U.S. patent application number 12/799289 was filed with the patent office on 2010-08-12 for grating-based sensor combining label-free binding detection and fluorescence amplification and readout system for sensor.
This patent application is currently assigned to SRU Biosystems, Inc.. Invention is credited to Brian T. Cunningham, Gangadhar Jogikalmath, Lance G. Laing, Peter Y. Li.
Application Number | 20100202923 12/799289 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 39720303 |
Filed Date | 2010-08-12 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100202923 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Cunningham; Brian T. ; et
al. |
August 12, 2010 |
Grating-based sensor combining label-free binding detection and
fluorescence amplification and readout system for sensor
Abstract
A grating-based sensor is disclosed that has a grating structure
constructed and designed for both evanescent resonance (ER)
fluorescence detection and label-free detection applications. One
and two-dimensional gratings are also disclosed, including gratings
characterized by unit cells with central posts, central holes, and
two-level, two-dimensional gratings. A readout system for such
sensors is also disclosed. Various applications for the biosensors
are described, including cell-based assays for assessing the effect
of drug compounds on cell function. A biosensor embodiment
optimized for a luminescent response at two different wavelengths
is also described. Such luminescent response could be produced by
fluorescence (either native or from an attached fluorophore),
phosphorescence, chemi-luminescence, or other luminescence
technology. Two different luminescence technologies could be
combined on the same biosensor chip.
Inventors: |
Cunningham; Brian T.;
(Champaign, IL) ; Li; Peter Y.; (Andover, MA)
; Laing; Lance G.; (Belmont, MA) ; Jogikalmath;
Gangadhar; (Cambridge, MA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MCDONNELL BOEHNEN HULBERT & BERGHOFF LLP
300 S. WACKER DRIVE, 32ND FLOOR
CHICAGO
IL
60606
US
|
Assignee: |
SRU Biosystems, Inc.
|
Family ID: |
39720303 |
Appl. No.: |
12/799289 |
Filed: |
April 20, 2010 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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11818742 |
Jun 15, 2007 |
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12799289 |
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11490556 |
Jul 20, 2006 |
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11818742 |
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60707579 |
Aug 11, 2005 |
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60713694 |
Sep 2, 2005 |
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60778160 |
Feb 28, 2006 |
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60790207 |
Apr 7, 2006 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
422/52 ;
422/82.08 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y10S 436/805 20130101;
G01N 21/76 20130101; G01N 21/6452 20130101; G01N 21/648 20130101;
G01N 21/7743 20130101; G01N 33/6872 20130101; G01N 33/54373
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
422/52 ;
422/82.08 |
International
Class: |
G01N 21/76 20060101
G01N021/76; G01N 21/64 20060101 G01N021/64; G01N 21/66 20060101
G01N021/66 |
Claims
1. A grating-based biosensor comprising a substrate having a
periodic surface grating structure wherein the periodic grating
structure is constructed in a manner designed for optical
interrogation of the sensor with excitation light at least two
discrete wavelengths in an evanescent resonance (ER) detection mode
to thereby produce a luminescence response from a sample, placed on
the biosensor at least two discrete emission wavelengths.
2. The biosensor of claim 1, wherein the luminescence response
comprises a fluorescence response, such fluorescence being either
native fluorescence or fluorescence produced by a fluorescent
material attached to the sample.
3. The biosensor of claim 1, wherein the luminescence response
comprises a phosphorescent response.
4. The biosensor response of claim 2, wherein the fluorescence
response is produced by a dye which is bound to a sample placed on
the biosensor.
5. The biosensor of claim 1, wherein a first emission wavelength is
in the near infrared portion of the spectrum and wherein a second
emission wavelength is in the visible portion of the spectrum.
6. The biosensor of claim 1, wherein a first emission wavelength
corresponds to the emission wavelength of a first dye associated
with a sample placed on the biosensor and wherein a second emission
wavelength corresponds to the emission wavelength of a second dye
associated with the sample.
7. The biosensor of claim 6, wherein the first dye comprises
Cyanine-5 and the second dye comprises Cyanine-3.
8. The biosensor of claim 6, wherein the grating structure
comprises a two-dimensional periodic grating structure, the
periodic grating structure is periodic in first and second
dimensions, and wherein the first and second dimensions are
mutually orthogonal, and wherein the periodic grating structure in
the first dimension is optimized for optical interrogation of the
biosensor to produce fluorescence from a first dye and wherein the
periodic grating structure in the second dimension is optimized for
optical interrogation of the biosensor to produce fluorescence from
a second dye, the first and second dies emitting fluorescence at
different wavelengths.
9. A grating-based biosensor comprising a substrate having a
periodic surface grating structure wherein the periodic grating
structure is constructed in a manner designed for optical
interrogation of the sensor with light in an evanescent resonance
(ER) detection mode to produce a luminescence response from a
sample placed on the biosensor at two discrete wavelengths, and
wherein the luminescence response at the two discrete wavelengths
is produced from two different types of luminescence.
10. The biosensor of claim 9, wherein one of the two types of
luminescence comprises fluorescence; such fluorescence being either
native fluorescence or fluorescence produced by a fluorescent
material attached to the sample.
11. The biosensor of claim 9, wherein one of the two types of
luminescence comprises phosphorescence.
12. The biosensor of claim 9, wherein one of the two types of
luminescence comprises chemi-luminescence.
13. The biosensor of claim 9, wherein one of the two types of
luminescence comprises electro-luminescence.
14. The biosensor of claim 9, wherein the luminescence response at
least one of the two discrete wavelengths is produced by a dye
which is bound to the sample.
15. The biosensor of claim 9, wherein the grating structure
comprises a two-dimensional periodic grating structure, the
periodic grating structure is periodic in first and second
dimensions, and wherein the first and second dimensions are
mutually orthogonal.
Description
PRIORITY
[0001] This application is a divisional of Ser. No. 11/818,742
filed Jun. 15, 2007, incorporated by reference herein, which is a
continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 11/490,556 filed Jul. 20, 2006,
the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein, which
claims priority benefits under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.119 (e) to the
following United States provisional patent applications, the entire
contents of which are incorporated by reference herein:
[0002] (1) Ser. No. 60/707,579 filed Aug. 11, 2005
[0003] (2) Ser. No. 60/713,694 filed Sep. 2, 2005
[0004] (3) Ser. No. 60/778,160 filed Feb. 28, 2006
[0005] (4) Ser. No. 60/790,207 filed Apr. 7, 2006.
BACKGROUND
[0006] A. Field of the Invention
[0007] This invention relates generally to grating-based
biochemical sensor devices and detection instruments for such
devices. Grating-based sensors are typically used for optical
detection of the adsorption of a biological material, such as DNA,
protein, viruses or cells, small molecules, or chemicals, onto a
surface of the device or within a volume of the device. The sensor
of this invention has a grating structure that is constructed in a
manner for use in two different applications: (a) label-free
binding detection, and (b) fluorescence detection, for example
wherein the sample is bound to a fluorophore or emits native
fluorescence.
[0008] B. Description of Related Art
[0009] 1. Label-Free Detection Sensors
[0010] Grating-based sensors represent a new class of optical
devices that have been enabled by recent advances in semiconductor
fabrication tools with the ability to accurately deposit and etch
materials with precision less than 100 nm.
[0011] Several properties of photonic crystals make them ideal
candidates for application as grating-type optical biosensors.
First, the reflectance/transmittance behavior of a photonic crystal
can be readily manipulated by the adsorption of biological material
such as proteins, DNA, cells, virus particles, and bacteria on the
crystal. Other types of biological entities which can be detected
include small and smaller molecular weight molecules (i.e.,
substances of molecular weight <1000 Daltons (Da) and between
1000 Da to 10,000 Da), amino acids, nucleic acids, lipids,
carbohydrates, nucleic acid polymers, viral particles, viral
components and cellular components such as but not limited to
vesicles, mitochondria, membranes, structural features, periplasm,
or any extracts thereof. These types of materials have demonstrated
the ability to alter the optical path length of light passing
through them by virtue of their finite dielectric permittivity.
Second, the reflected/transmitted spectra of photonic crystals can
be extremely narrow, enabling high-resolution determination of
shifts in their optical properties due to biochemical binding while
using simple illumination and detection apparatus. Third, photonic
crystal structures can be designed to highly localize
electromagnetic field propagation, so that a single photonic
crystal surface can be used to support, in parallel, the
measurement of a large number of biochemical binding events without
optical interference between neighboring regions within <3-5
microns. Finally, a wide range of materials and fabrication methods
can be employed to build practical photonic crystal devices with
high surface/volume ratios, and the capability for concentrating
the electromagnetic field intensity in regions in contact with a
biochemical test sample. The materials and fabrication methods can
be selected to optimize high-volume manufacturing using
plastic-based materials or high-sensitivity performance using
semiconductor materials.
[0012] Representative examples of grating-type biosensors in the
prior art are disclosed in Cunningham, B. T., P. Li, B. Lin, and J.
Pepper, Colorimetric resonant reflection as a direct biochemical
assay technique. Sensors and Actuators B, 2002. 81: p. 316-328;
Cunningham, B. T., J. Qiu, P. Li, J. Pepper, and B. Hugh, A plastic
colorimetric resonant optical biosensor for multiparallel detection
of label-free biochemical interactions, Sensors and Actuators B,
2002. 85: p. 219-226; Haes, A. J. and R. P. V. Duyne, A Nanoscale
Optical Biosensor: Sensitivity and Selectivity of an Approach Based
on the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy of
Triangular Silver Nanoparticles. Journal of the American Chemical
Society, 2002. 124: p. 10596-10604.
[0013] The combined advantages of photonic crystal biosensors may
not be exceeded by any other label-free biosensor technique. The
development of highly sensitive, miniature, low cost, highly
parallel biosensors and simple, miniature, and rugged readout
instrumentation will enable biosensors to be applied in the fields
of pharmaceutical discovery, diagnostic testing, environmental
testing, and food safety in applications that have not been
economically feasible in the past.
[0014] In order to adapt a photonic bandgap device to perform as a
biosensor, some portion of the structure must be in contact with a
test sample. Biomolecules, cells, proteins, or other substances are
introduced to the portion of the photonic crystal and adsorbed
where the locally confined electromagnetic field intensity is
greatest. As a result, the resonant coupling of light into the
crystal is modified, and the reflected/transmitted output (i.e.,
peak wavelength) is tuned, i.e., shifted. The amount of shift in
the reflected output is related to the amount of substance present
on the sensor. The sensors are used in conjunction with an
illumination and detection instrument that directs light into the
sensor and captures the reflected or transmitted light. The
reflected or transmitted light is fed to a spectrometer that
measures the shift in the peak wavelength.
[0015] The ability of photonic crystals to provide high quality
factor (Q) resonant light coupling, high electromagnetic energy
density, and tight optical confinement can also be exploited to
produce highly sensitive biochemical sensors. Here, Q is a measure
of the sharpness of the peak wavelength at the resonant frequency.
Photonic crystal biosensors are designed to allow a test sample to
penetrate the periodic lattice, and to tune the resonant optical
coupling condition through modification of the surface dielectric
constant of the crystal through the attachment of biomolecules or
cells. Due to the high Q of the resonance, and the strong
interaction of coupled electromagnetic fields with surface-bound
materials, several of the highest sensitivity biosensor devices
reported are derived from photonic crystals. See the Cunningham et
al. papers cited previously. Such devices have demonstrated the
capability for detecting molecules with molecular weights less than
200 Daltons (Da) with high signal-to-noise margins, and for
detecting individual cells. Because resonantly-coupled light within
a photonic crystal can be effectively spatially confined, a
photonic crystal surface is capable of supporting large numbers of
simultaneous biochemical assays in an array format, where
neighboring regions within .about.10 .mu.m of each other can be
measured independently. See Li, P., B. Lin, J. Gerstenmaier, and B.
T. Cunningham, A new method for label-free imaging of biomolecular
interactions. Sensors and Actuators B, 2003.
[0016] There are many practical benefits for label-free biosensors
based on photonic crystal structures. Direct detection of
biochemical and cellular binding without the use of a fluorophore,
radioligand or secondary reporter removes experimental uncertainty
induced by the effect of the label on molecular conformation,
blocking of active binding epitopes, steric hindrance,
inaccessibility of the labeling site, or the inability to find an
appropriate label that functions equivalently for all molecules in
an experiment. Label-free detection methods greatly simplify the
time and effort required for assay development, while removing
experimental artifacts from quenching, shelf life, and background
fluorescence. Compared to other label-free optical biosensors,
photonic crystals are easily queried by simply illuminating at
normal incidence with a broadband light source (such as a light
bulb or LED) and measuring shifts in the reflected color. The
simple excitation/readout scheme enables low cost, miniature,
robust systems that are suitable for use in laboratory instruments
as well as portable handheld systems for point-of-care medical
diagnostics and environmental monitoring. Because the photonic
crystal itself consumes no power, the devices are easily embedded
within a variety of liquid or gas sampling systems, or deployed in
the context of an optical network where a single
illumination/detection base station can track the status of
thousands of sensors within a building. While photonic crystal
biosensors can be fabricated using a wide variety of materials and
methods, high sensitivity structures have been demonstrated using
plastic-based processes that can be performed on continuous sheets
of film. Plastic-based designs and manufacturing methods will
enable photonic crystal biosensors to be used in applications where
low cost/assay is required, that have not been previously
economically feasible for other optical biosensors.
[0017] The assignee of the present invention has developed a
photonic crystal biosensor and associated detection instrument for
label-free binding detection. The sensor and detection instrument
are described in the patent literature; see U.S. patent application
publications U.S. 2003/0027327; 2002/0127565, 2003/0059855 and
2003/0032039. Methods for detection of a shift in the resonant peak
wavelength are taught in U.S. Patent application publication
2003/0077660. The biosensors described in these references include
1- and 2-dimensional periodic structured surfaces applied to a
continuous sheet of plastic film or substrate. The crystal resonant
wavelength is determined by measuring the peak reflectivity at
normal incidence with a spectrometer to obtain a wavelength
resolution of 0.5 picometer. The resulting mass detection
sensitivity of <1 pg/mm.sup.2 (obtained without 3-dimensional
hydrogel surface chemistry) has not been demonstrated by any other
commercially available biosensor.
[0018] A fundamental advantage of the biosensor devices described
in the above-referenced patent applications is the ability to
mass-manufacture with plastic materials in continuous processes at
a 1-2 feet/minute rate. Methods of mass production of the sensors
are disclosed in U.S. Patent application publication 2003/0017581.
As shown in FIG. 1, the periodic surface structure of a biosensor
10 is fabricated from a low refractive index material 12 that is
overcoated with a thin film of higher refractive index material 14.
The low refractive index material 12 is bonded to a base sheet of
clear plastic material 16. The surface structure is replicated
within a layer of cured epoxy 12 from a silicon-wafer "master" mold
(i.e. a negative of the desired replicated structure) using a
continuous-film process on a polyester substrate 16. The liquid
epoxy 12 conforms to the shape of the master grating, and is
subsequently cured by exposure to ultraviolet light. The cured
epoxy 12 preferentially adheres to the sheet 16, and is peeled away
from the silicon wafer. Sensor fabrication was completed by sputter
deposition of 120 nm titanium oxide (TiO.sub.2) high index of
refraction material 14 on the cured epoxy 12 grating surface.
Following titanium oxide deposition, 3.times.5-inch microplate
sections are cut from the sensor sheet, and attached to the bottoms
of bottomless 96-well and 384-well microtiter plates with
epoxy.
[0019] As shown in FIG. 2, the wells 20 defining the wells of the
mircotiter plate contain a liquid sample 22. The combination of the
bottomless microplate and the biosensor structure 10 is
collectively shown as biosensor apparatus 26. Using this approach,
photonic crystal sensors are mass produced on a square-yardage
basis at very low cost.
[0020] The detection instrument for the photonic crystal biosensor
is simple, inexpensive, low power, and robust. A schematic diagram
of the system is shown in FIG. 2. In order to detect the reflected
resonance, a white light source illuminates a .about.1 mm diameter
region of the sensor surface through a 100 micrometer diameter
fiber optic 32 and a collimating lens 34 at nominally normal
incidence through the bottom of the microplate. A detection fiber
36 is bundled with the illumination fiber 32 for gathering
reflected light for analysis with a spectrometer 38. A series of 8
illumination/detection heads 40 are arranged in a linear fashion,
so that reflection spectra are gathered from all 8 wells in a
microplate column at once. See FIG. 3. The microplate+biosensor 10
sits upon a X-Y addressable motion stage (not shown in FIG. 2) so
that each column of wells in the microplate can be addressed in
sequence. The instrument measures all 96 wells in .about.15
seconds, limited by the rate of the motion stage. Further details
on the construction of the system of FIGS. 2 and 3 are set forth in
the published U.S. Patent Application 2003/0059855.
[0021] The descriptions and discussions below refer to the
label-free technology described above as BIND technology. BIND is a
trademark of the assignee SRU Biosystems, Inc.
[0022] 2. Fluorescence Amplification Sensors
[0023] U.S. Pat. No. 6,707,561 describes a grating-based biosensing
technology that is sometimes referred to in the art as Evanescent
Resonance (ER) technology. This technology employs a sub-micron
scale grating structure to amplify a luminescence signal (e.g.,
fluorescence, chemi-luminescence, electroluminescence,
phosphorescence signal), following a binding event on the grating
surface, where one of the bound molecules carries a fluorescent
label. ER technology enhances the sensitivity of fluorophore based
assays enabling binding detection at analyte concentrations
significantly lower than non-amplified assays.
[0024] ER technology uses grating generated optical resonance to
concentrate laser light on the grating surface where binding has
taken place. In practice, a laser scanner sweeps the sensor at some
angle of incidence (theta), typically from above the grating, while
a detector detects fluoresced light (at longer optical wavelength)
from the sensor surface. By design, ER grating optical properties
result in nearly 100% reflection, also known as resonance, at a
specific angle of incidence and laser wavelength (.lamda.).
Confinement of the laser light by and within the grating structure
amplifies emission from fluorophores bound within range of the
evanescent field (typically 1-2 um). Hence, at resonance,
transmitted light intensity drops to near zero.
[0025] As noted above, the label-free biosensors described in the
above-referenced patent applications employ a sub-micron scale
grating structure but typically with a significantly different
grating geometry and objective as compared to gratings intended for
ER use. In practical use, label-free and ER technologies have
different requirements for optical characteristics near resonance.
The spectral width and location of the resonance phenomena
describes the primary difference. Resonance width refers to the
full width at half maximum; in wavelength measure, of a resonance
feature plotted as reflectance (or transmittance) versus wavelength
(also referred to as Q factor above). Resonance width can also
refer to the width, in degrees, of a resonance feature plotted on a
curve representing reflectance or transmittance as a function of
theta, where theta is the angle of incident light.
[0026] Optimally, a label-free grating-based sensor produces as
narrow a resonance peak as possible, to facilitate detection of
small changes in peak position indicating low binding events. A
label-free sensor also benefits from a high grating surface area in
order to bind more material. In current practice, one achieves
higher surface area by making the grating deeper (though other
approaches exist). Current commercial embodiments of label-free
sensors produce a resonance near 850 nm, thus BIND label-free
detection instrumentation has been optimized to read this
wavelength.
[0027] Conversely, practical ER grating sensor designs employ a
relatively broad resonance to ensure that resonance occurs at the
fixed wavelength laser light and often fixed angle of incidence in
the presence of physical variables such as material accumulation on
the grating or variation in sensor manufacture. Because field
strength generally decreases with resonance width, practical ER
sensor design calls for a balance in resonance width. By choosing
an appropriate ER resonance width, one ensures consistent
amplification across a range of assay, instrument and sensor
variables while maintaining ER signal gain. A typical application
uses a 633 nm wavelength to excite a popular fluorescent dye, known
in the art as Cy5. Some ER scanning instrumentation permits
adjustments to incident angle to "tune" the resonance towards
maximum laser fluorophore coupling. This practice, however, may
induce an unacceptable source of variation without proper
controls.
[0028] Known ER designs also employ more shallow grating depths
than optimal label-free designs. For example, the above-referenced
'561 patent specifies the ratio of grating depth to "transparent
layer" (i.e., high index coating layer) thickness of less than 1
and more preferably between 0.3 and 0.7. Optimal label-free designs
employ gratings with a similarly defined ratio of greater than 1
and preferably greater than 1.5. Label-free designs typically
define grating depth in terms of the grating line width or half
period. For example, currently practiced commercial label-free
sensors have a half period of 275 nm and a grating depth of
approximately 275 nm, thus describing a 1:1 geometric ratio. This
same sensor design employs a high index of refraction oxide coating
on top of the grating with a thickness of approximately 90 nm.
Thus, according to the definition in '561 patent, this sensor has a
grating depth:oxide thickness ratio of approximately 3:1.
[0029] This disclosure reports grating-based sensor designs which
are constructed in a manner such that it is optimized for both
modes of detection (label-free and fluorescence amplification), in
a single device. Such a grating dramatically increases the
diversity of applications made possible by a single product.
[0030] All the previously cited art is fully incorporated by
reference herein.
SUMMARY
[0031] The following embodiments and aspects thereof are described
and illustrated in conjunction with systems, tools and methods
meant to be exemplary and illustrative, not limiting in scope. In
various embodiments one or more of the above-described problems
have been reduced or eliminated, while other embodiments are
directed to other improvements.
[0032] In a first aspect, a method of conducting a cell-based assay
of a sample comprising one or more cells, is described. The method
includes a step of providing a grating-based biosensor substrate
having a periodic surface grating structure wherein the periodic
grating structure is constructed in a manner designed for both 1)
optical interrogation of the sensor with light in an evanescent
resonance (ER) detection mode, and 2) optical interrogation of the
sensor with light in a label-free detection mode. The method
further involves the use of the biosensor to measure cell
attachment of cells in the sample to the surface of the grating
structure in the label-free detection mode. The method further
involves the use of the biosensor to measure the effect of a drug
compound candidate on cell function of the cells in the sample
using the ER detection mode. The biosensor may be incorporated into
a microplate in one possible embodiment.
[0033] In one embodiment the cell function is a cell surface
protein function. In another embodiment, the cell function is cell
viability. The drug compound candidate may take the form of an
ion-channel targeting drug. In still another embodiment, the cell
function that is measured is a cardiotoxic response to an
ion-channel targeting drug and may be predictive of a patient
response to such drug. In another embodiment, a high-resolution
label free image may be obtained from the biosensor (e.g., using a
CCD or other detector) which may detail internal or external
morphological changes to the cell associated with treatment of a
test molecule. The changes could include but not be limited to:
phagocytosis, increase or decrease in outgrowths of the cell,
channel opening or closing, cell elongation or shrinkage, "rounding
up", rearrangement of intracellular organelles, redistribution of
proteins, and still others.
[0034] In another aspect of this disclosure, a grating-based
biosensor is disclosed having a periodic surface grating structure
wherein the periodic grating structure is constructed in a manner
designed for optical interrogation of the sensor with light in an
evanescent resonance (ER) detection mode to produce a luminescent
response from the biosensor at two discrete luminescence
wavelengths. A fluorescence response is one possible example of a
luminescence response, but other types of luminescence responses
such as phosphorescence of chemoluminescence are also possible. In
one embodiment, the first wavelength is in the near infrared
portion of the spectrum and the second wavelength is in the visible
portion of the spectrum. For example, the first wavelength could
correspond to the fluorescence wavelength of a first dye associated
with a sample placed on the biosensor and the second wavelength
could correspond to the fluorescence wavelength of a second dye
associated with the sample. Examples of such dyes include Cyanine-5
and Cyanine-3. In one possible embodiment, the grating structure is
a one-dimensional grating structure. In another embodiment, the
grating structure takes the form of a two-dimensional periodic
grating structure. The periodic grating structure is periodic in
first and second mutually orthogonal dimensions. The periodic
grating structure in the first dimension is optimized for optical
interrogation of the biosensor to produce a luminescence (e.g.,
fluorescence) response from a first dye and wherein the periodic
grating structure in the second dimension is optimized for optical
interrogation of the biosensor to produce a luminescence (e.g.,
fluorescence) response from a second dye.
[0035] In one further aspect. a biosensor is described which
combines two different luminescence technologies on a single
biosensor chip, for example fluorescence and phosphorescence.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0036] Exemplary embodiments are illustrated in referenced figures
of the drawings. The embodiments and figures disclosed herein are
offered by way of example and not limitation. All questions
regarding scope of the invention are to be answered by reference to
the claims.
[0037] FIG. 1 is an illustration of a prior art biosensor
arrangement.
[0038] FIG. 2 is an illustration of a prior art biosensor and
detection system for illuminating the biosensor and measuring
shifts in the peak wavelength of reflected light from the
biosensor.
[0039] FIG. 3 is an illustration of an arrangement of 8
illumination heads that read an entire row of wells of a biosensor
device comprising the structure of FIG. 1 affixed to the bottom of
bottomless microtiter plate.
[0040] FIG. 4 is a cross-section of a first embodiment of a
combined ER and label-free detection biosensor.
[0041] FIG. 5 is a cross-section of a second embodiment of a
combined ER and label-free detection biosensor.
[0042] FIG. 6 is a graph comparing transmission as a function of
incident angle theta for a prior art ER biosensor ("NovaChip") with
a computer simulation of the embodiment of FIG. 4 when used for ER
detection in a dry (air) medium environment.
[0043] FIG. 7 is a graph comparing reflection as a function of
wavelength for the embodiment of FIG. 4 in a label-free detection
mode in an aqueous medium environment; the graph of FIG. 7 was
generated from a computer simulation of the embodiment of FIG.
4.
[0044] FIG. 8 is a graph of reflection as a function of wavelength
for the embodiment of FIG. 4 in a label-free detection mode,
showing a shift of the peak wavelength value in response to surface
mass addition (e.g., by adding a sample to the biosensor). The
graph of FIG. 7 was also generated via a computer simulation of the
embodiment of FIG. 4.
[0045] FIG. 9 is a graph of reflection on as a function of
wavelength showing the resonance peaks for the embodiment of FIG. 5
in label-free and ER detection modes. The graph was generated from
a computer simulation of the embodiment of FIG. 5.
[0046] FIG. 10 is a graph of transmission as a function of theta
for the embodiment of FIG. 5 and comparing the curve with the
transmission curve of a prior art "NovaChip" example of an ER
sensor.
[0047] FIGS. 11A and 11B are perspective and cross-sectional views,
respectively, of a one-dimensional linear grating structure
designed solely for ER detection, modeled as a rough approximation
of an ER chip disclosed in a prior art article of Budach et al.
[0048] FIGS. 12A and 12B are graphs of the reflection efficiency as
a function of wavelength and incidence angle, respectively,
obtained when light polarized in the X direction is incident on the
structure of FIGS. 11A and 11B.
[0049] FIGS. 13A-13C are plots of the X, Y and Z components of
electric field amplitude in the XY plane corresponding to the lower
surface of the structure of FIGS. 11A and 11B located a Z=110 nm,
for incident wavelength 632 nm. FIGS. 13D-13F plot of the X,Y and Z
components of the magnetic field amplitude in the same XY plane
represented in FIGS. 13A-13C for incident wavelength 632 nm.
[0050] FIGS. 14A-14C are plots of the X, Y and Z components of
electric field amplitude in the XY plane corresponding to the upper
surface of the structure of FIGS. 11A and 11B located at Z=140 nm,
for incident wavelength 632 nm. FIGS. 14D-14F plot the X,Y and Z
components of the magnetic field amplitude in the same XY plane
represented in FIGS. 14A-14C for incident wavelength 632 nm.
[0051] FIGS. 15A and 15B are perspective and cross-sectional views,
respectively, of a two-dimensional grating design characterized by
periodic holes in a grating structure which is optimized for BIND
(label-free) detection in a water environment when illuminated by X
polarized light and optimized for ER detection in an air
environment when illuminated by Y polarized light.
[0052] FIGS. 16 and 17 are graphs of the reflection efficiency as a
function of wavelength and incidence angle (632.5 nm),
respectively, obtained when light polarized in the Y direction is
incident on the structure of FIGS. 15A and 15B. These figures
demonstrate utility in the ER mode.
[0053] FIGS. 18A-18C are plots of the X, Y and Z components of
electric field amplitude in the XY plane corresponding to the lower
surface of the structure of FIGS. 15A and 15B at Z=78 nm, for
incident wavelength 632.5 nm. FIGS. 18D-18F plot the X,Y and Z
components of the magnetic field amplitude in the same XY plane
represented in FIGS. 18A-18C for incident wavelength 632.5 nm.
[0054] FIGS. 19A-19C are plots of the X, Y and Z components of the
electric field amplitude in the XY plane corresponding to the upper
surface of the structure of FIGS. 15A and 15B at Z=433 nm for
incident wavelength 632.5 nm. FIGS. 19D-19F are plots of X,Y and Z
components of the magnetic field amplitude in the same XY plane
represented in FIGS. 19A-19C for incident wavelength 632 nm.
[0055] FIG. 19G is a graph of reflection efficiency as a function
of wavelength for the embodiment of FIG. 15 obtained when
illuminated by light polarized in the X direction. This resonance
peak is used for label-free detection.
[0056] FIGS. 20A and 20B show perspective and cross-sectional
views, respectively, of a two-dimensional grating design
characterized by periodic posts in a grating structure which is
optimized in one direction for BIND (label-free) detection in a
water environment when illuminated by X polarized light and
optimized for ER detection in an air environment when illuminated
by Y polarized light.
[0057] FIGS. 21A and 21B graph the reflection efficiency as a
function of wavelength and incidence angle (633 nm wavelength),
respectively, when light polarized in the X direction is incident
on the structure of FIGS. 20A and 20B. The figures demonstrate
utility in the ER mode.
[0058] FIGS. 22A-22C are plots of the X, Y and Z components of
electric field amplitude in the XY plane corresponding to the lower
surface of the structure of FIGS. 20A and 20B at Z=70 nm, for
incident wavelength 633 nm. FIGS. 22D-22F plot the X, Y and Z
components of the magnetic field amplitude in the same XY plane
represented in FIGS. 22A-22C for incident wavelength 633 nm.
[0059] FIGS. 23A-23C plot the X, Y and Z components of the electric
field amplitude corresponding to the upper surface of the structure
of FIGS. 20A and 20B at Z=430 nm for incident wavelength 633 nm.
FIGS. 23D-23F plot the X, Y and Z components of the magnetic field
amplitude in the same XY plane represented by FIGS. 23A-C for
incident wavelength 632 nm.
[0060] FIG. 24 is a graph of reflection efficiency as a function of
wavelength for the embodiment of FIG. 20 obtained when illuminated
by light polarized in the X direction. This resonance peak is used
for label-free detection.
[0061] FIG. 25 is a schematic drawing of an imaging readout system
for a combined ER and label-free grating-based sensor.
[0062] FIG. 26 is a schematic illustration of a second readout
system for a combined ER and label-free grating-based sensor.
[0063] FIG. 27 is a more detailed illustration of the embodiment of
FIG. 26.
[0064] FIGS. 28A-C are three views of a unit cell showing a
two-level, two-dimensional grating structure for yet another
embodiment of a combined ER and label-free sensor.
[0065] FIG. 29 is a graph of the reflection spectrum (relative
intensity as a function of reflected light wavelength) obtained
using a computer simulation of the structure of FIG. 28A-C.
[0066] FIG. 30 is a cross-sectional view of a combined ER and BIND
grating-based sensor in which an intermediate SiO2 layer is added
between the UV-cured plastic grating layer and the high index of
refraction layer forming the upper surface of the sensor.
[0067] FIG. 31 is an image of a microarray of spots deposited on a
grating-based sensor (which may or may not be optimized for both ER
and BIND measurements).
[0068] FIG. 32 is a graph of a peak shift for one of the spots of
FIG. 31 due to presence of a DNA sample being placed on the
sensor.
[0069] FIG. 33 is an illustration of a row of spots showing the
shift in peak wavelength value in nanometers (which is
quantitatively related to the amount of DNA in the spot) as a
function of position and showing a missing spot (dark location in
the row of spots), the missing spot indicated by the low region in
the graph.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0070] Grating-based biosensors are disclosed which have a periodic
grating construction which is optimized and useful for both ER
detection, either in a liquid or dry environment, and for
label-free detection. A readout system adapted for use with the
biosensors is also described. Methods of testing a sample with the
inventive biosensors are also described.
[0071] In one aspect, a grating-based sensor is disclosed which is
optimized for performance in both ER mode and in a label-free
detection mode. Such sensors exhibit a broad resonance at small
angles of incidence (theta), mimicking the performance curves of a
conventional ER grating biosensor, while also maintaining sharp
resonance peak in a label-free detection mode. Several
representative embodiments are disclosed. A first embodiment is
optimized for ER mode in an air sample medium and with TM
polarization of light (perpendicular to the grating). A second
embodiment is disclosed which is optimized for ER mode in a liquid
sample medium with 633 nm excitation, near normal incidence, and
with TE polarization. Computer modeling of both embodiments
indicates that each maintains sharp peak wavelength resonance (high
Q factor) in a label-free detection mode.
[0072] In one configuration, a biosensor has a periodic surface
grating structure (either in one or two dimensions), wherein the
periodic grating structure is constructed so as to optimize optical
interrogation of the biosensor from a first light source in an
evanescent resonance (ER) detection mode, and wherein the periodic
grating structure is constructed so as to optimize optical
interrogation of the biosensor with light from a second light
source in a label-free detection mode. In one possible embodiment,
the grating takes the form of a two-dimensional grating, and
wherein the grating is periodic in first and second mutually
orthogonal directions. In other embodiments, the grating is a
one-dimensional grating, with periodicity in one direction (e.g.,
the X direction) but not in the second direction.
[0073] Label-free detection use of the biosensor benefits from
deeper gratings to provide more surface area, enabling more
material attachment. More attached material generates more signal
in the form of larger shift of the peak wavelength value. Prior ER
gratings do not have enough surface area (depth) to render
label-free sensitivity equivalent to current label-free grating
sensors. Hence, one designs biosensors maximize surface area
(translating greater grating depth in this case) while maintaining
a broad resonance curve at the intended laser excitation wavelength
and low angles of incidence, preferably less than 10 degrees and
more preferably less than five degrees. Biosensors meeting ER and
label-free performance requirements in representative
one-dimensional embodiments have a grating depth to half period
ratio of between about 0.6 and about 1.2. Grating depths of between
approximately 160 nm and approximately 210 nm are specifically
contemplated. These parameters may of course vary to address
specific sensor performance objectives, to emphasizing ER or
label-free performance, or for example in two-dimensional gratings
as disclosed herein.
[0074] Computer simulation of grating design, in accordance with
the teachings of this disclosure, will allow persons skilled in the
art to develop other grating designs in accordance with this
disclosure which may vary from the specifics of the first and
second embodiments and such embodiments are offered by way of
illustration and not limitation. In a further aspect, methods of
designing dual use ER and label-free detection biosensors are
disclosed using computer modeling techniques.
[0075] A grating-based sensor having a two-dimensional orthogonal
grating structure suitable for both ER and label-free detection is
also disclosed and may be preferred in some implementations. A
two-dimensional grating can look like a waffle (holes), a waffle
iron (posts), or a chessboard configuration with alternating high
and low regions in two dimensions. Two dimensional gratings can
have different periods in the X and Y directions. These features
may have various profiles in the Z direction such as angled or
curved sidewalls. Thus, in the case of the waffle pattern, the
impressions or wells may have a rectangular rather than a square
shape. (In practice, these features will also appear rounded in the
X and Y dimensions, i.e., will not have sharp corners. Such rounded
corners can be caused by a lack of collimation during TiO
deposition. This discrepancy between the square corners modeled on
a computer and rounded corners in practice may cause some deviation
of the observed sensor performance from that of the simulation
characteristics. Thus, the use of the terms "rectangular" and
"square" are intended to refer to the overall configuration and
allow for rounded corners). This added flexibility provided by two
dimensional gratings allows one to tune the resonance positions for
both label-free detection and ER detection to occur at different
wavelengths. This capability offers significant benefit in terms of
tuning of the ER resonance to different excitation wavelengths
while maintaining compatibility with existing label-free detection
instrumentation. As an example, the X periodicity can provide a
broad resonance at or near normal incidence with wavelength tuned
to excite the Cy3 fluorophore (green light) or the Cy5 fluorophore
(red light), while the Y periodicity can yield a sharp label-free
resonance between 820 and 850 nm (near infra red) similar to
currently commercialized label-free sensors.
[0076] Two-dimensional, two-level grating structures are also
disclosed as a further embodiment of a grating-based biosensor
which is structured and arranged to have good performance for both
ER and label-free detection.
[0077] In another aspect, a method of analyzing at least one sample
is disclosed comprising the steps of placing the at least one
sample on a biosensor comprising a substrate having a periodic
surface grating structure, wherein the periodic grating structure
is constructed and designed for optical interrogation of the
biosensor in an evanescent reflection (ER) detection mode as well
as optimize optical interrogation of the biosensor in a label-free
detection mode. The method further comprises the steps of
illuminating the biosensor in a readout detection instrument with
light from a light source designed for the ER detection mode and
illuminating the biosensor with light from the light source (or
possibly from a second light source) designed for the label-free
detection mode; and analyzing light reflection from the biosensor.
The analyzing of the sample may include detecting binding of a
component of the sample, e.g., binding of the component of the
sample to the surface of the biosensor or binding of second sample
component (e.g., fluorophore, inhibitor or label) to a first sample
component (e.g., protein)
[0078] In one embodiment, the readout system includes two light
sources, one for BIND (e.g., a while light source or light emitting
diode) and a second light source such as laser for ER measurements.
However, in other embodiments a single light source is provided
such as a Xenon discharge lamp or tunable laser, with two (or more)
bandpass filters sampling the light source to provide appropriate
illumination wavelengths for the two sensing modes.
[0079] In one possible embodiment, the sample is in an air medium,
and wherein the light from the first light source has a
polarization perpendicular to the grating structure. In another
possible embodiment, the sample is in a liquid medium, and wherein
the light from the first light source has a polarization parallel
to the grating structure. In one possible embodiment, light from
the first light source has a wavelength selected to activate a
fluorophore bound to the sample. In another possible embodiment,
light from the first light source has a wavelength selected to
activate native fluorescence of the sample. In still other
embodiments, a fraction of the sample is bound to an inhibitor,
which may include a bound fluorophore. The sample may be, for
example, a protein.
[0080] Several representative configurations of a readout and
detection instrument for the inventive biosensor are also
disclosed. In one embodiment, the readout and detection instrument
includes a first light source adapted for obtaining ER data from
the biosensor; a second light source adapted for obtaining
label-free detection data; an optical system combining the light
from the first and second light sources into an illuminating beam
for illuminating the biosensor; at least one detector for detecting
reflected light from the biosensor; and an analysis module using
data from the at least one detector and obtaining ER and label-free
data from the sample. The detector may be an imaging detector such
as a charge-coupled device (CCD imager). Other types of detectors
are also envisioned, such as photodetector, spectrometer, or a
combination thereof, one for acquiring ER data and one for
acquiring BIND data. In another representative configuration, the
optical system selectively illuminates the biosensor with light
from a single light source. The biosensor may have multiple
detection sites or wells, and the instrument may include a motion
stage for successively moving the detection sites relative to the
light sources to sequentially obtain ER and label-free data from
all the detection sites.
[0081] In sum, this disclosure describes a novel detection and
quantification platform that combines a photonic crystal based
label-free biosensor with enhanced fluorescence capabilities, in a
single device. Alone, label-free and ER technologies have great
utility. The ability to join these two detection technologies in a
single biosensor creates a powerful approach for universal
detection and selective measurement of interaction between and
within biological materials such as cells, proteins, and small
molecules. The combined biosensor of this disclosure is useful for
detection of a broad range of biological or chemical sample
entities. Examples of the types of samples which can be detected
include small and smaller molecular weight molecules (i.e.,
substances of molecular weight <1000 Da and between 1000 Da to
10,000 Da), amino acids, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates,
nucleic acid polymers, viral particles, viral components and
cellular components such as but not limited to vesicles,
mitochondria, membranes, structural features, periplasm, or any
extracts thereof.
[0082] In general, further examples of specific binding substances
(samples) which may be detected with the biosensor of this
invention include polypeptides, antigens, polyclonal antibodies,
monoclonal antibodies, single chain antibodies (scFv), F(ab)
fragments, F(ab')2 fragments, Fv fragments, small organic
molecules, cells, viruses, bacteria, polymers, peptide solutions,
protein solutions, chemical compound library solutions,
single-stranded DNA solutions, double stranded DNA solutions,
combinations of single and double stranded DNA solutions, RNA
solutions and biological samples. Such biological samples could
consists of, for example, blood, plasma, serum, gastrointestinal
secretions, homogenates of tissues or tumors, synovial fluid,
feces, saliva, sputum, cyst fluid, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal
fluid, peritoneal fluid, lung lavage fluid, semen, lymphatic fluid,
tears and prostatic fluid.
[0083] The biosensor described herein may be used to detect (a)
binding of components any of these types of samples to the
biosensor surface, (b) binding of the sample to another component
of the sample, e.g., a fluorophore in the sample, and (c) binding
of the sample or sample component to a second sample which is added
to the sample. As an example of binding (b), the sensor surface may
bind to some component of the sample, such as for example
streptavidin-biotin or 6H is, and the biosensor may be used to
detect the interaction of the bound component of the sample with an
additional grouping of components in the sample, such as a
polymerase complex. In the latter example of binding (c), a sample
may have a component that is attached to the surface of the
biosensor and another component which specifically binds/attracts
another component(s) from a second sample that is placed on the
biosensor.
[0084] The sensor of this disclosure may also be used for
quantification of the amount of material binding or
interaction.
[0085] The following general examples by no means represent a
complete or exclusive listing of novel utilities enabled by such a
dual use grating-based sensor as disclosed herein:
[0086] 1. Combined, the two technologies distinguish the percentage
of fluorophore labeled material present in a mixed sample
population. The label-free signal provides a quantitative measure
of the total mass bound to the sensor while the ER signal
quantifies the presence of the label.
[0087] 2. The combination can also increase statistical rigor in
the measurement of interactions between and within cells, proteins,
and small molecules by providing duplicate binding signals from
different sources.
[0088] 3. Utilizing the Forster Resonant Energy Transfer (FRET)
principle, the dual use sensor may enable measurement of the
distance between two differentially labeled fluorescent molecules
or two differentially labeled portions of the same molecule. The
label-free signal quantifies molecular density.
[0089] 4. The combination of the two technologies can provide
additive information. The label-less signal can quantify the
attachment of cells with the fluorescent signal quantifying the
amount of fluorophore labeled ligand bound to the cell. Other
scenarios are of course possible where label-less and labeled
biological entities, such as those listed' above, are detected on
the inventive biosensor.
[0090] 5. The combination of the two technologies may provide a
measure of the molecular mass by distinguishing molecular count
from total bound mass.
[0091] 6. The combined biosensor further permits two different
independent quantification tests to be performed for other
scenarios such as the study of inhibition binding. Furthermore, a
more complete understanding and characterization of inhibition
binding interactions between a protein and a substrate is possible,
including the ability to directly quantify inhibitor ligand
binding. As an additional example, the biosensor facilitates the
study of very tight binding interactions whereby a known
competitive inhibitor with a weaker binding affinity is employed to
perturb/observe the much tighter binding entity.
[0092] 7. The combined ER and label-free biosensor is particularly
useful for assays which utilize the natural fluorescence of
biological molecules (i.e., without requiring the use of a bound
fluorescence label), to make biophysical characterization
measurements of activity such as folding, stacking, and changes and
rates of changes to these upon interactions with other biological
molecules and small test molecules. Such characterization
measurements could be made using a bound fluorescence label, but
such bound label is not necessarily required, especially for
biological materials having an inherent fluorescence property. See
Charles R. Cantor and Paul R. Schimmel, parts 1-3 Biophysical
Chemistry--The behavior and study of biological molecules, W.H.
Freeman and Company, New York, (1980), page 443 and table 8-2 for a
listing of fluorescence characteristics of protein and nucleic acid
constituents and coenzymes, their absorption and emission spectra
and sensitivity. This technique of using native fluorescence is
especially important with nucleic acid polymers (DNA, RNA)
(fluorescent nucleoside bases) stacking and hybridization, proteins
(fluorescent amino acids phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine)
and lipid membranes (enhancement and quenching effects upon
incorporation of fluorophores into their different
compartmentalizations). In one embodiment, the label-free BIND
feature allows the quantification of the amount of sample material
or ligand bound thereto and the ER feature detects the native
fluorescence and allows the sensitive tracking of the biophysical
change.
First Embodiment
[0093] FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional illustration of a
first embodiment of a one-dimensional sensor having a grating
structure 100 that is expected to meet commercial requirements for
both ER and label-free applications of a grating-based sensor. FIG.
4 shows one period of a grating structure 100 in one dimension or
direction. The dimensions are not to scale in FIG. 4.
[0094] The grating 100 of FIG. 4 is superimposed and bonded to a
base sheet of clear material such as Polyethylene Terepthalate
(PET) or other plastic, glass or other material (not shown).
[0095] The grating structure consists of a periodically repeating
material 102 which preferably comprises a UV-cured material, e.g.,
epoxy, applied with the aid of a grating master wafer (not shown)
to replicate the grating pattern onto the base sheet of PET
material located below the layer "substrate." The UV cured material
102 is applied to a substrate sheet such as PET. Substrate
materials can also include polycarbonate or cyclo-olefin polymers
such as Zeanor.RTM.. Other means of producing the structured layer
102 include thermally stamping directly into a polymer substrate.
The middle material 104 represents a sputtered oxide coating with
high refractive index (e.g. TiO.sub.2 or Ta.sub.2O.sub.5). The
upper most material 106 represents a medium for a sample, which is
normally either a water-based buffer, for label-free detection
mode, or air, for ER mode. The structure has the periodicity, layer
structure, and horizontal transition points as shown in the Figure.
The specifics of the design of course may change while still
providing good performance for both label-free detection and ER
detection.
[0096] The design of FIG. 4 was developed and its performance
modeled with the aid of a computer and a software program GSolver
(Grating Solver Development Co., Allen Tex., www.gsolver.com). The
various geometrical dimensions and parameters, spacing, well depth,
materials, and index of refraction data associated with the
materials allows the design to be studied on a computer and
simulations run to predict the Transmission v. Theta curve and
reflection as a function of wavelength curve. Such simulations can
be run in situations where the sample is dry and when the sample is
suspended in water or other fluid medium with known index of
refraction. Such simulations allow the designer to optimize, i.e.,
change, the various design parameters (thicknesses, transitions,
period, etc.) to satisfy the requirements for both ER and
label-free detection.
[0097] ER technology heretofore employs a resonance mode induced by
incident light with a polarization parallel to the grating, defined
here as TE mode or polarization. Label-free detection technology
typically employs a resonance mode induced by incident light with
polarization perpendicular to the grating, defined here as the TM
mode or polarization. This mode produces the narrowest resonance
when the sample is suspended in a liquid medium.
[0098] In the first embodiment of FIG. 4, a grating biosensor
design is described which utilizes TM polarization for both
label-free detection of a sample suspended in liquid and ER
detection in an air (dry) environment. Changing the medium above
the grating from water to air results in a change in resonance
characteristics from those useful for label-free detection to those
useful for ER amplification of dyes responding to 633 nm
excitation. The design of FIG. 4 is not specifically optimized to
ER detection in a water mode and may not even work acceptably for
ER in a water mode. However, many ER detection assays are run in an
air environment and so the design of FIG. 4 has much utility for ER
detection.
[0099] FIG. 6 is a graph that compares Transmission v. Theta data
for a prior art ER device (NovaChip, Novartis AG) with a computer
simulation or model of the first design of FIG. 4 ("Combind 400
Air"). NovaChip data is disclosed in Budach et al., Generation of
Transducers for Fluorescence-Based Microarrays with Enhanced
Sensitivity and Their Application to Gene Expression Profiling,
Analytical Chemistry (2003) and in Neuschafer et al., Evanescent
resonator chips: a universal platform with superior sensitivity for
fluorescence-based microarrays, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 18
(2003) 489-497. The curves 110 and 112 have a similar shape
suggesting the simulated device (ComBIND 400) would function
equivalently to the ER device. The NovaChip TE resonance occurs at
.about.2 degrees from normal incidence. The first design of FIG. 4
produces TE resonance at .about.3 degrees, which is considered only
a minor difference given that one can adjust the angle of incident
light (see the discussion of the readout and detection instrument
for the sensor later in this disclosure).
[0100] The graph of FIG. 7 plots simulated reflection vs.
wavelength for the ComBind 400 design (FIG. 4). The broad
reflection peak centered around 628 nm corresponds to the ER-air
mode resonance occurring at .about.3 degrees in the Transmission v.
Theta curve above. The narrow peak, labeled "water", serves for the
label-free mode of detection. Note the extreme sharpness of the
peak 114. This suggests that the design of FIG. 4 would work well
for label-free detection in a water environment.
[0101] During label-free mode detection, biological molecules
adhere to the TiO.sub.2 coating and effectively increase the
optical thickness of that material. This results in a shift in the
peak wavelength value (PWV) of the resonance. A larger PWV shift
for a fixed amount of material represents higher detection
sensitivity. When comparing grating designs in a computer
simulation, the simulation of additional biological material can be
modeled by incrementing the thickness of the TiO.sub.2 layer rather
than adding a hypothetical biological layer. This method has proven
effective in other grating design exercises.
[0102] FIG. 8 is a graph that plots the peak wavelength value in a
water environment before and after the addition of a certain amount
of simulated mass (simulated by increasing the thickness of the
TiO.sub.2 layer 104 of FIG. 4). The peak position shifts to higher
wavelength, as is expected in label-free biosensor operation. The
ratio of wavelength shift to simulated mass is equivalent to that
of the commercialized biosensors of the applicant's assignee.
Hence, the grating of FIG. 4 is expected to yield equivalent
label-free performance to the current label-free biosensor
gratings.
[0103] To summarize, simulations predict dual-use capabilities for
the grating design disclosed in FIG. 4. When dry, it can amplify
fluorescent binding signals according to the technology known as
evanescent resonance (ER). When wet, the grating performs as well
as a label-free detector according to the technology known as
guided mode resonance detection or commercially as BIND (trademark
of SRU Biosystems, Inc.), available from the applicants' assignee
SRU Biosystems, Inc.
Second Embodiment
[0104] FIG. 5 is a cross-section of a second embodiment, showing
one period of the grating structure in one dimension and the
structure of the of the UV cured layer 102, the high index of
refraction layer 104, and the sample medium 106. The dimensions and
transition points are as shown in the drawing. The drawing is not
to scale.
[0105] The design of FIG. 5 differs from that of FIG. 4 is several
respects:
[0106] a) It has a shorter grating period.
[0107] b) It has narrower grating troughs or recesses. The "duty
cycle" (percentage of the grating at the upper level in a unit
cell) is 88% in FIG. 5 (0 to 0.85 and 0.97 to 1.0). Narrow troughs
with duty cycles of between 70 and 95% are exemplary of the narrow
trough embodiments. The narrow troughs generally give better
label-free detection results. The narrow trough feature narrows the
TE resonance peak, thus indicating increased field strength. While
practical use of the ER effect requires a sufficiently broad
resonance, a resonance with excessive width will have insufficient
field strength to produce useful fluorescence signal
amplification
[0108] c) It has a 1:1 ratio of grating depth to half period.
[0109] The design of FIG. 5 exemplifies a one-dimensional sensor
that enables both label-free and ER operation in a water (or
buffer) environment. This contrasts with the design of FIG. 4,
which is designed for ER operation in air and label-free operation
in water. The graph of FIG. 9 shows the ER (TE polarization) and
comparatively narrow label-free (TM polarization) spectral
resonance characteristics in a water environment for the design of
FIG. 5. The graph was generated from a computer simulation of the
embodiment of FIG. 5. The graph of FIG. 10 compares the TE angular
resonance, using 633 nm excitation, of the FIG. 5 design ("ComBIND
370") as compared to a prior art NovaChip. In this case, the
simulated transmission minimum 116 occurs below five degrees angle
of incidence, close to that of the existing NovaChip ER device. The
incident angle, period, excitation wavelength, high index of
refraction material thickness, grating duty cycle, and grating
depth all interrelate. Excitation wavelengths for commercial
fluorophores are known and can be looked up. Angles of incidence of
less than 25 degrees should be acceptable but angles near normal
(Theta close to zero) are preferred. With angle and wavelength
confined to narrow ranges, designing a grating with functional and
commercially useful ER and label-free performance one must
determine a grating period, duty cycle, depth and high index of
refraction material thickness that result in high PWV shift in
response to mass attachment, for label-free use, and high surface
field at the excitation wavelength of the specified fluorophore or
dye for ER mode. Additionally, the design must produce a label-free
resonance with spectral width as narrow as possible while
maintaining an ER resonance with angular width enough to yield a
practical parameter window for measurement. The design may
incorporate performance trade-offs. For example, optimization of ER
performance engages a trade-off between field strength, which
yields signal amplification, and tolerance for sensor, instrument
and assay variables. Narrower ER resonance generally indicates
higher field strength while broader ER resonance provides increased
measurement tolerance. Typically, label-free and ER performance
optimization involves another trade-off between grating depth,
which enhances label-free performance, and ER resonance width. For
example, in the case of the design of FIG. 5, increasing the
grating depth widens the TE/ER resonance beyond optimum. Increasing
the duty cycle (narrowing the troughs) compensates, narrowing the
resonance back towards optimum, and thus maintaining field ER
strength.
[0110] Thus, one preferred approach to finding a dual use granting
structure for both ER and label-free detection modes involves
finding a grating with depth to half period ratio approximately in
the range of 0.6 to 1.2 or more that also yields a broad angular
resonance in either TM mode in an air environment, TE mode in air
environment, or TE mode in a water environment, at the excitation
wavelength of interest (e.g., 633 nm) and a resonance angle less
than 25 degrees. This broad resonance preferably has a width
between 1 degree and 10 degrees or, in terms of spectral width,
between 5 nm and 30 nm. Such design efforts can be readily
implemented in a computer, e.g., using the Gsolver software. More
directly, one can comparatively model field strength at the grating
surface using a software such as R-Soft, available from RSoft
Design Group, www.rsoftdesigngroup.com.
[0111] Grating depths in the range of 100 to 600 nm and grating
periods in the range of 300 to 600 nm are considered exemplary.
[0112] Persons skilled in the art having the benefit of this
disclosure will be able to model potential grating designs on a
computer and arrive at suitable designs in accordance with this
invention.
[0113] Two-Dimensional Gratings
[0114] The possibility of a two-dimensional (2-D) grating
structure, suitable for both ER and label-free detection, is also
contemplated and may be preferred. A two-dimensional grating can
look like a waffle (holes), a waffle iron (posts), or a chessboard
configuration with alternating high and low regions in two
dimensions. Two-dimensional gratings can have different periods in
the X and Y directions. These features may have various profiles in
the Z direction such as angled or curved sidewalls. Thus, in the
case of the waffle pattern, the impressions or wells may have a
rectangular rather than a square shape. This added flexibility
allows one to tune the resonance positions for both label-free
detection and ER detection to occur at different wavelengths. This
flexibility offers significant benefit in terms of tuning the ER
resonance to different excitation wavelengths while maintaining
compatibility with existing label-free detection instrumentation.
As an example, the X periodicity can provide a resonance at or near
normal incidence with wavelength tuned to excite the CY3
fluorophore (green light) or the CY5 fluorophore (red light), while
the Y periodicity can yield a resonance fixed between 820 and 850
nm (in the near infra red).
[0115] The examples of 2-D biosensor structures described herein
were developed using computer simulations and Rigorous Coupled Wave
Analysis (RCWA) with a commercially available software package
(RSoft). The computer simulations enable the device designer to
vary the physical parameters of the device (refractive index,
thickness, width, height, structural shape) to determine: 1) the
electromagnetic field distribution within and around the device, 2)
the reflectance or transmittance behavior as a function of incident
angle of light and Wavelength of light, and 3) how the reflected
(or transmitted) spectrum is changed by the attachment of
biomolecular material to the surface of the biosensor.
[0116] The specific 2-D embodiments described herein are optimized
for combined detection by BIND and ER methods in a single device
where the sensor contacts water during the BIND measurement and air
during the ER measurement. Any combination of dry and wet for BIND
and ER may be similarly optimized (e.g., measure both BIND and ER
in a wet mode).
[0117] To more fully appreciate the advantages provided by the
combined ER and BIND (label-free) two-dimensional device, a
discussion will initially be presented in conjunction with FIGS.
11-14 of a linear (one-dimensional) structure optimized for ER
only. Simulations were first performed on the ER-only structure.
The structure corresponds approximately to a prior art ER chip
published by Budach et al., Generation of Transducers for
Fluorescence-Based Microarrays with Enhanced Sensitivity and Their
Application for Gene Expression Profiling, Anal Chem 2003, 75,
2571-2577. (Note: The Budach et al. grating is a linear grating and
so is a 1-D structure as that term is used herein. The thinner
TiO.sub.2 high index of refraction of material of FIG. 11A-11B as
compared to the thicker Ta.sub.2O.sub.5 layer described by Budach
et al. paper achieves a device of equivalent optical "thickness" by
taking into account the different indices of refraction of the two
materials. The modeling of FIG. 11A-11B is not meant to exactly
replicate the Budach et al. device, but rather to approximate
it.)
[0118] The simulations were done to determine the electromagnetic
field distribution as well as reflection as a function of angle and
wavelength for a representative device for ER enhancement of Cy5
dye. In particular, FIGS. 11A and 11B are perspective and
cross-sectional views, respectively, of a one dimensional linear
grating structure designed solely for ER detection. As shown, the
structure has a linear grating profile consisting of a 30 nm raised
ridge 201 and a 110 nm TiO.sub.2 layer 203 covering the raised
ridge 201. The periodicity is in the Y-direction (ridge 201
repeating every 356 nm.
[0119] FIGS. 12A and 12B graphs the reflection efficiency as a
function of wavelength and incidence angle, respectively, of the
structure of FIGS. 11A and 11B, as determined by RCWA. Note that at
normal incidence, the peak wavelength (632 nm in FIG. 12A)
corresponds to the excitation wavelength of Cy5, and that there is
a broad range of angles (FIG. 12B) with high reflection efficiency
of the 632 nm wavelength when the incident light is rotated at an
angle, theta, in a parallel direction with respect to the grating
line or ridge 201.
[0120] FIGS. 13A-13C are plots of the X, Y and Z components of
electric field intensity in the XY plane corresponding to the lower
surface of the structure of FIGS. 10A and 10B located a Z=110 nm,
for incident wavelength at 632 nm. FIGS. 13D-13F plot of the X, Y
and Z components of the magnetic field intensity in the same XY
plane represented in FIGS. 13A-13C for incident wavelength at 632
nm.
[0121] The plots of FIG. 13 show the strength of the three
components of the electric field vector (Ex, Ey, and Ez) and the
magnetic field vector (Hx, Hy, and Hz) as a function of XY position
on the lower exposed surface of the device. The upper exposed
portion of the structure 200 is shaded here because the upper
surface lies in a different horizontal plane than the lower
surface. In the computer simulation, the sensor is illuminated with
a light source having a 1 V/m magnitude electric field and a 1 A/m
magnetic field at the resonance wavelength. Hence, field strength
values greater than 1 represent concentration of field intensity at
the sensor surface resulting from resonance. The power of the
electromagnetic field is calculated by the cross product of E and H
field components. The field power, at a given location on the
structure's surface, specifies the energy available to excite
fluorophores bound to the structure's surface. Higher power will,
in theory, result in higher fluorescence emission. The plots show
that the electric and magnetic fields, and thus the power, do not
distribute evenly over the structure's surface, but instead
locations exist with higher than average power (areas in red and
orange in a color version of the drawing indicated at 202) and with
lower than average power (areas in a color version of the drawing,
areas in in violet or blue, indicated at 204).
[0122] FIGS. 14A-14C are plots of the X, Y and Z components of
electric field intensity in the XY plane corresponding to the upper
surface of the structure of FIGS. 11A and 11B located at Z=140 nm,
for incident wavelength 632 nm. FIGS. 14D-14F plot the X, Y and Z
components of the magnetic field intensity in the same XY plane
represented in FIGS. 14A-14C for incident wavelength 632 nm.
[0123] These plots (FIG. 14) show the strength of the three
components of the electric field vector (Ex, Ey, and Ez) and the
magnetic field vector (Hx, Hy, and Hz) as a function of XY position
on the upper exposed surface of the device. The lower exposed
portion of the structure is shaded here as indicated at 200 because
the upper surface lies in a different horizontal plane than the
lower surface. As with the plots of FIG. 13, in the simulation the
sensor is illuminated with a light source having 1 V/m electric
field, 1 A/m magnetic field amplitudes at the resonant wavelength.
Hence, field strength values greater than 1 represent the
concentration of field intensity at the sensor surface, resulting
from resonance. The cross products of E and H field components, as
before, represent the instantaneous power distribution, at the
resonant wavelength, available for fluorophore excitation.
A. Holes Embodiment Example
[0124] Now, a specific example of a 2D "holes" embodiment of a
combined biosensor will be described in conjunction with FIGS.
15-19. The biosensor is constructed in two dimensions so as to be
optimized for both ER and label-free (BIND) detection using a
single device.
[0125] FIGS. 15A and 15B provide perspective and cross-sectional
views, respectively, of a unit cell for a two-dimensional grating
design characterized by periodic holes 210 in a grating structure.
The grating design optimizes for water mode BIND (label-free)
detection and air mode ER detection. The device includes an upper
TiO.sub.2 layer 104 of 78 nm thickness and a lower substrate 102
layer of UV-cured material having a grating pattern as shown
applied to a base substrate sheet.
[0126] The two-dimensional unit cell shown in FIGS. 15A and 15B
differentiates from the one-dimensional linear grating design of
FIGS. 11A and 11B. The structure of FIGS. 15A and 15B is designed
in such a way that incident light polarized perpendicular to the
X-axis, as shown, produces a BIND signal, incident light polarized
perpendicular to the Y-axis enables ER measurement. Using this
design method, the BIND and ER resonant wavelengths (at a
particular angle of incidence--preferably near normal incidence)
may be chosen independently, and so the respective BIND and ER
resonant wavelengths may occur at very different values. The
combined BIND/ER structure described in this embodiment is
optimized to provide a BIND resonance in the near infrared
(.about.800-900 nm) wavelength region, while providing an ER
resonance at 632.5 nm for excitation of the Cy5 fluorophore. In
this example, the design assumes a water environment over the
sensor during BIND measurement and an air environment over the
sensor during ER measurement. The differing wavelength requirements
for ER and BIND engender selection of a unit cell with a
rectangular "hole" (210). Thus, the unit cell may have differing
dimensions in the X and Y directions. For example, the period in
the X direction is 550 nm for the BIND wavelength, but is 432 nm in
the Y direction as required for the lower wavelength ER resonance.
The fabrication process dictates that the high refractive index
dielectric thickness will be the same in the X and Y directions.
For fabrication simplicity, the design also has uniform grating
depth. The fabrication process will also result in rounding of the
hole corners, however the principal function of the design remains
unchanged. One skilled in the art will appreciate that when a
computer is used to generate and test a design such as shown in
FIGS. 15A and 15B, the designer can change the specific dimensions
of the unit cell, grating depth, and coating layers and run
simulations of field intensity, peak wavelength, reflectance as a
function of theta, and other tests and may select other dimensions
while still achieving acceptable results. Thus, the example of
FIGS. 15A and 15B is meant to be an illustrative embodiment and not
limiting in scope.
[0127] FIGS. 16 and 17 are graphs of the reflection efficiency as a
function of wavelength and incidence angle, respectively, for the
structures disclosed in FIGS. 15A and 15B when illuminated with
light polarized along the Y axis. These figures, generated by RCWA,
represent operation in an ER mode. FIG. 17 shows that, at the
resonant wavelength, the reflected intensity as a function of
incident angle observes the acceptance angle for light that will
induce a significant ER effect. In physical measurements, the
double peak and dip between the peaks in the plot of FIG. 16 may
not resolve.
[0128] In a similar manner to the 1D example above, RCWA
calculations may be used to determine the spatial distribution of
the amplitude of the electric field magnitude components (Ex, Ey,
and Ez) and the magnetic field components (Hx, Hy, Hz) at the ER
resonant wavelength for the structure illustrated in FIGS. 15A and
15B. FIGS. 18A-18C plots the X, Y and Z components of electric
field intensity in the XY plane corresponding to the lower surface
of the structure of FIGS. 15A and 15B at Z=78 nm, for incident
wavelength 632.5 nm. FIGS. 18D-18F plot the X,Y and Z components of
the magnetic field intensity in the same XY plane represented in
FIGS. 18A-18C for incident wavelength 632.5 nm. These field
amplitude distributions are shown for the lower TiO.sub.2 surface
inside the hole for a single unit cell that repeats in both the X
and Y directions. As before, the cross product of the E and H field
components describes the instantaneous power density distribution
responsible for fluorescent excitation at the lower surface. A 1
V/m electric field, 1 A/m magnetic field plane wave at the resonant
wavelength is used as the illumination source.
[0129] Similarly, the electromagnetic field distributions may be
computed for the upper TiO.sub.2 surface of the unit cell. FIGS.
19A-19C plots the X, Y and Z components of the electric field
amplitude in the XY plane corresponding to the upper surface of the
structure of FIGS. 15A and 15B at Z=433 nm for incident wavelength
632.5 nm. FIGS. 19D-19F plot of X,Y and Z components of the
magnetic field amplitude in the same XY plane represented in FIGS.
19A-19C for incident wavelength 632 nm. Note that the maximum
amplitude of each field component, as indicated by the plot legend,
is substantially higher than those of the prior art design
indicating that higher power density may be obtained at the surface
of this device. In particular, note that a substantial Ez component
has appeared in contrast to the Ez amplitude of the 1D prior
design.
[0130] FIG. 19G plots reflection efficiency as a function of
wavelength modeled using incident illumination polarized parallel
to the X axis. Light with X axis polarization, incident on the
design represented by FIG. 15, generates a resonance useful for
label-free detection, with a width of approximately 12.5 nm and a
maximum near 830 nm. The simulation can also predict the bulk
refractive index shift coefficient, defined as delta
(PWV)/delta(n), where delta (PWV) is the shift in the peak
wavelength value induced by a refractive index change of delta (n)
in the environment above the sensor. This quantity indicates the
sensitivity of the sensor to binding of a sample to the grating
surface. The "Hole" design described by FIGS. 15A and 15B has a
predicted bulk shift coefficient of 200, indicating that the
structure will provide sensitive label-free performance.
B. Posts Embodiment Example
[0131] A 2-dimensional grating structure using a repeating unit
cell characterized by a post will now be described with reference
to FIGS. 20-24.
[0132] FIGS. 20A and 20B are perspective and cross-sectional views,
respectively, of a unit cell of 2-dimensional grating design
characterized by periodic posts 220 formed in the sensor surface.
Each unit cell has one post 220. The posts 220 are raised
projections in a substrate material 102 (e.g., UV cured polymer)
which is applied to a base sheet (not shown). A high index of
refraction (e.g., TiO.sub.2) coating is applied to the projections
and substrate as shown in the Figures. The structure is optimized
for BIND (label-free) detection in a water environment using light
polarized in the X direction and optimized for ER detection in an
air mode, using light polarized in the Y direction.
[0133] The design of FIG. 20 was studied by RCWA computer
simulation. While the previous structure unit cell of FIG. 15
contained a "hole" region surrounded by regions at a higher plane
in the z-direction, the grating structure of FIG. 20 contains a
central "post" region, surrounded by regions at a lower plane in
the z-direction. As before, the design of FIG. 20 represents a
BIND/ER combined structure that is optimized to provide a BIND
resonance in the near infrared (.about.800-900 nm) wavelength
region, while providing an ER at 632 nm for excitation of the Cy5
fluorophore. In this example, the design again assumes a water
environment over the sensor during BIND measurement and an air
environment over the sensor during ER measurement. These differing
wavelength requirements for ER and BIND, engender selection of a
rectangular "post" unit cell. Thus, the unit cell may have
differing dimensions in the X and Y directions. For example, the
period in the X direction is 530 nm for the BIND wavelength, but is
414 nm in the Y direction as required for the lower wavelength ER
resonance. The fabrication process again dictates that the high
refractive index dielectric thickness will be the same in the X and
Y directions. For fabrication simplicity, the design also has
uniform grating depth. The fabrication process will also result in
rounding of the post corners, however the principal function of the
design remains unchanged. The example of FIG. 20 is meant as an
illustrative example not limiting in scope. The specific dimensions
can of course vary.
[0134] FIGS. 21A and 21B graph the reflection efficiency as a
function of wavelength and incidence angle, respectively, for the
structures represented by FIGS. 20A and 20B when illuminated with
light polarized along the Y axis. These figures, generated by RCWA,
represent operation in an ER mode. FIG. 21A shows a resonance peak
maximum reflection at 633 nm and FIG. 21B shows a resonance across
a range of incident angles when illuminated at 633 nm.
[0135] The RCWA computer simulations may be used to determine the
spatial distribution of the amplitude of the electric field
components (Ex, Ey, and Ez) and the magnetic field components (Hx,
Hy, Hz) at the ER resonant wavelength. FIGS. 22A-22C plot the X, Y
and Z components of electric field amplitude in the XY plane
corresponding to the lower surface of the structure of FIGS. 20A
and 20B at Z=70 nm, for incident wavelength 633 nm. FIGS. 22D-22F
plot the X,Y and Z components of the magnetic field amplitude in
the same XY plane represented in FIGS. 22A-22C for incident
wavelength 633 nm. As shown in FIG. 22, the field amplitude
distributions are shown for the lower surfaces surrounding the
posts for a single unit cell that repeats in the X and Y
directions. As before, the cross product of the E and H field
components describes the instantaneous power density distribution
responsible for fluorescent excitation at the lower surface. A 1
V/m electric field, 1 A/m magnetic field plane wave at the resonant
wavelength again serves as the illumination source.
[0136] Similarly, the electromagnetic field distributions may be
computed for the upper TiO.sub.2 surfaces of the unit cell. FIGS.
23A-23C plot the X, Y and Z components of the electric field
amplitude corresponding to the upper surface of the structure of
FIGS. 20A and 20B at Z=430 nm for incident wavelength 633 nm. FIGS.
23D-23F plot the X,Y and Z components of the magnetic field
amplitude in the same XY plane represented by FIGS. 23A-C for
incident wavelength 632 nm. Note that the maximum magnitude of the
fields is again substantially higher than the prior art design
(FIG. 10) for each of the field components, indicating that
potentially higher power density may be obtained at the surface of
this device.
[0137] FIG. 24 plots reflection efficiency modeled using incident
illumination polarized parallel to the X axis. Light with X-axis
polarization, incident on the deign represented by FIG. 15,
generates a resonance useful for label-free detection, with a width
of approximately 8 nm and reflectance maximum near 805 nm. The
simulations produce a shift coefficient (explained above) of 90.
The embodiment of FIG. 20 is also expected to provide sensitive
label-free performance, though probably lower than the embodiment
of FIG. 15. Comparison of amplitude values and shift coefficients
between the two 2D designs suggests that further optimization of
the grating structure could emphasize the performance of one
detection mode as a tradeoff for reduced performance in the other
detection mode.
[0138] The amount of amplification for ER detection relates to the
power transferred from the device structure to a distribution of
fluorophores on the sensor surface within at the excitation
wavelength range of the fluorophore. The power density distribution
of the sensor surface at the resonant wavelength, provided that the
resonant wavelength falls within the excitation wavelength range,
therefore provides a means for comparing the sensitivity of
different ER device designs. One can define the cross product E
(max) X H (max) as a field power or "magnification factor". While a
more thorough analysis of the intensity distribution of the
evanescent field from the tops, bottoms, and sides of the
structure, and a detailed integration of power density to account
for differences between higher and lower power regions would
provide a more exact prediction of whether one device will function
more effectively than another, the product of the maximum amplitude
of an E component with an orthogonal H component provides a very
simple, rough way of comparing designs. Using RCWA analysis for the
exposed upper and lower planes of the devices, the E X H
magnification factor for the prior art design of FIGS. 11A and 11B
is 144. Conversely, for the "holes" unit cell design of FIGS. 15A
and 15B, the E X H magnification factor is 6217, while for the
"posts" design of FIGS. 20A and 20B, the E X H magnification factor
is 5180. Based on this rough analysis, the ER aspects of the 2D
grating designs of FIGS. 15 and 20 appear to provide the potential
for higher sensitivity ER performance than the linear grating
design of FIG. 10. Moreover, the designs of FIGS. 15 and 20 are
expected, based on the computer simulations, to provide excellent
sensitivity for label-free detection, as explained above.
Therefore, useful combined ER and label-free detection in a single
device is achieved in the above-described 2D grating
embodiments.
[0139] C. Two-Level, 2-D Gratings
[0140] FIGS. 28A-C are three perspective views of yet another
embodiment of a unit cell 500 for a biosensor grating structure
constructed and designed for a combined ER and label-free (BIND)
detection. In order to appreciate some of the features of this
structure, it will be useful to recapitulate on the design aspects
pertinent to evanescent resonance (ER) and label-free (BIND)
sensors. Such sensors differ in three basic design aspects, namely:
resonance wavelength, resonance width, and grating depth.
[0141] Resonance Wavelength
[0142] The ER sensor prefers resonance to occur in within a few
(.about.+/-2) nm of the excitation wavelength. Given that the
excitation light generally comes from a laser and has very narrow
bandwidth, this requirement places high specificity on the
wavelength location of the ER resonance. The BIND mode of operation
does not have this limitation and may benefit from a resonance at
another wavelength e.g. outside ambient lighting wavelength range
or to separate the BIND signal spectrally from the ER excitation
source thereby eliminating potential overlapping detection
conflicts.
[0143] Resonance Width
[0144] The ER sensor must have a resonance wide enough for it to
overlap the excitation wavelength in the presence of variables such
as biological coating thickness and illumination numerical
aperture. In practice, the ER resonance should not have a full
width at half maximum (FWHM) less than about 5 nm, and more
preferably between 10 and 15 nm. On the other hand, BIND
sensitivity increases approximately as 1/sqrt(FWHM) because peak
location uncertainty decreases as the peak width narrows.
[0145] Grating Depth
[0146] BIND sensors give greater resonance wavelength shift when
more biological material adheres to the grating. A deeper grating
offers more surface area for binding biological material. The ER
effect does not necessarily improve and may degrade as the ER
grating depth increases.
[0147] The 2-D designs described previously have uniform grating
depth (e.g. in the post examples the height of the posts, or in the
holes example the depth of the holes). Selecting a single grating
depth may involve a compromise between BIND and ER performance both
in terms of peak width and surface area, i.e. BIND PWV shift.
[0148] The design of the biosensor of FIG. 28A-C is a two-level,
two-dimensional design. The specifics of the design will be
discussed below in greater detail. This design maintains a narrow
TM BIND resonance and high BIND shift performance, while
simultaneous providing a wider TE ER resonance. Similar to
previously described two-dimensional designs, the BIND and ER
gratings can have different periods and hence independently
determined resonance wavelengths.
[0149] This "two level" "comBIND" design of FIG. 28A-C comprises a
multitude of repeating unit cells 500, each of which superimposes a
relatively shallow ER grating 502 extending in the X direction on a
relatively deep BIND grating 504, extending in the Y direction.
FIGS. 28A-29C depict one "unit cell" 500 for this design, which,
when replicated in the XY plane forms the complete grating.
[0150] The unit cell 500 consists of a UV-cured polymer layer 524
which is applied using a master grating wafer to a base substrate
sheet such as PET film (not shown). The polymer layer 524 has the
structure of the BIND grating 504, namely alternating low and high
regions extending in the Y direction. In the X direction, the
grating also has alternating low and high regions, although the
relative height of the high region compared to the low regions of
the UV-cured polymer layer 524 in the X direction is much less than
in the Y direction.
[0151] A TiO.sub.2 (or alternatively SiO.sub.2 or Ta.sub.2O.sub.5)
layer 522 is deposited over the UV-cured polymer layer. This layer
has uniform thickness in the illustrated embodiment. The layer 522
includes upper repeating surface 506, 508, 510, and 512, and lower
repeating surface 514, 516, 518 and 519. The lower surfaces 514,
516, 518 and 519 are positioned over the top surface of the
UV-cured polymer layer. An air or water sample medium 520 is placed
in contact with the upper surfaces 506, 508, 510, 512 of the
TiO.sub.2 or SiO.sub.2 layer 522.
[0152] As will be appreciated from inspection of FIGS. 28A-C, the
"two-layer 2-D" grating structure includes a relatively deep BIND
grating 504 in the Y dimension, characterized by upper and lower
grating surfaces 506/508 and 510/512, respectively. The BIND aspect
of the unit cell thus permits adding or more sample material and
allows more material to adhere to the grating, permitting a greater
resonance shift. The deeper grating in the BIND (Y direction)
offers more surface area for binding biological material.
[0153] The ER grating 502 extending in the X direction, conversely,
consists of a relatively shallow grating pattern with high regions
506 and low regions 508 (and also high region 510 and low region
512). In addition to providing good BIND detection capability, the
grating is expected to simultaneously provide a wider TE ER
resonance with optimal width.
[0154] An apparent advantage of the design of FIGS. 28A-C is that
the ER and BIND structures should operate independently. Hence,
structural dimensions optimized for either ER detection or BIND
detection alone should work for the combination of the ER and BIND
sensor of FIG. 28A-C. While the specific dimensions for a structure
having the unit cell of FIG. 28A-C is of course variable, in one
representative embodiment the BIND grating 504 has a period of
between about 260 and about 1500 nm, and the depth of the grating
(distance between surfaces 506 and 510) is between 100 nm and about
3000 nm. For the ER grating 502, the period is between about 200 nm
and about 1000 nm, and the depth (Z distance between surfaces 506
and 508, and 510 and 512) is between 10 nm and about 300 nm.
[0155] The structure of FIG. 28A-C was simulated on a computer
using RCWA and its simulated reflection spectrum obtained, both
with and without the addition of an ER grating structure in the X
direction. FIG. 30 shows the BIND grating spectrum without the ER
grating 502 in the X direction (curve 592), and the combined ER and
BIND grating spectrum (curve 590). Both spectra simulations include
water on the surface of the biosensor. The addition of the ER
grating over the BIND grating (curve 590) creates additional
resonance peaks (600 and 602) of width and location appropriate for
ER excitation of a CY5 fluorophore. Note that the ER grating 502
(FIG. 28A-C) and curve 590 also enhances total surface area thus
offering the potential for BIND shift improvement. BIND peak
wavelength values are indicated at peaks 606 and 604 in FIG.
30.
[0156] Further Applications for ER+BIND Biosensor Using
Inhibitors
[0157] Consider further the following inhibition binding scenario,
in which some fraction of the substance to be detected, e.g.,
protein, binds directly to the grating substrate (label-free) and
some other fraction of the protein binds to an inhibitor having a
fluorescent label. K.sub.s and Ki are equilibrium binding constants
for the substrate (K.sub.s) and the inhibitor (K.sub.i).
##STR00001##
[0158] Mathematical equations can be written defining values and
relationships for the concentrations and equilibrium binding
constants (K) for the typical inhibition binding scenario
above:
(1) Ks=[protein.about.substrate]/[protein].times.[substrate] and
(2) K.sub.i=[protein-inhibitor]/[protein].times.[inhibitor]
Combining the two equations and rearranging terms, one can easily
arrive at an equation for the fraction of protein bound by the
substrate.
Fraction of protein bound by the substrate = 1 2 PX - ( X 2 - 4 PS
) ##EQU00001##
[0159] Where X=(K.sub.s+(K.sub.s/K.sub.i)*I+S+P)
K.sub.i is the inhibition binding constant K.sub.s is the substrate
binding constant and P, S, and I are the concentrations of the
protein, substrate, and inhibitor, respectively.
[0160] In the setup of test reactions for new inhibitors, the
operator generally only measures the amount of substrate bound,
using for example some fluorescent label, but is unable to directly
quantify the inhibitor ligand binding or the K.sub.1 at the same
time (i.e., the ligand binding is inferred). With two independent
quantification methods provided by the combined ER and label-free
biosensor of this disclosure, and a simple test, all of the
variables for the binding scenario described above can be known. In
other words, a more complete understanding and characterization of
the binding properties are obtained using a single test using the
inventive ER and label-free sensor.
[0161] The fluorescent label could be on the grating substrate
surface or on the inhibitor. This means that either the substrate
or the inhibitor could be label-less (label-free). A preferred
embodiment uses a first binding molecule (that could the substrate
of the biosensor) and a second potential binding molecule, e.g.,
inhibitor molecule, that may influence or compete with the binding
of the biological substance (e.g., protein) with the first binding
molecule.
[0162] This technique of using inhibitors to influence binding
reactions in a label and label-free biosensor could be extended to
encompass very tight binding interactions whereby a known
competitive inhibitor with a weaker binding affinity could be
employed to perturb/observe the much tighter binding entity.
[0163] In general, examples of specific binding substances
(samples) which may be detected with the biosensor of this
invention include nucleic acids, polypeptides, antigens, polyclonal
antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, single chain antibodies (scFv),
F(ab) fragments, F(ab')2 fragments, Fv fragments, small organic
molecules, cells, viruses, bacteria, polymers, peptide solutions,
protein solutions, chemical compound library solutions,
single-stranded DNA solutions, double stranded DNA solutions,
combinations of single and double stranded DNA solutions, RNA
solutions and biological samples. Such biological samples could
consists of, for example, blood, plasma, serum, gastrointestinal
secretions, homogenates of tissues or tumors, synovial fluid,
feces, saliva, sputum, cyst fluid, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal
fluid, peritoneal fluid, lung lavage fluid, semen, lymphatic fluid,
tears and prostatic fluid.
[0164] The biosensor described herein may be used to detect (a)
binding of components any of these types of samples to the
biosensor surface, (b) binding of the sample to another component
of the sample, e.g., a fluorophore in the sample, and (c) binding
of the sample or sample component to a second sample which is added
to the sample. As an example of binding (b), the sensor surface may
bind to some component of the sample, such as for example
streptavidin-biotin or 6H is, and the biosensor may be used to
detect the interaction of the bound component of the sample with an
additional grouping of components in the sample, such as a
polymerase complex. In the latter example of binding (c), a sample
may have a component that is attached to the surface of the
biosensor and another component which specifically binds/attracts
another component(s) from a second sample that is placed on the
biosensor.
Embodiments Using Natural Fluorescence
[0165] As a further embodiment, the combined ER and label-free
biosensor is particularly useful for assays which utilize the
natural fluorescence of biological molecules (i.e., without
requiring the use of a bound fluorescence label), to make
biophysical characterization measurements of folding, stacking, and
changes and rates of changes to these upon interactions with other
biological molecules and small test molecules. Such
characterization measurements could be made with a bound
fluorescence label, but such bound label is not necessarily
required, especially for biological materials having an inherent
fluorescence property.
[0166] The following table sets forth fluorescence characteristics
of protein and nucleic acid constituents and coenzymes.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Fluorescence Characteristics of Protein and
Nucleic Acid Constituents and Coenzymes Absorption Fluorescence *
Sensitivity .sup..lamda.max .sup..epsilon.max .times.
.sup..lamda.max .sup..tau.F .sup..epsilon.max .sup.OF .times.
Substance Conditions (nm) 10.sup.-3 (nm) .sup.OF (nsec) 10.sup.-2
Tryptophan H.sub.2O, pH 7 280 5.6 348 0.20 2.6 11. Tyrosine
H.sub.2O, pH 7 274 1.4 303 0.14 3.6 2.0 Phenylalanine H.sub.2O, pH
7 257 0.2 282 0.04 6.4 0.08 Y base Yeast tRNA.sup.phe 320 1.3 460
0.07 6.3 0.91 Adenine H.sub.2O, pH 7 260 13.4 321 2.6 .times.
10.sup.-4 <0.02 0.032 Guanine H.sub.2O, pH 7 275 8.1 329 3.0
.times. 10.sup.-4 <0.02 0.024 Cytosine H.sub.2O, pH 7 267 6.1
313 0.8 .times. 10.sup.-4 <0.02 0.005 Uracil H.sub.2O, pH 7 260
9.5 308 0.4 .times. 10.sup.-4 <0.02 0.004 NADH H.sub.2O, pH 7
340 6.2 470 0.019 0.40 1.2 * Values shown for .sup.OF are the
largest usually observed. In a given case actual values can be
considerably lower. Source: Charles R. Cantor and Paul R. Schimmel,
parts 1-3 Biophysical Chemistry - The behavior and study of
biological molecules, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, (1980),
page 443.
[0167] This technique is especially important with nucleic acid
polymers (DNA, RNA) (fluorescent nucleoside bases) stacking and
hybridization, proteins (fluorescent amino acids phenylalanine,
tryptophan, and tyrosine) and lipid membranes (enhancement and
quenching effects upon incorporation of fluorophores into their
different compartmentalizations). In one embodiment, the label-free
BIND feature allows the quantification of the amount of sample
material or ligand bound thereto and the ER feature allows the
sensitive tracking of the biophysical change.
[0168] ER and Bind Biosensor with Additional Low Fluorescence SiO2
Layer to Reduce Background Fluorescence
[0169] When the combined ER and BIND sensor of this disclosure is
used for detecting fluorescence from a bound fluorophore or natural
fluorescence, it can be useful to reduce background fluorescence
emitting from within the biosensor construction materials so as to
be able to generate fluorescence measurements with a higher signal
to noise ratio. One way of accomplishing this is to deposit an
additional layer of low fluorescence SiO.sub.2 material onto the
UV-cured polymer layer and then deposit the uppermost high index
(e.g., TiO.sub.2) layer onto the SiO.sub.2 layer. Such a biosensor
is shown in FIG. 30, and includes UV-cured polymer layer 524 (which
is bound to a substrate sheet, not shown), intermediate SiO.sub.2
layer 700, and upper TiO.sub.2 layer 522. A sample in either an air
or water-based medium is placed on the TiO.sub.2 layer. The
thickness of the additional SiO.sub.2 layer 700 will depend on such
factors as the grating duty cycle and required background
fluorescence level, but generally will be in the range of 500 to
5000 Angstroms.
[0170] The SiO.sub.2 700 layer preferably has low native
fluorescence in response to incident radiation from light sources
used to interrogate the biosensor. The fluorescence level in
SiO.sub.2 depends on the process by which it is made, and its
structure (amorphous vs. nanocrystalline), may also play a role.
Full oxidation of the SiO.sub.2 molecules in the layer (SiO.sub.2),
as compared to say SiO.sub.1.95, also appears to be important in
providing a layer with low fluorescence. Preferably, the SiO.sub.2
layer is made by a process, and has a structure, which results in
relatively low native fluorescence.
[0171] One example of the use of SiO.sub.2 intermediate layers
would be in the structure of FIG. 28A-C, wherein below the top
TiO.sub.2 layer 522, a layer of low fluorescence SiO.sub.2 is
applied over a UV-cured polymer layer. The SiO.sub.2 intermediate
layer is of uniform thickness in both the X and Y directions.
[0172] The additional layer of low fluorescence SiO.sub.2 material
may also be present in the other biosensors described previously in
this document.
[0173] It will be appreciated that in FIGS. 28 and 30 and in other
figures showing the upper high refractive index layer, TiO.sub.2 is
not a required material for the upper layer 522. Ta.sub.2O.sub.5
(tantalum pentoxide) could work also. TiO.sub.2 has a higher
refractive index than Ta.sub.2O.sub.5, which is why it is generally
used for a high refractive index layer. When using Ta.sub.2O.sub.5,
it takes more physical thickness to achieve the same optical
thickness. In the examples presented herein, the range of thickness
for the upper layer 522, whether using TiO.sub.2 or
Ta.sub.2O.sub.5, is between about 70 nm to 250 nm.
[0174] In one further possible embodiment a hafnium oxide coating
is applied to a biosensor as a high index of refraction layer,
replacing TiO.sub.2 or Ta.sub.2O.sub.5. At infrared and visible
wavelengths, TiO.sub.2 or Ta.sub.2O.sub.5 have no absorption.
However, at low wavelengths, these materials all start to absorb,
and the absorption increases as one goes to lower and lower
wavelengths. This is a problem for resonant devices, because the
absorption has the effect of diminishing the resonance (i.e. no
peak will be measured, or the peak will be small). Hafnium oxide
does not happen to have absorption, even for wavelengths as low as
400 nm. The thickness of the hafnium oxide coating and grating
dimensions would be selected to yield resonance at the UV
wavelengths of interest.
[0175] Use of ER Sensor with Time Resolved Fluorescence (TRF) and
Fluorescence Polarization (FP) Measurements
[0176] One further example of the novel uses of the present ER and
BIND sensor is the use of the sensor for time resolved fluorescence
(TRF) and fluorescence polarization measurements. TRF and FP
polarization are two methods that would benefit greatly from
enhanced signal derived from the combined label-free and ER device
of this disclosure. These two methods are especially useful for
separating specific ER signals for binding events from background
signals and from molecules not participating in the binding event.
The fluorophore would need to be matched to the wavelength
enhancement capability of the sensor.
[0177] The invention of a method for using ER with FP and/or TRF
offers a user the opportunity to cleanly detect the presence of a
fluorophore involved in a binding event and discriminate such
detection from background or non-participating molecules, and with
much higher sensitivity.
[0178] FP and TRF are widely used techniques in the diagnostic and
pharmaceutical test protein/compound screening industries. See for
example U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,432,632, 6,207,397, 6,159,750, 6,448,018,
6,455,861, 6,566,143, and 5,504,337, the contents of each of which
are incorporated by reference herein. See also the patents of
Budach et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,870,630 and 6,707,561, and the
patents of Neuschafer et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,078,705 and
6,289,144. The methods are popular because they allow for
discrimination of binding signals from unwanted signals such as
background and non-binding molecules. The current methods would
have improved signal to noise ratios (sensitivity) and allow for
reduced reagent consumption. These improvements will be especially
useful in the area of study known as proteomics where sensitivity
and reagent are limiting. In addition the typical sorts of
biophysical determinations (folding, proximity to other molecules,
size, etc.) would be enhanced as well.
[0179] By offering the potential of 50-100.times. improved
sensitivity in determining binding interactions, these techniques
also have several commercial advantages, including reduced reagent
consumption, and greater confidence limits in low signals
[0180] It is believed that any instrument that can measure FP from
the underside of a clear bottom plate would work for the ER/BIND
biosensors described herein. There are instruments commercially
available that can measure both FP and TRF, such as for example the
Molecular Devices SpectraMax M5 instrument. However, the instrument
for detection of FP measurements does not have to be the same
instrument that makes TRF measurements.
[0181] The physical characteristics of the ER biosensor that make
it more advantageous for FP or TRF measurements, by providing a
greatly improved signal and signal to noise ratio, is the grating
structure of the biosensor (as described at length in this
document) that creates the resonance effect for enhanced signal. FP
and TRF are recommended methods for pharmaceutical screening
activities because they allow users to avoid unwanted signals
coming from the natural fluorescence of the compounds they are
screening (i.e. noise/background much higher with these
compounds).
[0182] Spotting Process and Quality Control with Er and Bind
Sensor
[0183] In one possible use of the biosensor of this invention, the
ER and BIND sensor is used to analyze a sample in a multitude of
locations, each of such locations defining a microarray spot of
about 10-500 microns in diameter.
[0184] The term "spot" refers to a small quantity of sample
material which is placed on the surface of the biosensor. One
produces such spots by depositing tiny droplets of target solution
containing the sample on the surface of the biosensor and letting
them dry. The droplet size determines spot size. Different
processes exist for depositing the droplet and such techniques are
generally known in the art. In one possible implementation, the
sensor surface comprises many spots in an array (i.e., a microarray
of spots), most of which have differing compositions.
[0185] One then applies a common test material of varying
complexity to the entire array. In one example, this test material
comprises a fluorescently labeled test material. The sensor is then
interrogated with light to look for binding between the test
material and the spot. To analyze a biosensor in the form of a
microarray with a multitude of spots, one obtains an image of the
biosensor showing all the spots (see the imaging readout instrument
in the embodiment of FIG. 25 discussed below) and uses image
analysis techniques or separate capture of spectrographic data from
each spot to determine the signal (intensity and shift in peak
wavelength value) from each spot. Each spot provides one data
point. The image must have a resolution dimension (pixel size)
below the spot size.
[0186] Process variability during spotting (e.g. DNA spotting) of
sample materials onto an assay surface leads to indeterminate
results for subsequent binding of test samples. Uncontrolled
variation in the density of sample material, and among spots,
significantly hinders, quantitation of test material binding
frequency by fluorescence signal. Quantifying the sample material
by applying a second label is generally not practical.
[0187] The combined ER and label-free biosensor of this disclosure
overcomes these problems. In particular, the BIND signal is used to
quantify the amount of material in the spot rapidly in a
non-destructive way, without the use of fluorophores or other added
labels. The BIND measurements are made prior to exposure of the
sample (spots) to the fluorophore-labeled test material. The ER
measurements are made after exposure of the sample to the
fluorophore-labeled test material. The BIND measurements thus
provide a normalizing quantity for the fluorescence signal from
each spot. A BIND image of the spotted array also provides
information regarding spot morphology and can thus serve a quality
control function for the spotting process.
[0188] One representative embodiment will now be described in
conjunction with FIGS. 31-33. FIG. 31 is an image of a microarray
of spots deposited on a grating-based sensor (which may or may not
be optimized for both ER and BIND measurements) at 7 micron
resolution. The image is captured by a CCD camera (see the
embodiment of FIG. 25 discussed below). The DNA spots may be imaged
at various micron resolution (pixel size), such as 7 micron, 15
micron and 30 micron. FIG. 32 is a graph of a peak shift for one of
the spots of FIG. 31 due to presence of a DNA sample being placed
on the sensor. The shift is indicated by movement of the peak
wavelength value to the right for the DNA spot. The amount of this
shift is a quantitative measure of the quantity of DNA present on
the spot. FIG. 33 is an illustration of a row of spots and a
corresponding graph of PWV shift (in nanometers) as a function of
position along the row. The variation in PWV shift is a
quantitative measure of the amount of DNA located on the spots in
the row. The area on the sensor surface that is missing the spot of
DNA sample material is shown as the dark location in the image of
the row of spots), the missing spot also indicated by the low
region in the graph. The graph of FIG. 33 thus provides further a
further qualitative and quantitative measure of the amount of DNA
on the spots in the array.
[0189] The spotting aspects of this disclosure thus provides a
method for analysis of thickness, uniformity and morphology of DNA
spots (or in general spots of any biological material such as RNA,
protein, carbohydrates, peptides etc.) on nanostructured optical
surfaces such as those used in the BIND label-free technique. The
method is suitable for use both in nanostructured optical surfaces
such as the combined ER and label free sensor described herein. It
can also be used for analysis of spots on a grating structure which
is just designed for one technique or the other.
[0190] Quality control of printed microarrays is important for both
manufacturers and users of microarrays. The printed DNA spots often
do not have a recognizable label or tag attached to them (such as
fluorescent, quantum dot, radioactivity). This makes it difficult
to image printed spots for quality assurance quickly and reliably
and quantitatively before an assay is performed. The variation in
the amount of DNA printed on the spots has a profound effect on the
outcome of hybridization assays and is particularly critical in
diagnostics related applications. In view of these issues, the
inventive spotting process aspect of this disclosure provides a
non-destructive, non-contact method to image as-printed DNA spots
on nanostructured optical surfaces (sensor surfaces). This
invention can be used to ascertain the quality and reliability of
DNA spot printing process and weed out defective microarrays
thereby reducing the cost of manufacturing such microarrays. This
invention can also be used to normalize final results from labeled
assays performed using these chips (via fluorescence etc) to amount
of material originally spotted, providing information on binding
affinity/efficiency not previously available by other means.
[0191] The methods of this disclosure are preferably performed in a
non-contact, non destructive manner. That is, the spots are imaged
via optical means and both quantitative and qualitative information
is obtained as to the spots as explained in FIGS. 31-33. This
method is believed superior over prior art methods which use
random-sequence-short-oligonucleotides that contain a labeled end
(such as a fluorescent tag) which weakly binds to the single
stranded DNA on the surface of the chip. The fluorescence signal
from the bound spots is indicative of the amount of DNA present in
the spots. These methods are often plagued by problems such as
dissociation at room temperature (due to low melting point of
random-labelled-oligo and DNA complex), streaking, spotting,
non-specific binding to the substrate and thereby increasing
background and in some cases complete removal of the bound DNA from
the spots owing to the use of detergents in these QC tests. Perkin
Elmer has used reflective imaging to non-destructively determine
the presence and absence of spots using reflected laser light from
salt crystals present in the DNA spots. This is a purely
qualitative (yes or no) method and does not work when the printing
solution does not use salt or if the salt crystals are washed off
from the spotted array.
[0192] The functional advantages of the imaging technique of this
aspect of this disclosure is that it provides a quantitative
analysis of amount of material bound to structured optical surface.
It is non-destructive and non-contact based measurement method.
Furthermore, the invention could be used by manufacturers and users
of microarrays to ascertain the quality (uniformity, spot
morphology and quantity of material bound) of the spots on the
microarray surface. Further, the analysis takes approximately one
minute, instead of the considerably longer period required in prior
art. This allows analysis to be performed on every microarray,
rather than smaller samples.
[0193] Applications of ComBIND Biosensor in Cell-Based Assays
[0194] The grating-based biosensors of this disclosure has
potential applications in the area of cell-based assays, which are
an emerging tool for pharmaceutical drug compound screening because
they assess the impact compounds may have in vivo more accurately
than typical ligand-binding assays. For background information, see
G. E. Croston, "Functional cell-based uHTS in chemical genomic drug
discovery," Trends in Biotechnology 20, 110-115 (2002).
Fluorescence imaging plate readers can be utilized for assessments
of cell ion channel function when performing high-throughput
screening for ion channel-targeting drugs (see J. Denyer, J.
Worley, B. Cox, G. Allenby, and M. Banks, "HTS approaches to
voltage-gated ion channel drug discovery," Drug Discovery Today 3,
323-332 (1998) and J. E. Gonzalez, K. Oades, Y. Leychkis, A.
Harootunian, and P. A. Negulescu, "Cell-based assays and
instrumentation for screening ion-channel targets," Drug Discovery
Today 4, 431-439 (1999)), and for measuring cardiotoxic responses
to drugs in a high throughput fashion. (See R. Netzer, A. Ebneth,
U. Bischoff, and O. Pongs, "Screening lead compounds for QT
interval prolongation," Drug Discovery Today 6, 78-84 (2001)). The
SNR (ratio of fluorescent molecule signal to background signal) of
microplate fluorescence assays of ion channel function (and for the
presence of other cell membrane proteins) can be improved
dramatically by incorporation of this photonic crystal surface in
microplates since it only enhances fluorescence within 100-200 nm
of the structure surface. The label-free mode of operation would
simultaneously allow for an independent measurement of
cell-attachment to the photonic crystal (PC) surface, which can be
incorporated with fluorescence measurements to further improve SNR.
Label-free cell-based assays have previously been demonstrated with
a PC biosensor to observe cytotoxic effects of compounds and to
monitor the presence of specific cell surface proteins. See B. T.
Cunningham, P. Li, S. Schulz, B. Lin, C. Baird, J. Gerstenmaier, C.
Genick, F. Wang, E. Fine, and L. Laing, "Label-Free Assays on the
BIND System," Journal of Biomolecular Screening 9, 481-490 (2004)
By incorporating these label-free assays with fluorescence assays
utilizing enhanced fluorescence (ER), one can perform experiments
to evaluate the effect of drug compound candidates on cell
function, particularly on cell surface protein function, and cell
viability in a highly sensitive fashion.
[0195] Thus, it will be appreciated that a method of conducting a
cell-based assay of a sample comprising one or more cells, is
described herein. The method includes a step of providing a
grating-based biosensor substrate having a periodic surface grating
structure wherein the periodic grating structure is constructed in
a manner designed for both 1) optical interrogation of the sensor
with light in an evanescent resonance (ER) detection mode, and 2)
optical interrogation of the sensor with light in a label-free
detection mode. See the various embodiments described previously.
The biosensor may be incorporated into a microplate in one possible
embodiment. The method further involves the use of the biosensor to
measure cell attachment of cells in the sample to the surface of
the grating structure in the label-free detection mode. The method
further involves the use of the biosensor to measure the effect of
a drug compound candidate on cell function of the cells in the
sample using the ER detection mode. Such methods may optionally
involve collecting an image of the biosensor, either in addition to
or in lieu of obtaining PWV measurements from the sensor.
[0196] In one embodiment the cell function that is measured in the
ER mode is a cell surface protein or other protein function (e.g.,
amount of protein expressed, such as green fluorescent protein or
hybrid protein contain green fluorescent protein or otherwise
internal luminescent, protein, or presence of such surface
protein). In another embodiment, the cell function is cell
viability. The drug compound candidate may take the form of an
ion-channel targeting drug. In still another embodiment, the cell
function that is measured is a cardiotoxic response to an
ion-channel targeting drug.
[0197] Applications with Luminescence Response at Two Distinct
Wavelengths
[0198] Assays performed using fluorescent molecules to label
biochemical and cellular analytes are commonly performed in
pharmaceutical discovery, diagnostic testing, and life science
research. Typically, the labeled analyte under study can only be
observed by laser excitation of the fluorophore at a particular
characteristic wavelength, followed by detection of emitted photons
at a separate, typically higher, wavelength. For particular types
of fluorescent assays, namely DNA or protein microarrays, an x-y
grid of multiple unlabelled ligand spots are applied to a planar
surface, such as a glass microscope slide. The grid of spots is
subsequently exposed to a test sample containing fluorescently
labeled analytes that have been labeled with two different
fluorescent molecules. By simultaneously exposing the microarray to
analytes from a test sample and a control sample, where the test
and control are labeled by different fluorophores, the relative
interaction of the test and control sample with each substance
spotted in the array can be measured with greatest accuracy. The
ratio of the test versus control interaction is therefore most
commonly used to determine differences in gene or protein
expression level.
[0199] Various methods have been proposed to improve the
signal-to-noise detection efficiency of fluorescence-based
biochemical and cellular assays. In contrast to luminescence
detection principles based on confocal microscopy where the light
source is focused to a defined volume element leading to a strong
local electric field, planar waveguides have been used to generate
an evanescent field that provides enhanced excitation efficiency of
surface-bound fluorophores deposited on the waveguide surface. The
electric field near the waveguide surface decays exponentially, so
that labeled analytes bound to the surface are strongly excited
(Budach, Anal. Chem., 71, p. 3347, 1999). Similarly, guided mode
resonant filter structures using linear gratings have been used to
increase fluorescence detection sensitivity by using the evanescent
resonant electric field to generate a locally confined excitation
that enables high spatial resolution imaging of fluorescence on a
surface using a single excitation wavelength (Budach, Anal. Chem.,
75, p. 2571, 2003, and U.S. patent Application 2002/0135780).
Signal-to-noise detection sensitivity enhancements of up to
100.times. have been claimed using this method, with the promise of
providing more accurate information of low abundance genes and
proteins that currently cannot be detected.
[0200] One additional aspect of this invention pertains to the idea
of using a two-dimensional grating-based biosensor structure to
simultaneously or separately excite the fluorescence of two
different fluorophore molecules present on the structure's surface.
By using a two-dimensional grating pattern, rather than a linear
grating pattern, two separate polarization orientations of incident
laser light can strongly excite an evanescent electric field at two
separate wavelengths.
[0201] In one possible embodiment, a two dimensional grating could
consist of a regular array of rectangles, e.g., arranged as a
two-dimensional array of posts or holes as shown in FIGS. 15-19 and
20-24. By selecting the size of the rectangles and the space
between rectangles separately in the x and y directions, two
different periods for the grating are obtained for a grating cross
section as observed from the xz plane or the yz plane. In order to
form a two dimensional guided mode resonant filter structure, the
rectangles represent slightly raised (or equivalently lower)
regions of a surface structure, as shown in the cross sectional
drawing below. In a preferred embodiment, the surface structure is
created in a low refractive index optical material such as glass or
plastic using one of several commercial manufacture processes,
including wet chemical etching, plasma etching, embossing, molding,
or replicating. A guided mode filter structure is created by
depositing a high refractive index material over the low refractive
index surface structure. The high refractive index material may be
titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, silicon nitride, zinc sulfide, or
others that are known in the art. The depth of the surface
structure and the thickness of the high refractive index material
may be in the range 50-500 nm.
[0202] As an example, a structure was designed and simulated using
rigorously coupled wave analysis (GSOLVER) to demonstrate the
production of evanescent resonance at the excitation wavelengths
for Cy3 and Cy5 fluorophores, 532 nm and 633 nm, respectively.
These wavelengths are typically used in laser-based microarray
scanners, and the novel sensor disclosed here can be designed to
match other excitation wavelength. The structure used a rectangular
two dimensional grating, with a period in the x direction of 343
nm, and a period in the y direction of 418 nm. A low refractive
index (n=1.5) plastic was used with a surface structure depth of
120 nm, and a high refractive index coating was applied (n=2.25)
with a thickness of 120 nm. Because the x and y directions have
different periods, light incident at a normal angle polarized
perpendicular to the x direction produces a resonant reflection at
532 nm, the excitation wavelength for Cy3, while the y direction
produces a resonant reflection at 635 nm, the excitation wavelength
for Cy5.
[0203] Note that the above design can be modified to produce
resonance properties at two desired wavelengths for other incident
illumination angles, although normal (or near normal) incidence is
used most commonly in commercial fluorescence scanners.
[0204] The ability to simultaneously or separately scan at two
different wavelengths is advantageous for the use of grating-based
biosensors in the context of DNA and protein microarrays.
[0205] The invention represents an advancement of the prior art by
allowing two different fluorescent excitation wavelengths to be
utilized on the same region of a microarray surface. Combining the
benefits of increased fluorescent excitation signal-to-noise ratio
from the evanescent resonance effect with the ability to scan at
two wavelengths, as is commonly performed for most DNA microarrays,
leads to greater commercial significance of the detection
approach.
[0206] Thus, the design methodology described herein is not limited
to designing combined enhanced fluorescence and label-free
adsorption detection sensors, but rather can also be followed to
create photonic crystal structures which are designed for detecting
a luminescence response (e.g., enhanced fluorescence (ER),
phosphorescence, chemi-luminescent, electro-luminescence, or other
source of luminescence, including quantum dots) at two distinct
wavelengths. Because observation of the fluorescence (or other
luminescence) phenomenon is dependent on the wavelength of resonant
peaks, which can be adjusted by modulation of a small number of
photonic crystal dimensions, a grating-based ER device can be made
for any two fluorescent, chemi-luminescent, phosphorescent or other
dyes, with the design (i.e., depth, period and spacing of the
grating structure) optimized for resonance at the wavelengths of
the luminescence response. For example, a near-IR resonant peak of
the device described herein could be used for ER of a dye
fluorescing in near-IR wavelengths, rather than label-free
adsorption detection if desired. Thus, the grating could be
optimized solely for two luminescent (e.g., fluorescent)
wavelengths and is not specifically designed for a label-free
detection mode. Alternately, another photonic crystal grating-based
sensor could be designed to form a resonant peak at another visible
wavelength rather than at a near-IR wavelength. Thus, for example,
a photonic crystal capable of enhancing fluorescence from both
Cyanine-5 and Cyanine-3 dyes could be created to improve the
sensitivity and SNR of standard dual dye DNA microarrays currently
performed by many biologists.
[0207] Furthermore, it will be appreciated that we have disclosed a
grating-based biosensor a periodic surface grating structure (see
the above embodiments) wherein the periodic grating structure is
constructed in a manner designed for optical interrogation of the
sensor with light in an evanescent resonance (ER) detection mode to
produce a luminescent (e.g., fluorescent, phosphorescent,
chemi-luminescent, electro-luminescent etc.) response from the
biosensor at two discrete wavelengths. In one embodiment, the first
wavelength is in the near infrared portion of the spectrum and the
second wavelength is in the visible portion of the spectrum. For
example, the first wavelength could correspond to the fluorescence
wavelength of a first dye associated with a sample placed on the
biosensor and the second wavelength could correspond to the
fluorescence wavelength of a second dye associated with the sample.
Examples of such dyes include Cyanine-5 and Cyanine-3. In one
possible embodiment, the grating structure is a one-dimensional
grating structure. In another embodiment, the grating structure
takes the form of a two-dimensional periodic grating structure,
such as the posts or holes embodiment described previously or the
two-dimensional, two-level embodiment. The periodic grating
structure is periodic in first and second mutually orthogonal
dimensions. In a fluorescence embodiment, the periodic grating
structure in the first dimension is optimized (given spatial and
structural parameters) for optical interrogation of the biosensor
to produce fluorescence from a first dye and wherein the periodic
grating structure in the second dimension is optimized for optical
interrogation of the biosensor to produce fluorescence from a
second dye.
[0208] In another aspect, a grating-based biosensor is contemplated
comprising a substrate having a periodic surface grating structure
wherein the periodic grating structure is constructed in a mariner
designed for optical interrogation of the sensor with light in an
evanescent resonance (ER) detection mode to produce a luminescence
response from a sample placed on the biosensor at two discrete
wavelengths, and wherein the luminescence response at the two
discrete wavelengths is produced from two different types of
luminescence. For example, the two types of luminescence could be
selected from the group of fluorescence, phosphorescence,
chemi-luminescence, or electro-luminescence in various combinations
and permutations thereof, such as fluorescence and
chemi-luminescence.
[0209] As a further example, dyes may be used which produce a
luminous response at multiple emission wavelengths when excited by
light of a single given wavelength.
[0210] Readout Systems for Biosensors Combining Label-Free
Detection and Fluorescence Amplification (ER)
[0211] With the above description of combined ER and label-free
biosensors in mind, this document will now describe several
embodiments of a readout and detection system useful for
interrogating the sensor and acquiring both label-free and ER data
from a single binding site on the detector.
[0212] A first embodiment of a readout and detection system 300 is
shown schematically in FIG. 25. The system 300 of FIG. 25 is an
imaging readout system. The biosensor 100 is designed to exhibit
both a sharp resonant peak, in the optical spectrum, for label-free
detection and a high electromagnetic field in the evanescent region
of the biosensor for significant enhancement of fluorescence
signal. The readout system reads out both of these effects, taking
advantage of these biosensor properties. This disclosure provides a
novel imaging readout system with the capability to measure either
or both signals from the biosensor.
[0213] The biosensor 100, referred to herein as a "comBIND sensor"
herein, is interrogated optically from the bottom side of the
sensor. On the topside of the biosensor 100, the biosensor may be
immersed in water or another liquid, or it may be exposed to air.
Any molecular or cellular binding interaction, which the biosensor
is designed to detect, takes place on the topside of the biosensor
100. The biosensor 100 may be part of a larger assay device that
includes liquid containing vessels, such as for example a microwell
plate having e.g., 8 columns of wells, each row containing 12
wells. The biosensor may also be a component of a microarray slide.
In the illustration of FIG. 25, a single well (detection site) 302
is shown in cross-section, it being understood that dozens,
hundreds or even thousands of such detection sites may be
present.
[0214] The imaging readout and detection system 300 includes an ER
light source 340 in the form of a laser (e.g., HeNe laser), a
broader spectrum BIND light source 350 including as a halogen white
light source or a LED 352, and a CCD camera system 338 serving as a
common detector to capture both ER and label-free data in
successive images. The system 300 includes an optical beam
combining subsystem that includes dichroic mirrors 364 and 330
which serves to combine and direct incident light 372 from the
light sources 340 and 352 onto the biosensor. The dichroic mirror
330 collects signal light for detection and directs it to a lens
336 where it is imaged by the CCD camera 338.
[0215] The light beam 370 present below the biosensor 100 consists
of illumination light 372 and reflected light 374. The reflected
light 374 includes direct reflection and fluorescent emission if
there is fluorescent material present on the biosensor.
[0216] Signal detected by the CCD camera 338 through a lens system
336 is processed electronically or by computer algorithm to become
BIND (label-free) data 380 or ER data 382. Such data may be stored,
displayed, and analyzed on an analytical instrument such as a
computer or workstation for the instrumentation shown in FIG. 25
(not shown, but having access to data 382 and 380) by the user of
the readout system 300. Furthermore, the combination of the BIND
data 380 and the ER data 382 allows the user to gain information on
binding interactions or cell interactions that is unique to the
novel biosensor 100.
[0217] In the illustrated design, the optical components 340, 350
and 330 are designed to produce a single beam 372 of incident
radiation and the biosensor is moved in X and Y directions to
thereby sequentially obtain data from all the wells 302 or binding
sites on the biosensor 100 surface. Such motion may be produced by
placing the biosensor 100 on an X-Y motion stage (not shown), of
which persons skilled in the art are familiar. When a given well or
binding site 302 is in position such that the well 302 is in
registry with the beam 372, in one embodiment the light sources 340
and 350 are operated in succession (or selectively allowed to
direct radiation onto the biosensor) and first and second images
are captured by the CCD camera 338, one an ER image and the other a
BIND image. The successive collection of CCD images could be
facilitated by use of the beam selection mechanism 360 (such as a
shutter), which selectively allows light from either the source 340
or the source 350 to pass to the dichroic mirror 330 and be
reflected onto the biosensor. Beam selection can also be done
electronically, such as by electronically controlling the on and
off times of the light sources 340 and 350. Alternatively, both
light sources could be activated at the same time and the selection
mechanism 360 operated to pass both beams so that the incident beam
372 contains light from both sources. In this situation, the CCD
camera 338 would capture a single image containing both ER and BIND
information. Image processing techniques would then be applied to
the resultant image from the CCD camera 338 to extract the BIND and
ER components of the composite image.
[0218] The ER light source 340 may be a laser, such as a
helium-neon (HeNe) laser. The laser beam 341 further goes through a
beam-conditioning device 342 such as a beam expander. The beam
expander 342 expands a small diameter laser beam into a large
diameter laser beam. The output beam 343 is collimated and linearly
polarized. The biosensor produces the ER effect in response to
incident light at a specific polarization. Polarization may be
achieved by using a laser designed for producing a linearly
polarized output laser beam.
[0219] The BIND (label-free) light source 350 may consist of a
halogen or LED light source 352, and a monochromator 354 with a
wavelength adjustment mechanism 356. The light beam 353 emitted by
the light source 352 is broadband in nature, while the light beam
355 at the exit port of the monochromator 354 is monochromatic.
[0220] The output light beam 355 from the monochromator 354 is
conditioned by a beam conditioning device 358, which may be a
collimator. A mirror 365 directs the light beam 349 from the output
of the conditioning device 358 to the dichroic mirror 364. The
combined light from the light sources 340 and 350 is shown at 366
where it is directed to the beam splitting and combining assembly
330 which then directs it to the bottom surface of the biosensor
100.
[0221] The BIND light source 350 may also consist of a tunable
laser. In that case, the beam-conditioning device 358 is a beam
expander. Note also that a tunable laser or flash lamp could serve
as a single illumination source for both BIND and ER
measurements.
[0222] In addition, since polarized light facilitates detection of
a BIND signal, there may be a polarizer within the light source 352
so that the light 363 is linearly polarized. Alternatively, the
light-directing element 365 may be a polarizing beam splitter to
transform a randomly polarized light 359 into a linearly polarized
light 363:
[0223] For detection of the laser excited fluorescence signal, the
beam splitting and combining assembly 330 incorporates a set of
optical filters 332 and 334. Filter 332 is a dichroic filter that
reflects the laser light while transmitting fluoresced light from
the sample. Filter 332 also functions as a beamsplitter in the BIND
wavelength range, which is 830 nm to 900 nm in one preferred
design. Filter 334 only allows transmission of light within two
wavelength ranges: laser excited fluorescence and the BIND
wavelength range. An imaging lens 336 may be used to collect the
fluorescence light at the biosensor surface and focus it on the
focal plane of the CCD camera 338.
[0224] The design of FIG. 25 also includes rotation apparatus to
rotate the biosensor relative to the incident beam 372 for purposes
of ER detection. In one possible embodiment, a rotation device 331
is attached to the beam splitting and combining assembly 330 and
rotates the assembly 330 as indicated by the arrows (thereby
providing for rotation of the incident beam about angle .theta.).
In an alternative embodiment, rotation device 331 is omitted and
instead a rotational device 333 is attached to the XY motion stage
which operates to rotate the XY motion stage (and biosensor 100
mounted thereon) relative to the (fixed) incident beam 372, as
indicated by the arrows to the left of device 333 in FIG. 26.
[0225] Additional lenses, mirrors and optical filters may be
incorporated into the readout system to achieve desired
performance. Properly designed optical filters may be used to
eliminate undesired cross-talk between BIND detection and ER
detection. In addition, a beam selection mechanism in the form of
electronic or mechanical shutters 360 may be used to properly
synchronize light illumination and detection of the two channels,
so that only one light source illuminates the biosensor at a given
time, to eliminate any cross-talk.
[0226] A significant advantage of the biosensor readout system
described in FIG. 25 is that both BIND and ER data may be
collectedly simultaneously (or in rapid succession) at the same
biosensor location. High-resolution imaging methods are useful for
high content bioassays such as cell-based assays or
microarrays.
[0227] An integrating single point detector may replace the CCD
camera 338. In that case, the system produces an image by
synchronizing sensor motion, over the location of the incident
radiation 372, with the detector output.
[0228] Further details on use of a CCD camera to obtain. ER data
from a biosensor can be found in the technical literature, e.g., an
article of Dieter Neuschafer, Wolfgang Budach, et, al., Biosensors
& Bioelectronics, Vol. 18 (2003) p. 489-497, the contents of
which are incorporated by reference herein.
[0229] A second embodiment of a readout and detection instrument
300 is shown in FIG. 26. Whereas the design of FIG. 25 is an
imaging readout system, the design of FIG. 26 is not an imaging
system. As before, the biosensor 100 is designed to exhibit both a
sharp resonant peak in optical spectrum for label-free detection
and a high electromagnetic field in the evanescent region of the
biosensor for significant enhancement of fluorescence signal.
Because of these properties of the biosensor, a system that reads
out both of these effects is required. FIG. 26 describes an
additional novel readout system that measures either or both
signals from the biosensor.
[0230] The biosensor 100 is interrogated optically from the bottom
side at the location of a binding site (e.g., well 302). The
topside of the biosensor 100 may be immersed in water or another
liquid, or may be exposed to air. Any biomolecular or cellular
binding interaction, which the biosensor is designed to detect,
takes place on the topside of the biosensor. Any of the measurement
systems described herein could also read the biosensor 100 from the
top (binding side), if desired, using appropriate focusing
apparatus.
[0231] As noted above, the sensor 100 may be part of a larger assay
device that includes liquid containing vessels, such as a microwell
plate. The biosensor may also be a component of a microarray
slide.
[0232] The readout system 300 includes a BIND light source 402, a
BIND detector 400, an ER light source 406, and an ER detector 404.
An optical system 430 serves to combine light from the sources 406
and 402 and direct such light as an incident beam 450 onto the
bottom surface of the biosensor 100. The optical system 430 further
collects reflected light 452 from the biosensor and directs such
reflected light to the detectors 400 and 404. The optical system
430 consists of four light beam splitting and combining components,
one (432) for the BIND detector, one (434) for the BIND light
source, one (436) for the ER detector, and one (438) for the ER
light source. The light beam 450 present below the biosensor
consists of incident light 452 and returned light 454. The returned
light 454 includes reflected light and fluorescent emission if
there is fluorescent material present on the biosensor.
[0233] Signal detected by the BIND (label-free) detector 400 is
processed electronically or by computer algorithm to become BIND
data 380, which is stored, displayed, and analyzed on a computer
(not shown) by the user of the readout system. Similarly, signal
detected by the ER detector 404 is processed and transformed into
ER data 382 for the user. Furthermore, the combination of BIND data
380 and ER data 382 allows the user to gain information on binding
interactions or cell interactions unique to the novel
biosensor.
[0234] The embodiment of FIG. 26 also includes either a rotation
device 331 for rotating the incident light beam 452 relative to the
biosensor 100, or a rotation device 333 for rotating the XY stage
and biosensor 100 relative to the incident light 452. The placement
of the rotation device 331 may be such that the entire assembly 430
is rotated.
[0235] FIG. 27 depicts a readout system like that shown in FIG. 26,
but with more detail. The BIND detector 400 in this embodiment is a
spectrometer. The BIND light source 402 may take the form of a
tungsten halogen light bulb or a light emitting diode (LED). The ER
detector 404 comprises a photo-detector, such as a photomultiplier
tube (PMT). The ER light source 406 is preferably a laser producing
a beam with a wavelength within the excitation band of the
fluorophore for use with the biosensor, such as a helium-neon
(HeNe) laser for excitation of the CY5 fluorophore.
[0236] The light beam 456, emitted from the BIND light source 42,
is nominally collimated light for detection of the BIND signal.
Thus, the light source 402 may incorporate a collimation lens. In
addition, since use of polarized light improves detection of the
BIND signal, the light source 402 may also incorporate a polarizer
so that the light 456 is polarized. Alternatively, the beamsplitter
434 may be a polarizing beamsplitter to transform a randomly
polarized light 456 into a linearly polarized light incident on the
bottom of the biosensor 100.
[0237] The light beam 458 from the laser 406 is a collimated beam.
ER performance improves if the laser beam has linear polarization.
Polarization may be achieved by using a laser designed to produce a
linearly polarized beam.
[0238] For detection of the laser-excited fluorescence signal from
the biosensor 100, the beam splitting and combining assembly 436
includes a set of optical filters 472, 474, and 476. Filter 472
allows the incident laser beam 458 from the laser source 406 to
transmit through the beam splitting and combining element 436.
Filter 476 is a dichroic filter that transmits the laser light from
the source 406 while reflecting the fluoresced light from the
biosensor 100 in the direction of the detector 404. Filter 474 only
allows transmission of fluoresced light to be directed at the
photo-detector 404. An imaging lens 478 may be used to collect the
fluorescence from the biosensor surface more efficiently.
[0239] Additional lenses, mirrors and optical filters may be
incorporated into the readout system to achieve desired
performance. Properly designed optical filters may be used to
eliminate undesired cross-talk between BIND detection and ER
detection. In addition, electronic or mechanical shutters may be
used to properly synchronize light illumination and detection of
the two channels, so that only one light source illuminates the
biosensor at a given time, to eliminate any cross-talk.
[0240] As with the case with the design of FIG. 25, the optical
components of the design of FIGS. 26 and 27 can be constructed and
arranged to produce a beam 452 of incident radiation at one
location while an XY motion stage moves the biosensor in X and Y
directions to thereby sequentially obtain data from all the wells
302 or binding sites on the biosensor 100 surface. In one
embodiment the light sources 402 and 406 operate in succession
generating data successively at the detectors 400 and 404 from the
given well or binding site 302 currently illuminated by beam 452.
The successive collection of ER and BIND data could be facilitated
by use of beam selection mechanism (such as a shutter), not shown
in FIG. 26, or by electronic control of the light sources 402 and
406. Alternatively, both light sources could be activated at the
same time so that the incident beam 452 contains light from both
sources. In this situation, the detectors 400 and 404 obtain data
simultaneously.
[0241] A significant advantage of the biosensor readout system
described here is that both BIND and ER data may be collectedly
simultaneously (or in rapid succession) at the same biosensor
location. The BIND detector 400 and the ER detector 404 may be
integrating detectors that obtain data from a single point per
binding site or well but over a relatively large area, or imaging
detectors, such as CCD detectors, that collect data pixel by pixel
at a user specified resolution. High-resolution imaging methods are
useful for high content bioassays such as cell-based-assays or
microarrays.
[0242] Furthermore, the optical structure of FIGS. 25, 26 and 27
can be replicated such that multiple wells or binding sites on the
biosensor 100 can be interrogated and detected at the same time,
e.g., taking advantage of the concepts shown in FIG. 3.
[0243] Readout System with Single Light Generating Source
[0244] It will be noted that the embodiments of FIG. 25 includes
separate light sources 350 and 340 for BIND and ER measurements,
respectively, and that the embodiment of FIG. 26 includes separate
light sources 402 and 406 for BIND and ER measurements,
respectively. In one possible variation, a single light source may
be used for both BIND and ER measurements. This light source could
take several possible forms, such as the form of a tunable laser,
or a broad spectrum high intensity flash lamp. The output from the
light source is optionally collimated, expanded with a beam
expander (if a tunable laser is used as the source), passed through
a monochromator or filter stage (if a flash lamp is used), and then
directed to the surface of the biosensor. The optics used for
detection of ER and BIND signals can take the form of the apparatus
shown in FIGS. 25-27 and described above.
[0245] In one embodiment, to obtain both BIND and ER data from a
given binding site in the biosensor, the light source can be
activated twice in order to select different wavelength ranges for
illumination (one for BIND and one for ER). For example, the BIND
detector obtains BIND data in the first activation of the light
source and the ER detector obtains ER data in the second
activation.
[0246] In one possible variation, in the case of a broad band
source (i.e. Xenon flash lamp), one can also illuminate the
biosensor with a broad spectrum and simultaneously collect BIND and
ER data by splitting the return signal and diverting it through two
different filter stages. For simultaneous BIND/ER
illumination/collection, one needs to illuminate the plate at some
angle of incidence. The specular (direct) reflection component
contains a BIND peak, and its spectral position is determined by a
monochrometer. A lens system, or even an integrating sphere,
collecting only light leaving the surface at angles other than the
incidence angle, will provide a relatively clean ER signal after
passing through a filter or monochrometer that selects the emission
range for the fluorophore of interest.
[0247] While a number of exemplary aspects and embodiments have
been discussed above, those of skill in the art will recognize
certain modifications, permutations, additions and sub-combinations
thereof as being present in the disclosure. It is therefore
intended that the following claims and claims hereafter introduced
are interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations,
additions and sub-combinations as are within their true spirit and
scope.
[0248] In the claims, the term "evanescent resonance (ER)
detection" or "evanescent resonance (ER) detection mode" is
intended to encompass the detection of fluorescence,
phosphorescence, chemi-luminescence, electroluminescence, or other
type of luminescence, for example as described in Budach et al.,
U.S. Pat. No. 6,707,561. Such luminescence could be attributable to
native luminescence of the sample material or to a bound substance,
e.g., fluorescence label, or quantum dots (luminescent metals).
Such bound substance may be bound to the sample being tested, the
surface of the biosensor, or both.
* * * * *
References