-453 of
pCIVP2
[0450] The .beta.-amyloid epitope (DAEFRHDSG, SEQ ID NO: 158) was
cloned into the NotI/AscI restriction site at the insertion site
I-453 of the vector pCIVP2-I453-NotI-AscI (modified as described in
9.1) using the sense and anti-sense oligonucleotides
TABLE-US-00069 (SEQ ID NO: 162) Amyloid 453for 5'-G GCC GGC GGA GGC
GGT GGG GAC GCC GAA TTC AGA CAC GAC AGC GGC GGA GGC GGT GGA GGG-3'
(SEQ ID NO: 163) Amyloid 453rev 5'-C GCG CCC TCC ACC GCC TCC GCC
GCT GTC GTG TCT GAA TTC GGC GTC CCC ACC GCC TCC GCC-3'
[0451] The oligonucleotides encode the .beta.-amyloid epitope with
a glycine adaptor sequence:
TABLE-US-00070 (A).sub.2-(G).sub.5-DAEFRHDSG-(G).sub.5-R-(A).sub.2
(SEQ ID NO: 164)
[0452] Cloning was performed as described above (6.2).
9.4. Cloning of a .beta.-Amyloid Epitope at Position I-453 and
I-587 of pUCAV2
[0453] For production of recombinant AAV particles carrying the
.beta.-amyloid epitope at position I-587 and I-453, the vector
pUCAV2-amyloid-587 was cut with BsiWI/FseI and ligated with the 0.6
kb BsiWI/FseI fragment of pCI-VP2-453-NotI-AscI. The BsiWI/FseI
fragment of pCI-VP2-453-NotI-AscI encodes the VP-2 fragment
containing the p-amyloid epitope at position I-453. The resulting
vector was referred to as pUCAV2-amyloid-453-587.
9.5. Production, Purification and Evaluation of AAV Particles
Carrying a .beta.-Amyloid Epitope at I-453 and I-587
[0454] For production of recombinant AAV particles carrying the
.beta.-amyloid epitope at position I-587 and I-453, 293 cells were
transfected with the vector pUCAV2-amyloid-453-587 and the helper
plasmid pUCAdV as described above (4.2 and 4.3). The corresponding
AAV particles were referred to as AAV-amyloid-453-587.
[0455] For production of recombinant AAV particles carrying the
.beta.-amyloid epitope at position I-587, 293 cells were
transfected with the vector pUCAV2-amyloid-587 and the helper
plasmid pUCAdV as described above. The corresponding AAV particles
were referred to as AAV-amyloid-587. All AAV particles were
purified as described above
[0456] To evaluate the expression of the .beta.-amyloid epitope at
the surface of the AAV capsid, serial dilutions of purified AAV
particles AAV-amyloid-453-587 and AAV-amyloid-587 were dotted on a
membrane (FIG. 19). As a negative control AAV particles carrying a
CETP epitope at position I-587 were dotted. As a positive control a
p-amyloid peptide (aa 1-42) (Biosource) was dotted. After blocking
of the membrane with blocking buffer (5% milk powder in PBS
containing 0.05% Tween-20), the .beta.-amyloid epitope was detected
using an anti-.beta.-amyloid mAb 6E10 (Chemicon) (FIG. 19). The
anti-.beta.-amyloid mAb was used at a concentration of 1.0 .mu.g/ml
in PBS/1% milk powder/0.05% Tween-20. Binding of the
anti-.beta.-amyloid mAb was detected using a peroxidase labeled
anti-mouse IgG antibody (CALTAG). After washing, signals were
detected by chemiluminescence using the SuperSignal West Pico
Chemiluminescent Substrate (Pierce).
[0457] These data demonstrate that the double insertion of the
epitope into the insertion sites I-453 and I-587 results in higher
epitope density at the capsid surface than the singular insertion
of the epitope at position I-587.
10. Immunization of Rabbits with AAV-Based Vaccines
10.1. Production and Purification of AAV2-Based Vaccines for
Immunization Experiments
[0458] For production of AAV particles HEK 293-T cells were
co-transfected with the vector plasmid pUCAV2 containing the
subcloned epitope (in 1-453 and/or 1-587) and the helper plasmid
pUCAdV as described above. For large scale production 30-60 O15 cm
cell culture plates with 7.5.times.10.sup.6 293-T cells were seeded
and cultivated at 37.degree. C., 5% CO.sub.2 in a humidified
atmosphere. Co-transfection of the cells with the vector plasmid
pUCAV2 containing the epitope (in I-453 or I-587) and pUCAdV was
performed as described above. 72 h after transfection 293-T cells
and medium were harvested and centrifuged at 3000 g at 4.degree. C.
for 15 min. The cell pellet was resuspended in 15-30 ml lysis
buffer (50 mM HEPES, 200 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM MgCl.sub.2; pH 6.8) and
objected to three rounds of freeze and thaw cycles. The cleared
cell culture supernatant was concentrated by TFF (tangential flow
filtration) using the SARTOFLOW.RTM. Slice 200 Benchtop Cross-flow
system using a SARTOCON.RTM. Slice 200 cassette (Hdyrosart
membrane). The TFF concentrate of the cell culture supernatant
(about 35 ml) was pooled with the cleared crude lysate and
subsequently treated with 1667 U/ml benzonase (Merck) at 37.degree.
C. for 2 h-4 h. After benzonase treatment the pool of crude lysate
and TFF concentrate was centrifuged at 3600 g for 5 min at
4.degree. C. The AAV-containing supernatant was separated through a
size exclusion chromatography (SEC) column. SEC was performed using
a XK50/20 column packed with SUPERDEX 200.RTM. resin beads and SEC
running buffer (50 mM HEPES, 400 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM MgCl.sub.2; pH
6.8). SEC fractions were analyzed by AAV2 ELISA. AAV-containing
fractions were pooled and objected to iodixanol gradient
centrifugation. Iodixanol solutions of different concentrations
were layered beneath the pool of virus containing SEC fraction in
QUICKSEAL.RTM. centrifugation tubes (25.times.89 mm; Beckman). By
this an Iodixanol gradient was created composed of 4.0 ml 60% on
the bottom, 5.0 ml 40%, 4.0 ml 25% and 5.5 ml 15% Iodixanol with
the virus solution on top. The gradient was centrifuged using a
fixed angel rotor (Ti 70.1 rotor, Beckman) at 65000 rpm for 1 h at
18.degree. C. The 40% phase containing the AAV particles was then
extracted with a cannula by puncturing the tube underneath the 40%
phase and allowing the solution to drip into collecting tubes.
Fractions of about 0.5 ml were collected until the 25% phase was
reached. The AAV capsid titer of the fractions was determined using
a commercially available ELISA (AAV Titration ELISA, Progen).
Purity of the AAV-containing fractions was determined by SDS-PAGE
and subsequent colloidal Coomassie staining. Fractions with high
purity of AAV particles were pooled and the capsid titer of the
final pool was determined by AAV2 titration ELISA.
10.2. Breaking of Self-Tolerance by AAV-Based Vaccines
[0459] A panel of AAV-based vaccines carrying epitopes derived from
rabbit CETP was generated as described above. AAV-based CETP
vaccines were compared with the corresponding peptide vaccines
containing the same epitope coupled to LPH (Limulus polyphemus
hemocyanine) as a carrier protein. The peptides were chemically
synthesized with a C- or N-terminal Cystein residue that was used
for coupling of the peptides to LPH. Synthesis and coupling of the
peptides was performed by Biogenes (Berlin, Germany).
[0460] The vaccines described in Table 24 were used for
immunization of rabbits:
TABLE-US-00071 TABLE 24 Vaccines used for immunization of rabbits
Name of Vaccine Insertion Dose vaccine carrier Site Epitope (.mu.g)
AAV-TP11 AAV2 I-587 SLTGDEFKKVLET 10.9 SEQ ID NO: 238 AAV-TP12 AAV2
I-587 REAVAYRFEED 14.1 SEQ ID NO: 239 AAV-TP13 AAV2 I-587
INPEIITLDG 13.3 SEQ ID NO: 240 AAV-TP18 AAV2 I-587 DISVTGAPVITATYL
7.2 SEQ ID NO: 241 LPH-TP11 LPH N/A CSLTGDEFKKVLET see SEQ ID NO:
320 text LPH-TP12 LPH N/A CREAVAYRFEED see SEQ ID NO: 321 text
LPH-TP13 LPH N/A CINPEIITLDG see SEQ ID NO: 322 text LPH-TP18 LPH
N/A CDISVTGAPVITATYL see SEQ ID NO: 323 text
[0461] For each vaccination approach two rabbits were immunized
s.c. with the vaccines shown in the table above four times (one
prime and three boost immunizations). The first boost immunization
was performed 2 weeks after an initial prime immunization. Rabbits
were boosted another two times with the vaccines at intervals of 3
weeks. Serum of the immunized animals was prepared two weeks after
each boost immunization.
[0462] The purified AAV-based vaccines were mixed an equal volume
of formulation buffer (PBS with 1% sorbitol, 0.2% Tween-20, 25%
propylenglycol, 200 mM NaCl and 2.5 mM MgCl.sub.2) for
stabilization of the particles and stored at -80.degree. C. until
administration. If necessary, the volume of the AAV-based vaccines
was adjusted to 0.3 ml with formulation buffer directly before
application. The vaccines were administered s.c. in the presence of
0.7 ml adjuvant (total volume 1 ml). The adjuvant was provided by
Biogenes and contained amongst others 0.01% lipopolysaccharide
derived from Phormidium, 95% paraffin oil, 2.4% Tween-40 and 0.1%
cholesterol.
[0463] The LPH-coupled peptides (in 0.3 ml TBS) were administered
s.c. in the presence of 0.7 ml of the adjuvant provided by
Biogenes. 1 mg of the LPH-peptide conjugate was administered for
the prime immunization. 0.5 mg of the conjugate was used for the
1.sup.st boost immunization and 0.25 mg of the conjugate were used
for the 2.sup.nd and 3.sup.rd boost immunization.
[0464] Induction of anti-CETP auto-antibodies in the vaccinated
animals was determined by ELISA using recombinant rabbit CETP as
antigen. For production of rabbit CETP, the CETP cDNA was amplified
by RT-PCR using the primers
TABLE-US-00072 (SEQ ID NO: 324) rCETP-uni 5'-GGG GAA TTC ATG TCC
CAA AGG CGC CTC CTA CG-3' and (SEQ ID NO: 325) rCETP-rev 5'-GGG GGA
TCC CTA GCT CAG GCT CTG GAG GAA ATC C-3'
and rabbit liver PolyA.sup.+ RNA (Clontech) as template. The CETP
cDNA was cloned into the EcoRI/BamHI site of the vector
p3XFLAG-CMV-8 (SIGMA). The resulting vector encodes the mature CETP
sequence with a C-terminal FLAG.RTM.-tag and an N-terminal
preprotrypsin leader sequence for secretion of the recombinant
protein. For expression of recombinant rabbit CETP 293T cells were
transfected with the vector by calcium phosphate transfection as
described above. CETP was purified from the cell culture
supernatant by affinity chromatography using anti-FLAG.RTM. M2
agarose beads (SIGMA). Purity of the recombinant rabbit CETP was
analyzed by SDS-PAGE and subsequent colloidal coomassie staining.
CETP activity was determined using a commercially available CETP
activity assay (Roar).
[0465] For titration of rabbit CETP auto-antibodies in the immune
sera, a 96-well Maxisorp plate (Nunc) was coated with purified
recombinant rabbit CETP (100 ng/well) for 1 h at 37.degree. C.
After coating wells were washed with wash buffer (PBS/0.1%
Tween-20) and subsequently incubated with blocking buffer (5% skim
milk in wash buffer) for 1 h at 37.degree. C. After blocking of the
wells, immobilized CETP was incubated with serial dilutions of the
immune sera in dilution buffer (wash buffer with 1% skim milk and
1% BSA) for 1 h at 37.degree. C. Rabbit pre-immune sera or rabbit
sera of unrelated vaccinations served as negative controls. After
washing binding of rabbit IgG to the immobilized CETP was detected
using a HRP-labelled anti-rabbit IgG antibody (H+L) (DAKO; 1:2500
in dilution buffer). Signals (OD) were detected using TMB
(KemEnTec) as substrate.
[0466] CETP auto-antibody titers were determined by end point
dilution. The titer of the immune serum corresponds to the
intersection point of the titration curve of the immune sera with
the limit of detection of the assay.
[0467] The limit of detection (LOD) of the assay was calculated as
follows:
[0468] Mean OD (unspecific sera)+3.3.times.standard deviation OD
(unspecific sera)
[0469] In addition to the CETP auto-antibody titers, the
anti-peptide titers of the immune sera were analyzed. The free
peptides (corresponding to the epitopes integrated in the AAV
capsid or coupled to LPH) were covalently immobilized in a 96-well
plate (REACTI-BIND.TM. Amine-binding, Maleic Anhydride Activated
Plates; Pierce). For immobilization of the peptide, the 96-well
plate was incubated with 1 .mu.g peptide per well in a total volume
of 50 .mu.l PBS for at least 1 h at 37.degree. C. After coating of
the peptides wells were blocked with 200 .mu.l/well blocking buffer
(PBS/5% skim milk/0.1% Tween-20) for 1 h at 37.degree. C. After
blocking of the wells, immobilized peptides were incubated with
serial dilutions of the immune sera in dilution buffer (PBS with 1%
skim milk, 1% BSA, 0.1% Tween-20) for 1 h at 37.degree. C. Rabbit
pre-immune sera or rabbit sera of unrelated vaccinations served as
negative controls. After washing binding of rabbit IgG to the
immobilized CETP was detected using a HRP-labelled anti-rabbit IgG
antibody (DAKO; 1:2500 in dilution buffer). Signals (OD) were
detected using TMB (KemEnTec) as substrate. Antibody titers were
determined as described above.
[0470] Except for one animal vaccinated with AAV-TP13 the data
demonstrate that vaccination with AAV-based vaccines induces high
titers of target-specific auto-antibodies that are not obtained
using peptide-based vaccines. Accordingly, AAV-based vaccines are
able to break self-tolerance and induce high levels of
auto-antibodies (FIG. 20). The immunogenic properties of the
peptide based vaccines are reflected by the high titers of peptide
specific antibodies induced by the peptide vaccines (FIG. 21).
However, these antibodies show only weak reaction with native
rabbit CETP (FIG. 20) suggesting that peptide based
vaccines--although immunogenic--have only a limited potential to
break self-tolerance and induce low levels of auto-antibodies.
10.3. The AAV Capsid Structure is Essential for Breaking of
Self-Tolerance and Induction of Auto-Antibodies
[0471] To demonstrate that the capsid structure and the structured,
repetitive presentation of epitopes within the AAV-capsid are
essential for breaking of self-tolerance of the immune system and
induction of auto-antibodies, rabbits were immunized with
heat-denatured AAV-TP11-2.times. or AAV-TP18-2x particles. Results
were compared with vaccinations using the corresponding native
particles. The AAV-variant AAV-TP11-2x carries the rabbit CETP TP11
epitope (SLTGDEFKKVLET, SEQ ID NO: 238) at positions 1-453 and
1-587. The AAV-variant AAV-TP18-2x carries the rabbit CETP TP18
epitope (DISVTGAPVITATYL, SEQ ID NO: 241) at positions 1-453 and
1-587. For heat denaturation the particles were mixed with an equal
volume of formulation buffer (PBS with 1% sorbitol, 0.2% Tween-20,
25% propylenglycol, 200 mM NaCl and 2.5 mM MgCl.sub.2) and
incubated at 90.degree. C. for 15 min. Destruction of the particle
conformation was analyzed by AAV2 titration ELISA recognizing a
conformational epitope within the native capsid. Protein
concentration of the heat-denatured particles was determined by
Micro BCA assay (Pierce) and analyzed by Western blotting using a
polyclonal anti-AAV2 antibody generated by immunization of rabbits
with purified VP3 protein of AAV2 (data not shown).
[0472] Rabbits were immunized with heat-denatured AAV-TP11-2x
particles (5.7 .mu.g per application) or AAV-TP18-2x particles (1.8
.mu.g per application) s.c. in the presence of an adjuvant provided
by Biogenes as described above. 2 weeks after an initial prime
immunization rabbits were boosted with the heat-denatured
particles. Serum of the animals was analyzed 2 weeks after the
boost immunization for levels of CETP auto-antibodies as described
above. In a control group rabbits were vaccinated with native
AAV-TP11-2x or AAV-TP18-2x particles using the same regimen as for
the heat-denatured particles.
[0473] Analysis of the CETP auto-antibody titer in the sera of the
immunized animals demonstrates that destruction of the native
capsid conformation results in a strongly impaired induction of
CETP antibodies compared with the native vaccine (FIG. 22) showing
that the native capsid structure and the structured presentation of
the epitopes within the capsid is essential for breaking of
self-tolerance.
10.4. Evaluation of the Impact of Anti-AAV2 Antibodies on
Immunization with AAV2-Based Vaccines
[0474] The immunization experiments demonstrated that AAV-based
vaccines induce high titers of anti-AAV capsid antibodies in
addition to the target specific antibodies (data not shown).
However, most humans are AAV2 positive meaning that these people
have anti-AAV2 antibody titers that potentially might affect
vaccination results using AAV2-based particles. To evaluate the
impact of anti-AAV2 antibodies on the immunization success of
AAV2-based vaccines, rabbits were pre-immunized by two applications
of wtAAV2 (4.5 .mu.g per application), before immunization (prime
and two boost immunizations) with an AAV2-based CETP vaccine
(AAV-TP18) was started. wtAAV2 particles were administered s.c. or
i.m. in the presence of an adjuvant provided by Biogenes as
described above. 2 weeks after an initial prime immunization with
wtAAV2, rabbits were boosted once again with wtAAV2. Serum was
analyzed two weeks after the prime and 1.sup.st boost immunization
for the level of anti-AAV2 antibodies. The anti-AAV2 antibody titer
was determined by ELISA using immobilized wtAAV2 particles as
described below. The data demonstrate that high levels of
anti-wtAAV2 antibodies are detectable after two applications of
wtAAV2 for both s.c. and i.m. administration (FIG. 23A).
[0475] 3 weeks after boost immunization with wtAAV2, rabbits
received the first prime immunization with the AAV2-based vaccine
AAV-TP18 (7.2 .mu.g per application). The vaccine was administered
s.c. or i.m. in the presence of adjuvant provided by Biogenes as
described above. Rabbits were boosted with the vaccines 2 weeks
after the prime vaccination. Sera were analyzed 2 weeks after the
boost vaccination for the level of CETP auto-antibodies (FIG. 23B).
CETP auto-antibody titers were determined as described above.
Results were compared to vaccination (s.c.) of animals not
pre-immunized with wtAAV2.
[0476] The data demonstrate that wtAAV2 pre-immunization results in
high titers of anti-AAV2 capsid antibodies. However, these high
anti-AAV2 capsid antibodies do not impair the immunization success
of an AAV2-based vaccine, in this case regarding the induction of
anti-CETP auto-antibodies. Accordingly, it is concluded that AAV2
sero-positive humans are equally eligible for vaccination with
AAV2-particles as sero-negative humans and that sero-conversion of
a vaccinated human during a vaccination protocol does not impair
vaccination success.
[0477] Determination of anti-wtAAV2 antibody titers: The anti-AAV2
antibody titer was determined by ELISA using immobilized wtAAV2
particles. Briefly, 5.times.10.sup.9 wtAAV2 particles were
immobilized in each well of a 96-well Maxisorp plate (Nunc) in a
total volume of 50 .mu.l PBS per well. The plate was incubated at
37.degree. C. for 1 h. After blocking of the wells with PBS, 5%
skim milk, 0.1% Tween-20, immobilized wtAAV2 particles were
incubated with serial dilutions of the immune sera in dilution
buffer (PBS with 1% skim milk, 1% BSA, 0.1% Tween-20) for 1 h at
37.degree. C. Rabbit pre-immune sera or rabbit sera of unrelated
vaccinations served as negative controls. After washing, binding of
rabbit IgG to the immobilized AAV2 was detected using a
HRP-labelled anti-rabbit IgG antibody and TMB as substrate.
Antibody titers were determined as described above.
10.5. Prime/Boost Regimen for AAV-Based Vaccines
[0478] 16.4 .mu.g AAV2 particles carrying the CETP-intern epitope
(CDAGSVRTNAPD, SEQ ID NO: 123) at position I-453 and 1-587
(AAV2-CETin-2x) were administered i.m. at each prime or boost
immunization together with the adjuvant provided by Biogenes as
described above.
[0479] Three different regimens were evaluated. Group A received
one prime and three boost applications of AAV2-CETin-2x (AAV2-based
vaccination). Group B received one prime and one boost immunization
with AAV2-CETin-2x followed by two boost immunizations with the
LPH-coupled CETP-intern peptide (LPH-peptide boost). Group C
received one prime and one boost immunization with AAV2-CETIn-2x
followed by two boost immunizations with AAV1-CETin (AAV1 particle
carrying the CETP-intern epitope at position I-588; 11.7
.mu.g/application). In each group the first boost immunization was
performed two weeks after the prime immunization. The 2.sup.nd and
3.sup.rd boost immunization was performed three weeks after the
preceding boost vaccination.
[0480] Immune sera were analyzed for anti-CETP-reactivity (CETP
auto-antibody titer) two weeks after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd boost
immunization as described above (FIG. 24).
[0481] These data demonstrate that high levels of CETP
auto-antibodies are detectable in animals vaccinated with
AAV2-CETin-2x only (group A). There is no increase of CETP
auto-antibodies observed in the group of animals boosted with
LPH-coupled CETP peptide (group B). Furthermore, data demonstrate
that switching of the serotype of the AAV-backbone (group C) has
the potential to increase the immune response to a self-antigen
compared to boost vaccinations with an individual AAV serotype.
10.6. Evaluation of the Impact of Different Adjuvants on
Immunization with AAV2-Based Vaccines
[0482] Since the adjuvant provided by Biogenes may not be suitable
for application in humans, alternative adjuvants were evaluated. In
a first approach Montanide ISA 51 VG sterile (Seppic) was tested.
Rabbits were immunized with the CETP vaccine AAV-TP18 (7.2 .mu.g
per application) i.m. or s.c. The volume of the purified vaccine
was adjusted to 0.5 ml with formulation buffer and mixed with an
equal volume of Montanide ISA 51 VG sterile. A control group was
immunized s.c. with AAV-TP18 using the adjuvant provided by
Biogenes as described above. For each vaccination approach two
rabbits were immunized four times (one prime and three boost
immunizations). The first boost immunization was performed 2 weeks
after an initial prime immunization. Rabbits were boosted another
two times with the vaccines at intervals of 3 weeks. Immune sera
were analyzed for anti-CETP-reactivity (CETP auto-antibody titer)
two weeks after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd boost immunization as
described above. Analysis of the CETP auto-antibody titers of
animals vaccinated s.c. with AAV-TP18 in the presence of Montanide
ISA 51, demonstrates that similar titers are induced as in the
vaccination approach using the Biogenes adjuvant (FIG. 25).
Comparison of s.c. and i.m. administration of the AAV-TP18 vaccine
in the presence of Montanide ISA 51 shows, that higher
auto-antibody titers are generated by i.m. vaccination. These data
demonstrate that AAV-base vaccines are able to induce
auto-antibodies in the presence of a clinically applicable adjuvant
like Montanide ISA 51 VG sterile.
[0483] In addition, the combination of AAV-based vaccine with other
adjuvants such as aluminum based adjuvant Alhydrogel 2% can be
evaluated with respect to induction of auto-antibodies
accordingly.
10.7. Vaccination of Rabbits with an AAV1-Based CETP Vaccine
[0484] In order to prove that results obtained with AAV2 based
particles can easily be transferred to other AAV-serotypes or other
parvoviruses the CETP-intern peptide (CDAGSVRTNAPD, SEQ ID NO: 123)
had been inserted into the AAV1 capsid as described in 7.4.1.
[0485] For the vaccination approach two rabbits were immunized i.m.
with 11.7 .mu.g each of the construct AAV1-CETP-588 (insertion of
CETP-intern epitope at position 588) as described in 10.2. The
first boost immunization was performed 2 weeks after an initial
prime immunization. Rabbits were boosted another 2 times with the
vaccines at intervals of 3 weeks. Serum of the immunized animals
was prepared two weeks after each boost immunization. CETP
auto-antibody titers were determined as described above.
[0486] Data obtained demonstrate that the AAV1-based CETP vaccine
AAV1-CETP-588 induces high levels of CETP auto-antibodies (FIG.
26). The induction of CETP auto-antibody was at least comparable to
AAV2-CETin-2x vaccination (see 10.5). From this experiment it can
be concluded that the AAV2 backbone can be substituted by the AAV1
backbone.
10.8. Vaccination Against Human .beta.-Amyloid
[0487] For vaccination against human .beta.-amyloid 1.0 .mu.g of
AAV2 particles carrying the human .beta.-amyloid (aa 1-9)-epitope
(DAEFRHDSG, SEQ ID NO: 158) at position I-587 were administered
s.c. at each prime or boost immunization in the presence of the
adjuvant provided by Biogenes. Two rabbits were immunized four
times (one prime and three boost immunizations). The first boost
immunization was performed 2 weeks after an initial prime
immunization. Rabbits were boosted another two times with the
vaccine at intervals of 3 weeks. Immune sera were analyzed for
anti-.beta.-amyloid reactivity two weeks after the 1.sup.st,
2.sup.nd and 3.sup.1d boost immunization as described below.
[0488] Resulting data demonstrate that immunization of rabbits with
the AAV2-based .beta.-amyloid vaccine efficiently induces
antibodies against .beta.-amyloid (FIG. 27).
[0489] Determination of anti-.beta.-amyloid antibody titers: The
anti-.beta.-amyloid antibody titer was determined by ELISA using
immobilized A.beta.(1-42) (Biosource) as antigen. Briefly, 250 ng
A.beta.(1-42) peptide was immobilized in each well of a 96-well
Maxisorp plate (Nunc) in a total volume of 50 .mu.l PBS per well.
The plate was incubated at 37.degree. C. for 1 h. After blocking of
the wells with PBS/5% skim milk/0.1% Tween-20, immobilized
A.beta.(1-42) was incubated with serial dilutions of the immune
sera in dilution buffer (PBS with 1% skim milk, 0.1% Tween-20) for
1 h at 37.degree. C. Rabbit pre-immune sera or rabbit sera of
unrelated vaccinations served as negative controls. After washing
binding of rabbit IgG to immobilized A.beta.(1-42) was detected
using a HRP-labelled anti-rabbit IgG antibody and TMB as substrate.
Antibody titers were determined as described above.
10.9. Immunization Against Human IgE Using AAV-Based Vaccines
[0490] A panel of AAV-based vaccines carrying epitopes derived from
human IgE was generated as described above. AAV-based IgE vaccines
were compared to the corresponding peptide vaccines containing the
same epitope coupled to LPH as carrier protein. The peptides were
chemically synthesized with a C- or N-terminal cystein residue that
was used for coupling of the peptides to LPH. Synthesis and
coupling of the peptides was performed by Biogenes (Berlin,
Germany).
[0491] The following vaccines were used for immunization of
rabbits:
TABLE-US-00073 TABLE 25 AAV- and LPH-based vaccines used for
immunization against human IgE Name of Vaccine Insertion Dose
vaccine carrier Site Epitope (.mu.g) Appl. AAV-Kricek AAV2 I-587
VNLTWSRASG 3.1 s.c. (SEQ ID NO: 85) AAV-3DEpi3 AAV2 I-587 3DEpi3
4.4 s.c. AAV-Flex AAV2 I-587 Flex 16.3 i.m. AAV-Bind2 AAV2 I-587
Bind2 5.1 i.m. LPH-Kricek LPH N/A VNLTWSRASGC see text i.m. SEQ ID
NO: 326 LPH-3DEpi3 LPH N/A CDSNPRGVSAYLSR see text i.m. SEQ ID NO:
327 LPH-Flex LPH N/A CEDGQVMDVDLS see text i.m. SEQ ID NO: 328
LPH-Bind2 LPH N/A CEKQRNGTLT see text i.m. SEQ ID NO: 329
[0492] For each vaccination approach two rabbits were immunized
with the vaccines shown in the table above four times (one prime
and three boost immunizations). The first boost immunization was
performed 2 weeks after an initial prime immunization. Rabbits were
boosted another two times with the vaccines at intervals of 3
weeks.
[0493] The purified AAV-based vaccines were mixed with an equal
volume of formulation buffer (PBS with 1% sorbitol, 0.2% Tween-20,
25% propylenglycol, 200 mM NaCl and 2.5 mM MgCl.sub.2) for
stabilization of the particles and stored at -80.degree. C. until
administration. If necessary, the volume of the vaccine was
adjusted to 0.3 ml-0.5 ml with formulation buffer directly before
application. The AAV-based vaccines were administered s.c. or i.m.
together with the Biogenes adjuvant (total volume 1 ml).
[0494] The LPH-coupled peptides (in 0.3 ml TBS) were administered
i.m. in the presence of 0.7 ml of the adjuvant provided by
Biogenes. 1 mg of the LPH-peptide conjugate was administered for
the prime immunization. 0.5 mg of the conjugate was used for the
1.sup.st boost immunization and 0.25 mg of the conjugate were used
for the 2.sup.nd and 3.sup.rd boost immunization.
[0495] Induction of anti-human IgE antibodies in the vaccinated
animals was determined by ELISA using human IgE (Diatec, Oslo,
Norway) as antigen. A 96-well Maxisorp plate (Nunc) was coated with
human IgE (1 .mu.g/well) for 1 h at 37.degree. C. After coating
wells were washed with wash buffer (PBS/0.1% Tween-20) and
subsequently incubated with blocking buffer (5% skim milk in wash
buffer) for 1 h at 37.degree. C. After blocking of the wells,
immobilized human IgE was incubated with serial dilutions of the
immune sera in dilution buffer (wash buffer with 1% skim milk and
1% BSA) for 1 h at 37.degree. C. Rabbit pre-immune sera or rabbit
sera of unrelated vaccinations served as negative controls. After
washing binding of rabbit IgG to the immobilized IgE was detected
using a HRP-labelled anti-rabbit IgG antibody (DAKO; 1:2500 in
dilution buffer). Signals (OD) were detected using TMB (KemEnTec)
as substrate.
[0496] In addition to the IgE titers, the anti-peptide titers of
the immune sera were analyzed. The free peptides (corresponding to
the epitopes integrated in the AAV capsid or coupled to LPH) were
covalently immobilized in a 96-well plate (REACTI-BIND.TM.
Amine-binding, Maleic Anhydride Activated Plates; PIERCE) as
described above. After blocking of the wells, immobilized peptides
were incubated with serial dilutions of the immune sera in dilution
buffer (PBS with 1% skim milk, 1% BSA, 0.1% Tween-20) for 1 h at
37.degree. C. Rabbit pre-immune sera or rabbit sera of unrelated
vaccinations served as negative controls. After washing binding of
rabbit IgG to the immobilized CETP was detected using a
HRP-labelled anti-rabbit IgG antibody (DAKO; 1:2500 in dilution
buffer). Signals (OD) were detected using TMB (KemEnTec) as
substrate. Antibody titers were determined as described above
[0497] The anti-IgE titers of the immune sera are summarized in
Table 26 below:
TABLE-US-00074 TABLE 26 Mean anti-IgE titer of immunizations with
AAV-vs. LPH-based IgE vaccines anti-IgE Titer anti-IgE Titer
anti-IgE Titer Vaccine 1.sup.st Boost 2.sup.nd Boost 3.sup.rd Boost
AAV-Kricek 4750 20150 25460 AAV-Kricek* n.d. 7950 27000 AAV-3DEpi3*
5000 18200 30140 AAV-Bind2 575 3075 7750 AAV-Flex 17200 40300 38100
LPH-Kricek n.d. 1300 400 LPH-3DEpi3 705 1400 1600 LPH-Flex 15000
14000 23250 LPH-Bind2 0 0 0 *AAV-based vaccines were used for the
prime and 1.sup.st boost immunization; 2.sup.nd and 3.sup.rd boost
immunization were performed with the corresponding LPH-coupled
peptide
[0498] Interestingly, vaccination of rabbits with LPH-Kricek,
LPH-3DEpi3 or LPH-Bind2 failed to induce significant levels of
antibodies against human IgE. The immunogenic properties of the
peptide based vaccines are reflected by the high titers of peptide
specific antibodies induced by the peptide vaccines (data not
shown). However, these antibodies show no or only weak reaction
with native human IgE. Only LPH-Flex induced reasonably high titers
of antibodies specific for native human IgE. This is in clear
contrast to the results obtained with the corresponding AAV-based
vaccines like AAV-Kricek (FIG. 28) which generate considerably
higher human IgE specific antibody titers compared to the
corresponding LPH-fusion constructs. This indicates that the fixed
conformation of the corresponding IgE epitopes in the AAV2 capsid
resembles the structure of the sequence within the IgE molecule in
a better way than the LPH-coupled peptides. It should be noted that
the generation of anti-human IgE antibodies in this animal model
with rabbits does not overcome tolerance of the immune system to
self-antigens.
[0499] For evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the AAV-based
anti-human IgE vaccines in non-human primate models (e.g.
cynomolgus monkeys) it is critical that the human and non-human
primate IgE epitope is identical in both species. The cynomolgus
IgE sequence (Fc region) was sequenced at the German Primate Centre
(Gottingen, Germany). The sequence of cynomolgus IgE is shown
below. Sequence alignment of human and cynomolgus IgE (data not
shown) revealed that the Kricek and 3DEpi3 epitope are identical in
both species. Therefore, cynomologus is a suitable animal model for
safety and efficacy testing of vaccines carrying the Kricek or
3DEpi3 epitope. From sequencing data it is not fully clear whether
at position 86 there is an M (bold) or T. This may be due to a
sequencing error or a polymorphism. The human sequence has an M at
this position.
Sequence of Cynomolgus IgE (Fc Region):
TABLE-US-00075 [0500] (SEQ ID NO: 233) 001 SVFTASIQSP FVFPLIPCCK
HIASNATSVT LGCLATGYFP EPVMVTWDAG 051 SLNRSTMTLP ATTFTPSGHY
ATISLLTVSG AWAKEMFTCH VVHTPSSADK 101 EVNKTFGVCS RNFTPPTVKI
LQSSCDDDGH FPPTIQLLCL ISGYTPGAIN 151 VTWLENGQVM KVNSPTPPAT
QEGELASTQS EFTLAQKHWL SDRTYTCQVT 201 YQGTTYNDST KKCADSNPRG
VSAYLSRPSP FDLFISKSPT ITCLVVDLAP 251 SKETVNLTWS RASGKPVPHI
PATEKKQQRN GTLTVTSILP VVTQDWIEGE 301 TYQCRVTHPH LPRALVRSMT
KTSGPRAAPE VYVFATPEKL ESRDKRTLAC 351 LIQNFMPEDI SVQWLHSDVQ
LPDARHSVTQ PRKTKGSGFF VFSRLEVTKA 401 EWEQKDEFIC RAVHEAASPS
WIVQQAVSVN PGK*
10.10. Vaccination of Rabbits with an IgE Epitope Fused to a
Synthetic T-Helper Epitope
[0501] According to published data ({Wang, 2003 #65}; WO 99/67293),
the IgE derived peptide CGETYQSRVTHPHLPRALMRSTTKC (SEQ ID NO: 234)
is able to induce high titers of neutralizing anti-IgE antibodies
in mice if a disulfide bond is formed between the terminal cystein
terminal residues (shown in bold printed letters) and the cyclic
peptide is linked to a synthetic T-helper epitope according to the
following scheme:
TABLE-US-00076 (SEQ ID NO: 235)
TAKSKKFPSYTATYQFGGKKKIITITRIITIITTIDGGC*GETYQSRVTH PHLPRALMRSTTKC*
*linked by a disulfide bond
[0502] To evaluate this IgE peptide vaccine in our immunization
experiments, the vaccine ("Wang peptide") was synthesized
(Activotec) and used for immunization of rabbits (Biogenes). 100
.mu.g of the peptide vaccine (in 0.2 ml PBS) was administered i.m.
in the presence of the adjuvant provided by Biogenes.
[0503] In addition to the complete IgE derived sequence described
by Wang et al. a shortened sequence of this peptide containing a
putative B-cell epitope called "Wang-CS" was synthesized, coupled
to LPH (via an additional N-terminal cystein residue) and used for
i.m. vaccination of rabbits in the presence of the adjuvant
provided by Biogenes. The LPH-coupled peptide Wang-CS (in 0.3 ml
TBS) were administered i.m. in the presence of 0.7 ml of the
adjuvant provided by Biogenes. 1 mg of the LPH-peptide conjugate
was administered for the prime immunization. 0.5 mg of the
conjugate was used for the 1.sup.st boost immunization and 0.25 mg
of the conjugate were used for the 2.sup.nd and 3.sup.rd boost
immunization.
[0504] Rabbits were immunized with the different peptide vaccines
four times (one prime and three boost immunizations). The first
boost immunization was performed 2 weeks after an initial prime
immunization. Rabbits were boosted another two times with the
vaccines at intervals of 3 weeks. Immune sera were analyzed for
anti-human IgE reactivity two weeks after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd
boost immunization as described above.
[0505] These data demonstrate that vaccination of rabbits with the
short LPH-coupled peptide "Wang-CS" results in anti-IgE titers that
are in the range of the titers obtained with the vaccine "Wang
peptide" described above (FIG. 29).
[0506] Since published data demonstrate that the Wang-peptide
induces neutralizing anti-IgE antibodies in vaccinated animals (WO
99/67293), the functional properties of these polyclonal antibodies
was evaluated in a cellular histamine release assay (see
below).
[0507] The "Wang-CS" sequence was inserted into the AAV2 capsid at
position I-587 as described above and will be used for vaccination
experiments. A major advantage of the AAV-based vaccines carrying
the epitope "Wang-CS" or the full-length sequences
GETYQSRVTHPHLPRALMRSTTK (SEQ ID NO: 236) or "Wang"
GETYQCRVTHPHLPRALMRSTTK (SEQ ID NO: 212) is their high potential of
breaking self-tolerance and induction of high levels of anti-human
IgE auto-antibodies.
11. Characterization of Anti-Human IgE Antibodies in Cellular
Assays
[0508] 11.1. Purification of Total IgG from Serum of Vaccinated
Rabbits
[0509] Total IgG of the immune sera was prepared using a
commercially available kit (Proteus) based on the interaction of
rabbit IgG with protein A. Purification was performed according to
the protocol provided by the manufacturer. Protein concentration of
total IgG was analyzed by MICRO BCA.TM. protein assay (PIERCE);
purity of the prepared total IgG was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and
colloidal Coomassie staining (data not shown).
11.2. Evaluation of the Anaphylactic Properties of the Anti-IgE
Antibodies
[0510] To evaluate whether the polyclonal anti-IgE antibodies
induced by vaccination of rabbits are anaphylactic, the effect of
the anti-IgE antibodies on IgE mediated degranulation of basophils
was investigated (Takagi et al., 2003). Rat basophilic RBL2H3 cells
(1.times.10.sup.5 cells) overexpressing the alpha-chain of human
Fc.epsilon.RI were sensitized by incubation with 250 ng/ml human
IgE (Dianova) for 2 h in a total volume of 200 .mu.l RPMI medium
(supplemented with 10% FCS and NEAA) in a 96-well plate. Cells were
washed with medium and resuspended in 100 .mu.l Tyrode's salt
solution (Sigma) supplemented with 0.1% BSA. Polyclonal anti-IgE
antibodies (total IgG fraction of immunized rabbits) were added to
the sensitized cells at a maximum concentration of 3 mg/ml total
IgG. Different concentrations of the anaphylactic monoclonal
anti-IgE antibody Le27 were used as positive control. Rabbit total
IgG derived from unrelated immunizations (i.e. vaccinations against
CETP or .beta.-amyloid) was used as negative control. Cells were
incubated for 1 h and histamine release was measured using a
commercially available histamine ELISA (Neogen).
[0511] Resulting data demonstrate that none of the evaluated
polyclonal anti-human IgE antibodies induced by vaccination of
rabbits with AAV-based IgE vaccines (AAV-Kricek, AAV-3DEpi3 or
AAV-Flex) induces the degranulation of IgE sensitized basophils
demonstrating that these anti-IgE antibodies have no detectable
anaphylactic properties (FIG. 30).
11.3. Evaluation of the IgE Neutralizing Properties of the Anti-IgE
Antibodies
[0512] To evaluate whether the polyclonal anti-IgE antibodies
induced by vaccination of rabbits are able to neutralize IgE, the
effect of the anti-IgE antibodies on IgE mediated degranulation of
basophils was investigated. Human IgE (250 ng/ml; Dianova) was
pre-incubated with the polyclonal anti-IgE antibodies (3 mg/ml
total IgG fraction) for 2 h at RT. As a positive control human IgE
was pre-incubated with XOLAIR.RTM. (1 .mu.g/ml). Rat basophilic
RBL2H3 cells (1E+05 cells) overexpressing the alpha-chain of human
Fc.epsilon.RI were sensitized by incubation with the human
IgE/anti-IgE complexes for 2 h in a total volume of 100 .mu.l RPMI
medium (supplemented with 10% FCS and NEAA) in a 96-well plate.
Cells were washed once with medium and once with Tyrode's salt
solution and were subsequently resuspended in 100 .mu.l Tyrode's
salt solution (Sigma) supplemented with 0.1% BSA. The anaphylactic
monoclonal anti-IgE antibody Le27 (100 nM) was used for
cross-linking of receptor bound IgE. Cells were incubated for 1 h
with Le27 and histamine release was measured using a commercially
available histamine ELISA (Neogen).
[0513] Data obtained demonstrate that the polyclonal anti-IgE
antibodies induced by vaccination of rabbits with AAV-Kricek or
AAV-3DEpi3 reduce the IgE mediated histamine release by about 30%
(FIG. 31) The polyclonal anti-IgE antibodies induced by vaccination
of rabbits with the "Wang-peptide" (see above) inhibit the
histamine release by about 20%. No significant effect was observed
for polyclonal antibodies obtained from immunization of rabbits
with AAV-Flex or unrelated vaccinations (i.e. vaccinations against
CETP or p-amyloid).
12. Evaluation of Additional Epi- or Mimotope Insertion Sites
within the AAV2-Backbone
[0514] Two different strategies were followed for introduction of
integration sites within the AAV2 capsid [0515] a) Insertion of
foreign epitopes at a defined insertion site (e.g. 1-328) [0516] b)
Insertion by deletion of amino acid residues of AAV2 capsid and
substitution by a given epi- or mimotope sequences (e.g.
.DELTA.324-332)
TABLE-US-00077 [0516] TABLE 27 Insertion sites within the AAV2
capsid Integration Site AAV2 sequence at integration site I-261
YKQIS.sub.261 SQSGA SEQ ID NO: 24 I-328 TQNDG.sub.328 TTTIA SEQ ID
NO: 330 .DELTA.324-332 KEVTQNDGTTTIANN SEQ ID NO: 331
.DELTA.374-380 MVPQYGYLTLNNGS SEQ ID NO: 332 .DELTA.566-575
EEEIRTTNPVATEQYGS SEQ ID NO: 333 I-534 EEKFF.sub.534 PQSGV SEQ ID
NO: 31 I-573 NPVAT.sub.573 EQYGS SEQ ID NO: 32 I-709 NKSVN.sub.709
VDFTV SEQ ID NO: 334 .DELTA.708-714 SNYNKSVNVDFTVDTNG SEQ ID NO:
335
[0517] Insertion sites are marked with reference to the preceding
amino acid; Deleted/substituted sequences are depicted in bold
letters.
[0518] For insertion of epi- or mimotope sequences into sites as
listed in Table 27 two restriction sites (MroI/AscI) were inserted
into the vector pCR-Kotin-C11 at the positions shown in the table
above. The vector pCR-Kotin-C11 contains the complete AAV2 genome
without ITRs and contains the following substitutions of amino
acids within the cap gene: R459K, Y500F, G512D, N551D, A664T
({Endell, 2006 #711}, page 45).
[0519] Insertion sites were introduced by site directed mutagenesis
using the QICKCHANGE.RTM. II Site directed Mutagenesis kit
(STRATEGENE) together with the primers listed in Table 28.
TABLE-US-00078 TABLE 28 Primers used for site directed mutagenesis
of AAV2 Cap Insertion Mutagenesis primer 1 Mutagenesis primer 2
Site (universe) (reverse) I-261 5'-c tac aaa caa att tcc 5'-ggc tcc
tga ttg get TCC GGC GCG CCA GGA TCC GGA GGA TCC TGG CGC GCC gga aat
agc caa tca gga gcc-3' ttg ttt gta g SEQ ID NO: 336 SEQ ID NO: 337
I-328 5'-gtc acg cag aat gac 5'-ggc aat cgt cgt cgt TCC ggt GGC GCG
CCA GGA TCC GGA TCC TGG CGC GCC acc gtc GGA acg acg acg att gcc-
att ctg cgt gac 3' SEQ ID NO: 339 SEQ ID NO: 338 I-534 5'-c gat gaa
gaa aag ttt 5'-gag aac ccc get ctg agg ttt GGC GCG CCA GGA TCC TCC
GGA TCC TGG CGC GCC aaa GGA cct cag agc ggg gtt aaa ctt ttc ttc atc
g-3' ctc-3' SEQ ID NO: 341 SEQ ID NO: 340 I-573 5'-cc aat ccc gtg
get acg 5'-ga tac aga acc ata ctg GGC GCG CCA GGA TCC GGA ctc TCC
GGA TCC TGG CGC GCC gag cag tat ggt tct gta cgt agc cac ggg att
gg-3' tc-3' SEQ ID NO: 343 SEQ ID NO: 342 I-709 5'-ctac aac aag tct
gtt 5'-c cac agt aaa gtc cac TCC aat GGC GCG CCA GGA TCC GGA TCC
TGG CGC GCC att aac GGA gtg gac ttt act gtg aga ctt gtt gta g-3'
g-3' SEQ ID NO: 345 SEQ ID NO: 344 .DELTA.374-380 5'-gac gtc ttc
atg gtg 5'-gc ctg act ccc gtt gtt cca GGC GCG CCA GGA TCC TCC GGA
TCC TGG CGC GCC tgg GGA aac aac ggg agt cag cac cat gaa gac gtc-3'
gc-3' SEQ ID NO: 347 SEQ ID NO: 346 .DELTA.324-332 5'-c att caa gtc
aaa gag 5'-gct ggt aag gtt att ggc gtc GGC GCG CCA GGA TCC TCC GGA
TCC TGG CGC GCC gac GGA gcc aat aac ctt acc ctc ttt gac ttg aat
g-3' agc-3' SEQ ID NO: 349 SEQ ID NO: 348 .DELTA.566-575 5'-ca gac
gaa gag gaa atc 5'-ggt aga tac aga acc ata GGC GCG CCA GGA TCC GGA
TCC GGA TCC TGG CGC GCC gat tat ggt tct gta tct acc- ttc ctc ttc
gtc tg-3' 3' SEQ ID NO: 351 SEQ ID NO: 350 .DELTA.708-714 5'-cc aac
tac aac aag tct 5'-ga ata cac gcc att agt GGC GCG CCA GGA TCC GGA
gtc TCC GGA TCC TGG CGC GCC gac act aat ggc gtg tat aga ctt gtt gta
gtt gg-3' tc-3' SEQ ID NO: 353 SEQ ID NO: 352
[0520] Introduction of the AscI/MroI restriction site also resulted
in the insertion of a new BamHI restriction site located between
the AscI/MroI site. Deletion of a given sequence was also performed
by site directed mutagenesis using the primers shown in Table 28.
Deletion of the sequences using these primers results in the
insertion of a MroI and AscI restriction site at the corresponding
positions.
[0521] The EcoNI/SnaBI restriction fragments of pRC-Kotin C11
containing the new insertion sites were sub-cloned into the vector
pUCAV2 for production of AAV-particles.
[0522] To evaluate whether an epi- or mimotope can be integrated at
the newly created insertion sites a CETP epitope (CETP-intern) was
inserted at the corresponding positions. The CETP epitope was
cloned into the new AscI/MroI restriction site of pUCAV2 using
annealed oligonucleotides CETin-AscI-uni and CETin-MroI-rev:
TABLE-US-00079 (SEQ ID NO: 354) CETin-AscI-uni 5'-CGCG GGC GGA tgc
gac gcc ggc agt gtg cgc acc aat gca cca gac GGT GGC G-3' (SEQ ID
NO: 355) CETin-MroI-rev 5'-CCGG C GCC ACC gtc tgg tgc att ggt gcg
cac act gcc ggc gtc gca TCC GCC-3'
[0523] Annealing of the universe and reverse oligonucleotide
results in a dsDNA fragment with 5' and 3' site overhangs (shown in
upper case letters) complementary to MroI and AscI restricted
pUCAV2. The annealed oligonucleotides encode the CETP-intern
epitope sequence (encoded by the oligonucleotide sequence shown in
lower case letters) flanked by alanine/glycine residues. The
annealed were cloned into the AscI/MroI restriction site of the
modified pUCAV2 as described above. The epitope (shown in bold
printed letters) is flanked by an alanine/glycine linker within the
AAV capsid according to the following scheme:
TABLE-US-00080 GAGG CDAGSVRTNAPD GGAG (SEQ ID NO: 356)
[0524] The AAV variants were produced in small-scale as described
above and the capsid titer of the cell lysate was measured using a
commercially available AAV2 ELISA (Progen) based on the A20 mAb
recognizing a conformational epitope within the AAV2 capsid (A20
ELISA). To quantify AAV2 variants with a modified capsid
conformation that are not recognized by the AAV2 ELISA (A20
negative particles), capsids were produced in large-scale, purified
by iodixanol gradient centrifugation as described above and
quantified using an ELISA based on the mAb B1 (Progen). B1 mAb
recognizes a linear epitope sequence at the C-terminus of the
capsid proteins that is not modified by the insertion of the
epitope. For quantification of AAV variants, the purified particles
found in the 40% phase of the iodixanol gradient were denatured by
heat-treatment, immobilized on a MaxiSorp 96-well plate (Nunc) and
detected by the B1 mAb followed by a HRP-conjugated anti-mouse IgG
antibody. In parallel, a standard curve was generated by
immobilizing a dilution series of heat-denatured wtAAV2 capsids
with a known capsid titer. The standard curve was used for
quantification of the AAV variants.
[0525] The data of the B1 and A20 based ELISAs demonstrate that
insertion of the CETP epitope at positions 1-534 or 1-573 as well
as 1-261 results in formation of particles that are recognized by
B1 but not by A20 ELISA (Table 29). Particles with the CETP epitope
at position I-328 can hardly be detected within the 40% phase of
the iodixanol gradient by A20 or B1 ELISA. The difference between
the capsid titers of the variant .DELTA.566-575 in the 40%
iodixanol phase measured by A20 or B1 ELISA is likely due to the
deletion of a known minor A20 epitope {Wobus, 2000 #67} that
results in a lower affinity of this variant to A20 mAb in the
A20-based titration ELISA (Table 29).
[0526] No particle formation was observed for the variants with the
CETP epitope integrated at position .DELTA.324-332, .DELTA.374-380,
.DELTA.708-714 or I-709.
TABLE-US-00081 TABLE 29 Capsid titers (capsids/ml) of AAV2-variants
carrying the CETP- intern epitope Insertion Site A20 ELISA B1 ELISA
I-328 5.2 .times. 10.sup.10 BDL I-261 BDL 1.1 .times. 10.sup.13
I-573 BDL 1.1 .times. 10.sup.13 I-534 BDL 2.6 .times. 10.sup.13
.DELTA.566-575 1.5 .times. 10.sup.12 1.4 .times. 10.sup.13 BDL:
below detection limit of the ELISA
[0527] To evaluate whether the CETP epitope is located at the
capsid surface of the new variants, the purified particles (40%
iodixanol phase) were dotted onto a membrane (5.0.times.10.sup.11
or 1.0.times.10.sup.11 particles per dot). As a positive control
AAV2 particles carrying the CETP-intern epitope at position I-453
and I-587 (AAV2-CETin-2x) were dotted. As a negative control, an
AAV2 variant carrying an unrelated CETP epitope (TP10) was dotted.
The blot was incubated with a polyclonal immune serum directed
against the CETP-intern epitope that was generated by immunization
of rabbits with the LPH-coupled CETP-intern peptide. Binding of the
CETP antibody to the AAV-variants was detected using an
HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody (FIG. 32).
[0528] The data demonstrate that for the new capsid variants
.DELTA.566-575 (I-570), I-534, I-573, I-261 and I-328 the CETP
epitope is recognized by the antibody proving that the epitope is
located at the surface of the capsids. There is no unspecific
cross-reaction of the CETP antibody with the AAV-capsid, since the
AAV variant AAV-TP10 is not recognized by the antibody. Accordingly
I-261, I-573, I-534 and insertion by substitution .DELTA.566-575
are further preferred insertion sites regarding all aspects of the
present invention.
[0529] Corresponding insertion sites of different AAV serotypes or
different parvoviruses can be taken from FIG. 1 as depicted for
I-453 and I-587.
LITERATURE (HEREBY INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE)
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Sequence CWU 1
1
358110PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 1Phe Gln Ser Ser
Ser Thr Asp Pro Ala Thr1 5 10210PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 2Leu Gln Arg Gly Asn Arg Gln Ala Ala Thr1 5
10310PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 3Leu Gln Ser Ser Asn
Thr Ala Pro Thr Thr1 5 10410PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 4Leu Gln Ser Ser Ser Thr Asp Pro Ala Thr1 5
10510PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 5Leu Gln Ala Ala Asn
Thr Ala Ala Gln Thr1 5 10610PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 6Leu Gln Gln Gln Asn Thr Ala Pro Gln Ile1 5
10710PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 7Leu Gln Gln Ala Asn
Thr Gly Pro Ile Val1 5 10810PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 8Asn Gln Asn Ala Thr Thr Ala Pro Ile Thr1 5
10910PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 9Asn Gln Ser Ser Thr
Thr Ala Pro Ala Thr1 5 101010PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 10Gln Asn Gln Ser Gly Ser Ala Gln Asn Lys1 5
101110PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 11Asn Thr Pro Ser
Gly Thr Thr Thr Gln Ser1 5 101210PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 12Gly Thr Thr Ser Gly Thr Thr Asn Gln Ser1 5
101310PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 13Gln Asn Gln Ser
Gly Ser Ala Gln Asn Lys1 5 101410PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 14Ser Asn Pro Gly Gly Thr Ala Gly Asn Arg1 5
101510PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 15Gln Thr Thr Gly
Gly Thr Ala Asn Thr Gln1 5 101610PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 16Gln Ser Thr Gly Gly Thr Gln Gly Thr Gln1 5
101710PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 17Ser Gly Glu Thr
Leu Asn Gln Gly Asn Ala1 5 101810PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 18Phe Val Ser Thr Asn Asn Thr Gly Gly Val1 5
10196PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 19Met Ala Ala Asp
Gly Tyr1 52010PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 20Pro Pro
Pro Lys Pro Ala Glu Arg His Lys1 5 102110PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 21Glu Pro Val Lys Thr Ala Pro Gly Lys
Lys1 5 102210PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 22Pro Val
Lys Thr Ala Pro Gly Lys Lys Arg1 5 102310PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 23Ser Gly Thr Gly Lys Ala Gly Gln Gln
Pro1 5 102410PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 24Tyr Lys
Gln Ile Ser Ser Gln Ser Gly Ala1 5 102510PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 25Ser Gln Ser Gly Ala Ser Asn Asp Asn
His1 5 102610PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 26Tyr Leu
Thr Leu Asn Asn Gly Ser Gln Ala1 5 102710PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 27Tyr Tyr Leu Ser Arg Thr Asn Thr Pro
Ser1 5 102810PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 28Tyr Leu
Ser Arg Thr Asn Thr Pro Ser Gly1 5 102910PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 29Thr Thr Gln Ser Arg Leu Gln Phe Ser
Gln1 5 103010PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 30Ala Ser
Asp Ile Arg Asp Gln Ser Arg Asn1 5 103110PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 31Glu Glu Lys Phe Phe Pro Gln Ser Gly
Val1 5 103210PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 32Asn Pro
Val Ala Thr Glu Gln Tyr Gly Ser1 5 103310PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 33Ser Thr Asn Leu Gln Arg Gly Asn Arg
Gln1 5 103410PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 34Gln Arg
Gly Asn Arg Gln Ala Ala Thr Ala1 5 103510PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 35Asn Arg Gln Ala Ala Thr Ala Asp Val
Asn1 5 103610PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 36Val Pro
Ala Asn Pro Ser Thr Thr Phe Ser1 5 103710PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 37Thr Phe Ser Ala Ala Lys Phe Ala Ser
Phe1 5 103810PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 38Asn Val
Asp Phe Thr Val Asp Thr Asn Gly1 5 103910PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 39Phe Thr Val Asp Thr Asn Gly Val Tyr
Ser1 5 10407PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 40Thr Ala Pro
Gly Lys Lys Arg1 54110PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
41Ser Ser Ser Thr Asp Pro Ala Thr Gly Asp1 5 104210PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 42Asn Asn Leu Gln Ser Ser Asn Thr Ala
Pro1 5 104310PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 43Gly Gly
Asp Gln Ser Asn Ser Asn Leu Pro1 5 104410PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 44Thr Asn Asn Gln Ser Ser Thr Thr Ala
Pro1 5 104514PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 45Gln Ala
Gly Thr Phe Ala Leu Arg Gly Asp Asn Pro Gln Gly1 5
10467PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 46Ser Ile Gly Tyr
Pro Leu Pro1 5479PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 47Cys
Asp Cys Arg Gly Asp Cys Phe Cys1 5487PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 48Arg Gly Asp Ala Val Gly Val1
5497PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 49Arg Gly Asp Thr Pro
Thr Ser1 5507PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 50Gly Glu
Asn Gln Ala Arg Ser1 5517PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
51Arg Ser Asn Ala Val Val Pro1 5527PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 52Asn Ser Ser Arg Asp Leu Gly1 5537PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 53Asn Asp Val Arg Ala Val Ser1
5547PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 54Glu Tyr His His Tyr
Asn Lys1 55516PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 55Met Thr
Pro Phe Pro Thr Ser Asn Glu Ala Asn Leu Gly Gly Gly Ser1 5 10
15567PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 56Gln Pro Glu His
Ser Ser Thr1 5577PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 57Val
Asn Thr Ala Asn Ser Thr1 5587PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 58Asn Asp Val Arg Ser Ala Asn1 5597PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 59Asn Asp Val Arg Ala Val Ser1
5607PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 60Val Thr Ala Gly Arg
Ala Pro1 5617PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 61Ala Pro
Val Thr Arg Pro Ala1 5627PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
62Asp Leu Ser Asn Leu Thr Arg1 5637PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 63Gly Gln His Pro Arg Pro Gly1 5648PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 64Gln Arg Gly Asn Arg Gln Ala Ala1
5659PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 65Ala Ser Ile Gly Tyr
Pro Leu Pro Ala1 56612PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
66Ala Thr Gly Cys Asp Cys Arg Gly Asp Cys Phe Cys1 5
106712PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 67Ala Ala Ala Arg
Gly Asp Ala Val Gly Val Ala Ala1 5 106812PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 68Ala Ala Ala Arg Gly Asp Thr Pro Thr
Ser Ala Ala1 5 106912PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
69Ala Ala Ala Gly Glu Asn Gln Ala Arg Ser Ala Ala1 5
107012PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 70Ala Ala Ala Arg
Ser Asn Ala Val Val Pro Ala Ala1 5 10719PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 71Gly Asn Ser Ser Arg Asp Leu Gly Ala1
5729PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 72Gly Asn Asp Val Arg
Ala Val Ser Ala1 57310PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
73Ala Ser Glu Tyr His His Tyr Asn Lys Ala1 5 107419PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 74Ala Ser Met Thr Pro Phe Pro Thr Ser
Asn Glu Ala Asn Leu Gly Gly1 5 10 15Gly Ser Ala7510PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 75Ala Ser Gln Pro Glu His Ser Ser Thr
Ala1 5 107610PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 76Ala Ser
Val Asn Thr Ala Asn Ser Thr Ala1 5 10779PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 77Gly Asn Asp Val Arg Ser Ala Asn Ala1
5789PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 78Gly Asn Asp Val Arg
Ala Val Ser Ala1 5799PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
79Gly Val Thr Ala Gly Arg Ala Pro Ala1 5809PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 80Gly Ala Pro Val Thr Arg Pro Ala Ala1
5819PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 81Gly Asp Leu Ser Asn
Leu Thr Arg Ala1 5829PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
82Gly Gly Gln His Pro Arg Pro Gly Ala1 58314PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 83Glu Phe Cys Ile Asn His Arg Gly Tyr
Trp Val Cys Gly Asp1 5 108410PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 84Val Asn Leu Thr Trp Ser Arg Ala Ser Gly1 5
108518DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 85atgtccgtcc
gtgtgtgg 188618DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
86ggtacgacga cgattgcc 188724DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 87taccagctcc cgtacgtcct cggc 248820DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 88cgccatgcta cttatctacg
208930DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 89tctagagggc
actcttccgt ggtctggtgg 309033DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 90tctagagcaa aaaaggggct cgtccctgtt tcc
339124DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 91taccagctcc
cgtacgtcct cggc 249220DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
92cgccatgcta cttatctacg 20937PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 93Ala Arg Ala Gly Leu Pro Gly1 5947PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 94Leu Arg Pro Asp Ala Arg Pro1
5957PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 95Pro Arg Thr Asp Ser
Pro Arg1 5967PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 96Pro Thr
Leu Thr Pro Pro Arg1 5977PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
97Ser Thr Leu Ala Pro Pro Ala1 5987PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 98Ser Arg Pro Pro Asn Pro Ala1 5997PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 99Met Gly Ser Pro Ser Thr Arg1
51007PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 100Arg Asp His Pro
Gly Ile Arg1 51017PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 101Val
Gly Ser Pro Ser Thr Arg1 51027PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 102Leu Pro Thr Ala Arg Ser Pro1 51037PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 103Val Tyr Ser Pro Thr Gly Lys1
51047PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 104Ser Asp Ala Pro
Leu Pro Arg1 51057PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 105Glu
Thr Gln Leu Arg Ala Thr1 51067PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 106Gly Leu Gly Thr Gln Pro Arg1 51077PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 107Asp Lys Thr Gly Ser Lys Pro1
51087PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 108Thr Ser Ala Ser
Arg Ala Pro1 51097PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 109Ala
Cys Ala Pro Thr Gly Val1 511027DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 110gagtcgaccc gggcagccgc ttcgagc 2711127DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 111gctcgaagcg gctgcccggg tcgactc
2711253DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 112ccaacctcca
gagaggcaac gcggccgcaa ggcgcgccaa gcagctaccg cag
5311353DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 113ctgcggtagc
tgcttggcgc gccttgcggc cgcgttgcct ctctggaggt tgg
5311441DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 114ggccgcagtg
aacctgacct ggagcagagc ctccggcgcg g 4111541DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 115cgcgccgcgc cggaggctct gctccaggtc
aggttcactg c 4111656DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
116ggccgcagcg gcggtgaacc tgacctggag cagagcctcc ggcgcggcgg cggcgg
5611756DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 117cgcgccgccg
ccgccgcgcc ggaggctctg ctccaggtca ggttcaccgc cgctgc
5611853DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 118ggccgcagaa
ttctgcataa accacagggg atactgggtg tgcggagacg cgg
5311953DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 119cgcgccgcgt
ctccgcacac ccagtatccc ctgtggttta tgcagaattc tgc
5312068DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 120ggccgcagcg
gcggaattct gcataaacca caggggatac tgggtgtgcg gagacgcggc 60ggcggcgg
6812168DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 121cgcgccgccg
ccgccgcgtc tccgcacacc cagtatcccc tgtggtttat gcagaattcc 60gccgctgc
6812212PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 122Cys Asp Ala Gly
Ser Val Arg Thr Asn Ala Pro Asp1 5 1012347DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 123ggccgcatgc gacgctggca gtgtgcgcac
caatgcacca gacgcgg 4712447DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
124cgcgccgcgt ctggtgcatt ggtgcgcaca ctgccagcgt cgcatgc
4712562DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 125ggccgcagcg
gcgtgcgacg ctggcagtgt gcgcaccaat gcaccagacg cggcggcggc 60gg
6212662DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 126cgcgccgccg
ccgccgcgtc tggtgcattg gtgcgcacac tgccagcgtc gcacgccgct 60gc
6212733DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 127gtagccctgg
aaactagaac cggtgcctgc gcc 3312833DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 128ggcgcaggca ccggttctag tttccagggc tac
3312943DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 129caaacactcc
aagtggaggg cgcgccgcta ccaccacgca gtc 4313043DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 130gactgcgtgg tggtagcggc gcgccctcca
cttggagtgt ttg 4313140DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
131caaacactcc aagtggagcg gccgcagggc gcgccgctac 4013240DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 132gtagcggcgc gccctgcggc cgctccactt
ggagtgtttg 4013318PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 133Ala
Ala Ala Cys Asp Ala Gly Ser Val Arg Thr Asn Ala Pro Asp Arg1 5 10
15Ala Ala13422PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 134Ala Ala
Ala Ala Ala Cys Asp Ala Gly Ser Val Arg Thr Asn Ala Pro1 5 10 15Asp
Ala Ala Arg Ala Ala 2013543DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 135ggccgcatgc gacgctggca gtgtgcgcac caatgcacca gac
4313643DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 136cgcggtctgg
tgcattggtg cgcacactgc cagcgtcgca tgc 4313755DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 137ggccgcagcc gcatgcgacg ctggcagtgt
gcgcaccaat gcaccagacg cggca 5513855DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 138cgcgtgccgc gtctggtgca ttggtgcgca cactgccagc gtcgcatgcg
gctgc 5513927DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
139gatttaaatc aggtatggcg tccgatg 2714025DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 140accgataaca tatgaaggac aggag
2514150DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 141caataaatga
tttaaatcag gtatggctgc cgatggttat cttccagatt 5014270DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 142ttaatcaata aaccggttga ttcgtttcag
ttgaactttg gtctcctgtc cttcatatgt 60tatcggttac 7014325DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 143cgataagata cgtaggacag gagac
2514470DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 144ttaatcaata
aaccggttga ttcgtttcag ttgaactttg gtctcctgtc ctacgtatct 60tatcggttac
7014560DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 145ttccagagca
gcagcacaga cgcggccgca aaggcgcgcc ctgcgaccgg agatgtgcat
6014660DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 146atgcacatct
ccggtcgcag ggcgcgcctt tgcggccgcg tctgtgctgc tgctctggaa
6014760DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 147gtcaatttcc agagcagcag cgcggccgca
aggcgcgcca cagaccctgc gaccggagat 6014860DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 148atctccggtc gcagggtctg tggcgcgcct
tgcggccgcg ctgctgctct ggaaattgac 6014965DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 149ggccgcaggc ggtggatgcg acgctggcag
tgtgcgcacc aatgcaccag acggcggtgg 60agcgg 6515065DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 150cgcgccgctc caccgccgtc tggtgcattg
gtgcgcacac tgccagcgtc gcatccaccg 60cctgc 6515164DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 151ggccgcaggc ggtggatgcg acgctggcag
tgtgcgcacc aatgcaccag acggcggtgg 60agcg 6415264DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 152cgcgcgctcc accgccgtct ggtgcattgg
tgcgcacact gccagcgtcg catccaccgc 60ctgc 6415325DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 153tgtgtgtagc cttactgttc ttcgc
2515424DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 154cttctcacgc
ggagctttta ttac 2415528DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
155ggtgaatccg gggccggcca tggcaagc 2815628DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 156gcttgccatg gccggccccg gattcacc
281579PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 157Asp Ala Glu Phe
Arg His Asp Ser Gly1 515868DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 158ggccgcaggc ggagggggag gcgacgccga gttcagacac gacagcggcg
gcggaggggg 60aggcgcgg 6815968DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 159cgcgccgcgc ctccccctcc gccgccgctg tcgtgtctga actcggcgtc
gcctccccct 60ccgcctgc 6816024PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 160Ala Ala Ala Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Asp Ala Glu Phe Arg
His Asp Ser1 5 10 15Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Ala Ala
2016161DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 161ggccggcgga
ggcggtgggg acgccgaatt cagacacgac agcggcggag gcggtggagg 60g
6116261DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 162cgcgccctcc
accgcctccg ccgctgtcgt gtctgaattc ggcgtcccca ccgcctccgc 60c
6116323PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 163Ala Ala Gly Gly
Gly Gly Gly Asp Ala Glu Phe Arg His Asp Ser Gly1 5 10 15Gly Gly Gly
Gly Gly Ala Ala 2016422PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
164Gln Arg Gly Asn Gln Ala Gly Thr Phe Ala Leu Arg Gly Asp Asn Pro1
5 10 15Gln Gly Arg Gln Ala Ala 2016517PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 165Gln Arg Gly Asn Ala Ser Ile Gly Tyr
Pro Leu Pro Ala Arg Gln Ala1 5 10 15Ala16611PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 166Gln Arg Gly Asn Asn Gly Arg Arg Gln
Ala Ala1 5 1016719PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 167Gln
Arg Gly Asn Ala Thr Gly Cys Asp Cys Arg Gly Asp Cys Phe Cys1 5 10
15Gln Ala Ala16820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 168Gln
Arg Gly Asn Ala Ala Ala Arg Gly Asp Ala Val Gly Val Ala Ala1 5 10
15Arg Gln Ala Ala 2016920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
169Gln Arg Gly Asn Ala Ala Ala Arg Gly Asp Thr Pro Thr Ser Ala Ala1
5 10 15Arg Gln Ala Ala 2017020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 170Gln Arg Gly Asn Ala Ala Ala Gly Glu Asn Gln Ala Arg
Ser Ala Ala1 5 10 15Arg Gln Ala Ala 2017120PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 171Gln Arg Gly Asn Ala Ala Ala Arg Ser
Asn Ala Val Val Pro Ala Ala1 5 10 15Arg Gln Ala Ala
2017217PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 172Gln Arg Gly Gln
Arg Gly Asn Ser Ser Arg Asp Leu Gly Ala Gln Ala1 5 10
15Ala17317PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 173Gln Arg Gly
Gln Arg Gly Asn Asp Val Arg Ala Val Ser Ala Gln Ala1 5 10
15Ala17418PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 174Gln Arg Gly
Asn Ala Ser Glu Tyr His His Tyr Asn Lys Ala Arg Gln1 5 10 15Ala
Ala17527PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 175Gln Arg Gly
Asn Ala Ser Met Thr Pro Phe Pro Thr Ser Asn Glu Ala1 5 10 15Asn Leu
Gly Gly Gly Ser Ala Arg Gln Ala Ala 20 2517618PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 176Gln Arg Gly Asn Ala Ser Gln Pro Glu
His Ser Ser Thr Ala Arg Gln1 5 10 15Ala Ala17718PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 177Gln Arg Gly Asn Ala Ser Val Asn Thr
Ala Asn Ser Thr Ala Arg Gln1 5 10 15Ala Ala17817PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 178Gln Arg Gly Gln Arg Gly Asn Asp Val
Arg Ser Ala Asn Ala Gln Ala1 5 10 15Ala17917PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 179Gln Arg Gly Gln Arg Gly Asn Asp Val
Arg Ala Val Ser Ala Gln Ala1 5 10 15Ala18017PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 180Gln Arg Gly Gln Arg Gly Val Thr Ala
Gly Arg Ala Pro Ala Gln Ala1 5 10 15Ala18117PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 181Gln Arg Gly Gln Arg Gly Ala Pro Val
Thr Arg Pro Ala Ala Gln Ala1 5 10 15Ala18217PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 182Gln Arg Gly Gln Arg Gly Asp Leu Ser
Asn Leu Thr Arg Ala Gln Ala1 5 10 15Ala18317PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 183Gln Arg Gly Gln Arg Gly Gly Gln His
Pro Arg Pro Gly Ala Gln Ala1 5 10 15Ala18411PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 184Lys Leu Lys Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Lys
Leu Lys1 5 10185736PRTadeno-associated virus 1 185Met Ala Ala Asp
Gly Tyr Leu Pro Asp Trp Leu Glu Asp Asn Leu Ser1 5 10 15Glu Gly Ile
Arg Glu Trp Trp Asp Leu Lys Pro Gly Ala Pro Lys Pro 20 25 30Lys Ala
Asn Gln Gln Lys Gln Asp Asp Gly Arg Gly Leu Val Leu Pro 35 40 45Gly
Tyr Lys Tyr Leu Gly Pro Phe Asn Gly Leu Asp Lys Gly Glu Pro 50 55
60Val Asn Ala Ala Asp Ala Ala Ala Leu Glu His Asp Lys Ala Tyr Asp65
70 75 80Gln Gln Leu Lys Ala Gly Asp Asn Pro Tyr Leu Arg Tyr Asn His
Ala 85 90 95Asp Ala Glu Phe Gln Glu Arg Leu Gln Glu Asp Thr Ser Phe
Gly Gly 100 105 110Asn Leu Gly Arg Ala Val Phe Gln Ala Lys Lys Arg
Val Leu Glu Pro 115 120 125Leu Gly Leu Val Glu Glu Gly Ala Lys Thr
Ala Pro Gly Lys Lys Arg 130 135 140Pro Val Glu Gln Ser Pro Gln Glu
Pro Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly Ile Gly145 150 155 160Lys Thr Gly Gln Gln
Pro Ala Lys Lys Arg Leu Asn Phe Gly Gln Thr 165 170 175Gly Asp Ser
Glu Ser Val Pro Asp Pro Gln Pro Leu Gly Glu Pro Pro 180 185 190Ala
Thr Pro Ala Ala Val Gly Pro Thr Thr Met Ala Ser Gly Gly Gly 195 200
205Ala Pro Met Ala Asp Asn Asn Glu Gly Ala Asp Gly Val Gly Asn Ala
210 215 220Ser Gly Asn Trp His Cys Asp Ser Thr Trp Leu Gly Asp Arg
Val Ile225 230 235 240Thr Thr Ser Thr Arg Thr Trp Ala Leu Pro Thr
Tyr Asn Asn His Leu 245 250 255Tyr Lys Gln Ile Ser Ser Ala Ser Thr
Gly Ala Ser Asn Asp Asn His 260 265 270Tyr Phe Gly Tyr Ser Thr Pro
Trp Gly Tyr Phe Asp Phe Asn Arg Phe 275 280 285His Cys His Phe Ser
Pro Arg Asp Trp Gln Arg Leu Ile Asn Asn Asn 290 295 300Trp Gly Phe
Arg Pro Lys Arg Leu Asn Phe Lys Leu Phe Asn Ile Gln305 310 315
320Val Lys Glu Val Thr Thr Asn Asp Gly Val Thr Thr Ile Ala Asn Asn
325 330 335Leu Thr Ser Thr Val Gln Val Phe Ser Asp Ser Glu Tyr Gln
Leu Pro 340 345 350Tyr Val Leu Gly Ser Ala His Gln Gly Cys Leu Pro
Pro Phe Pro Ala 355 360 365Asp Val Phe Met Ile Pro Gln Tyr Gly Tyr
Leu Thr Leu Asn Asn Gly 370 375 380Ser Gln Ala Val Gly Arg Ser Ser
Phe Tyr Cys Leu Glu Tyr Phe Pro385 390 395 400Ser Gln Met Leu Arg
Thr Gly Asn Asn Phe Thr Phe Ser Tyr Thr Phe 405 410 415Glu Glu Val
Pro Phe His Ser Ser Tyr Ala His Ser Gln Ser Leu Asp 420 425 430Arg
Leu Met Asn Pro Leu Ile Asp Gln Tyr Leu Tyr Tyr Leu Asn Arg 435 440
445Thr Gln Asn Gln Ser Gly Ser Ala Gln Asn Lys Asp Leu Leu Phe Ser
450 455 460Arg Gly Ser Pro Ala Gly Met Ser Val Gln Pro Lys Asn Trp
Leu Pro465 470 475 480Gly Pro Cys Tyr Arg Gln Gln Arg Val Ser Lys
Thr Lys Thr Asp Asn 485 490 495Asn Asn Ser Asn Phe Thr Trp Thr Gly
Ala Ser Lys Tyr Asn Leu Asn 500 505 510Gly Arg Glu Ser Ile Ile Asn
Pro Gly Thr Ala Met Ala Ser His Lys 515 520 525Asp Asp Glu Asp Lys
Phe Phe Pro Met Ser Gly Val Met Ile Phe Gly 530 535 540Lys Glu Ser
Ala Gly Ala Ser Asn Thr Ala Leu Asp Asn Val Met Ile545 550 555
560Thr Asp Glu Glu Glu Ile Lys Ala Thr Asn Pro Val Ala Thr Glu Arg
565 570 575Phe Gly Thr Val Ala Val Asn Phe Gln Ser Ser Ser Thr Asp
Pro Ala 580 585 590Thr Gly Asp Val His Ala Met Gly Ala Leu Pro Gly
Met Val Trp Gln 595 600 605Asp Arg Asp Val Tyr Leu Gln Gly Pro Ile
Trp Ala Lys Ile Pro His 610 615 620Thr Asp Gly His Phe His Pro Ser
Pro Leu Met Gly Gly Phe Gly Leu625 630 635 640Lys Asn Pro Pro Pro
Gln Ile Leu Ile Lys Asn Thr Pro Val Pro Ala 645 650 655Asn Pro Pro
Ala Glu Phe Ser Ala Thr Lys Phe Ala Ser Phe Ile Thr 660 665 670Gln
Tyr Ser Thr Gly Gln Val Ser Val Glu Ile Glu Trp Glu Leu Gln 675 680
685Lys Glu Asn Ser Lys Arg Trp Asn Pro Glu Val Gln Tyr Thr Ser Asn
690 695 700Tyr Ala Lys Ser Ala Asn Val Asp Phe Thr Val Asp Asn Asn
Gly Leu705 710 715 720Tyr Thr Glu Pro Arg Pro Ile Gly Thr Arg Tyr
Leu Thr Arg Pro Leu 725 730 735186736PRTadeno-associated virus 2
186Met Ala Ala Asp Gly Tyr Leu Pro Asp Trp Leu Glu Asp Asn Leu Ser1
5 10 15Glu Gly Ile Arg Glu Trp Trp Asp Leu Lys Pro Gly Ala Pro Lys
Pro 20 25 30Lys Ala Asn Gln Gln Lys Gln Asp Asp Gly Arg Gly Leu Val
Leu Pro 35 40 45Gly Tyr Lys Tyr Leu Gly Pro Phe Asn Gly Leu Asp Lys
Gly Glu Pro 50 55 60Val Asn Ala Ala Asp Ala Ala Ala Leu Glu His Asp
Lys Ala Tyr Asp65 70 75 80Gln Gln Leu Lys Ala Gly Asp Asn Pro Tyr
Leu Arg Tyr Asn His Ala 85 90 95Asp Ala Glu Phe Gln Glu Arg Leu Gln
Glu Asp Thr Ser Phe Gly Gly 100 105 110Asn Leu Gly Arg Ala Val Phe
Gln Ala Lys Lys Arg Val Leu Glu Pro 115 120 125Phe Gly Leu Val Glu
Glu Gly Ala Lys Thr Ala Pro Gly Lys Lys Arg 130 135 140Pro Val Glu
Gln Ser Pro Gln Glu Pro Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly Ile Gly145 150 155
160Lys Thr Gly Gln Gln Pro Ala Lys Lys Arg Leu Asn Phe Gly Gln Thr
165 170 175Gly Asp Ser Glu Ser Val Pro Asp Pro Gln Pro Leu Gly Glu
Pro Pro 180 185 190Ala Thr Pro Ala Ala Val Gly Pro Thr Thr Met Ala
Ser Gly Gly Gly 195 200 205Ala Pro Met Ala Asp Asn Asn Glu Gly Ala
Asp Gly Val Gly Asn Ala 210 215 220Ser Gly Asn Trp His Cys Asp Ser
Thr Trp Leu Gly Asp Arg Val Ile225 230 235 240Thr Thr Ser Thr Arg
Thr Trp Ala Leu Pro Thr Tyr Asn Asn His Leu 245 250 255Tyr Lys Gln
Ile Ser Ser Ala Ser Thr Gly Ala Ser Asn Asp Asn His 260 265 270Tyr
Phe Gly Tyr Ser Thr Pro Trp Gly Tyr Phe Asp Phe Asn Arg Phe 275 280
285His Cys His Phe Ser Pro Arg Asp Trp Gln Arg Leu Ile Asn Asn Asn
290 295 300Trp Gly Phe Arg Pro Lys Arg Leu Asn Phe Lys Leu Phe Asn
Ile Gln305 310 315 320Val Lys Glu Val Thr Thr Asn Asp Gly Val Thr
Thr Ile Ala Asn Asn 325 330 335Leu Thr Ser Thr Val Gln Val Phe Ser
Asp Ser Glu Tyr Gln Leu Pro 340 345 350Tyr Val Leu Gly Ser Ala His
Gln Gly Cys Leu Pro Pro Phe Pro Ala 355 360 365Asp Val Phe Met Ile
Pro Gln Tyr Gly Tyr Leu Thr Leu Asn Asn Gly 370 375 380Ser Gln Ala
Val Gly Arg Ser Ser Phe Tyr Cys Leu Glu Tyr Phe Pro385 390 395
400Ser Gln Met Leu Arg Thr Gly Asn Asn Phe Thr Phe Ser Tyr Thr Phe
405 410 415Glu Asp Val Pro Phe His Ser Ser Tyr Ala His Ser Gln Ser
Leu Asp 420 425 430Arg Leu Met Asn Pro Leu Ile Asp Gln Tyr Leu Tyr
Tyr Leu Asn Arg 435 440 445Thr Gln Asn Gln Ser Gly Ser Ala Gln Asn
Lys Asp Leu Leu Phe Ser 450 455 460Arg Gly Ser Pro Ala Gly Met Ser
Val Gln Pro Lys Asn Trp Leu Pro465 470 475 480Gly Pro Cys Tyr Arg
Gln Gln Arg Val Ser Lys Thr Lys Thr Asp Asn 485 490 495Asn Asn Ser
Asn Phe Thr Trp Thr Gly Ala Ser Lys Tyr Asn Leu Asn 500 505 510Gly
Arg Glu Ser Ile Ile Asn Pro Gly Thr Ala Met Ala Ser His Lys 515 520
525Asp Asp Lys Asp Lys Phe Phe Pro Met Ser Gly Val Met Ile Phe Gly
530 535 540Lys Glu Ser Ala Gly Ala Ser Asn Thr Ala Leu Asp Asn Val
Met Ile545 550 555 560Thr Asp Glu Glu Glu Ile Lys Ala Thr Asn Pro
Val Ala Thr Glu Arg 565 570 575Phe Gly Thr Val Ala Val Asn Leu Gln
Ser Ser Ser Thr Asp Pro Ala 580 585 590Thr Gly Asp Val His Val Met
Gly Ala Leu Pro Gly Met Val Trp Gln 595 600 605Asp Arg Asp Val Tyr
Leu Gln Gly Pro Ile Trp Ala Lys Ile Pro His 610 615 620Thr Asp Gly
His Phe His Pro Ser Pro Leu Met Gly Gly Phe Gly Leu625 630 635
640Lys His Pro Pro Pro Gln Ile Leu Ile Lys Asn Thr Pro Val Pro Ala
645 650 655Asn Pro Pro Ala Glu Phe Ser Ala Thr Lys Phe Ala Ser Phe
Ile Thr 660 665 670Gln Tyr Ser Thr Gly Gln Val Ser Val Glu Ile Glu
Trp Glu Leu Gln 675 680 685Lys Glu Asn Ser Lys Arg Trp Asn Pro Glu
Val Gln Tyr Thr Ser Asn 690 695 700Tyr Ala Lys Ser Ala Asn Val Asp
Phe Thr Val Asp Asn Asn Gly Leu705 710 715 720Tyr Thr Glu Pro Arg
Pro Ile Gly Thr Arg Tyr Leu Thr Arg Pro Leu 725 730
735187735PRTadeno-associated virus 2 187Met Ala Ala Asp Gly Tyr Leu
Pro Asp Trp Leu Glu Asp Thr Leu Ser1 5 10 15Glu Gly Ile Arg Gln Trp
Trp Lys Leu Lys Pro Gly Pro Pro Pro Pro 20 25 30Lys Pro Ala Glu Arg
His Lys Asp Asp Ser Arg Gly Leu Val Leu Pro 35 40 45Gly Tyr Lys Tyr
Leu Gly Pro Phe Asn Gly Leu Asp Lys Gly Glu Pro 50 55
60Val Asn Glu Ala Asp Ala Ala Ala Leu Glu His Asp Lys Ala Tyr Asp65
70 75 80Arg Gln Leu Asp Ser Gly Asp Asn Pro Tyr Leu Lys Tyr Asn His
Ala 85 90 95Asp Ala Glu Phe Gln Glu Arg Leu Lys Glu Asp Thr Ser Phe
Gly Gly 100 105 110Asn Leu Gly Arg Ala Val Phe Gln Ala Lys Lys Arg
Val Leu Glu Pro 115 120 125Leu Gly Leu Val Glu Glu Pro Val Lys Thr
Ala Pro Gly Lys Lys Arg 130 135 140Pro Val Glu His Ser Pro Val Glu
Pro Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly Thr Gly145 150 155 160Lys Ala Gly Gln Gln
Pro Ala Arg Lys Arg Leu Asn Phe Gly Gln Thr 165 170 175Gly Asp Ala
Asp Ser Val Pro Asp Pro Gln Pro Leu Gly Gln Pro Pro 180 185 190Ala
Ala Pro Ser Gly Leu Gly Thr Asn Thr Met Ala Thr Gly Ser Gly 195 200
205Ala Pro Met Ala Asp Asn Asn Glu Gly Ala Asp Gly Val Gly Asn Ser
210 215 220Ser Gly Asn Trp His Cys Asp Ser Thr Trp Met Gly Asp Arg
Val Ile225 230 235 240Thr Thr Ser Thr Arg Thr Trp Ala Leu Pro Thr
Tyr Asn Asn His Leu 245 250 255Tyr Lys Gln Ile Ser Ser Gln Ser Gly
Ala Ser Asn Asp Asn His Tyr 260 265 270Phe Gly Tyr Ser Thr Pro Trp
Gly Tyr Phe Asp Phe Asn Arg Phe His 275 280 285Cys His Phe Ser Pro
Arg Asp Trp Gln Arg Leu Ile Asn Asn Asn Trp 290 295 300Gly Phe Arg
Pro Lys Arg Leu Asn Phe Lys Leu Phe Asn Ile Gln Val305 310 315
320Lys Glu Val Thr Gln Asn Asp Gly Thr Thr Thr Ile Ala Asn Asn Leu
325 330 335Thr Ser Thr Val Gln Val Phe Thr Asp Ser Glu Tyr Gln Leu
Pro Tyr 340 345 350Val Leu Gly Ser Ala His Gln Gly Cys Leu Pro Pro
Phe Pro Ala Asp 355 360 365Val Phe Met Val Pro Gln Tyr Gly Tyr Leu
Thr Leu Asn Asn Gly Ser 370 375 380Gln Ala Val Gly Arg Ser Ser Phe
Tyr Cys Leu Glu Tyr Phe Pro Ser385 390 395 400Gln Met Leu Arg Thr
Gly Asn Asn Phe Thr Phe Ser Tyr Thr Phe Glu 405 410 415Asp Val Pro
Phe His Ser Ser Tyr Ala His Ser Gln Ser Leu Asp Arg 420 425 430Leu
Met Asn Pro Leu Ile Asp Gln Tyr Leu Tyr Tyr Leu Ser Arg Thr 435 440
445Asn Thr Pro Ser Gly Thr Thr Thr Gln Ser Arg Leu Gln Phe Ser Gln
450 455 460Ala Gly Ala Ser Asp Ile Arg Asp Gln Ser Arg Asn Trp Leu
Pro Gly465 470 475 480Pro Cys Tyr Arg Gln Gln Arg Val Ser Lys Thr
Ser Ala Asp Asn Asn 485 490 495Asn Ser Glu Tyr Ser Trp Thr Gly Ala
Thr Lys Tyr His Leu Asn Gly 500 505 510Arg Asp Ser Leu Val Asn Pro
Gly Pro Ala Met Ala Ser His Lys Asp 515 520 525Asp Glu Glu Lys Phe
Phe Pro Gln Ser Gly Val Leu Ile Phe Gly Lys 530 535 540Gln Gly Ser
Glu Lys Thr Asn Val Asp Ile Glu Lys Val Met Ile Thr545 550 555
560Asp Glu Glu Glu Ile Arg Thr Thr Asn Pro Val Ala Thr Glu Gln Tyr
565 570 575Gly Ser Val Ser Thr Asn Leu Gln Arg Gly Asn Arg Gln Ala
Ala Thr 580 585 590Ala Asp Val Asn Thr Gln Gly Val Leu Pro Gly Met
Val Trp Gln Asp 595 600 605Arg Asp Val Tyr Leu Gln Gly Pro Ile Trp
Ala Lys Ile Pro His Thr 610 615 620Asp Gly His Phe His Pro Ser Pro
Leu Met Gly Gly Phe Gly Leu Lys625 630 635 640His Pro Pro Pro Gln
Ile Leu Ile Lys Asn Thr Pro Val Pro Ala Asn 645 650 655Pro Ser Thr
Thr Phe Ser Ala Ala Lys Phe Ala Ser Phe Ile Thr Gln 660 665 670Tyr
Ser Thr Gly Gln Val Ser Val Glu Ile Glu Trp Glu Leu Gln Lys 675 680
685Glu Asn Ser Lys Arg Trp Asn Pro Glu Ile Gln Tyr Thr Ser Asn Tyr
690 695 700Asn Lys Ser Val Asn Val Asp Phe Thr Val Asp Thr Asn Gly
Val Tyr705 710 715 720Ser Glu Pro Arg Pro Ile Gly Thr Arg Tyr Leu
Thr Arg Asn Leu 725 730 735188736PRTadeno-associated virus 3 188Met
Ala Ala Asp Gly Tyr Leu Pro Asp Trp Leu Glu Asp Asn Leu Ser1 5 10
15Glu Gly Ile Arg Glu Trp Trp Ala Leu Lys Pro Gly Val Pro Gln Pro
20 25 30Lys Ala Asn Gln Gln His Gln Asp Asn Arg Arg Gly Leu Val Leu
Pro 35 40 45Gly Tyr Lys Tyr Leu Gly Pro Gly Asn Gly Leu Asp Lys Gly
Glu Pro 50 55 60Val Asn Glu Ala Asp Ala Ala Ala Leu Glu His Asp Lys
Ala Tyr Asp65 70 75 80Gln Gln Leu Lys Ala Gly Asp Asn Pro Tyr Leu
Lys Tyr Asn His Ala 85 90 95Asp Ala Glu Phe Gln Glu Arg Leu Gln Glu
Asp Thr Ser Phe Gly Gly 100 105 110Asn Leu Gly Arg Ala Val Phe Gln
Ala Lys Lys Arg Ile Leu Glu Pro 115 120 125Leu Gly Leu Val Glu Glu
Ala Ala Lys Thr Ala Pro Gly Lys Lys Arg 130 135 140Pro Val Asp Gln
Ser Pro Gln Glu Pro Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly Val Gly145 150 155 160Lys
Ser Gly Lys Gln Pro Ala Arg Lys Arg Leu Asn Phe Gly Gln Thr 165 170
175Gly Asp Ser Glu Ser Val Pro Asp Pro Gln Pro Leu Gly Glu Pro Pro
180 185 190Ala Ala Pro Thr Ser Leu Gly Ser Asn Thr Met Ala Ser Gly
Gly Gly 195 200 205Ala Pro Met Ala Asp Asn Asn Glu Gly Ala Asp Gly
Val Gly Asn Ser 210 215 220Ser Gly Asn Trp His Cys Asp Ser Gln Trp
Leu Gly Asp Arg Val Ile225 230 235 240Thr Thr Ser Thr Arg Thr Trp
Ala Leu Pro Thr Tyr Asn Asn His Leu 245 250 255Tyr Lys Gln Ile Ser
Ser Gln Ser Gly Ala Ser Asn Asp Asn His Tyr 260 265 270Phe Gly Tyr
Ser Thr Pro Trp Gly Tyr Phe Asp Phe Asn Arg Phe His 275 280 285Cys
His Phe Ser Pro Arg Asp Trp Gln Arg Leu Ile Asn Asn Asn Trp 290 295
300Gly Phe Arg Pro Lys Lys Leu Ser Phe Lys Leu Phe Asn Ile Gln
Val305 310 315 320Lys Glu Val Thr Gln Asn Asp Gly Thr Thr Thr Ile
Ala Asn Asn Leu 325 330 335Thr Ser Thr Val Gln Val Phe Thr Asp Ser
Glu Tyr Gln Leu Pro Tyr 340 345 350Val Leu Gly Ser Ala His Gln Gly
Cys Leu Pro Pro Phe Pro Ala Asp 355 360 365Val Phe Met Val Pro Gln
Tyr Gly Tyr Leu Thr Leu Asn Asn Gly Ser 370 375 380Gln Ala Val Gly
Arg Ser Ser Phe Tyr Cys Leu Glu Tyr Phe Pro Ser385 390 395 400Gln
Met Leu Arg Thr Gly Asn Asn Phe Gln Phe Ser Tyr Thr Phe Glu 405 410
415Asp Val Pro Phe His Ser Ser Tyr Ala His Ser Gln Ser Leu Asp Arg
420 425 430Leu Met Asn Pro Leu Ile Asp Gln Tyr Leu Tyr Tyr Leu Asn
Arg Thr 435 440 445Gln Gly Thr Thr Ser Gly Thr Thr Asn Gln Ser Arg
Leu Leu Phe Ser 450 455 460Gln Ala Gly Pro Gln Ser Met Ser Leu Gln
Ala Arg Asn Trp Leu Pro465 470 475 480Gly Pro Cys Tyr Arg Gln Gln
Arg Leu Ser Lys Thr Ala Asn Asp Asn 485 490 495Asn Asn Ser Asn Phe
Pro Trp Thr Ala Ala Ser Lys Tyr His Leu Asn 500 505 510Gly Arg Asp
Ser Leu Val Asn Pro Gly Pro Ala Met Ala Ser His Lys 515 520 525Asp
Asp Glu Glu Lys Phe Phe Pro Met His Gly Asn Leu Ile Phe Gly 530 535
540Lys Glu Gly Thr Thr Ala Ser Asn Ala Glu Leu Asp Asn Val Met
Ile545 550 555 560Thr Asp Glu Glu Glu Ile Arg Thr Thr Asn Pro Val
Ala Thr Glu Gln 565 570 575Tyr Gly Thr Val Ala Asn Asn Leu Gln Ser
Ser Asn Thr Ala Pro Thr 580 585 590Thr Arg Thr Val Asn Asp Gln Gly
Ala Leu Pro Gly Met Val Trp Gln 595 600 605Asp Arg Asp Val Tyr Leu
Gln Gly Pro Ile Trp Ala Lys Ile Pro His 610 615 620Thr Asp Gly His
Phe His Pro Ser Pro Leu Met Gly Gly Phe Gly Leu625 630 635 640Lys
His Pro Pro Pro Gln Ile Met Ile Lys Asn Thr Pro Val Pro Ala 645 650
655Asn Pro Pro Thr Thr Phe Ser Pro Ala Lys Phe Ala Ser Phe Ile Thr
660 665 670Gln Tyr Ser Thr Gly Gln Val Ser Val Glu Ile Glu Trp Glu
Leu Gln 675 680 685Lys Glu Asn Ser Lys Arg Trp Asn Pro Glu Ile Gln
Tyr Thr Ser Asn 690 695 700Tyr Asn Lys Ser Val Asn Val Asp Phe Thr
Val Asp Thr Asn Gly Val705 710 715 720Tyr Ser Glu Pro Arg Pro Ile
Gly Thr Arg Tyr Leu Thr Arg Asn Leu 725 730
735189737PRTadeno-associated virus 7 189Met Ala Ala Asp Gly Tyr Leu
Pro Asp Trp Leu Glu Asp Asn Leu Ser1 5 10 15Glu Gly Ile Arg Glu Trp
Trp Asp Leu Lys Pro Gly Ala Pro Lys Pro 20 25 30Lys Ala Asn Gln Gln
Lys Gln Asp Asn Gly Arg Gly Leu Val Leu Pro 35 40 45Gly Tyr Lys Tyr
Leu Gly Pro Phe Asn Gly Leu Asp Lys Gly Glu Pro 50 55 60Val Asn Ala
Ala Asp Ala Ala Ala Leu Glu His Asp Lys Ala Tyr Asp65 70 75 80Gln
Gln Leu Lys Ala Gly Asp Asn Pro Tyr Leu Arg Tyr Asn His Ala 85 90
95Asp Ala Glu Phe Gln Glu Arg Leu Gln Glu Asp Thr Ser Phe Gly Gly
100 105 110Asn Leu Gly Arg Ala Val Phe Gln Ala Lys Lys Arg Val Leu
Glu Pro 115 120 125Leu Gly Leu Val Glu Glu Gly Ala Lys Thr Ala Pro
Ala Lys Lys Arg 130 135 140Pro Val Glu Pro Ser Pro Gln Arg Ser Pro
Asp Ser Ser Thr Gly Ile145 150 155 160Gly Lys Lys Gly Gln Gln Pro
Ala Arg Lys Arg Leu Asn Phe Gly Gln 165 170 175Thr Gly Asp Ser Glu
Ser Val Pro Asp Pro Gln Pro Leu Gly Glu Pro 180 185 190Pro Ala Ala
Pro Ser Ser Val Gly Ser Gly Thr Val Ala Ala Gly Gly 195 200 205Gly
Ala Pro Met Ala Asp Asn Asn Glu Gly Ala Asp Gly Val Gly Asn 210 215
220Ala Ser Gly Asn Trp His Cys Asp Ser Thr Trp Leu Gly Asp Arg
Val225 230 235 240Ile Thr Thr Ser Thr Arg Thr Trp Ala Leu Pro Thr
Tyr Asn Asn His 245 250 255Leu Tyr Lys Gln Ile Ser Ser Glu Thr Ala
Gly Ser Thr Asn Asp Asn 260 265 270Thr Tyr Phe Gly Tyr Ser Thr Pro
Trp Gly Tyr Phe Asp Phe Asn Arg 275 280 285Phe His Cys His Phe Ser
Pro Arg Asp Trp Gln Arg Leu Ile Asn Asn 290 295 300Asn Trp Gly Phe
Arg Pro Lys Lys Leu Arg Phe Lys Leu Phe Asn Ile305 310 315 320Gln
Val Lys Glu Val Thr Thr Asn Asp Gly Val Thr Thr Ile Ala Asn 325 330
335Asn Leu Thr Ser Thr Ile Gln Val Phe Ser Asp Ser Glu Tyr Gln Leu
340 345 350Pro Tyr Val Leu Gly Ser Ala His Gln Gly Cys Leu Pro Pro
Phe Pro 355 360 365Ala Asp Val Phe Met Ile Pro Gln Tyr Gly Tyr Leu
Thr Leu Asn Asn 370 375 380Gly Ser Gln Ser Val Gly Arg Ser Ser Phe
Tyr Cys Leu Glu Tyr Phe385 390 395 400Pro Ser Gln Met Leu Arg Thr
Gly Asn Asn Phe Glu Phe Ser Tyr Ser 405 410 415Phe Glu Asp Val Pro
Phe His Ser Ser Tyr Ala His Ser Gln Ser Leu 420 425 430Asp Arg Leu
Met Asn Pro Leu Ile Asp Gln Tyr Leu Tyr Tyr Leu Ala 435 440 445Arg
Thr Gln Ser Asn Pro Gly Gly Thr Ala Gly Asn Arg Glu Leu Gln 450 455
460Phe Tyr Gln Gly Gly Pro Ser Thr Met Ala Glu Gln Ala Lys Asn
Trp465 470 475 480Leu Pro Gly Pro Cys Phe Arg Gln Gln Arg Val Ser
Lys Thr Leu Asp 485 490 495Gln Asn Asn Asn Ser Asn Phe Ala Trp Thr
Gly Ala Thr Lys Tyr His 500 505 510Leu Asn Gly Arg Asn Ser Leu Val
Asn Pro Gly Val Ala Met Ala Thr 515 520 525His Lys Asp Asp Glu Asp
Arg Phe Phe Pro Ser Ser Gly Val Leu Ile 530 535 540Phe Gly Lys Thr
Gly Ala Thr Asn Lys Thr Thr Leu Glu Asn Val Leu545 550 555 560Met
Thr Asn Glu Glu Glu Ile Arg Pro Thr Asn Pro Val Ala Thr Glu 565 570
575Glu Tyr Gly Ile Val Ser Ser Asn Leu Gln Ala Ala Asn Thr Ala Ala
580 585 590Gln Thr Gln Val Val Asn Asn Gln Gly Ala Leu Pro Gly Met
Val Trp 595 600 605Gln Asn Arg Asp Val Tyr Leu Gln Gly Pro Ile Trp
Ala Lys Ile Pro 610 615 620His Thr Asp Gly Asn Phe His Pro Ser Pro
Leu Met Gly Gly Phe Gly625 630 635 640Leu Lys His Pro Pro Pro Gln
Ile Leu Ile Lys Asn Thr Pro Val Pro 645 650 655Ala Asn Pro Pro Glu
Val Phe Thr Pro Ala Lys Phe Ala Ser Phe Ile 660 665 670Thr Gln Tyr
Ser Thr Gly Gln Val Ser Val Glu Ile Glu Trp Glu Leu 675 680 685Gln
Lys Glu Asn Ser Lys Arg Trp Asn Pro Glu Ile Gln Tyr Thr Ser 690 695
700Asn Phe Glu Lys Gln Thr Gly Val Asp Phe Ala Val Asp Ser Gln
Gly705 710 715 720Val Tyr Ser Glu Pro Arg Pro Ile Gly Thr Arg Tyr
Leu Thr Arg Asn 725 730 735Leu190738PRTadeno-associated virus 8
190Met Ala Ala Asp Gly Tyr Leu Pro Asp Trp Leu Glu Asp Asn Leu Ser1
5 10 15Glu Gly Ile Arg Glu Trp Trp Ala Leu Lys Pro Gly Ala Pro Lys
Pro 20 25 30Lys Ala Asn Gln Gln Lys Gln Asp Asp Gly Arg Gly Leu Val
Leu Pro 35 40 45Gly Tyr Lys Tyr Leu Gly Pro Phe Asn Gly Leu Asp Lys
Gly Glu Pro 50 55 60Val Asn Ala Ala Asp Ala Ala Ala Leu Glu His Asp
Lys Ala Tyr Asp65 70 75 80Gln Gln Leu Gln Ala Gly Asp Asn Pro Tyr
Leu Arg Tyr Asn His Ala 85 90 95Asp Ala Glu Phe Gln Glu Arg Leu Gln
Glu Asp Thr Ser Phe Gly Gly 100 105 110Asn Leu Gly Arg Ala Val Phe
Gln Ala Lys Lys Arg Val Leu Glu Pro 115 120 125Leu Gly Leu Val Glu
Glu Gly Ala Lys Thr Ala Pro Gly Lys Lys Arg 130 135 140Pro Val Glu
Pro Ser Pro Gln Arg Ser Pro Asp Ser Ser Thr Gly Ile145 150 155
160Gly Lys Lys Gly Gln Gln Pro Ala Arg Lys Arg Leu Asn Phe Gly Gln
165 170 175Thr Gly Asp Ser Glu Ser Val Pro Asp Pro Gln Pro Leu Gly
Glu Pro 180 185 190Pro Ala Ala Pro Ser Gly Val Gly Pro Asn Thr Met
Ala Ala Gly Gly 195 200 205Gly Ala Pro Met Ala Asp Asn Asn Glu Gly
Ala Asp Gly Val Gly Ser 210 215 220Ser Ser Gly Asn Trp His Cys Asp
Ser Thr Trp Leu Gly Asp Arg Val225 230 235 240Ile Thr Thr Ser Thr
Arg Thr Trp Ala Leu Pro Thr Tyr Asn Asn His 245 250 255Leu Tyr Lys
Gln Ile Ser Asn Gly Thr Ser Gly Gly Ala Thr Asn Asp 260 265 270Asn
Thr Tyr Phe Gly Tyr Ser Thr Pro Trp Gly Tyr Phe Asp Phe Asn 275 280
285Arg Phe His Cys His Phe Ser Pro Arg Asp Trp Gln Arg Leu Ile Asn
290 295 300Asn Asn Trp Gly Phe Arg Pro Lys Arg Leu Ser Phe
Lys Leu Phe Asn305 310 315 320Ile Gln Val Lys Glu Val Thr Gln Asn
Glu Gly Thr Lys Thr Ile Ala 325 330 335Asn Asn Leu Thr Ser Thr Ile
Gln Val Phe Thr Asp Ser Glu Tyr Gln 340 345 350Leu Pro Tyr Val Leu
Gly Ser Ala His Gln Gly Cys Leu Pro Pro Phe 355 360 365Pro Ala Asp
Val Phe Met Ile Pro Gln Tyr Gly Tyr Leu Thr Leu Asn 370 375 380Asn
Gly Ser Gln Ala Val Gly Arg Ser Ser Phe Tyr Cys Leu Glu Tyr385 390
395 400Phe Pro Ser Gln Met Leu Arg Thr Gly Asn Asn Phe Gln Phe Thr
Tyr 405 410 415Thr Phe Glu Asp Val Pro Phe His Ser Ser Tyr Ala His
Ser Gln Ser 420 425 430Leu Asp Arg Leu Met Asn Pro Leu Ile Asp Gln
Tyr Leu Tyr Tyr Leu 435 440 445Ser Arg Thr Gln Thr Thr Gly Gly Thr
Ala Asn Thr Gln Thr Leu Gly 450 455 460Phe Ser Gln Gly Gly Pro Asn
Thr Met Ala Asn Gln Ala Lys Asn Trp465 470 475 480Leu Pro Gly Pro
Cys Tyr Arg Gln Gln Arg Val Ser Thr Thr Thr Gly 485 490 495Gln Asn
Asn Asn Ser Asn Phe Ala Trp Thr Ala Gly Thr Lys Tyr His 500 505
510Leu Asn Gly Arg Asn Ser Leu Ala Asn Pro Gly Ile Ala Met Ala Thr
515 520 525His Lys Asp Asp Glu Glu Arg Phe Phe Pro Ser Asn Gly Ile
Leu Ile 530 535 540Phe Gly Lys Gln Asn Ala Ala Arg Asp Asn Ala Asp
Tyr Ser Asp Val545 550 555 560Met Leu Thr Ser Glu Glu Glu Ile Lys
Thr Thr Asn Pro Val Ala Thr 565 570 575Glu Glu Tyr Gly Ile Val Ala
Asp Asn Leu Gln Gln Gln Asn Thr Ala 580 585 590Pro Gln Ile Gly Thr
Val Asn Ser Gln Gly Ala Leu Pro Gly Met Val 595 600 605Trp Gln Asn
Arg Asp Val Tyr Leu Gln Gly Pro Ile Trp Ala Lys Ile 610 615 620Pro
His Thr Asp Gly Asn Phe His Pro Ser Pro Leu Met Gly Gly Phe625 630
635 640Gly Leu Lys His Pro Pro Pro Gln Ile Leu Ile Lys Asn Thr Pro
Val 645 650 655Pro Ala Asp Pro Pro Thr Thr Phe Asn Gln Ser Lys Leu
Asn Ser Phe 660 665 670Ile Thr Gln Tyr Ser Thr Gly Gln Val Ser Val
Glu Ile Glu Trp Glu 675 680 685Leu Gln Lys Glu Asn Ser Lys Arg Trp
Asn Pro Glu Ile Gln Tyr Thr 690 695 700Ser Asn Tyr Tyr Lys Ser Thr
Ser Val Asp Phe Ala Val Asn Thr Glu705 710 715 720Gly Val Tyr Ser
Glu Pro Arg Pro Ile Gly Thr Arg Tyr Leu Thr Arg 725 730 735Asn
Leu191738PRTadeno-associated virus 10 191Met Ala Ala Asp Gly Tyr
Leu Pro Asp Trp Leu Glu Asp Asn Leu Ser1 5 10 15Glu Gly Ile Arg Glu
Trp Trp Asp Leu Lys Pro Gly Ala Pro Lys Pro 20 25 30Lys Ala Asn Gln
Gln Lys Gln Asp Asp Gly Arg Gly Leu Val Leu Pro 35 40 45Gly Tyr Lys
Tyr Leu Gly Pro Phe Asn Gly Leu Asp Lys Gly Glu Pro 50 55 60Val Asn
Ala Ala Asp Ala Ala Ala Leu Glu His Asp Lys Ala Tyr Asp65 70 75
80Gln Gln Leu Lys Ala Gly Asp Asn Pro Tyr Leu Arg Tyr Asn His Ala
85 90 95Asp Ala Glu Phe Gln Glu Arg Leu Gln Glu Asp Thr Ser Phe Gly
Gly 100 105 110Asn Leu Gly Arg Ala Val Phe Gln Ala Lys Lys Arg Val
Leu Glu Pro 115 120 125Leu Gly Leu Val Glu Glu Ala Ala Lys Thr Ala
Pro Gly Lys Lys Arg 130 135 140Pro Val Glu Pro Ser Pro Gln Arg Ser
Pro Asp Ser Ser Thr Gly Ile145 150 155 160Gly Lys Lys Gly Gln Gln
Pro Ala Lys Lys Arg Leu Asn Phe Gly Gln 165 170 175Thr Gly Glu Ser
Glu Ser Val Pro Asp Pro Gln Pro Ile Gly Glu Pro 180 185 190Pro Ala
Gly Pro Ser Gly Leu Gly Ser Gly Thr Met Ala Ala Gly Gly 195 200
205Gly Ala Pro Met Ala Asp Asn Asn Glu Gly Ala Asp Gly Val Gly Ser
210 215 220Ser Ser Gly Asn Trp His Cys Asp Ser Thr Trp Leu Gly Asp
Arg Val225 230 235 240Ile Thr Thr Ser Thr Arg Thr Trp Ala Leu Pro
Thr Tyr Asn Asn His 245 250 255Leu Tyr Lys Gln Ile Ser Asn Gly Thr
Ser Gly Gly Ser Thr Asn Asp 260 265 270Asn Thr Tyr Phe Gly Tyr Ser
Thr Pro Trp Gly Tyr Phe Asp Phe Asn 275 280 285Arg Phe His Cys His
Phe Ser Pro Arg Asp Trp Gln Arg Leu Ile Asn 290 295 300Asn Asn Trp
Gly Phe Arg Pro Lys Arg Leu Ser Phe Lys Leu Phe Asn305 310 315
320Ile Gln Val Lys Glu Val Thr Gln Asn Glu Gly Thr Lys Thr Ile Ala
325 330 335Asn Asn Leu Thr Ser Thr Ile Gln Val Phe Thr Asp Ser Glu
Tyr Gln 340 345 350Leu Pro Tyr Val Leu Gly Ser Ala His Gln Gly Cys
Leu Pro Pro Phe 355 360 365Pro Ala Asp Val Phe Met Ile Pro Gln Tyr
Gly Tyr Leu Thr Leu Asn 370 375 380Asn Gly Ser Gln Ala Val Gly Arg
Ser Ser Phe Tyr Cys Leu Glu Tyr385 390 395 400Phe Pro Ser Gln Met
Leu Arg Thr Gly Asn Asn Phe Glu Phe Ser Tyr 405 410 415Thr Phe Glu
Asp Val Pro Phe His Ser Ser Tyr Ala His Ser Gln Ser 420 425 430Leu
Asp Arg Leu Met Asn Pro Leu Ile Asp Gln Tyr Leu Tyr Tyr Leu 435 440
445Ser Arg Thr Gln Ser Thr Gly Gly Thr Gln Gly Thr Gln Gln Leu Leu
450 455 460Phe Ser Gln Ala Gly Pro Ala Asn Met Ser Ala Gln Ala Lys
Asn Trp465 470 475 480Leu Pro Gly Pro Cys Tyr Arg Gln Gln Arg Val
Ser Thr Thr Leu Ser 485 490 495Gln Asn Asn Asn Ser Asn Phe Ala Trp
Thr Gly Ala Thr Lys Tyr His 500 505 510Leu Asn Gly Arg Asp Ser Leu
Val Asn Pro Gly Val Ala Met Ala Thr 515 520 525His Lys Asp Asp Glu
Glu Arg Phe Phe Pro Ser Ser Gly Val Leu Met 530 535 540Phe Gly Lys
Gln Gly Ala Gly Arg Asp Asn Val Asp Tyr Ser Ser Val545 550 555
560Met Leu Thr Ser Glu Glu Glu Ile Lys Thr Thr Asn Pro Val Ala Thr
565 570 575Glu Gln Tyr Gly Val Val Ala Asp Asn Leu Gln Gln Ala Asn
Thr Gly 580 585 590Pro Ile Val Gly Asn Val Asn Ser Gln Gly Ala Leu
Pro Gly Met Val 595 600 605Trp Gln Asn Arg Asp Val Tyr Leu Gln Gly
Pro Ile Trp Ala Lys Ile 610 615 620Pro His Thr Asp Gly Asn Phe His
Pro Ser Pro Leu Met Gly Gly Phe625 630 635 640Gly Leu Lys His Pro
Pro Pro Gln Ile Leu Ile Lys Asn Thr Pro Val 645 650 655Pro Ala Asp
Pro Pro Thr Thr Phe Ser Gln Ala Lys Leu Ala Ser Phe 660 665 670Ile
Thr Gln Tyr Ser Thr Gly Gln Val Ser Val Glu Ile Glu Trp Glu 675 680
685Leu Gln Lys Glu Asn Ser Lys Arg Trp Asn Pro Glu Ile Gln Tyr Thr
690 695 700Ser Asn Tyr Tyr Lys Ser Thr Asn Val Asp Phe Ala Val Asn
Thr Glu705 710 715 720Gly Thr Tyr Ser Glu Pro Arg Pro Ile Gly Thr
Arg Tyr Leu Thr Arg 725 730 735Asn Leu192734PRTadeno-associated
virus 4 192Met Thr Asp Gly Tyr Leu Pro Asp Trp Leu Glu Asp Asn Leu
Ser Glu1 5 10 15Gly Val Arg Glu Trp Trp Ala Leu Gln Pro Gly Ala Pro
Lys Pro Lys 20 25 30Ala Asn Gln Gln His Gln Asp Asn Ala Arg Gly Leu
Val Leu Pro Gly 35 40 45Tyr Lys Tyr Leu Gly Pro Gly Asn Gly Leu Asp
Lys Gly Glu Pro Val 50 55 60Asn Ala Ala Asp Ala Ala Ala Leu Glu His
Asp Lys Ala Tyr Asp Gln65 70 75 80Gln Leu Lys Ala Gly Asp Asn Pro
Tyr Leu Lys Tyr Asn His Ala Asp 85 90 95Ala Glu Phe Gln Gln Arg Leu
Gln Gly Asp Thr Ser Phe Gly Gly Asn 100 105 110Leu Gly Arg Ala Val
Phe Gln Ala Lys Lys Arg Val Leu Glu Pro Leu 115 120 125Gly Leu Val
Glu Gln Ala Gly Glu Thr Ala Pro Gly Lys Lys Arg Pro 130 135 140Leu
Ile Glu Ser Pro Gln Gln Pro Asp Ser Ser Thr Gly Ile Gly Lys145 150
155 160Lys Gly Lys Gln Pro Ala Lys Lys Lys Leu Val Phe Glu Asp Glu
Thr 165 170 175Gly Ala Gly Asp Gly Pro Pro Glu Gly Ser Thr Ser Gly
Ala Met Ser 180 185 190Asp Asp Ser Glu Met Arg Ala Ala Ala Gly Gly
Ala Ala Val Glu Gly 195 200 205Gly Gln Gly Ala Asp Gly Val Gly Asn
Ala Ser Gly Asp Trp His Cys 210 215 220Asp Ser Thr Trp Ser Glu Gly
His Val Thr Thr Thr Ser Thr Arg Thr225 230 235 240Trp Val Leu Pro
Thr Tyr Asn Asn His Leu Tyr Lys Arg Leu Gly Glu 245 250 255Ser Leu
Gln Ser Asn Thr Tyr Asn Gly Phe Ser Thr Pro Trp Gly Tyr 260 265
270Phe Asp Phe Asn Arg Phe His Cys His Phe Ser Pro Arg Asp Trp Gln
275 280 285Arg Leu Ile Asn Asn Asn Trp Gly Met Arg Pro Lys Ala Met
Arg Val 290 295 300Lys Ile Phe Asn Ile Gln Val Lys Glu Val Thr Thr
Ser Asn Gly Glu305 310 315 320Thr Thr Val Ala Asn Asn Leu Thr Ser
Thr Val Gln Ile Phe Ala Asp 325 330 335Ser Ser Tyr Glu Leu Pro Tyr
Val Met Asp Ala Gly Gln Glu Gly Ser 340 345 350Leu Pro Pro Phe Pro
Asn Asp Val Phe Met Val Pro Gln Tyr Gly Tyr 355 360 365Cys Gly Leu
Val Thr Gly Asn Thr Ser Gln Gln Gln Thr Asp Arg Asn 370 375 380Ala
Phe Tyr Cys Leu Glu Tyr Phe Pro Ser Gln Met Leu Arg Thr Gly385 390
395 400Asn Asn Phe Glu Ile Thr Tyr Ser Phe Glu Lys Val Pro Phe His
Ser 405 410 415Met Tyr Ala His Ser Gln Ser Leu Asp Arg Leu Met Asn
Pro Leu Ile 420 425 430Asp Gln Tyr Leu Trp Gly Leu Gln Ser Thr Thr
Thr Gly Thr Thr Leu 435 440 445Asn Ala Gly Thr Ala Thr Thr Asn Phe
Thr Lys Leu Arg Pro Thr Asn 450 455 460Phe Ser Asn Phe Lys Lys Asn
Trp Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Ile Lys Gln465 470 475 480Gln Gly Phe Ser
Lys Thr Ala Asn Gln Asn Tyr Lys Ile Pro Ala Thr 485 490 495Gly Ser
Asp Ser Leu Ile Lys Tyr Glu Thr His Ser Thr Leu Asp Gly 500 505
510Arg Trp Ser Ala Leu Thr Pro Gly Pro Pro Met Ala Thr Ala Gly Pro
515 520 525Ala Asp Ser Lys Phe Ser Asn Ser Gln Leu Ile Phe Ala Gly
Pro Lys 530 535 540Gln Asn Gly Asn Thr Ala Thr Val Pro Gly Thr Leu
Ile Phe Thr Ser545 550 555 560Glu Glu Glu Leu Ala Ala Thr Asn Ala
Thr Asp Thr Asp Met Trp Gly 565 570 575Asn Leu Pro Gly Gly Asp Gln
Ser Asn Ser Asn Leu Pro Thr Val Asp 580 585 590Arg Leu Thr Ala Leu
Gly Ala Val Pro Gly Met Val Trp Gln Asn Arg 595 600 605Asp Ile Tyr
Tyr Gln Gly Pro Ile Trp Ala Lys Ile Pro His Thr Asp 610 615 620Gly
His Phe His Pro Ser Pro Leu Ile Gly Gly Phe Gly Leu Lys His625 630
635 640Pro Pro Pro Gln Ile Phe Ile Lys Asn Thr Pro Val Pro Ala Asn
Pro 645 650 655Ala Thr Thr Phe Ser Ser Thr Pro Val Asn Ser Phe Ile
Thr Gln Tyr 660 665 670Ser Thr Gly Gln Val Ser Val Gln Ile Asp Trp
Glu Ile Gln Lys Glu 675 680 685Arg Ser Lys Arg Trp Asn Pro Glu Val
Gln Phe Thr Ser Asn Tyr Gly 690 695 700Gln Gln Asn Ser Leu Leu Trp
Ala Pro Asp Ala Ala Gly Lys Tyr Thr705 710 715 720Glu Pro Arg Ala
Ile Gly Thr Arg Tyr Leu Thr His His Leu 725
730193733PRTadeno-associated virus 11 193Met Ala Ala Asp Gly Tyr
Leu Pro Asp Trp Leu Glu Asp Asn Leu Ser1 5 10 15Glu Gly Ile Arg Glu
Trp Trp Asp Leu Lys Pro Gly Ala Pro Lys Pro 20 25 30Lys Ala Asn Gln
Gln Lys Gln Asp Asp Gly Arg Gly Leu Val Leu Pro 35 40 45Gly Tyr Lys
Tyr Leu Gly Pro Phe Asn Gly Leu Asp Lys Gly Glu Pro 50 55 60Val Asn
Ala Ala Asp Ala Ala Ala Leu Glu His Asp Lys Ala Tyr Asp65 70 75
80Gln Gln Leu Lys Ala Gly Asp Asn Pro Tyr Leu Arg Tyr Asn His Ala
85 90 95Asp Ala Glu Phe Gln Glu Arg Leu Gln Glu Asp Thr Ser Phe Gly
Gly 100 105 110Asn Leu Gly Arg Ala Val Phe Gln Ala Lys Lys Arg Val
Leu Glu Pro 115 120 125Leu Gly Leu Val Glu Glu Gly Ala Lys Thr Ala
Pro Gly Lys Lys Arg 130 135 140Pro Leu Glu Ser Pro Gln Glu Pro Asp
Ser Ser Ser Gly Ile Gly Lys145 150 155 160Lys Gly Lys Gln Pro Ala
Arg Lys Arg Leu Asn Phe Glu Glu Asp Thr 165 170 175Gly Ala Gly Asp
Gly Pro Pro Glu Gly Ser Asp Thr Ser Ala Met Ser 180 185 190Ser Asp
Ile Glu Met Arg Ala Ala Pro Gly Gly Asn Ala Val Asp Ala 195 200
205Gly Gln Gly Ser Asp Gly Val Gly Asn Ala Ser Gly Asp Trp His Cys
210 215 220Asp Ser Thr Trp Ser Glu Gly Lys Val Thr Thr Thr Ser Thr
Arg Thr225 230 235 240Trp Val Leu Pro Thr Tyr Asn Asn His Leu Tyr
Leu Arg Leu Gly Thr 245 250 255Thr Ser Ser Ser Asn Thr Tyr Asn Gly
Phe Ser Thr Pro Trp Gly Tyr 260 265 270Phe Asp Phe Asn Arg Phe His
Cys His Phe Ser Pro Arg Asp Trp Gln 275 280 285Arg Leu Ile Asn Asn
Asn Trp Gly Leu Arg Pro Lys Ala Met Arg Val 290 295 300Lys Ile Phe
Asn Ile Gln Val Lys Glu Val Thr Thr Ser Asn Gly Glu305 310 315
320Thr Thr Val Ala Asn Asn Leu Thr Ser Thr Val Gln Ile Phe Ala Asp
325 330 335Ser Ser Tyr Glu Leu Pro Tyr Val Met Asp Ala Gly Gln Glu
Gly Ser 340 345 350Leu Pro Pro Phe Pro Asn Asp Val Phe Met Val Pro
Gln Tyr Gly Tyr 355 360 365Cys Gly Ile Val Thr Gly Glu Asn Gln Asn
Gln Thr Asp Arg Asn Ala 370 375 380Phe Tyr Cys Leu Glu Tyr Phe Pro
Ser Gln Met Leu Arg Thr Gly Asn385 390 395 400Asn Phe Glu Met Ala
Tyr Asn Phe Glu Lys Val Pro Phe His Ser Met 405 410 415Tyr Ala His
Ser Gln Ser Leu Asp Arg Leu Met Asn Pro Leu Leu Asp 420 425 430Gln
Tyr Leu Trp His Leu Gln Ser Thr Thr Ser Gly Glu Thr Leu Asn 435 440
445Gln Gly Asn Ala Ala Thr Thr Phe Gly Lys Ile Arg Ser Gly Asp Phe
450 455 460Ala Phe Tyr Arg Lys Asn Trp Leu Pro Gly Pro Cys Val Lys
Gln Gln465 470 475 480Arg Phe Ser Lys Thr Ala Ser Gln Asn Tyr Lys
Ile Pro Ala Ser Gly 485 490 495Gly Asn Ala Leu Leu Lys Tyr Asp Thr
His Tyr Thr Leu Asn Asn Arg 500 505 510Trp Ser Asn Ile Ala Pro Gly
Pro Pro Met Ala Thr Ala Gly Pro Ser 515 520 525Asp Gly Asp Phe Ser
Asn Ala Gln Leu Ile Phe Pro Gly Pro Ser Val 530 535 540Thr Gly Asn
Thr Thr Thr Ser Ala Asn Asn Leu Leu Phe Thr Ser Glu545 550 555
560Glu Glu Ile Ala Ala Thr Asn Pro Arg Asp Thr Asp Met Phe Gly Gln
565 570 575Ile Ala Asp Asn Asn Gln Asn Ala Thr Thr Ala Pro Ile Thr
Gly Asn 580 585 590Val Thr Ala Met Gly Val Leu Pro Gly Met Val Trp
Gln Asn Arg Asp 595 600 605Ile Tyr Tyr Gln Gly Pro Ile Trp Ala Lys
Ile Pro His Ala Asp Gly 610 615 620His Phe His Pro Ser Pro Leu Ile
Gly Gly Phe Gly Leu Lys His Pro625 630 635 640Pro Pro Gln Ile Phe
Ile Lys Asn Thr Pro Val Pro Ala Asn Pro Ala 645 650 655Thr Thr Phe
Thr Ala Ala Arg Val Asp Ser Phe Ile Thr Gln Tyr Ser 660 665 670Thr
Gly Gln Val Ala Val Gln Ile Glu Trp Glu Ile Glu Lys Glu Arg 675 680
685Ser Lys Arg Trp Asn Pro Glu Val Gln Phe Thr Ser Asn Tyr Gly Asn
690 695 700Gln Ser Ser Met Leu Trp Ala Pro Asp Thr Thr Gly Lys Tyr
Thr Glu705 710 715 720Pro Arg Val Ile Gly Ser Arg Tyr Leu Thr Asn
His Leu 725 730194736PRTbovine adeno-associated virus 194Met Ser
Phe Val Asp His Pro Pro Asp Trp Leu Glu Ser Ile Gly Asp1 5 10 15Gly
Phe Arg Glu Phe Leu Gly Leu Glu Ala Gly Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys 20 25
30Ala Asn Gln Gln Lys Gln Asp Asn Ala Arg Gly Leu Val Leu Pro Gly
35 40 45Tyr Lys Tyr Leu Gly Pro Gly Asn Gly Leu Asp Lys Gly Asp Pro
Val 50 55 60Asn Phe Ala Asp Glu Val Ala Arg Glu His Asp Leu Ser Tyr
Gln Lys65 70 75 80Gln Leu Glu Ala Gly Asp Asn Pro Tyr Leu Lys Tyr
Asn His Ala Asp 85 90 95Ala Glu Phe Gln Glu Lys Leu Ala Ser Asp Thr
Ser Phe Gly Gly Asn 100 105 110Leu Gly Lys Ala Val Phe Gln Ala Lys
Lys Arg Ile Leu Glu Pro Leu 115 120 125Gly Leu Val Glu Thr Pro Asp
Lys Thr Ala Pro Ala Ala Lys Lys Arg 130 135 140Pro Leu Glu Gln Ser
Pro Gln Glu Pro Asp Ser Ser Ser Gly Val Gly145 150 155 160Lys Lys
Gly Lys Gln Pro Ala Arg Lys Arg Leu Asn Phe Asp Asp Glu 165 170
175Pro Gly Ala Gly Asp Gly Pro Pro Pro Glu Gly Pro Ser Ser Gly Ala
180 185 190Met Ser Thr Glu Thr Glu Met Arg Ala Ala Ala Gly Gly Asn
Gly Gly 195 200 205Asp Ala Gly Gln Gly Ala Glu Gly Val Gly Asn Ala
Ser Gly Asp Trp 210 215 220His Cys Asp Ser Thr Trp Ser Glu Ser His
Val Thr Thr Thr Ser Thr225 230 235 240Arg Thr Trp Val Leu Pro Thr
Tyr Asn Asn His Leu Tyr Leu Arg Leu 245 250 255Gly Ser Ser Asn Ala
Ser Asp Thr Phe Asn Gly Phe Ser Thr Pro Trp 260 265 270Gly Tyr Phe
Asp Phe Asn Arg Phe His Cys His Phe Ser Pro Arg Asp 275 280 285Trp
Gln Arg Leu Ile Asn Asn His Trp Gly Leu Arg Pro Lys Ser Met 290 295
300Gln Val Arg Ile Phe Asn Ile Gln Val Lys Glu Val Thr Thr Ser
Asn305 310 315 320Gly Glu Thr Thr Val Ser Asn Asn Leu Thr Ser Thr
Val Gln Ile Phe 325 330 335Ala Asp Ser Thr Tyr Glu Leu Pro Tyr Val
Met Asp Ala Gly Gln Glu 340 345 350Gly Ser Leu Pro Pro Phe Pro Asn
Asp Val Phe Met Val Pro Gln Tyr 355 360 365Gly Tyr Cys Gly Leu Val
Thr Gly Gly Ser Ser Gln Asn Gln Thr Asp 370 375 380Arg Asn Ala Phe
Tyr Cys Leu Glu Tyr Phe Pro Ser Gln Met Leu Arg385 390 395 400Thr
Gly Asn Asn Phe Glu Met Val Tyr Lys Phe Glu Asn Val Pro Phe 405 410
415His Ser Met Tyr Ala His Ser Gln Ser Leu Asp Arg Leu Met Asn Pro
420 425 430Leu Leu Asp Gln Tyr Leu Trp Glu Leu Gln Ser Thr Thr Ser
Gly Gly 435 440 445Thr Leu Asn Gln Gly Asn Ser Ala Thr Asn Phe Ala
Lys Leu Thr Lys 450 455 460Thr Asn Phe Ser Gly Tyr Arg Lys Asn Trp
Leu Pro Gly Pro Met Met465 470 475 480Lys Gln Gln Arg Phe Ser Lys
Thr Ala Ser Gln Asn Tyr Lys Ile Pro 485 490 495Gln Gly Arg Asn Asn
Ser Leu Leu His Tyr Glu Thr Arg Thr Thr Leu 500 505 510Asp Gly Arg
Trp Ser Asn Phe Ala Pro Gly Thr Ala Met Ala Thr Ala 515 520 525Ala
Asn Asp Ala Thr Asp Phe Ser Gln Ala Gln Leu Ile Phe Ala Gly 530 535
540Pro Asn Ile Thr Gly Asn Thr Thr Thr Asp Ala Asn Asn Leu Met
Phe545 550 555 560Thr Ser Glu Asp Glu Leu Arg Ala Thr Asn Pro Arg
Asp Thr Asp Leu 565 570 575Phe Gly His Leu Ala Thr Asn Gln Gln Asn
Ala Thr Thr Val Pro Thr 580 585 590Val Asp Asp Val Asp Gly Val Gly
Val Tyr Pro Gly Met Val Trp Gln 595 600 605Asp Arg Asp Ile Tyr Tyr
Gln Gly Pro Ile Trp Ala Lys Ile Pro His 610 615 620Thr Asp Gly His
Phe His Pro Ser Pro Leu Ile Gly Gly Phe Gly Leu625 630 635 640Lys
Ser Pro Pro Pro Gln Ile Phe Ile Lys Asn Thr Pro Val Pro Ala 645 650
655Asn Pro Ala Thr Thr Phe Ser Pro Ala Arg Ile Asn Ser Phe Ile Thr
660 665 670Gln Tyr Ser Thr Gly Gln Val Ala Val Lys Ile Glu Trp Glu
Ile Gln 675 680 685Lys Glu Arg Ser Lys Arg Trp Asn Pro Glu Val Gln
Phe Thr Ser Asn 690 695 700Tyr Gly Ala Gln Asp Ser Leu Leu Trp Ala
Pro Asp Asn Ala Gly Ala705 710 715 720Tyr Lys Glu Pro Arg Ala Ile
Gly Ser Arg Tyr Leu Thr Asn His Leu 725 730
735195724PRTadeno-associated virus 5 195Met Ser Phe Val Asp His Pro
Pro Asp Trp Leu Glu Glu Val Gly Glu1 5 10 15Gly Leu Arg Glu Phe Leu
Gly Leu Glu Ala Gly Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys 20 25 30Pro Asn Gln Gln His
Gln Asp Gln Ala Arg Gly Leu Val Leu Pro Gly 35 40 45Tyr Asn Tyr Leu
Gly Pro Gly Asn Gly Leu Asp Arg Gly Glu Pro Val 50 55 60Asn Arg Ala
Asp Glu Val Ala Arg Glu His Asp Ile Ser Tyr Asn Glu65 70 75 80Gln
Leu Glu Ala Gly Asp Asn Pro Tyr Leu Lys Tyr Asn His Ala Asp 85 90
95Ala Glu Phe Gln Glu Lys Leu Ala Asp Asp Thr Ser Phe Gly Gly Asn
100 105 110Leu Gly Lys Ala Val Phe Gln Ala Lys Lys Arg Val Leu Glu
Pro Phe 115 120 125Gly Leu Val Glu Glu Gly Ala Lys Thr Ala Pro Thr
Gly Lys Arg Ile 130 135 140Asp Asp His Phe Pro Lys Arg Lys Lys Ala
Arg Thr Glu Glu Asp Ser145 150 155 160Lys Pro Ser Thr Ser Ser Asp
Ala Glu Ala Gly Pro Ser Gly Ser Gln 165 170 175Gln Leu Gln Ile Pro
Ala Gln Pro Ala Ser Ser Leu Gly Ala Asp Thr 180 185 190Met Ser Ala
Gly Gly Gly Gly Pro Leu Gly Asp Asn Asn Gln Gly Ala 195 200 205Asp
Gly Val Gly Asn Ala Ser Gly Asp Trp His Cys Asp Ser Thr Trp 210 215
220Met Gly Asp Arg Val Val Thr Lys Ser Thr Arg Thr Trp Val Leu
Pro225 230 235 240Ser Tyr Asn Asn His Gln Tyr Arg Glu Ile Lys Ser
Gly Ser Val Asp 245 250 255Gly Ser Asn Ala Asn Ala Tyr Phe Gly Tyr
Ser Thr Pro Trp Gly Tyr 260 265 270Phe Asp Phe Asn Arg Phe His Ser
His Trp Ser Pro Arg Asp Trp Gln 275 280 285Arg Leu Ile Asn Asn Tyr
Trp Gly Phe Arg Pro Arg Ser Leu Arg Val 290 295 300Lys Ile Phe Asn
Ile Gln Val Lys Glu Val Thr Val Gln Asp Ser Thr305 310 315 320Thr
Thr Ile Ala Asn Asn Leu Thr Ser Thr Val Gln Val Phe Thr Asp 325 330
335Asp Asp Tyr Gln Leu Pro Tyr Val Val Gly Asn Gly Thr Glu Gly Cys
340 345 350Leu Pro Ala Phe Pro Pro Gln Val Phe Thr Leu Pro Gln Tyr
Gly Tyr 355 360 365Ala Thr Leu Asn Arg Asp Asn Thr Glu Asn Pro Thr
Glu Arg Ser Ser 370 375 380Phe Phe Cys Leu Glu Tyr Phe Pro Ser Lys
Met Leu Arg Thr Gly Asn385 390 395 400Asn Phe Glu Phe Thr Tyr Asn
Phe Glu Glu Val Pro Phe His Ser Ser 405 410 415Phe Ala Pro Ser Gln
Asn Leu Phe Lys Leu Ala Asn Pro Leu Val Asp 420 425 430Gln Tyr Leu
Tyr Arg Phe Val Ser Thr Asn Asn Thr Gly Gly Val Gln 435 440 445Phe
Asn Lys Asn Leu Ala Gly Arg Tyr Ala Asn Thr Tyr Lys Asn Trp 450 455
460Phe Pro Gly Pro Met Gly Arg Thr Gln Gly Trp Asn Leu Gly Ser
Gly465 470 475 480Val Asn Arg Ala Ser Val Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Thr
Asn Arg Met Glu 485 490 495Leu Glu Gly Ala Ser Tyr Gln Val Pro Pro
Gln Pro Asn Gly Met Thr 500 505 510Asn Asn Leu Gln Gly Ser Asn Thr
Tyr Ala Leu Glu Asn Thr Met Ile 515 520 525Phe Asn Ser Gln Pro Ala
Asn Pro Gly Thr Thr Ala Thr Tyr Leu Glu 530 535 540Gly Asn Met Leu
Ile Thr Ser Glu Ser Glu Thr Gln Pro Val Asn Arg545 550 555 560Val
Ala Tyr Asn Val Gly Gly Gln Met Ala Thr Asn Asn Gln Ser Ser 565 570
575Thr Thr Ala Pro Ala Thr Gly Thr Tyr Asn Leu Gln Glu Ile Val Pro
580 585 590Gly Ser Val Trp Met Glu Arg Asp Val Tyr Leu Gln Gly Pro
Ile Trp 595 600 605Ala Lys Ile Pro Glu Thr Gly Ala His Phe His Pro
Ser Pro Ala Met 610 615 620Gly Gly Phe Gly Leu Lys His Pro Pro Pro
Met Met Leu Ile Lys Asn625 630 635 640Thr Pro Val Pro Gly Asn Ile
Thr Ser Phe Ser Asp Val Pro Val Ser 645 650 655Ser Phe Ile Thr Gln
Tyr Ser Thr Gly Gln Val Thr Val Glu Met Glu 660 665 670Trp Glu Leu
Lys Lys Glu Asn Ser Lys Arg Trp Asn Pro Glu Ile Gln 675 680 685Tyr
Thr Asn Asn Tyr Asn Asp Pro Gln Phe Val Asp Phe Ala Pro Asp 690 695
700Ser Thr Gly Glu Tyr Arg Thr Thr Arg Pro Ile Gly Thr Arg Tyr
Leu705 710 715 720Thr Arg Pro Leu196534PRTgoose parvovirus 196Met
Ala Glu Gly Gly Gly Gly Ala Met Gly Asp Ser Ser Gly Gly Ala1 5 10
15Asp Gly Val Gly Asn Ala Ser Gly Asn Trp His Cys Asp Ser Gln Trp
20 25 30Met Gly Asn Thr Val Ile Thr Lys Thr Thr Arg Thr Trp Val Leu
Pro 35 40 45Ser Tyr Asn Asn His Ile Tyr Lys Ala Ile Thr Ser Gly Thr
Ser Gln 50 55 60Asp Ala Asn Val Gln Tyr Ala Gly Tyr Ser Thr Pro Trp
Gly Tyr Phe65 70 75 80Asp Phe Asn Arg Phe His Cys His Phe Ser Pro
Arg Asp Trp Gln Arg 85 90 95Leu Ile Asn Asn His Trp Gly Ile Arg Pro
Lys Ser Leu Lys Phe Lys 100 105 110Ile Phe Asn Val Gln Val Lys Glu
Val Thr Thr Gln Asp Gln Thr Lys 115 120 125Thr Ile Ala Asn Asn Leu
Thr Ser Thr Ile Gln Val Phe Thr Asp Asp 130 135 140Glu His Gln Leu
Pro Tyr Val Leu Gly Ser Ala Thr Glu Gly Thr Met145 150 155 160Pro
Pro Phe Pro Ser Asp Val Tyr Ala Leu Pro Gln Tyr Gly Tyr Cys 165 170
175Thr Met His Thr Asn Gln Asn Gly Ala Arg Phe Asn Asp Arg Ser Ala
180 185 190Phe Tyr Cys Leu Glu Tyr Phe Pro Ser Gln Met Leu Arg Thr
Gly Asn 195 200 205Asn Phe Glu Phe Thr Phe Asp Phe Glu Glu Val Pro
Phe His Ser Met 210 215 220Phe Ala His Ser Gln Asp Leu Asp Arg Leu
Met Asn Pro Leu Val Asp225 230 235 240Gln Tyr Leu Trp Asn Phe Asn
Glu Val Asp Ser Ser Arg Asn Ala Gln 245 250 255Phe Lys Lys Ala Val
Lys Gly Ala Tyr Gly Thr Met Gly Arg Asn Trp 260 265 270Leu Pro Gly
Pro Lys Phe Leu Asp Gln Arg Val Arg Ala Tyr Thr Gly 275 280 285Gly
Thr Asp Asn Tyr Ala Asn Trp Asn Ile Trp Ser Asn Gly Asn Lys 290 295
300Val Asn Leu Lys Asp Arg Gln Tyr Leu Leu Gln Pro Gly Pro Val
Ser305 310 315 320Ala Thr Tyr Thr Glu Gly Glu Ala Ser Ser Leu Pro
Ala Gln Asn Ile 325 330 335Leu Gly Ile Ala Lys Asp Pro Tyr Arg Ser
Gly Ser Thr Thr Ala Gly 340 345 350Ile Ser Asp Ile Met Val Thr Glu
Glu Gln Glu Val Ala Pro Thr Asn 355 360 365Gly Val Gly Trp Lys Pro
Tyr Gly Arg Thr Val Thr Asn Glu Gln Asn 370 375 380Thr Thr Thr Ala
Pro Thr Ser Ser Asp Leu Asp Val Leu Gly Ala Leu385 390 395 400Pro
Gly Met Val Trp Gln Asn Arg Asp Ile Tyr Leu Gln Gly Pro Ile 405 410
415Gly Ala Lys Ile Pro Lys Thr Asp Gly Lys Phe His Pro Ser Pro Asn
420 425 430Leu Gly Gly Phe Gly Leu His Asn Pro Pro Pro Gln Val Phe
Ile Lys 435 440 445Asn Thr Pro Val Pro Ala Asp Pro Pro Val Glu Tyr
Val His Gln Lys 450 455 460Trp Asn Ser Tyr Ile Thr Gln Tyr Ser Thr
Gly Gln Cys Thr Val Glu465 470 475 480Met Val Trp Glu Leu Arg Lys
Glu Asn Ser Lys Arg Trp Asn Pro Glu 485 490 495Ile Gln Phe Thr Ser
Asn Phe Ser Asn Arg Thr Ser Ile Met Phe Ala 500 505 510Pro Asn Glu
Thr Gly Gly Tyr Val Glu Asp Arg Leu Ile Gly Thr Arg 515 520 525Tyr
Leu Thr Gln Asn Leu 530197554PRTparvovirus B19 197Met Thr Ser Val
Asn Ser Ala Glu Ala Ser Thr Gly Ala Gly Gly Gly1 5 10 15Gly Ser Asn
Pro Val Lys Ser Met Trp Ser Glu Gly Ala Thr Phe Ser 20 25 30Ala Asn
Ser Val Thr Cys Thr Phe Ser Arg Gln Phe Leu Ile Pro Tyr 35 40 45Asp
Pro Glu His His Tyr Lys Val Phe Ser Pro Ala Ala Ser Ser Cys 50 55
60His Asn Ala Ser Gly Lys Glu Ala Lys Val Cys Thr Ile Ser Pro Ile65
70 75 80Met Gly Tyr Ser Thr Pro Trp Arg Tyr Leu Asp Phe Asn Ala Leu
Asn 85 90 95Leu Phe Phe Ser Pro Leu Glu Phe Gln His Leu Ile Glu Asn
Tyr Gly 100 105 110Ser Ile Ala Pro Asp Ala Leu Thr Val Thr Ile Ser
Glu Ile Ala Val 115 120 125Lys Asp Val Thr Asp Lys Thr Gly Gly Gly
Val Gln Val Thr Asp Ser 130 135 140Thr Thr Gly Arg Leu Cys Met Leu
Val Asp His Glu Tyr Lys Tyr Pro145 150 155 160Tyr Val Leu Gly Gln
Gly Gln Asp Thr Leu Ala Pro Glu Leu Pro Ile 165 170 175Trp Val Tyr
Phe Pro Pro Gln Tyr Ala Tyr Leu Thr Val Gly Asp Val 180 185 190Asn
Thr Gln Gly Ile Ser Gly Asp Ser Lys Lys Leu Ala Ser Glu Glu 195 200
205Ser Ala Phe Tyr Val Leu Glu His Ser Ser Phe Gln Leu Leu Gly Thr
210 215 220Gly Gly Thr Ala Thr Met Ser Tyr Lys Phe Pro Pro Val Pro
Pro Glu225 230 235 240Asn Leu Glu Gly Cys Ser Gln His Phe Tyr Glu
Met Tyr Asn Pro Leu 245 250 255Tyr Gly Ser Arg Leu Gly Val Pro Asp
Thr Leu Gly Gly Asp Pro Lys 260 265 270Phe Arg Ser Leu Thr His Glu
Asp His Ala Ile Gln Pro Gln Asn Phe 275 280 285Met Pro Gly Pro Leu
Val Asn Ser Val
Ser Thr Lys Glu Gly Asp Ser 290 295 300Phe Asn Thr Gly Ala Gly Lys
Ala Leu Thr Gly Leu Ser Thr Gly Thr305 310 315 320Ser Gln Asn Thr
Arg Ile Ser Leu Arg Pro Gly Pro Val Ser Gln Pro 325 330 335Tyr His
His Trp Asp Thr Asp Lys Tyr Val Thr Gly Ile Asn Ala Ile 340 345
350Ser His Gly Gln Thr Thr Tyr Gly Asn Ala Glu Asp Lys Glu Tyr Gln
355 360 365Gln Gly Val Gly Arg Phe Pro Asn Glu Lys Glu Gln Leu Lys
Gln Leu 370 375 380Gln Gly Leu Asn Met His Thr Tyr Phe Pro Asn Lys
Gly Thr Gln Gln385 390 395 400Tyr Thr Asp Gln Ile Glu Arg Pro Leu
Met Val Gly Ser Val Trp Asn 405 410 415Arg Arg Ala Leu His Tyr Glu
Ser Gln Leu Trp Ser Lys Ile Pro Asn 420 425 430Leu Asp Asp Ser Phe
Lys Thr Gln Phe Ala Ala Leu Gly Gly Trp Gly 435 440 445Leu His Gln
Pro Pro Pro Gln Ile Phe Leu Lys Ile Leu Pro Gln Ser 450 455 460Gly
Pro Ile Gly Gly Ile Lys Ser Met Gly Ile Thr Thr Leu Val Gln465 470
475 480Tyr Ala Val Gly Ile Met Thr Val Thr Met Thr Phe Lys Leu Gly
Pro 485 490 495Arg Lys Ala Thr Gly Arg Trp Asn Pro Gln Pro Gly Val
Tyr Pro Pro 500 505 510His Ala Ala Gly His Leu Pro Tyr Val Leu Tyr
Asp Pro Thr Ala Thr 515 520 525Asp Ala Lys Gln His His Arg His Gly
Tyr Glu Lys Pro Glu Glu Leu 530 535 540Trp Thr Ala Lys Ser Arg Val
His Pro Leu545 550198587PRTminute virus of mice 198Met Ser Asp Gly
Thr Ser Gln Pro Asp Gly Gly Asn Ala Val His Ser1 5 10 15Ala Ala Arg
Val Glu Arg Ala Ala Asp Gly Pro Gly Gly Ser Gly Gly 20 25 30Gly Gly
Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly Val Gly Val Ser Thr Gly Ser Tyr Asp 35 40 45Asn
Gln Thr His Tyr Arg Phe Leu Gly Asp Gly Trp Val Glu Ile Thr 50 55
60Ala Leu Ala Thr Arg Leu Val His Leu Asn Met Pro Lys Ser Glu Asn65
70 75 80Tyr Cys Arg Ile Arg Val His Asn Thr Thr Asp Thr Ser Val Lys
Gly 85 90 95Asn Met Ala Lys Asp Asp Ala His Glu Gln Ile Trp Thr Pro
Trp Ser 100 105 110Leu Val Asp Ala Asn Ala Trp Gly Val Trp Leu Gln
Pro Ser Asp Trp 115 120 125Gln Tyr Ile Cys Asn Thr Met Ser Gln Leu
Asn Leu Val Ser Leu Asp 130 135 140Gln Glu Ile Phe Asn Val Val Leu
Lys Thr Val Thr Glu Gln Asp Ser145 150 155 160Gly Gly Gln Ala Ile
Lys Ile Tyr Asn Asn Asp Leu Thr Ala Cys Met 165 170 175Met Val Ala
Val Asp Ser Asn Asn Ile Leu Pro Tyr Thr Pro Ala Ala 180 185 190Asn
Ser Met Glu Thr Leu Gly Phe Tyr Pro Trp Lys Pro Thr Ile Ala 195 200
205Ser Pro Tyr Arg Tyr Tyr Phe Cys Val Asp Arg Asp Leu Ser Val Thr
210 215 220Tyr Glu Asn Gln Glu Gly Thr Ile Glu His Asn Val Met Gly
Thr Pro225 230 235 240Lys Gly Met Asn Ser Gln Phe Phe Thr Ile Glu
Asn Thr Gln Gln Ile 245 250 255Thr Leu Leu Arg Thr Gly Asp Glu Phe
Ala Thr Gly Thr Tyr Tyr Phe 260 265 270Asp Thr Asn Pro Val Lys Leu
Thr His Thr Trp Gln Thr Asn Arg Gln 275 280 285Leu Gly Gln Pro Pro
Leu Leu Ser Thr Phe Pro Glu Ala Asp Thr Asp 290 295 300Ala Gly Thr
Leu Thr Ala Gln Gly Ser Arg His Gly Ala Thr Gln Met305 310 315
320Glu Val Asn Trp Val Ser Glu Ala Ile Arg Thr Arg Pro Ala Gln Val
325 330 335Gly Phe Cys Gln Pro His Asn Asp Phe Glu Ala Ser Arg Ala
Gly Pro 340 345 350Phe Ala Ala Pro Lys Val Pro Ala Asp Val Thr Gln
Gly Met Asp Arg 355 360 365Glu Ala Asn Gly Ser Val Arg Tyr Ser Tyr
Gly Lys Gln His Gly Glu 370 375 380Asn Trp Ala Ala His Gly Pro Ala
Pro Glu Arg Tyr Thr Trp Asp Glu385 390 395 400Thr Asn Phe Gly Ser
Gly Arg Asp Thr Arg Asp Gly Phe Ile Gln Ser 405 410 415Ala Pro Leu
Val Val Pro Pro Pro Leu Asn Gly Ile Leu Thr Asn Ala 420 425 430Asn
Pro Ile Gly Thr Lys Asn Asp Ile His Phe Ser Asn Val Phe Asn 435 440
445Ser Tyr Gly Pro Leu Thr Thr Phe Ser His Pro Ser Pro Val Tyr Pro
450 455 460Gln Gly Gln Ile Trp Asp Lys Glu Leu Asp Leu Glu His Lys
Pro Arg465 470 475 480Leu His Ile Thr Ala Pro Phe Val Cys Lys Asn
Asn Ala Pro Gly Gln 485 490 495Met Leu Val Arg Leu Gly Pro Asn Leu
Thr Asp Gln Tyr Asp Pro Asn 500 505 510Gly Ala Thr Leu Ser Arg Ile
Val Thr Tyr Gly Thr Phe Phe Trp Lys 515 520 525Gly Lys Leu Thr Met
Arg Ala Lys Leu Arg Ala Asn Thr Thr Trp Asn 530 535 540Pro Val Tyr
Gln Val Ser Val Glu Asp Asn Gly Asn Ser Tyr Met Ser545 550 555
560Val Thr Lys Trp Leu Pro Thr Ala Thr Gly Asn Met Gln Ser Val Pro
565 570 575Leu Ile Thr Arg Pro Val Ala Arg Asn Thr Tyr 580
585199584PRTfeline panleukopenia virus 199Met Ser Asp Gly Ala Val
Gln Pro Asp Gly Gly Gln Pro Ala Val Arg1 5 10 15Asn Glu Arg Ala Thr
Gly Ser Gly Asn Gly Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly 20 25 30Gly Gly Ser Gly
Gly Val Gly Ile Ser Thr Gly Thr Phe Asn Asn Gln 35 40 45Thr Glu Phe
Lys Phe Leu Glu Asn Gly Trp Val Glu Ile Thr Ala Asn 50 55 60Ser Ser
Arg Leu Val His Leu Asn Met Pro Glu Ser Glu Asn Tyr Lys65 70 75
80Arg Val Val Val Asn Asn Met Asp Lys Thr Ala Val Lys Gly Asn Met
85 90 95Ala Leu Asp Asp Ile His Val Glu Ile Val Thr Pro Trp Ser Leu
Val 100 105 110Asp Ala Asn Ala Trp Gly Val Trp Phe Asn Pro Gly Asp
Trp Gln Leu 115 120 125Ile Val Asn Thr Met Ser Glu Leu His Leu Val
Ser Phe Glu Gln Glu 130 135 140Ile Phe Asn Val Val Leu Lys Thr Val
Ser Glu Ser Ala Thr Gln Pro145 150 155 160Pro Thr Lys Val Tyr Asn
Asn Asp Leu Thr Ala Ser Leu Met Val Ala 165 170 175Leu Asp Ser Asn
Asn Thr Met Pro Phe Thr Pro Ala Ala Met Arg Ser 180 185 190Glu Thr
Leu Gly Phe Tyr Pro Trp Lys Pro Thr Ile Pro Thr Pro Trp 195 200
205Arg Tyr Tyr Phe Gln Trp Asp Arg Thr Leu Ile Pro Ser His Thr Gly
210 215 220Thr Ser Gly Thr Pro Thr Asn Val Tyr His Gly Thr Asp Pro
Asp Asp225 230 235 240Val Gln Phe Tyr Thr Ile Glu Asn Ser Val Pro
Val His Leu Leu Arg 245 250 255Thr Gly Asp Glu Phe Ala Thr Gly Thr
Phe Phe Phe Asp Cys Lys Pro 260 265 270Cys Arg Leu Thr His Thr Trp
Gln Thr Asn Arg Ala Leu Gly Leu Pro 275 280 285Pro Phe Leu Asn Ser
Leu Pro Gln Ser Glu Gly Ala Thr Asn Phe Gly 290 295 300Asp Ile Gly
Val Gln Gln Asp Lys Arg Arg Gly Val Thr Gln Met Gly305 310 315
320Asn Thr Asp Tyr Ile Thr Glu Ala Thr Ile Met Arg Pro Ala Glu Val
325 330 335Gly Tyr Ser Ala Pro Tyr Tyr Ser Phe Glu Ala Ser Thr Gln
Gly Pro 340 345 350Phe Lys Thr Pro Ile Ala Ala Gly Arg Gly Gly Ala
Gln Thr Asp Glu 355 360 365Asn Gln Ala Ala Asp Gly Asp Pro Arg Tyr
Ala Phe Gly Arg Gln His 370 375 380Gly Gln Lys Thr Thr Thr Thr Gly
Glu Thr Pro Glu Arg Phe Thr Tyr385 390 395 400Ile Ala His Gln Asp
Thr Gly Arg Tyr Pro Glu Gly Asp Trp Ile Gln 405 410 415Asn Ile Asn
Phe Asn Leu Pro Val Thr Asn Asp Asn Val Leu Leu Pro 420 425 430Thr
Asp Pro Ile Gly Gly Lys Thr Gly Ile Asn Tyr Thr Asn Ile Phe 435 440
445Asn Thr Tyr Gly Pro Leu Thr Ala Leu Asn Asn Val Pro Pro Val Tyr
450 455 460Pro Asn Gly Gln Ile Trp Asp Lys Glu Phe Asp Thr Asp Leu
Lys Pro465 470 475 480Arg Leu His Ile Asn Ala Pro Phe Val Cys Gln
Asn Asn Cys Pro Gly 485 490 495Gln Leu Phe Val Lys Val Ala Pro Asn
Leu Thr Asn Gln Tyr Asp Pro 500 505 510Asp Ala Ser Ala Asn Met Ser
Arg Ile Val Thr Tyr Ser Asp Phe Trp 515 520 525Trp Lys Gly Lys Leu
Val Phe Lys Ala Lys Leu Arg Ala Ser His Thr 530 535 540Trp Asn Pro
Ile Gln Gln Met Ser Ile Asn Val Asp Asn Gln Phe Asn545 550 555
560Tyr Val Pro Asn Asn Ile Gly Ala Met Lys Ile Val Tyr Glu Lys Ser
565 570 575Gln Leu Ala Pro Arg Lys Leu Tyr 580200548PRTcanine
parvovirus 200Gly Val Gly Ile Ser Thr Gly Thr Phe Asn Asn Gln Thr
Glu Phe Lys1 5 10 15Phe Leu Glu Asn Gly Trp Val Glu Ile Thr Ala Asn
Ser Ser Arg Leu 20 25 30Val His Leu Asn Met Pro Glu Ser Glu Asn Tyr
Arg Arg Val Val Val 35 40 45Asn Asn Met Asp Lys Thr Ala Val Asn Gly
Asn Met Ala Leu Asp Asp 50 55 60Ile His Ala Gln Ile Val Thr Pro Trp
Ser Leu Val Asp Ala Asn Ala65 70 75 80Trp Gly Val Trp Phe Asn Pro
Gly Asp Trp Gln Leu Ile Val Asn Thr 85 90 95Met Ser Glu Leu His Leu
Val Ser Phe Glu Gln Glu Ile Phe Asn Val 100 105 110Val Leu Lys Thr
Val Ser Glu Ser Ala Thr Gln Pro Pro Thr Lys Val 115 120 125Tyr Asn
Asn Asp Leu Thr Ala Ser Leu Met Val Ala Leu Asp Ser Asn 130 135
140Asn Thr Met Pro Phe Thr Pro Ala Ala Met Arg Ser Glu Thr Leu
Gly145 150 155 160Phe Tyr Pro Trp Lys Pro Thr Ile Pro Thr Pro Trp
Arg Tyr Tyr Phe 165 170 175Gln Trp Asp Arg Thr Leu Ile Pro Ser His
Thr Gly Thr Ser Gly Thr 180 185 190Pro Thr Asn Ile Tyr His Gly Thr
Asp Pro Asp Asp Val Gln Phe Tyr 195 200 205Thr Ile Glu Asn Ser Val
Pro Val His Leu Leu Arg Thr Gly Asp Glu 210 215 220Phe Ala Thr Gly
Thr Phe Phe Phe Asp Cys Lys Pro Cys Arg Leu Thr225 230 235 240His
Thr Trp Gln Thr Asn Arg Ala Leu Gly Leu Pro Pro Phe Leu Asn 245 250
255Ser Leu Pro Gln Ser Glu Gly Ala Thr Asn Phe Gly Asp Ile Gly Val
260 265 270Gln Gln Asp Lys Arg Arg Gly Val Thr Gln Met Gly Asn Thr
Asn Tyr 275 280 285Ile Thr Glu Ala Thr Ile Met Arg Pro Ala Glu Val
Gly Tyr Ser Ala 290 295 300Pro Tyr Tyr Ser Phe Glu Ala Ser Thr Gln
Gly Pro Phe Lys Thr Pro305 310 315 320Ile Ala Ala Gly Arg Gly Gly
Ala Gln Thr Asp Glu Asn Gln Ala Ala 325 330 335Asp Gly Asn Pro Arg
Tyr Ala Phe Gly Arg Gln His Gly Gln Lys Thr 340 345 350Thr Thr Thr
Gly Glu Thr Pro Glu Arg Phe Thr Tyr Ile Ala His Gln 355 360 365Asp
Thr Gly Arg Tyr Pro Glu Gly Asp Trp Ile Gln Asn Ile Asn Phe 370 375
380Asn Leu Pro Val Thr Asn Asp Asn Val Leu Leu Pro Thr Asp Pro
Ile385 390 395 400Gly Gly Lys Thr Gly Ile Asn Tyr Thr Asn Ile Phe
Asn Thr Tyr Gly 405 410 415Pro Leu Thr Ala Leu Asn Asn Val Pro Pro
Val Tyr Pro Asn Gly Gln 420 425 430Ile Trp Asp Lys Glu Phe Asp Thr
Asp Leu Lys Pro Arg Leu His Val 435 440 445Asn Ala Pro Phe Val Cys
Gln Asn Asn Cys Pro Gly Gln Leu Phe Val 450 455 460Lys Val Ala Pro
Asn Leu Thr Asn Glu Tyr Asp Pro Asp Ala Ser Ala465 470 475 480Asn
Met Ser Arg Ile Val Thr Tyr Ser Asp Phe Trp Trp Lys Gly Lys 485 490
495Leu Val Phe Lys Ala Lys Leu Arg Ala Ser His Thr Trp Asn Pro Ile
500 505 510Gln Gln Met Ser Ile Asn Val Asp Asn Gln Phe Asn Tyr Val
Pro Ser 515 520 525Asn Ile Gly Gly Met Lys Ile Val Tyr Glu Lys Ser
Gln Leu Ala Pro 530 535 540Arg Lys Leu Tyr54520110PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 201Arg Thr Thr Asn Pro Val Ala Thr Glu
Gln1 5 102028PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 202Ile Asn
His Arg Gly Tyr Trp Val1 52039PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 203Glu Lys Gln Arg Asn Gly Thr Leu Thr1
520411PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 204Glu Asp Gly Gln
Val Met Asp Val Asp Leu Ser1 5 1020517PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 205Thr Tyr Gln Cys Arg Val Thr His Pro
His Leu Pro Arg Ala Leu Met1 5 10 15Arg20614PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 206Arg His Ser Thr Thr Gln Pro Arg Lys
Thr Lys Gly Ser Gly1 5 1020713PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 207Asp Ser Asn Pro Arg Gly Val Ser Ala Tyr Leu Ser Arg1 5
1020813PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 208Thr Ile Thr Cys
Leu Val Val Asp Leu Ala Pro Ser Lys1 5 1020910PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 209Lys Thr Lys Gly Ser Gly Phe Phe Val
Phe1 5 1021012PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 210Thr His
Pro His Leu Pro Arg Ala Leu Met Arg Ser1 5 1021123PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 211Gly Glu Thr Tyr Gln Cys Arg Val Thr
His Pro His Leu Pro Arg Ala1 5 10 15Leu Met Arg Ser Thr Thr Lys
202128PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 212Leu Pro Arg Ala
Leu Met Arg Ser1 521317PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
213Pro Lys Thr Val Ser Asn Leu Thr Glu Ser Ser Ser Glu Ser Val Gln1
5 10 15Ser21413PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 214Ser Leu
Met Gly Asp Glu Phe Lys Ala Val Leu Glu Thr1 5 1021511PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 215Gln His Ser Val Ala Tyr Thr Phe Glu
Glu Asp1 5 1021610PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 216Ile
Asn Pro Glu Ile Ile Thr Arg Asp Gly1 5 1021715PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 217Asp Ile Ser Leu Thr Gly Asp Pro Val
Ile Thr Ala Ser Tyr Leu1 5 10 1521812PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 218Asp Ile Ser Leu Thr Gly Asp Pro Val
Ile Thr Ala1 5 1021911PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
219Asp Gln Ser Ile Asp Phe Glu Ile Asp Ser Ala1 5
1022020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 220Lys Asn Val Ser
Glu Asp Leu Pro Leu Pro Thr Phe Ser Pro Thr Leu1 5 10 15Leu Gly Asp
Ser 2022111PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 221Lys Asn Val
Ser Glu Asp Leu Pro Leu Pro Thr1 5 1022212PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 222Cys Asp Ser Gly Arg Val Arg Thr Asp
Ala Pro Asp1 5 1022314PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
223Phe Pro Glu His Leu Leu Val Asp Phe Leu Gln Ser Leu Ser1 5
1022410PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 224Gln Met Trp Ala
Pro Gln Trp Gly Pro Asp1 5 1022520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 225Ser Ser Arg Thr Pro
Ser Asp Lys Pro Val Ala His Val Val Ala Asn1 5 10 15Pro Gln Ala Glu
2022616PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 226Ser Arg Thr Pro
Ser Asp Lys Pro Val Ala His Val Val Ala Asn Pro1 5 10
152279PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 227Ser Ser Arg Thr
Pro Ser Asp Lys Pro1 522814PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 228Asn Ala Asp Gly Asn Val Asp Tyr His Met Asn Ser Val
Pro1 5 1022911PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 229Asp Gly
Asn Val Asp Tyr His Met Asn Ser Val1 5 1023016PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 230Arg Ser Phe Lys Glu Phe Leu Gln Ser
Ser Leu Arg Ala Leu Arg Gln1 5 10 1523111PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 231Phe Lys Glu Phe Leu Gln Ser Ser Leu
Arg Ala1 5 10232433PRTMacacus cynomolgus 232Ser Val Phe Thr Ala Ser
Ile Gln Ser Pro Phe Val Phe Pro Leu Ile1 5 10 15Pro Cys Cys Lys His
Ile Ala Ser Asn Ala Thr Ser Val Thr Leu Gly 20 25 30Cys Leu Ala Thr
Gly Tyr Phe Pro Glu Pro Val Met Val Thr Trp Asp 35 40 45Ala Gly Ser
Leu Asn Arg Ser Thr Met Thr Leu Pro Ala Thr Thr Phe 50 55 60Thr Pro
Ser Gly His Tyr Ala Thr Ile Ser Leu Leu Thr Val Ser Gly65 70 75
80Ala Trp Ala Lys Glu Met Phe Thr Cys His Val Val His Thr Pro Ser
85 90 95Ser Ala Asp Lys Glu Val Asn Lys Thr Phe Gly Val Cys Ser Arg
Asn 100 105 110Phe Thr Pro Pro Thr Val Lys Ile Leu Gln Ser Ser Cys
Asp Asp Asp 115 120 125Gly His Phe Pro Pro Thr Ile Gln Leu Leu Cys
Leu Ile Ser Gly Tyr 130 135 140Thr Pro Gly Ala Ile Asn Val Thr Trp
Leu Glu Asn Gly Gln Val Met145 150 155 160Lys Val Asn Ser Pro Thr
Pro Pro Ala Thr Gln Glu Gly Glu Leu Ala 165 170 175Ser Thr Gln Ser
Glu Phe Thr Leu Ala Gln Lys His Trp Leu Ser Asp 180 185 190Arg Thr
Tyr Thr Cys Gln Val Thr Tyr Gln Gly Thr Thr Tyr Asn Asp 195 200
205Ser Thr Lys Lys Cys Ala Asp Ser Asn Pro Arg Gly Val Ser Ala Tyr
210 215 220Leu Ser Arg Pro Ser Pro Phe Asp Leu Phe Ile Ser Lys Ser
Pro Thr225 230 235 240Ile Thr Cys Leu Val Val Asp Leu Ala Pro Ser
Lys Glu Thr Val Asn 245 250 255Leu Thr Trp Ser Arg Ala Ser Gly Lys
Pro Val Pro His Ile Pro Ala 260 265 270Thr Glu Lys Lys Gln Gln Arg
Asn Gly Thr Leu Thr Val Thr Ser Ile 275 280 285Leu Pro Val Val Thr
Gln Asp Trp Ile Glu Gly Glu Thr Tyr Gln Cys 290 295 300Arg Val Thr
His Pro His Leu Pro Arg Ala Leu Val Arg Ser Met Thr305 310 315
320Lys Thr Ser Gly Pro Arg Ala Ala Pro Glu Val Tyr Val Phe Ala Thr
325 330 335Pro Glu Lys Leu Glu Ser Arg Asp Lys Arg Thr Leu Ala Cys
Leu Ile 340 345 350Gln Asn Phe Met Pro Glu Asp Ile Ser Val Gln Trp
Leu His Ser Asp 355 360 365Val Gln Leu Pro Asp Ala Arg His Ser Val
Thr Gln Pro Arg Lys Thr 370 375 380Lys Gly Ser Gly Phe Phe Val Phe
Ser Arg Leu Glu Val Thr Lys Ala385 390 395 400Glu Trp Glu Gln Lys
Asp Glu Phe Ile Cys Arg Ala Val His Glu Ala 405 410 415Ala Ser Pro
Ser Trp Ile Val Gln Gln Ala Val Ser Val Asn Pro Gly 420 425 430Lys
23325PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 233Cys Gly Glu Thr
Tyr Gln Ser Arg Val Thr His Pro His Leu Pro Arg1 5 10 15Ala Leu Met
Arg Ser Thr Thr Lys Cys 20 2523463PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 234Thr Ala Lys Ser Lys Lys Phe Pro Ser Tyr Thr Ala Thr
Tyr Gln Phe1 5 10 15Gly Gly Lys Lys Lys Ile Ile Thr Ile Thr Arg Ile
Ile Thr Ile Ile 20 25 30Thr Thr Ile Asp Gly Gly Cys Gly Glu Thr Tyr
Gln Ser Arg Val Thr 35 40 45His Pro His Leu Pro Arg Ala Leu Met Arg
Ser Thr Thr Lys Cys 50 55 6023523PRTArtificialPeptide 235Gly Glu
Thr Tyr Gln Ser Arg Val Thr His Pro His Leu Pro Arg Ala1 5 10 15Leu
Met Arg Ser Thr Thr Lys 2023617PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 236Ala Lys Ala Val Ser Asn Leu Thr Glu Ser Arg Ser Glu
Ser Leu Gln1 5 10 15Ser23713PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 237Ser Leu Thr Gly Asp Glu Phe Lys Lys Val Leu Glu Thr1 5
1023811PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 238Arg Glu Ala Val
Ala Tyr Arg Phe Glu Glu Asp1 5 1023910PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 239Ile Asn Pro Glu Ile Ile Thr Leu Asp
Gly1 5 1024015PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 240Asp Ile
Ser Val Thr Gly Ala Pro Val Ile Thr Ala Thr Tyr Leu1 5 10
1524112PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 241Asp Ile Ser Val
Thr Gly Ala Pro Val Ile Thr Ala1 5 1024211PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 242Asp Gln Ser Val Asp Phe Glu Ile Asp
Ser Ala1 5 1024311PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 243Lys
Asn Val Ser Glu Ala Phe Pro Leu Arg Ala1 5 1024476DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 244ggccggcgga ggtgccaagg ccgtgagcaa
cctaccgaga gcagaagcga gagcctgcag 60agcgggggtg gcggtg
7624577DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 245cgcgcaccgc
cacccccgct ctgcaggctc tcgcttctgc tctcggtcag gttgctcacg 60gccttggcac
ctccgcc 7724665DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
246ggccggcgga ggtagcctga ccggcgacga attcaagaag gtgctggaga
ccgggggtgg 60cggtg 6524765DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
247cgcgcaccgc cacccccggt ctccagcacc ttcttgaatt cgtcgccggt
caggctacct 60ccgcc 6524859DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
248ggccggcgga ggtagagagg ccgtggccta cagattcgaa gaggacgggg gtggcggtg
5924959DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 249cgcgcaccgc
cacccccgtc ctcttcgaat ctgtaggcca cggcctctct acctccgcc
5925056DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 250ggccggcgga
ggtatcaacc ccgagatcat caccctggac ggcgggggtg gcggtg
5625156DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 251cgcgcaccgc
cacccccgcc gtccagggtg atgatctcgg ggttgatacc tccgcc
5625271DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 252ggccggcgga
ggtgacatca gcgtgaccgg tgcacccgtg atcaccgcca cctacctggg 60gggtggcggt
g 7125371DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 253cgcgcaccgc
caccccccag gtaggtggcg gtgatcacgg gtgcaccggt cacgctgatg 60tcacctccgc
c 7125462DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 254ggccggcgga
ggtgacatca gcgtgaccgg tgcacccgtg atcaccgccg ggggtggcgg 60tg
6225562DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 255cgcgcaccgc
cacccccggc ggtgatcacg ggtgcaccgg tcacgctgat gtcacctccg 60cc
6225659DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 256ggccggcgga
ggtgaccaga gcgtggactt cgagatcgac agcgccgggg gtggcggtg
5925759DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 257cgcgcaccgc
cacccccggc gctgtcgatc tcgaagtcca cgctctggtc acctccgcc
5925859DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 258ggccggcgga
ggtaagaacg tgagcgaggc cttccctctg agagccgggg gtggcggtg
5925959DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 259cgcgcaccgc
cacccccggc tctcagaggg aaggcctcgc tcacgttctt acctccgcc
5926014PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 260Phe Pro Lys His
Leu Leu Val Asp Phe Leu Gln Ser Leu Ser1 5 1026120PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 261Lys Asn Val Ser Glu Ala Phe Pro Leu
Arg Ala Phe Pro Pro Gly Leu1 5 10 15Leu Gly Asp Ser
2026276DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 262ggccggcggt
ggagccaagg ccgtgagcaa cctgaccgag agcagaagcg agagcctgca 60gagcggtggc
ggtgga 7626376DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
263cgcgtccacc gccaccgctc tgcaggctct cgcttctgct ctcggtcagg
ttgctcacgg 60ccttggctcc accgcc 7626464DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 264ggccggcggt ggaagcctga ccggcgacga
attcaagaag gtgctggaga ccggtggcgg 60tgga 6426564DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 265cgcgtccacc gccaccggtc tccagcacct
tcttgaattc gtcgccggtc aggcttccac 60cgcc 6426658DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 266ggccggcggt ggaagagagg ccgtggccta
cagattcgaa gaggacggtg gcggtgga 5826758DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 267cgcgtccacc gccaccgtcc tcttcgaatc
tgtaggccac ggcctctctt ccaccgcc 5826855DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 268ggccggcggt ggaatcaacc ccgagatcat
caccctggac ggcggtggcg gtgga 5526955DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 269cgcgtccacc gccaccgccg tccagggtga tgatctcggg gttgattcca
ccgcc 5527070DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
270ggccggcggt ggagacatca gcgtgaccgg tgcacccgtg atcaccgcca
cctacctggg 60tggcggtgga 7027170DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 271cgcgtccacc gccacccagg taggtggcgg tgatcacggg tgcaccggtc
acgctgatgt 60ctccaccgcc 7027261DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 272ggccggcggt ggagacatca gcgtgaccgg tgcacccgtg atcaccgccg
gtggcggtgg 60a 6127361DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
273cgcgtccacc gccaccggcg gtgatcacgg gtgcaccggt cacgctgatg
tctccaccgc 60c 6127458DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
274ggccggcggt ggagaccaga gcgtggactt cgagatcgac agcgccggtg gcggtgga
5827558DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 275cgcgtccacc
gccaccggcg ctgtcgatct cgaagtccac gctctggtct ccaccgcc
5827668DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 276ggccggcgga
ggtggtgaca gcaaccctag aggcgtgagc gcctacctga gcagaggggg 60tggcggtg
6827768DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 277cgcgcaccgc
caccccctct gctcaggtag gcgctcacgc ctctagggtt gctgtcacca 60cctccgcc
6827862DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 278ggccggcgga
ggtacccacc cccacctgcc cagagccctg atgagaagcg ggggtggcgg 60tg
6227962DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 279cgcgcaccgc
cacccccgct tctcatcagg gctctgggca ggtgggggtg ggtacctccg 60cc
6228059DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 280ggccggcgga
ggtgaggacg gccaggtgat ggacgtggac ctgagcgggg gtggcggtg
5928159DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 281cgcgcaccgc
cacccccgct caggtccacg tccatcacct ggccgtcctc acctccgcc
5928253DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 282ggccggcgga
ggtgagaagc agagaaacgg caccctgacc ggtggtggcg gtg
5328353DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 283cgcgcaccgc
caccaccggt cagggtgccg tttctctgct tctcacctcc gcc
5328453DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 284ggccggcgga
ggtggtctgc ccagagccct gatgagaagc gccggtggcg gtg
5328553DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 285cgcgcaccgc
caccggcgct tctcatcagg gctctgggca gaccacctcc gcc
5328620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 286Ser Ser Gln Asn
Ser Ser Asp Lys Pro Val Ala His Val Val Ala Asn1 5 10 15His Gln Val
Glu 2028716PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 287Ser Gln Asn
Ser Ser Asp Lys Pro Val Ala His Val Val Ala Asn His1 5 10
152889PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 288Ser Ser Gln Asn
Ser Ser Asp Lys Pro1 528914PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 289Asn Ala Glu Gly Lys Leu Asp His His Met Asn Ser Val
Leu1 5 1029011PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 290Glu Gly
Lys Leu Asp His His Met Asn Ser Val1 5 1029116PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 291Lys Ser Leu Glu Glu Phe Leu Lys Val
Thr Leu Arg Ser Thr Arg Gln1 5 10 1529211PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 292Leu Glu Glu Phe Leu Lys Val Thr Leu
Arg Ser1 5 1029386DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
293ggccggcgga ggtagcagcc agaacagcag cgacaagccc gtggcccacg
tggtggctaa 60ccaccaggtg gaggggggtg gcggtg 8629486DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 294cgcgcaccgc cacccccctc cacctggtgg
ttagccacca cgtgggccac gggcttgtcg 60ctgctgttct ggctgctacc tccgcc
8629574DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 295ggccggcgga
ggtagccaga acagcagcga caagcccgtg gcccacgtgg tggctaacca 60cgggggtggc
ggtg 7429674DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 296cgcgcaccgc
cacccccgtg gttagccacc acgtgggcca cgggcttgtc gctgctgttc 60tggctacctc
cgcc 7429753DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 297ggccggcgga
ggtagcagcc agaacagcag cgacaagccc gggggtggcg gtg
5329853DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 298cgcgcaccgc
cacccccggg cttgtcgctg ctgttctggc tgctacctcc gcc
5329968DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 299ggccggcgga
ggtaacgccg agggcaagct tgaccaccac atgaacagcg tgctgggggg 60tggcggtg
6830068DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 300cgcgcaccgc
caccccccag cacgctgttc atgtggtggt caagcttgcc ctcggcgtta 60cctccgcc
6830159DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 301ggccggcgga
ggtgagggca agcttgacca ccacatgaac agcgtggggg gtggcggtg
5930259DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 302cgcgcaccgc
caccccccac gctgttcatg tggtggtcaa gcttgccctc acctccgcc
5930374DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 303ggccggcgga
ggtaagagcc tggaggaatt cctgaaggtg accctgagaa gcaccagaca 60ggggggtggc
ggtg 7430474DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 304cgcgcaccgc
cacccccctg tctggtgctt ctcagggtca ccttcaggaa ttcctccagg 60ctcttacctc
cgcc 7430559DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 305ggccggcgga
ggtctggagg aattcctgaa ggtgaccctg agaagcgggg gtggcggtg
5930659DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 306cgcgcaccgc
cacccccgct tctcagggtc accttcagga attcctccag acctccgcc
5930788DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 307ggccgccggt
ggaggcagca gccagaacag cagcgacaag cccgtggccc acgtggtggc 60taaccaccag
gtggagggcg gtggaggg 8830888DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 308cgcgccctcc accgccctcc acctggtggt tagccaccac gtgggccacg
ggcttgtcgc 60tgctgttctg gctgctgcct ccaccggc 8830970DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 309ggccgccggt ggaggcaacg ccgagggcaa
gcttgaccac cacatgaaca gcgtgctggg 60cggtggaggg 7031070DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 310cgcgccctcc accgcccagc acgctgttca
tgtggtggtc aagcttgccc tcggcgttgc 60ctccaccggc 7031161DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 311ggccgccggt ggaggcctgg aggaattcct
gaaggtgacc ctgagaagcg gcggtggagg 60g 6131261DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 312cgcgccctcc accgccgctt ctcagggtca
ccttcaggaa ttcctccagg cctccaccgg 60c
6131358DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 313ggccgcagcc
gcagtgaacc tgacctggag cagagcctcc ggcgcggcag ctgcagct
5831458DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 314cgcgagctgc
agctgccgcg ccggaggctc tgctccaggt caggttcact gcggctgc
5831573DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 315ggccggcggt
ggaggcggtg acagcaaccc tagaggcgtg agcgcctacc tgagcagagg 60aggcggtgga
ggg 7331673DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 316cgcgccctcc
accgcctcct ctgctcaggt aggcgctcac gcctctaggg ttgctgtcac 60cgcctccacc
gcc 7331770DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 317ggccggcggt
ggagacatca gcgtgaccgg tgcacccgtg atcaccgcca cctacctggg 60tggcggtgga
7031870DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 318cgcgtccacc
gccacccagg taggtggcgg tgatcacggg tgcaccggtc acgctgatgt 60ctccaccgcc
7031914PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 319Cys Ser Leu Thr
Gly Asp Glu Phe Lys Lys Val Leu Glu Thr1 5 1032012PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 320Cys Arg Glu Ala Val Ala Tyr Arg Phe
Glu Glu Asp1 5 1032111PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct
321Cys Ile Asn Pro Glu Ile Ile Thr Leu Asp Gly1 5
1032216PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 322Cys Asp Ile Ser
Val Thr Gly Ala Pro Val Ile Thr Ala Thr Tyr Leu1 5 10
1532332DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 323ggggaattca
tgtcccaaag gcgcctccta cg 3232434DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 324gggggatccc tagctcaggc tctggaggaa atcc
3432511PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 325Val Asn Leu Thr
Trp Ser Arg Ala Ser Gly Cys1 5 1032614PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 326Cys Asp Ser Asn Pro Arg Gly Val Ser
Ala Tyr Leu Ser Arg1 5 1032712PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 327Cys Glu Asp Gly Gln Val Met Asp Val Asp Leu Ser1 5
1032810PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 328Cys Glu Lys Gln
Arg Asn Gly Thr Leu Thr1 5 1032910PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 329Thr Gln Asn Asp Gly Thr Thr Thr Ile Ala1 5
1033015PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 330Lys Glu Val Thr
Gln Asn Asp Gly Thr Thr Thr Ile Ala Asn Asn1 5 10
1533114PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 331Met Val Pro Gln
Tyr Gly Tyr Leu Thr Leu Asn Asn Gly Ser1 5 1033217PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 332Glu Glu Glu Ile Arg Thr Thr Asn Pro
Val Ala Thr Glu Gln Tyr Gly1 5 10 15Ser33310PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 333Asn Lys Ser Val Asn Val Asp Phe Thr
Val1 5 1033417PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 334Ser Asn
Tyr Asn Lys Ser Val Asn Val Asp Phe Thr Val Asp Thr Asn1 5 10
15Gly33549DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 335ctacaaacaa
atttccggcg cgccaggatc cggaagccaa tcaggagcc 4933649DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 336ggctcctgat tggcttccgg atcctggcgc
gccggaaatt tgtttgtag 4933751DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 337gtcacgcaga atgacggtgg cgcgccagga tccggaacga cgacgattgc
c 5133851DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 338ggcaatcgtc
gtcgttccgg atcctggcgc gccaccgtca ttctgcgtga c 5133955DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 339cgatgaagaa aagttttttg gcgcgccagg
atccggacct cagagcgggg ttctc 5534055DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 340gagaaccccg ctctgaggtc cggatcctgg cgcgccaaaa aacttttctt
catcg 5534155DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 341ccaatcccgt ggctacgggc
gcgccaggat ccggagagca gtatggttct gtatc 5534255DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 342gatacagaac catactgctc tccggatcct
ggcgcgcccg tagccacggg attgg 5534353DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
Construct 343ctacaacaag tctgttaatg gcgcgccagg atccggagtg gactttactg
tgg 5334453DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 344ccacagtaaa
gtccactccg gatcctggcg cgccattaac agacttgttg tag
5334553DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 345gacgtcttca
tggtgccagg cgcgccagga tccggaaaca acgggagtca ggc
5334653DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 346gcctgactcc
cgttgtttcc ggatcctggc gcgcctggca ccatgaagac gtc
5334755DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 347cattcaagtc
aaagaggtcg gcgcgccagg atccggagcc aataacctta ccagc
5534855DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 348gctggtaagg
ttattggctc cggatcctgg cgcgccgacc tctttgactt gaatg
5534953DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 349cagacgaaga
ggaaatcggc gcgccaggat ccggatatgg ttctgtatct acc
5335053DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 350ggtagataca
gaaccatatc cggatcctgg cgcgccgatt tcctcttcgt ctg
5335155DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 351ccaactacaa
caagtctggc gcgccaggat ccggagacac taatggcgtg tattc
5535255DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 352gaatacacgc
cattagtgtc tccggatcct ggcgcgccag acttgttgta gttgg
5535353DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 353cgcgggcgga
tgcgacgccg gcagtgtgcg caccaatgca ccagacggtg gcg
5335453DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 354ccggcgccac
cgtctggtgc attggtgcgc acactgccgg cgtcgcatcc gcc
5335520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 355Gly Ala Gly Gly
Cys Asp Ala Gly Ser Val Arg Thr Asn Ala Pro Asp1 5 10 15Gly Gly Ala
Gly 2035616PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 356His Tyr Ala
Ala Ala Gln Trp Asp Phe Gly Asn Thr Met Cys Gln Leu1 5 10
1535713PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Construct 357Tyr Ala Ala Gln
Trp Asp Phe Gly Asn Thr Met Cys Gln1 5 1035810PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic Construct 358Arg Ser Gln Lys Glu Gly Leu His Tyr
Thr1 5 10
* * * * *
References