U.S. patent application number 12/589570 was filed with the patent office on 2010-11-25 for monoclonal antibody.
This patent application is currently assigned to AC Immune S.A.. Invention is credited to Ruth Greferath, David Hickman, Andreas Muhs, Claude Nicolau, Andrea Pfeifer.
Application Number | 20100297132 12/589570 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 37896141 |
Filed Date | 2010-11-25 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100297132 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Greferath; Ruth ; et
al. |
November 25, 2010 |
Monoclonal antibody
Abstract
The present invention is related to methods and compositions for
the therapeutic and diagnostic use in the treatment of diseases and
disorders which are caused by or associated with amyloid or
amyloid-like proteins including amyloidosis, a group of disorders
and abnormalities associated with amyloid protein such as
Alzheimer's disease. The present invention provides novel methods
and compositions comprising highly specific and highly effective
antibodies having the ability to specifically recognize and bind to
specific epitopes from a range of .beta.-amyloid proteins. The
antibodies enabled by the teaching of the present invention are
particularly useful for the treatment of diseases and disorders
which are caused by or associated with amyloid or amyloid-like
proteins including amyloidosis, a group of diseases and disorders
associated with amyloid plaque formation including secondary
amyloidosis and age-related amyloidosis including, but not limited
to, neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD).
Inventors: |
Greferath; Ruth; (Kehl,
DE) ; Hickman; David; (La Tour de Treme, CH) ;
Muhs; Andreas; (Pully, CH) ; Pfeifer; Andrea;
(St.-Legier, CH) ; Nicolau; Claude; (Newton,
MA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
JONES DAY
222 EAST 41ST ST
NEW YORK
NY
10017
US
|
Assignee: |
AC Immune S.A.
|
Family ID: |
37896141 |
Appl. No.: |
12/589570 |
Filed: |
October 23, 2009 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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11637213 |
Dec 11, 2006 |
7772375 |
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12589570 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/139.1 ;
424/141.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 2039/505 20130101;
A61P 25/00 20180101; A61P 25/28 20180101; G01N 2333/4709 20130101;
A61P 25/16 20180101; A61K 39/3955 20130101; A61P 35/00 20180101;
A61P 43/00 20180101; A61P 27/02 20180101; A61P 9/00 20180101; A61P
21/00 20180101; A61P 21/02 20180101; A61P 7/04 20180101; A61P 3/10
20180101; C07K 16/18 20130101; A61P 9/10 20180101; A61K 39/3955
20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/139.1 ;
424/141.1 |
International
Class: |
A61K 39/395 20060101
A61K039/395; A61P 25/00 20060101 A61P025/00; A61P 25/28 20060101
A61P025/28 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Dec 12, 2005 |
EP |
05027092.5 |
Jul 14, 2006 |
EP |
06014729.5 |
Oct 2, 2006 |
EP |
06020766.9 |
Claims
1.-118. (canceled)
119. A method for preventing, treating or alleviating the effects
of an amyloidosis in a mammal comprising administering to the
mammal a monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof,
wherein the monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof
is capable of specifically binding beta-amyloid and wherein (a)
CDR1 of the light chain variable region has the amino acid sequence
of SEQ ID NO: 23; (b) CDR2 of the light chain variable region has
the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24; and (c) CDR3 of the light
chain variable region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
25.
120. A method for preventing, treating or alleviating the effects
of an amyloidosis in a mammal comprising administering to the
mammal a monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof,
wherein the monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof
is capable of specifically binding beta-amyloid and wherein (a)
CDR1 of the heavy chain variable region has the amino acid sequence
of SEQ ID NO: 26; (b) CDR2 of the heavy chain variable region has
the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27; and (c) CDR3 of the heavy
chain variable region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
28.
121. The method of claim 120 wherein the monoclonal antibody
further comprises (a) a CDR 1 of the light chain variable region
having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23; (b) a CDR2 of the
light chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ
ID NO: 24; and (c) a CDR3 of the light chain variable region having
the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25.
122. The method of claim 119, 120, or 121, wherein the amyloidosis
is Alzheimer's Disease.
123. A method for retaining or increasing cognitive memory capacity
in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a monoclonal
antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, wherein the
monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is capable
of specifically binding beta-amyloid and wherein (a) CDR1 of the
light chain variable region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID
NO: 23; (b) CDR2 of the light chain variable region has the amino
acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24; and (c) CDR3 of the light chain
variable region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25.
124. A method for retaining or increasing cognitive memory capacity
in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a monoclonal
antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, wherein the
monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is capable
of specifically binding beta-amyloid and wherein (a) CDR1 of the
heavy chain variable region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID
NO: 26; (b) CDR2 of the heavy chain variable region has the amino
acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27; and (c) CDR3 of the heavy chain
variable region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28.
125. The method of claim 124 wherein the monoclonal antibody
further comprises (a) a CDR 1 of the light chain variable region
having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23; (b) a CDR2 of the
light chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ
ID NO: 24; and (c) a CDR3 of the light chain variable region having
the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25.
126. The method of claim 123, 124, or 125, wherein the mammal has
Alzheimer's Disease, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Lewy body
dementia, Down's syndrome, or hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with
amyloidosis (Dutch type).
127. A method for preventing, treating or alleviating the effects
of an amyloidosis in a mammal comprising administering to the
mammal a monoclonal antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof
wherein the monoclonal antibody is produced by the hybridoma cell
line FP 12H3-C2, deposited as DSM ACC2750.
128. A method for retaining or increasing cognitive memory capacity
in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a monoclonal
antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof wherein the monoclonal
antibody is produced by the hybridoma cell line FP 12H3-C2,
deposited as DSM ACC2750.
129. The method of claim 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, or 125, wherein
the mammal is a human.
130. The method of claim 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, or 125, wherein
the monoclonal antibody is administered with a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier.
131. The method of claim 130, wherein the pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier is a phosphate buffered saline solution, water,
an emulsion, or a wetting agent.
132. A method for preventing, treating or alleviating the effects
of a disease or disorder caused by or associated with amyloid,
amyloid-like proteins, or amyloid plaque formation in a mammal in
need thereof comprising administering to the subject a composition
comprising a monoclonal antibody or functional fragment thereof,
which monoclonal antibody or functional fragment thereof recognizes
and binds to at least two binding sites on .beta.-amyloid proteins,
amyloid .beta. fibers, amyloid .beta. monomers or amyloid .beta.
oligomers, wherein said at least two binding sites are selected
from the group consisting of a binding site comprising i) one His
amino acid residue embedded within a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ
ID NO: 18, andor SEQ ID NO: 20; ii) at least two consecutive amino
acid residues predominantly involved in the binding of the
antibody, and wherein the two consecutive amino acid residues are
-Phe-Phe-amino acid residues embedded within a the sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15,
SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19 and or
SEQ ID NO: 20, wherein said monoclonal antibody or a functional
fragment thereof predominantly binds to said two consecutive
-Phe-Phe-amino acid residues is predominantly involved in binding
to the antibody; and iii) at least two consecutive amino acid
residues predominantly involved in the binding of the antibody, and
wherein the two consecutive amino acid residues are -Lys-Leu-amino
acid residues embedded within a the sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16,
SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, and or SEQ ID NO: 20.
133. A method for reducing the plaque load in the brain of a mammal
suffering from a disease or condition leading to an increased
plaque load in the brain comprising administering to said mammal a
monoclonal antibody or functional fragment thereof which recognizes
and binds to at least two binding sites on .beta.-amyloid proteins,
amyloid .beta. fibers, amyloid .beta. monomers or amyloid .beta.
oligomers, wherein said at least two binding sites are selected
from the group consisting of a binding site comprising i) one His
amino acid residue embedded within a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ
ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NO: 20; ii) at least two consecutive amino
acid residues predominantly involved in the binding of the
antibody, and wherein the two consecutive amino acid residues are
-Phe-Phe-amino acid residues embedded within a the sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15,
SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19 and SEQ
ID NO: 20, wherein said monoclonal antibody or a functional
fragment thereof predominantly binds to said two consecutive
-Phe-Phe-amino acid residues is predominantly involved in binding
to the antibody; and iii) at least two consecutive amino acid
residues predominantly involved in the binding of the antibody, and
wherein the two consecutive amino acid residues are -Lys-Leu-amino
acid residues embedded within a the sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16,
SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NO: 20.
134. A method for preventing, treating or alleviating the effects
of a disease or disorder caused by or associated with amyloid,
amyloid-like proteins, or amyloid plaque formation comprising
administering to a subject in need thereof a monoclonal antibody or
functional fragment thereof, which antibody or functional fragment
thereof is capable of: i) inhibiting the aggregation of the A.beta.
monomers to high molecular polymeric fibrils upon co-incubation
with an amyloid monomeric peptides such as .beta.-amyloid monomeric
peptides, A.beta. monomeric peptides, A.beta..sub.1-39,
A.beta..sub.1-40, A.beta..sub.1-41, A.beta..sub.1-42, or
A.beta..sub.1-43 monomeric peptides; and ii) disaggregating the
preformed polymeric fibrils or filaments by at least 35%, at least
40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, or at least 70% upon co-incubation
at a molar concentration ratio of between 1:30 and 1:100 with
preformed high molecular polymeric amyloid fibrils or filaments
formed by the aggregation of amyloid monomeric peptides, such as
.beta.-amyloid monomeric peptides, A.beta. monomeric peptides,
A.beta..sub.1-39, A.beta..sub.1-.sub.40, A.beta..sub.1-41,
A.beta..sub.1-42, or A.beta..sub.1-43 monomeric peptides.
Description
CLAIM OF BENEFIT UNDER 35 U.S.C. 119
[0001] This application claims the benefit of European Patent
Convention Application No. 05027092.5, filed Dec. 12, 2005, and
European Patent Convention Application No. 06014729.5, filed Jul.
14, 2006, and European Convention Patent Application No.
06020766.9, filed Oct. 2, 2006, each of which is incorporated
herein by reference in their entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention is related to methods and compositions
for the therapeutic and diagnostic use in the treatment of diseases
and disorders which are caused by or associated with amyloid or
amyloid-like proteins including amyloidosis, a group of disorders
and abnormalities associated with amyloid protein such as
Alzheimer's disease.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Amyloidosis is not a single disease entity but rather a
diverse group of progressive disease processes characterized by
extracellular tissue deposits of a waxy, starch-like protein called
amyloid, which accumulates in one or more organs or body systems.
As the amyloid deposits build up, they begin to interfere with the
normal function of the organ or body system. There are at least 15
different types of amyloidosis. The major forms are primary
amyloidosis without known antecedent, secondary amyloidosis
following some other condition, and hereditary amyloidosis.
[0004] Secondary amyloidosis occurs in people who have a chronic
infection or inflammatory disease, such as tuberculosis, a
bacterial infection called familial Mediterranean fever, bone
infections (osteomyelitis), rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation of
the small intestine (granulomatous ileitis), Hodgkin's disease, and
leprosy.
[0005] Amyloid deposits typically contain three components. Amyloid
protein fibrils, which account for about 90% of the amyloid
material, comprise one of several different types of proteins.
These proteins are capable of folding into so-called "beta-pleated"
sheet fibrils, a unique protein configuration which exhibits
binding sites for Congo red resulting in the unique staining
properties of the amyloid protein. In addition, amyloid deposits
are closely associated with the amyloid P (pentagonal) component
(AP), a glycoprotein related to normal serum amyloid P (SAP), and
with sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG), complex carbohydrates of
connective tissue.
[0006] Many diseases of aging are based on or associated with
amyloid-like proteins and are characterized, in part, by the
buildup of extracellular deposits of amyloid or amyloid-like
material that contribute to the pathogenesis, as well as the
progression of the disease. These diseases include, but are not
limited to, neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease
(AD), including diseases or conditions characterized by a loss of
cognitive memory capacity such as, for example, mild cognitive
impairment (MCI), Lewy body dementia, Down's syndrome, hereditary
cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch type); the Guam
Parkinson-Dementia complex. Other diseases which are based on or
associated with amyloid-like proteins are progressive supranuclear
palsy, multiple sclerosis; Creutzfeld Jacob disease, Parkinson's
disease, HIV-related dementia, ALS (amyotropic lateral sclerosis),
inclusion-body myositis (IBM), Adult Onset Diabetis; senile cardiac
amyloidosis; endocrine tumors, and others, including macular
degeneration.
[0007] Although pathogenesis of these diseases may be diverse,
their characteristic deposits often contain many shared molecular
constituents. To a significant degree, this may be attributable to
the local activation of pro-inflammatory pathways thereby leading
to the concurrent deposition of activated complement components,
acute phase reactants, immune modulators, and other inflammatory
mediators (McGeer et al., 1994).
[0008] Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurological disorder
primarily thought to be caused by amyloid plaques, an accumulation
of abnormal deposit of proteins in the brain. The most frequent
type of amyloid found in the brain of affected individuals is
composed primarily of A.beta. fibrils. Scientific evidence
demonstrates that an increase in the production and accumulation of
beta-amyloid protein in plaques leads to nerve cell death, which
contributes to the development and progression of AD. Loss of nerve
cells in strategic brain areas, in turn, causes reduction in the
neurotransmitters and impairment of memory. The proteins
principally responsible for the plaque build up include amyloid
precursor protein (APP) and two presenilins (presenilin I and
presenilin II). Sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor
protein (APP), which is constitutively expressed and catabolized in
most cells, by the enzymes .beta. and .gamma. secretase leads to
the release of a 39 to 43 amino acid A.beta. peptide. The
degradation of APPs likely increases their propensity to aggregate
in plaques. It is especially the A.beta.(1-42) fragment that has a
high propensity of building aggregates due to two very hydrophobic
amino acid residues at its C-terminus. The A.beta.(1-42) fragment
is therefore believed to be mainly involved and responsible for the
initiation of neuritic plaque formation in AD and to have,
therefore, a high pathological potential. There is therefore a need
for specific antibodies that can target and diffuse amyloid plaque
formation.
[0009] The symptoms of AD manifest slowly and the first symptom may
only be mild forgetfulness. In this stage, individuals may forget
recent events, activities, the names of familiar people or things
and may not be able to solve simple math problems. As the disease
progresses, symptoms are more easily noticed and become serious
enough to cause people with AD or their family members to seek
medical help. Mid-stage symptoms of AD include forgetting how to do
simple tasks such as grooming, and problems develop with speaking,
understanding, reading, or writing. Later stage AD patients may
become anxious or aggressive, may wander away from home and
ultimately need total care.
[0010] Presently, the only definite way to diagnose AD is to
identify plaques and tangles in brain tissue in an autopsy after
death of the individual. Therefore, doctors can only make a
diagnosis of "possible" or "probable" AD while the person is still
alive. Using current methods, physicians can diagnose AD correctly
up to 90 percent of the time using several tools to diagnose
"probable" AD. Physicians ask questions about the person's general
health, past medical problems, and the history of any difficulties
the person has carrying out daily activities. Behavioral tests of
memory, problem solving, attention, counting, and language provide
information on cognitive degeneration and medical tests such as
tests of blood, urine, or spinal fluid, and brain scans can provide
some further information.
[0011] The management of AD consists of medication-based and
non-medication based treatments. Treatments aimed at changing the
underlying course of the disease (delaying or reversing the
progression) have so far been largely unsuccessful. Medicines that
restore the deficit (defect), or malfunctioning, in the chemical
messengers of the nerve cells (neurotransmitters), in particular
the cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) such as tacrine and
rivastigmine, have been shown to improve symptoms. ChEIs impede the
enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitters thereby increasing the
amount of chemical messengers available to transmit the nerve
signals in the brain.
[0012] For some people in the early and middle stages of the
disease, the drugs tacrine (COGNEX.RTM., Morris Plains, N.J.),
donepezil (ARICEPT.RTM., Tokyo, JP), rivastigmine (EXELON.RTM.,
East Hanover, N.J.), or galantamine (REMINYL.RTM., New Brunswick,
N.J.) may help prevent some symptoms from becoming worse for a
limited time. Another drug, memantine (NAMENDA.RTM., New York,
N.Y.), has been approved for treatment of moderate to severe AD.
Medications are also available to address the psychiatric
manifestations of AD. Also, some medicines may help control
behavioral symptoms of AD such as sleeplessness, agitation,
wandering, anxiety, and depression. Treating these symptoms often
makes patients more comfortable and makes their care easier for
caregivers. Unfortunately, despite significant treatment advances
showing that this class of agents is consistently better than a
placebo, the disease continues to progress, and the average effect
on mental functioning has only been modest. Many of the drugs used
in AD medication such as, for example, ChEIs also have side effects
that include gastrointestinal dysfunction, liver toxicity and
weight loss.
[0013] Other diseases that are based on or associated with the
accumulation and deposit of amyloid-like protein are mild cognitive
impairment, Lewy body dementia (LBD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS), inclusion-body myositis (IBM) and macular degeneration, in
particular age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
[0014] Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a general term most
commonly defined as a subtle but measurable memory disorder. A
person with MCI experiences memory problems greater than normally
expected with aging, but does not show other symptoms of dementia,
such as impaired judgment or reasoning. MCI is a condition that
frequently reflects a preclinical stage of AD.
[0015] The deposition of .beta.-amyloid within the entorhinal
cortex (EC) is believed to play a key role in the development of
mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in the elderly. This is in line
with the observation that the CSF-A A.beta.(1-42) levels decline
significantly once AD becomes clinically overt. In contrast to
CSF-A.beta.(1-42) CSF-tau levels are significantly increased in the
MCI stage, and these values continue to be elevated thereafter,
indicating that increased levels of CSF-tau may help in detecting
MCI subjects who are predicted to develop AD.
[0016] Lewy body dementia (LBD) is a neurodegenerative disorder
that can occur in persons older than 65 years of age, which
typically causes symptoms of cognitive (thinking) impairment and
abnormal behavioral changes. Symptoms can include cognitive
impairment, neurological signs, sleep disorder, and autonomic
failure. Cognitive impairment is the presenting feature of LBD in
most cases. Patients have recurrent episodes of confusion that
progressively worsen. The fluctuation in cognitive ability is often
associated with shifting degrees of attention and alertness.
Cognitive impairment and fluctuations of thinking may vary over
minutes, hours, or days.
[0017] Lewy bodies are formed from phosphorylated and
nonphosphorylated neurofilament proteins; they contain the synaptic
protein alpha-synuclein as well as ubiquitin, which is involved in
the elimination of damaged or abnormal proteins. In addition to
Lewy Bodies, Lewy neurites, which are inclusion bodies in the cell
processes of the nerve cells, may also be present. Amyloid plaques
may form in the brains of patients afflicted with DLB, however they
tend to be fewer in number than seen in patients with Alzheimer's
disease. Neurofibrillary tangles, the other micropathological
hallmark of AD, are not a main characteristic of DLB but are
frequently present in addition to amyloid plaques.
[0018] Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by
degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. In some ALS
patients, dementia or aphasia may be present (ALS-D). The dementia
is most commonly a frontotemporal dementia Will), and many of these
cases have ubiquitin-positive, tau-negative inclusions in neurons
of the dentate gyrus and superficial layers of the frontal and
temporal lobes.
[0019] Inclusion-body myositis (IBM) is a crippling disease usually
found in people over age 50, in which muscle fibers develop
inflammation and begin to atrophy--but in which the brain is spared
and patients retain their full intellect. Two enzymes involved in
the production of amyloid-.beta. protein were found to be increased
inside the muscle cells of patients with this most common,
progressive muscle disease of older people, in which amyloid-.beta.
is also increased.
[0020] Another disease that is based on or associated with the
accumulation and deposit of amyloid-like protein is macular
degeneration.
[0021] Macular degeneration is a common eye disease that causes
deterioration of the macula, which is the central area of the
retina (the paper-thin tissue at the back of the eye where
light-sensitive cells send visual signals to the brain). Sharp,
clear, `straight ahead` vision is processed by the macula. Damage
to the macula results in the development of blind spots and blurred
or distorted vision. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a
major cause of visual impairment in the United States and for
people over age 65 it is the leading cause of legal blindness among
Caucasians. Approximately 1.8 million Americans age 40 and older
have advanced AMD, and another 7.3 million people with intermediate
AMD are at substantial risk for vision loss. The government
estimates that by 2020 there will be 2.9 million people with
advanced AMD. Victims of AMD are often surprised and frustrated to
find out how little is known about the causes and treatment of this
blinding condition.
[0022] There are two forms of macular degeneration: dry macular
degeneration and wet macular degeneration. The dry form, in which
the cells of the macula slowly begin to break down, is diagnosed in
85 percent of macular degeneration cases. Both eyes are usually
affected by dry AMD, although one eye can lose vision while the
other eye remains unaffected. Drusen, which are yellow deposits
under the retina, are common early signs of dry AMD. The risk of
developing advanced dry AMD or wet AMD increases as the number or
size of the drusen increases. It is possible for dry AMD to advance
and cause loss of vision without turning into the wet form of the
disease; however, it is also possible for early-stage dry AMD to
suddenly change into the wet form.
[0023] The wet form, although it only accounts for 15 percent of
the cases, results in 90 percent of the blindness, and is
considered advanced AMD (there is no early or intermediate stage of
wet AMD). Wet AMD is always preceded by the dry form of the
disease. As the dry form worsens, some people begin to have
abnormal blood vessels growing behind the macula. These vessels are
very fragile and will leak fluid and blood (hence `wet` macular
degeneration), causing rapid damage to the macula.
[0024] The dry form of AMD will initially often cause slightly
blurred vision. The center of vision in particular may then become
blurred and this region grows larger as the disease progresses. No
symptoms may be noticed if only one eye is affected. In wet AMD,
straight lines may appear wavy and central vision loss can occur
rapidly.
[0025] Diagnosis of macular degeneration typically involves a
dilated eye exam, visual acuity test, and a viewing of the back of
the eye using a procedure called fundoscopy to help diagnose AMD,
and--if wet AMD is suspected--fluorescein angiography may also be
performed. If dry AMD reaches the advanced stages, there is no
current treatment to prevent vision loss. However, a specific high
dose formula of antioxidants and zinc may delay or prevent
intermediate AMD from progressing to the advanced stage.
Macugen.RTM. (pegaptanib sodium injection), laser photocoagulation
and photodynamic therapy can control the abnormal blood vessel
growth and bleeding in the macula, which is helpful for some people
who have wet AMD; however, vision that is already lost will not be
restored by these techniques. If vision is already lost, low vision
aids exist that can help improve the quality of life.
[0026] One of the earliest signs of age-related macular
degeneration (AMD) is the accumulation of extracellular deposits
known as drusen between the basal lamina of the retinal pigmented
epithelium (RPE) and Bruch's membrane (BM). Recent studies
conducted by Anderson et al. have confirmed that drusen contains
amyloid beta. (Experimental Eye Research 78 (2004) 243-256).
[0027] Ongoing research continues with studies exploring
environmental, genetic, and dietary factors that may contribute to
AMD. New treatment strategies are also being explored, including
retinal cell transplants, drugs that will prevent or slow down the
progress of the disease, radiation therapy, gene therapies, a
computer chip implanted in the retina that may help stimulate
vision and agents that will prevent the growth of new blood vessels
under the macula.
[0028] An important factor to consider when developing new drugs is
the ease of use for the target patients. Oral drug delivery,
-specifically tablets, capsules and softgels-, account for 70% of
all dosage forms consumed because of patient convenience. Drug
developers agree that patients prefer oral delivery rather than
subjecting themselves to injections or other, more invasive forms
of medicinal administration. Formulations resulting in low dosing
intervals (i.e. once a day or sustained release) are also
preferable. The ease of administering antibiotics in oral dosage
forms results in an increase of patient compliance during
treatment.
[0029] What is needed are effective methods and compositions for
the generation of highly specific and highly effective antibodies,
which is a prerequisite if the antibodies are to be provided in an
oral dosage form. Preferably such antibodies would recognize
specific epitopes on various antigens such as amyloid protein.
[0030] What is also needed therefore, are effective compositions
and methods for addressing the complications associated with
diseases and disorders which are caused by or associated with
amyloid or amyloid-like proteins including amyloidosis, a group of
diseases and disorders associated with amyloid plaque formation
including secondary amyloidosis and age-related amyloidosis
including, but not limited to, neurological disorders such as
Alzheimer's Disease (AD), including diseases or conditions
characterized by a loss of cognitive memory capacity such as, for
example, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Lewy body dementia,
Down's syndrome, hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis
(Dutch type); the Guam Parkinson-Dementia complex; as well as other
diseases which are based on or associated with amyloid-like
proteins such as progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple
sclerosis; Creutzfeld Jacob disease, Parkinson's disease,
HIV-related dementia, ALS (amyotropic lateral sclerosis),
inclusion-body myositis (IBM), Adult Onset Diabetis; senile cardiac
amyloidosis; endocrine tumors, and others, including macular
degeneration. In particular what is need are specialized and highly
effective antibodies capable of counteracting the physiological
manifestations of the disease such as the formation of plaques
associated with aggregation of fibers of the amyloid or
amyloid-like peptide.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0031] Anti-amyloid antibodies elicited by the inoculation of
A.beta..sub.1-42 mixed with Freund complete or incomplete adjuvant
had proved capable to reduce the amyloid burden in transgenic mice
for human Alzheimer disease (Schenk et al., 1999).
[0032] Intraperitonal inoculation of tetrapalmitoylated
A.beta..sub.1-16 reconstituted in liposomes to NORBA transgenic
mice elicited significant titers of anti-amyloid antibodies, which
also proved capable to solubilize amyloid fibers and plaques in
vitro and in vivo. (Nicolau et al., 2002).
[0033] A possible mechanism by which the dissolution of amyloid
plaques and fibres occurred was first suggested by Bard et al.,
(2000), who advanced the conclusion, based upon their data, that
the antibodies opsonized the plaques, which were subsequently
destroyed by the macrophages of the microglia. De Mattos et al.,
(2001) indicated that a MAb directed against the central domain of
.beta.-amyloid was able to bind and completely sequester plasma
amyloid. They argued that the presence of these mAbs in circulation
shifted the equilibrium of A.beta. between brain and plasma,
favoring the peripheral clearing and catabolism instead of
deposition within the brain.
[0034] The present invention provides novel methods and
compositions comprising highly specific and highly effective
antibodies having the ability to specifically recognize and bind to
specific epitopes from a range of .beta.-amyloid antigens. The
antibodies enabled by the teaching of the present invention are
particularly useful for the treatment of diseases and disorders
which are caused by or associated with amyloid or amyloid-like
proteins including amyloidosis, a group of diseases and disorders
associated with amyloid plaque formation including secondary
amyloidosis and age-related amyloidosis including, but not limited
to, neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD),
including diseases or conditions characterized by a loss of
cognitive memory capacity such as, for example, mild cognitive
impairment (MCI), Lewy body dementia, Down's syndrome, hereditary
cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch type); the Guam
Parkinson-Dementia complex; as well as other diseases which are
based on or associated with amyloid-like proteins such as
progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple sclerosis; Creutzfeld
Jacob disease, hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis
Dutch type, Parkinson's disease, HIV-related dementia, ALS
(amyotropic lateral sclerosis), inclusion-body myositis (IBM),
Adult Onset Diabetis; senile cardiac amyloidosis; endocrine tumors,
and others, including macular degeneration, to name just a few.
[0035] Moreover, the present invention provides novel methods and
compositions for retaining or increasing the cognitive memory
capacity in a mammal exhibiting an amyloid-associated disease or
condition comprising administering to an animal, particularly a
mammal, more particularly a human in need of such a treatment, a
therapeutically effective amount of a monoclonal antibody according
to the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES AND SEQUENCES
[0036] FIG. 1: Peptides derived from the A.beta. sequences 1-15,
1-16 and 1-16(.DELTA.14), 22-35, and 29-40.
[0037] FIG. 2: Binding of mACI-01-Ab7 C2 monoclonal antibody to
amyloid species in Western blot and Dot blot.
[0038] FIG. 3: Binding of mACI-01-Ab7 C2 monoclonal antibody to
amyloid fibers by transmission electronic microscopy.
[0039] FIG. 4: Results of a head-to-head-experiment between Th-T
fluorescent assay and solid-state NMR of U-.sup.13C Tyr10 and
Val12-labeled .beta.-amyloid 1-42 peptide
[0040] SEQ ID NO: 1: Antigenic peptide A.beta..sub.1-15 [0041] SEQ
ID NO: 2: Antigenic peptide A.beta..sub.1-16 [0042] SEQ ID NO: 3:
Antigenic peptide A.beta..sub.1-16(.DELTA.14) [0043] SEQ ID NO: 4:
Antigenic peptide A.beta..sub.22-35 [0044] SEQ ID NO: 5: Antigenic
peptide A.beta..sub.29-40 [0045] SEQ ID NO: 6: Antigenic peptide
A.beta..sub.1-17 [0046] SEQ ID NO: 7: Amino acid sequence of Mouse
C2 Light Chain Variable Region [0047] SEQ ID NO: 8: Amino acid
sequence of Mouse C2 Heavy Chain Variable Region [0048] SEQ ID NO:
9: Nucleotide sequence of Mouse C2 Light Chain Variable Region
[0049] SEQ ID NO: 10: Nucleotide sequence of Mouse C2 Light Chain
Variable Region including signal sequences [0050] SEQ ID NO: 11:
Nucleotide sequence of Mouse C2 Heavy Chain Variable Region [0051]
SEQ ID NO: 12: Nucleotide sequence of Mouse C2 Heavy Chain Variable
Region including signal sequences [0052] SEQ ID NO: 13-20: Amino
acid sequence variants of epitopic region on the A.beta. peptide
[0053] SEQ ID NO: 21: Amino acid sequence of Mouse C2 Light Chain
[0054] SEQ ID NO: 22: Amino acid sequence of Mouse C2 Heavy
Chain
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0055] The present invention makes use of antigen presentations
that result in enhanced exposure and stabilization of a preferred
antigen conformation, which ultimately results in antibodies with
unique properties.
[0056] In one embodiment of the invention, an antibody is provided
including any functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts
thereof, or, more particularly, a monoclonal antibody including any
functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof, which
has been raised against a supramolecular antigenic construct
comprising an antigenic peptide corresponding to the amino acid
sequence of the .beta.-amyloid peptide, particularly of
.beta.-amyloid peptide A.beta..sub.1-15, A.beta..sub.1-16 and
A.beta..sub.1-16(.DELTA.14), modified with a hydrophobic moiety
such as, for example, palmitic acid or a hydrophilic moiety such
as, for example, polyethylene glycol (PEG) or a combination of
both, wherein said hydrophobic and hydrophilic moiety,
respectively, is covalently bound to each of the termini of the
antigenic peptide through at least one, particularly one or two
amino acids such as, for example, lysine, glutamic acid and cystein
or any other suitable amino acid or amino acid analogue capable of
serving as a connecting device for coupling the hydrophobic and
hydrophilic moiety to the peptide fragment. When a PEG is used as
the hydrophilic moiety, the free PEG termini are covalently bound
to phosphatidylethanolamine or any other compound suitable to
function as the anchoring element, for example, to embed the
antigenic construct in the bilayer of a liposome.
[0057] In another embodiment of the invention, an antibody,
particularly a monoclonal antibody, including any functionally
equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof is provided, which
recognized the native conformation of amyloid in that it
specifically binds to amyloid oligomers and fibers, but not to not
linearized amyloid species.
[0058] In a further embodiment of the invention, an antibody,
particularly a monoclonal antibody, including any functionally
equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof according to the
present invention and as described herein before, is provided which
antibody or fragment binds to an A.beta. monomer with a binding
affinity of at least about 1.times.10.sup.-6 to at least about
1.times.10.sup.-8, particularly of at least about 1.times.10.sup.-6
to at least about 1.times.10.sup.-7, more particularly of at least
about 1.times.10.sup.-7 to at least about 1.times.10.sup.8, even
more particularly of at least about 1.times.10.sup.-7 to at least
about 4.times.10.sup.-7, but, preferably, does not show any
significant cross-reactivity with amyloid precursor protein
(APP)
[0059] In another embodiment of the invention, an antibody,
particularly a monoclonal antibody, including any functionally
equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof according to the
present invention and as described herein before, is provided which
antibody or fragment binds to an A.beta. fiber, fibril or filament
with a binding affinity of at least about 1.times.10.sup.-7 to at
least about 1.times.10.sup.-9, particularly of at least about
1.times.10.sup.-7 to at least about 1.times.10.sup.-8, more
particularly of at least about 1.times.10.sup.-8 to at least about
1.times.10.sup.-9, even more particularly of at least about
1.times.10.sup.-8 to at least about 5.times.10.sup.-8, but,
preferably, does not show any significant cross-reactivity with
amyloid precursor protein (APP).
[0060] In another embodiment, the antibody, particularly a
monoclonal antibody, including any functionally equivalent antibody
or functional parts thereof according to the present invention and
as described herein before exhibits an binding affinity to an
A.beta. fiber, fibril or filament which is at least 5 times,
particularly at least 10 times, more particularly at least 15
times, higher than the binding affinity to an A.beta. monomer.
[0061] The antibodies according to the invention are capable of
inhibiting, in vitro and in vivo, the aggregation of amyloidogenic
monomeric peptides, specifically .beta.-amyloid monomeric peptides
such as, for example, A.beta. monomeric peptides 1-39; 1-40, 1-41,
1-42, or 1-43, but especially A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptides,
into high molecular polymeric amyloid fibrils or filaments.
[0062] In a specific embodiment of the invention an antibody,
particularly a monoclonal antibody, including any functionally
equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof, which antibody,
upon co-incubation with amyloid monomeric peptides, particularly
.beta.-amyloid monomeric peptides such as, for example, A.beta.
monomeric peptides 1-39; 1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or 1-43, but especially
A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptides, inhibits the aggregation of
the A.beta. monomers into high molecular polymeric fibrils.
[0063] In a further embodiment of the invention an antibody is
provided, particularly a monoclonal antibody, including any
functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof, which
antibody, upon co-incubation, particularly upon co-incubation at a
molar concentration ratio of up to 1:100, more particularly at a
molar concentration ratio of between 1:30 and 1:100, but especially
at a molar concentration ratio of 1:100, with amyloid monomeric
peptides, particularly .beta.-amyloid monomeric peptides such as,
for example, A.beta. monomeric peptides 1-39; 1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or
1-43, but especially A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptides, inhibits
the aggregation of the A.beta. monomers into high molecular
polymeric fibrils. In particular, said inhibition amounts to at
least 50%, particularly to at least 65%, more particularly to at
least 75%, even more .particularly to at least 80%, but especially
to at least 85%-90%, or more as compared to the respective amyloid
peptide monomers incubated in buffer (control).
[0064] In particular, the co-incubation of the antibody according
to the invention with amyloid monomeric peptides is carried out for
24 hours to 60 hours, particularly for 30 hours to 50 hours, more
particularly for 48 hours at a temperature of between 28.degree. C.
and 40.degree. C., particularly of between 32.degree. C. and
38.degree. C., more particularly at 37.degree. C.
[0065] In another embodiment the present invention provides an
antibody, particularly a monoclonal antibody, including any
functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof which
antibody, upon co-incubation for 48 hours at 37.degree. C. at a
molar concentration ratio of 1:100 with an amyloid monomeric
peptide, specifically a .beta.-amyloid monomeric peptide such as,
for example, A.beta. monomeric peptide 1-39; 1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or
1-43, but especially a A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptide, is
capable of inhibiting the aggregation of the amyloid monomers,
particularly the aggregation of .beta.-amyloid monomeric peptides
such as, for example, A.beta. monomeric peptides 1-39; 1-40, 1-41,
1-42, or 1-43, but especially of the A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric
peptide into high molecular polymeric fibrils or filaments by at
least 85%, particularly by at least 89% and more particularly by at
least 95% as compared to the respective amyloid peptide monomers
incubated in buffer (control).
[0066] In a specific embodiment, the invention provides an
antibody, particularly a monoclonal antibody, including any
functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof, which
exhibits high specificity to A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptides
but shows essentially no or only minor cross-reactivity to
A.beta..sub.1-38, A.beta..sub.1-39, A.beta..sub.1-40, and/or
A.beta..sub.1-41 monomeric peptides, particularly an antibody, but
especially a monoclonal antibody, including any functionally
equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof, which antibody is
up to 100 fold, particularly 50 to 100 fold, more particularly 80
to 100 fold, but especially 100 fold more sensitive to amyloid
peptide A.beta..sub.1-42 as compared to A.beta..sub.1-38,
A.beta..sub.1-39, A.beta..sub.1-40, A.beta..sub.1-41 and up to 1000
fold, particularly 500 to 1000 fold, more particularly 800 to 1000
fold, but especially 1000 fold more sensitive to amyloid peptide
A.beta..sub.1-42 as compared to A.beta..sub.1-38, and thus capable
of inhibiting, in vitro and in vivo, the aggregation of
amyloidogenic monomeric peptides, but especially of amyloid peptide
A.beta..sub.1-42
[0067] In another specific embodiment of the invention an antibody,
particularly a monoclonal antibody, including any functionally
equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof, which has a high
binding sensitivity to amyloid peptide A.beta..sub.1-42 and is
capable of detecting A.beta..sub.1-42 fibers in a concentration of
down to at least 0.001 .mu.g, but particularly in a concentration
range of between 0.5 .mu.g and 0.001 .mu.g, more particularly
between 0.1 .mu.g and 0.001 .mu.g, but especially in a
concentration of 0.001 .mu.g.
[0068] In a very specific embodiment of the invention an antibody
is provided, particularly a monoclonal antibody, including any
functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof, which
antibody is capable of detecting A.beta..sub.1-42 fibers down to a
minimal concentration of 0.001 .mu.g and A.beta..sub.1-40 fibers
down to a minimal concentration of 0.1 .mu.g and A.beta..sub.1-38
fibers down to a minimal concentration of 1 .mu.g amount of
fibers.
[0069] Binding of the antibodies according to the invention and as
described herein before to amyloidogenic monomeric peptides but,
particularly, to the amyloid form (1-42) leads to inhibition of the
aggregation of monomeric amyloidogenic peptides to high molecular
fibrils or filaments. Through the inhibition of the aggregation of
amyloidogenic monomeric peptides the antibodies according to the
present invention are capable of preventing or slowing down the
formation of amyloid plaques, particularly the amyloid form (1-42),
which is know to become insoluble by change of secondary
conformation and to be the major part of amyloid plaques in brains
of diseased animals or humans.
[0070] The aggregation inhibition potential of the antibody
according to the invention may be determined by any suitable method
known in the art, particularly by density-gradient
ultracentrifugation followed by a SDS-PAGE sedimentation analysis
on a preformed gradient and/or by a thioflavin T (Th-T) fluorescent
assay.
[0071] The present invention further provides antibodies which,
upon co-incubation with preformed high molecular polymeric amyloid
fibrils or filaments formed by the aggregation of amyloid monomeric
peptides, specifically .beta.-amyloid monomeric peptides such as,
for example, A.beta. monomeric peptides 1-39; 1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or
1-43, but especially A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptides, are
capable of disaggregating said high molecular polymeric amyloid
fibrils or filaments.
[0072] In another embodiment of the invention an antibody is
provided, but especially a monoclonal antibody including any
functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof, which
antibody, upon co-incubation at a molar concentration ratio of up
to 1:100, more particularly at a molar concentration ratio of
between 1:30 and 1:100, but especially at a molar concentration
ratio of 1:100, with preformed high molecular polymeric amyloid
fibrils or filaments formed by the aggregation of amyloid monomeric
peptides, particularly .beta.-amyloid monomeric peptides such as,
for example, A.beta. monomeric peptides 1-39; 1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or
1-43, but especially A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptides, is
capable of disaggregating the preformed polymeric fibrils or
filaments by at least 35%, particularly by at least 40%, more
particularly by at least 50%, even more particularly by at least
60%, but especially by at least 70% or more.
[0073] In particular, the antibody according to the invention is
co-incubated with amyloid preformed high molecular polymeric
amyloid fibrils or filaments for 12 hours to 36 hours, particularly
for 18 hours to 30 hours, more particularly for 24 hours at a
temperature of between 28.degree. C. and 40.degree. C.,
particularly of between 32.degree. C. and 38.degree. C., more
particularly at 37.degree. C.
[0074] In a specific embodiment the present invention provides an
antibody, particularly a monoclonal antibody, including any
functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof, which
antibody, upon co-incubation for 24 hours at 37.degree. C. at a
molar concentration ratio of 1:100 with preformed high molecular
polymeric amyloid fibrils or filaments formed by the aggregation of
amyloid monomeric peptides, particularly .beta.-amyloid monomeric
peptides such as, for example, A.beta. monomeric peptides 1-39;
1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or 1-43, but especially A.beta..sub.1-42
monomeric peptides, is capable of disaggregating said preformed
high molecular polymeric amyloid fibrils or filaments by at least
35%, particularly by at least 40%, more particularly by at least
50%, even more particularly by at least 60%, but especially by at
least 70% or more as compared to the respective preformed amyloid
polymeric fibrils or filaments incubated with a control vehicle
(amyloid alone) (control).
[0075] The disaggregation potential of the antibody according to
the invention may be determined by any suitable method known in the
art, particularly by density-gradient ultracentrifugation followed
by a SDS-PAGE sedimentation analysis on a preformed gradient and/or
by a thioflavin T (Th-T) fluorescent assay.
[0076] The present invention further provides antibodies or
functional parts thereof which are conformationally sensitive.
[0077] In a further embodiment of the invention an antibody is
provided, but especially a monoclonal antibody including any
functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof, which
antibody, upon co-incubation with preformed high molecular
polymeric amyloid fibrils or filaments formed by the aggregation of
amyloid monomeric peptides, particularly .beta.-amyloid monomeric
peptides such as, for example, A.beta. monomeric peptides 1-39;
1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or 1-43, but especially A.beta..sub.1-42
monomeric peptides, is capable of inducing a transition of the
.beta.-sheet conformation towards an .alpha.-helix and/or a random
coil conformation, but particularly a random coil conformation,
even more particularly a random coil conformation at a given
location in the molecule, especially in the environment of Val12 of
the A.beta. protein, which leads to an increase of the random coil
conformation at the expense of the .beta.-sheet conformation and an
improved solubilization of the preformed high molecular polymeric
amyloid fibrils or filaments. In particular the decrease of the
.beta.-sheet conformation amounts to at least 30%, particularly to
at least 35%, and more particularly to at least 40% and more as
compared to the respective preformed amyloid polymeric fibrils or
filaments incubated in buffer (control).
[0078] In particular, the antibody according to the invention is
co-incubated with amyloid preformed high molecular polymeric
amyloid fibrils or filaments for 12 hours to 36 hours, particularly
for 18 hours to 30 hours, more particularly for 24 hours at a
temperature of between 28.degree. C. and 40.degree. C.,
particularly of between 32.degree. C. and 38.degree. C., more
particularly at 37.degree. C.
[0079] In particular, the present invention provides an antibody,
particularly a monoclonal antibody, including any functionally
equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof, which antibody,
upon co-incubation for 24 hours at 37.degree. C. at a molar
concentration ratio of 1:100 with preformed high molecular
polymeric amyloid fibrils or filaments formed by the aggregation of
amyloid monomeric peptides, particularly .beta.-amyloid monomeric
peptides such as, for example, A.beta. monomeric peptides 1-39;
1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or 1-43, but especially A.beta..sub.1-42
monomeric peptides, is capable of inducing a transition of the
.beta.-sheet conformation towards an .alpha.-helix and/or a random
coil conformation, but particularly a random coil conformation,
even more particularly a random coil conformation at a given
location in the molecule, especially in the environment of Val12 of
the A.beta. protein, which leads to an increase of the random coil
conformation at the expense of the .beta.-sheet conformation, with
the latter being reduced by at least 30%, particularly by at least
35%, and more particularly by at least 40% and more as compared to
the respective preformed amyloid polymeric fibrils or filaments
incubated in buffer (control).
[0080] The antibody's potential in inducing a conformational
transition may be determined by any suitable method known in the
art, particularly by solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy but, in
particular, by measuring the integral intensities of the
conformations of Val12 C.beta. in the A.beta. peptide, particularly
the A.beta. peptides 1-39; 1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or 1-43, but
especially in the A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptide.
[0081] Through the disaggregation of amyloidogenic polymeric
fibrils or filaments the antibodies according to the present
invention are capable of preventing or slowing down the formation
of amyloid plaques, which leads to an alleviation of the symptoms
associated with the disease and a delay or reversal of its
progression.
[0082] Accordingly, it is a further embodiment of the invention to
provide an antibody, particularly a monoclonal antibody, including
any functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof as
described herein before, which antibody is capable of decreasing
the total amount of A.beta. in the brain of an animal, particularly
a mammal, but especially a human suffering from a disease or
condition leading to increased concentration of A.beta. in the
brain.
[0083] In another embodiment of the invention an antibody,
particularly a monoclonal antibody, including any functionally
equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof as described herein
before is provided, which antibody is capable of disrupting plaques
thus decreasing the plaque load in the brain of an animal,
particularly a mammal, but especially a human suffering from a
disease or condition leading to an increased plaque load in the
brain. The antibody according to the invention including any
functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof
decreases the plaque load in the brain by at least 20%,
particularly by at least 25%, more particularly by at least 30%,
even more particularly more than 30%.
[0084] In still another embodiment of the invention an antibody,
particularly a monoclonal antibody, including any functionally
equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof as described herein
before is provided, which antibody is capable of solubilizing
plaques leading to a reduction of the amount of plaques in the
brain of an animal, particularly a mammal, but especially a human
suffering from a disease or condition leading to an increased
plaque load in the brain. The antibody according to the invention
including any functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts
thereof reduces the amount of plaques in the brain by at least 10%,
particularly by at least 15%, more particularly by at least
20%.
[0085] It is to be understood that the antibody according to the
invention can exhibit one, two or more of the specific properties
described herein before in various combinations.
[0086] For example, in one embodiment, the present invention
provides antibodies, but especially monoclonal antibodies including
any functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof,
which antibodies are bifunctional in that they exhibit both an
aggregation inhibition property as well as a disaggregation
property as defined herein before, particularly paired with a high
degree of conformational sensitivity.
[0087] In still another embodiment of the invention a bifunctional
antibody is provided including any functionally equivalent antibody
or functional parts thereof, but especially a bifunctional
monoclonal antibody including any functionally equivalent antibody
or functional parts thereof, which antibody, upon co-incubation
with amyloid monomeric peptides, particularly .beta.-amyloid
monomeric peptides such as, for example, A.beta. monomeric peptides
1-39; 1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or 1-43, but especially A.beta..sub.1-42
monomeric peptides, inhibits the aggregation of the A.beta.
monomers into high molecular polymeric fibrils or filaments and, in
addition, upon co-incubation with preformed high molecular
polymeric amyloid fibrils or filaments formed by the aggregation of
amyloid monomeric peptides, particularly .beta.-amyloid monomeric
peptides such as, for example, A.beta. monomeric peptides 1-39;
1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or 1-43, but especially A.beta..sub.1-42
monomeric peptides, is capable of disaggregating the preformed
polymeric fibrils or filaments.
[0088] In a specific embodiment of the invention the co-incubation
of the bifunctional antibody according to the invention, but
especially of the bifunctional monoclonal antibody according to the
invention with amyloid monomeric peptides and preformed high
molecular polymeric amyloid fibrils or filaments, respectively,
takes place at a molar concentration ratio of up to 1:100,
particularly at a ratio of between 1:30 and 1:100, and more
particularly at a ration of 1:100.
[0089] In particular, the co-incubation of the antibody according
to the invention with amyloid monomeric peptides is carried out for
24 hours to 60 hours, particularly for 30 hours to 50 hours, more
particularly for 48 hours at a temperature of between 28.degree. C.
and 40.degree. C., particularly of between 32.degree. C. and
38.degree. C., more particularly at 37.degree. C., whereas the
co-incubation with amyloid preformed high molecular polymeric
amyloid fibrils or filaments is carried out for 12 hours to 36
hours, particularly for 18 hours to 30 hours, more particularly for
24 hours at a temperature of between 28.degree. C. and 40.degree.
C., particularly of between 32.degree. C. and 38.degree. C., more
particularly at 37.degree. C.
[0090] In still another specific embodiment of the invention the
bifunctional antibody according to the invention, particularly the
bifunctional monoclonal antibody according to the invention,
including any functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts
thereof, is capable of disaggregating the preformed polymeric
fibrils or filaments by at least 10%, particularly by at least 25%,
more particularly by at least 35%, even more particularly by at
least 50%, but especially by at least 60-70% or more.
[0091] In still another specific embodiment of the invention the
bifunctional antibody according to the invention, particularly the
bifunctional monoclonal antibody according to the invention,
including any functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts
thereof, inhibits the aggregation of amyloid monomeric peptides,
particularly .beta.-amyloid monomeric peptides such as, for
example, A.beta. monomeric peptides 1-39; 1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or
1-43, but especially A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptides by at
least 50%, particularly by at least 65%, more particularly by at
least 75%, even more particularly by at least 80%, but especially
by at least 85-90%, or more as compared to the respective amyloid
peptide monomers incubated in buffer (control).
[0092] In particular, the present invention provides an antibody,
particularly a bifunctional antibody, but especially a monoclonal
antibody, particularly a bifunctional monoclonal antibody,
including any functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts
thereof, which antibody mediates inhibition of polymerization of
amyloid monomeric peptides, specifically .beta.-amyloid monomeric
peptides such as, for example, A.beta. monomeric peptides 1-39;
1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or 1-43, but especially A.beta..sub.1-42
monomeric peptides and/or induces solubilization of preformed high
molecular polymeric amyloid fibrils or filaments formed by the
aggregation of amyloid monomeric peptides, particularly
.beta.-amyloid monomeric peptides such as, for example, A.beta.
monomeric peptides 1-39; 1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or 1-43, but especially
A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptides, through specific and direct
binding of the antibody to the A.beta. fibers, which leads to a
transition of secondary conformation.
[0093] The present invention further provides an antibody,
particularly a bifunctional antibody, but especially a monoclonal
antibody, particularly a bifunctional monoclonal antibody,
including any functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts
thereof, which antibody directly and specifically binds to
.beta.-amyloid fibers such as, for example, fibers comprising
A.beta. monomeric peptides 1-39; 1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or 1-43, but
especially to fibers comprising A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptides
and/or induces solubilization of preformed high molecular polymeric
amyloid fibrils or filaments formed by the aggregation of amyloid
monomeric peptides, particularly .beta.-amyloid monomeric peptides
such as, for example, A.beta. monomeric peptides 1-39; 1-40, 1-41,
1-42, or 1-43, but especially A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptides,
by targeting and specifically binding to an epitope within an
epitopic region of the .beta.-amyloid protein, particularly an
epitopic region of the A.beta. polypeptide confined by amino acid
residues aa.sub.n-aa.sub.m with n being an integer between 2 and
16, particularly between 5 and 16, more particularly between 8 and
16, even more particularly between 10 and 16 and m being an integer
between 3 and 25, particularly between 3 and 23, particularly
between 3 and 20, particularly between 3 and 17, particularly
between 6 and 17, more particularly between 9 and 17, even more
particularly between 11 and 17, wherein n and m cannot be identical
numbers and n must always be a smaller number than m, with the
difference between n and m.gtoreq.2.
[0094] In a specific embodiment of the invention, n is an integer
between 13 and 15, but especially 14 and m is an integer between 22
and 24, but especially 23.
[0095] The binding of the antibody according to the invention may
induce a conformational transition in said protein, particularly a
transition of the .beta.-sheet conformation towards an
.alpha.-helix and/or a random coil conformation, but particularly a
random coil conformation, even more particularly a random coil
conformation at a given location in the molecule, particularly in
the environment of Val12 of the A.beta. protein.
[0096] In a further embodiment, the invention provides an antibody,
particularly a monoclonal antibody, including any functionally
equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof, which antibody
incorporates at least one of the properties mentioned herein before
and selected from the group consisting of aggregation inhibition,
disaggregation, induction of conformational transition, recognition
of and direct binding to an epitope, particularly a conformational
discontinuous epitope in the 14-23, particularly in the 14-20
region, preventing or slowing down the formation of amyloid
plaques, decreasing the total amount of soluble A.beta. in the
brain, decreasing the plaque load in the brain, reducing the amount
of plaques in the brain, retaining or increasing cognitive memory
capacity, but especially a combination of two or more of said
properties.
[0097] In specific embodiment, the invention relates to an
antibody, particularly a monoclonal antibody, including any
functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof, which
antibody incorporates at least 2, particularly at least 3, more
particularly at least 4, even more particularly at least 5, 6, 7 or
8, but especially all of the above mentioned properties.
[0098] In a specific embodiment, the invention provides an
antibody, particularly a bifunctional antibody, but especially a
monoclonal antibody, particularly a bifunctional monoclonal
antibody, including any functionally equivalent antibody or
functional parts thereof, which exhibits high specificity to
A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptides but shows essentially no or
only minor cross-reactivity to A.beta..sub.1-38, A.beta..sub.1-39,
A.beta..sub.1-40, and/or A.beta..sub.1-41 monomeric peptides,
particularly an antibody, but especially a monoclonal antibody,
including any functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts
thereof, which antibody is up to 100 fold, particularly 50 to 100
fold, more particularly 80 to 100 fold, but especially 100 fold
more sensitive to amyloid peptide A.beta..sub.1-42 as compared to
A.beta..sub.1-38, A.beta..sub.1-39, A.beta..sub.1-40,
A.beta..sub.1-41 and up to 1000 fold, particularly 500 to 1000
fold, more particularly 800 to 1000 fold, but especially 1000 fold
more sensitive to amyloid peptide A.beta..sub.1-42 as compared to
A.beta..sub.1-38, and thus capable of inhibiting, in vitro and in
vivo, the aggregation of amyloidogenic monomeric peptides, but
especially of amyloid peptide A.beta..sub.1-42
[0099] In another specific embodiment of the invention an antibody,
particularly a bifunctional antibody, but especially a monoclonal
antibody, particularly a bifunctional monoclonal antibody,
including any functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts
thereof, which has a high binding affinity to amyloid peptide
A.beta..sub.1-42 and is capable of detecting A.beta..sub.1-42
fibers in a concentration of down to at least 0.001 .mu.g, but
particularly in a concentration range of between 0.5 .mu.g and
0.001 .mu.g, more particularly between 0.1 .mu.g and 0.001 .mu.g,
but especially in a concentration of 0.001 .mu.g.
[0100] In a very specific embodiment of the invention an antibody
is provided, particularly a bifunctional antibody, but especially a
monoclonal antibody, particularly a bifunctional monoclonal
antibody, including any functionally equivalent antibody or
functional parts thereof, which antibody is capable of detecting
A.beta..sub.1-42 fibers down to a minimal concentration of 0.001
.mu.g and A.beta..sub.1-40 fibers down to a minimal concentration
of 0.1 .mu.g and A.beta..sub.1-38 fibers down to a minimal
concentration of 1 .mu.g amount of fibers.
[0101] In one specific aspect, the invention relates to an antibody
or a fragment thereof, which recognizes and binds to at least one
distinct binding site, particularly to a least two distinct binding
sites on the .beta.-amyloid protein.
[0102] In a specific embodiment, the invention relates to an
antibody including any functionally equivalent antibody or
functional parts thereof which antibody recognizes and binds to at
least one distinct binding site, particularly to a least two
distinct binding sites on the .beta.-amyloid protein wherein the
said at least one or said at least two distinct binding sites
comprise at least one amino acid residue and at least two
consecutive amino acid residues, respectively, predominantly
involved in the binding of the antibody, wherein, in a specific
embodiment of the invention, the at least one residue comprising
the first distinct binding site is Leu and the at least two
consecutive amino acid residues, comprising the second distinct
binding site, are -Phe-Phe- embedded within the following core
sequence:
TABLE-US-00001
-Xaa.sub.1-Xaa.sub.2-Xaa.sub.3-Leu-Xaa.sub.4-Phe-Phe-Xaa.sub.5-Xaa.sub.6--
Xaa.sub.7-
[0103] wherein [0104] Xaa.sub.1 is an amino acid residue selected
from the group comprising His, Asn, Gln Lys, and Arg; [0105]
Xaa.sub.2 is an amino acid residue selected from the group
comprising Asn and Gln; [0106] Xaa.sub.3 is an amino acid residue
selected from the group comprising Lys, His, Asn, Gln and Arg
[0107] Xaa.sub.4 is an amino acid residue selected from the group
comprising Ala, Val, Leu, norleucine, Met, Phe, and Ile; [0108]
Xaa.sub.5 is an amino acid residue selected from the group
comprising Ala, Val, Leu, Ser and Ile; [0109] Xaa.sub.6 is an amino
acid residue selected from the group comprising Glu and Asp, [0110]
Xaa.sub.7 is an amino acid residue selected from the group
comprising Glu and Asp.
[0111] In particular, an antibody or a fragment thereof is
provided, which recognizes and binds to at least one distinct
binding site, particularly to a least two distinct binding sites on
the .beta.-amyloid protein wherein the said at least one or said at
least two distinct binding sites comprise at least one amino acid
residue and at least two consecutive amino acid residues,
respectively, predominantly involved in the binding of the
antibody, wherein, in a specific embodiment of the invention, the
at least one residue constituting the first distinct binding site
is Leu and the at least two consecutive amino acid residues,
constituting the second distinct binding site, are -Phe-Phe-
embedded within the following core sequence:
TABLE-US-00002
-Xaa.sub.1-Xaa.sub.2-Xaa.sub.3-Leu-Xaa.sub.4-Phe-Phe-Xaa.sub.5-Xaa.sub.6--
Xaa.sub.7-
[0112] wherein [0113] Xaa.sub.1 is an amino acid residue selected
from the group comprising His, Asn, Gln Lys, and Arg; [0114]
Xaa.sub.2 is an amino acid residue selected from the group
comprising Asn and Gln; [0115] Xaa.sub.3 is an amino acid residue
selected from the group comprising Lys, His, Asn, Gln and Arg
[0116] Xaa.sub.4 is an amino acid residue selected from the group
comprising Ala, Val, Leu, norleucine, Met, Phe, and Ile; [0117]
Xaa.sub.5 is an amino acid residue selected from the group
comprising Ala, Val, Leu, Ser and Ile; [0118] Xaa.sub.6 is an amino
acid residue selected from the group comprising Glu and Asp, [0119]
Xaa.sub.7 is an amino acid residue selected from the group
comprising Glu and Asp.
[0120] In another embodiment of the invention, an antibody or a
fragment thereof is provided, wherein [0121] Xaa.sub.1 is His or
Arg, but particularly His; [0122] Xaa.sub.2 is Gln or Asn, but
particularly Gln; [0123] Xaa.sub.3 is Lys or Arg, but particularly
Lys [0124] Xaa.sub.4 is Val or Leu, but particularly Val; [0125]
Xaa.sub.5 is Ala or Val, but particularly Ala; [0126] Xaa.sub.6 is
Glu or Asp, but particularly Glu; and [0127] Xaa.sub.7 is Asp or
Glu, but particularly Asp.
[0128] In another aspect, the invention relates to an antibody or a
fragment thereof, which recognizes and binds to at least one
distinct binding site, particularly to a least two distinct binding
sites, more particularly to at least three distinct binding sites
on the .beta.-amyloid protein, wherein said one or the at least two
or the at least three distinct binding sites each comprise at least
one, particularly at least two consecutive amino acid residues
predominantly involved in the binding of the antibody.
[0129] In particular, the antibody or a fragment thereof according
to the invention binds to at least two distinct binding sites on
the .beta.-amyloid protein, wherein said at least two distinct
binding sites each comprise at least two consecutive amino acid
residues predominantly involved in the binding of the antibody,
wherein said at least two distinct binding sites are located in
close proximity to each other on the antigen, separated by at least
one amino acid residue not involved in antibody binding or to a
significantly smaller extent as compared to said at least two
consecutive amino acid residues, thus forming a conformational
discontinuous epitope.
[0130] In another embodiment of the invention, an antibody or a
fragment thereof according to the invention is provided, which
recognizes and binds to at least one distinct binding site,
particularly to a least two distinct binding sites, more
particularly to at least three distinct binding sites on the
.beta.-amyloid protein wherein said distinct binding sites comprise
at least one and at least two consecutive amino acid residues,
respectively, predominantly involved in the binding of the
antibody, wherein the at least one and the at least two consecutive
amino acids, which are separated by at least one amino acid residue
not involved in antibody binding or to a significantly smaller
extent as compared to the amino acid residues predominantly
involved in the binding of the antibody, are -His- and -Lys-Leu-,
respectively, embedded within the following core sequence:
TABLE-US-00003
-His-Xaa.sub.2-Lys-Leu-Xaa.sub.3-Xaa.sub.4-Xaa.sub.5-Xaa.sub.6--Xaa.sub.7-
-Xaa.sub.8-
wherein [0131] Xaa.sub.2 is an amino acid residue selected from the
group comprising Asn and Gln; [0132] Xaa.sub.3 is an amino acid
residue selected from the group comprising Ala, Val, Leu,
norleucine, Met, Phe, and Ile; [0133] Xaa.sub.4 is an amino acid
residue selected from the group comprising Ala, Val, Leu,
norleucine, Met, Phe, and Ile [0134] Xaa.sub.5 is an amino acid
residue selected from the group comprising Ala, Val, Leu,
norleucine, Met, Phe, and He [0135] Xaa.sub.6 is an amino acid
residue selected from the group comprising Ala, Val, Leu, Ser and
He; [0136] Xaa.sub.7 is an amino acid residue selected from the
group comprising Glu and Asp, [0137] Xaa.sub.8 is an amino acid
residue selected from the group comprising Glu and Asp [0138] and
wherein said amino acid residues Xaa.sub.2, Xaa.sub.3, Xaa.sub.6,
Xaa.sub.7, Xaa.sub.8, are not involved in antibody binding or to a
significantly smaller extent as compared to the -His- and the
-Lys-Leu- binding site.
[0139] In another embodiment, an antibody or a fragment thereof is
provided, which recognizes and binds to at least one distinct
binding site, particularly to a least two distinct binding sites,
more particularly to at least three distinct binding sites on the
.beta.-amyloid protein wherein said distinct binding sites comprise
at least one and at least two consecutive amino acid residues,
respectively, predominantly involved in the binding of the
antibody, wherein the at least two consecutive amino acid residues
representing a first binding site are -Phe-Phe- and the at least
one amino acid residue is -His- embedded within the following core
sequence:
TABLE-US-00004
-Xaa.sub.1-His-Xaa.sub.3-Xaa.sub.4-Xaa.sub.5-Xaa.sub.6-Phe-Phe-Xaa.sub.7--
Xaa.sub.8- Xaa.sub.9-,
[0140] wherein [0141] Xaa.sub.1 is an amino acid residue selected
from the group comprising His, Asn, Gln, Lys and Arg [0142]
Xaa.sub.3 is an amino acid residue selected from the group
comprising Asn and Gln [0143] Xaa.sub.4 is an amino acid residue
selected from the group comprising His, Asn, Gln, Lys and Arg
[0144] Xaa.sub.5 is an amino acid residue selected from the group
comprising Ala, Val, Leu, Ser and He; [0145] Xaa.sub.6 is an amino
acid residue selected from the group comprising Ala, Val, Leu and
Ile [0146] Xaa.sub.7 is an amino acid residue selected from the
group comprising Ala, Val, Leu and Ile [0147] Xaa.sub.8 is an amino
acid residue selected from the group comprising Glu and Asp, [0148]
Xaa.sub.9 is an amino acid residue selected from the group
comprising Glu and Asp, and wherein said amino acid residues
Xaa.sub.1, Xaa.sub.3, Xaa.sub.6, Xaa.sub.7, Xaa.sub.8 and
Xaa.sub.9, are not involved in antibody binding or to a
significantly smaller extent as compared to the His and the
-Phe-Phe- binding site.
[0149] In a specific embodiment of the invention, the first of at
least two consecutive amino acid residues predominantly involved in
the binding of the antibody involve -Lys- and -Leu-, and the second
of the at least two consecutive amino acid residues involve
-Phe-Phe- embedded within the following core sequence:
TABLE-US-00005
-Xaa.sub.1-Xaa.sub.2-Lys-Leu-Xaa.sub.4-Phe-Phe-Xaa.sub.5-Xaa.sub.6-Xaa.su-
b.7-
[0150] wherein [0151] Xaa.sub.1 is an amino acid residue selected
from the group comprising His, Asn, Gln Lys, and Arg; [0152]
Xaa.sub.2 is an amino acid residue selected from the group
comprising Asn and Gln; [0153] Xaa.sub.4 is an amino acid residue
selected from the group comprising Ala, Val, Leu, norleucine, Met,
Phe, and Ile; [0154] Xaa.sub.5 is an amino acid residue selected
from the group comprising Ala, Val, Leu, Ser and Ile; [0155]
Xaa.sub.6 is an amino acid residue selected from the group
comprising Glu and Asp, [0156] Xaa.sub.7 is an amino acid residue
selected from the group comprising Glu and Asp, and wherein said
amino acid residues Xaa.sub.2, Xaa.sub.3, Xaa.sub.4, Xaa.sub.5,
Xaa.sub.6, Xaa.sub.7 are not involved in antibody binding or to a
significantly smaller extent as compared to the -Lys-Leu and the
-Phe-Phe- binding site.
[0157] In another embodiment of the invention, an antibody or a
fragment thereof is provided, wherein [0158] Xaa.sub.1 is His or
Arg, but particularly His; [0159] Xaa.sub.2 is Gln or Asn, but
particularly Gln; [0160] Xaa.sub.4 is Val or Leu, but particularly
Val; [0161] Xaa.sub.5 is Ala or Val, but particularly Ala; [0162]
Xaa.sub.6 is Glu or Asp, but particularly Glu; and [0163] Xaa.sub.7
is Asp or Glu, but particularly Asp.
[0164] In a further embodiment of the invention, the antibody or a
fragment thereof according to the invention binds to at least three
distinct binding sites on the .beta.-amyloid protein wherein said
at least three distinct binding sites comprise at least one amino
acid residue and at least two consecutive amino acid residues,
respectively, which residues are predominantly involved in the
binding of the antibody, wherein said at least three distinct
binding sites are located in close proximity to each other on the
antigen, separated by at least one amino acid residue not involved
in antibody binding or to a significantly smaller extent as
compared to said at least one amino acid residue and said at least
two consecutive amino acid residues, respectively, thus forming a
conformational discontinuous epitope.
[0165] In a specific embodiment of the invention, the first of the
at least two consecutive amino acid residues predominantly involved
in the binding of the antibody involve -Lys-Leu-, and the second of
the at least two consecutive amino acid residues involve -Phe-Phe-,
and the third at least one amino residue involves -His- embedded
within the following core sequence:
TABLE-US-00006
-His-Xaa.sub.2-Lys-Leu-Xaa.sub.4-Phe-Phe-Xaa.sub.5-Xaa.sub.6-Xaa.sub.7-
[0166] wherein [0167] Xaa.sub.2 is an amino acid residue selected
from the group comprising Asn and Gln; [0168] Xaa.sub.4 is an amino
acid residue selected from the group comprising Ala, Val, Leu,
norleucine, Met, Phe, and Ile; [0169] Xaa.sub.5 is an amino acid
residue selected from the group comprising Ala, Val, Leu, Ser and
Ile; [0170] Xaa.sub.6 is an amino acid residue selected from the
group comprising Glu and Asp, [0171] Xaa.sub.7 is an amino acid
residue selected from the group comprising Glu and Asp, and wherein
said amino acid residues Xaa.sub.2, Xaa.sub.3, Xaa.sub.4,
Xaa.sub.5, Xaa.sub.6, Xaa.sub.7 are not involved in antibody
binding or to a significantly smaller extent as compared to the
-His-, the -Lys-Leu, and the -Phe-Phe- binding site.
[0172] In another embodiment of the invention, an antibody or a
fragment thereof is provided, wherein [0173] Xaa.sub.2 is Gln or
Asn, but particularly Gln; [0174] Xaa.sub.4 is Val or Leu, but
particularly Val; [0175] Xaa.sub.5 is Ala or Val, but particularly
Ala; [0176] Xaa.sub.6 is Glu or Asp, but particularly Glu; and
[0177] Xaa.sub.7 is Glu or Asp, but particularly Asp.
[0178] In a specific embodiment of the invention, the first of the
at least two consecutive amino acid residues predominantly involved
in the binding of the antibody involve -Lys-Leu-, and the second of
the at least two consecutive amino acid residues involve -Phe-Phe-,
and the third at least one amino residue involves -Asp- embedded
within the following core sequence:
TABLE-US-00007
-Xaa.sub.1-Xaa.sub.2-Lys-Leu-Xaa.sub.4-Phe-Phe-Xaa.sub.5-Xaa.sub.6-Asp-
[0179] wherein [0180] Xaa.sub.1 is an amino acid residue selected
from the group comprising His, Mn, Gln Lys, and Arg; [0181]
Xaa.sub.2 is an amino acid residue selected from the group
comprising Asn and Gln; [0182] Xaa.sub.4 is an amino acid residue
selected from the group comprising Ala, Val, Leu, norleucine, Met,
Phe, and Ile; [0183] Xaa.sub.5 is an amino acid residue selected
from the group comprising Ala, Val, Leu, Ser and Ile; [0184]
Xaa.sub.6 is an amino acid residue selected from the group
comprising Glu and Asp, and wherein said amino acid residues
Xaa.sub.2, Xaa.sub.3, Xaa.sub.4, Xaa.sub.5, Xaa.sub.6, Xaa.sub.7
are not involved in antibody binding or to a significantly smaller
extent as compared to the -Asp-, the -Lys-Leu, and the -Phe-Phe-
binding site.
[0185] In another embodiment of the invention, an antibody or a
fragment thereof is provided, wherein [0186] Xaa.sub.1 is His or
Arg, but particularly His; [0187] Xaa.sub.2 is Gln or Asn, but
particularly Gln; [0188] Xaa.sub.4 is Val or Leu, but particularly
Val; [0189] Xaa.sub.5 is Ala or Val, but particularly Ala; and
[0190] Xaa.sub.6 is Glu or Asp, but particularly Glu
[0191] In a further specific embodiment of the invention, an
antibody or a fragment thereof according to the invention is
provided, which binds to 4 distinct binding sites on the
.beta.-amyloid protein wherein said 4 distinct binding sites
comprise one amino acid residue and two consecutive amino acid
residues, respectively, which residues are predominantly involved
in the binding of the antibody, wherein said 4 distinct binding
sites are located in close proximity to each other on the antigen,
separated by at least one amino acid residue not involved in
antibody binding or to a significantly smaller extent as compared
to said one amino acid residue and said two consecutive amino acid
residues of the 4 distinct binding sites thus forming a
conformational discontinuous epitope.
[0192] In particular, the first of the two consecutive amino acid
residues predominantly involved in the binding of the antibody are
-Lys-Leu-, and the second of the at least two consecutive amino
acid residues are -Phe-Phe-, the first of the single amino residues
is -His- and the second of the single amino residues is -Asp-
embedded within the following core sequence:
TABLE-US-00008
-His-Xaa.sub.2-Lys-Leu-Xaa.sub.4-Phe-Phe-Xaa.sub.5-Xaa.sub.6-Asp-
[0193] wherein [0194] Xaa.sub.2 is an amino acid residue selected
from the group comprising Asn and Gln; [0195] Xaa.sub.4 is an amino
acid residue selected from the group comprising Ala, Val, Leu,
norleucine, Met, Phe, and Ile; [0196] Xaa.sub.5 is an amino acid
residue selected from the group comprising Ala, Val, Leu, Ser and
Ile; [0197] Xaa.sub.6 is an amino acid residue selected from the
group comprising Glu and Asp, and wherein said amino acid residues
Xaa.sub.2, Xaa.sub.3, Xaa.sub.4, Xaa.sub.5, Xaa.sub.6, Xaa.sub.7
are not involved in antibody binding or to a significantly smaller
extent as compared to the -His-, -Asp-, the -Lys-Leu, and the
-Phe-Phe- binding site.
[0198] In a specific embodiment of the invention, the recognition
and binding sites as defined herein before are forming a
conformational discontinuous epitope localized in a region of the
.beta.-amyloid protein between amino acid residue 12 to 24,
particularly between residues 14 to 23, more particularly between
amino acid residues 14 and 20, wherein the three distinct
recognition and binding sites comprising 1 and 2 amino acid
residues, respectively, are located at position 16, 17, and at
position 19 and 20, and at position 14, respectively, which
residues are predominantly involved in the binding of the
.beta.-amyloid protein and wherein said three distinct recognition
and binding sites are separated by one amino acid residue located
at position 15 and 18, respectively, which amino acids are not
involved in the binding of the antigen or, at least, to a
substantially smaller extent.
[0199] In a specific embodiment, said consecutive amino acid
residues, particularly -Lys-Leu- at position 16 and 17 and
-Phe-Phe- at position 19 and 20, which are predominantly involved
in the binding of the .beta.-amyloid protein, are embedded into the
following core region:
TABLE-US-00009 Val- His- His- Gln- Lys- Leu- Val- Phe- Phe- Ala-
Glu- Asp 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
[0200] In a further specific embodiment, said consecutive amino
acid residues, particularly -Lys- at position 16, -Leu- at position
17 and -Phe- Phe- at position 19 and 20, and -His- at position 14,
which are predominantly involved in the binding of the
.beta.-amyloid protein are embedded into the following core
region:
TABLE-US-00010 Val- His- His- Gln- Lys- Leu- Val- Phe- Phe- Ala-
Glu- Asp- 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
[0201] In a specific embodiment of the invention, the antibody
according to the invention is raised against an antigen fragment
which does not contain said distinct binding site.
[0202] This shift in the epitopic region may have at least
partially been caused by the use of a supramolecular antigenic
construct comprising an antigenic peptide corresponding to the
amino acid sequence of the .beta.-amyloid peptide, particularly of
.beta.-amyloid peptide A.beta..sub.1-16, modified with a
hydrophilic moiety such as, for example, polyethylene glycol (PEG),
wherein said hydrophilic moiety is covalently bound to each of the
termini of the antigenic peptide through at least one, particularly
one or two amino acids such as, for example, lysine, glutamic acid
and cystein or any other suitable amino acid or amino acid analogue
capable of serving as a connecting device for coupling the
hydrophilic moiety to the peptide fragment, as described herein
below in the immunization process. When a PEG is used as the
hydrophilic moiety, the free PEG termini are covalently bound to
phosphatidylethanolamine or any other compound suitable to function
as the anchoring element, for example, to embed the antigenic
construct in the bilayer of a liposome as described herein.
[0203] Also the use of lipid A as part of the immunization protocol
may have contributed to a shift in the epitopic region.
[0204] In a specific embodiment of the invention, an antibody is
provided, which comprises the Light Chain Variable Region (LCVR) of
SEQ ID NO: 7.
[0205] In another specific embodiment, the invention relates to the
Light Chain Variable Region (LCVR) of SEQ ID NO: 7.
[0206] In still another specific embodiment of the invention, an
antibody is provided, which comprises the Heavy Chain Variable
Region (HCVR) of SEQ ID NO: 8.
[0207] In a further specific embodiment, the invention relates to
the Heavy Chain Variable Region (HCVR) of SEQ ID NO: 8.
[0208] In one embodiment, the invention relates to an antibody,
which comprises both the heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:
8 and the light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 7.
[0209] Also part of the invention is an antibody comprising a Light
Chain Variable Region (LCVR) or Heavy Chain Variable Region (HCVR)
or both, a Light Chain Variable Region (LCVR) and a Heavy Chain
Variable Region (HCVR) that is homolgous to any of the peptides
provided in SEQ ID NO: 7 and 8, respectively.
[0210] In particular, the invention relates to an antibody or a
fragment thereof, according to the present invention and as
described herein before wherein the Light Chain Variable Region
(LCVR) has an amino acid sequence that is 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,
95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the sequence given in SEQ ID
NO: 7.
[0211] Further, the invention relates to an antibody or a fragment
thereof, according to the present invention and as described herein
before wherein the Heavy Chain Variable Region (HCVR) has an amino
acid sequence that is 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%
or 99% identical to the sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 8.
[0212] Further, the invention relates to an antibody or a fragment
thereof, according to the present invention and as described herein
before wherein the Light Chain Variable Region (LCVR) and the Heavy
Chain Variable Region (HCVR) together have an amino acid sequence
that is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,
97%, 98% or 99% identical to the sequence given in SEQ ID NOS: 7
and 8.
[0213] In another specific embodiment, the invention relates to the
light chain variable region which has an amino acid sequence that
is 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to
the sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 7.
[0214] In a further specific embodiment, the invention relates to
the heavy chain variable region which has an amino acid sequence
that is 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%
identical to the sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 8.
[0215] In another embodiment of the invention, a polynucleotide is
provided comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the antibody
according to the invention as described herein before.
[0216] In particular, the invention relates to a polynucleotide
comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an antibody according to
the invention comprising [0217] a) at least the nucleotide sequence
of the light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 9 [0218] b) a
nucleotide sequence that differ from the nucleotide sequence of (a)
in codon sequence due to the degeneracy of the genetic code [0219]
c) the complementary sequence to (a) and (b) or [0220] d) a
fragment of a nucleotide sequence of (a), (b) or (c) comprising a
contiguous stretch of nucleotides selected from the group
consisting of at least 20 contiguous nucleotides, at least 25
contiguous nucleotides, at least 30 contiguous nucleotides, at
least 35 contiguous nucleotides, at least 40 contiguous
nucleotides, at least 45 contiguous nucleotides, and at least 50
contiguous nucleotides.
[0221] In another embodiment, the invention relates to a
polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an
antibody according to the invention comprising [0222] a) at least
the nucleotide sequence of the light chain of SEQ ID NO: 10 [0223]
b) a nucleotide sequence that differ from the nucleotide sequence
of (a) in codon sequence due to the degeneracy of the genetic code
[0224] c) the complementary sequence to (a) and (b) or [0225] d) a
fragment of a nucleotide sequence of (a), (b) or (c) comprising a
contiguous stretch of nucleotides selected from the group
consisting of at least 20 contiguous nucleotides, at least 25
contiguous nucleotides, at least 30 contiguous nucleotides, at
least 35 contiguous nucleotides, at least 40 contiguous
nucleotides, at least 45 contiguous nucleotides, and at least 50
contiguous nucleotides.
[0226] In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a
polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an
antibody according to the invention comprising [0227] a) at least
the nucleotide sequence of the heavy chain variable region of SEQ
ID NO: 11. [0228] b) a nucleotide sequence that differ from the
nucleotide sequence of (a) in codon sequence due to the degeneracy
of the genetic code [0229] c) the complementary sequence to (a) and
(b) or [0230] d) a fragment of a nucleotide sequence of (a), (b) or
(c) comprising a contiguous stretch of nucleotides selected from
the group consisting of at least 20 contiguous nucleotides, at
least 25 contiguous nucleotides, at least 30 contiguous
nucleotides, at least 35 contiguous nucleotides, at least 40
contiguous nucleotides, at least 45 contiguous nucleotides, and at
least 50 contiguous nucleotides.
[0231] In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a
polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an
antibody according to the invention comprising [0232] a) at least
the nucleotide sequence of the heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 12 or to
the complementary sequence [0233] b) a nucleotide sequence that
differ from the nucleotide sequence of (a) in codon sequence due to
the degeneracy of the genetic code [0234] c) the complementary
sequence to (a) and (b) or [0235] d) a fragment of a nucleotide
sequence of (a), (b) or (c) comprising a contiguous stretch of
nucleotides selected from the group consisting of at least 20
contiguous nucleotides, at least 25 contiguous nucleotides, at
least 30 contiguous nucleotides, at least 35 contiguous
nucleotides, at least 40 contiguous nucleotides, at least 45
contiguous nucleotides, and at least 50 contiguous nucleotides.
[0236] Also comprised by the invention is a polynucleotide
comprising [0237] a) the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9
encoding the light chain variable region [0238] b) a nucleotide
sequence that differ from the nucleotide sequence of (a) in codon
sequence due to the degeneracy of the genetic code [0239] c) the
complementary sequence to (a) and (b) or [0240] d) a fragment of a
nucleotide sequence of (a), (b) or (c) comprising a contiguous
stretch of nucleotides selected from the group consisting of at
least 20 contiguous nucleotides, at least 25 contiguous
nucleotides, at least 30 contiguous nucleotides, at least 35
contiguous nucleotides, at least 40 contiguous nucleotides, at
least 45 contiguous nucleotides, and at least 50 contiguous
nucleotides.
[0241] Also comprised by the invention is a polynucleotide
comprising [0242] a) the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10
encoding the light chain. [0243] b) a nucleotide sequence that
differ from the nucleotide sequence of (a) in codon sequence due to
the degeneracy of the genetic code [0244] c) the complementary
sequence to (a) and (b) or [0245] d) a fragment of a nucleotide
sequence of (a), (b) or (c) comprising a contiguous stretch of
nucleotides selected from the group consisting of at least 20
contiguous nucleotides, at least 25 contiguous nucleotides, at
least 30 contiguous nucleotides, at least 35 contiguous
nucleotides, at least 40 contiguous nucleotides, at least 45
contiguous nucleotides, and at least 50 contiguous nucleotides.
[0246] Also comprised by the invention is a polynucleotide
comprising [0247] a) the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11
encoding the heavy chain variable region [0248] b) a nucleotide
sequence that differ from the nucleotide sequence of (a) in codon
sequence due to the degeneracy of the genetic code [0249] c) the
complementary sequence to (a) and (b) or [0250] d) a fragment of a
nucleotide sequence of (a), (b) or (c) comprising a contiguous
stretch of nucleotides selected from the group consisting of at
least 20 contiguous nucleotides, at least 25 contiguous
nucleotides, at least 30 contiguous nucleotides, at least 35
contiguous nucleotides, at least 40 contiguous nucleotides, at
least 45 contiguous nucleotides, and at least 50 contiguous
nucleotides.
[0251] Also comprised by the invention is a polynucleotide
comprising [0252] a) the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12
encoding the heavy chain [0253] b) a nucleotide sequence that
differ from the nucleotide sequence of (a) in codon sequence due to
the degeneracy of the genetic code [0254] c) the complementary
sequence to (a) and (b) or [0255] d) a fragment of a nucleotide
sequence of (a), (b) or (c) comprising a contiguous stretch of
nucleotides selected from the group consisting of at least 20
contiguous nucleotides, at least 25 contiguous nucleotides, at
least 30 contiguous nucleotides, at least 35 contiguous
nucleotides, at least 40 contiguous nucleotides, at least 45
contiguous nucleotides, and at least 50 contiguous nucleotides.
[0256] In a further embodiment, the invention relates to any
nucleotide sequence that hybridizes to [0257] a) a nucleotide
sequence according to the invention and as given in SEQ ID NOS: 9,
10, 11 and 12, respectively, [0258] b) a nucleotide sequence that
differ from the nucleotide sequence of (a) in codon sequence due to
the degeneracy of the genetic code [0259] c) the complementary
sequence to (a) and (b) or [0260] d) a fragment of a nucleotide
sequence of (a), (b) or (c) comprising a contiguous stretch of
nucleotides selected from the group consisting of at least 20
contiguous nucleotides, at least 25 contiguous nucleotides, at
least 30 contiguous nucleotides, at least 35 contiguous
nucleotides, at least 40 contiguous nucleotides, at least 45
contiguous nucleotides, and at least 50 contiguous nucleotides.
[0261] In particular, the the invention relates to any nucleotide
sequence that hybridizes under conventional hybridization
conditions, particularly under stringent hybridization conditions,
to a nucleotide sequence according to the invention and as given in
SEQ ID NOS: 9, 10, 11 and 12, respectively, particularly to the
complementary strand thereof.
[0262] In a further embodiment, the invention relates to any
nucleotide sequence that hybridizes to a nucleotide sequence
according to the present invention and as given in SEQ ID NOS: 9,
10, 11 and 12, respectively, particularly to the complementary
strand thereof, under conventional hybridization conditions at
which 5.times.SSPE, 1% SDS, 1.times.Denhardts solution is used as a
solution and/or hybridization temperatures are between 35.degree.
C. and 70.degree. C., preferably 65.degree. C. After hybridization,
washing is preferably carried out first with 2.times.SSC, 1% SDS
and subsequently with 0.2.times.SSC at temperatures between
35.degree. C. and 70.degree. C., preferably at 65.degree. C.
(regarding the definition of SSPE, SSC and Denhardts solution (see
Sambrook et al. loc. cit.).
[0263] In particular, the invention relates to any nucleotide
sequence that hybridizes to a nucleotide sequence according to the
present invention and as given in SEQ ID NOS: 9, 10, 11 and 12,
respectively, particularly to the complementary strand thereof,
under stringent hybridization conditions as for instance described
in Sambrook et al, supra, more particularly under stringent
hybridization conditions where hybridization and washing occurs at
65.degree. C. as indicated above.
[0264] In a specific embodiment the present invention provides an
antibody, particularly a bifunctional antibody, but especially a
monoclonal antibody, particularly a bifunctional monoclonal
antibody, including any functionally equivalent antibody or
functional parts thereof, which antibody has the characteristic
properties of an antibody produced by a hybridoma cell line
selected from the group consisting of FP 12H3, FP 12H3-C2, and FP
12H3-G2 deposited on Dec. 1, 2005 and Dec. 9, 2005, respectively,
as DSM ACC2752, DSM ACC 2750 and DSM ACC2751, respectively.
[0265] More particularly, the invention relates to an antibody
including any functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts
thereof produced by hybridoma cell line FP 12H3, deposited on Dec.
1, 2005 and Dec. 9, 2005, respectively as DSM ACC2752.
[0266] More particularly, the invention relates to a monoclonal
antibody including any functionally equivalent antibody or
functional parts thereof produced by hybridoma cell line FP
12H3-C2, deposited on Dec. 1, 2005 and Dec. 9, 2005, respectively
as DSM ACC2750.
[0267] More particularly, the invention relates to a monoclonal
antibody including any functionally equivalent antibody or
functional parts thereof produced by hybridoma cell line FP
12H3-G2, deposited on Dec. 1, 2005 and Dec. 9, 2005, respectively
as DSM ACC2751.
[0268] In another specific embodiment the present invention
provides an antibody, particularly a bifunctional antibody, but
especially a monoclonal antibody, particularly a bifunctional
monoclonal antibody, including any functionally equivalent antibody
or functional parts thereof, which antibody has the characteristic
properties of an antibody produced by hybridoma cell line ET 7E3
deposited on Dec. 8, 2005 as DSM ACC2755.
[0269] More particularly, the invention relates to a monoclonal
antibody including any functionally equivalent antibody or
functional parts thereof produced by hybridoma cell line ET 7E3,
deposited on Dec. 8, 2005 as DSM ACC2755.
[0270] In another specific embodiment the present invention
provides an antibody, particularly a bifunctional antibody, but
especially a monoclonal antibody, particularly a bifunctional
monoclonal antibody, including any functionally equivalent antibody
or functional parts thereof, which antibody has the characteristic
properties of an antibody produced by hybridoma cell line EJ 7H3
deposited on Dec. 8, 2005 as DSM ACC2756.
[0271] More particularly, the invention relates to a monoclonal
antibody including any functionally equivalent antibody or
functional parts thereof produced by hybridoma cell line EJ 7H3,
deposited on Dec. 8, 2005 as DSM ACC2756.
[0272] It is another object of the present invention to provide
methods and compositions comprising an antibody according to the
invention and as described herein before for the prevention and/or
therapeutic treatment and/or alleviation of the effects of diseases
and disorders which are caused by or associated with amyloid or
amyloid-like proteins including amyloidosis, a group of diseases
and disorders associated with amyloid plaque formation including
secondary amyloidosis and age-related amyloidosis such as diseases
including, but not limited to, neurological disorders such as
Alzheimer's Disease (AD), including diseases or conditions
characterized by a loss of cognitive memory capacity such as, for
example, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), including diseases or
conditions characterized by a loss of cognitive memory capacity
such as, for example, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Lewy body
dementia, Down's syndrome, hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with
amyloidosis (Dutch type); the Guam Parkinson-Dementia complex; as
well as other diseases and conditions which are based on or
associated with amyloid-like proteins such as progressive
supranuclear palsy, multiple sclerosis; Creutzfeld Jacob disease,
Parkinson's disease, HIV-related dementia, ALS (amyotropic lateral
sclerosis), inclusion-body myositis (IBM), Adult Onset Diabetis;
senile cardiac amyloidosis; endocrine tumors, and others, including
macular degeneration, for example, by passively immunizing a human
or animal with an antibody according to the invention and as
described herein before.
[0273] Another object of the present invention is to provide a
method of using a monoclonal antibody and/or a functional part
thereof according to the invention and compositions comprising an
antibody according to the invention and as described herein before
for diagnosing and therapeutic intervention of diseases and
disorders which are caused by or associated with amyloid or
amyloid-like proteins including amyloidosis, a group of diseases
and disorders associated with amyloid plaque formation including
secondary amyloidosis and age-related amyloidosis such as diseases
including, but not limited to, neurological disorders such as
Alzheimer's Disease (AD), including diseases or conditions
characterized by a loss of cognitive memory capacity such as, for
example, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), including diseases or
conditions characterized by a loss of cognitive memory capacity
such as, for example, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Lewy body
dementia, Down's syndrome, hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with
amyloidosis (Dutch type); the Guam Parkinson-Dementia complex; as
well as other diseases which are based on or associated with
amyloid-like proteins such as progressive supranuclear palsy,
multiple sclerosis; Creutzfeld Jacob disease, Parkinson's disease,
HIV-related dementia, ALS (amyotropic lateral sclerosis),
inclusion-body myositis (IBM), Adult Onset Diabetis; senile cardiac
amyloidosis; endocrine tumors, and others, including macular
degeneration.
[0274] In particular, it is an object of the present invention to
provide a method of using a monoclonal antibody and/or a functional
part thereof according to the invention and compositions comprising
an antibody, particularly a bispecific or bi-effective antibody but
especially a bispecific or bi-effective monoclonal antibody
according to the invention and as described herein before for
reducing and preventing the occurrence of neurological disorders,
including but not limited to Alzheimer's Disease.
[0275] The compositions according to the present invention comprise
an antibody, particularly a bispecific or bi-effective antibody,
according to the invention and as described herein before including
any functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof,
particularly in a therapeutically effective amount or, more
particularly, a monoclonal antibody, especially a bispecific or
bi-effective monoclonal antibody, according to the invention and as
described herein before including any functionally equivalent
antibody or functional parts thereof, particularly in a
therapeutically effective amount and, optionally, a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or a diluent and/or an
excipient.
[0276] Particularly, the composition according to the present
invention comprises an antibody, particularly a monoclonal antibody
including any functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts
thereof which antibody is capable of inhibiting the aggregation of
amyloid monomeric peptides, specifically .beta.-amyloid monomeric
peptides such as, for example, A.beta. monomeric peptides 1-39;
1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or 1-43, but especially A.beta..sub.1-42
monomeric peptides, into high molecular polymeric amyloid fibrils
or filaments and, optionally, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier
and/or a diluent and/or an excipient.
[0277] In a further embodiment of the invention a composition is
provided comprising an antibody, particularly a monoclonal
antibody, including any functionally equivalent antibody or
functional parts thereof, which antibody, upon co-incubation,
particularly upon co-incubation at a molar concentration ratio of
up to 1:100, more particularly at a molar concentration ratio of
between 1:30 and 1:100, but especially at a molar concentration
ratio of 1:100, with amyloid monomeric peptides, particularly
.beta.-amyloid monomeric peptides such as, for example, A.beta.
monomeric peptides 1-39; 1-40, 1-41,1-42, or 1-43, but especially
A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptides, inhibits the aggregation of
the A.beta. monomers into high molecular polymeric fibrils or
filaments. In particular, said inhibition amounts to at least 50%,
particularly to at least 65%, more particularly to at least 75%,
even more particularly to at least 80%, but especially to at least
85%-90%, or more as compared to the respective amyloid peptide
monomers incubated in buffer (control) and, optionally, a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or a diluent and/or an
excipient.
[0278] In particular, the co-incubation of the antibody according
to the invention with amyloid monomeric peptides is carried out for
48 hours at a temperature of 37.degree. C.
[0279] The aggregation inhibition potential of the antibody
according to the invention may be determined by density-gradient
ultracentrifugation followed by a SDS-PAGE sedimentation analysis
on a preformed gradient and/or by a thioflavin T (Th-T) fluorescent
assay.
[0280] The present invention further provides a composition
comprising an antibody which is capable of disaggregating high
molecular polymeric amyloid fibrils or filaments formed by the
aggregation of amyloid monomeric peptides, specifically
.beta.-amyloid monomeric peptides such as, for example, A.beta.
monomeric peptides 1-39; 1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or 1-43, but especially
A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptides and, optionally, a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or a diluent and/or an
excipient.
[0281] Through the disaggregation of amyloidogenic polymeric
fibrils or filaments the antibodies according to the present
invention are capable of preventing or slowing down the formation
of amyloid plaques which leads to an alleviation of the symptoms
associated with the disease and a delay or reversal of its
progression.
[0282] In another embodiment of the invention a composition is
provided comprising an antibody, particularly a monoclonal
antibody, including any functionally equivalent antibody or
functional parts thereof, which antibody, upon co-incubation at a
molar concentration ratio of between 1:30 and 1:100, particularly
at a ratio of 1:100, with preformed high molecular polymeric
amyloid fibrils or filaments formed by the aggregation of amyloid
monomeric peptides, particularly .beta.-amyloid monomeric peptides
such as, for example, A.beta. monomeric peptides 1-39; 1-40, 1-41,
1-42, or 1-43, but especially A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptides,
particularly upon co-incubation for 24 hours at a temperature of
37.degree. C., is capable of disaggregating the preformed polymeric
fibrils or filaments by at least 35%, particularly by at least 40%,
more particularly by at least 50%, even more particularly by at
least 60%, but especially by at least 70% or more and, optionally,
a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or a diluent and/or an
excipient.
[0283] The disaggregation potential of the antibody according to
the invention may be determined by density-gradient
ultracentrifugation followed by a SDS-PAGE sedimentation analysis
on a preformed gradient and/or by a thioflavin T (Th-T) fluorescent
assay.
[0284] The present invention further provides a composition
comprising an antibody or functional parts thereof which antibody
is conformationally sensitive, particularly in an effective amount,
more particularly in a therapeutically effective amount.
[0285] In a further embodiment of the invention composition is
provided comprising an antibody is provided, but especially a
monoclonal antibody, including any functionally equivalent antibody
or functional parts thereof, which antibody, upon co-incubation
with preformed high molecular polymeric amyloid fibrils or
filaments formed by the aggregation of amyloid monomeric peptides,
particularly .beta.-amyloid monomeric peptides such as, for
example, A.beta. monomeric peptides 1-39; 1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or
1-43, but especially A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptides,
particularly upon co-incubation for 24 hours at a temperature of
37.degree. C., is capable of inducing a transition of the
.beta.-sheet conformation towards an .alpha.-helix and/or a random
coil conformation, but particularly a random coil conformation,
even more particularly a random coil conformation at a given
location in the molecule, especially in the environment of Val12 of
the A.beta. protein, which leads to an increase of the random coil
conformation at the expense of the .beta.-sheet conformation and an
improved solubilization of the preformed high molecular polymeric
amyloid fibrils or filaments and, optionally, a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier and/or a diluent and/or an excipient. In
particular the decrease of the .beta.-sheet conformation amounts to
at least 30%, particularly to at least 35%, and more particularly
to at least 40% and more as compared to the respective preformed
amyloid polymeric fibrils or filaments incubated in buffer
(control).
[0286] The antibody's potential in inducing a transition in the
secondary structure is determined by solid state 13C NMR
spectroscopy but, in particular, by measuring the integral
intensities of the conformations of Val 12 C.beta. in the
A.beta..sub.1-42 peptide.
[0287] The present invention further provides a composition
comprising an antibody, particularly a monoclonal antibody,
including any functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts
thereof, particularly in a therapeutically effective amount, which
antibody is bifunctional in that it exhibits both an aggregation
inhibition property as well as a disaggregation property as defined
herein before, preferably paired with a high degree of
conformational sensitivity and, optionally, a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier and/or a diluent and/or an excipient.
[0288] In still another embodiment of the invention a composition
is provided comprising a bifunctional antibody, but especially a
bifunctional monoclonal antibody, including any functionally
equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof, which antibody,
upon co-incubation with amyloid monomeric peptides, particularly
.beta.-amyloid monomeric peptides such as, for example, A.beta.
monomeric peptides 1-39; 1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or 1-43, but especially
A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptides, inhibits the aggregation of
the A.beta. monomers into high molecular polymeric fibrils and, in
addition, upon co-incubation with preformed high molecular
polymeric amyloid fibrils or filaments formed by the aggregation of
amyloid monomeric peptides, particularly .beta.-amyloid monomeric
peptides such as, for example, A.beta. monomeric peptides 1-39;
1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or 1-43, but especially A.beta..sub.1-42
monomeric peptides, is capable of disaggregating the preformed
polymeric fibrils or filaments and, optionally, a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier and/or a diluent and/or an excipient.
[0289] In a specific embodiment of the invention the co-incubation
of the bifunctional antibody according to the invention, but
especially of the bifunctional monoclonal antibody according to the
invention with amyloid monomeric peptides and preformed high
molecular polymeric amyloid fibrils or filaments, respectively,
takes place at a molar concentration ratio of up to 1:100,
particularly at a ratio of between 1:30 and 1:100, and more
particularly at a ration of 1:100.
[0290] In a further specific embodiment of the invention
co-incubation with amyloid monomeric peptides and preformed high
molecular polymeric amyloid fibrils or filaments is done for 48
hours and 24 hours, respectively, at a temperature of 37.degree.
C.
[0291] In still another specific embodiment of the invention a
composition is provided comprising a bifunctional antibody
according to the invention, but especially a bifunctional
monoclonal antibody according to the invention which is capable of
disaggregating the preformed polymeric fibrils or filaments by at
least 10%, particularly by at least 25%, more particularly by at
least 35%, even more particularly by at least 50%, but especially
by at least 60-70% or more and, optionally, a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier and/or a diluent and/or an excipient.
[0292] In still another specific embodiment of the invention a
composition is provided comprising a bifunctional antibody
according to the invention, but especially a bifunctional
monoclonal antibody according to the invention inhibits the
aggregation of amyloid monomeric peptides, particularly
.beta.-amyloid monomeric peptides such as, for example, A.beta.
monomeric peptides 1-39; 1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or 1-43, but especially
A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptides by at least 50%, particularly
by at least 65%, more particularly by at least 75%, even more
particularly by at least 80%, but especially by at least 85-90%, or
more as compared to the respective amyloid peptide monomers
incubated in buffer (control) and, optionally, a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier and/or a diluent and/or an excipient.
[0293] In particular, the present invention provides a composition
comprising an antibody, particularly a monoclonal antibody,
including any functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts
thereof, which antibody mediates the inhibition of polymerization
of amyloid monomeric peptides, specifically .beta.-amyloid
monomeric peptides such as, for example, A.beta. monomeric peptides
1-39; 1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or 1-43, but especially a A.beta..sub.1-42
monomeric peptides and/or induces solubilization of preformed high
molecular polymeric amyloid fibrils or filaments formed by the
aggregation of amyloid monomeric peptides, particularly
.beta.-amyloid monomeric peptides such as, for example, A.beta.
monomeric peptides 1-39; 1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or 1-43, but especially
A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptides, through specific and direct
binding of the antibody to the A.beta. fibers, which leads to a
transition of secondary conformation and, optionally, a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or a diluent and/or an
excipient.
[0294] The present invention further provides a composition
comprising an antibody, particularly a monoclonal antibody,
including any functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts
thereof, which antibody directly and specifically binds to
3-amyloid fibers such as, for example, fibers comprising A.beta.
monomeric peptides 1-39; 1-40, 1-41, 1-42, or 1-43, but especially
to fibers comprising A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptides and/or
induces solubilization of preformed high molecular polymeric
amyloid fibrils or filaments formed by the aggregation of amyloid
monomeric peptides, particularly .beta.-amyloid monomeric peptides
such as, for example, A.beta. monomeric peptides 1-39; 1-40, 1-41,
1-42, or 1-43, but especially A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptides,
by targeting and specifically binding to an epitopic region of the
.beta.-amyloid protein, particularly an epitopic region of the
A.beta. polypeptide confined by amino acid residues
aa.sub.n-aa.sub.m with n being an integer between 2 and 15,
particularly between 5 and 15, more particularly between 8 and 15,
even more particularly between 10 and 15 and m being an integer
between 3 and 17, particularly between 6 and 17, more particularly
between 9 and 17, even more particularly between 11 and 17, wherein
n and m cannot be identical numbers and n must always be a smaller
number than m, with the difference between n and m.gtoreq.2 and,
optionally, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or a diluent
and/or an excipient.
[0295] The binding of the antibody according to the invention may
induce a conformational transition in said protein, particularly a
transition of the .beta.-sheet conformation towards an
.alpha.-helix and/or a random coil conformation, but particularly a
random coil conformation, even more particularly a random coil
conformation at a given location in the molecule, especially in the
environment of Val12 of the A.beta. protein.
[0296] In a further embodiment, the invention provides a
composition comprising an antibody, particularly a monoclonal
antibody, including any functionally equivalent antibody or
functional parts thereof, which antibody incorporates at least one
of the properties mentioned herein before, that is aggregation
inhibition, disaggregation, induction of conformational transition,
recognition of and direct binding to the 4-16 and/or the 14 to 23,
but particularly the 14 to 20 epitopic region, but especially a
combination of two or more of said properties and, optionally, a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or a diluent and/or an
excipient.
[0297] In a specific embodiment, the invention provides a
composition comprising an antibody, particularly a bifunctional
antibody, but especially a monoclonal antibody, particularly a
bifunctional monoclonal antibody, including any functionally
equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof, which exhibits
high specificity to A.beta..sub.1-42 monomeric peptides but shows
essentially no or only minor cross-reactivity to A.beta..sub.1-38,
A.beta..sub.1-39, A.beta..sub.1-40, and/or A.beta..sub.1-41
monomeric peptides, particularly an antibody, but especially a
monoclonal antibody, including any functionally equivalent antibody
or functional parts thereof, which antibody is up to 100 fold,
particularly 50 to 100 fold, more particularly 80 to 100 fold, but
especially 100 fold more sensitive to amyloid peptide
A.beta..sub.1-42 as compared to A.beta..sub.1-38, A.beta..sub.1-39,
A.beta..sub.1-40, A.beta..sub.1-41 and up to 1000 fold,
particularly 500 to 1000 fold, more particularly 800 to 1000 fold,
but especially 1000 fold more sensitive to amyloid peptide
A.beta..sub.1-42 as compared to A.beta..sub.1-38, and thus capable
of inhibiting, in vitro and in vivo, the aggregation of
amyloidogenic monomeric peptides, but especially of amyloid peptide
A.beta..sub.1-42 and, optionally, a pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier and/or a diluent and/or an excipient.
[0298] In another specific embodiment of the invention a
composition is provided comprising an antibody, particularly a
bifunctional antibody, but especially a monoclonal antibody,
particularly a bifunctional monoclonal antibody, including any
functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof, which
has a high binding sensitivity to amyloid peptide A.beta..sub.1-42
and is capable of detecting A.beta..sub.1-42 fibers in a
concentration of down to at least 0.001 .mu.g, but particularly in
a concentration range of between 0.5 .mu.g and 0.001 .mu.g, more
particularly between 0.1 .mu.g and 0.001 .mu.g, but especially in a
concentration of 0.001 .mu.g and, optionally, a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier and/or a diluent and/or an excipient.
[0299] In a very specific embodiment of the invention a composition
comprising an antibody is provided, particularly a bifunctional
antibody, but especially a monoclonal antibody, particularly a
bifunctional monoclonal antibody, including any functionally
equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof, which antibody is
capable of detecting A.beta..sub.1-42 fibers down to a minimal
concentration of 0.001 .mu.g and A.beta..sub.1-40 fibers down to a
minimal concentration of 0.1 .mu.g and A.beta..sub.1-38 fibers down
to a minimal concentration of 1 .mu.g amount of fibers and,
optionally, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or a diluent
and/or an excipient.
[0300] In a specific embodiment the present invention relates to a
composition comprising a monoclonal antibody including any
functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof which
antibody has the characteristic properties of an antibody produced
by a hybridoma cell line selected from the group consisting of FP
12H3, FP 12H3-C2, and FP 12H3-G2 deposited on Dec. 1, 2005 and Dec.
9, 2005, respectively, as DSM ACC2752, DSM ACC2750 and DSM ACC2751,
and, optionally, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or a
diluent and/or an excipient.
[0301] More particularly, the invention relates to a composition
comprising a monoclonal antibody including any functionally
equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof produced by
hybridoma cell line FP 12H3, deposited on Dec. 1, 2005 and Dec. 9,
2005, respectively as DSM ACC2752 and, optionally, a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or a diluent and/or an
excipient.
[0302] More particularly, the invention relates to a composition
comprising a monoclonal antibody including any functionally
equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof produced by
hybridoma cell line FP 12H3-C2, deposited on Dec. 1, 2005 and Dec.
9, 2005, respectively as DSM ACC2750 and, optionally, a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or a diluent and/or an
excipient
[0303] The invention further relates to a composition comprising a
monoclonal antibody including any functionally equivalent antibody
or functional parts thereof produced by hybridoma cell line FP
12H3-G2, deposited on Dec. 1, 2005 and Dec. 9, 2005, respectively
as DSM ACC2751 and, optionally, a pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier and/or a diluent and/or an excipient.
[0304] In another specific embodiment the present invention relates
to a composition comprising a monoclonal antibody including any
functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof which
antibody has the characteristic properties of an antibody produced
by hybridoma cell line ET 7E3 deposited on Dec. 8, 2005 as DSM
ACC2755 and, optionally, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier
and/or a diluent and/or an excipient.
[0305] The invention further relates to a composition comprising a
monoclonal antibody including any functionally equivalent antibody
or functional parts thereof produced by hybridoma cell line ET 7E3,
deposited on Dec. 8, 2005 as DSM ACC2755 and, optionally, a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or a diluent and/or an
excipient
[0306] In another specific embodiment the present invention relates
to a composition comprising a monoclonal antibody including any
functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof which
antibody has the characteristic properties of an antibody produced
by hybridoma cell line EJ 7H3 deposited on Dec. 8, 2005 as DSM
ACC2756 and, optionally, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier
and/or a diluent and/or an excipient.
[0307] The invention further relates to a composition comprising a
monoclonal antibody including any functionally equivalent antibody
or functional parts thereof produced by hybridoma cell line EJ 7H3,
deposited on Dec. 8, 2005 as DSM ACC2756 and, optionally, a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or a diluent and/or an
excipient.
[0308] The antibody, particularly the monoclonal antibody according
to the invention including any functionally equivalent antibody or
functional parts thereof may be administered in combination with
other biologically active substances and procedures for the
treatment of diseases. The other biologically active substances may
be part of the same composition already comprising the antibody
according to the invention, in form of a mixture, wherein the
antibody and the other biologically active substance are intermixed
in or with the same pharmaceutically acceptable solvent and/or
carrier or may be provided separately as part of a separate
composition, which may be offered separately or together in form a
kit of parts.
[0309] The antibody, particularly the monoclonal antibody according
to the invention including any functionally equivalent antibody or
functional parts thereof may be administered at the same time with
the other biologically active substance or substances,
intermittently or sequentially. For example, the monoclonal
antibody according to the invention including any functionally
equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof may be administered
simultaneously with a first additional biologically active
substance or sequentially after or before administration of the
antibody. If an application scheme is chosen where more than one
additional biologically active substance are administered together
with the at least one antibody according to the invention, the
compounds or substances may partially be administered
simultaneously, partially sequentially in various combinations.
[0310] It is another object of the present invention to provide for
mixtures of antibodies comprising at least one antibody according
to the present invention and, optionally, one or more further
biologically active substances, as well as to methods of using
individual antibodies, or mixtures thereof including compositions
comprising said antibodies or mixtures of antibodies for the
prevention and/or therapeutic treatment and/or alleviation of the
effects of diseases and disorders which are caused by or associated
with amyloid or amyloid-like proteins including amyloidosis, a
group of diseases and disorders associated with amyloid plaque
formation including secondary amyloidosis and age-related
amyloidosis such as diseases including, but not limited to,
neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), including
diseases or conditions characterized by a loss of cognitive memory
capacity such as, for example, mild cognitive impairment (MCI),
Lewy body dementia, Down's syndrome, hereditary cerebral hemorrhage
with amyloidosis (Dutch type); the Guam Parkinson-Dementia complex;
as well as other diseases which are based on or associated with
amyloid-like proteins such as progressive supranuclear palsy,
multiple sclerosis; Creutzfeld Jacob disease, Parkinson's disease,
HIV-related dementia, ALS (amyotropic lateral sclerosis),
inclusion-body myositis (IBM), Adult Onset Diabetis; senile cardiac
amyloidosis; endocrine tumors, and others, including macular
degeneration.
[0311] The mixtures according to the invention may comprise, in
addition to an antibody according to the invention, a biologically
active substance such as, for example, known compounds used in the
medication of diseases and disorders which are caused by or
associated with amyloid or amyloid-like proteins including
amyloidosis, a group of diseases and disorders associated with
amyloid or amyloid-like protein such as the A.beta. protein
involved in Alzheimer's disease.
[0312] In another embodiment of the invention, the other
biologically active substance or compound may also be a therapeutic
agent that may be used in the treatment of diseases and disorders
which are caused by or associated with amyloid or amyloid-like
proteins including amyloidosis caused by amyloid .beta. or may be
used in the medication of other neurological disorders.
[0313] The other biologically active substance or compound may
exert its biological effect by the same or a similar mechanism as
the antibody according to the invention or by an unrelated
mechanism of action or by a multiplicity of related and/or
unrelated mechanisms of action.
[0314] Generally, the other biologically active compound may
include neutron-transmission enhancers, psychotherapeutic drugs;
acterylcholine esterase inhibitors, calcium-channel blockers,
biogenic amines, benzodiazepine tranquillizers, acetylcholine
synthesis, storage or release enhancers, acetylcholine postsynaptic
receptor agonists, monoamine oxidase-A or -B inhibitors,
N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonists, non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs, antioxidants, and serotonergic receptor
antagonists.
[0315] In particular, the mixture according to the invention may
comprise at least one other biologically active compound selected
from the group consisting of compounds against oxidative stress,
anti-apoptotic compounds, metal chelators, inhibitors of DNA repair
such as pirenzepin and metabolites, 3-amino-1-propanesulfonic acid
(3APS), 1,3-propanedisulfonate (1,3PDS), secretase activators,
.beta.- and .gamma.-secretase inhibitors, tau proteins,
neurotransmitter, .beta.-sheet breakers, anti-inflammatory
molecules, or cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) such as tacrine,
rivastigmine, donepezil, and/or galantamine and other drugs and
nutritive supplements, together with an antibody according to the
present invention and, optionally, a pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier and/or a diluent and/or an excipient.
[0316] In a further embodiment, the mixtures according to the
invention may comprise niacin or memantine together with an
antibody according to the present invention and, optionally, a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or a diluent and/or an
excipient.
[0317] In still another embodiment of the invention mixtures are
provided that comprise "atypical antipsychotics" such as, for
example clozapine, ziprasidone, risperidone, aripiprazole or
olanzapine for the treatment of positive and negative psychotic
symptoms including hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders
(manifested by marked incoherence, derailment, tangentiality), and
bizarre or disorganized behavior, as well as anhedonia, flattened
affect, apathy, and social withdrawal, together with an antibody
according to the invention and, optionally, a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier and/or a diluent and/or an excipient.
[0318] In a specific embodiment of the invention, the compositions
and mixtures according to the invention and as described herein
before comprise the antibody and the biologically active substance,
respectively, in a therapeutically effective amount.
[0319] Other compounds that can be suitably used in mixtures in
combination with the antibody according to the present invention
are, for example, described in WO 2004/058258 (see especially pages
16 and 17) including therapeutic drug targets (page 36-39),
alkanesulfonic acids and alkanolsulfuric acids (pages 39-51),
cholinesterase inhibitors (pages 51-56), NMDA receptor antagonists
(pages 56-58), estrogens (pages 58-59), non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (pages 60-61), antioxidants (pages 61-62),
peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists (pages
63-67), cholesterol-lowering agents (pages 68-75); amyloid
inhibitors (pages 75-77), amyloid formation inhibitors (pages
77-78), metal chelators (pages 78-79), anti-psychotics and
anti-depressants (pages 80-82), nutritional supplements (pages
83-89) and compounds increasing the availability of biologically
active substances in the brain (see pages 89-93) and prodrugs
(pages 93 and 94), which document is incorporated herein by
reference.
[0320] Further provided is a method for producing an antibody,
particularly a method for producing a monoclonal antibody,
including any functionally equivalent antibody or functional parts
thereof according to the invention, which method comprises raising
antibodies but particularly monoclonal antibodies against a
supramolecular antigenic construct comprising an antigenic peptide
corresponding to the amino acid sequence of the .beta.-amyloid
peptide, particularly of .beta.-amyloid peptide A.beta..sub.1-15,
A.beta..sub.1-16 and A.beta..sub.1-16(.DELTA.14), modified with
hydrophobic moieties such as, for example, palmitic acid or a
hydrophilic moiety such as, for example, polyethylene glycol (PEG)
or a combination of both, wherein said hydrophobic and hydrophilic
moiety, respectively, is covalently bound to each terminus through
at least one, particularly one or two, amino acids such as, for
example, lysine or any other suitable amino acid or amino acid
analogue capable of serving as a coupling device or linker molecule
for the coupling of said hydrophobic and hydrophilic moiety such
as, for example, glutamic acid or cystein.
[0321] Also part of the invention is the use of a monoclonal
antibody and/or a functional part thereof according to the
invention and as described herein before and/or a pharmaceutical
composition, or a mixture comprising said antibody, for the
preparation of a medicament for treating or alleviating the effects
of diseases and disorders which are caused by or associated with
amyloid or amyloid-like proteins including amyloidosis, a group of
diseases and disorders associated with amyloid plaque formation
including secondary amyloidosis and age-related amyloidosis such as
diseases including, but not limited to, neurological disorders such
as Alzheimer's Disease (AD and diseases or conditions characterized
by a loss of cognitive memory capacity such as, for example, mild
cognitive impairment (MCI), Lewy body dementia, Down's syndrome,
hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch type); the
Guam Parkinson-Dementia complex; as well as other diseases which
are based on or associated with amyloid-like proteins such as
progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple sclerosis; Creutzfeld
Jacob disease, Parkinson's disease, HIV-related dementia, ALS
(amyotropic lateral sclerosis), inclusion-body myositis (IBM),
Adult Onset Diabetis; senile cardiac amyloidosis; endocrine tumors,
and others, including macular degeneration.
[0322] In another embodiment of the present invention a method is
provided for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition using
an antibody according to the invention and/or a functional part
thereof but especially a monoclonal antibody and/or a functional
part thereof or a functionally equivalent antibody, for use in
treating or alleviating the effects of diseases and disorders which
are caused by or associated with amyloid or amyloid-like proteins
including amyloidosis, a group of diseases and disorders associated
with amyloid plaque formation including secondary amyloidosis and
age-related amyloidosis such as diseases including, but not limited
to, neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and
diseases or conditions characterized by a loss of cognitive memory
capacity such as, for example, mild cognitive impairment (MCI),
Lewy body dementia, Down's syndrome, hereditary cerebral hemorrhage
with amyloidosis (Dutch type); the Guam Parkinson-Dementia complex;
as well as other diseases which are based on or associated with
amyloid-like proteins such as progressive supranuclear palsy,
multiple sclerosis; Creutzfeld Jacob disease, Parkinson's disease,
HIV-related dementia, ALS (amyotropic lateral sclerosis), Adult
Onset Diabetis; senile cardiac amyloidosis; endocrine tumors, and
others, including macular degeneration comprising formulating an
antibody according to the invention in a pharmaceutically
acceptable form.
[0323] The antibodies and/or functional parts thereof but
especially the monoclonal antibodies and/or functional parts
thereof or a functionally equivalent antibody and the compositions
and mixtures comprising said antibody according to the present
invention may be used for the preparation of a medicament for
preventing, treating or alleviating the effects of diseases and
disorders which are caused by or associated with amyloid or
amyloid-like proteins including amyloidosis, a group of diseases
and disorders associated with amyloid plaque formation including
secondary amyloidosis and age-related amyloidosis including, but
not limited to, neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease
(AD), including diseases or conditions characterized by a loss of
cognitive memory capacity such as, for example, mild cognitive
impairment (MCI), Lewy body dementia, Down's syndrome, hereditary
cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch type); the Guam
Parkinson-Dementia complex; as well as other diseases which are
based on or associated with amyloid-like proteins such as
progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple sclerosis; Creutzfeld
Jacob disease, Parkinson's disease, HIV-related dementia, ALS
(amyotropic lateral sclerosis), inclusion-body myositis (IBM),
Adult Onset Diabetis; senile cardiac amyloidosis; endocrine tumors,
and others, including macular degeneration.
[0324] In a further embodiment of the invention a method is
provided for reducing the plaque load in the brain of an animal,
particularly a mammal, but especially a human suffering from a
disease or condition leading to an increased plaque load in the
brain comprising administering to an animal, particularly a mammal,
more particularly a human in need of such a treatment, a
therapeutically effective amount of an antibody and/or a functional
part thereof but especially of the monoclonal antibody and/or a
functional part thereof or of a functionally equivalent antibody
according to the invention and as described herein before, or a
composition or a mixture comprising said antibody.
[0325] In particular, the plaque load is reduced by at least 20%,
particularly by at least 25%, more particularly by at least 30%,
even more particularly by more than 30%.
[0326] In a further embodiment of the invention a method for
reducing the amount of plaques in the brain of an animal,
particularly a mammal, but especially a human suffering from a
disease or condition leading to an increased plaque load in the
brain comprising administering to an animal, particularly a mammal,
more particularly a human in need of such a treatment, a
therapeutically effective amount of an antibody and/or a functional
part thereof but especially of the monoclonal antibody and/or a
functional part thereof or of a functionally equivalent antibody
according to the invention and as described herein before, or a
composition or a mixture comprising said antibody.
[0327] In particular, the the amount of plaques in the brain is
reduced by at least 10%, particularly by at least 15%, more
particularly by more than 15%.
[0328] In still another embodiment of the invention a method for
decreasing the total amount of soluble A.beta. in the brain of an
animal, particularly a mammal, but especially a human suffering
from a disease or condition leading to increased concentrations of
soluble A.beta. in the brain comprising administering to an animal,
particularly a mammal, more particularly a human in need of such a
treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody and/or
a functional part thereof but especially of the monoclonal antibody
and/or a functional part thereof or of a functionally equivalent
antibody according to the invention and as described herein before,
or a composition or a mixture comprising said antibody.
[0329] It is an objective of the present invention to provide a
method for preventing, treating or alleviating the effects of
diseases and disorders which are caused by or associated with
amyloid or amyloid-like proteins including amyloidosis, a group of
diseases and disorders associated with amyloid plaque formation
including secondary amyloidosis and age-related amyloidosis
including, but not limited to, neurological disorders such as
Alzheimer's Disease (AD), including diseases or conditions
characterized by a loss of cognitive memory capacity such as, for
example, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Lewy body dementia,
Down's syndrome, hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis
(Dutch type); the Guam Parkinson-Dementia complex; as well as other
diseases which are based on or associated with amyloid-like
proteins such as progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple
sclerosis; Creutzfeld Jacob disease, Parkinson's disease,
HIV-related dementia, ALS (amyotropic lateral sclerosis),
inclusion-body myositis (IBM), Adult Onset Diabetis; senile cardiac
amyloidosis; endocrine tumors, and others, including macular
degeneration, by administering an antibody, but particularly a
monoclonal antibody or a composition or mixture comprising such an
antibody according to the invention to an animal or a human
affected by such a disorder comprising administering to an animal,
particularly a mammal, more particularly a human in need of such a
treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody and/or
a functional part thereof but especially of the monoclonal antibody
and/or a functional part thereof or of a functionally equivalent
antibody according to the invention and as described herein before,
or a composition or a mixture comprising said antibody.
[0330] In a specific embodiment the invention provides a method for
retaining or increasing cognitive memory capacity of an animal,
particularly a mammal or a human suffering from memory impairment
by administering to an animal, particularly a mammal or a human in
need of such a treatment, an antibody, but particularly a
monoclonal antibody according to the invention or a composition or
mixture comprising such an antibody according to the invention and
as described herein before.
[0331] In another embodiment of the present invention a method is
provided for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition using
an antibody according to the invention and/or a functional part
thereof but especially a monoclonal antibody and/or a functional
part thereof or a functionally equivalent antibody for preventing,
treating or alleviating the effects of diseases and disorders which
are caused by or associated with amyloid or amyloid-like proteins
including amyloidosis, a group of diseases and disorders associated
with amyloid plaque formation including secondary amyloidosis and
age-related amyloidosis such as diseases including, but not limited
to, neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD),
including diseases or conditions characterized by a loss of
cognitive memory capacity such as, for example, mild cognitive
impairment (MCI), Lewy body dementia, Down's syndrome, hereditary
cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch type); the Guam
Parkinson-Dementia complex; as well as other diseases which are
based on or associated with amyloid-like proteins such as
progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple sclerosis; Creutzfeld
Jacob disease, Parkinson's disease, HIV-related dementia, ALS
(amyotropic lateral sclerosis), inclusion-body myositis (IBM),
Adult Onset Diabetis; senile cardiac amyloidosis; endocrine tumors,
and others, including macular degeneration.
[0332] In a specific embodiment the invention provides a method for
the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition using an antibody
according to the invention and/or a functional part thereof but
especially a monoclonal antibody and/or a functional part thereof
or a functionally equivalent antibody for retaining or increasing
cognitive memory capacity of an animal, particularly a mammal or a
human, suffering from memory impairment by administering to an
animal, particularly a mammal or a human, an antibody, but
particularly a monoclonal antibody or a composition or mixture
comprising such an antibody according to the invention and as
described herein before.
[0333] These and other objects, features and advantages of the
present invention will become apparent after a review of the
following detailed description of the disclosed embodiment and the
appended claims.
[0334] The terms "polypeptide", "peptide", and "protein", as used
herein, are interchangeable and are defined to mean a biomolecule
composed of amino acids linked by a peptide bond.
[0335] The terms "a", "an" and "the" as used herein are defined to
mean "one or more" and include the plural unless the context is
inappropriate.
[0336] The terms "detecting" or "detected" as used herein mean
using known techniques for detection of biologic molecules such as
immunochemical or histological methods and refer to qualitatively
or quantitatively determining the presence or concentration of the
biomolecule under investigation.
[0337] "Amyloid .beta., A.beta. or .beta.-amyloid" is an art
recognized term and refers to amyloid .beta. proteins and peptides,
amyloid .beta. precursor protein (APP), as well as modifications,
fragments and any functional equivalents thereof. In particular, by
amyloid .beta. as used hererin is meant any fragment produced by
proteolytic cleavage of APP but especially those fragments which
are involved in or associated with the amyloid pathologies
including, but not limited to, A.beta..sub.1-38, A.beta..sub.1-39,
A.beta..sub.1-40, A.beta..sub.1-42 and A.beta..sub.1-43.
[0338] The structure and sequences of the amyloid .beta. peptides
as mentioned above are well known to those skilled in the art and
methods of producing said peptides or of extracting them from brain
and other tissues are described, for example, in Glenner and Wong,
Biochem Biophys Res Comm 129, 885-890 (1984). Moreover, amyloid
.beta. peptides are also commercially available in various
forms.
[0339] "A.beta. Fibril" or "A.beta. Filament" or "Amyloid fibrils"
are polymeric forms of monomeric protein forming individual or
bundled fibers with constant fiber diamenter which are insoluble in
aqueous medium and contain large amounts of a cross-.quadrature.
structure in their core; mostly with beta-strands perpendicular to
the fibril axis1.2,3)
[0340] "Monomeric A.beta." or "A.beta. monomer" are completely
solubilized amyloid .quadrature. protein without aggeregated
complexes in aqueous medium.
[0341] "Polymeric soluble amyloid" and "oligomeric A.beta." and
"A.beta. oligomer" refers to multiple aggregated monomers of
amyloid peptides, or of amyloid-like peptides, or of modified or
truncated amyloid peptides or of other derivates of amyloid
peptides forming oligomeric or polymeric structures which are
soluble both in vitro in aequeous medium and in vivo in the
mammalian or human body more particularly in the brain, but
particularly to multiple aggregated monomers of amyloid .beta.
(A.beta.) or of modified or truncated amyloid .beta. (A.beta.)
peptides or of derivatives thereof, which are soluble in the
mammalian or human body more particularly in the brain,
respectively.
[0342] By "isolated" is meant a biological molecule free from at
least some of the components with which it naturally occurs.
[0343] The terms "antibody" or "antibodies" as used herein is an
art recognized term and is understood to refer to molecules or
active fragments of molecules that bind to known antigens,
particularly to immunoglobulin molecules and to immunologically
active portions of immunoglobulin molecules, i.e molecules that
contain a binding site that immunospecifically binds an antigen.
The immunoglobulin according to the invention can be of any type
(IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE, IgA and IgY) or class (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4,
IgA1 and IgA2) or subclasses of immunoglobulin molecule.
[0344] "Antibodies" are intended within the scope of the present
invention to include monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal, chimeric,
single chain, bispecific or bi-effective, simianized, human and
humanized antibodies as well as active fragments thereof. Examples
of active fragments of molecules that bind to known antigens
include Fab and F(ab').sub.2 fragments, including the products of
an Fab immunoglobulin expression library and epitope-binding
fragments of any of the antibodies and fragments mentioned
above.
[0345] These active fragments can be derived from an antibody of
the present invention by a number of techniques. For example,
purified monoclonal antibodies can be cleaved with an enzyme, such
as pepsin, and subjected to HPLC gel filtration. The appropriate
fraction containing Fab fragments can then be collected and
concentrated by membrane filtration and the like. For further
description of general techniques for the isolation of active
fragments of antibodies, see for example, Khaw, B. A. et al. J.
Nucl. Med. 23:1011-1019 (1982); Rousseaux et al. Methods
Enzymology, 121:663-69, Academic Press, 1986.
[0346] A "humanized antibody" refers to a type of engineered
antibody having its CDRs derived from a non-human donor
immunoglobulin, the remaining immunoglobulin-derived parts of the
molecule being derived from one (or more) human immunoglobulin(s).
In addition, framework support residues may be altered to preserve
binding affinity. Methods to obtain "humanized antibodies" are well
known to those skilled in the art. (see, e.g., Queen et al., Proc.
Natl Acad Sci USA, 86:10029-10032 (1989), Hodgson et al.,
Bio/Technology, 9:421 (1991)).
[0347] A "humanized antibody" may also be obtained by a novel
genetic engineering approach that enables production of
affinitiy-matured humanlike polyclonal antibodies in large animals
such as, for example, rabbits
(http://www.rctech.com/bioventures/therapeutic.php).
[0348] The term "monoclonal antibody" is also well recognized in
the art and refers to an antibody that is mass produced in the
laboratory from a single clone and that recognizes only one
antigen. Monoclonal antibodies are typically made by fusing a
normally short-lived, antibody-producing B cell to a fast-growing
cell, such as a cancer cell (sometimes referred to as an "immortal"
cell). The resulting hybrid cell, or hybridoma, multiplies rapidly,
creating a clone that produces large quantities of the
antibody.
[0349] For the purpose of the present invention, "monoclonal
antibody" is also to be understood to comprise antibodies that are
produced by a mother clone which has not yet reached full
monoclonality.
[0350] "Functionally equivalent antibody" is understood within the
scope of the present invention to refer to an antibody which
substantially shares at least one major functional property with an
antibody mentioned above and herein described comprising: binding
specificity to the .beta.-amyloid protein, particularly to the
A.beta..sub.1-42 protein, and more particularly to the 4-16
epitopic region of the A.beta..sub.1-42 protein, immunoreactivity
in vitro, inhibition of aggregation of the A.beta..sub.1-42
monomers into high molecular polymeric fibrils and/or
disaggregation of preformed A.beta..sub.1-42 polymeric fibrils,
and/or a .beta.-sheet breaking property and alleviating the effects
of diseases and disorders which are caused by or associated with
amyloid or amyloid-like proteins including amyloidosis, a group of
diseases and disorders associated with amyloid plaque formation
including secondary amyloidosis and age-related amyloidosis such as
diseases including, but not limited to, neurological disorders such
as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), including diseases or conditions
characterized by a loss of cognitive memory capacity such as, for
example, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Lewy body dementia,
Down's syndrome, hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis
(Dutch type); the Guam Parkinson-Dementia complex; as well as other
diseases which are based on or associated with amyloid-like
proteins such as progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple
sclerosis; Creutzfeld Jacob disease, Parkinson's disease,
HIV-related dementia, ALS (amyotropic lateral sclerosis),
inclusion-body myositis (IBM), Adult Onset Diabetis; senile cardiac
amyloidosis; endocrine tumors, and others, including macular
degeneration, when administered prophylactically or
therapeutically. The antibodies can be of any class such as IgG,
IgM, or IgA, etc or any subclass such as IgG1, IgG2a, etc and other
subclasses mentioned herein above or known in the art, but
particularly of the IgG2 class. Further, the antibodies can be
produced by any method, such as phage display, or produced in any
organism or cell line, including bacteria, insect, mammal or other
type of cell or cell line which produces antibodies with desired
characteristics, such as humanized antibodies. The antibodies can
also be formed by combining a Fab portion and an Fc region from
different species.
[0351] The term "bispecific" or "bifunctional" and "bi-effective"
is used synonymously within the scope of this application to
characterize an antibody which exhibits both an inhibition property
on amyloid or amyloid-like fiber formation as well as a
disaggregation property of amyloid or amyloid-like fibers.
[0352] The term "antigen" refers to an entity or fragment thereof
which can induce an immune response in an organism, particularly an
animal, more particularly a mammal including a human. The term
includes immunogens and regions responsible for antigenicity or
antigenic determinants.
[0353] As used herein, the term "soluble" means partially or
completely dissolved in an aqueous solution.
[0354] Also as used herein, the term "immunogenic" refers to
substances which elicit or enhance the production of antibodies,
T-cells and other reactive immune cells directed against an
immunogenic agent and contribute to an immune response in humans or
animals.
[0355] An immune response occurs when an individual produces
sufficient antibodies, T-cells and other reactive immune cells
against administered immunogenic compositions of the present
invention to moderate or alleviate the disorder to be treated.
[0356] "Polymeric soluble amyloid" refers to multiple aggregated
monomers of amyloid peptides, or of amyloid-like peptides, or of
modified or truncated amyloid peptides or of other derivates of
amyloid peptides forming oligomeric or polymeric structures which
are soluble in the mammalian or human body more particularly in the
brain, but particularly to multiple aggregated monomers of amyloid
.beta. (A.beta.) or of modified or truncated amyloid .beta.
(A.beta.) peptides or of derivatives thereof, which are soluble in
the mammalian or human body more particularly in the brain.
[0357] The term "hybridoma" is art recognized and is understood by
those of ordinary skill in the art to refer to a cell produced by
the fusion of an antibody-producing cell and an immortal cell, e.g.
a multiple myeloma cell. This hybrid cell is capable of producing a
continuous supply of antibody. See the definition of "monoclonal
antibody" above and the Examples below for a more detailed
description of the method of fusion.
[0358] The term "carrier" as used herein means a structure in which
antigenic peptide or supramolecular construct can be incorporated
into or can be associated with, thereby presenting or exposing
antigenic peptides or part of the peptide to the immune system of a
human or animal. Any particle that can be suitably used in animal
or human therapy such as, for example, a vesicle, a particle or a
particulate body may be used as a carrier within the context of the
present invention.
[0359] The term "carrier" further comprises methods of delivery
wherein supramolecular antigenic construct compositions comprising
the antigenic peptide may be transported to desired sites by
delivery mechanisms. One example of such a delivery system utilizes
colloidal metals such as colloidal gold.
[0360] In addition, the term "carrier" further comprises delivery
mechanisms known to those skilled in the art including, but not
limited to, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), bovine serum albumin
(BSA) and other adjuvants.
[0361] In the supramolecular antigenic construct according to the
present invention, the liposome may have a dual function in that it
can be used as a carrier comprising the supramolecular construct as
described herein before and, at the same time, function as an
adjuvant to increase or stimulate the immune response within the
target animal or human to be treated with the therapeutic vaccine
according to the invention. It is also to be understood that the
supramolecular antigenic construct compositions of the present
invention can further comprise additional adjuvants such as, for
example, lipid A, alum, calcium phosphate, interleukin 1, and/or
microcapsules of polysaccharides and proteins, but particularly a
detoxified lipid A, such as monophosphoryl or diphosphoryl lipid A,
or alum, further preservatives, diluents, emulsifiers, stabilizers,
and other components that are known and used in vaccines of the
prior art. Moreover, any adjuvant system known in the art can be
used in the composition of the present invention. Such adjuvants
include, but are not limited to, Freund's incomplete adjuvant,
Freund's complete adjuvant, polydispersed .beta.-(1,4) linked
acetylated mannan ("Acemannan"), TITERMAX.RTM.
(polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymer adjuvants from CytRx
Corporation), modified lipid adjuvants from Chiron Corporation,
saponin derivative adjuvants from Cambridge Biotech, killed
Bordetella pertussis, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative
bacteria, large polymeric anions such as dextran sulfate, and
inorganic gels such as alum, aluminum hydroxide, or aluminum
phosphate.
[0362] Carrier proteins that can be used in the supramolecular
antigenic construct compositions of the present invention include,
but are not limited to, maltose binding protein "MBP"; bovine serum
albumin "BSA"; keyhole lympet hemocyanin "KLH"; ovalbumin;
flagellin; thyroglobulin; serum albumin of any species; gamma
globulin of any species; syngeneic cells; syngeneic cells bearing
Ia antigens; and polymers of D- and/or L-amino acids.
[0363] Further, the term "therapeutically effective amount" refers
to the amount of antibody which, when administered to a human or
animal, elicits an immune response which is sufficient to result in
a therapeutic effect in said human or animal. The effective amount
is readily determined by one of skill in the art following routine
procedures.
[0364] "Homology" between two sequences is determined by sequence
identity. If two sequences which are to be compared with each other
differ in length, sequence identity preferably relates to the
percentage of the nucleotide residues of the shorter sequence which
are identical with the nucleotide residues of the longer sequence.
Sequence identity can be determined conventionally with the use of
computer programs such as the Bestfit program (Wisconsin Sequence
Analysis Package, Version 8 for Unix, Genetics Computer Group,
University Research Park, 575 Science Drive Madison, Wis. 53711).
Bestfit utilizes the local homology algorithm of Smith and
Waterman, Advances in Applied Mathematics 2 (1981), 482-489, in
order to find the segment having the highest sequence identity
between two sequences. When using Bestfit or another sequence
alignment program to determine whether a particular sequence has
for instance 95% identity with a reference sequence of the present
invention, the parameters are preferably so adjusted that the
percentage of identity is calculated over the entire length of the
reference sequence and that homology gaps of up to 5% of the total
number of the nucleotides in the reference sequence are permitted.
When using Bestfit, the so-called optional parameters are
preferably left at their preset ("default") values. The deviations
appearing in the comparison between a given sequence and the
above-described sequences of the invention may be caused for
instance by addition, deletion, substitution, insertion or
recombination. Such a sequence comparison can preferably also be
carried out with the program "fasta20u66" (version 2.0u66,
September 1998 by William R. Pearson and the University of
Virginia; see also W. R. Pearson (1990), Methods in Enzymology 183,
63-98, appended examples and http://workbench.sdsc.edu/). For this
purpose, the "default" parameter settings may be used.
[0365] The term "hybridize" as used refers to conventional
hybridization conditions, preferably to hybridization conditions at
which 5.times.SSPE, 1% SDS, 1.times. Denhardts solution is used as
a solution and/or hybridization temperatures are between 35.degree.
C. and 70.degree. C., preferably 65.degree. C. After hybridization,
washing is preferably carried out first with 2.times.SSC, 1% SDS
and subsequently with 0.2.times.SSC at temperatures between
35.degree. C. and 70.degree. C., preferably at 65.degree. C.
(regarding the definition of SSPE, SSC and Denhardts solution see
Sambrook et al. loc. cit.). Stringent hybridization conditions as
for instance described in Sambrook et al, supra, are particularly
preferred. Particularly preferred stringent hybridization
conditions are for instance present if hybridization and washing
occur at 65.degree. C. as indicated above. Non-stringent
hybridization conditions, for instance with hybridization and
washing carried out at 45.degree. C. are less preferred and at
35.degree. C. even less.
[0366] The present invention may be understood more readily by
reference to the following detailed description of specific
embodiments included herein. Although the present invention has
been described with reference to specific details of certain
embodiments, thereof, it is not intended that such details should
be regarded as limitations upon the scope of the invention.
[0367] The present invention provides antibodies and functional
parts thereof which are conformationally sensitive antibodies.
These antibodies recognize specific epitopes on a wide variety of
amyloid proteinic antigens. The antibodies are useful for
diagnostic and therapeutic intervention in diseases and diseases
and disorders which are caused by or associated with amyloid or
amyloid-like proteins including amyloidosis, a group of diseases
and disorders associated with amyloid or amyloid-like protein such
as the A.beta. protein involved in Alzheimer's Disease
[0368] Antibodies are administered to individuals to passively
immunize them against a variety of diseases or disorders, including
but not limited to, diseases associated with amyloid protein such
as Alzheimer's disease.
[0369] The antibodies provided herein are monoclonal or polyclonal
antibodies having binding specificity for antigenic peptides
representative of various disorders which are associated with
amyloid protein such as, for example, Alzheimer's disease.
[0370] The antibodies according to the invention are prepared by
immunizing an animal, such as a mouse, rat, rabbit or any other
animal species which can produce native or human antibodies, with a
supramolecular antigenic construct composition.
[0371] The supramolecular antigenic constructs as disclosed herein
generally comprise peptides modified to enhance antigenic effect
wherein such peptides are modified via pegylation (using
polyethylene glycol or modified polyethylene glycol), or modified
via other methods such as by palmitic acid, poly-amino acids (eg
poly-glycine, poly-histidine), poly-saccharides (eg
polygalacturonic acid, polylactic acid, polyglycolide, chitin,
chitosan), synthetic polymers (polyamides, polyurethanes,
polyesters) or co-polymers (eg. poly(methacrylic acid) and
N-(2-hydroxy) propyl methacrylamide) and the like.
[0372] Modification by palmitic acid (palmitoylation), while
providing an anchor for the peptide in the liposome bilayer, due to
the relative reduced length of the C.sub.16:0 fatty acid moiety
leads to the peptide practically laying on the liposome surface.
Therefore, the cells processing the antigen will have to take up
the entire liposome with the peptide, which, in the majority of
cases, results in a slower immune response in relative terms.
[0373] In one embodiment of the invention, a modified amyloid 1-15
peptide is used in the preparation of an antibody, particularly a
monoclonal antibody according to the invention. The modified
amyloid 1-15 peptide may be synthesized following the method
reported in Nicolau et. al. 2002. The approach reported in Nicolau
et al involves modifying the antigenic peptide by an on-resin
grafting of a lipophilic or hydrophobic moiety, to the terminal
amino acid residues of a pre-formed peptide resulting in a product
of considerably high purity. In particular, a protected amino acid,
particularly a Fmoc-protected amino acid, is attached to a resin
using known coupling chemistry. The protecting group is removed and
a second protected amino acid residue coupled. Standard automated
peptide synthesis using known protection chemistry, particularly
Fmoc/tBu chemistry, and standard side-chain protecting groups are
then used to synthesis the A.beta..sub.1-15 antigenic peptide by
coupling on amino acids 1 to 15 of amyloid protein A
.beta..sub.1-42 to produce the peptide fragment with a sequence
given in SEQ ID NO: 1. In a final step two further protected amino
acids are coupled to the growing peptide fragment. The Mtt groups
can then be selectively cleaved and coupled to palmitic acid. After
washing of the resin, the protecting group is removed and the resin
simultaneously cleaved, followed by side-chain deprotections using
standard methodology. The final product can then be obtained in
high purity and its identity confirmed by methods known in the art
such as, for example, electrospray mass spectrometry.
[0374] The lipophilic or hydrophobic moiety according to the
present invention may be a fatty acid, a triglyceride or a
phospholipid wherein the fatty acid carbon back bone has at least
10 carbon atoms. Particularly, the lipophilic or hydrophobic moiety
is a fatty acids with a carbon backbone of at least approximately
14 carbon atoms and up to approximately 24 carbon atoms, with each
individual number of carbon atom falling within this range also
being part of the present invention. More particularly, the
lipophilic or hydrophobic moiety has a carbon backbone of at least
14 carbon atoms. Examples of hydrophobic moieties include, but are
not limited to, palmitic acid, stearic acid, myristic acid, lauric
acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and cholesterol or
DSPE. In a specific embodiment of the present invention the
lipophilic or hydrophobic moiety is palmitic acid.
[0375] To enhance the immune response, another anchor/spacer can
suitably be applied to reconstitute the peptide in the liposome,
e.g. polyethylene glycol (PEG).
[0376] PEG is covalently attached to an amino acid residue bound at
both termini of the peptide, in particular Glu, Cys or Lys amino
acid residue or any other amino acid residue that can be suitably
used to covalently bind PEG to the peptide. At the other end of the
chain a hydrophobic moiety may be covalently bound to function as
the anchoring element in the liposome bilayer such as, for example,
phosphatidyl ethanol amine (PEA). Thus, the liposome still
functions as an adjuvant and the peptide being sufficiently far
away from the bilayer can be processed alone and thus increases its
immunogenicity as compared to the palmitoylated antigen.
[0377] In certain embodiments, the supramolecular antigenic
constructs used within the scope of the present invention comprise
a peptide sequence, covalently attached to pegylated lysine--one at
each terminus. The length of the PEG (polyethylenglycol) chain may
vary from n=8 to n=150,000 or more, particularly from n=10 to
n=80,000, more particularly from n=20 to n=10,000. In a specific
embodiment of the invention the length of the PEG chain is not more
than n=45, particularly between n=5 and n=40, more particularly
between n=10 and n=30, and even more particularly n=10.
[0378] The supramolecular constructs described herein can be
synthesized using automated peptide synthesis and known protection
chemistry, particularly Fmoc/tBu chemistry and standard side-chain
protecting groups. Typically, pegylation of peptides results in
mixtures of regioisomers.
[0379] To achieve a site-specific attachment of a PEG-lipid
conjugate to both the C- and N-terminus of A.beta. partially
protected peptides may be used. For those peptide sequences
containing internal Lys or His residues an orthogonally protected
Lys(ivDde) is added to each terminus. An additional Gly may be
added to the C-terminal end to facilitate synthesis. The protecting
group is removed and N-acetylated using acetic anhydride followed
by selective cleavage of the ivDde groups.
[0380] A resin, particularly a 2-chlorotrityl resin, is to be
favored which is acid sensitive and thus enables the isolation of
protected peptides.
[0381] In a specific embodiment of the invention, the coupling
reaction is performed in the solution phase. Selective cleavage
from the resin under mild conditions then release the internally
protected peptides.
[0382] Solution-phase couplings were achieved successfully with the
peptides derived from a .beta.-amyloid protein sequence such as,
for example, a A.beta..sub.1-16(SEQ ID NO: 2) to a
[0383] PEG molecule modified by a fatty acid--phosphatidylcholine
such as, for example, DSPE. Separation of the mono- and di-coupled
products before final side-chain deprotections can be achieved by
using cation-exchange chromatography. Subsequent peptide side-chain
deprotections leads to the isolation of the desired conjugates with
an acceptable purity. Purification can be achieved by methods well
known in the art such as, for example, HPLC. etc.
[0384] This approach to the synthesis of N- and C-terminal
lipid-PEG .beta.-amyloid antigens using protected peptides is
applicable to a wide variety of peptide sequences.
[0385] Liposomal antigens according to the invention may then be
prepared as described in Nicolau et al., 2002. The modified amyloid
A.beta. antigenic peptide, particularly the modified PEG- and
palmitoylated A.beta..sub.1-15, A.beta..sub.1-16(.DELTA.14),
A.beta..sub.22-35 and A.beta..sub.29-40 antigenic peptide may be
reconstituted in a construct consisting of liposomes, particularly
liposomes made of dimyristoyl phosphatidyl choline (DMPC),
dimyristoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DMPEA), dimyristoyl
phosphatidyl glycerol (DMPG) and cholesterol, optionally containing
monophosphoryl lipid A.
[0386] In a specific embodiment of the invention liposomes with
lipid A are used as adjuvant to prepare the anti-amyloid vaccine.
Dimyristoylphosphatidyl-choline, -glycerol and cholesterol are
mixed, particularly in a molar ratio of 0.9:1.0:0.7. A strong
immunmodulator such as, for example, monophosphoryl lipid A is then
added at a suitable concentration, particularly at a concentration
of between 30 and 50 mg per mmol, more particularly at 40 mg per
mmol of phospholipids. The modified antigenic A.beta. peptide is
then added at a molar ratio peptide to phospholipids of between
1:30 and 1:200, particularly at a molar ratio of between 1:50 and
1:120, more particularly of 1:100. Solvents are removed, for
example through evaporation, and the resulting film hydrated with
sterile buffer solution such as, for example PBS.
[0387] Liposomes may also be prepared by the crossflow injection
technique as described, for example, in Wagner et al (2002) Journal
of Liposome Research Vol 12(3), pp 259-270. During the injection of
lipid solutions into an aqueous buffer system, lipids tend to form
"precipitates", followed by self arrangement in vesicles. The
obtained vesicle size depends on factors such as lipid
concentration, stirring rate, injection rate, and the choice of
lipids. The preparation system may consist of a crossflow injection
module, vessels for the polar phase (e.g. a PBS buffer solution),
an ethanol/lipid solution vessel and a pressure device, but
particularly a nitrogen pressure device. While the aqueous or polar
solution is pumped through the crossflow injection module the
ethanol/lipid solution is injected into the polar phase with
varying pressures applied.
[0388] The liposome still functions as an adjuvant and the peptide
being sufficiently far away from the bilayer can be processed alone
and thus increases its immunogenicity as compared to the
palmitoylated antigen.
[0389] The free PEG terminus is covalently attached to a molecule
of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (where the fatty acid can be:
myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic etc. or a combination thereof)
to function as the anchoring element. This supramolecular structure
may be anchored by reconstitution in liposomes consisting of
phospholipids and cholesterol (phosphatidylethanol amine,
phosphatidyl glycerol, cholesterol in varied molar ratios. Other
phospholipids can be used. Lipid A is used at a concentration of
approximately 40 .quadrature.g/pmole of phospholipids.
[0390] In certain embodiments, the palmitoylated or pegylated
supramolecular antigenic constructs comprise a peptide having the
amino acid sequence of .beta.-amyloid. The peptides may also
comprise or correspond to whole amyloid beta peptide and active
fragments thereof. Additionally, peptides useful for the present
invention further comprise A.beta..sub.1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 2);
A.beta..sub.1-16(.DELTA.14); (SEQ ID NO: 3); A.beta..sub.1-15 (SEQ
ID NO: 1); and active fragments thereof.
[0391] For eliciting and preparing antibodies and for determining
immuogenicity of the modified A.beta. antigenic construct a
suitable animal selected from the group consisting of mice, rats,
rabbits, pigs, birds, etc, but particularly mice, especially
C57BL/6 mice are immunized with the antigenic peptide.
Immunogenicity of the antigenic construct is determined by probing
Sera samples in suitable time intervals after immunization using a
immunoassay such as, for example, an ELISA assay.
[0392] The monoclonal antibodies of the present invention can be
prepared using classical cloning and cell fusion techniques well
known in the art. The immunogen (antigen) of interest, is typically
administered (e.g. intraperitoneal injection) to wild type or
inbred mice (e.g. BALB/c or especially C57BL/6 mice), rats, rabbits
or other animal species or transgenic mice which can produce native
or human antibodies. The immunogen can be administered alone, or
mixed with adjuvant, or expressed from a vector (VEE replicon
vector, vaccinia), or as DNA, or as a fusion protein to induce an
immune response. Fusion proteins comprise the peptide against which
an immune response is desired coupled to carrier proteins, such as,
for example, beta.-galactosidase, glutathione S-transferase,
keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), and bovine serum albumin. In these
cases, the peptides serve as haptens with the carrier proteins.
After the animal is boosted, for example, two or more times, spleen
cells are harvested from the immunized animals and hybridomas
generated by fusing sensitized spleen cells with a myeloma cell
line, such as murine SP2/O myeloma cells (ATCC, Manassas, Va.)
using the well-known processes of Kohler and Milstein (Nature 256:
495-497 (1975)) and Harlow and Lane (Antibodies: A Laboratory
Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 1988)).
[0393] In a specific embodiment of the invention the antigenic
construct according to the invention, particularly a vaccine
composition comprising said antigenic construct in a
pharmaceutically acceptable form, is administered in repeated
doses, in particular in 1 to 15 doses, more particularly in 2 to 10
doses, even more particularly in 3 to 7 doses but especially in 4
to 6 doses, in time intervals of between 1 and 10 weeks,
particularly in time intervals of between 1 and 6 weeks, more
particularly in time intervals of between 1 and 4 weeks, and even
more particularly in time intervals of between 2 and 3 weeks. The
immune response is monitored by taking Sera samples at a suitable
time after boosting, particularly 3 to 10 days after boosting, more
particularly 4 to 8 days after boosting and more particularly 5 to
6 days after boosting and determining the immunogenicity of the
antigenic construct using known methodology, particularly one of
the commonly used immunoassays such as, for example, an ELISA
assay
[0394] Immunization with the antigenic construct according to the
invention, but particularly with a vaccine composition comprising
the antigenic construct according to the invention in a
pharmaceutically acceptable form leads to a significant immune
response in the treated animal. Animals, but especially mice with
therapeutic titers are selected for a fusion of antibody producing
cells, particularly B-lymphocytes with a continuously growing or
immortal cell line, such as a myeloma cell line. The cells are
induced to fuse by the addition of polyethylene glycol. Therapeutic
titers are those which give a positive result in an ELISA assay in
a dilution of between 1:4000 and 1:6000, particularly of between
1:4500 and 1:5500, more particularly of 1:5000.
[0395] The resulting hybrid cells are then cloned in the
conventional manner, e.g. using limiting dilution, and the
resulting clones, which produce the desired monoclonal antibodies,
cultured.
[0396] The so obtained hybridomas are chemically selected by
plating the cells in a selection medium containing hypoxanthine,
aminopterin and thymidine (HAT).
[0397] Hybridomas are subsequently screened for the ability to
produce monoclonal antibodies against specific amyloid-associated
diseases or disorders. Hybridomas producing antibodies of interest
are cloned, expanded and stored frozen for future production. The
preferred hybridoma produces a monoclonal antibody having the IgG
isotype, more preferably the IgG2 isotype.
[0398] The polyclonal antibody is prepared by immunizing animals,
such as mice or rabbits, or any other suitable animal with
supramolecular antigenic construct compositions of the present
invention described above. Blood sera is subsequently collected
from the animals, and antibodies in the sera screened for binding
reactivity against the amyloid antigen.
[0399] The antibodies according to the invention can be prepared in
a physiologically acceptable formulation and may comprise a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent and/or excipient using
known techniques. For example, the antibody according to the
invention and as described herein before including any functionally
equivalent antibody or functional parts thereof, in particular, the
monoclonal antibody including any functionally equivalent antibody
or functional parts thereof is combined with a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier, diluent and/or excipient to form a therapeutic
composition. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers, diluents and/or
excipients are well known in the art and include, for example,
phosphate buffered saline solutions, water, emulsions such as
oil/water emulsions, various types of wetting agents, sterile
solutions, etc.
[0400] Formulation of the pharmaceutical composition according to
the invention can be accomplished according to standard methodology
know to those skilled in the art.
[0401] The compositions of the present invention may be
administered to a subject in the form of a solid, liquid or aerosol
at a suitable, pharmaceutically effective dose. Examples of solid
compositions include pills, creams, and implantable dosage units.
Pills may be administered orally. Therapeutic creams may be
administered topically. Implantable dosage units may be
administered locally, for example, at a tumor site, or may be
implanted for systematic release of the therapeutic composition,
for example, subcutaneously. Examples of liquid compositions
include formulations adapted for injection intramuscularly,
subcutaneously, intravenously, intra-arterially, and formulations
for topical and intraocular administration. Examples of aerosol
formulations include inhaler formulations for administration to the
lungs.
[0402] The compositions may be administered by standard routes of
administration. In general, the composition may be administered by
topical, oral, rectal, nasal, interdermal, intraperitoneal, or
parenteral (for example, intravenous, subcutaneous, or
intramuscular) routes. In addition, the composition may be
incorporated into sustained release matrices such as biodegradable
polymers, the polymers being implanted in the vicinity of where
delivery is desired, for example, at the site of a tumor. The
method includes administration of a single dose, administration of
repeated doses at predetermined time intervals, and sustained
administration for a predetermined period of time.
[0403] A sustained release matrix, as used herein, is a matrix made
of materials, usually polymers which are degradable by enzymatic or
acid/base hydrolysis or by dissolution. Once inserted into the
body, the matrix is acted upon by-enzymes and body fluids. The
sustained release matrix desirably is chosen by biocompatible
materials such as liposomes, polylactides (polylactide acid),
polyglycolide (polymer of glycolic acid), polylactide co-glycolide
(copolymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid), polyanhydrides,
poly(ortho)esters, polypeptides, hyaluronic acid, collagen,
chondroitin sulfate, carboxylic acids, fatty acids, phospholipids,
polysaccharides, nucleic acids, polyamino acids, amino acids such
phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, polynucleotides, polyvinyl
propylene, polyvinylpyrrolidone and silicone. A preferred
biodegradable matrix is a matrix of one of either polylactide,
polyglycolide, or polylactide co-glycolide (co-polymers of lactic
acid and glycolic acid).
[0404] It is well know to those skilled in the pertinent art that
the dosage of the composition will depend on various factors such
as, for example, the condition of being treated, the particular
composition used, and other clinical factors such as weight, size,
sex and general health condition of the patient, body surface area,
the particular compound or composition to be administered, other
drugs being administered concurrently, and the route of
administration.
[0405] The composition may be administered in combination with
other compositions comprising an biologically active substance or
compound, particularly at least one compound selected from the
group consisting of compounds against oxidative stress,
anti-apoptotic compounds, metal chelators, inhibitors of DNA repair
such as pirenzepin and metabolites, 3-amino-1-propanesulfonic acid
(3APS), 1,3-propanedisulfonate (1,3PDS), secretase activators,
.beta.- and .gamma.-secretase inhibitors, tau proteins,
neurotransmitter, .beta.-sheet breakers, anti-inflammatory
molecules, "atypical antipsychotics" such as, for example
clozapine, ziprasidone, risperidone, aripiprazole or olanzapine or
cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) such as tacrine, rivastigmine,
donepezil, and/or galantamine and other drugs and nutritive
supplements such as, for example, vitamin B12, cystein, a precursor
of acetylcholine, lecithin, cholin, Ginkgo biloba,
acyetyl-L-carnitine, idebenone, propentofylline, or a xanthine
derivative, together with an antibody according to the present
invention and, optionally, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier
and/or a diluent and/or an excipient and procedures for the
treatment of diseases.
[0406] Proteinaceous pharmaceutically active matter may be present
in amounts between 1 ng and 10 mg per dose. Generally, the regime
of administration should be in the range of between 0.1 .mu.g and
10 mg of the antibody according to the invention particularly in a
range 1.0 .mu.g to 1.0 mg, and more particularly in a range of
between 1.0 .mu.g and 100 .mu.g, with all individual numbers
falling within these ranges also being part of the invention. If
the administration occurs through continuous infusion a more proper
dosage may be in the range of between 0.01 .mu.g and 10 mg units
per kilogram of body weight per hour with all individual numbers
falling within these ranges also being part of the invention.
[0407] Administration will generally be parenterally, eg
intravenously. Preparations for parenteral administration include
sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions and
emulsions. Non-aqueous solvents include without being limited to
it, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oil such as
olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
Aqueous solvents may be chosen from the group consisting of water,
alcohol/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions including
saline and buffered media. Parenteral vehicles include sodium
chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride,
lactated Ringer's, or fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include
fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as
those based on Ringer's dextrose) and others. Preservatives may
also be present such as, for example, antimicrobials,
anti-oxidants, chelating agents, inert gases, etc.
[0408] The pharmaceutical composition may further comprise
proteinaceous carriers such as, for example, serum albumine or
immunoglobulin, particularly of human origin. Further biologically
active agents may be present in the pharmaceutical composition of
the invention dependent on its the intended use.
[0409] In a further embodiment the present invention provides
methods and kits for the detection and diagnosis of
amyloid-associated diseases or conditions, for diagnosing a
predisposition to an amyloid-associated disease or condition or for
monitoring minimal residual disease in a patient or for predicting
responsiveness of a patient to a treatment with an antibody or a
vaccine composition according to the invention and as described
herein before. These methods include known immunologicatmethods
commonly used for detecting or quantifying substances in biological
samples or in an in situ condition.
[0410] Diagnosis of an amyloid-associated disease or condition or
of a predisposition to an amyloid-associated disease or condition
in a patient may be achieved by detecting the immunospecific
binding of a monoclonal antibody or an active fragment thereof to
an epitope of the amyloid protein in a sample or in situ, which
includes bringing the sample or a specific body part or body area
suspected to contain the amyloid antigen into contact with an
antibody which binds an epitope of the amyloid protein, allowing
the antibody to bind to the amyloid antigen to form an
immunological complex, detecting the formation of the immunological
complex and correlating the presence or absence of the
immunological complex with the presence or absence of amyloid
antigen in the sample or specific body part or area, optionally
comparing the amount of said immunological complex to a normal
control value, wherein an increase in the amount of said aggregate
compared to a normal control value indicates that said patient is
suffering from or is at risk of developing an amyloid-associated
disease or condition.
[0411] Monitoring minimal residual disease in a patient following
treatment with an antibody or a vaccine composition according to
the invention may be achieved by detecting the immunospecific
binding of a monoclonal antibody or an active fragment thereof to
an epitope of the amyloid protein in a sample or in situ, which
includes bringing the sample or a specific body part or body area
suspected to contain the amyloid antigen into contact with an
antibody which binds an epitope of the amyloid protein, allowing
the antibody to bind to the amyloid antigen to form an
immunological complex, detecting the formation of the immunological
complex and correlating the presence or absence of the
immunological complex with the presence or absence of amyloid
antigen in the sample or specific body part or area, optionally
comparing the amount of said immunological complex to a normal
control value, wherein an increase in the amount of said aggregate
compared to a normal control value indicates that said patient may
still suffer from a minimal residual disease.
[0412] Predicting responsiveness of a patient to a treatment with a
vaccine composition according to the invention may be achieved by
detecting the immunospecific binding of a monoclonal antibody or an
active fragment thereof to an epitope of the amyloid protein in a
sample or in situ, which includes bringing the sample or a specific
body part or body area suspected to contain the amyloid antigen
into contact with an antibody which binds an epitope of the amyloid
protein, allowing the antibody to bind to the amyloid antigen to
form an immunological complex, detecting the formation of the
immunological complex and correlating the presence or absence of
the immunological complex with the presence or absence of amyloid
antigen in the sample or specific body part or area, optionally
comparing the amount of said immunological complex before and after
onset of the treatment, wherein an decrease in the amount of said
aggregate indicates that said patient has a high potential of being
responsive to the treatment.
[0413] Biological samples that may be used in the diagnosis of an
amyloid-associated disease or condition, for diagnosing a
predisposition to an amyloid-associated disease or condition or for
monitoring minimal residual disease in a patient or for predicting
responsiveness of a patient to a treatment with an antibody or a
vaccine composition according to the invention and as described
herein before are, for example, fluids such as serum, plasma,
saliva, gastric secretions, mucus, cerebrospinal fluid, lymphatic
fluid and the like or tissue or cell samples obtained from an
organism such as neural, brain, cardiac or vascular tissue. For
determining the presence or absence of the amyloid antigen in a
sample any immunoassay known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
(See Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory, New York 1988 555-612) may be used such as, for
example, assays which utilize indirect detection methods using
secondary reagents for detection, ELISA's and immunoprecipitation
and agglutination assays. A detailed description of these assays
is, for example, given in WO96/13590 to Maertens and Stuyver, Zrein
et al. (1998) and WO96/29605.
[0414] For in situ diagnosis, the antibody or any active and
functional part thereof may be administered to the organism to be
diagnosed by methods known in the art such as, for example,
intravenous, intranasal, intraperitoneal, intracerebral,
intraarterial injection such that a specific binding between the
antibody according to the invention with an eptitopic region on the
amyloid antigen may occur. The antibody/antigen complex may be
detected through a label attached to the antibody or a functional
fragment thereof.
[0415] The immunoassays used in diagnostic applications or in
applications for diagnosing a predisposition to an
amyloid-associated disease or condition or for monitoring minimal
residual disease in a patient or for predicting responsiveness of a
patient to a treatment with an antibody or a vaccine composition
according to the invention and as described herein before.
typically rely on labelled antigens, antibodies, or secondary
reagents for detection. These proteins or reagents can be labelled
with compounds generally known to those skilled in the art
including enzymes, radioisotopes, and fluorescent, luminescent and
chromogenic substances including colored particles, such as
colloidal gold and latex beads. Of these, radioactive labelling can
be used for almost all types of assays and with most variations.
Enzyme-conjugated labels are particularly useful when radioactivity
must be avoided or when quick results are needed. Fluorochromes,
although requiring expensive equipment for their use, provide a
very sensitive method of detection. Antibodies useful in these
assays include monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, and
affinity purified polyclonal antibodies.
[0416] Alternatively, the antibody may be labelled indirectly by
reaction with labelled substances that have an affinity for
immunoglobulin, such as protein A or G or second antibodies. The
antibody may be conjugated with a second substance and detected
with a labelled third substance having an affinity for the second
substance conjugated to the antibody. For example, the antibody may
be conjugated to biotin and the antibody-biotin conjugate detected
using labelled avidin or streptavidin. Similarly, the antibody may
be conjugated to a hapten and the antibody-hapten conjugate
detected using labelled anti-hapten antibody.
[0417] Those of ordinary skill in the art will know of these and
other suitable labels which may be employed in accordance with the
present invention. The binding of these labels to antibodies or
fragments thereof can be accomplished using standard techniques
commonly known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Typical
techniques are described by Kennedy, J. H., et al.,1976 (Clin.
Chim. Acta 70:1-31), and Schurs, A. H. W. M., et al. 1977 (Clin.
Chim Acta 81:1-40). Coupling techniques mentioned in the latter are
the glutaraldehyde method, the periodate method, the dimaleimide
method, and others, all of which are incorporated by reference
herein.
[0418] Current immunoassays utilize a double antibody method for
detecting the presence of an analyte, wherein, the antibody is
labeled indirectly by reactivity with a second antibody that has
been labeled with a detectable label. The second antibody is
preferably one that binds to antibodies of the animal from which
the monoclonal antibody is derived. In other words, if the
monoclonal antibody is a mouse antibody, then the labeled, second
antibody is an anti-mouse antibody. For the monoclonal antibody to
be used in the assay described below, this label is preferably an
antibody-coated bead, particularly a magnetic bead. For the
polyclonal antibody to be employed in the immunoassay described
herein, the label is preferably a detectable molecule such as a
radioactive, fluorescent or an electrochemiluminescent
substance.
[0419] An alternative double antibody system, often referred to as
fast format systems because they are adapted to rapid
determinations of the presence of an analyte, may also be employed
within the scope of the present invention. The system requires high
affinity between the antibody and the analyte. According to one
embodiment of the present invention, the presence of the amyloid
antigen is determined using a pair of antibodies, each specific for
amyloid antigen. One of said pairs of antibodies is referred to
herein as a "detector antibody" and the other of said pair of
antibodies is referred to herein as a "capture antibody". The
monoclonal antibody of the present invention can be used as either
a capture antibody or a detector antibody. The monoclonal antibody
of the present invention can also be used as both capture and
detector antibody, together in a single assay. One embodiment of
the present invention thus uses the double antibody sandwich method
for detecting amyloid antigen in a sample of biological fluid. In
this method, the analyte (amyloid antigen) is sandwiched between
the detector antibody and the capture antibody, the capture
antibody being irreversibly immobilized onto a solid support. The
detector antibody would contain a detectable label, in order to
identify the presence of the antibody-analyte sandwich and thus the
presence of the analyte.
[0420] Exemplary solid phase substances include, but are not
limited to, microliter plates, test tubes of polystyrene, magnetic,
plastic or glass beads and slides which are well known in the field
of radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay. Methods for coupling
antibodies to solid phases are also well known to those skilled in
the art. More recently, a number of porous material such as nylon,
nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, glass fibers and other porous
polymers have been employed as solid supports.
[0421] The present invention also relates to a diagnostic kit for
detecting amyloid antigen in a biological sample comprising a
composition as defined above. Moreover, the present invention
relates to the latter diagnostic kit which, in addition to a
composition as defined above, also comprises a detection reagent as
defined above. The term "diagnostic kit" refers in general to any
diagnostic kit known in the art. More specifically, the latter term
refers to a diagnostic kit as described in Zrein et al. (1998).
[0422] It is still another object of the present invention to
provide novel immunoprobes and test kits for detection and
diagnosis of amyloid-associated diseases and conditions comprising
antibodies according to the present invention. For immunoprobes,
the antibodies are directly or indirectly attached to a suitable
reporter molecule, e.g., an enzyme or a radionuclide. The test kit
includes a container holding one or more antibodies according to
the present invention and instructions for using the antibodies for
the purpose of binding to amyloid antigen to form an immunological
complex and detecting the formation of the immunological complex
such that presence or absence of the immunological complex
correlates with presence or absence of amyloid antigen.
Examples
[0423] Antigens Used to Raise Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies:
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 1 Antibodies and antigenic constructs used for
raising said antibodies Mouse mAb Antigen/Sequence Linker Anchor
Adjuvant mACI-01-Ab7 A.beta..sub.1-16 PEG DSPE Lipid A mACI-02-Ab6
A.beta..sub.1-16 (.DELTA.14) PEG DSPE Lipid A mACI-11-Ab9
A.beta..sub.22-35 PEG DSPE Lipid A mACI-12-Ab11 A.beta..sub.29-40
PEG DSPE Lipid A mACI-24-Ab4 A.beta..sub.1-15 -- Palm Lipid A
Example 1
Methods for Making Palmitoylated A.beta..sub.1-15 Supramolecular
Antigenic Constructs
[0424] Synthesis of tetra(palmitoyl lysine)-A.beta..sub.1-15
Peptide Antigen:
[0425] The palmitoylated amyloid 1-15 peptide was synthesized
following an improved previously reported method (Nicolau et. al.
2002). This new approach involved on-resin grafting of palmitic
acid to the terminal Lys residues of the pre-formed peptide rather
than stepwise solid-phase synthesis incorporating the modified
amino acid 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-Lys(Pal)-OH. This new
approach improves coupling efficiency and gives a product of
considerably higher purity. Thus, the orthogonally protected amino
acid Fmoc-Lys(Mtt)-OH was attached to a Wang resin using
[2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium
hexafluorophosphate] (HBTU) coupling chemistry. The Fmoc group was
removed using 20% piperidine in DMF and a second residue of
Fmoc-Lys(Mtt)-OH was coupled. Standard automated peptide synthesis
using Fmoc/tBu chemistry and standard side-chain protecting groups
was then used to couple on the next 15 amino acids to yield a
peptide sequence as given in SEQ ID NOS: 1. Finally, the last two
amino acids coupled were Fmoc-Lys(Mtt)-OH. The Mtt groups were then
selectively cleaved using 1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in
dichloromethane to release a peptide fragment and then coupled to
palmitic acid using HBTU. After resin wash, the Fmoc group was
removed with 20% piperidine in dimethylformamide (DMF) and finally
simultaneous resin cleavage and side-chain deprotections were
carried out using TFA under standard conditions. Trituration from
cold diethyl ether gave the product as a white solid. Electrospray
mass spectrometry confirmed the identity of the product (m/z
expected: 1097.9 ([M]3+); found: 1096.8 ([M-3H]3+), with no other
tri-, di- or mono-palmitoylated peptides detected.
Example 2
Methods for Making Supramolecular Antigenic Constructs
[0426] Synthesis of Pegylated .beta.-amyloid Peptide Antigen:
[0427] To enhance the immune response, another anchor/spacer has
been applied to reconstitute the peptide in the liposome, e.g.
polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG was covalently attached to the
lysine residue bound at both termini of the peptide. At the other
end of the chain (PEGn=70) phosphatidyl ethanol amine (PEA) was
covalently bound to function as the anchoring element in the
liposome bilayer. Thus, the liposome still functions as an adjuvant
and the peptide being sufficiently far away from the bilayer can be
processed alone and thus increases its immunogenicity as compared
to the palmitoylated antigen.
[0428] The supramolecular constructs described herein were uniquely
synthesized using standard Fmoc/tBu amino acid side-chain
protections. Typically, pegylation of peptides results in mixtures
of regioisomers. Herein a convenient method for the site-specific
attachment of a PEG-lipid conjugate to both the C- and N-terminus
of A.beta. is demonstrated using partially protected peptides.
[0429] For those peptide sequences containing internal Lys or His
residues (1-16, 1-16.beta.14, 22-35), an orthogonally protected
Lys(ivDde) was added to each terminus. An additional Gly was added
to the C-terminal to facilitate synthesis. The Fmoc group was
removed with 20% piperidine in DMF and N-acetylated using acetic
anhydride. Selective cleavage of the ivDde groups was achieved with
3% hydrazine hydrate in DMF for one hour. The 2-chlorotrityl resin
was favored over the more widely used Wang resin since the former
proved to be much more resistant to hydrazinolysis. Furthermore,
the 2-chlorotrityl resin is extremely acid sensitive and thus,
unlike the Wang resin, enables the isolation of protected peptides.
Indeed, it was necessary to perform the coupling reaction in the
solution phase as coupling of the resin-bound peptide to the
pre-activated pegylated lipid reagent DSPE-PEG-SPA did not give
rise to any coupling product. Thus selective cleavage from the
resin under mild conditions (acetic
acid/trifluoroethanol/dichloromethane, 1:1:8, 1 h, rt) gave the
internally protected peptides.
[0430] Solution-phase couplings were achieved successfully with the
peptides derived from sequence A.beta..sub.1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 2) to
DSPE-PEG-SPA in DMSO and excess base. The reactions were then
quenched by the addition of excess ethanolamine for 2 h and the
solution lyophilized.
[0431] For the sequence 29-40, no special protection strategy is
required.
[0432] Purification by HPLC (semi-preparative reverse-phase C.sub.4
column) gave between 50-70% purity of the N- and C-terminal
PEG-lipid conjugates whose identities were confirmed by MALDI
(matrix assisted laser desorption ionization). Each sequence showed
considerable variation in the ease of the coupling reaction and
conditions were adjusted accordingly (temperature, number of molar
equivalents DSPE-PEG-SPA, time). For the separation of excess
DSPE-PEG-SPA from the desired product HPLC purification is applied.
Separation of the mono- and di-coupled products before final
side-chain deprotections can be achieved by using cation-exchange
chromatography. Subsequent peptide side-chain deprotections and
separation of the excess quenched DSPE-PEG-SPA leads to the
isolation of the desired conjugates with an acceptable purity.
[0433] This approach to the synthesis of N- and C-terminal
lipid-PEG .beta.-amyloid antigens using protected peptides is
applicable to a wide variety of peptide sequences.
Example 3
Antibodies Elicited by Supramolecular Antigenic Constructs
[0434] Manufacturing of mAbs Raised Against Palmitoylated
A.beta..sub.1-15 Supramolecular Antigenic Construct:
[0435] Palmitoylated antigen (ACI-24, A.beta..sub.1-15) was used
for the immunization in C57BL/6 mice in 2 week intervals. 10-12
animals were immunized with each antigen (Injection vol: 200 .mu.l
containing 8 nmoles peptid). Last injection was performed 4 days
before sacrifice of the animals. After 5 boostings mice with
therapeutic titers (when a 1:5,000 dilution of the sera were
positive in ELISA) were selected for a fusion. Spleen cells are
harvested from the immunized animals and hybridomas generated by
fusing sensitized spleen cells with a myeloma cell line. The fusion
of the mice's B-lymphocytes from the spleens was conducted with
cells of myeloma cell line SP2-0. (ATCC, Manassas, Va.) using the
well-known processes of Kohler and Milstein (Nature 256: 495-497
(1975)) and Harlow and Lane (Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 1988)).
[0436] The cells are induced to fuse by the addition of
polyethylene glycol. The resulting hybrid cells are then cultured
for 10.+-.14 day in the conventional manner to allow clonal growth.
Initial clonal selection was made using limiting dilution. IgG
producing hybridoma clones were selected and tested for their
specific binding to the A.beta..sub.1-42 peptide by ELISA and the
resulting clones, which produce the desired monoclonal antibodies,
cultured.
[0437] The so obtained hybridomas are chemically selected by
plating the cells in a selection medium containing hypoxanthine,
aminopterin and thymidine (HAT).
[0438] Hybridomas are subsequently screened for the ability to
produce monoclonal antibodies against specific amyloid-associated
diseases or disorders. Once the mother clone was identified, it was
subcloned four times to assure monoclonality and allow the hybrid
to stabilize.
[0439] Hybridomas producing antibodies of interest are cloned,
expanded and stored frozen for future production.
[0440] The antibody was isotyped by a commercially available mouse
monoclonal isotyping kit and the stable clone was adapted to serum
free medium and placed in a bioreactor for antibody production.
[0441] The preferred hybridoma produces a monoclonal antibody
having the IgG isotype, more preferably the IgG1 isotype.
[0442] Manufacturing of mAbs Raised Against Pegylated
PEG-A.beta..sub.1-16, A.beta..sub.4-11, A.beta..sub.22-35 and
A.beta..sub.29-40 Supramolecular Antigenic Constructs:
[0443] Liposomal antigens were prepared as described (Nicolau et
al., 2002, PNAS, 99, 2332-37). The sequences PEG-A.beta..sub.1-46,
A.beta..sub.4-11, A.beta..sub.22-35 and A.beta..sub.29-40 (FIG. 1)
were reconstituted in a construct consisting of liposomes made of
dimyristoyl phosphatidyl choline (DMPC), dimyristoyl phosphatidyl
ethanolamine (DMPEA), dimyristoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (MPG) and
cholesterol (0.9:0.1:0.1:0.7 molar ratios) containing
monophosphoryl lipid A (40 mg/mM phospholipids). These antigens and
pegylated A.beta..sub.1-16 were used for the immunization in
C57BL/6 mice in 2 week intervals. 10-12 animals were immunized with
each antigen. After 3 to 6 boostings, mice with therapeutic titers
(when a 1:5,000 dilution of the sera were positive in ELISA) were
selected for a fusion. Spleen cells are harvested from the
immunized animals and hybridomas generated by fusing sensitized
spleen cells with a myeloma cell line. The fusion of the mice's
B-lymphocytes from the spleens was conducted with cells of myeloma
cell line SP2-0. (ATCC, Manassas, Va.) using the well-known
processes of Kohler and Milstein (Nature 256: 495-497 (1975)) and
Harlow and Lane (Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory, New York 1988)).
[0444] The cells are induced to fuse by the addition of
polyethylene glycol. The resulting hybrid cells are then cloned in
the conventional manner, e.g. using limiting dilution. IgG
producing hybridoma clones were selected and tested for their
specific binding to the A.beta..sub.1-42 peptide by ELISA and the
resulting clones, which produce the desired monoclonal antibodies,
cultured.
[0445] The so obtained hybridomas are chemically selected by
plating the cells in a selection medium containing hypoxanthine,
aminopterin and thymidine (HAT).
[0446] Hybridomas are subsequently screened for the ability to
produce monoclonal antibodies against specific amyloid-associated
diseases or disorders. Hybridomas producing antibodies of interest
are cloned, expanded and stored frozen for future production. The
preferred hybridoma produces a monoclonal antibody having the IgG
isotype, more preferably the IgG1 isotype.
Example 4
Specificity Determination for Antibody mACI-24-Ab4
[0447] To analyze the specificity of the antibody mACI-24-Ab4,
different concentrations of pre-formed Amyloid 1-42, 1-40 and 1-38
fibrils were blotted onto Hybond ECL Nitrocellulose Membrane
(Amersham Biosciences). After blocking with 10% dry milk and 0.7%
Tween 20, membranes were incubated with primary antibody at 20
.mu.g/ml for 2 h at RT. After washing, membranes were incubated
with horse radish peroxidase conjugated sheep anti-mouse IgG
antibody (Amersham Biosciences) for 1 h at RT, washed and incubated
with cheminluminescent solution followed by the exposure of the
membrane to X-ray film.
[0448] To measure binding of the mAb mACI-24-Ab4 to amyloid .beta.
1-42 fibers, A.beta. 1-42, 1-40 and 1-38 fibers were pre-formed for
seven days at 37.degree. C. and blotted on the membrane. 20
.mu.g/ml antibody was used to measure binding capacity and the
bound antibody was detected by horse radish peroxidase conjugated
sheep anti-mouse IgG antibody for 20 minutes exposition.
[0449] As it could be demonstrated by Dot Blot analysis, the
antibody mACI-24-Ab4 binds to different pre-formed A.beta. fibers
with different sensitiveness. The antibody exhibits the highest
binding sensitivity to A.beta..sub.1-42 fibers than for
A.beta..sub.1-40 or A.beta..sub.1-38. It is able to detect at least
0.001 .mu.g of A.beta..sub.1-42 fibers whereas the detection limit
of the antibody for A.beta..sub.1-40 fibers is at least 0.1 .mu.g
and for the A.beta..sub.1-38 fibers 1 .mu.g, meaning the
sensitiveness is 100 fold to a 1000 fold less for these types of
amyloid fibers: These data demonstrates that the antibody
ACI-24-Ab4 is at least a 100 fold more sensitive to the amyloid
form (1-42) which is known to become insoluble by change of
secondary conformation and being major part of amyloid plaques in
brains of AD patients.
Example 5
Binding of AC Immune's Monoclonal Antibody mACI-01-Ab7 C2 to
Amyloid Species in Western Blot and Dot Blot
[0450] To determine whether the binding of the mouse antibody
mACI-01-Ab7 C2 is dependent on the native conformation of A.beta. a
comparison of the binding to linearized amyloid by Western Blot or
native amyloid on Dot Blot was performed (FIGS. 2a and 2b)
[0451] Amyloid monomers were generated by dissolving A.beta.1-42
peptide in HFIP and the solvent evaporated under argon. Dried
peptide film was stored at -80.degree. C. until use. For
preparation of monomers, the peptide film was resupended in DMSO to
a concentration of 2.75 .mu.g/.mu.l and diluted in PBS to 1
.mu.g/.mu.l. For preparation of oligomers, dried peptide film was
resuspended in DMSO to 5 mM, sonicated and PBS added to reach 400
uM amyloid followed by the addition of SDS to a final concentration
of 0.2%. After 6 hour incubation at 37.degree. C., the amyloid was
diluted in water to a final concentration of 100 .mu.M and
incubated another 18 h at 37.degree. C. The amyloid oligomers were
precipitated with ice-cold 33% methanol, 4% acetic acid solution
for lh at 4.degree. C., spun down at 16200 g for 10 minutes and the
pellet resuspended in 5 mM Na2H2PO4, 35 mM NaCl pH 7.4 to a final
concentration of 1 .mu.g/.mu.l. For preparation of fibers, peptide
film was diluted in Tris-HCl 50 mM buffer to get a concentration of
1 mg/ml of amyloid and incubated at 37.degree. C. for 5 days. The
tubes were spun at 10000 g for 5 minutes and the pellet resuspended
in 0.1M carbonate buffer pH 9.6 to reach 1 .mu.g/.mu.l.
[0452] 1 or 5 .mu.g of monomers, oligomers or fibers were diluted
in PBS and in loading buffer and applied to a 12% SDS-PAGE and the
gel transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Alternatively, 3 or 1
.mu.g or 100 and 10 ng of amyloid species were diluted in PBS and
were dotted directly onto the nitrocellulose membrane and the
membranes dried at RT for 1 hour. After blocking for 30 minutes
with Casein solution (Vector), the membranes were incubated for 30
minutes with mACI-01-Ab7 C2 or 6E10 (Chemicon) antibodies diluted
to 1 .mu.g/ml in Casein solution. After 3 washes in Casein
solution, the membranes were incubated at RT for 30 minutes with
HRP-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG (Dako Cytomation) diluted in Casein
solution, washed 3 times and developed with DAB substrate (Dako
Cytomation).
[0453] The monoclonal mouse antibody mACI-01-Ab7 C2 bound
specifically to monomers, oligomers and fibers in the Dot Blot
assay as did the positive control antibody 6E10. In contrast, the
mACI-01-Ab7C2 antibody did not detect linearized amyloid species by
Western Blot in contrast to the 6E10 antibody which clearly
recognized all linearized peptides. This result demonstrates that
the binding of mACI-01-Ab7 C2 to amyloid is dependent on the native
conformation of amyloid.
Example 6
mACI-01Ab7 C2-A.beta..sub.1-42 Interactions
[0454] The interactions between AC immune's lead antibody
mACI-01-Ab7 C2 (mC2) with amyloid peptide A.beta..sub.1-42 was
studies using surface plasmon resonance. The binding of the mouse
antibody mACI-01-Ab7 C2 to either monomers or fibers of
A.beta..sub.1-42 were determined.
[0455] All SPR experiments were carried out on a Biacore X
instrument (Biacore AB). Reagents for immobilization (EDC, NHS and
ethanolamine), sensor chips CM5 and SA as well as running and
sample buffer HBS-EP were purchased from Biacore AB. Sodium acetate
(10 mM, pH 5.0) was used as coupling buffer to increase coupling
yield. Fibrillar A.beta..sub.1-42 (BAchem) was prepared by adding
PBS buffer to A.beta..sub.1-42 to a final concenctration of 3 mg/ml
and leaving the vials at 37.degree. C. for 7 days. Fibrillar
A.beta..sub.1-42 was coupled to a CM5 sensor chip containing a
surface-bound carboxymethyl dextran matrix. Biotinylated monomeric
A.beta..sub.1-42 (Bachem) was coupled to a Sensor chip SA
consisting of carboxymethyl dextran matrix with covalently attached
Streptavidin. Typically four or five concentrations of mAb were
assayed by serial dilutions using running buffer. Injections were
performed starting from the lowest concentration and were passed
over both fc 1 and 2 at a flow rate of 30 .mu.L/min for 3 min. Flow
cell 2 was underivatised and responses were subtracted from fc 1 to
correct for instrument noise and bulk refractive changes. After
injection was finished, the surfaces were washed immediately with
running buffer for 5 min. To remove remaining bound antibody from
the A.beta..sub.1-42 fibrils, surface regeneration was performed by
injecting pulses of 10 mM NaOH. Kinetic analysis was performed
using algorithms for numerical integration and global analysis
using BIAevaluation 3.0. The curves obtained for injections of
analyte at different concentrations were overlaid and the baselines
adjusted to zero. For curve fitting, all data were fit
simultaneously to a 1:1 homogeneous complex.
[0456] Binding of the mouse mACI-01-Ab7 C2 antibody to amyloid was
determined to be relatively strong. As demonstrated in Table 2, the
mouse antibody mACI-01-Ab7 C2 bound specifically to immobilized
A.beta..sub.1-42 fibers with an average association constant (ka)
of 3.8.times.10.sup.-4 M/s, a dissociation constant (kd) of
1.1.times.10.sup.-3 s.sup.-1 and therefore with the resulting
average KD of 3.5.times.10.sup.-8 M. Association of the mACI-01-Ab7
C2 to A.beta. monomers was similar or slightly faster with an
average ka of 1.6.times.10.sup.-4 M/s but the dissociation was more
rapid giving a KD of 2.5.times.10.sup.-7 M.
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 2 Monomers Fibers k.sub.a(1/Ms) k.sub.d(1/s)
KD (M) k.sub.a(1/Ms) k.sub.d(1/s) KD (M) mACI-01-Ab7 C2 exp. 1
1.8E+04 2.7E-03 1.5E-07 2.4E+04 9.9E-04 4.1E-08 mACI-01-Ab7 C2 exp.
2 1.5E+04 5.3E-03 3.5E-07 5.60E+04 9.66E-04 1.73E-08 mACI-01-Ab7 C2
exp. 3 3.26E+04 1.49E-03 4.58E-08 average 1.6E+04 4.0E-03 2.5E-07
3.8E+04 1.1E-03 3.5E-08 mACI-01-Ab7 C2 .+-.0.21 1.84 1.41 1.66 0.3
1.53
Example 7
Binding of mACI-01-Ab7 C2 Monoclonal Antibody to Amyloid Fibers
[0457] To analyze the molecular binding side of the antibody on
pre-formed fibers negatively contrasted transmission electronic
microscopy (TEM) was performed (FIGS. 3a and 3b).
[0458] The antibody, mACI-01-Ab7 C2, was coupled with 8 nm
colloidal gold according to .sup.4,.sup.5. For the co-incubation of
amyloid 1-42 (A.beta.1-42) fibers 6.65 uM fibers were incubated for
24 h at RT with the gold-labeled antibody with the molar ratio of
1:100. Subsequently 5 .mu.l of sample were incubated on the fresh
glow-discharged Cu grid (mesh 200) covered with parlodium/C film
for 45 seconds, washed 3 times with water and 1 times with 2% fresh
diluted and filtered uranyl acetate. Samples were stained in 2%
uranyl acetate for 15-20 sec. Excess of stain on the grids was
sucked and consequently air-dried. Three grids of each sample were
prepared. The grids were analyzed in transmission electron
microscopy Hitachi 7000.
[0459] The monoclonal antibody, mACI-01-Ab7 C2, binds directly to
A.beta..sub.1-42 fibers. Interestingly the antibody exhibits no
symmetric binding to axis of single fibers but binds to particular
and not all areas of side branches of the fiber network. It seemed
to be the antibody targets specific regions within the side
branches. The potential explanation is a specific secondary
structure which occurs only in this specific side branches. This
hypothesis is supported by NMR data demonstrating that the antibody
induced transition on conformation and therefore it is likely that
its binding is dependent on a conformation of the amyloid fiber
comprising a .beta.-sheet structure.
Example 8
Fractionation by Density-Gradient Ultracentrifugation
[0460] The properties of monoclonal antibodies in inhibiting
A.beta..sub.1-42 fiber polymerization and disaggregating of
A.beta..sub.1-42-fibers were studied by density-gradient
ultracentrifugation (Rzepecki et al., 2004) which is based on the
principle to distribute between differently sized resulting peptide
fibers after incubation with and without antibodies followed by a
SDS-PAGE sedimentation analysis on a preformed gradient
(OptiPrep.TM.). Simultaneous analysis of populations of preformed
A.beta.-fibers, disaggregation and inhibition of aggregation
properties of the co-incubated antibodies, and the binding of the
antibodies to the fibers are obvious advantages of these
methods.
[0461] The monoclonal antibodies raised against A.beta..sub.1-16
(mACI-01-Ab7 C2), A.beta..sub.1-16(.DELTA.14) (mACI-02-Ab6),
A.beta..sub.1-15 (mACI-24-Ab4), A.beta..sub.22-35(mACI-11-Ab9), and
A.beta..sub.29-40 (mACI-12-Ab11) were all analyzed in
disaggregating assays whereas the inhibiting of aggregation
properties were studied only for the monoclonal antibody
mACI-02-Ab6, mACI-24-Ab4, and mACI-01-Ab7 C2.
[0462] For the inhibition of A.beta..sub.1-42 aggregation,
A.beta..sub.1-42 monomers were incubated with mAbs at two different
molar ratios (molar ratio of monomer A.beta..sub.1-42 thirty- or
hundred-fold higher than mAb) with the A.beta. final concentration
of 50 .mu.M. After 24 hrs incubation at 37.degree. C., samples were
overlayed over a discontinuous gradient of Optiprep.TM. and tubes
were spun at 259 000 g for 3 hrs at 4.degree. C. 15 fractions were
harvested (140 .mu.L each), fraction 1 was the least dense fraction
from the top of the gradient and fraction 15 is the densest
fraction from the bottom of the gradient. The pellet was also
taken. The collected fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE with
silver staining. The concentration A.beta..sub.1-42 for inhibition
assays was five times less than for disaggregation assays which
decrease amyloid aggregation kinetic and ensure measurement within
the linear phase.
[0463] For the disaggregation of preformed A.beta..sub.1-42 fibrils
by co-incubation with mAbs (at two different molar ratios 1:30 and
1:100, mAb+Monomer A.beta..sub.1-42 with the A.beta. final
concentration of 246 .mu.M), the samples were incubated for 24
hours at 37.degree. C. After 24 hrs samples were fractioned by
ultracentrifugation and separated by SDS-PAGE as described above
and before (Rzepecki et al., 2004).
[0464] Inhibition of A.beta..sub.1-42 Aggregation Assay:
[0465] It could be demonstrated that without addition of mAb,
A.beta. peptide was aggregated after 24 hrs incubation time and
most of the protein was found in fractions 13-15, demonstrating
complete polymerization of the A.beta. peptide monomers. Successful
and significant inhibition of aggregation should result in smaller
fibers or polymeric soluble amyloid .beta. (A.beta.) protein, which
should be found in fractions with lower density (10-13). Exactly
this shift in bands could be demonstrated in aggregation assay
containing mACI-01-Ab7 C2, which showed a distribution of A.beta.
peptide over fractions 11, 12 and 13.
[0466] This was confirmed in a 2.sup.nd experiment where
mACI-01-Ab7 C2 caused again a shift in bands for the majority
(strongest band) from 14 to 13 and a significant solubilization of
the bands running in fraction 14 to pellet. This means, that
mACI-01-Ab7 C2 exhibits a strong capacity to inhibit polymerization
of A.beta. peptide monomers into fibers and revealed a specific
binding to the A.beta. fibers (in fraction 13)
[0467] Similar observations were made when using antibody
mACI-24-Ab4 and mACI-02-Ab6. Without addition of mAb, A.beta.
peptide was aggregated after 24 hrs incubation time and most of the
protein was found in fractions 13 to pellet, (pellet, very little
in 12), demonstrating complete polymerization of the A.beta.
peptide monomers. Successful and significant inhibition of
aggregation should be resulted in smaller fibers or polymeric
soluble amyloid .beta. (A.beta.) protein, which should be found in
fractions with lower density. In the inhibition of aggregation
assay, mACI-24-Ab4 caused a shift in bands for the majority
(strongest band) from 13 to 11 and 12 and a significant
solubilization of the bands running in fraction 13 to pellet
whereas mACI-02-Ab6 caused a shift in bands from 13 to 10 but
additionally a complete inhibition of larger fiber formation
(fractionized in 13 to pellet). These data indicate that both
mACI-24-Ab4 and mACI-02-Ab6 exhibit a strong capacity to inhibit
polymerization of A.beta. peptide monomers into fibers and revealed
a specific binding to the A.beta. fibers (in fraction 11 and
12).
[0468] In contrast, aggregation assay containing mACI-11-Ab9, at
molar ratio 1:30, showed larger aggregates spread between fractions
12-15 and pellet. In presence of mACI-12-Ab11, at molar ratio 1:30,
aggregates are found in fractions 11-15 and pellet, but with
strongest signal in fractions 11 and 12. This means, that
mACI-01-Ab7 C2 and mACI-24-Ab4 exhibit the strongest capacity to
inhibit polymerization of A.beta. peptide monomers into fibers.
mACI-12-Ab11 has significant less inhibition properties than
mACI-01-Ab7 C2, to obtain this weak inhibitory activity a three
times higher molar ratio was needed. Still, minor inhibition can be
observed when compared to mACI-11-Ab9 which was not able to inhibit
A.beta. peptide fiber aggregation. All mAb revealed a specific
binding to the A.beta.-fibers (for mACI-01-Ab7 C2 in fraction
11+12; for mACI-11-Ab9 in fraction 12 and weak in 13; for
mACI-12-Ab11 in fraction 11 and 12).
[0469] In all of the inhibition assays, peptide was detected in the
bottom fractions. The non-bounded mAb (37 kDa, 95 kDa and bigger
than 120 kDa) appeared in the upper half of the gradient (fractions
3-9 and 4-8, respectively).
[0470] Disaggregation of A.beta..sub.1-42 Fibers Assay:
[0471] Due to the incomplete fiber polymerization the distribution
of A.beta..sub.1-42 fibrils alone demonstrates a broader range of
fractions (11-15). Therefore demonstration of successful and
significant disaggregation properties of the antibodies when
co-incubated with the pre-formed fibers is more difficult than in
the aggregation analysis. Only shift in the majority of the fibers
towards fractions of lower density but still within the amyloid
alone fraction range would indicate disaggregation activity; for
amyloid alone the major band is fraction 12. Addition of
mACI-01-Ab7 C2 at molar ratio 1:100 showed no shift of amyloid
fibers towards fractions of lower density (still between fractions
11-15), but with a shift of the stronger signal within the fraction
range from 12 to 11, when compared to amyloid alone. Despite
non-optimal circumstances of incomplete fiber formation,
mACI-01-Ab7 C2 indicates low but detectable disaggregation
activities.
[0472] In contrast, the co-incubation of preformed A.beta..sub.1-42
fibrils with mACI-02-Ab6 demonstrated no shift of bands to lower
density fraction when incubated with the same amyloid
peptide:antibody molar ratio like mACI-01-Ab7 C2. Only when a three
times higher molar ration of 1:30 was used amyloid fibers shifted
from 12-15 (amyloid alone without antibody co-incubation) to
fractions 11-15. Therefore it seemed that mACI-01-Ab7 C2 has
slightly higher disaggregation properties than mACI-02-Ab6.
[0473] The detection of bands corresponding to mAb in the lower
half of gradient fraction demonstrates binding of mACI-02-Ab6 and
mACI-01-Ab7 C2 to A.beta..sub.1-42 fibrils (fraction 11 to 15 for
both mAb).
[0474] The disaggregation property of mACI-01-Ab7 C2 could be
confirmed in a further experiment, where complete fiber
polymerization could be demonstrated by the distribution of
A.beta..sub.1-42 fibrils in the absence of an antibody in fractions
13 to P (pellet). Here shifts of fibers towards fractions of lower
density indicate disaggregation activity of the antibody, when
co-incubated to pre-formed fibers. Addition of mACI-01-Ab7 C2 at
molar ratio 1:100 showed a shift of the majority of amyloid fibers
from 13 to 12 and additionally a shift of the band with the lowest
density from 13 towards 11. Therefore mACI-01-Ab7 C2 indicates also
a strong disaggregation activity.
[0475] The detection of bands corresponding to mAb in the lower
half of gradient fraction demonstrates binding of mACI-01-Ab7 C2 to
A.beta..sub.1-42 fibrils (fraction 11 to P) whereas bands
corresponding to mAb in fractions 4 to 7 indicating unbound
antibody.
[0476] To summarize these results it could be successfully
demonstrated that the monoclonal antibody mACI-01-Ab7 C2 targeting
amyloid A.beta.-peptide binds to pre-formed fibers and is capable
to inhibit in vitro aggregation from monomeric A.beta.-peptides to
fibers and disaggregate pre-formed fibers.
[0477] Similar observations were made when using mACI-24-Ab4.
Similar to aggregation assay, complete fiber polymerization could
be demonstrated by the distribution of A.beta..sub.1-42 fibrils
alone in fractions 12 to P (pellet). Here shifts of fibers towards
fractions of lower density would indicate disaggregation activity
of the antibody, when co-incubated to pre-formed fibers. Addition
of mACI-24-Ab4 at molar ratio 1:100 showed a shift of the majority
of amyloid fibers from 12 to 11. Therefore, mACI-24-Ab4 indicates
also a strong disaggregation activity.
Example 9
Fluorescent Assay to Assess Inhibition of A.beta..sub.1-42 Filament
Aggregation and Disaggregation of Preformed A.beta..sub.1-42
Filaments by Co-Incubation with mAb
[0478] BIS-ANS Fluorescent Assay:
[0479] To assess the inhibition properties of the mAb the BIS-ANS
(LeVine, 2002) fluorescent assay was used which specifically
detects the monomer or non-fibrillous population of
A.beta..sub.1-42 filaments. Before fluorescent measurement,
A.beta..sub.1-42 monomers were pre-incubated with either buffer,
served as control, or mAb (molar ratio 1:100, mAb vs.
A.beta..sub.1-42 peptide) for 14 hours at 37.degree. C. Relative
fluorescent units were automatically recorded and results were
expressed as changes to the control in percentage.
[0480] mACI-02-Ab6 showed a slight inhibition capability when
compared to the control (125.8.+-.28.5% vs 100.+-.29.5%).
mACI-01-Ab7 C2 seemed to have weak activity (108.0.+-.30.0%) and no
improvement compared to the control could be observed with the mAb
mACI-11-Ab9 and mACI-12-Ab11 (93.5.+-.21.9% and 73.2.+-.47.7%).
This result confirms the ultracentrifugation data, in which
mACI-01-Ab7 C2 exhibits larger inhibition capacity than mACI-11-Ab9
and mACI-12-Ab11.
Example 10
Thioflavin T (Th-T) Fluorescent Assay
[0481] To measure both inhibition of aggregation as well as
disaggregation properties of the mAb the Thioflavin T (Th-T)
fluorescent assay was used which specifically binds to fibrillar
A.beta..sub.1-42 molecules and subsequently the fluorescent
emission intensity correlates with the amount of A.beta..sub.1-42
filaments present in the solution.
[0482] Before fluorescent measurement, A.beta..sub.1-42 monomers
were pre-incubated with either buffer (control), or mAb (molar
ratio 1:100, mAb vs. A.beta..sub.1-42 peptide) for 48 hours at
37.degree. C. Relative fluorescent units were automatically
recorded and results were expressed as changes to the control in
percentage.
[0483] mACI-01-Ab7 C2 showed a significant inhibition capability
when compared to the control (11.03.+-.20.7% vs 100.+-.40.5%). This
result confirms the ultracentrifugation data, in which mACI-01-Ab7
C2 exhibits inhibition capacity.
[0484] To measure the disaggregation properties of the mAb the
Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescent assay was used which specifically
binds to fibrillar A.beta..sub.1-42 molecules and subsequently the
fluorescent emission intensity correlates with the amount of
A.beta..sub.1-42 filaments present in the solution. Before
measurement, A.beta. fiber were preformed for 7 days (at 37.degree.
C. in PBS, pH 7.1) and then subsequently co-incubated with mAb or
buffer (negative control), for 24 hours at 37.degree. C. at molar
ratio of 1:100 (mAb vs. A.beta..sub.1-42). Relative fluorescent
units were automatically recorded by an ELISA microtiter plate
reader, and results were expressed as changes to the control in
percentage.
[0485] In accordance with the ultracentrifugation data mACI-01-Ab7
C2 showed also in the Th-T disaggregation test in two independent
experiments the best properties with 35.+-.11% and 64.57.+-.13.58%
(vs 100.0.+-.15.37%), respectively, disaggregation power over the
control.
[0486] mACI-24-Ab4 also showed significant disaggregation
properties (62.99.+-.10.34% vs 100.0.+-.10.03%; p<0.0001) in the
Th-T assay.
[0487] mACI-11-Ab9 was somewhat less active with 28.+-.14%, whereas
ACI-02-Ab6 and ACI-12-Ab11 did not exhibit significant
disaggregation properties (17.+-.12% and 13.+-.11%
respectively).
[0488] When summarizing ultracentrifugation and fluorescent assays
mACI-01-Ab7 C2, mACI-01-Ab6 and mACI-24-Ab4 showed bi-functionality
capacities to inhibit fiber aggregation and to shorten pre-formed
A.beta..sub.1-42-filaments in centrifugation experiment which could
be confirmed by fluorescent assay. Additionally, centrifugation
experiment demonstrated specific binding of the mAb to amyloid
fibers.
[0489] mACI-11-Ab9 showed significant lower inhibition capability
in ultracentrifugation, when compared to mACI-01-Ab7 C2 even it was
three times higher concentrated, which could be confirmed by
BIS-ANS assay. For the disaggregation analysis mACI-01-Ab7 C2
demonstrated in both centrifugation analysis and ThT assay
properties to shorten preformed A.beta..sub.1-42 filaments.
mACI-02-Ab6, three times higher concentrated in centrifugation
experiment, was also positive in both assay but much stronger in
centrifugation experiment.
[0490] From the above results it is evident that that mACI-01-Ab7
C2 and mACI-02-Ab6 are the only antibodies showing activity in
terms of bi-functionality in interacting with A.beta..sub.1-42
filaments, inhibition of aggregation and disaggregation of
preformed fibers.
Example 11
NMR and Fluorescence Characterization of the Interaction of
mACI-01-Ab7 C2 Monoclonal Antibody with .sup.13C-Labeled
.beta.-Amyloid 1-42 Peptide
[0491] To evaluate the potential mechanism by which the mAb
solubilize pre-formed fibers or inhibit fiber formation, a
head-to-head-experiment between Th-T fluorescent assay and
solid-state NMR of U-.sup.13C Tyr10 and Val12-labeled
.beta.-amyloid 1-42 peptide was performed (FIG. 4). Therefore the
aim of this investigation was to follow the .beta.-sheet transition
by solid state NMR spectroscopy in the .beta.-amyloid peptide and
in the presence of the monoclonal antibody and to directly compare
this with disaggregation capacity measured by Th-T fluorescent
assay.
[0492] Solid-state NMR spectroscopy not only detects a transition
in the secondary structure, but it also allows to localize the
domains of the A.beta..sub.1-42-peptide which dominate the
structural transition. Solid-state NMR has proven its applicability
to the problem as it has contributed to the structure determination
of the A.beta..sub.1-42-fibres (Petkova et al., 2004, Petkova et
al., 2002). In particular the correlation of the
.sup.13C.sub..alpha. and .sup.13C.sub..beta. chemical shift with
the secondary structure (Cornilescu et al., 1999, Luca et al.,
2001, Iwadate et al, 1999) is a valuable tool to test changes of
the secondary structure within a peptide.
[0493] The synthesis of the peptide labeled including a .sup.13C
pre-labeled valine at position 12 (.sup.12Val) and a .sup.13C
pre-labeled tyrosine at position 10 (.sup.10Tyr) was performed by
an Fmoc synthesis protocol. Identity and purity of the peptide were
confirmed my MALDI mass spectroscopy. The labeled .beta.-amyloid
peptide (1-42) was used to generate fibers by incubating the
peptide solution in PBS buffer for 1 week at 37.degree. C. The
major problem, the poor solubility of the amyloid .beta.-peptide in
PBS buffer, could be solved in the following manner: The pH value
of the PBS buffer was temporarily increased by tiny amounts of
ammonia to dissolve the amyloid .beta.-peptide. The original pH
value of the PBS buffer was reobtained by incubating the sample in
the presence of a bigger PBS bath using the volatile character of
ammonia.
[0494] To measure the effect of the .beta.-sheet breaking
antibodies, solution of fibers were incubated with the antibody for
24 hours at 37.degree. C. for both NMR and Th-T assay. For
real-time comparison an aliquot of the same solution was used for
Th-T fluorescent assay and the remaining solution was lyophilized
for the NMR measurements.
[0495] After analyzing first the disaggregation capacities of
mACI-01-Ab7 C2 by co-incubation with pre-formed 13C-labeled amyloid
ft-fibers using Th-T fluorescent assay, it could be shown that the
mAb disaggregated the fibers by 38%. Then NMR spectra analysis was
performed.
[0496] To investigate the differences between PBS (control) and mAb
incubation each spectrum was deconvoluted using PeakFit
(http://www.systat.com/products/PeakFit). The lines were well
matched by employing a mixed Lorentzian/Gaussian fitting procedure,
the results of which are shown in FIG. 4. The results are
summarized in Table 3 but the most obvious difference is the
integral intensities of the two populations that are needed to fit
the double peak around 30-33 ppm. The peak at c33 ppm corresponds
to the beta sheet conformation of the fibers whilst that at 30 ppm
is a result of random coil conformation. The sample incubated in
PBS showed most of the label in a beta sheet conformation (81.7%)
(FIG. 2 top) which is reduced when the sample is incubated with
mACI-01-Ab7 C2 (53.5%) (FIG. 4 bottom). The reduction in the
population of the beta sheet conformation with respect to the
random coil conformation as determined by study of the Val 12
C.beta. is of the order of 35% and is therefore in close agreement
with that measured using fluorescence.
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 3 Comparison of the fitted parameters for the
two conformations of Val 12 C.beta.. PBS mACI-01-Ab7-C2 .delta. ISO
FWHH % Integral .delta. ISO FWHH % Integral Resonance (ppm) (Hz)
Intensity (ppm) (Hz) Intensity Val C.beta. - 32.60 479 81.7 33.09
366 53.5 sheet Val C.beta. - 30.27 200 18.3 30.27 340 46.5
random
[0497] The fitted chemical shifts for the two conformations are
quite similar but the integral intensities are very different,
reflecting a reduction in the original beta sheet conformation by
approx 35% (1-(53.5/81.7)). This is in very close agreement with
the value obtained from the fluorescence measurement.
[0498] To summarize these results it could be successfully
demonstrated that the monoclonal antibody mACI-01-Ab7 C2 targeting
the N-terminal 1-16 region of amyloid A.beta.-peptide binds to
pre-formed fibers and is capable to inhibit in vitro aggregation
from monomeric A.beta.-peptides to fibers and disaggregate
pre-formed fibers, as demonstrated by density gradient
ultracentrifugation experiment as well by Th-T fluorescent assay.
In addition by binding of this antibody to pre-formed fibers, a
transition from beta sheet majority to random coil secondary
conformation environment of Val12 could be induced. This might be
the potential mechanism by which fibers could be solubilized by
binding of the monoclonal mACI-01-Ab7 C2 antibody also because of
the detailed analysis of Val 12 C.beta. peak reveals reduction of
beta sheet component by 35% which is in close agreement with
fluorescence data (38%).
Example 12
Functionality of mACI-01-Ab7 C2 on Amyloid Fibers
[0499] 12.1 Modification of Conformation of A.beta.1-42 Fibers and
Initiation of Disaggregation After Binding of the mACI-01-Ab7 C2
Antibody
[0500] In order to evaluate the mechanism by which the antibody is
capable to disaggregate preformed beta-amyloid (A.beta..sub.1-42)
fibers a head-to-head comparison of Thioflavin-T (Th-T) fluorescent
assay was performed measuring disaggregation and solid-state
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of U-.sup.13C Tyrosine10 and
Valine12-labeled A.beta.1-42 peptide analysing secondary
conformation. The antibody solubilized 35.4% of the preformed
A.beta.1-42 fibers and simultaneously induced a shift in secondary
conformation from beta sheet to random coiled. The reduction in the
population of the beta sheet conformation with respect to the
random coil is of the order of 35% and is therefore in close
agreement with that measured using fluorescence Th-T assay. These
data indicate that the binding of the antibody initiates a
transition of the secondary structure which potentially causes a
destabilization of the parallel intermolecular arrangement of the
beta sheets affecting a break of elongated fibers into smaller
fragments.
[0501] 12.2 Conformation-Dependent Binding Affinity of mACI-01-Ab7
C2 Antibody:
[0502] Since it is well known in the scientific literature that a
proportion of the antibody-antigen binding energy can be used to a
energy-dependent modification of the conformation of an antigen
.sup.6, a comparison experiment of the binding affinity of the
mACI-01-Ab7 C2 antibody to the whole A.beta..sub.1-42protein and to
a smaller, nine amino acid long, peptide comprising the antibody's
epitope was performed. For this comparison the affinities of the
antibody mACI-01-Ab7 C2 were analyzed by ELISA using biotinylated
peptides covering the complete amino-acid sequence of the
mACI-01-Ab7 C2's epitope (aminoacids 13-21 of the A.beta..sub.1-42
sequence, produced by Mimotopes and purchased from ANAWA Trading
SA) and a biotinylated complete A.beta.1-42 peptide (Bachem). The
analysis was done according to the manufacturer's (Mimotopes)
instructions. The antibody binds with a 38.40% higher affinity to
the peptide comprising its specific epitope (aminoacids 13-21 of
the A.beta..sub.1-42 sequence) than to the whole A.beta.1-42
protein. It is therefore suggested that the difference in binding
affinity energy was used for the energy-consuming transition of the
secondary conformation of the amyloid protein to present the
antigen in a more acceptable position for the antibody interaction.
This may explain why the affinity of the antibody is lower for the
native (the whole amyloid protein) than for the isolated
subunit.
Example 13
Conformation-Specific Binding of mACI-01-Ab7 C2 to Different
Classes of Amyloid Protein
[0503] In order to evaluate the specificity of mACI-01-Ab7 C2 to
different stages of polymerized amyloid protein, monomeric and
polymeric soluble amyloid, particularly, amyloid .beta. (A.beta.)
protein, and fibrillic amyloid, an ELISA coated with these
different stages of polymeric beta-amyloid was performed. Monomers
were prepared according to a modified method published by .sup.7,
polymeric soluble amyloid, particularly, amyloid .beta. (A.beta.)
according to .sup.8, whereas fibers were performed by incubation of
amyloid (Bachem, Switzerland) with a final concentration of 1
.mu./.mu.l in Tris/HCl pH 7.4 at 37.degree. C. for 5 days followed
by a centrifugation step (10,000 rpm for 5 minutes). Then amyloid
polymers were coated on an ELISA plates with a final concentration
of 55 .mu.g/ml and binding affinity ELISA by using an anti-mouse
IgG monoclonal antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc.)
labelled with alkaline phosphate was performed. The antibody binds
with higher affinity to polymeric soluble amyloid .beta. (A.beta.)
protein (IC50=2.53 nM) than to fibers (IC50=5.27 nM) and with the
lowest to monomers (IC50=8.3 nM). These data indicate that the
antibody's binding is influenced beside its epitope by the
conformation of the different amyloid aggregates.
Example 14
Epitope Mapping of Monoclonal Antibody mACI-01-Ab7 C2
[0504] Epitope mapping of the monoclonal antibody mACI-01-Ab7 C2
was performed by ELISA using three different peptide libraries. One
library comprises a total of 33 biotinylated peptides covering the
complete amino acid (aa) sequence of A.beta.1-42 (produced by
Mimotopes and purchased from ANAWA Trading SA), the second library
contains biotinylated peptides using peptide 12 (aa12-20 of
A.beta.) from the first peptide library and substituting each amino
acid in the sequence by an alanine (see table 41 below), and the
third library contains biotinylated peptides 13, 14, or 15 (aa
13-21, 14-22 or 15-23 of A.beta.) and substituting in each case the
last amino acids to an alanine or to a glycine for aa 21 which is
already an alanine (see table 5 below). A biotinylated complete
A.beta.1-42 peptide was used as positive control (Bachem). Epitope
mapping was done according to the manufacturer's (Mimotopes)
instructions. Briefly, Streptavidin coated plates (NUNC) were
blocked with 0.1% BSA in PBS overnight at 4.degree. C. After
washing with PBS-0.05% Tween 20, plates were coated for 1 hour at
RT with the different peptides from the library, diluted in 0.1%
BSA, 0.1% Sodium Azide in PBS to a final concentration of 10 .mu.M.
After washing, plates were incubated for 1 hour at RT with the
mACI-01-Ab7 C2 antibody or an isotype control mouse IgG2b antibody,
diluted to 10 .mu.g/ml in 2% BSA, 0.1% Sodium Azide in PBS. Plates
were washed again and incubated with alkaline phosphatase
conjugated goat anti mouse IgG for 1 h at RT. After final washing,
plates were incubated with phosphatase substrate (pNPP) and read at
405 nm using an ELISA plate reader.
[0505] It was shown that the monoclonal antibody mACI-01-Ab7 C2
bound specifically to peptides 12, 13, 14 and 15 of the first
peptide library. These 4 peptides comprise aa 12-20 (VHHQKLVFF),
13-21 (HHQKLVFFA), 14-22 (HQKLVFFAE) and 15-23 (QKLVFFAED) of
A.beta.1-42 suggesting that the epitope lies in region 12-23 of
A.beta.. A second library with alanine substitutions was used to
determine the critical aa for binding to peptide 12-20 (VHHQKLVFF).
The binding of the mACI-01-Ab7 C2 antibody is lost completely when
aa 16, 17, 19 or 20 are substituted by an alanine, indicating that
these aa are absolutely critical for binding of the antibody to
A.beta.. The binding of the mACI-01-Ab7 C2 antibody is partially
lost when aa 15 and 18 are substituted.
[0506] The binding was also almost completely lost when aa 14 was
substituted for an alanine, indicating that aa 14 is also very
impotant for binding.
[0507] Finally, a third library was used to determine whether aa
21, 22 or 23 are critical for binding to the epitope. The binding
of the antibody to aa 15-23 was reduced when aa 23 was substituted
for an alanine, indicating that aa 23 is also impotant for binding.
The binding was partially lost when aa 21 was substituted for a
glycine and slightly lost when aa 22 was substituted for an
alanine.
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 4 Summary of peptides used in the second
library. p12-20 V H H Q K L V F F A12 A H H Q K L V F F A13 V A H Q
K L V F F A14 V H A Q K L V F F A15 V H H A K L V F F A16 V H H Q A
L V F F A17 V H H Q K A V F F A18 V H H Q K L A F F A19 V H H Q K L
V A F A20 V H H Q K L V F A aa no. 12 13 aa that are important for
binding are marked in italics and underscored and aa absolutely
critical for binding are marked in italics and bold and
underscored
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 5 Summary of peptides used in the third
library. p13-21 H H Q K L V F F A p13-21 G21 H H Q K L V F F G
p14-22 H Q K L V F F A E p14-22 A22 H Q K L V F F A A p15-23 Q K L
V F F A E D p15-23 A23 Q K L V F F A E A aa no. 13 21 22 aa that
are important for binding are marked in italics and underscored and
aa absolutely critical for binding are marked in italics and bold
and underscored
Example 15
Influence of Passive Vaccination with mACI-01-Ab7 C2 on Brain
Amyloid Load in Single Transgenic hAPP Mice
[0508] To assess the in vivo capacity of the mACI-01-Ab7 C2
monoclonal antibody to bind and clear soluble amyloid out of the
brain, 6 month old single hAPP mice .sup.9, gender and age matched,
were used for a passive immunization study with different dose.
Soluble Amyloid load was analyzed at the end of the study by
harvesting the brain of the animals and by performing an A.beta.
1-40 and A.beta. 1-42 specific ELISA (TGC, Germany).
[0509] 8-13 animals per group received two injections at an
interval of one week of 100, 300 and 1000 .mu.g monoclonal antibody
in 200 .mu.l PBS whereas injection of PBS alone served as control.
One day after the second injection animals were sacrificed for
biochemical analysis of soluble amyloid fraction. To quantify the
amount of human A.beta. 1-40 and human A.beta. 1-42 in the soluble
fraction of the brain homogenates and/or in cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF), commercially available Enzyme-Linked-Immunosorbent-Assay
(ELISA) kits were used (h Amyloid .beta. 40 or .beta. 42 ELISA high
sensitive, TGC, Switzerland). The ELISA was performed according to
the manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, standards (a dilution of
synthetic A.beta. 1-40 or A.beta. 1-42) and samples were prepared
in a 96-well polypropylene plate without protein binding capacity
(Greiner, Germany). The standard dilutions with final
concentrations of 1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.3 and 15.6 pg/ml
and the samples were prepared in the sample diluent, furnished with
the ELISA kit, to a final volume of 60 .mu.l. Since amyloid levels
increase with the age of the mouse and since the actual evaluation
requires that the readings of the samples are within the linear
part of the standard curve, the samples for A.beta. 40 analysis
were diluted 2:3, the samples for A.beta. 42 analysis were not
diluted.
[0510] Samples, standards and blanks (50 .mu.l) were added to the
anti-A.beta.-coated polystyrol plate (capture antibody selectively
recognizes the C-terminal end of the antigen) in addition with a
selective anti-A.beta.-antibody conjugate (biotinylated detection
antibody) and incubated overnight at 4.degree. C. in order to allow
formation of the antibody-Amyloid-antibody-complex. The following
day, a Streptavidine-Peroxidase-Conjugate was added, followed 30
minutes later by the addition of a TMB/peroxide mixture, resulting
in the conversion of the substrate into a colored product and the
color intensity was measured by means of photometry with an
ELISA-reader with a 450 nm filter. Quantification of the A.beta.
content of the samples was obtained by comparing absorbance to the
standard curve made with synthetic A.beta. 1-40 or A.beta. 1-42.
Data were expressed as individual changes to mean control value (in
percent to control).
[0511] The total amount of A.beta. 40 in brain homogenates could be
significantly reduced and roughly non-significantly for A.beta. 42
when single hAPP mice were passively immunized by two i.p.
injections of monoclonal antibody ACI-01-Ab7 C2 at a dose of 300
.mu.g (A.beta. 40: -27.3.+-.13.9% with p<0.05; A.beta. 42:
-8.6.+-.22.4 with p=0.56; unpaired Student's T test), whereas 100
and 1,000 .mu.g didn't reach significance. Immunization with 100
.mu.g lead to an increase for A.beta. 40 and A.beta. 42 in brain
homogenates (A.beta. 40: 32.3.+-.36.8%; A.quadrature.42:
38.3.+-.51.4%) whereas treatment with 1,000 .mu.g elicited the
right tendency of amyloid burden lowering and could be potentially
effective with an increased number of animals per group (A.beta.
40: -2.2.+-.26.0%; A.beta. 42: -9.3.+-.15.9%). These data
demonstrate that in an acute immunization protocol the antibody
mACI-01-Ab7 C2 is capable to decrease the total amount of soluble
A.beta. in the brain of this murine AD model. Interestingly, it
seems to be that the dose-relationship is transient but more
studies with larger groups must be performed in order to gain
significant data.
Example 16
Influence of Chronic Passive Administration of mACI-01-Ab7 C2 on
Plaque Load in Double Transgenic hAPPxPS1 Mice
[0512] To assess the in vivo capacity of the mACI-01-Ab7 C2
monoclonal antibody to bind and reduce amyloid plaques in the
brain, 3.5 month old double transgenic hAPPxPS1 mice .sup.10,
gender and age matched, were used for a 4 month long chronic
passive immunization study. Amyloid plaques were analyzed at the
end of the study by histochemistry of the brain of the animals by
binding of Thioflavin S.
[0513] 15 transgenic animals received 16 weekly injections of 500
.mu.g monoclonal antibody in PBS. 15 animals were injected with PBS
alone, serving as controls. All injections were given
intra-peritoneally. At sacrifice, mice were anaesthetized and
flushed trans-cardially with physiological serum at 4.degree. C. to
remove blood from the brain vessels. Subsequently, the brain was
removed from the cranium and hindbrain and forebrain were separated
with a cut in the coronal/frontal plane. The forebrain was divided
evenly into left and right hemisphere by using a midline sagittal
cut. One hemisphere was post-fixed overnight in 4% paraformaldehyde
for histology. Sagittal vibratome sections (40 .mu.m) were cut for
free floating incubations and stored at 4.degree. C. until staining
in PBS with 0.1% sodium azide. Five sections at different levels
were stained for dense plaques with Thioflavin S. Sections of all
animals used were randomized for staining and blind quantification.
Images were acquired with a Leica DMR microscope equipped with a
Sony DXC-9100P camera and analyzed with a computer using Leica
Q-Win software. Light intensity and condenser settings for the
microscope were kept constant throughout the image acquisition
process. All acquired images were subjected to the same computer
subroutines to minimize investigator bias. Density slice
thresholding was applied uniformly throughout analysis. The area of
the subiculum was selected for automatic quantification of the
amyloid load in the Thioflavin S staining.
[0514] The total plaque load and the number of plaques in the area
of subiculum could be significantly reduced when double hAPP/PS1
mice were passively immunized for 4 months as described above. In
plaque load a significant decrease of 31% (mACI-01-Ab7 C2:
1.11.+-.0.21% and control: 1.61.+-.0.35%; p=0.003, Mann-Whitney
U-Test) could be achieved whereas the chronic passive immunization
significantly reduced the amount of plaques by 19% (mACI-01-Ab7 C2:
8.73.+-.1.36 and control: 10.78.+-.1.36; p=0.006, Mann-Whitney
U-Test), indicating that plaque solubilization occurred to a
slightly lesser degree than plaque disruption.
Example 17
Influence of Passive Vaccination with mACI-01-Ab7 C2 on Memory
Capacity in Single Transgenic hAPP Mice
[0515] To analyze the in vivo capacity of the mACI-01-Ab7 C2
antibody to modify or increase cognitive functionality, 9 month old
single hAPP mice, gender and age matched, were used for passive
immunization study. Non-spatial cognition was measured at the end
of the immunization period assed by new Object Recognition Task
(ORT).
[0516] 12 animals per group received two intra peritoneal
injections of 400 .mu.g monoclonal antibody in 200 .mu.l PBS
whereas injection of PBS alone served as control. One day after the
second injection cognitive capability were studied in a new Object
Recognition Task (ORT).sup.12, 13. For ORT enrollment mice were
placed for 10 minutes into a behavioral arena and faced to a new
unknown object. Exploration time was recorded. Three hours later
the same animals were re-placed into the same arena for a 2.sup.nd
session but faced with the old, previously explored, and
additionally with a new object. Again, exploration times for both
objects were recorded and resulting cognition index was calculated
as the ratio of exploration time for the new object related to
total exploration time and expressed as proportional changes to the
control.
[0517] Passive vaccination with mACI-01-Ab7 C2 leads to a
significant increase of cognitive memory capacities in single
transgenic AD mice (mACI-01-Ab7 C2: 131.6.+-.9.1% and
control:100.0.+-.9.2% with p<0.05; unpaired Student's T test and
n=12 per each group).
Deposits:
[0518] The following hybridoma cell lines were deposited with the
"Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH (DSMZ)
in Braunschweig, Mascheroder Weg 1 B, 38124 Branuschweig, under the
provisions of the Budapest Treaty:
TABLE-US-00016 Hybridoma line Antibody designation designation
Deposition date Accession No FP 12H3 mACI-01-Ab7 01 Dec. 2005; DSM
ACC2752 FP 12H3-C2 mACI-01-Ab7C2 01 Dec. 2005 DSM ACC2750 FP
12H3-G2 mACI-01-Ab7G2 01 Dec. 2005 DSM ACC2751 ET 7E3 mACI-02-Ab6
08. Dec. 2005 DSM ACC2755 EJ 7H3 mACI-24-Ab4 08. Dec. 2005 DSM
ACC2756
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[0563] WO96/29605
Sequence CWU 1
1
45115PRTHomo sapiens 1Asp Ala Glu Phe Arg His Asp Ser Gly Tyr Glu
Val His His Gln1 5 10 15216PRTHomo sapiens 2Asp Ala Glu Phe Arg His
Asp Ser Gly Tyr Glu Val His His Gln Lys1 5 10 15315PRTHomo sapiens
3Asp Ala Glu Phe Arg His Asp Ser Gly Tyr Glu Val His Gln Lys1 5 10
15414PRTHomo sapiens 4Glu Asp Val Gly Ser Asn Lys Gly Ala Ile Ile
Gly Leu Met1 5 10512PRTHomo sapiens 5Gly Ala Ile Ile Gly Leu Met
Val Gly Gly Val Val1 5 10617PRTHomo sapiens 6Asp Ala Glu Phe Arg
His Asp Ser Gly Tyr Glu Val His His Gln Lys1 5 10 15Leu7112PRTHomo
sapiens 7Asp Val Val Met Thr Gln Thr Pro Leu Ser Leu Pro Val Ser
Leu Gly1 5 10 15Asp Gln Ala Ser Ile Ser Cys Arg Ser Ser Gln Ser Leu
Val Tyr Ser 20 25 30Asn Gly Asp Thr Tyr Leu His Trp Tyr Leu Gln Lys
Pro Gly Gln Ser 35 40 45Pro Lys Leu Leu Ile Tyr Lys Val Ser Asn Arg
Phe Ser Gly Val Pro 50 55 60Asp Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr
Asp Phe Thr Leu Lys Ile65 70 75 80Ser Arg Val Glu Ala Glu Asp Leu
Gly Val Tyr Phe Cys Ser Gln Ser 85 90 95Thr His Val Pro Trp Thr Phe
Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys 100 105 1108112PRTMus musculus
8Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly1 5
10 15Ser Leu Lys Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Phe Thr Phe Ser Ser
Tyr 20 25 30Gly Met Ser Trp Val Arg Gln Thr Pro Asp Lys Arg Leu Glu
Leu Val 35 40 45Ala Ser Ile Asn Ser Asn Gly Gly Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Pro
Asp Ser Val 50 55 60Lys Gly Arg Phe Thr Ile Ser Arg Asp Asn Ala Lys
Asn Thr Leu Tyr65 70 75 80Leu Gln Met Ser Ser Leu Lys Ser Glu Asp
Thr Ala Met Tyr Tyr Cys 85 90 95Ala Ser Gly Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly
Ser Thr Leu Thr Val Ser Ser 100 105 1109336DNAMus musculus
9gatgttgtga tgacccaaac tccactctcc ctgcctgtca gtcttggaga tcaagcctcc
60atctcttgca gatctagtca gagccttgta tatagtaatg gagacaccta tttacattgg
120tacctgcaga agccaggcca gtctccaaag ctcctgatct acaaagtttc
caaccgattt 180tctggggtcc cagacaggtt cagtggcagt ggatcaggga
cagatttcac actcaagatc 240agcagagtgg aggctgagga tctgggagtt
tatttctgct ctcaaagtac acatgttcct 300tggacgttcg gtggaggcac
caagctagaa atcaaa 33610417DNAMus musculus 10atgaagttgc ctgttaggct
gttggtgctg atgttctgga ttcctgcttc cagcagtgat 60gttgtgatga cccaaactcc
actctccctg cctgtcagtc ttggagatca agcctccatc 120tcttgcagat
ctagtcagag ccttgtatat agtaatggag acacctattt acattggtac
180ctgcagaagc caggccagtc tccaaagctc ctgatctaca aagtttccaa
ccgattttct 240ggggtcccag acaggttcag tggcagtgga tcagggacag
atttcacact caagatcagc 300agagtggagg ctgaggatct gggagtttat
ttctgctctc aaagtacaca tgttccttgg 360acgttcggtg gaggcaccaa
gctagaaatc aaacgggctg atgctgcacc aactgta 41711336DNAMus musculus
11gaggtgcagc tggtggagtc tgggggaggc ttagtgcagc ctggagggtc cctgaaactc
60tcctgtgcag cctctggatt cactttcagt agctatggca tgtcttgggt tcgccagact
120ccagacaaga ggctggaatt ggtcgcaagc atcaatagta atggtggtag
cacctattat 180ccagacagtg tgaagggccg attcaccatc tccagagaca
atgccaagaa caccctgtac 240ctgcaaatga gcagtctgaa gtctgaggac
acagccatgt attactgtgc aagtggtgac 300tactggggcc aaggctccac
tctcacagtc tcctca 33612408DNAMus musculus 12atgrasttsg ggytcagmtt
grttttcctt gcccttattt taaaaggtgt ccaatgtgag 60gtgcagctgg tggagtctgg
gggaggctta gtgcagcctg gagggtccct gaaactctcc 120tgtgcagcct
ctggattcac tttcagtagc tatggcatgt cttgggttcg ccagactcca
180gacaagaggc tggaattggt cgcaagcatc aatagtaatg gtggtagcac
ctattatcca 240gacagtgtga agggccgatt caccatctcc agagacaatg
ccaagaacac cctgtacctg 300caaatgagca gtctgaagtc tgaggacaca
gccatgtatt actgtgcaag tggtgactac 360tggggccaag gctccactct
cacagtctcc tcagccaaaa caacaccc 4081310PRTHomo
sapiensMOD_RES(2)..(2)Asn or Gln 13His Xaa Lys Leu Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa Xaa1 5 101411PRTHomo sapiensMOD_RES(1)..(1)His, Asn, Gln, Lys
or Arg 14Xaa His Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Phe Phe Xaa Xaa Xaa1 5
101510PRTHomo sapiensMOD_RES(1)..(1)His, Asn, Gln, Lys or Arg 15Xaa
Xaa Lys Leu Xaa Phe Phe Xaa Xaa Xaa1 5 101610PRTHomo
sapiensMOD_RES(2)..(2)Asn or Gln 16His Xaa Lys Leu Xaa Phe Phe Xaa
Xaa Xaa1 5 101710PRTHomo sapiensMOD_RES(1)..(1)His, Asn, Gln, Lys
or Arg 17Xaa Xaa Lys Leu Xaa Phe Phe Xaa Xaa Asp1 5 101810PRTHomo
sapiensMOD_RES(2)..(2)Asn or Gln 18His Xaa Lys Leu Xaa Phe Phe Xaa
Xaa Asp1 5 101910PRTHomo sapiensMOD_RES(1)..(1)His, Asn, Gln, Lys
or Arg 19Xaa Xaa Xaa Leu Xaa Phe Phe Xaa Xaa Xaa1 5 102011PRTHomo
sapiens 20Val His His Lys Leu Val Phe Phe Ala Glu Asp1 5
1021219PRTMus musculus 21Asp Val Val Met Thr Gln Thr Pro Leu Ser
Leu Pro Val Ser Leu Gly1 5 10 15Asp Gln Ala Ser Ile Ser Cys Arg Ser
Ser Gln Ser Leu Val Tyr Ser 20 25 30Asn Gly Asp Thr Tyr Leu His Trp
Tyr Leu Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ser 35 40 45Pro Lys Leu Leu Ile Tyr Lys
Val Ser Asn Arg Phe Ser Gly Val Pro 50 55 60Asp Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser
Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Lys Ile65 70 75 80Ser Arg Val Glu
Ala Glu Asp Leu Gly Val Tyr Phe Cys Ser Gln Ser 85 90 95Thr His Val
Pro Trp Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys 100 105 110Arg
Ala Asp Ala Ala Pro Thr Val Ser Ile Phe Pro Pro Ser Ser Glu 115 120
125Gln Leu Thr Ser Gly Gly Ala Ser Val Val Cys Phe Leu Asn Asn Phe
130 135 140Tyr Pro Lys Asp Ile Asn Val Lys Trp Lys Ile Asp Gly Ser
Glu Arg145 150 155 160Gln Asn Gly Val Leu Asn Ser Trp Thr Asp Gln
Asp Ser Lys Asp Ser 165 170 175Thr Tyr Ser Met Ser Ser Thr Leu Thr
Leu Thr Lys Asp Glu Tyr Glu 180 185 190Arg His Asn Ser Tyr Thr Cys
Glu Ala Thr His Lys Thr Ser Thr Ser 195 200 205Pro Ile Val Lys Ser
Phe Asn Arg Asn Glu Cys 210 21522448PRTMus musculus 22Glu Val Gln
Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly1 5 10 15Ser Leu
Lys Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Phe Thr Phe Ser Ser Tyr 20 25 30Gly
Met Ser Trp Val Arg Gln Thr Pro Asp Lys Arg Leu Glu Leu Val 35 40
45Ala Ser Ile Asn Ser Asn Gly Gly Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Pro Asp Ser Val
50 55 60Lys Gly Arg Phe Thr Ile Ser Arg Asp Asn Ala Lys Asn Thr Leu
Tyr65 70 75 80Leu Gln Met Ser Ser Leu Lys Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Met
Tyr Tyr Cys 85 90 95Ala Ser Gly Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Ser Thr Leu
Thr Val Ser Ser 100 105 110Ala Lys Thr Thr Pro Pro Ser Val Tyr Pro
Leu Ala Pro Gly Cys Gly 115 120 125Asp Thr Thr Gly Ser Ser Val Thr
Leu Gly Cys Leu Val Lys Gly Tyr 130 135 140Phe Pro Glu Ser Val Thr
Val Thr Trp Asn Ser Gly Ser Leu Ser Ser145 150 155 160Ser Val His
Thr Phe Pro Ala Leu Leu Gln Ser Gly Leu Tyr Thr Met 165 170 175Ser
Ser Ser Val Thr Val Pro Ser Ser Thr Trp Pro Ser Gln Thr Val 180 185
190Thr Cys Ser Val Ala His Pro Ala Ser Ser Thr Thr Val Asp Lys Lys
195 200 205Leu Glu Pro Ser Gly Pro Ile Ser Thr Ile Asn Pro Cys Pro
Pro Cys 210 215 220Lys Glu Cys His Lys Cys Pro Ala Pro Asn Leu Glu
Gly Gly Pro Ser225 230 235 240Val Phe Ile Phe Pro Pro Asn Ile Lys
Asp Val Leu Met Ile Ser Leu 245 250 255Thr Pro Lys Val Thr Cys Val
Val Val Asp Val Ser Glu Asp Asp Pro 260 265 270Asp Val Gln Ile Ser
Trp Phe Val Asn Asn Val Glu Val His Thr Ala 275 280 285Gln Thr Gln
Thr His Arg Glu Asp Tyr Asn Ser Thr Ile Arg Val Val 290 295 300Ser
Thr Leu Pro Ile Gln His Gln Asp Trp Met Ser Gly Lys Glu Phe305 310
315 320Lys Cys Lys Val Asn Asn Lys Asp Leu Pro Ser Pro Ile Glu Arg
Thr 325 330 335Ile Ser Lys Ile Lys Gly Leu Val Arg Ala Pro Gln Val
Tyr Ile Leu 340 345 350Pro Pro Pro Ala Glu Gln Leu Ser Arg Lys Asp
Val Ser Leu Thr Cys 355 360 365Leu Val Val Gly Phe Asn Pro Gly Asp
Ile Ser Val Glu Trp Thr Ser 370 375 380Asn Gly His Thr Glu Glu Asn
Tyr Lys Asp Thr Ala Pro Val Leu Asp385 390 395 400Ser Asp Gly Ser
Tyr Phe Ile Tyr Ser Lys Leu Asn Met Lys Thr Ser 405 410 415Lys Trp
Glu Lys Thr Asp Ser Phe Ser Cys Asn Val Arg His Glu Gly 420 425
430Leu Lys Asn Tyr Tyr Leu Lys Lys Thr Ile Ser Arg Ser Pro Gly Lys
435 440 4452316PRTMus musculus 23Arg Ser Ser Gln Ser Leu Val Tyr
Ser Asn Gly Asp Thr Tyr Leu His1 5 10 15247PRTMus musculus 24Lys
Val Ser Asn Arg Phe Ser1 5259PRTMus musculus 25Ser Gln Ser Thr His
Val Pro Trp Thr1 52610PRTMus musculus 26Gly Phe Thr Phe Ser Ser Tyr
Gly Met Ser1 5 102717PRTMus musculus 27Ser Ile Asn Ser Asn Gly Gly
Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Pro Asp Ser Val Lys Gly1 5 10 15283PRTMus musculus
28Gly Asp Tyr1299PRTArtificial Sequencepeptide used in second
library 29Val His His Gln Lys Leu Val Phe Phe1 5309PRTArtificial
Sequencepeptide used in second library 30Ala His His Gln Lys Leu
Val Phe Phe1 5319PRTArtificial Sequencepeptide used in second
library 31Val Ala His Gln Lys Leu Val Phe Phe1 5329PRTArtificial
Sequencepeptide used in second library 32Val His Ala Gln Lys Leu
Val Phe Phe1 5339PRTArtificial Sequencepeptide used in second
library 33Val His His Ala Lys Leu Val Phe Phe1 5349PRTArtificial
Sequencepeptide used in second library 34Val His His Gln Ala Leu
Val Phe Phe1 5359PRTArtificial Sequencepeptide used in second
library 35Val His His Gln Lys Ala Val Phe Phe1 5369PRTArtificial
Sequencepeptide used in second library 36Val His His Gln Lys Leu
Ala Phe Phe1 5379PRTArtificial Sequencepeptide used in second
library 37Val His His Gln Lys Leu Val Ala Phe1 5389PRTArtificial
Sequencepeptide used in second library 38Val His His Gln Lys Leu
Val Phe Ala1 5399PRTArtificial Sequencepeptide used in third
library 39His His Gln Lys Leu Val Phe Phe Ala1 5409PRTArtificial
Sequencepeptide used in third library 40His His Gln Lys Leu Val Phe
Phe Gly1 5419PRTArtificial Sequencepeptide used in third library
41His Gln Lys Leu Val Phe Phe Ala Glu1 5429PRTArtificial
Sequencepeptide used in third library 42His Gln Lys Leu Val Phe Phe
Ala Ala1 5439PRTArtificial Sequencepeptide used in third library
43Gln Lys Leu Val Phe Phe Ala Glu Asp1 5449PRTArtificial
Sequencepeptide used in third library 44Gln Lys Leu Val Phe Phe Ala
Glu Ala1 54512PRTHomo sapiens 45Val His His Gln Lys Leu Val Phe Phe
Ala Glu Asp1 5 10
* * * * *
References