U.S. patent application number 12/731593 was filed with the patent office on 2010-09-30 for irrigation aid.
This patent application is currently assigned to GREEN RIPPLE INNOVATIONS INC.. Invention is credited to Scott W. ALLAN.
Application Number | 20100247341 12/731593 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 42782010 |
Filed Date | 2010-09-30 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100247341 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
ALLAN; Scott W. |
September 30, 2010 |
IRRIGATION AID
Abstract
A irrigation aid for a water harvesting device comprising: a
housing; at least one inlet incorporated into one side of the
housing; an outlet incorporated into the housing and adapted to
attach to at least one irrigation line; and a transfer mechanism
adapted to transfer water from the at least one inlet through the
housing to the outlet. The transfer mechanism may include a
plurality of fins to direct the water received from a rainwater
tank through the inlet and transfer mechanism to the outlet and
irrigation lines. The irrigation aid may further include a level
measuring device and may further include either pressured water
line water or solar cells to drive the transfer mechanism.
Inventors: |
ALLAN; Scott W.; (Kitchener,
CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
BORDEN LADNER GERVAIS LLP;Anne Kinsman
WORLD EXCHANGE PLAZA, 100 QUEEN STREET SUITE 1100
OTTAWA
ON
K1P 1J9
CA
|
Assignee: |
GREEN RIPPLE INNOVATIONS
INC.
Waterloo
CA
|
Family ID: |
42782010 |
Appl. No.: |
12/731593 |
Filed: |
March 25, 2010 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61163248 |
Mar 25, 2009 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
417/321 ;
416/198R |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y02E 10/20 20130101;
Y02B 10/50 20130101; F03B 3/00 20130101; F03B 13/00 20130101; F05B
2220/602 20130101; Y02E 10/223 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
417/321 ;
416/198.R |
International
Class: |
F04B 17/00 20060101
F04B017/00; B63H 1/04 20060101 B63H001/04 |
Claims
1. An irrigation aid for a water harvesting device comprising: a
housing; at least one inlet incorporated into one side of the
housing; an outlet incorporated into the housing and adapted to
attach to at least one irrigation line; and a transfer mechanism
adapted to transfer water from the at least one inlet through the
housing to the outlet.
2. The irrigation aid in claim 1, wherein the transfer mechanism
comprises a plurality of fins.
3. The irrigation aid in claim 1, wherein the transfer mechanism
comprises an input rotating carriage and an output rotating
carriage.
4. The irrigation aid of claim 3, wherein the input rotating
carriage and the output rotating carriage both comprise a plurality
of fins.
5. The irrigation aid in claim 1, wherein one of the at least one
inlets is connected to a rainwater tank of the water harvesting
device.
6. The irrigation aid in claim 1, wherein one of the at least one
inlets is connected to a pressured water line.
7. The irrigation aid in claim 1, wherein the irrigation aid
further comprises a level measuring device.
8. A harvested rainwater irrigation aid comprising; a rain water
inlet; an outlet for connection with one or more irrigation lines;
a water transfer means between; and a means to provide power
assisted irrigation.
9. A harvested rainwater irrigation aid as in claim 8, wherein said
power assist means is a pressurized water line.
10. A harvested rainwater irrigation aid as in claim 8, wherein
said power assist means is a motor.
11. A harvested rainwater irrigation aid as in claim 10, wherein
said power assist means draws power from a solar powered
system.
12. A harvested rainwater irrigation aid as in claim 8, further
comprising a user flow control means.
13. A harvested rainwater irrigation aid as in claim 8, further
comprising the user flow control means including a timer for
release of water at times intervals.
14. A harvested rainwater irrigation aid as in claim 8, further
comprising the user flow control means including a selected amount
of water to be released.
15. A harvested rainwater irrigation aid as in claim 8 further
comprising: a plurality of solar cells; a chargeable battery to
store the energy from the solar cells; and a motor to drive the
water transfer means.
16. A water irrigation aid comprising; a water inlet; an outlet for
connection with one or more irrigation lines; and a means to
provide power assisted irrigation.
Description
FIELD
[0001] The present document relates generally to an irrigation aid.
More particularly, the present document relates to an irrigation
aid for use with a water harvester rain barrel, or similar
devices.
BACKGROUND
[0002] It can be appreciated that water irrigation devices have
been around for years. The purpose of these devices is to
distribute water from an incoming water source in manner that
vegetation can receive water needed to grow. Water harvesting
devices, more commonly known as rain barrels, have also been around
for years. They are used primarily to store rainwater collected
through water harvesting systems such as those found in an eaves
system directed into a rainwater storage tank or barrel. These
devices are gaining popularity, increasingly being used by
homeowners, gardeners or anyone who wishes to conserve water and
store rainwater for later use, such as for watering gardens and
other vegetation. While irrigation devices and rainwater units are
readily available in the market, there lacks adequate devices to
combine the use of them together in an economically viable manner.
One issue surrounding the combining of rainwater collecting,
storage and distribution for irrigation purposes is that in order
to implement a proper system, expensive pumps may be required.
[0003] Many systems may require expensive pump systems, as there
may be inadequate pressure to properly distribute the water to the
desired locations several feet away from a water tank of a water
harvester or rain barrel. The water stored in the water tank often
needs to be fed to gardens a distance away from the water
harvesting device. Currently, some water harvesting devices are
provided with spigots so the user can fill a watering can and take
that water to the desired location. This spigot may be required
because rainwater tanks, by themselves, do not have sufficient
pressure to direct the water to a desired location.
[0004] Irrigation devices, such as sprinklers and hose systems, are
available but they often require to be hooked into the pressured
water line carrying city or well water. These systems serve the
purpose of irrigation but many gardeners may prefer rainwater due
to its costs and environmental appeal. Large rainwater tanks are
available with pump systems; however, these are often expensive and
not a preferred choice for an individual consumer.
[0005] Accordingly, it would be advantageous to have a device that
works with rainwater collection systems and provides irrigation
capability without the requirement of an expensive pump system.
SUMMARY
[0006] There is a need for a complete, turnkey system that provides
lower purchase costs and suits the need of most irrigation
requirements, gardens for example. There needs to be an irrigation
system that can integrate rainwater into the irrigation system
without having to go to the expense of installing a large,
expensive tanks and/or pumping system.
[0007] In one aspect, there is provide an irrigation aid for a
water harvesting device comprising: a housing; at least one inlet
incorporated into one side of the housing; an outlet incorporated
into the housing and adapted to attach to at least one irrigation
line; and a transfer mechanism adapted to transfer water from the
at least one inlet through the housing to the outlet.
[0008] In another aspect, the transfer mechanism may include a
plurality of fins to direct the water received from a rainwater
tank through the inlet and transfer mechanism to the outlet and
irrigation lines.
[0009] In a further aspect, the irrigation aid may include a level
measuring device and may further include either pressured water
line water or solar cells to drive the transfer mechanism.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] Various other objects, features and attendant advantages of
the present water harvesting irrigation aid will become fully
appreciated as the same becomes better understood when considered
in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like
reference characters designate the same or similar parts throughout
the several views, and wherein;
[0011] FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art water harvesting device;
[0012] FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of the irrigation aid;
[0013] FIG. 3A is a multi-sectioned illustration of the embodiment
of FIG. 2;
[0014] FIG. 3B illustrates the irrigation aid of 3A with an
modified flow of output water;
[0015] FIG. 3C illustrates the irrigation aid of 3A using only one
flow of water;
[0016] FIG. 4A illustrates an exploded view of an alternative
embodiment of the irrigation aid;
[0017] FIG. 4B illustrates a perspective view with cut-out of the
irrigation aid of FIG. 4A;
[0018] FIG. 5 illustrates an exploded view of another embodiment of
the irrigation aid;
[0019] FIG. 6A illustrates an embodiment with a level measuring
device and high water level;
[0020] FIG. 6B illustrates an embodiment with a level measuring
device and a lower water level;
[0021] FIG. 6C illustrates an alternative embodiment of a level
measuring device in a flow chart diagram; and
[0022] FIG. 7A illustrates a further embodiment of the irrigation
aid; and
[0023] FIG. 7B illustrates the embodiment of the irrigation aid in
7a with components in a flow chart diagram.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art water harvesting device 1,
such as a rain barrel, with a rainwater tank 10. The water
harvesting device 1 is shown in position at a residential home to
which it can be installed onto or incorporated into. In the
description below, the water harvesting device is frequently
referred to as a rain barrel and should not be considered to be
limited to a water harvesting device in a barrel shape, as the
irrigation aid described below may be amended to be incorporated
with other shapes and styles of water harvesting devices.
[0025] FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of the irrigation aid 5 in
an installed position. The irrigation aid 5 is shown attached onto
the rainwater tank 10. The irrigation aid 5 comprises inlets 14,
16, a housing 18 and an outlet 22. The rainwater tank 10 provides a
source of incoming water and the outlet 22 may be connected to the
irrigation line or lines that feed water to an area requiring
watering. The inlet 16 on the irrigation aid 5 permits connection
with a pressured water line 24. The water line 24 may be a standard
garden hose connected to an outdoor faucet in a residential water
line. The pressured water line 24 provides pressure to the
irrigation aid 5 and this pressure provides a power assist that in
turn draws water from the rainwater tank 10, as will be described
in more detail below It will be understood that the irrigation aid
may be connected to the rainwater tank with a male to female
connection incorporated into the rainwater tank 10 and inlet 14.
Other methods of connection are contemplated and would be known in
the art.
[0026] In one embodiment, the directional water flow may be
controlled through the construction or shape of the housing 18 for
continued exertion through the outlet 22. The water exiting the
housing 18 may be a mixture of the water from the inlets 14 and 16.
The mixture may either be a predetermined fixed ratio or may be
adjustable using an adjustor 30, as described below. The system
thereby enables rainwater to be used in an irrigating system that
can service many irrigation needs. The outlet 22 may be configured
in various arrangements to suit the application and may include
manifold systems, irrigation hoses, garden hose, sprinkler line,
etc.
[0027] FIG. 3A illustrates one embodiment of the irrigation aid 5
in further detail. The housing 18 has an input side with inlets 14
and 16, where the inlet 14 may receive the water from rainwater
tank 10 and the inlet 16 may receive water from the pressured water
line 24. The pressurized water enters the housing 18 from the inlet
16 and contacts a transfer mechanism, which may be a rotating
carriage 32. The transfer mechanism may be attached via a shaft or
connecting rod (not shown) that will allow the transfer mechanism
to rotate freely within the housing 18. The water flow is as
indicated by the arrows in the illustration. The rotating carriage
32 may be divided into two separate sections by a divider 36. The
rotating carriage 32 may further incorporate a plurality of fins
34. The rotating carriage may be a single piece or may comprise two
separate rotating pieces. Each piece may have solid ends, and where
these ends are connected a divider may be formed. In another
embodiment the divider may be a separate part and the rotating
carriage may be either a single piece or multiple pieces.
[0028] The plurality of fins 34, incorporated on the rotating
carriage 32, may be located on both sides of the divider 36. The
pressurized water from the pressured water line 24 pushes against
the fins 34 and creates a rotational motion within the rotating
carriage 32 to drive the water from the inlets though the housing
towards the outlet. Preferably, the fins 34 will be formed in a
different configuration on either side of the divider 36. The fins
34a designed to receive water from the rainwater tank inlet 14 may
be angled in such a manner as to create an impeller motion and to
direct water from the inlet 14 to the outlet 22. The fins 34b
designed to receive water from the pressured water lined may have a
different curve in that they are formed to drive the rotating
carriage 32. In one embodiment, fins 34b may be more densely
positioned on the rotating carriage 32 to allow for a greater
drive, while the fins 34a designed to receive rainwater may be more
sparsely positioned to allow for a greater quantity of water to
emerge from the rainwater tank or the opposite could be true. In
another embodiment, the same number of fins may be on both sides of
the rotating carriage. Other fin configurations are contemplated
and fins may be the same throughout the rotating carriage but the
power to water ratio may be reduced.
[0029] The rotational motion of the rotating carriage 32 preferable
creates a turbine like motion or centrifugal force pump, which
draws water from inlet 14, through the housing 18 and into outlet
22, resulting in rainwater being pumped out or drawn out of the
rainwater tank 10. Some pressure may already be available from the
rainwater tank 10 as a result of water height levels, forcing the
rainwater into the housing 18 but the side of the rotating carriage
32 attached to the pressure water line may increase or enhance this
pressure.
[0030] By illustration of arrows exiting the housing 18, it is seen
that the water entering the irrigation line 26 through the outlet
22 may be a mixture that includes rainwater conserved in the tank
and pressured water from line 24, thereby powering the systems
effectively enabling rainwater to be integrated into an irrigation
line using a simple cost effective means. The rotational motion of
the fins may create a power assist, which increases the pressure or
power in the system so that the mixture has sufficient pressure to
be positioned or pumped into the desired location requiring water,
therefore, enabling transfer of water from a rainwater tank into an
irrigation application with adequate pressure.
[0031] In a further, more complex form of the irrigation aid,
diverters or timers may be employed but for simpler forms, flow
control may be implemented via a "Y" type converging channel in the
housing 18, to bring two incoming inlets to one outgoing outlet.
Flow control may be largely dependant on the specific irrigation
application. Some systems for small gardens, hanging baskets may
not require complex flow control whereas larger systems for larger
gardens may required more sophisticated flow control such as
valves, timers, shut-offs etc. Auxiliary connections refer to the
connections required for purposes such as power assist or flow
control that may be separated from, or designed to work in
conjunction with, the water flow and the housing and rotating
carriage.
[0032] Users may adjust the ratio of rainwater to pressured water
line water through the adjustor 30, in effect providing users with
the increased capability of replacing amounts of costly city
supplied water with free, collected rainwater for their irrigation
needs. The adjustor 30 may control the outlet portion by moving the
divider 36 in a position that allows more water to exit from one
side of the divider 36 than the other. The adjuster 30 may be
designed to allow for axial movement of the divider 36 so a user
may move the adjuster 30 in this axial movement and the divider 36,
or the rotating carriage 32 with the divider 36, may shift
according to the movement and allow for either more or less rain
water to be released in relation to the pressured water line water.
FIGS. 3B and 3C illustrate the divider 36 in shifted positions
allowing for various ratios of rain water in relation to pressured
line water. Users may wish to increase rainwater percentage
relative to the amount available in the rainwater tank 10 and, for
example, reduce the percentage of rainwater used when rainwater is
less available.
[0033] Shut-off control 28, illustrated in FIG. 3 as a ball valve,
may permit the water flow to be opened or closed, either by a user
or through an automatic control system. Other shut-off control
mechanisms are possible, including but not limited to, a gate wall
or other plumbing valves.
[0034] Flow control may also be controlled with automatic controls
(not shown) to predetermined time intervals or in predetermined
quantities to better control water conservation and is further
described below and illustrated in FIGS. 6A and 6B.
[0035] FIG. 4A illustrates an exploded view of another embodiment
of an irrigation aid 60 while FIG. 4B shows a perspective view with
a cut-out of the irrigation aid 60. The inlet 62 may be adapted to
connect to a hose or other pressured water line as in the previous
embodiment. The water from the pressured water line may enter
through the inlet 62 and into the input water compartment 64 of the
irrigation aid. The pressurized water will hit a transfer mechanism
such as an input rotating carriage 66, which may include a
plurality of fins 68. The fins may be curved in such a manner as to
direct the water from the inlet 62 to a rain barrel outlet 70. The
pressurized water will cause the input rotating carriage 66 to
rotate and the water may then exit the input water compartment 64
of the irrigation device into the rain barrel through the outlet
70, in this one barrel embodiment. If the water harvesting device
contains multiple rainwater tanks the connections between the
outlets and inlets will be adjusted accordingly.
[0036] The input water compartment 64 of the irrigation aid 60 is
further designed to house the input rotating carriage 66 and will
have a compartment lid 72 or other closure that will allow the
input water compartment 64 to encapsulate the input rotating
carriage 66. The input rotating carriage 66 will be able to rotate
freely inside the input water compartment 64.
[0037] The rotational movement of the input water carriage 66
causes a shaft 74 connecting rod, which is also attached to a rain
barrel rotating carriage 76, to rotate. The shaft 74 may be keyed
in specific areas such that the keyed areas may grip and form a
locking area with a central aperture of the input rotating carriage
66 and a central aperture of the rain barrel rotating carriage 76.
This rotational movement of the shaft 74 will cause the rain barrel
rotating carriage 76 to rotate as well to draw water from the rain
barrel through the inlet 78 into the rain barrel water compartment
80. The rain barrel rotating carriage 76 may be housed within the
rain barrel water compartment 80 and may be allowed to rotate
freely within this compartment. Bearings 86a, 86b may also be
provided between either rotating carriage and the compartment
components to support the shaft 74 and ensure that there is no
shift in the position of either rotating carriage 66, 76.
[0038] The rain barrel rotating carriage 76 may further incorporate
a plurality of fins 82 designed to guide water from the inlet 78 to
an outlet 84. The size and angle of these fins 82 may depend on
where the inlet 78 and outlet 84 are located on the rain barrel
water compartment 80. The outlet 84 may be configured to engage a
watering hose or other irrigation devices. A shut-off control (not
shown) may also be incorporated into the outlet 84 of the rain
barrel water compartment 80.
[0039] It should be understood that the input water compartment 64
and the rain barrel water compartment 80 need not be two separate
pieces as shown in FIG. 4 and may be an single integrated housing
with a divider. If a single housing is used, it should be
understood that the rotating carriage may be a single rotating
carriage with an incorporated divider or a single rotating carriage
could be used with a divider being a separate piece.
[0040] In this embodiment the water from the pressured water line
is allowed to enter and mix with the rain barrel water prior to
being used as the irrigation water. This further mixing process may
allow the temperature to normalize with the air temperature prior
to being used to water a specific area. Further, by having the
pressured water line water enter the rain barrel or other water
harvesting device, the pressured water line water may have time to
gas-off, which may make the water more beneficial to the
vegetation. Further, having the pressured water line water enter
the rain barrel may ensure that there is always water within the
rain barrel even if there has been no rain for a period of
time.
[0041] FIG. 5 shows a further embodiment with many similar
components as FIGS. 4A and 4B. In this embodiment, the input water
compartment 64 may house the input rotating carriage 66. A
plurality of hemispherical or scoop-like shaped fins 88
incorporated on the input rotating carriage 66 may direct the water
from the inlet 62 to the rain barrel 70. The fins 88 may be
arranged in other configurations as previously discussed. The input
water compartment 64 may have a separate lid 72 that may be
attached to the input water compartment. The input water
compartment may have a separate seal 90 or the seal may be included
as part of the input water compartment 64 or the lid 72.
[0042] In this embodiment the rain barrel rotating carriage 76 may
be driven by a set of gears 92a and 92b. The rotational motion of
the input rotating carriage 66, attached to a shaft 94a or
connecting rod will drive the first gear 92a, which will cause the
second gear 92b to rotate and with it rotate a second shaft 94b or
connecting rod. The rain barrel rotating carriage 76 is connected
to the second shaft and will rotate with the rotational movement of
the second shaft 94b. Preferably, the first gear 92a is larger than
the second gear 92b to allow for greater rotational movement of the
rain barrel rotating carriage 76 with respect to the input rotating
carriage 66. It will be understood that various sizes of gears may
be used and that the set of gears may be the same size; although,
there may be power consequences if the same size gears are
used.
[0043] FIG. 5 further illustrates bearing 86b, designed to support
and position the rain barrel rotating carriage 76, as well as an
o-ring 96, which may protect the gear system and separate the gear
system from the other components. Other means of support and
protection are contemplated and would be known in the art. As
above, although the input water compartment and rain barrel water
compartment are shown as separate housing pieces, a single piece
housing could be used, as could a single piece rotating
carriage.
[0044] The flow control of the embodiments shown in the FIGS. 3 to
5 may also be automatically controlled by data retrieved from a
level measuring device, which may be either a mechanical or
electrical device as illustrated in FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C. This level
measuring device may be more suited to the embodiments in FIGS. 3A
to 3C where the pressured line water does not enter the rainwater
tank although may also be implemented into the other tanks for
situations for when the output of water is at a greater level than
the input thus reducing the level of water in the rainwater
tank.
[0045] As illustrated in FIGS. 6A and 6B, the rainwater tank 10 may
be adapted to contain a float 100. The float 100 may be inserted
after market through a hole in the top of the rainwater tank 10 or
may be incorporated into the rainwater tank prior to being sold to
a consumer. The float may be attached to one end of a string 102,
flexible wire or like material, which is then attached through a
pulley mechanism 104 and has a weight 106 attached to the other end
of the string 102. As the water level in the rainwater tank 10
lowers, the float 100 will also begin to lower. The lowering of the
float will raise the weight 106 and drive a Rack and Pinion
mechanism 108. The Rack and Pinion mechanism 108 may automatically
control the divider of the irrigation aid as well as the rainwater
tank water entering an inlet and hit a transfer mechanism, such as
the inlet 14 and the rotating carriage 32 shown in FIGS. 3A to 3C.
As the rainwater tank 10 level reduces, for example, the Rack and
Pinion mechanism 108 may shift the divider and allow more pressured
water line water into the output mixture and less of the rainwater
tank water.
[0046] As shown in FIG. 6C, the level measuring device may be
electrical as opposed to mechanical in nature. The float 100 may
reside within a rainwater tank and the rainwater tank may
incorporate sensors (not shown), which allow the float to determine
the current rainwater tank water level. This information may be
relayed through a transducer 110 to a solenoid 112. The solenoid
may then drive the transfer mechanism 114 and may shift the divider
of the transfer mechanism 114 depending on the level in the
rainwater tank. As above, if the water level of the rainwater tank
is low, the solenoid may drive the divider to allow more pressured
water line water and less rainwater tank water.
[0047] Furthermore, it should be understood that the irrigation aid
with or without a level measuring device may be installed to a
multiple rainwater tank system having been provided the appropriate
connections such as tandem kits or through other connecting means
known in the art.
[0048] FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrates an alternate embodiment of the
rainwater irrigation aid 40. The rainwater irrigation aid 40
comprises an inlet 42, a housing 44 and an outlet 46. In this
embodiment, the inlet 42 is connected to the rainwater tank 10
only, and may be the sole channel of water. This system would allow
for the provision of 100% rainwater usage as may be desired by some
users. Outlet 46 is connected to the irrigation line or lines 52
similar to the other embodiments. The rainwater irrigation aid 40
also comprises a power assist by way of a motor working in
conjunction with, and inside, the housing 44. The motor provides
the power assist for the incoming water retrieving energy from
solar cells 54 located on the large surfaces of the rainwater tank
10. Energy from the solar cells 54 may be stored in a chargeable
batter pack 55. This battery pack 55 may be used to power both a
motor 57 that may drive a transfer mechanism such as a rotating
carriage in this embodiment. The rotating carriage may be a single
sided rotating carriage, as its rotational motion will be driven by
the motor 57 and not by a pressured water line. Power from the
chargeable battery pack 55 may also be used to power a user
interface 56 and any timers associated with the irrigation aid.
[0049] Inside the rainwater irrigation aid 40, there may be a timer
system from which the water be released in timed intervals and with
preset or user set quantities. The user can control the system via
user interface 56.
[0050] The rainwater irrigation aid 40 may also comprise a
rainwater tank fill option (not shown) so that during extreme dry
spells, when rainwater is not available, city water can be filled
into the rainwater tank 10. The storage of this water in the tank
over time provides the opportunity for water temperature to
normalize from colder temperatures and for chlorine in the water to
gas-off and be ready for the next watering. Warmer water and
minimization of chlorine and other inherent chemicals are desired
for some sensitive vegetation.
[0051] With respect to the above description then, it is realized
that the optimum dimensional relationships for the parts of the
invention, to include variations in size, materials, shape, form,
function and manner of operation, assembly and use, are deemed
readily apparent and obvious to one skilled in the art, and all
equivalent relationships to those illustrated in the drawings and
described in the specification are intended to be encompassed by
the present document.
[0052] Therefore the foregoing is considered as illustrative only
of the principles of the irrigation aid. Further, since numerous
modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in
the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact
construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly,
all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to,
falling within the scope of the embodiments.
* * * * *