U.S. patent application number 12/589460 was filed with the patent office on 2010-10-28 for positive and negative poisson ratio material.
This patent application is currently assigned to Tsinghua University. Invention is credited to Lu-Zhuo Chen, Shou-Shan Fan, Chang-Hong Liu, Jia-Ping Wang.
Application Number | 20100272950 12/589460 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 42992402 |
Filed Date | 2010-10-28 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100272950 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Chen; Lu-Zhuo ; et
al. |
October 28, 2010 |
Positive and negative poisson ratio material
Abstract
A Poisson's ratio material includes a carbon nanotube film
structure. The carbon nanotube film structure includes a plurality
of carbon nanotubes. A first part of the carbon nanotubes are
aligned a first direction, a second part of the carbon nanotubes
are aligned a second direction. The first direction is
substantially perpendicular to second direction. When the Poisson's
ratio material is stretched or compressed substantially along the
first or second direction, a Poisson's ratio value is negative.
When the Poisson's ratio material is stretched or compressed in a
direction having an angle of about 45 degrees with the first
direction, the Poisson's ratio value is positive.
Inventors: |
Chen; Lu-Zhuo; (Beijing,
CN) ; Liu; Chang-Hong; (Beijing, CN) ; Wang;
Jia-Ping; (Beijing, CN) ; Fan; Shou-Shan;
(Beijing, CN) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Altis Law Group, Inc.;ATTN: Steven Reiss
288 SOUTH MAYO AVENUE
CITY OF INDUSTRY
CA
91789
US
|
Assignee: |
Tsinghua University
Beijing
CN
HON HAI PRECISION INDUSTRY CO., LTD.
Tu-Cheng
TW
|
Family ID: |
42992402 |
Appl. No.: |
12/589460 |
Filed: |
October 22, 2009 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
428/113 ;
977/742 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B32B 5/26 20130101; C01B
2202/08 20130101; Y10S 977/742 20130101; B29C 55/00 20130101; C01B
2202/36 20130101; Y10S 264/73 20130101; Y10T 428/24124 20150115;
B32B 2262/106 20130101; B32B 3/04 20130101; B32B 2260/023 20130101;
B32B 2250/20 20130101; B32B 2260/046 20130101; B82Y 30/00 20130101;
C01B 32/16 20170801; B32B 2307/50 20130101; B32B 5/22 20130101;
B29C 55/04 20130101; B82Y 40/00 20130101; B29C 55/005 20130101;
B32B 5/022 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
428/113 ;
977/742 |
International
Class: |
B32B 5/12 20060101
B32B005/12 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Apr 27, 2009 |
CN |
200910106937.6 |
Claims
1. A material, comprising: a carbon nanotube film structure
comprising at least two layers of carbon nanotube films, each
carbon nanotube film having a plurality of carbon nanotubes, the
carbon nanotubes in at least one of the at least two layers of
carbon nanotube films aligned along a first direction, and the
carbon nanotubes of at least one of the at least two layers carbon
nanotube films aligned along a second direction; wherein the first
direction is substantially perpendicular to the second direction;
when the Poisson's ratio material is stretched or compressed
substantially along the first or second direction, a Poisson's
ratio value is negative; when the Poisson's ratio material is
stretched or compressed in a direction having an angle of about 45
degrees with the first direction, the Poisson's ratio value is
positive.
2. The material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least two
layers of carbon nanotube films are stacked and combined or joined
to each other by Van der Waals attractive force, to form the carbon
nanotube film structure.
3. The material as claimed in claim 1, wherein an orientation of
the carbon nanotubes in the at least two layers of carbon nanotube
film structure is biaxial.
4. The material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carbon nanotubes
aligned along the first direction are crossed with the carbon
nanotubes aligned along the second direction to form a plurality of
grids.
5. The material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carbon nanotube
film structure comprises 10 layers to 5000 layers of carbon
nanotube films.
6. A material, comprising: a polymer matrix; and a carbon nanotube
film structure disposed in the polymer matrix, the carbon nanotube
film structure comprising a plurality of carbon nanotubes, wherein
a first part of the carbon nanotubes is aligned along a first
direction, a second part of the carbon nanotubes is aligned along a
second direction, and the first direction is substantially
perpendicular to the second direction.
7. The material as claimed in claim 6, wherein the first part of
the carbon nanotubes is stacked on the second part of the carbon
nanotubes in a substantially perpendicular manner.
8. The material as claimed in claim 7, wherein the first part of
the carbon nanotubes and the second part of the carbon nanotubes
are combined or joined to each other by Van der Waals attractive
force, to form the carbon nanotube film structure.
9. The material as claimed in claim 6, wherein an orientation of
the plurality of carbon nanotubes of the carbon nanotube film
structure is biaxial.
10. The material as claimed in claim 6, wherein the carbon nanotube
film structure comprises at least two stacked carbon nanotube
films, the first part of the carbon nanotubes forms one of the at
least two stacked carbon nanotube films, and the second part of the
carbon nanotubes forms the other one of the at least two stacked
carbon nanotube films.
11. The material as claimed in claim 10, wherein each carbon
nanotube film comprises a plurality of successive and oriented
carbon nanotubes joined end to end by Van der Waals attractive
force.
12. The material as claimed in claim 6, wherein when the Poisson's
ratio material is stretched or compressed in the first or second
direction of the carbon nanotubes of the carbon nanotube structure,
the Poisson's ratio value is negative.
13. The material as claimed in claim 6, wherein when the Poisson's
ratio material is stretched in a direction having an angle of about
45 degrees with the first or the second direction of the carbon
nanotubes in the carbon nanotube structure, the Poisson's ratio
value is positive.
14. The material as claimed in claim 6, wherein the polymer matrix
is made of a flexible polymer material selected from the group
consisting of polydimethylsiloxane, polyurethane, epoxy resin and
polymethyl-methacrylate.
15. A material, comprising: a first characteristic direction; a
second characteristic direction substantially perpendicular to the
first characteristic direction; a third characteristic direction
having an angle of about 45 degrees with the first characteristic
direction; a plurality of first films formed from a plurality of
carbon nanotubes aligned in the first characteristic direction; a
plurality of second films formed from a plurality of carbon
nanotubes aligned in the second characteristic direction; wherein
the first films and the second films are alternately arranged and
stacked on one another and the carbon nanotubes in the first films
are substantially perpendicular to the carbon nanotubes in the
second films; the material shows a negative Poisson's ratio when it
is stretched or compressed in the first characteristic direction or
the second characteristic direction, and the Poisson's ratio
material shows a positive Poisson's ratio when it is stretched or
compressed in the third characteristic direction.
16. The material as claimed in claim 15, further comprising a
polymer matrix, wherein the first films and the second films are
disposed in the polymer matrix.
Description
BACKGROUND
[0001] 1. Technical Field
[0002] The present disclosure relates to a carbon nanotube material
and, in particular, to a carbon nanotube material having a positive
and negative Poisson's ratio.
[0003] 2. Discussion of the Related Art
[0004] When a sample of material is stretched in one direction, it
tends to contract (or occasionally, expand) perpendicular to the
direction of stretch. Conversely, when a sample of material is
compressed in one direction, it tends to expand (or rarely,
contract) perpendicular to the direction of compression. This
phenomenon is called the Poisson effect. Poisson's ratio .nu. is a
measure of the Poisson effect.
[0005] Assuming that the material is stretched along the axial
direction:
.nu. = - trans axial , ##EQU00001##
wherein .nu. is the resulting Poisson's ratio, .epsilon..sub.trans
is transverse strain (negative for axial tension, positive for
axial compression), .epsilon..sub.axial is axial strain (positive
for axial tension, negative for axial compression).
[0006] The Poisson's ratio of a stable, isotropic, linear elastic
material cannot be less than -1.0 nor greater than 0.5 due to the
requirement that the elastic modulus, the shear modulus and bulk
modulus have positive values. Most materials have positive
Poisson's ratio values ranging between 0.0 and 0.5. A perfectly
incompressible material deformed elastically at small strains would
have a Poisson's ratio of exactly 0.5. Most steels and rigid
polymers when used within their design limits (before yield)
exhibit values of about 0.3, and increasing to 0.5 for post-yield
deformation (which occurs largely at constant volume). Rubber has a
Poisson's ratio of nearly 0.5.
[0007] The Poisson's ratio of cork is close to 0, showing very
little lateral expansion when compressed. Some materials, mostly
polymer foams, have a negative Poisson's ratio, if these auxetic
materials are stretched in one direction, they become thicker in
perpendicular directions.
[0008] What is needed is a material having both negative and
positive Poisson's ratios.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] Many aspects of the embodiments can be better understood
with references to the following drawings. The components in the
drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale, the emphasis instead
being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the
embodiments.
[0010] FIG. 1 is a schematic top plan view of one embodiment of a
material having a positive and negative Poisson's ratio.
[0011] FIG. 2 is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of a
carbon nanotube film of the material in FIG. 1.
[0012] FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of a carbon nanotube segment in
FIG. 2.
[0013] FIG. 4 is an SEM image of a carbon nanotube film structure
of the material in FIG. 1 showing the carbon nanotubes in one
carbon nanotube film are oriented substantially perpendicular to
carbon nanotubes in an adjacent carbon nanotube film.
[0014] FIG. 5 shows the changes of in-plane Poisson's ratios of the
material in FIG. 1 with increasing strain.
[0015] FIG. 6 is a schematic top plan view of another embodiment of
a material having a positive and negative Poisson's ratio.
[0016] FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the material in FIG.
6.
[0017] FIG. 8 shows the changes of in-plane Poisson's ratios of the
material in FIG. 6 with increasing strain.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0018] Referring to FIG. 1, one embodiment of a material 10 having
a negative and positive Poisson's ratio includes a carbon nanotube
film structure 12. The carbon nanotube film structure 12 includes a
plurality of carbon nanotubes assembled together by Van der Waals
attractive forces. The orientation of the carbon nanotubes is
biaxial which means the carbon nanotubes can be divided into two
parts according to their orientation. A first part of the carbon
nanotubes is aligned along a first direction X or namely a first
characteristic direction, and a second part of the carbon nanotubes
is aligned along a second direction Y or namely a second
characteristic direction. The first direction X can be
substantially perpendicular to the second direction Y, as shown in
FIG. 1. The first part of the carbon nanotubes crosses with the
second part of the carbon nanotubes to form a plurality of
grids.
[0019] The above-described carbon nanotubes form at least two
stacked carbon nanotube films. The carbon nanotubes in each of the
carbon nanotube films are successively oriented and joined end to
end by Van der Waals attractive force. The carbon nanotube films of
the carbon nanotube film structure 12 can be sorted into two sorts
by the orientation of the carbon nanotubes. In one sort, the
orientation of the carbon nanotubes is along the first direction X.
In another sort, the orientation of the carbon nanotubes is along
the second direction Y. A thickness of each of the carbon nanotube
films is in a range from about 0.5 nanometers to about 1
micron.
[0020] The orientations of the carbon nanotubes in every two
adjacent carbon nanotube films are substantially perpendicular to
each other. The carbon nanotube films are integrated with each
other by Van der Waals attractive force to form the carbon nanotube
film structure 12. The carbon nanotube film structure 12 is a
free-standing structure. Free standing means that the carbon
nanotubes combine, connect or join with each other by Van der Waals
attractive force, to form the carbon nanotube film structure 12.
The carbon nanotube film structure 12 can be supported by itself
and does not need a substrate for support. It should be noted that
the carbon nanotube film structure 12 may be positioned on a
substrate in actual application if additional strength for a
particular application of the carbon nanotube film structure 12.
The number of the layers of the carbon nanotube films in the
material 10 is not limited. In one embodiment, the number of the
layers of the carbon nanotube films in the material 10 can be in a
range from 10 to 5000. The thickness of the carbon nanotube film
structure 12 is in a range from about 0.04 micron to about 400
microns.
[0021] Referring to FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, the carbon nanotube film
includes a plurality of successively oriented carbon nanotube
segments 143 joined end-to-end by Van der Waals attractive force
therebetween. Each carbon nanotube segment 143 includes a plurality
of carbon nanotubes 145 substantially parallel to each other, and
combined by Van der Waals attractive force therebetween. The carbon
nanotube segments 143 can vary in width, thickness, uniformity, and
shape. The carbon nanotubes 145 in the carbon nanotube film are
also oriented substantially along a preferred orientation.
[0022] Referring to FIG. 4, the carbon nanotube films of the carbon
nanotube structure 12 are stacked. The carbon nanotubes in the
carbon nanotube structure 12 are substantially aligned along the
first direction X or the second direction Y. In another embodiment,
the carbon nanotube structure 12 comprises about 100 layers of
carbon nanotube films. The carbon nanotube structure 12 comprises a
plurality of grids.
[0023] The material 10 has both negative Poisson's ratio and
positive Poisson's ratio as described in the following.
[0024] When the material 10 is stretched in one oriented direction
of the carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube structure 12, i.e.
one of the first direction X and the second direction Y, it tends
to expand in the other oriented direction of the carbon nanotubes
in the carbon nanotube structure 12, i.e. the other one of the
second direction Y and the first direction X. The direction of
expansion is substantially perpendicular to the direction of
stretching. Conversely, when the material 10 is compressed in one
of the first direction X and the second direction Y, it tends to
contract in the other one of the second direction Y and the first
direction X. The direction of contraction is substantially
perpendicular to the direction of compression. Thus, the material
10 has a negative Poisson's ratio when it is stretched or
compressed in one of the first direction X and the second direction
Y. For example, the Poisson's ratio of the material 10 can be about
-0.50.
[0025] When the material 10 is stretched in a third direction, or
namely a third characteristic direction, which has an angle of
about 45 degrees to the first direction X and the second direction
Y, it tends to contract in another direction substantially
perpendicular to the direction of stretching. Conversely, when the
material 10 is compressed in the third direction, it tends to
expand in the other direction substantially perpendicular to the
direction of compression. Therefore, the material 10 has a positive
Poisson's ratio when it is stretched or compressed in the third
direction.
[0026] Referring to FIG. 5, it shows the changes of in-plane
Poisson's ratios of the material 10 with increasing strain. When
the strain of the Poisson's ratio in the third direction is 5%, the
Poisson's ratio is 2.25. When the strain of the Poisson's ratio in
the third direction is 20%, the Poisson's ratio is 3.25.
[0027] In one embodiment, the carbon nanotube film structure 12 can
be manufactured by the following steps:
[0028] (a) providing a super-aligned carbon nanotube array;
[0029] (b) selecting one or more carbon nanotubes having a
predetermined width from the super-aligned carbon nanotube
array;
[0030] (c) pulling out the carbon nanotubes from the super-aligned
carbon nanotube array to form carbon nanotube segments that are
joined end to end at a uniform speed to achieve a uniform carbon
nanotube film; and
[0031] (d) providing a frame and stacking at least two carbon
nanotube films on the frame to form the above described carbon
nanotube film structure 12.
[0032] In step (a), the super-aligned carbon nanotube array can be
formed by:
[0033] (a1) providing a substantially flat and smooth
substrate;
[0034] (a2) forming a catalyst layer on the substrate;
[0035] (a3) annealing the substrate with the catalyst layer in air
at a temperature from about 700.degree. C. to about 900.degree. C.
for about 30 to about 90 minutes;
[0036] (a4) heating the substrate with the catalyst layer to a
temperature from about 500.degree. C. to about 740.degree. C. in a
furnace with a protective gas therein; and
[0037] (a5) supplying a carbon source gas to the furnace for about
5 to about 30 minutes and growing the super-aligned carbon nanotube
array on the substrate.
[0038] In step (a1), the substrate can be a P-type silicon wafer,
an N-type silicon wafer, or a silicon wafer with a film of silicon
dioxide thereon. Here, a 4-inch P-type silicon wafer is used as the
substrate.
[0039] In step (a2), the catalyst can be iron (Fe), cobalt (Co),
nickel (Ni), or any alloy thereof.
[0040] In step (a4), the protective gas can be at least one of the
following: nitrogen (N.sub.2), ammonia (NH.sub.3), and a noble gas.
In step (a5), the carbon source gas can be a hydrocarbon gas, such
as ethylene (C.sub.2H.sub.4), methane (CH.sub.4), acetylene
(C.sub.2H.sub.2), ethane (C.sub.2H.sub.6), or any combination
thereof.
[0041] The super-aligned carbon nanotube array can be about 200
microns to about 400 microns in height, and includes a plurality of
substantially parallel carbon nanotubes approximately perpendicular
to the substrate. The carbon nanotubes in the super-aligned carbon
nanotube array can be single-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled
carbon nanotubes, or multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Diameters of
the single-walled carbon nanotubes can be from about 0.5 nanometers
to about 10 nanometers, diameters of the double-walled carbon
nanotubes can be from about 1 nanometer to about 50 nanometers, and
diameters of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes can be from 1.5
nanometers to 50 nanometers.
[0042] The super-aligned carbon nanotube array formed under such
conditions are essentially free of impurities such as carbonaceous
or residual catalyst particles. The carbon nanotubes in the
super-aligned array are closely packed together by Van derWaals
attractive force.
[0043] In step (b), the carbon nanotubes having a predetermined
width can be selected by using an adhesive tape as the tool to
contact the super-aligned carbon nanotube array. Each carbon
nanotube segment includes a plurality of substantially parallel
carbon nanotubes. In step (c), the pulling direction is
substantially perpendicular to the growing direction of the
super-aligned carbon nanotube array.
[0044] Specifically, during the pulling process, as the initial
carbon nanotube segment is drawn out, other carbon nanotube
segments are also drawn out end-to-end due to the Van der Waals
attractive force between ends of adjacent segments. This process of
drawing ensures that a continuous, uniform carbon nanotube film
having a certain width can be formed. The carbon nanotube film
includes a plurality of carbon nanotubes joined end-to-end. The
carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube film are all substantially
parallel to the pulling/drawing direction, and the carbon nanotube
film produced in such manner can be selectively formed to have a
predetermined width. The carbon nanotube film formed by the
pulling/drawing method has superior uniformity of thickness and
conductivity over a typical carbon nanotube film in which the
carbon nanotubes are disorganized and not arranged along any
particular axis. Furthermore, the pulling/drawing method is simple
and quick, thereby making it suitable for industrial
applications.
[0045] The maximum width possible for the carbon nanotube film
depends on the size of the carbon nanotube array. The length of the
carbon nanotube film can be arbitrarily set as desired. If the
substrate is a 4-inch P-type silicon wafer, the width of the carbon
nanotube film can be from about 0.01 centimeters to about 10
centimeters, and the thickness of the carbon nanotube film is from
about 0.5 nanometers to about 100 microns.
[0046] In step (d), it is noted that because the carbon nanotubes
in the super-aligned carbon nanotube array have a high purity and a
high specific surface area, the carbon nanotube film is adherent in
nature. As a result, at least one carbon nanotube film can be
directly adhered to the frame, thus forming one carbon nanotube
film structure 12 on the frame, thereby creating one carbon
nanotube film structure 12.
[0047] For example, two or more such carbon nanotube films can be
stacked on each other on the frame to form a carbon nanotube film
structure 12 with stacked carbon nanotube films. The angle between
the alignment axes of the carbon nanotubes in each two adjacent
carbon nanotube films is about 90 degrees. The carbon nanotubes in
each two adjacent carbon nanotube films are crossing each other,
thereby providing the carbon nanotube film structure 12 with a
microporous structure.
[0048] It is to be understood that in alternative embodiments, the
carbon nanotube film structure 12 can be treated with an organic
solvent. In these situations, each carbon nanotube film or the
carbon nanotube film structure 12 can be adhered on the frame and
soaked in an organic solvent bath. After being soaked in the
organic solvent, the carbon nanotube segments in the nanotube film
of the carbon nanotube film structure 12 can, at least partially,
shrink and firmly bundle into carbon nanotube bundles.
[0049] Referring to FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, another embodiment of a
material 20 includes a carbon nanotube film structure 12 and a
polymer matrix 24 which may be made of a flexible polymer material.
The carbon nanotube film structure 12 is disposed in the flexible
polymer matrix 24.
[0050] The carbon nanotube film structure 12 has a same structure
as that of the carbon nanotube film structure 12 in the previous
embodiment.
[0051] The flexible polymer of the polymer matrix can be
polydimethylsiloxane, polyurethane, epoxy resin, or
polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA). In this embodiment, the flexible
polymer is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which is transparent and
flexible and has a very large strain-to-failure (>150%). Thus,
the Poisson's ratio material 20 has a large strain-to-failure of
about 22%. In one embodiment, the flexible polymer matrix is a
flexible polymer layer with a thickness in a range from about 100
.mu.m to about 1000 .mu.m.
[0052] In one embodiment, the carbon nanotube film structure 12 is
locally distributed in the flexible polymer matrix 14 due to its
limited thickness (about 40 microns) compared to the thickness of
the flexible polymer matrix 24 (about 200 microns), which causes a
sandwich layer structure in the composite. In the CNT/PDMS
composite region, the carbon nanotubes are evenly dispersed in the
PDMS matrix.
[0053] The Poisson's ratio material 20 has both negative Poisson's
ratio and positive Poisson's ratio. When the Poisson's ratio
material 20 is stretched in one oriented direction of the carbon
nanotubes in the carbon nanotube structure 12 (the first direction
X or the second direction Y), it tends to expand in the other
oriented direction of the carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube
structure 12 (the second direction Y or the first direction X). The
direction of expansion is substantially perpendicular to the
direction of stretching. Conversely, when the Poisson's ratio
material 20 is compressed in one oriented direction of the carbon
nanotubes in the carbon nanotube structure 12 (the first direction
X or the second direction Y), it tends to contract in the other
oriented directions of the carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube
structure 12 (the second direction Y or the first direction X). The
direction of contraction is substantially perpendicular to the
direction of compression. Thus, the Poisson's ratio material 20 has
a negative Poisson's ratio.
[0054] When the Poisson's ratio material 20 is stretched in a
direction having an angle of about 45 degrees relative to the
oriented direction of the carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube
structure 12 (the first direction X or the second direction Y), it
tends to contract in another direction substantially perpendicular
to the direction of stretching. Conversely, when the Poisson's
ratio material 20 is compressed in a direction having a angle of
about 45 degrees with the oriented direction of the carbon
nanotubes in the carbon nanotube structure 12 (the first direction
X or the second direction Y), it tends to expand in the other
direction substantially perpendicular to the direction of
compression.
[0055] Referring to FIG. 8, it shows the changes of in-plane
Poisson's ratios of the Poisson's ratio materials 20 with
increasing strain. When the strain along the first direction X or
the second direction Y is about 1%, the Poisson's ratio of the
Poisson's ratio material 20 is about -0.53. When the strain along
the first direction X or the second direction Y is about 2%, the
Poisson's ratio of the Poisson's ratio material 20 is about -0.30.
With increased strain, the Poisson's ratio of the Poisson's ratio
material 20 can be a positive value. For example, when the strain
along the first direction X or the second direction Y is about 5%,
the Poisson's ratio of the Poisson's ratio material 20 is about
+0.07.
[0056] The Poisson's ratio material 20 has many advantages,
including a large strain-to-failure and flexibility. It will be
more applicable for practical applications where large strains are
needed. When the carbon nanotube film structure 12 is directly
exposed to an external environment, it is fragile and sticks easily
to other things because of the Van der Waals attractive force. When
the carbon nanotube film structure 12 is embedded in PDMS, it will
not be exposed to the external environment directly and the
negative Poisson's ratios can be maintained in the material 20.
PDMS provides a protective function here.
[0057] It is to be understood, however, that even though numerous
characteristics and advantages of the present embodiments have been
set forth in the foregoing description, together with details of
the structures and functions of the embodiments, the disclosure is
illustrative only, and changes may be made in detail, especially in
matters of shape, size, and arrangement of parts within the
principles of the disclosure to the full extent indicated by the
broad general meaning of the terms in which the appended claims are
expressed.
* * * * *