U.S. patent application number 12/386187 was filed with the patent office on 2010-10-21 for trehalulose-containing composition, its preparation and use.
This patent application is currently assigned to Sudzucker Aktiengesellschaft Mannheim/Ochsenfurt. Invention is credited to Tillmann DORR, Stephan HAUSMANNS, Michael KLINGEBERG, Jorg KOWALCZYK, Siegfried PETERS, Thomas ROSE, Stephan THEIS, Wolfgang WACH.
Application Number | 20100267658 12/386187 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 42542904 |
Filed Date | 2010-10-21 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100267658 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
WACH; Wolfgang ; et
al. |
October 21, 2010 |
Trehalulose-containing composition, its preparation and use
Abstract
The present invention relates to a trehalulose-containing
composition, its preparation and use.
Inventors: |
WACH; Wolfgang; (Worms,
DE) ; ROSE; Thomas; (Worms, DE) ; KLINGEBERG;
Michael; (Grunstadt, DE) ; PETERS; Siegfried;
(Biblis, DE) ; DORR; Tillmann; (Hohen-Sulzen,
DE) ; THEIS; Stephan; (Deidesheim, DE) ;
KOWALCZYK; Jorg; (Eisenberg-Steinborn, DE) ;
HAUSMANNS; Stephan; (Wiesbaden, DE) |
Correspondence
Address: |
OSTROLENK FABER GERB & SOFFEN
1180 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS
NEW YORK
NY
100368403
US
|
Assignee: |
Sudzucker Aktiengesellschaft
Mannheim/Ochsenfurt
Mannheim
DE
|
Family ID: |
42542904 |
Appl. No.: |
12/386187 |
Filed: |
April 15, 2009 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
514/53 ; 426/48;
426/542; 426/573; 426/590; 426/599; 426/635; 426/650; 426/658;
435/100 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A23L 33/20 20160801;
A23L 27/33 20160801; A61P 19/02 20180101; A61P 3/04 20180101; A61P
1/02 20180101; A61P 5/50 20180101; A23L 33/10 20160801; A61P 3/02
20180101; A61P 3/10 20180101; A61P 1/16 20180101; A61P 3/06
20180101; A61P 9/10 20180101; A61K 31/7016 20130101; C12P 19/18
20130101; C12P 39/00 20130101; A61P 35/00 20180101; C12P 19/12
20130101; A61P 3/00 20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
514/53 ; 426/658;
426/48; 426/650; 426/542; 426/635; 426/599; 426/573; 426/590;
435/100 |
International
Class: |
A61K 31/7016 20060101
A61K031/7016; A23L 1/307 20060101 A23L001/307; A23L 1/221 20060101
A23L001/221; A23L 1/08 20060101 A23L001/08; C11B 5/00 20060101
C11B005/00; A23K 1/16 20060101 A23K001/16; A23L 2/02 20060101
A23L002/02; A23L 1/06 20060101 A23L001/06; A23L 2/60 20060101
A23L002/60; A23L 1/09 20060101 A23L001/09; C12P 19/12 20060101
C12P019/12; A61P 3/10 20060101 A61P003/10; A61P 3/00 20060101
A61P003/00 |
Claims
1. A process for the preparation of a trehalulose-containing
composition, wherein (a) a sucrose-containing composition is
contacted under appropriate conditions with cells or cell extracts
from microorganisms of the genera Pseudomonas and Protaminobacter
and (b) the trehalulose-containing composition is produced.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the sucrose-containing
composition is dissolved or suspended in an aqueous medium.
3. The process of claim 1, wherein the cells or the cell extracts
are immobilized on at least one carrier.
4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the cells or the cell
extracts of both genera of microorganisms are co-immobilized on the
same carrier.
5. A trehalulose-containing composition prepared according to the
process of claim 1.
6. The trehalulose-containing composition of claim 5, which
comprises a trehalulose content of 20 to 95 weight-% (based on dry
matter).
7. The trehalulose-containing composition of claim 5, which
comprises an isomaltulose content of 8 to 50 weight-% (based on dry
matter).
8. A product for human or animal consumption, comprising the
trehalulose-containing composition of claim 5 and at least one
additive.
9. The product according to claim 8, wherein the product comprises
0.02 to 3.0 weight-% of the at least one additive and 97.0 to 99.98
weight-% of the trehalulose-containing composition (each based on
dry matter).
10. The product according to claim 8, wherein the product comprises
3 to 95% of the trehalulose-containing composition and 5 to 97
weight-% (each based on dry matter) of the at least one
additive.
11. The product according to claim 8, wherein the additive is at
least one of a stevia extract and a steviolglycoside.
12. The product according to claim 8, wherein the additive is
selected from the group consisting of lactobionic acid,
lactobionic-.delta.-lacton, a salt of lactobionic acid and mixtures
thereof.
13. The product according to claim 8, wherein the additive is
selected from the group consisting of acidic flavours, fruit
flavours, sweet flavours, savoury flavours, salty flavours, a high
intensity sweetener, a sugar alcohol, sucromalt, ribose, tagatose,
trehalose, organic acid, fruit extract, a bulk sweetener, a fibre,
a prebiotic agent, a thickener, a vitamin, a mineral, a
preservative, a food colour and a therapeutic agent.
14. The product according to claim 8, wherein the additive is
selected from the group consisting of creatine, polyphenole,
L-carnitin, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, omega-6
polyunsaturated fatty acid, green tea extract, EGCG
(epigallocatechingallate), aminoacids and peptopro.
15. The product according to claim 8, wherein said product is a
food, an animal feed or a pharmaceutical product.
16. The product according to claim 8, wherein said product is a
jelly, a beverage, a fruit preparation, a fruit juice concentrate,
a fruit juice or a smoothie.
17. A method for preparing for preparing a product for human or
animal consumption, which product is adapted for a sustained
release of glucose and for simultaneously eliciting a low insulin
response, wherein the method comprises including in said product a
material selected from the group consisting of a
trehalulose-containing composition, a product produced according to
the process of claim 5 and trehalulose.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the product is a pharmaceutical
product.
19. A method for treating a glucose or insulin metabolism-related
condition or disease, wherein a composition or a product according
to claim 5 is applied in a suitable amount to a subject in need
thereof, thereby eliciting a low insulin response and a sustained
release of glucose.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the insulin related disease is
selected from the group consisting of diabetes, metabolism
syndrome, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, adipositas,
overweight, obesity, hyperlipidemia, cancer, a liver disease,
insulin sensitivity and arthroscleroses.
21. A method for the prophylaxes and treatment of tooth diseases in
a subject, wherein a composition or a product according to claim 5
is applied in a suitable amount to a subject in need thereof.
22. A method for improving at least one of mental and physical
performance of a subject, wherein a composition or a product
according to claim 5 is applied in a suitable amount to a subject
in need thereof.
23. A method for the management of body weight of a subject,
wherein a composition or a product according to claim 5 is applied
in a suitable amount to a subject in need thereof.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to a novel
trehalulose-containing composition, a process for its preparation
and methods for the use thereof.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Trehalulose (1-O-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose) and
isomaltulose (palatinose, 6-O-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose)
are known structural isomers of sucrose. These isomers are
naturally found in honey in small quantities. Both of them are
known as non-cariogenic sugars. However, their physical and
chemical characteristics are somewhat different, in particular in
view of the fact that trehalulose is more soluble in water than
isomaltulose with the consequence that their use as food
ingredients is different.
[0003] Both, isomaltulose and trehalulose, are also known from for
instance EP 1 424 074 A1 as being heterodisaccharides, which in
comparison to sucrose, show a reduced hydrolysis rate in the small
intestine of human or animal consumers, thereby suggesting the
provision of nutritional compositions for controlling blood sugar
levels, in particular for the use in patients suffering from
diabetes and glucose intolerance, or for obesity prevention.
However, the document is silent on the specific role and relevance
of isomaltulose and trehalulose contained in the nutritional
compositions.
[0004] EP 0 483 755 B1 discloses processes to prepare compositions
comprising trehalulose and isomaltulose. In particular, Pseudomonas
mesoacidophila MX-45 (FERM-BP 3619) or Agrobacterium radiobacter
MX-232 (FERM-BP 3620) was used to convert a sucrose containing
medium into a primarily trehalulose, but also significant amounts
of isomaltulose containing solution. Thus, the disclosed methods
make use of the capability of the .alpha.-glucosyltransferase of
either Pseudomonas mesoacidophila or Agrobacterium radiobacter to
convert sucrose both into trehalulose and isomaltulose, wherein
predominantly trehalulose is obtained.
[0005] EP 0 794 259 B1 discloses the preparation of a
trehalulose-containing polysaccharide composition using a
maltose/trehalose converting enzyme from Pseudomonas putida,
Thermus ruber, Thermus aquatica or Pimelobacter to produce the
trehalulose-containing composition from a sucrose solution.
[0006] EP 0 091 063 A2 discloses a process for the preparation of
isomaltulose using immobilized bacterial cells, in particular cells
from Protaminobacter rubrum (CBS 574.77). The process disclosed
therein uses a sucrose-containing solution, which is subjected to
these immobilized cells so as to obtain a primarily isomaltulose
containing composition, which, however, also comprises
trehalulose.
[0007] EP 1 393 637 A1 discloses agents for sustaining
concentration and attentiveness, in particular food and drinks
containing said agents. The document discloses products for human
consumption, which are said to improve the concentration and
attention due to the presence of isomaltulose contained in the
product.
[0008] EP 0 983 374 B1 discloses processes for the simultaneous
production of isomaltulose and/or trehalulose and betain.
[0009] All of these processes aim to produce either a trehalulose
or a isomaltulose-containing composition or even pure trehalulose
or isomaltulose so as to make use of the known physiological
properties, in particular their non-cariogenity and their slow
hydrolyses rate in the small intestine. Although isomaltulose is an
attractive agent for developing products suitable to prevent and
treat overweight, obesity, diabetes and other glucose or insulin
metabolism-related conditions and diseases, there still remains the
need to provide even more effective active ingredients.
[0010] The production of trehalulose-containing compositions which
comprise a high content of isomaltulose is for a number of
applications, such as jelly or fruit juices, not desirable, since
isomaltulose tends to crystallize out, in particular in
applications in an aqueous surrounding. Although the preparation of
compositions comprising a high content of trehalulose is for some
applications advantageous, it has for other applications the
disadvantage of its severely inhibited crystallization capability.
Up to now there has been no report on processes to obtain
trehalulose-containing compositions, which comprise both
trehalulose and isomaltulose in significant amounts, and which
allow the production thereof in an easy, inexpensive and
commercially suitable way and which provide the advantage of its
composition, in particular its ratio of trehalulose to
isomaltulose, being adjustable according to the specific needs of
the particular application of the produced trehalulose-containing
composition. Furthermore, there is the need in the art to provide
improved means and methods for the prophylaxes and treatment of
conditions and diseases related to the glucose and/or insulin
metabolism in the human or animal body, in particular for specific
groups of patients, which up to now have not been considered to be
suitable for being supplied with a carbohydrate, in particular
sugar-containing diet.
[0011] Thus, the technical problem underlying the present invention
is to provide improved trehalulose and isomaltulose-containing
compositions, in the following termed "trehalulose-containing
compositions", which overcome the above-identified disadvantages
and which in particular enable advantageous applications, in
particular in the prophylaxes and therapy of conditions and
diseases related to the glucose and/or insulin metabolism,
preferably for specific groups of consumers or patients. The
technical problem underlying the present invention is also to
provide processes for the production of trehalulose-containing
compositions in an industrial scale, in particular processes which
allow their production in a particularly variable way, i.e. in a
way allowing the production of, preferably a preselected, product
composition, preferably exhibiting a specific, preferably
preselected trehalulose/isomaltulose ratio.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] The present invention solves its problem by the teaching of
the independent claims.
[0013] Thus, in a preferred embodiment the present invention solves
its technical problem by providing a process for the preparation of
a trehalulose-containing composition, wherein (a) a sucrose
containing composition is contacted under appropriate conditions
with cells or cell extracts from microorganisms of the genus
Pseudomonas and the genus Protaminobacter and (b) the
trehalulose-containing composition is produced.
[0014] Thus, the above-identified process of the present invention
foresees subjecting a sucrose-containing composition, in particular
an aqueous medium comprising sucrose, to an enzymatic activity, in
particular an .alpha.-glucosyltransferase activity, preferably
contained in a cell or cell extract, from microorganism of the
genera Pseudomonas and Protaminobacter, for a time period and under
conditions suitable to convert the sucrose into a
trehalulose-containing composition. In a preferred embodiment the
trehalulose-containing composition is isolated and optionally
further purified, preferably subsequent to the complete, i.e. 100%
conversion, or almost complete, that means at least a 95, 96, 97,
98 or 99% conversion of the sucrose. The obtained
trehalulose-containing composition may be further purified
according to prior art methods and according to the particular
needs resulting from the intended application. In a preferred
embodiment it is for instance possible to further purify the
obtained trehalulose-containing composition by chromatography,
filtration, deionisation, decolouration, enzymatic treatment,
catalytic treatment and/or fractionation.
[0015] Thus, the present invention provides the advantageous and
unexpected teaching that cells or cell extracts from a
microorganism of the genus Pseudomonas and cells or cell extracts
from a microorganism of the genus Protaminobacter can be used
simultaneously and together in one single process to generate from
a sucrose-containing composition a trehalulose-containing
composition, preferably with a preselected and easily adaptable
composition of its components. Favourably, the present teaching
allows to produce a trehalulose-containing composition with a broad
range of ratios of its components, particularly trehalulose and
isomaltulose. In particular, the combined and simultaneous use of
cells or cell extracts from both Pseudomonas and Protaminobacter
produces an advantageous composition, in particular sweetener
composition, comprising mainly both of trehalulose and
isomaltulose, in the following termed "trehalulose-containing
composition", and which provides the advantages detailed below,
namely which shows an unexpected glycemic and insulinemic behaviour
and opens up further advantageous methods and uses thereof, in
particular in controlling body weight and in general glucose and
insulin metabolism-related conditions and diabetes. The
trehalulose-containing composition of the present invention is
essentially non-cariogenic, preferably completely non-cariogenic,
and has a low glycemic and low insulinemic index. The present
composition is a low calorie composition, which is suitable for
health oriented consumers and also in particular for diabetics and
combines a pleasant sweetening effect with good bodying properties,
which advantageously can be prepared in solid form, but also
advantageously can be used in form of a syrup, in particular a
suspension or in form of a solution. In particular, the composition
of the present invention does not crystallize out in the
concentrations used. The compositions of the present invention
have--without being bound by theory--a composition, attributed
mainly by a specific ratio of it various components, in particular
the ratio of trehalulose to isomaltulose and to the minor
carbohydrate components isomaltose, isomelezitose and
oligomers.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0016] In the following, reference to percent (%) is a reference to
weight-%, unless otherwise specified. In the context of the present
invention, all amounts, in particular relative amounts of
components of a composition, do not exceed 100%, preferably add up
to 100% based either on the dry matter of the composition or the
overall weight of the composition, as indicated.
[0017] In the context of the present invention, a
sucrose-containing composition is preferably a composition
comprising 1 to 100%, preferably 1 to 99 weight-% or 90 to 100
weight-% sucrose (weight-% of dry matter). In a particularly
preferred embodiment a sucrose-containing composition has a sucrose
content of preferably 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50,
60, 70 or 80 to 98 weight-%, preferably 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 or 80 to 97 weight-%, preferably 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 or 80 to 96 weight-%, preferably
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 or 80 to 95, 96, 97, 98
or 99 weight-%, preferably 60 to 90 weight-%, preferably 70 to 80
weight-%, preferably 30 to 60 weight-% or preferably 40 to 50
weight-% sucrose (each based on dry matter of the composition).
Most preferably, the sucrose content of the sucrose-containing
composition is from 90 to 99 weight-%, preferably 90 to 98 weight-%
(each based on dry matter of composition).
[0018] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the
sucrose-containing composition is used in liquid form, particularly
is dissolved or suspended in an aqueous medium, preferably is an
aqueous sucrose-containing solution or suspension. Preferably, the
above-identified sucrose-containing composition may be dissolved or
suspended in an aqueous medium, e.g. water, so as to obtain a
solution or suspension comprising 0.1 to 80 weight-%, preferably 40
to 75 weight-%, preferably 40 to 60 weight-%, in particular 10 to
60 weight-%, preferably 20 to 55 weight-% of the sucrose-containing
composition in water, thus adding up with water or an aqueous
medium to 100% (based on overall weight of solution or suspension).
In a particularly preferred embodiment the sucrose-containing
solution or suspension has a sucrose content of 0.1 to 80 weight-%,
preferably 5 to 30 weight-%, 20 to 30 weight-%, 20 to 60 weight-%,
30 to 60 weight-% or 40 to 75 weight-%, preferably 40 to 60
weight-%, in particular 10 to 60 weight-%, preferably 20 to 55
weight-% sucrose (based on overall weight of the liquid solution or
suspension). In a particularly preferred embodiment the
sucrose-containing solution or suspension may also be a thin juice
or thick juice from a sugar factory having preferably a dry
substance content of 5 to 30%, preferably 20 to 27%. It is also
possible to use molasses or other impure sucrose compositions found
in sugar factories.
[0019] In the context of the present invention a cell or cell
extract from a microorganism of the genus Pseudomonas is suitable
under appropriate conditions to convert sucrose into a composition
comprising trehalulose and isomaltulose. In the context of the
present invention a cell or cell extract from a microorganism of
the genus Protaminobacter is suitable under appropriate conditions
to convert sucrose into a composition comprising trehalulose and
isomaltulose. Thus, in the present invention the cells or cell
extracts from the microorganism of the genera Pseudomonas and
Protaminobacter are cells or cell extracts capable of forming
trehalulose and isomaltulose from sucrose.
[0020] In the context of the present invention a cell extract is
meant to be an extract or a part from one or more of the cells of
the microorganism used in accordance with the present invention,
for instance refers to disrupted cells. In a particularly preferred
embodiment the cell extract is also referring to a solution or
suspension of an enzyme or enzyme system having the capability to
convert sucrose into trehalulose and isomaltulose, in particular is
a solution or suspension containing the .alpha.-glucosyltransferase
from Pseudomonas and/or Protaminobacter, that means preferably an
.alpha.-glucosyltransferase or sucrose-6-glucosylmutase (EC
5.4.99.10). Thus, the present invention foresees the use of cells
or cell extracts, wherein the term "cell extract" in a preferred
embodiment also means enzymes, this term also including enzyme
systems, comprising said .alpha.-glucosyltransferase. According to
the invention it is possible to use whole or disrupted cells of the
microorganism with the cells acting as carrier for the enzyme
system. The cells, in particular the immobilized cells, are
preferably dead. The enzyme or enzyme system used according to the
present invention can be extracted from cells from the
microorganism by conventional techniques, for example by solvent
extraction, French press, lyophilisation and/or enzymatic
treatment. It is possible to use auxiliary processes to facilitate
extraction, such as disrupting the cells or osmotic shocking. The
extracted enzyme or enzyme system may be purified further or may be
used as it is. The present invention not only foresees the use of
the naturally occurring wild type enzymes, that means the
.alpha.-glucosyltransferase, from Pseudomonas and/or
Protaminobacter, but also foresees to use genetically engineered
derivatives thereof as well as cells from genetically engineered
mutants of Pseudomonas and/or Protaminobacter.
[0021] In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present
invention, the microorganism of the genus Pseudomonas is a
microorganism of the species Pseudomonas mesoacidophila, preferably
is Pseudomonas mesoacidophila MX-45, preferably P. mesacidophila
MX-45 (FERM-BP 3619, said organism is disclosed for instance in EP
0 483 755 B1 or EP 0 625 578 B1 deposited also under FERM 11808) or
also publically available from Nagai et al. (Biosc. Sci. Biotech.
Biochem. 58 (10), (1994) 1789-1793)). In a particularly preferred
embodiment of the present invention the microorganism of the genus
Protaminobacter is a microorganism of the species Protaminobacter
rubrum, preferably is Protaminobacter rubrum CBS 574.77
(Protaminobacter rubrum CBS 574.77 is for instance described in EP
0 091 063 A2 or EP 0 625 578 B1).
[0022] The appropriate conditions for converting the
sucrose-containing composition into the trehalulose-containing
composition are in a preferred embodiment a temperature of
10.degree. C., preferably 15.degree. C. to 40.degree. C.,
preferably 10.degree. C. to 37.degree. C., preferably 25.degree. C.
to 40.degree. C., preferably 30.degree. C. to 40.degree. C.,
preferably 10.degree. C. to 25.degree. C., preferably 15.degree. C.
to 30.degree. C., 18.degree. C. to 26.degree. C. and most
preferably 10.degree. C. to 20.degree. C., and particularly
preferred 10 to 17.degree. C.
[0023] In a furthermore preferred embodiment the process is carried
out at a pH value from 5.0 to 9.0, preferably 5.0 to 7.0,
preferably 6.0 to 7.0. In a furthermore preferred embodiment the
sucrose-containing composition is subjected to the cells or cell
extracts from the genera from the microorganisms Protaminobacter
and Pseudomonas for a time period and under conditions suitable to
achieve a conversion of sucrose to the trehalulose-containing
composition of 20 to 100%, preferably 30 to 95, 96, 97, 98, 99% and
preferably 100%, preferably 40 to 98%, preferably 50, 60 or 70 to
97%, preferably 50, 60, 70 or 80 to 98%, preferably 75 to 98%, most
preferably 50 to 99%, most preferably 60 to 98%, 85 to 100% and
preferably more than 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99% (based on amount of
sucrose). Most preferably, the obtained trehalulose-containing
composition is essentially free of sucrose, preferably is free of
sucrose.
[0024] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the
cells, which may be living or dead, or the cell extract may be used
in non-immobilized form. In a furthermore preferred embodiment the
cells or the cell extracts, in particular the enzymes, are
immobilized on at least one carrier, preferably on two different
types of carriers. In accordance with this preferred embodiment one
carrier immobilizes the cell or cell extract from the microorganism
of the genus Pseudomonas and the other different carrier
immobilizes the cells or cell extract from the microorganism of the
genus Protaminobacter.
[0025] In a particularly preferred embodiment the cells or cell
extracts from the microorganisms of the genera Pseudomonas and
Protaminobacter are co-immobilized on the same carrier. Thus, in
this embodiment one and the same carrier, i.e. preferably one type
of carrier particles, do contain both cells or cell extracts
combined on or in the carrier.
[0026] The immobilization can be carried out using prior art
technologies. Preferably, the present invention foresees to use
entrapment within a gel. Cells can preferably also be physically
adsorbed on an inner support. They may preferably also be
covalently coupled to an inner support or they can be aggregated by
use of a cross-linking agent. According to the present invention,
entrapment in a gel is preferred. Suitable gel materials may be
alginate, polyacrylamide, agar, xanthan gum/locust bean gum,
kappacarrageenan or kappacarrageenan/locust bean gum, collagen or
cellulose acetate.
[0027] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention foresees to
use immobilization of the cells or cell extracts in an alginate
carrier, in particular a calcium alginate. A preferred
immobilization produces an inert three-dimensional polymer network,
providing a high inward diffusion of sucrose and a high stability.
To prepare in a preferred embodiment the immobilized cells or cell
extracts, preferably in an alginate gel, the cells or the cell
extracts, preferably of both genera of microorganisms together, are
mixed with an aqueous solution of a soluble alginate, for instance
sodium alginate. In a preferred process this will involve slurrying
the whole cells or disrupted cells, i.e. cell extracts, with a
soluble alginate. In a preferred embodiment, the concentration of
cells is between 1 and 90 weight-% of the solution, preferably 10
to 40 weight-%, preferably 20 weight-% (each net weight (volume))
of the solution. The resultant alginate mixture is then metered
into a solution of a metal salt with which the soluble alginate
forms a gel, for instance a calcium alginate produced by using
calcium chloride. It is also possible to immobilize the
microorganisms of the genus Pseudomonas separately from the
microorganisms of the genus Protaminobacter and mix the both
separatly immobilized microorganisms at a later stage before the
sucrose conversion starts.
[0028] By metering the slurry or other alginate mixture as discrete
droplets it is in a preferred embodiment possible to produce
spherical pellets of gel entrapping the cells or cell extracts.
Preferably the pellet size can be varied, wherein pellets having a
size of 3 to 5 diameter are preferred. In a furthermore preferred
embodiment it is also possible to immobilize the cells or cell
extracts in a block of gel, a rope of gel or in microfibrous
particles. It is also possible to adsorb cells or cell extracts on
DEAE-cellulose or by crosslink the cells or cell extracts, for
instance with glutaraldehyd.
[0029] In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present
invention it is foreseen to employ in the process of the present
invention a specific ratio, in particular ratio of enzymatic
activities or weight ratio of the cells or cell extracts, of
Pseudomonas and Protaminobacter. In a particularly preferred
embodiment a process for the production of a trehalulose-containing
composition is provided wherein the weight ratio or enzymatic
activity ratio of cells or cell extracts of Pseudomonas to
Protaminobacter is from 10:1 to 1:10, in particular from 8:1 to
1:8, from 5:1 to 1:5, from 3:1 to 1:3, from 2:1 to 1:2 and in
particular is 1:1. In a furthermore preferred embodiment of the
present invention a process for the production of
trehalulose-containing composition is provided, wherein the ratio
of weight or enzymatic activity of Pseudomonas to Protaminobacter
is from 10:1 to 1.1:1, 8:1 to 1.1:1, 5:1 to 1.1:1, 3:1 to 1.1:1,
preferably from 2:1 to 1.1:1. In a furthermore preferred embodiment
of the present invention a process for the production of
trehalulose-containing composition is provided, wherein the ratio
of weight or enzymatic activity of Pseudomonas to Protaminobacter
is from 1:1.1 to 1:10, 1:1.1 to 1:8, 1:1.1 to 1:5, 1:1.1 to 1:3,
1:1.1 to 1:2. In a particularly preferred embodiment a process is
provided according to the above, wherein the ratio of weight or
enzymatic activities of cells or cell extracts from Pseudomonas to
Protaminobacter is different from a 1:1 ratio, in particular,
wherein the ratio is greater than 1, that means >1:1 or is
smaller than 1 that means <1:1.
[0030] A process in accordance with the present invention is
preferably carried out as a continuous process, a discontinuous
process, preferably in batch wise operation or a semi-continuous
process. The process may preferably be carried out in a fixed bed
reactor. The process may preferably be carried out in a reaction
vessel, a biofermentor or a tank, preferably under mechanical
agitation.
[0031] In one further embodiment the immobilized cells or cell
extracts are loaded into a column and the substrate, i.e. the
sucrose-containing solution or suspension is passed through the
column so as to harvest the trehalulose-containing composition in
the flow-through. Preferably several columns may be employed in
parallel, for example on a carrousel.
[0032] The present invention also provides a trehalulose-containing
composition comprising trehalulose and isomaltulose, in particular
obtained or being obtainable according to any one of the preceding
processes. In particular, the combined and simultaneous use of
cells or cell extracts from the microorganism of the genera
Pseudomonas and Protaminobacter converts the sucrose-containing
composition favourably in a specific trehalulose-containing
composition. Said composition, which is a natural, essentially
non-cariogenic, low insulinemic and low glycemic sweetener
composition, provides the physiologically advantageous properties
as disclosed therein and simultaneously provide a sucrose-like
temporal and flavour profile, which is not found in compositions
comprising isomaltulose or trehalulose each alone. Preferably, the
trehalulose-containing composition of the present invention is used
in a liquid form, in particular in form of a syrup, which
advantageously in a particularly preferred embodiment does not
crystallize out. Trehalulose and the trehalulose-containing
composition of the present invention have a good solubility in
aqueous media, which enables a particularly wide range of
applications.
[0033] In the context of the present invention a
trehalulose-containing composition of the present invention is a
composition, which primarily comprises trehalulose and isomaltulose
and which comprises minor components, which are in particular
isomaltose, isomelezitose, carbohydrate oligomers with a DP (degree
of polymerization) greater or equal to 3, and optionally glucose,
fructose and/or sucrose. In one embodiment of the present
invention, it is foreseen to remove one, more or all of the minor
components, for instance isomaltose, isomelezitose and/or the
oligomers. In one embodiment, the sweetener composition of the
present invention exhibits a more sucrose-like temporal and/or
sucrose-like flavor profile than a sweetener composition comprising
trehalulose or isomaltulose each alone. As used herein, the phrases
"sucrose-like characteristic," "sucrose-like taste," "sucrose-like
sweet," and "sucrose-like" are synonymous and are always understood
to relate to sucrose. Sucrose-like characteristics include any
characteristic similar to that of sucrose and include, but are not
limited to, maximal response, flavor profile, temporal profile,
adaptation behavior, mouthfeel, concentration/response function
behavior, tastant and flavor/sweet taste interactions, spatial
pattern selectivity, and temperature effects. Whether or not a
characteristic is more sucrose-like, isomaltulose-like or
trehalulose-like is determined by expert sensory panel assessments
of sucrose and the compositions comprising trehalulose and/or
isomaltulose. Such assessments quantify similarities of the
characteristics of compositions comprising trehalulose and/or
isomaltulose, with those comprising sucrose.
[0034] In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present
invention the trehalulose-containing composition prepared according
to the present invention comprises a trehalulose content suitable
to achieve the advantageous physiological properties described
herein, in particular the low insulin response induced in the
consumer's blood. In a particularly preferred embodiment the
trehalulose-containing composition of the present invention
comprises trehalulose and isomaltulose each in a content that the
composition is suitable to achieve the advantageous physiological
properties described herein, namely the low insulin response
induced in the consumer's blood. In a particularly preferred
embodiment of the present invention the product for human or animal
consumption of the present invention comprises the
trehalulose-containing composition of the present invention in an
amount suitable to achieve the advantageous physiological
properties described herein in the consumer, in particular induces
the desired low insulin response in the consumer's blood.
[0035] In a particularly preferred embodiment the
trehalulose-containing composition prepared according to the
present invention comprises 20 to 95 weight-%, preferably 30 to 90
weight-%, preferably 25 to 75 weight-%, preferably 40 to 80
weight-% and in particular 30 to 70 weight-%, preferably 35 to 65
weight-%, preferably 45 to 70 weight-% trehalulose (based on dry
matter of the composition). Most preferably, the
trehalulose-containing composition comprises 70 to 80 weight-%,
preferably 65 to 78 weight-% trehalulose. Preferably, the remainder
of the composition adds up to 100% with isomaltulose, or,
optionally isomaltulose and 0.1 to 1, 2, 3 or 4 weight-% of the
minor components.
[0036] In a furthermore preferred embodiment the
trehalulose-containing composition of the present invention
comprises 8, 10, 20, 30 or 35 to 50 weight-%, in particular 9 to 40
weight-%, preferably 9 to 30 weight-%, preferably 22 to 35
weight-%, preferably 20 to 40 weight-%, preferably 20 to 30
weight-%, preferably 18 to 27 weight-% and most preferably 20 to 25
weight-% isomaltulose (based on dry matter of the composition).
Preferably, the remainder of the composition adds up to 100% with
trehalulose, or, optionally trehalulose and 0.1 to 1, 2, 3 or 4
weight-% of the minor components.
[0037] In a furthermore preferred embodiment of the present
invention the trehalulose-containing composition of the present
invention comprises 0.0, preferably 0.1 to 2.0, 0.1 to 1.5,
preferably 0.1 to 1.0, preferably 0.1 to 0.4 weight-% glucose.
[0038] In a furthermore, preferred embodiment of the present
invention the trehalulose-containing composition of the present
invention comprises 0.0, preferably 0.1 to 2.0, 0.1 to 1.5,
preferably 0.1 to 1.0, preferably 0.1 to 0.4 weight-% fructose.
[0039] In a furthermore, preferred embodiment of the present
invention the trehalulose-containing composition of the present
invention comprises 0.0, preferably 0.1 to 2.0, 0.1 to 1.5,
preferably 0.1 to 1.0, preferably 0.1 to 0.4 weight-%
isomaltose.
[0040] In a furthermore, preferred embodiment of the present
invention the trehalulose-containing composition of the present
invention comprises 0.0, preferably 0.1 to 2.0, 0.1 to 1.5,
preferably 0.1 to 1.0, preferably 0.1 to 0.4 weight-%
isomelezitose.
[0041] In a furthermore, preferred embodiment of the present
invention the trehalulose-containing composition of the present
invention comprises 0.0, preferably 0.1 to 2.0, 0.1 to 1.5,
preferably 0.1 to 1.0, preferably 0.1 to 0.4 weight-% carbohydrate
oligomers, preferably with a DP.gtoreq.3.
[0042] In a particularly preferred embodiment the
trehalulose-containing composition prepared according to the
present invention comprises 70 to 80 weight-% trehalulose and 20 to
30 weight-% isomaltulose. In a particularly preferred embodiment
the trehalulose-containing composition does not comprise any other
components than isomaltulose and trehalulose. In another preferred
embodiment the trehalulose-containing composition prepared
according to the present invention comprises 70 to 80 weight-%
trehalulose and 20 to 30 weight-% isomaltulose and one or more of
the carbohydrates selected from the group consisting of isomaltose,
isomelezitose and carbohydrate oligomers adding up to 100 weight-%
from the dry matter of the composition, preferably in a sum of 1 to
6, 1 to 5, 1 to 4 and most preferred 1 to 3 weight-% (based on
weight of composition). In a furthermore preferred embodiment the
trehalulose-containing composition comprises also isomaltose,
isomelezitose, glucose, fructose, sucrose and carbohydrate
oligomers, preferably in an overall sum adding up to 100 weight-%
(DM), preferably in a sum of 1 to 6, 1 to 5, 1 to 4 and most
preferred 1 to 3 weight-% (based on weight of composition).
[0043] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention it is
foreseen to remove one or more of the minor components of the
obtained trehalulose-containing composition, preferably one or more
of the group consisting of sucrose, glucose, fructose, isomaltose,
isomelezitose and carbohydrate oligomers, most preferably from the
group consisting of glucose, fructose and sucrose. In a preferred
embodiment said removal may be carried out by methods known in the
art, such as filtration, chromatography, for instance anion and/or
cation exchange chromatography and enzymatic, for instance
invertase, or catalytic cleavage. Preferably, a charcoal and/or
resin treatment may be carried out. Thus, in a particularly
preferred embodiment it is possible to produce a
trehalulose-containing composition being free of glucose, fructose
and sucrose, which is completely non-cariogenic and provides a
particularly low glycemic and insulinemic index.
[0044] In a furthermore preferred embodiment of the present
invention there is provided a product for human or animal
consumption, comprising the trehalulose-containing composition of
the present invention and at least one additive.
[0045] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the
product for human or animal consumption comprises 0.02 to 3.0
weight-%, in particular 0.02 to 1.0 weight-%, preferably 0.02 to
0.5 weight-% of the at least one additive and an amount of the
trehalulose-containing composition adding up to 100%, in particular
97 to 99.98 weight-%, preferably 99.0 to 99.98 weight-%, in
particular 99.5 to 99.98 weight-% of the trehalulose-containing
composition (each based on dry matter). Preferably, the at least
one additive contained in the product, preferably in an amount from
0.02 to 3.0 weight-%, is (a) a stevia extract or a
steviolglycoside, (b) a stevia extract or a steviolglycoside and at
least one of lactobionic acid, lactobionic-.delta.-lactone, a salt
of lactobionic acid or a mixture thereof, or (c) at least one of a
lactobionic acid, lactobionic-.delta.-lactone, a salt of
lactobionic acid or a mixture thereof.
[0046] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the
product for human or animal consumption comprises 3 to 95 weight-%,
preferably 5 to 95 weight-%, preferably 20 to 95 weight-%,
preferably 5 to 90 weight-%, preferably 10 to 90 weight-%,
preferably 20 to 80 weight-%, preferably 7 to 70 weight-%, most
particularly 40 to 60 weight-% of the trehalulose-containing
composition of the present invention and 5 to 97 weight-%,
preferably 5 to 95 weight-%, most preferably 5 to 80 weight-%,
preferably the remainder adding up to 100 weight-%, of the at least
one additive (each based on dry matter on the overall product).
[0047] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the
additive is a high intensity sweetener, preferably is at least one
of a stevia extract or a steviolglycoside, in particular a
rebaudioside, preferably rebaudioside A (Reb A, CAS no. 58
543-16-1, C.sub.44H.sub.70O.sub.23). Most preferred, the
trehalulose-containing composition of the present invention is
present in a product for human or animal consumption together with
Reb A as an additive.
[0048] For example, particular embodiments may also comprise
combinations of steviolglycosides.
[0049] Non-limiting examples of suitable steviolglycosides which
may or may not be combined include rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B,
rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F.
dulcoside A, dulcoside B, rubusoside, stevioside (CAS no.
57817-89-7, C.sub.38H.sub.60O.sub.18), or steviolbioside. According
to particularly desirable embodiments of the present invention, the
combination of high intensity sweeteners comprises rebaudioside A
in combination with rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside E,
rebaudioside F, stevioside, steviolbioside, dulcoside A or
combinations thereof. For the chemical nomenclature it is referred
to the 68.sup.th JECFA meeting (2007) published in FAO JECFA
Monographs 4 (2007).
[0050] In a particularly preferred embodiment a steviolglycoside
used as a high intensity sweetener additive according to the
present invention is at least one of the group consisting of
stevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside C, dulcoside A,
rubusoside, steviolbioside and rebaudioside B.
[0051] In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present
invention the high intensity sweetener used in the present
invention is a mixture of Reb A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C,
dulcoside A, rubusoside, steviolbioside and stevioside, which
comprises at least 95 weight-% (based on dry matter of the
sweetener composition) of said steviolglycosides.
[0052] In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present
invention a high intensity sweetener comprising rebaudioside A is
used, wherein the rebaudioside A content is at least 97 weight-%,
preferably is >97 weight-% of the dry weight of the sweetener
composition.
[0053] According to a particularly desirable embodiment, the high
intensity sweetener comprises a mixture of rebaudioside A,
stevioside, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, and rebaudioside F;
wherein rebaudioside A is present in the mixture of high intensity
sweeteners in an amount in the range of about 75 to about 85 weight
percent based on the total weight of the mixture of high intensity
sweeteners, stevioside is present in an amount in the range of
about 1 to about 6 weight percent, rebaudioside B is present in an
amount in the range of about 2 to about 5 weight percent,
rebaudioside C is present in an amount in the range of about 3 to
about 8 weight percent, and rebaudioside F is present in an amount
in the range of about 0.1 to about 2 weight percent.
[0054] According to particularly preferred embodiments, the purity
of the rebaudioside A used may range from about 50% to about 100%;
from about 70% to about 100%; from about 80% to about 100%; from
about 90% to about 100%; from about 95% to about 100%; from about
95% to about 99.5%; about 96% to about 100%; from about 97% to
about 100%; from about 98% to about 100%; and from about 99% to
about 100%. According to particularly preferred embodiments, upon
crystallization of crude rebaudioside A, the substantially pure
rebaudioside A composition comprises rebaudioside A in a purity
greater than about 95% by weight up to about 100% by weight on a
dry basis. In other preferred embodiments, substantially pure
rebaudioside A comprises purity levels of rebaudioside A greater
than about 97% up to about 100% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry
basis, greater than about 98% up to about 100% by weight on a dry
basis, or greater than about 99% up to about 100% by weight on a
dry basis.
[0055] In a furthermore preferred embodiment of the present
invention the additive is at least one of lactobionic acid,
lactobionic-.delta.-lacton, a salt of lactobionic acid or a mixture
thereof. According to the present invention the use of these
lactobionic acid-based additives provides the advantage of masking
or reducing the bitter off-taste of otherwise sweet compounds and
provides a sweet flavouring enhancing effect.
[0056] Lactobionic acid, lactobionic-.delta.-lactone, a salt of
lactobionic acid or mixtures thereof are thus capable of masking
for example bitter flavours. One preferred embodiment of the
present invention is a masking of bitter flavours, in particular
attributable to stevia extracts or a steviolglycoside, for example
rebaudioside A, wherein lactobionic acid,
lactobionic-.delta.-lactone, a salt of lactobionic acid or mixtures
thereof are used in combination with the trehalulose-containing
composition of the present invention and stevia extracts or a
steviolglycoside, for instance Reb A, of which it is known that
they show a bitter off-taste.
[0057] Thus, preferably, the trehalulose-containing composition is
combined with a stevia extract or a steviolglycoside, particularly
a rebaudioside, in particular rebaudioside A, and with another
additive, in particular at least one of lactobionic acid,
lactobionic-.delta.-lacton, a salt of lactobionic acid or a mixture
thereof.
[0058] In a preferred embodiment the product for human or animal
consumption therefore comprises the trehalulose-containing
composition of the present invention and at least two additives,
namely a stevia extract or a steviolglycoside, in particular Reb A,
and at least one of lactobionic acid, lactobionic-.delta.-lactone
or a salt or mixture thereof. Such a product displays a similar
sweetening power than conventional sucrose or sucrose/glucose-based
products, but has the physiologically advantageous properties
disclosed herein and does not show any unfavourable organoleptic or
taste features known to be attributable to conventional artificial
sweeteners. In particular, such a product provides a high
nutritional and even therapeutical value in combination with a
sucrose-like profile of characteristics, in particular sucrose-like
taste and sweetness.
[0059] The amount of lactobionic acid, lactobionic-.delta.-lactone,
a salt of lactobionic or mixtures thereof that may preferably be
incorporated into a food composition in order to benefit from its
flavour-enhancing and/or masking properties may vary within wide
ranges, and lies preferably between 0.01 wt. % and 90 wt. %, based
on the whole of the food composition. Preferably, the amount of
lactobionic acid, lactobionic-.delta.-lactone, a salt of
lactobionic acid or mixture thereof that is incorporated into a
food composition is at least 0.05, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, or 1.00 wt. %,
based on the whole of the food composition. Preferably the amount
of lactobionic acid, lactobionic-.delta.-lactone, a salt of
lactobionic acid or mixture thereof that is incorporated into a
food composition is at most 95, 85, 75, 65, 55, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25,
20, 15, or 10 wt. %, based on the whole of the food composition.
Dosages of lactobionic acid, lactobionic-.delta.-lactone, a salt of
lactobionic acid or mixtures thereof in amounts of 5 or 10 wt. % to
90 wt. % are often suitable for use in concentrates, table top
sweeteners, and salt replacements. Moreover, it was found that the
said high dosages of lactobionic acid, lactobionic-.delta.-lactone,
a salt of lactobionic acid or mixtures thereof can be associated
with its use as a carrier, for example a carrier of aromas.
[0060] If lactobionic acid is used as such, then it may lead to the
formation of lactobionic-.delta.-lactone. In that case, the ratio
between lactobionic acid and lactobionic-.delta.-lactone is
determined at least partly by the specific conditions of use. By
analogy, the use of lactobionic-.delta.-lactone as such may lead to
the formation of lactobionic acid. The said formation and
subsequent presence of lactobionic-.delta.-lactone or lactobionic
acid are understood to be according the use of the present
invention.
[0061] If a mixture of lactobionic acid,
lactobionic-.delta.-lactone and a salt of lactobionic acid is used
in a preferred embodiment then the weight ratio of, one the one
hand, the sum of lactobionic acid and lactobionic-.delta.-lactone
to, on the other hand, the salt of lactobionic acid in the mixture,
lies preferably between 1:10 and 10:1.
[0062] In a furthermore preferred embodiment of the present
invention the additive is selected from the group consisting of
acidic flavours, fruit flavours, sweet flavours, savoury flavours,
salty flavours, a high intensity sweetener, a sugar alcohol,
sucromalt, ribose, tagatose, trehalose, organic acid, e.g. citric
acid or lactic acid, fruit extracts, a bulk sweetener, a fibre, a
prebiotic agent, a thickener, a vitamin, a mineral, a preservative,
a fruit preparation, a food colour, a liquid medium, such as water
or milk, and a therapeutic agent.
[0063] In a furthermore preferred embodiment of the present
invention the additive is selected from the group consisting of
creatine, polyphenol, L-carnitin, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty
acid, omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, green tea extract, EGCG
(epigallocatechingallate), aminoacids and peptopro, which is a
pre-digested casein-derived milk protein.
[0064] In a further particularly preferred embodiment as a high
intensity sweetener aspartame, monellin, brazzeine, cyclamate,
neotame, acesulfam K, glycyrrhicine, saccharine, sucralose,
alitame, neohesperidine-dihydrochalcone, stevioside, Reb A or
thaumatin can be used.
[0065] Thus, the trehalulose-containing composition may also be
combined with an additive, which is at least one sugar alcohol,
preferably selected from the group consisting of isomalt, isomalt
ST, isomalt GS, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, lactitol, erythritol
or maltitol.
[0066] In a preferred embodiment, as an additive a fibre,
preferably a soluble fibre, particularly resistant dextrines,
resistant maltodextrines, for instance nutriose, pectine,
carrageenan, rice starch, rice syrup, polydextrose,
oligosaccharides, for instance galactooligosaccharides or
fructooligosaccharides, or fructans, for instance inulin, can be
used.
[0067] The present invention also provides a product for human and
animal consumption which is a food, an animal feed or a
pharmaceutical product. The product according to the present
invention is preferably a confectionery, a filling for a
confectionery, a soft caramel, a hard caramel, a fondant, a
yoghurt, a bakery product, a chewing gum, an ice cream, a milk
product, a jelly, a beverage, a fruit juice concentrate, a fruit
preparation, a marmelade or a smoothie. Preferably, the product is
a fruit preparation, a fruit juice, a jelly or a fondant. The
beverage may preferably be a beer, a fruit juice, a milk drink, a
soft drink, an isotonic drink, a hypertonic drink, a cacao drink, a
rice drink, a soya drink, an alcohol free beverage, a beverage with
heat- and pH-stable osmolarity, an energy drink or a sport
drink.
[0068] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the
product for human or animal consumption is a beverage, in
particular a beverage comprising at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 or 70 weight-% of the
trehalulose-containing composition, optionally including at least
one additive, and at most 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 75 or 80
weight-% (each based on total weight of the beverage) of the
trehalulose-containing composition, optionally including at least
one additive, of the present invention the remainder being a liquid
medium, in particular an aqueous or milky solution, such as water
or milk. In a particularly preferred embodiment the beverage
comprises 1 to 30%, preferably 2 to 25%, most preferably 3 to 15%
(each based on total weight of the beverage) of the trehalulose
containing composition, optionally including at least one additive,
of the present invention the remainder being a liquid medium, in
particular an aqueous or milky solution, such as water or milk.
Thus, in a preferred embodiment the beverage may contain one or
more of the above identified additives, in particular (a) a stevia
extract or a steviolglycoside, preferably Reb A, or (b) a
lactobionic acid, lactobionic-.delta.-lacton, a salt of lactobionic
acid or a mixture thereof or both of them, that means (a) and (b).
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention the
trehalulose-containing composition of the present invention or a
product comprising the trehalulose-containing composition of the
present invention does not comprise any further sweetening agent
except the trehalulose-containing composition itself. In a
furthermore preferred embodiment of the present invention the
trehalulose-containing composition of the present invention or a
product containing said composition does not comprise any other
sugar besides the sugars contained in the trehalulose-containing
composition.
[0069] In a furthermore preferred embodiment of the present
invention the trehalulose-containing composition of the present
invention or a product containing the trehalulose-containing
composition of the present invention is free of high intensity
sweeteners, is free of sugar replacement agents, such as sugar
alcohols, or is free of both. In a particularly preferred
embodiment of the present invention the trehalulose-containing
composition or a product containing said composition is free of
sorbitol, is free of mannitol, is free of lactitol, is free of
maltitol, is free of xylitol, is free of erythritol or is free of
two, three, four, five or all of them.
[0070] The present invention also relates to the use of the
trehalulose-containing composition of the present invention or
trehalulose itself for preparing a product for human or animal
consumption, which product is capable and designed for a sustained
release of glucose and for simultaneously eliciting (herein also
called inducing) in a consumer a low blood insulin response, in
particular eliciting an insulin response which is significantly
lower than elicited by to isomaltulose alone.
[0071] The present invention also relates to the above-mentioned
use, wherein the product is a pharmaceutical product.
[0072] The present invention relates to a method for treating a
glucose or insulin metabolism-related condition or disease, wherein
the product is applied to a subject in need thereof, thereby
eliciting a low insulin response and a sustained release of
glucose.
[0073] The present invention relates to the above method, wherein
the glucose or insulin related condition or disease is selected
from the group consisting of diabetes, metabolism syndrome, glucose
intolerance, insulin resistance, adipositas, obesity,
hyperlipidemia, cancer, in particular colon cancer, a liver
disease, insulin sensitivity and arthroscleroses.
[0074] The present invention is thus also based upon the unexpected
finding that trehalulose provides upon uptake by a human or animal
consumer in comparison to isomaltulose an increased level of blood
glucose and simultaneously elicits a, in comparison to
isomaltulose, lower level of insulin in the blood. Thus, although
isomaltulose and trehalulose both are low glycemic sugars,
trehalulose unexpectedly and advantageously provides the advantage
of providing in contrast to isomaltulose a higher level of blood
glucose upon ingestion in the human or animal body and
simultaneously elicits a lower insulin response, i.e. a lower
insulin level in the blood, in contrast to isomaltulose. Thus,
trehalulose is a particularly low glycemic agent with a low GI
(glycemic index) providing an extremely low insulin response, i.e.
provide a very low II (insulin index).
[0075] In the context of the present invention a "low insulin
response" is an insulin response, which is induced by trehalulose
and which is lower than the insulin response induced by
isomaltulose. The present invention therefore provides the
unexpected teaching that isomaltulose and trehalulose both have a
low GI and that trehalulose has a particularly low insulin index
(II), meaning provides a low insulin response, i.e. an insulin
response lower than that of isomaltulose. The present invention
therefore opens up new and advantageous methods and applications
for trehalulose and trehalulose-containing compositions, which make
use of the above-identified finding. In particular the present
invention provides the teaching to use trehalulose or a trehalulose
containing composition for the preparation of products, in
particular for human and animal consumption, which products are
designed and suitable for providing a sustained release of glucose
and simultaneously elicit only low insulin response, in contrast to
a food comprising isomaltulose alone. Thus, a food according to the
present invention aims to reduce the level of insulin in the blood
and helps to prevent and treat obesity, overweight, adipositas,
diabetes mellitus and other glucose and insulin-related diseases or
conditions.
[0076] Thus, a composition or a food according to the present
invention comprising the identified amounts of trehalulose is
unexpectedly advantageous in comparison to known compositions, in
particular solely or primarily isomaltulose-containing compositions
or products, inter alia due to its low insulinemic index. Thus, the
present invention provides the technical teaching so as to
specifically use and adapt a trehalulose content in a composition,
food or method of treatment so as to replace other sweeteners, in
particular sucrose, glucose and/or isomaltulose, completely or
partially so as to provide a food composition or therapy supplying
comparable high amount of glucose and thereby providing a very low
insulin response in the consumer's blood. Thus, the present
invention provides the advantageous teaching that for a certain
level of energy supply a comparable lower insulinemic load is
burdened onto the consumer or vice versa that with a certain
insulinemic load a higher amount of energy can be supplied to the
consumer by using the specific teaching of the present invention,
that means the particular properties of trehalulose to provide an
extremely low glycemic index and a comparable higher glucose supply
to the consumer in contrast to isomaltulose.
[0077] The present invention therefore also provides uses and
methods for treating glucose or insulin metabolism-related
conditions or diseases, wherein a product according to the present
invention is applied in an amount suitable to achieve the desired
effect to a subject in need thereof, in particular a human or
animal being thereby eliciting a low insulin response and a
sustained release of glucose. In the context of the present
invention a glucose or insulin metabolism-related disease is
selected from the group consisting of diabetes, in particular
diabetes mellitus, type II, metabolism syndrome, glucose
intolerance, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, adipositas,
obesity, hyperlipidemia, cancer, liver diseases, colon cancer and
overweight. The present invention provides also the teaching that
the use of trehalulose or trehalulose-containing composition of the
present invention increases the physical and mental performance,
increases fat consumption and oxidation, controls the blood glucose
and insulin levels, mobilizes free fatty acids and reduces the
consumption of glycogen.
[0078] The present invention provides the advantageous teaching
that trehalulose or the trehalulose-containing compositions of the
present invention are capable of continuously supplying the body of
the consumer, in particular the brain, nerve, blood and muscle
cells with glucose for a prolonged and sustained time in a level
even higher than provided by isomaltulose while simultaneously, in
particular in comparison to isomaltulose, a comparable low insulin
response is induced. Thus, the body is provided with a long lasting
and continuous energy supply avoiding a reduction in the physical
and mental performance and increasing the physical and mental
endurance, condition and activity, while reducing the consumption
of the glycogen reserves and supporting weight control and weight
reduction.
[0079] The present invention also relates to a method for the
prophylaxes and treatment of tooth diseases, in particular tooth
defects, in particular caries, wherein a product or composition of
the present invention is applied in an amount suitable to achieve
the desired effect to a subject in need thereof. In particular, the
present invention, according to which a product or a composition of
the present invention is applied to a subject in need thereof,
reduces the plaque formation in the mouth of the consumer. Thus,
the present invention provides a method for improving the tooth
health.
[0080] In a furthermore preferred embodiment the present invention
relates to a method for improving the mental and/or physical
performance, in particular the endurance, wherein a product or
composition according to the present invention is applied in an
amount suitable to achieve the desired effect to a subject in need
thereof. Thus, the present invention provides in a particularly
preferred embodiment a method for improving the endurance of a
subject in need thereof, whereby in a particularly preferred
embodiment the glycogen consumption is reduced.
[0081] In a furthermore preferred embodiment the present invention
relates to a method for improving, preferably increasing, the fat
oxidation of a subject in need thereof, whereby a product or
composition according to the present invention is applied in an
amount suitable to achieve the desired effect to a subject in need
thereof. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for
the management of body weight, wherein a composition or a product
according to the present invention is applied to a subject in need
thereof.
[0082] In a particularly preferred embodiment the present invention
provides a method for reducing the respiratory quotient
(RQ=CO.sub.2 eliminated/O.sub.2 consumed) of a patient, wherein the
product or a composition according to the present invention is
applied in an amount suitable to achieve the desired effect prior,
during or after a physical exercise to the subject in need
thereof.
[0083] Further preferred embodiments are the subject matter of the
subclaims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0084] The patent or application file contains at least one drawing
executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application
publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office
upon request and payment of the necessary fee,
[0085] The invention will now be described by the following
examples and the accompanying figures. The figures show:
[0086] FIGS. 1 to 6 show a graphical presentation of the conversion
of a sucrose-containing composition into a trehalulose-containing
composition of the present invention for various ratios of
Pseudomonas mesacidophila and Protaminobacter rubrum,
[0087] FIGS. 7 to 14 show graphically the hardness and cohesiveness
of jellies prepared according to the present invention in
comparison to conventional sucrose-based jellies,
[0088] FIG. 15 shows the blood glucose level of a consumer after
consumption of isomaltulose and trehalulose and
[0089] FIG. 16 shows the blood insulin level of a consumer after
consumption of isomaltulose and trehalulose.
EXAMPLES
[0090] The following Examples are provided for purposes of
illustrating the invention. They are not to be construed as
limiting.
Example 1
Preparation of Trehalulose-Containing Composition
[0091] A. Preparation of the Protaminobacter biocatalyst
[0092] Cells are rinsed off a subculture of the strain
Protaminobacter rubrum (CBS 574.77) with 10 ml of a sterile
nutrient substrate composed of 8 kg of thick juice from a sugar
works (dry matter content 65%), 2 kg of corn steep liquor, 0.1 kg
of (NH.sub.4).sub.2HPO.sub.4 and 89.9 kg of distilled water,
adjusted to pH 7.2 if required. This suspension is used as inoculum
for the shaker preculture in 1 liter flasks containing 200 ml of
nutrient solution of the above composition.
[0093] After an incubation time of 30 hours at 29.degree. C., 18
liters of nutrient solution of the above composition in a 30 liter
small fermenter are inoculated with, in each case, 10 flasks (total
content 2 liters) and cultivated at 29.degree. C. with 20 liters of
air per minute and a stirrer speed of 350 rpm.
[0094] After the organism counts have reached above
5.times.10.sup.9 organisms/ml, the cultivation is stopped, the
cells are harvested from the fermenter solution by centrifugation,
suspended in a 2% strength sodium alginate solution and immobilized
by adding the suspension dropwise to a 2% strength calcium chloride
solution.
[0095] The resulting immobilisate beads are washed with water. This
biocatalyst can be stored at +4.degree. C. for several weeks.
B. Preparation of the Pseudomonas biocatalyst
[0096] To prepare this biocatalyst, cells were rinsed off a
subculture of the strain Pseudomonas mesoacidophila MX-45 (FERM BP
3619) with 10 ml of a sterile nutrient substrate composed of 8 kg
of thick juice from a sugar works (dry matter content=65%), 2 kg of
corn steep liquor, 0.1 kg of (NH.sub.4).sub.2HP0.sub.4 and 89.9 kg
of distilled water, adjusted to pH 7.2 if required. This suspension
was used as inoculum for a shaker preculture in a 1 liter flask
containing 200 ml of the nutrient solution.
[0097] After incubation at 29.degree. C. for 30 hours, 18 liters of
nutrient solution of the above composition in a 30 liter small
fermenter were inoculated with, in each case, 10 flasks (total
content 2 liters) and cultivated at 29.degree. C. with 20 liters of
air per minute and a stirrer speed of 350 rpm.
[0098] After the organism counts had reached above 5.times.10.sup.9
organisms/ml, the cultivation was stopped, the cells were harvested
from the fermenter solution by centrifugation, suspended in a 2%
strength sodium alginate solution and immobilized by adding the
suspension dropwise to a 2% strength calcium chloride solution. The
resulting immobilisate beads were washed with water. This
biocatalyst can be stored at +4.degree. C. for several weeks.
C. Preparation of the Trehalulose-Containing Composition
[0099] The immobilized cells obtained as in A) are mixed in a 1:1
weight ratio with the immobilized cells obtained as in B) and are
together packed in a column reactor which can be thermostatted and
are thermostatted at 25 to 30.degree. C., and a sucrose solution
with a DM (dry matter) content of 35 to 45% is passed through
continuously. The flow rate in this case is adjusted so that at
least 97% of the sucrose employed is converted into the desired
trehalulose-containing composition.
[0100] HPLC analysis of the trehalulose-containing composition
emerging from the column reactor revealed the following
composition:
TABLE-US-00001 Fructose 1.0% of DM Glucose 1.0% of DM Sucrose 1.0%
of DM Isomaltulose 22.9% of DM Trehalulose 73.3% of DM Isomaltose
0.5% of DM Isomelezitose 0.1% of DM Oligomers (DP > 3) 0.2% of
DM.
D. Optional Removal of Remaining Sucrose
[0101] The remaining sucrose, was, optionally, removed from the
trehalulose-containing composition obtained in this way by treating
it in a strongly acidic cation exchanger loaded with H.sup.+ ions
or with suitable enzymes in a column reactor as follows:
i) Removal of the remaining sucrose on strongly acidic cation
exchangers
[0102] 100 cm.sup.3 of a strongly acidic cation exchanger (for
example Lewatit.RTM. OC 1052) were packed in a suitable glass
column thermostatted at 60.degree. C. and loaded with H.sup.+ ions
by regeneration with HCl by a known method.
[0103] The trehalulose-containing composition obtained in Example 1
C was pumped at a flow rate of 100 cm.sup.3.cndot.h.sup.-1 through
the cation exchanger column prepared in this way. The product
obtained at the column outlet had the following composition
(HPLC):
TABLE-US-00002 Fructose 1.5% of DM Glucose 1.5% of DM Sucrose 0.0%
of DM Isomaltulose 22.9% of DM Trehalulose 73.3% of DM Isomaltose
0.5% of DM Isomelezitose 0.1% of DM Oligomers (DP > 3) 0.2% of
DM
[0104] ii) Alternatively, removal of the remaining sucrose was
carried out using an immobilized invertase (for example SP 362 from
NOVO NORDISK A/S Copenhagen). 11 g of said immobilized enzyme
corresponding to a bed volume of 33 cm.sup.3 was packed in a
suitable glass column thermostatted at 60.degree. C.
[0105] The trehalulose-containing composition obtained in Example 1
C was pumped at a flow rate of 210 cm.sup.3.cndot.h.sup.-1
continuously through this column.
[0106] HPLC analysis of the product emerging from the "invertase
column" revealed a composition as indicated in section 1D i),
above.
[0107] In both cases, the remaining sucrose was completely cleaved
to glucose and fructose. The content of these monosaccharides was
correspondingly higher whereas the other components of the
trehalulose-containing composition were unchanged.
[0108] It is also possible to remove glucose and fructose as well,
so as to obtain a completely non-cariogenic sweetener.
Example 2
Sucrose Conversion with Various Ratios of Pseudomonas and
Protaminobacter
[0109] In this example, the influence of various ratios of
Pseudomonas mesoacidophila MX-45 (FERM BP 3619) and Protaminobacter
rubrum CBS 574.77 on the product composition was analysed.
[0110] To prepare the sucrose-containing composition in form of an
aqueous medium first solution A was prepared by preparing an
aqueous solution of 1.58 g/l calcium acetate (adjusted to a pH of
5.5 with an acetic acid). Then, solution B was prepared by adding
solution A up to 1 l to 1.4602 mol/l sucrose corresponding to 500 g
sucrose.
[0111] Both strains of the microorganism, that means P.
mesacidophila MX-45 and P. rubrum CBS 574.77, were cultivated
separately as identified in example 1 A and 1 B. After the organism
counts each had reached above 5.times.10.sup.9 organism/ml, the
cultivation of both microorganisms was stopped, the cells were
harvested by centrifugation and pooled together in a 2% strength
sodium alginate solution and immobilized therefore together by
adding the suspension drop wise to a 2% strength calcium chloride
solution. The weight ratio employed for combining the both strains
of microorganism on the alginate beads prepared thereby is apparent
from the below, namely ratios of Pseudomonas to Protaminobacter of
1:2, 1:1 and 2:1.
[0112] 5 g of the biocatalyst prepared as indicated was mixed with
50 ml of solution A and kept at room temperature for three
hours.
[0113] The conversion of the sucrose was started by mixing the
suspension of the biocatalyst prepared above in a stirred reactor
with 200 ml of the sucrose-containing solution B prepared above at
20.degree. C. In first set of experiments a biocatalyst was used,
wherein from the overall load of microorganism on the carriers 33%
was P. mesoacidophila MX-45 and 67% P. rubrum (% based on weight of
the overall microorganism load). In a second set of experiments 50%
of the overall microorganism load was MX-45 and 50% P. rubrum (%
based on weight of the overall microorganism load). In a third set
of experiments 67% of the overall load of microorganism was MX-45
and 33% P. rubrum (based on weight of the overall microorganism
load).
[0114] Samples were taken after 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 60
minutes, 3 hours and 20.5 hours. The samples taken were cooked,
filtrated, diluted to a concentration of 10.degree. Bx (brix, 10 g
in 100 g solution) and analysed by HPLC.
[0115] The results are given in FIGS. 1 to 6.
[0116] From FIGS. 1 to 6 it can be seen that the process of the
present invention leads to a complete or almost complete conversion
of the sucrose into a trehalulose-containing composition.
[0117] In particular it can be seen that depending up on the
specific weight ratio between the cells of the two different
microorganism strains immobilized varying ratios of trehalulose to
isomaltulose can be obtained. In particular, the more P.
mesoacidophila is used, the higher the trehalulose content in the
product composition is, while the higher the P. rubrum proportion,
the higher the isomaltulose content in the obtained product is. In
particular, the data show that it is possible and highly
advantageous to use both microorganism and both enzymatic
nutritives simultaneously together for the conversion and that no
negative effect on the overall conversion occurred.
Example 3
Preparation of Various Jellies
[0118] In the following, four recipes for jellies using as
sweeteners a mixture of sucrose and glucose and four recipes using
the trehalulose-containing composition of the present invention are
prepared. The jellies prepared were tested comparatively in storage
and TPA-analysis.
3A: Recipes
TABLE-US-00003 [0119] Sample No. 1 5 6 7 8 Sucrose/Glucose 2 3 4
Trehalulose Trehalulose Trehalulose Trehalulose (240 g dry
Sucrose/Glucose Sucrose/Glucose Sucrose/Glucose (240 g dry (325 g
dry (325 g dry (250 g dry substance, (325 g dry (325 g dry (210 g
dry substance, substance, substance, substance, 41.5%) substance
56%) substance, 60%) substance, 24%) 41.5%) 56%) 60%) 24%) Pectin
13.2 g 13.2 g H&F, AF 605 Citric acid, 5.0 g 6.0 g 5.0 g 7.0 g
anhydrous Water 290.0 g 104.8 g 128.8 g 39.3 g 232.5 g 27.0 g 50.9
g Sugar 120.0 g 162.6 g 162.6 g 105.0 g Glucose 150.0 g 203.2 g
203.2 g 131.3 g syrup DE 42 (approx. 80% dry substance) Trehalulose
327.5 g 443.5 g 443.7 g (73.3% dry substance) Trehalulose 344.7 g
(73.1% dry substance) Lemon 0.4 g 0.4 g 0.4 g 0.5 g 0.4 g 0.4 g 0.4
g 0.6 g aroma Gelatine 35.0 g 18.0 g 35.0 g 18.0 g (280 Bloom)
Water for 60.0 g 60.0 g gelatine Citric acid 10.0 g 10.0 g 10.0 g
10.0 g solution, 50% Starch 18.0 g 18.0 g purity gum 400 Gum arabic
600.0 g 720.0 g solution Composition of sample 5 to 8: water
content (Karl Fischer- method) fructose glucose sucrose
isomaltulose trehalulose isomaltose DP-3 isomelezitose remainder
Sample g/100 g No. titrim. HPLC-NH2 5 TREHALULOSE/ 44.5 0.1 0.2
<0.1 4.6 41.2 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.2 PECTINE 6 TREHALULOSE/
21.2 0.2 0.3 <0.1 7.3 63.9 0.2 <0.1 <0.1 0.4 GELATINE 7
TREHALULOSE/ 17.1 0.2 0.2 <0.1 7.5 67.4 0.2 <0.1 <0.1 0.4
GELATINE/ STARCH 8 TREHALULOSE/ 22.7 0.3 0.3 <0.1 2.5 16.2
<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 3 GUM ARABIC legend: Sample no. 1 to 4:
sucrose/glucose compositions Sample no. 5 to 8:
trehalulose-containing composition of the present invention
3B. TPA-Analysis
[0120] In a comparative testing the samples prepared in example 3A,
above, were analysed in detail, i.e. the sucrose/glucose
compositions containing various thickeners (pectin, gelatine,
starch and/or gum arabic) were compared to the
trehalulose-containing compositions.
i) TPA-Analysis (Hardness, Cohesiveness)
ii) Storage in Closed PE(polyethylene)-Bags at 25.degree. C. for 8
Weeks
[0121] The intervals of analysis for the TPA tests and the storage
behaviour were done after 0 (begin of storage), 1, 2, 4, 8
weeks.
[0122] In all of the jelly recipes the conventional sweetener
combination of sucrose and glucose could be successfully replaced
by the trehalulose-containing composition of the present invention.
The preparation using the trehalulose-containing composition was
exactly as for the sucrose/glucose compositions. During the
preparation, in particular when cooking the jellies, no degradation
of trehalulose was observed.
[0123] As is evident from the results given in the FIGS. 7 to 14,
the TPA measurements of hardness and cohesiveness show that the
jellies made from the trehalulose-containing composition of the
present invention are equal or very similar to the conventional
sucrose/glucose based products. The storage behaviour was also
comparable. Storage at refrigerator temperatures, that means
7.degree. C., showed a particular good stability and prolonged
shelf life.
[0124] Thus, these results show that both in terms of preparation
and product characteristics the present trehalulose-containing
composition can be used instead of the conventionally used
sucrose/glucose sweeteners in jellies, but in addition provide the
advantages mentioned herein, namely the specific physiological and
nutritional advantages in regard of the glycemic and insulinemic
behaviour.
Example 4
Preparation of Various Products with the Trehalulose-Containing
Composition of the Present Invention
4.1) Cereal Bar
TABLE-US-00004 [0125] Trehalulose - Raftilose .RTM. bars Amount [g]
Trehalulose syrup (73.1% dry substance, see example 3) 12%
"trehalulose"* 60.00 4.42% water 22.08 16.58% Water (desalted)
82.92 21% Oligofructose P95 (Orafti) (Raftilose .RTM.) 105.00 8%
Fat Toffix P (Sasol) 40.00 1.9% Emulgent Dimodan HP (Danisco) 9.50
10% Lactoprotein, Promilk 852 A1 (Ingredia) 50.00 0.05% Ascorbic
acid powder Reinst (Fluka) 0.25 0.05% Vitamine mixture (Dohler)
0.25 10% Desiccated coconut, Backfee 50.00 8% Chopped almonds,
Backfee 40.00 8% Whole grain oat meal (Kolln) 40.00 100% In total
500.00 *Here "Trehalulose" refers to a 90:10
trehalulose/isomaltulose mixture.
4.2) Hard Candies (Units in Weight-%)
TABLE-US-00005 [0126] components A* B* Trehalulose-containing
compostion (ex. 1D) 92.34 92.34 Reb A.sup.# 0.06 0.06 Citric acid
-- 1.55 Herbal essence 0.78 -- Flavouring agent 0.04 0.04
Flavouring agent (herbal flavour) 0.12 -- Lactobionic acid 0.12
0.12 Colouring agent 0.66 0.01 Water 5.88 5.88 ex: example #: Reb A
content >97 weight-% on dry matter of total Reb A sweetener *A:
throat lozenge *B: lemon candy
4.3) Ice Cream (Units in Weight-%)
TABLE-US-00006 [0127] components Trehalulose-containing composition
(ex. 1D) 22.17 Reb A.sup.# 0.04 Lactobionic acid 0.90 Skim milk
(sugar content 53%) 8.07 butter (milk fat 82%) 10.09 Emulsifying
agent 0.30 Stabilizer 0.22 Flavouring agent 0.20 Colouring agent
0.02 Milk fat 8.25 Milk solids 16.21 Water 57.99 .sup.#.gtoreq.95
weight-% of Reb A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, dulcoside A,
stevioside, rubusoside and steviolbioside on dry matter of total
Reb A sweetener
4.4) Canned Orange (Units in Weight-%)
TABLE-US-00007 [0128] components Trehalulose-containing composition
(ex. 1C) 11.00 Orange pulp 67.80 Citric acid 0.40 Water 20.80
4.5) Carrot Juice (Units in Weight-%)
TABLE-US-00008 [0129] components Trehalulose-containing composition
(ex. 1D) 10.70 Carrot juice 30.00 Citric acid 0.05 Flavouring agent
0.10 Water 59.15
4.6) Fondant (Units in Weight-%)
TABLE-US-00009 [0130] Components Trehalulose-containing composition
(ex. 1D) 97.8 Water 2.2
Example 5
Sweetening Power
[0131] To establish the relative sweetening power, the following
solutions were compared with one another in a triangle test with 15
testers in each case:
a) Two 7% strength sucrose solutions versus a 15.5% strength
solution of the sweetener according to example 1D. b) Two 7%
strength sucrose solutions versus a 17.5% strength solution of the
sweetener according to example 1D. c) Two 7% strength sucrose
solutions versus an 18.5% strength solution of the sweetener
according to example 1D.
[0132] In test a), six people identified the sweetener: no
statistically verified difference from the sucrose solutions.
[0133] In test b), twelve people identified the present sweetener
as "sweeter": statistically verified difference with p=0.99.
[0134] In test c), likewise twelve people identified the present
sweetener as "sweeter": statistically verified difference with
p=0.99.
[0135] The sweetening power of the sweetener according to the
invention is about half of that of sucrose. To increase the
sweetening power, the sweetener can be mixed with for instance Reb
A and lactobionic acid.
Example 6
Ice Cream
[0136] To produce ice cream with the sweetener of example 1D, 22.1
kg of dairy cream (40% fat in dry matter), 58.1 kg of whole milk
(3.7% fat in DM) and 4.5 kg of skim milk powder were mixed with 15
kg of the sweetener of example 1D and 0.3 kg of stabilizer,
homogenized and sterilized.
[0137] After the sterilization, 53 g of finely ground methyl
phenylalanylaspartate were added to the ice composition, stirred,
whipped and frozen. The product has the same sweetness and the same
taste as ice cream produced with 15 kg of sugar.
[0138] In the case of fruit ice cream it may be particularly
advantageous to dispense with additional sweeteners, such as Reb A,
because the sweetener brings out the taste of the fruit
considerable better.
Example 7
Strawberry Jam
[0139] To produce a low-calorie strawberry jam, 1 kg of chopped
strawberries was boiled together with 1 kg of the sweetener of
example 1C and 8 g of a medium-esterified pectin and 7 g of
tartaric acid for three minutes and boftled in prepared
bottles.
[0140] Comparison with a jam produced with sucrose showed no
difference in consistency, the sweetness was somewhat less but this
was compensated by the strawberry taste being detectably stronger.
After storage for a period of six months, the sweetener showed no
tendency to crystallize.
Example 8
[0141] The effect of trehalulose on the blood glucose response
(glycemic index, GI) and the insulin response (insulinemic index,
II) was examined in comparison to isomaltulose.
[0142] The analysis was done as a randomized cross over analysis on
ten healthy subjects of both sex.
[0143] Blood glucose- and insulin-profiles were taken after
consumption of isomaltulose or trehalulose (each 25 g carbohydrate
and 250 ml water) for an interval of 0 to 180 minutes at the
following time points 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180
minutes.
[0144] The results are given in FIGS. 15 and 16. As the graph for
the blood glucose level for trehalulose shows, trehalulose provides
an increased and longer sustaining supply of glucose (GI), which is
a supply longer and in sum greater than provided by
isomaltulose.
[0145] The insulin response (II) of isomaltulose runs, as expected
on the basis of the blood glucose response of isomaltulose, in
parallel to the blood glucose response. In contrast, trehalulose
shows a significantly lower insulin response (II) than isomaltulose
and a significantly lower blood insulin level in contrast to what
has been expected by the blood glucose response of trehalulose.
Thus, trehalulose provides a longer, more sustained and greater
blood glucose level than isomaltulose and simultaneously provides
unexpectedly a significantly lower insulin response compared to
isomaltulose, which is also lower than expected considering the
blood glucose profile of trehalulose itself.
* * * * *